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Is it good for a horse to sweat?
Like other animals that have sweat glands, horses have sweat glands, too. Sweating is very important for a horse. Sweating is part of a horse’s cooling system to relieve heat build-up. … Remember, sweat is both a sign of a healthy horse, but can also be a sign of a horse that needs help.
Is it bad for a horse to sweat?
When horses sweat, they can lose a lot of important electrolytes that are integral for their health and hydration. Excessive sweating caused by dehydration is one of the greatest risks to your horse. When humans sweat, they lose mainly water and the water loss causes low numbers of electrolytes and thirst as a result.
Is it normal for a horse to sweat?
Horses sweat excessively during very hot conditions, and when they have been exercised intensely, especially when they are unfit. Horses also sweat when they have a high fever or are in pain or distress. … Often, horses will perspire in this manner if overexerted (exercised beyond their fitness level) and/or stressed.
IT IS INTERESTING: What do horses symbolize in the Bible?
What happens when a horse sweats?
It sends signals rushing out to sweat glands distributed in his skin. The sweat glands begin to pump out sweat. It’s mostly water, but it also contains dissolved minerals called electrolytes. … As the sweat evaporates, it carries heat away from the skin, reducing the horse’s body temperature.
Can you leave a horse sweaty?
While excessive sweating can leave a horse dehydrated, a horse who doesn’t sweat may be in greater danger because he has no effective way to unload the heat that builds up in his body. Without help from you, his body temperature may stay high.
Why does my horse sweat when Travelling?
Sweating up is usually a sign that there is not enough air flow going through the horse lorry.
Do horses sweat through their skin?
Horses dispose of heat through breathing and through its skin. If these actions are not enough to reduce heat build-up, a horse’s sweat glands start working by pumping out sweat. A horse’s sweat is different from a human’s sweat in that it does contain water, but also has more electrolytes than humans.
What is horse sweat used for?
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease in horses?
Signs of the disease include:
• Increased coat length, and failure to shed coat in summer.
• Weight loss.
• Polydipsia and polyuria (increased drinking and urination)
• Lethargy.
• Increased sweating.
• Laminitis.
IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: At what age can a pony be ridden?
What causes Horner’s syndrome in horses?
A variety of different conditions cause Horner’s syndrome. The one thing that is common between all the causes, is a lesion that involves the sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system. These lesions can be caused by head or neck trauma such as fractured bones, soft tissue injuries, or wounds.
Where do horses sweat the most?
Sweating begins on areas covered by tack, then spreads to the chest, neck and between the hind legs. After a workout, it’s normal for a horse to sweat profusely, but a horse who sweats even when standing still may need some help staying cool and will appreciate being hosed down.
Do horses like to be ridden?
What is Cushing disease in horses?
Equine Cushing’s disease is a complex progressive disease of the pituitary gland of middle age to older horses. The pituitary gland is a small structure located at the base of the brain which produces hormones that regulate many body functions.
Why can’t you put a horse away wet?
Never turn a wet horse out to pasture: when you hose off a hot horse after exercise, the water actually acts as an insulator, trapping heat in the horse’s body.
Should you blanket a sweaty horse?
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: What makes a horse a tobiano?
What is rain rot in horses?
Rain rot, also called rain scald or dermatophilosis, is a skin infection caused by a bacterium known as Dermatophilus congolensis. Living on the horse’s skin, D. congolensis is mostly dormant, but under wet conditions, this bacterium can cause an inflammatory infection resulting in lesions along your horse’s skin.
Trakehner horse
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字典 |
2011-05-12 15:37
【 liuxue86.com - 英语词汇 】
Part Three
bring/ take/carry
seem/ look
Passage A
Dear editor (编辑),
Can't your newspaper do something about the custom (习惯) of hitchhiking?
A short time ago, on a car travel I counted at least 50 people standing beside the road, asking for rides. Many of them were young women.
Don't they understand how dangerous it is to get into the car driven by a stranger? How much do they know about the driver? Is he a good driver or not? Nothing!
Many of these young hitchhikers may come from good families. Don't their parents teach them anything about the world? I always taught my children not to talk to strangers. I never let them take rides from people they didn't know.
Isn't there enough crime (犯罪) today without asking for trouble by hitchhiking? On the other hand, hitchhiking may bring some traffic trouble.
Don't you think what I said is true?
A Worried Grandfather
6. The word "hitchhiking" means ________.
A. waiting for a bus at the bus stop
B. driving in a dangerous way
C. going on a long way by getting free rides in other people's car
D. asking a stranger the ways in a car
7. The Worried Grandfather ________.
A. doesn't like young women to drive cars
B. thinks it is dangerous for a young woman to get into a stranger's car
C. likes drivers to be careful and strict in their work
D. never lets his children get into other people's car
8. The Worried Grandfather ________.
A. was hit by a car when he was standing by the road
B. is a good driver and often gives free rides to strangers
C. is in trouble now and he wants to get some help from the newspaper
D. has seen much of the world and he is very careful
9. The Worried Grandfather wrote the letter to tell ________.
A. the newspaper to let its readers know the danger of hitchhiking
B. young women never to go on a long travel alone
C. young people to listen to their parents at home
D. his children not to talk to strangers on the road
10. What do you think a good editor is going to do after he receives the letter?
A. He will either return the letter to the old man or give it to the police station.
B. He will write back to the Worried Grandfather and tell him not to hitchhike any more.
C. He will write or ask someone to write something about the danger of hitchhiking in the newspaper.
D. He will hold a meeting to tell the drivers to make the traffic
Passage C
P23----C For several years, Americans have enjoyed telescoping - watching TV and buying things by phone. Now telescoping is starting in Europe (欧洲)). In a number of European countries, people can turn on their TVs and shop for clothes, jewelry, food, toys, and many other things.
Telescoping is becoming popular in Sweden, for example. The biggest Swedish company sells different kinds of things on TV in 15 European countries, and in one year it made $100 million. In France there are two telescoping channels, and the French spend about $ 20 million a year to buy things through those channels.
In Germany, until last year telescoping was only possible on one channel for 1 hour every day. Then the government allowed (允许) more telescoping. Other channels can open for telebusiness, including (包括) the largest American telescoping company and a 24-hour telescoping company. German businesses are hoping this new telescoping will help them sell more things.
Some people like telescoping because it allows them to do their shopping without leaving their homes. With all the problems of traffics in the cities, this is an important reason. But at the same time, other Europeans do not like this new way of shopping. They call telescope "junk (垃圾) on the air". Many Europeans usually worry about the quality (质量) of the things of sale on TV. Good quality is important to them, and they believe they cannot be sure about the quality of the things on TV.
The need for high quality means that European telescoping companies will have to be different from the American companies. They will have to be more careful about the quality of the things they sell. They will also have to work harder to sell things that the buyers cannot touch or see in person.
11. Telescoping is ________ in Europe.
A. not popular B. growing
C. not possible D. cheap
12. People like telescoping because it is ________.
A. American B. cheaper
C reasier D. more popular
13. Some Europeans don't like telescoping because they ________.
A. don't like to buy things
B. don't watch TV
C. believe the things sold on TV are expensive
D. think the things sold on TV are bad quality
14. In Germany, telescoping may ________.
A. help businessmen get more money
B. keep the shops open longer
C. have fewer buyers
D. bring better TV programmers
15. The best title of this passage is ________.
A. American Telescoping B. Telescoping Companies
C. Telescoping in Europe D. Telescoping - Jock on the Air
Unit Three
Part One
1. 选项解析(直选题)
2. 颜色词的扩展
Passage A
When Sam was a boy at school, his favourite lesson was art. As soon as he left school, he worked as a bookseller in a bookshop, but three times a week he went to evening classes in art, and when he had time, he liked to paint (v. 绘画; n. 油画颜料).
He painted in a very modern way. His pictures were hard to understand, such as (例如) women with three red eyes, large blank areas (空白的地区), and something like that.
After a few months he thought, "Perhaps I can sell some of my pictures and get enough money and become a real artist (画家). Then I can travel around as much as I like, and go to foreign museums, and see other artists' paintings, and study in other countries when I feel like it. I don't like life in a bookshop. I only enjoy painting."
One day in the bookshop, Sam met a man who owned a picture shop, and after talking with him, Sam asked him to his home to see some of his work. "Then perhaps you could tell me whether I can really be a good artist and get some money from my painting," Sam said hopefully.
The man said he would love to come and see what he thought of Sam' s work, so he arrived one evening at Sam's home. Sam started to show him some of his pictures.
The man looked at them one after the other while Sam watched his face, but it seemed that the man was not interested in them.
Then, when he had finished, he looked around, and his glance (眼光) fell on something else. A happy look came over his face for the first time, and he said, "Now I like this one very much! It's so full of deep feeling! I'm sure I could sell this one for you!"
"That," said Sam, "is the place where I clean the paint off my brushes."
5. What did Sam do? He was ________.
A. a bookseller B. an artist
C. an art teacher D. a shop owner
6. Why were his picture hard to understand? Because he didn't paint things
A. as other artists did B. as they really were
C. that were colourful D. that were common
7. Why did he want to sell some of his pictures?
A. he wanted to travel around the world
B. he only wanted to get a lot of money
C. he wanted to study in other countries
D. he wanted to be an artist all the time
8. Which of the following is right?
A. Sam was good at painting
B. Sam was very happy at last
C. The man didn't like any of Sam's pictures
D. The man didn't know art at all
Passage B
Let children learn to judge (判断) their own work. When children learn to speak, other people do not correct (纠正) their mistakes all the time. If we correct too much, they will stop speaking. Let themselves understand the difference between the language they speak and the language other people around them speak. Day after day, they will make some changes to make their language like other people's language. In the same way, children can learn to do many other things without others' help. For example, to walk, run, climb, and ride a bike-make themselves understand how they should do it. Slowly they can make some changes they need.
But in school we never let a child himself find out his mistakes and correel them for himself. We usually think he never knows his mistakes if we do not tell him or he never corrects them if we do not make him do it. We should try to let him find out the answers to the problems, and the good ways of working them out with the help of other children if he wants.
Can teachers give the students answer books if they do maths problems? Let them correct their homework all by themselves. When the students tell their teachers that they can't find the ways to get the right answers, the teachers should help them. Let the students know what they must learn, how to judge their own understanding (理解力), how to know what they know or what they do not know. These are the most important.
8. The text tells us that the children should learn things by (通过) ________.
A. listening to other people
B. doing what other people do
C. making mistakes and then correcting them
D. asking other people many questions
9. Which of the following is right? The teachers ________.
A. never give the students answers
B. don't let the students make mistakes
C. don't always correct the students' mistakes when they make mistakes
D. only give the students the answers when they do problems
10. The writer thinks the teachers in school should ________.
A. let the students help each other
B. teach the students less good ways
C. correct more of their homework
D. teach the students more book knowledge
11. This text shows that learning to speak is ________.
A. different from learning other things
B. a very important thing
C. more important than learning other things
D. just like learning other things
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Equal Rights Libertarian
Home » Uncategorized » 20140328 Time on the Cross
20140328 Time on the Cross
Screen Shot 2014-03-28 at 10.00.59 AM
Main Idea:
The main idea of this book is pretty simple: to use actual raw historical documentation to understand real condition of slavery in American South. Instead of emotional fiction written by people who really did not know what they are writing about, as was the case with majority northern abolitionists, the sources of the book are emotionless church records of births and deaths, accounting books of profits and losses from cotton or selling and buying slaves or doing any other activities. Important sources of information also were diaries of multiple individuals of what was a pretty literate society of South. These records where not created to convince anybody in anything or to create positive narrative for future historians. These were everyday records used to run business and trace events of live and therefore they are the best source to recreate what this society was really like.
While authors go out of their way to stress again and again that they are completely detest slavery and racism, the documents create much more complicated picture than one taught in American colleges and schools.
Prologue. Slavery and the Cliometric Revolution
The prolog is a short description of Cliometric method and its application to the history of South.
One. The International Context of U.S. Slavery
The review of slave trade brings some not exactly expected facts. One of the most interesting is that slave trade in America was very unevenly distributed along the continent. The number of slaves imported to US was just 6% of total, while Brazil had 36% and Caribbean 17%. However survival rate was so different that black population of United States continued to grow even after all slave trade stopped while population in Latin America was barely supported by continuing import. The share of foreign-born slaves in US went below 50% sometime in 1710s and by 1860s it was close to 0. The process of emancipation of slaves started in England when in 1772 Lord Chief Justice ruled slavery not supported by English law. It started nearly immediately in USA with Society of Friends in Philadelphia banning it for its members in 1772 and completely abolishing in 1865. The last country to abolish slavery in America was Brazil in 1888.
Two. Occupations and Markets
Unexpected data came from comparative analysis of professional activities of slaves versus total adult population. While majority of all adults were manual laborers as expected, % of artisans and semiskilled workers was pretty much the same between all adults and slaves. Even more unexpectedly was to find out that about 7 to 8% of slaves worked in managerial and professional positions. Obviously it was within constrains of plantation, but nevertheless it puts and interesting twist on racial attitude variation between white individuals who were familiar with individual slaves and whose who were not. The southerner exploiters of slave labor often knew and appreciated real capabilities of individuals and used their ability in the most effective way they could come up with, while northern abolitionists fought slavery on moral grounds while firmly believing in inhering inferiority of black people.
Another interesting fact is that slave trade did not play significant role in business amounting to less then 2% of slave population in any given time. According to documents it also contained disproportional number of young individuals and seldom included families either whole or broken. Studies of Maryland slave trade show that about a half of all sales was due to bankruptcy or from estate of deceased planters. I guess humans are not a very profitable if used as merchandise.
Also an analysis of migration patterns shows that slave migration usually occurred as part of planter’s movement to new land, rather then slaves movement via trade.
Three. Profits and Prospects
The analysis shows that slavery was profitable, but only in very complicated way related to human life cycles. Based on age/price variation the pick returns from slave labor was in the age 25-40 years, but in order to achieve it the investment in childbearing and upbringing was necessary before labor extracted from a slave would allow breakeven between cost of slave maintenance and returns on slave labor. Interestingly enough prices for old slaves did not fall to 0 until age of 70+ signifying that even at this age return from slave labor was profitable. The data also reject notion of slave breeding for sale. Analysis of prices for cotton and other products of plantation show that slavery was economically viable system. Moreover analysis of slave employed in cities as artisans often on their own making money and paying taxes to owner demonstrates that cities did not kill slavery, but rather provided additional venue for its use.
Four. The Anatomy of Exploitation
This is detailed review of documented information about live of slaves and level of satisfaction of their needs. It reviews food, shelter, medical services, family live, and also exploitation with punishment and rewards used to extract maximum returns. Not surprisingly it confirms notion of tangible advantages over hired unskilled hands in all these areas. More strikingly is to find out that life expectancy of slaves in USA was only slightly lower then free whites and at the same level as for population of France.
Five. The Origins of the Economic Indictment of Slavery
This chapter is not about slavery, but rather about slavery related writings and how attitude to the slavery created familiar narrative about slavery being economically inefficient system regardless of real facts on the ground.
Six. Paradoxes of Forced Labor
After review of myth creation, the detailed review of actual economic performance paints quite a different picture. This picture includes a set of data supporting a number of notions that authors considers as paradoxes:
1. Slavery based agriculture was more efficient then fee labor based agriculture
2. Quality of slave labor was much higher then it is commonly perceived
3. The black low level managers (drivers) and middle managers (overseers) were quite competent in their job, often more competent then white overseers hired from outside.
This chapter also provides an interesting discussion about economic significance of property rights in man. The proposed notion of difference between slave owning and free society as difference in who has title to human capital rather then who controls it. In free society the title on human being is not separated from this human being, while title on slave belongs to slave owner. Paradoxically it could mean that free man would rent out himself at a market price, which depends on supply and demand for labor that could lead to extremely low price at the level of minimal subsistence. Slave owner on other hand owns this particular individual slave as capital good with significant investment and therefore amount of resources allocated to slave’s subsistence could be significantly less depended on market fluctuations. Net result is higher level of subsistence available to a slave comparatively to free laborer.
Epilogue. Implications for Our Time
The epilog provides a short review of what happened next after emancipation. The picture was not a pretty one. The South economy significantly deteriorated for all population, but it was especially bad for former slaves. While getting title on themselves they did not get main source of subsistence – land. Without land they had to sell their labor and price for this labor went as low as it gets. Overall statistical information shows a drastic decrease in all measures of well being such as life expectancy for former slaves.
My Take on It:
Free man curries his own cost so his market price could be marginally lower then slave’s because slave owner carries cost of raising slave and has to include this investment costs in his calculation. Based on statistics collected and analyzed in this book the slave’s life was not significantly worse then life of free laborer in terms of food, shelter, housing, and, consequently, qualitative parameters such as life expectancy. However humans are not machines and they tend to put a very high value on self-control and self-direction. This value could not possibly be matched by improvement in material wellbeing because these are incomparable apples and oranges.
Too bad that vast majority of Americans especially young does not know details of slavery history provided in this book and mistakenly believes that slavery means materials deprivation. It makes them blind to real nature of promoters of big democratically elected government and welfare state. They fail to notice that such welfare state is slavery under other name because it would deny them options of self-control and self-direction the same options that slave owner denied to well fed and sheltered slave.
However I am very optimistic about future because we have overwhelming prove of inability of centralized welfare state to produce goods and services that people want and therefore being inferior to laissez-faire capitalist society.
Southern slaveholding capitalism was economically effective and therefore stable. Welfare state is not economically ineffective and therefore is unstable. In its most murderous communistic form it could last for a few generations by killing all opposing individuals. In its relatively benign social-democratic form it would not last beyond running of other people’s money.
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The summer has officially started. Sunshine, cool lemonades and the beach is what are on most people’s minds.
Take a minute out of your busy schedule to read this article on the 10 best tips on how to conserve energy this summer – maybe you’ll find some simple tips that not only helps with lowering the global carbon footprint, but also cuts your energy costs!
1. As much as one tenth of a typical American household’s energy consumption goes to the lighting sector. This means that if you’ve yet to replace your old incandescent light bulbs, you are losing out on a lot of cash! Energy saving light bulbs spends 80% less energy than Thomas Edison’s old incandescent ones!
2. One of the reasons why incandescent light bulbs consumes five times more electricity than the energy-saving ones is that they emit light in the wavelengths that the human eye cannot detect, in other words heat. Actually, the majority of the electricity that goes into an incandescent light bulb is wasted as heat, which is usually a complete waste during the summer! CFLs and LEDs give off way less heat.
3. Consider investing in a good air conditioner or heat pump for your house. This is a long-term investment, but it shouldn’t take long before you start seeing both improvements in indoor air quality as well as lower energy bills!
4. Reduce your fuel consumption by not driving all the time. The summer is perfect for a walk, a run or cycling. Work on your tan and stop global warming at the same time (!)
5. Cool roofs are designed to absorb as little and reflect as much as possible heat from the sun. This can be very convenient during the summer when cooling costs are high, but you probably might not want to install this in a house in a cold climate where heating is wanted.
6. Natural sunlight is not only much better than artificial sunlight – it is also completely free! By taking advantage of the new energy-efficient windows on the market you get more sunlight and at the same time reduce heat leakage.
7. Outdoor solar lighting is another great way to harness the energy in the sun. They are simple to set up, require very little maintenance and is an excellent source of free lighting.
8. Another way to reduce cooling costs is landscape shading. Trees and plants can be grown at strategic locations outside your house to absorb large parts of the sunlight that otherwise would go straight into your home. As with number 6. This is probably not something you’d want in a cold climate where heating is a good thing.
9. These days, investing in solar panels for your home can actually be quite profitable. Depending on where you live, state/government rebates and tax credits can reduce the costs of a solar system with more than 50%, which means that the payback time in some cases is 5 to 10 years.
10. Last but not least is proper sealing of buildings. Tiny air leaks in your house can mean massive losses of energy and higher energy bills. This goes both ways (preventing cooling in the summer and heating when the outside air is cold)
Related: Unplug Your Stuff for a Chance to Win Great Prizes!
What are your tips for saving energy in the summer? Feel free to add suggestions in the comment section below.
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A brief biography of ludwig prandtl essay
It must come from the classical period covering Mozart to Richard Strauss. Here is a full view. In the thin pressure in the flow direction.
In the science society, Sigma Xi, awarded Hutchinson the Ferst Award in recognition of his contributions to mentoring students. In any event, his development as an artist would probably have caused a crisis in his relationship to the musical and social life of the time sooner or later.
Mechanical Engineers
Most critics divide Beethoven's work into three general periods, omitting the earliest years of his apprenticeship in Bonn. That aspect of Prandtl's work makes a year of enormously greater significance than it would have been purely for its contribution to aerodynamics. He subsequently modified the apparatus with pipes of improved shapes and http: By that time Prandtl was alone; his father had died inand his mother in He is considered to be the father of modern engineering mechanics.
This difficulty became acute at the beginning of the 20th century, with the invention of the first practical airplane by Orville and Wilbur Wright and with the subsequent need to calculate the lift and drag on airplanes.
The cause of his disability is still uncertain. Along the way, he grapples with the character of reasoning and practice when scientific theory confronts engineering reality.
John W. Hutchinson
It is for 'interpretation' — principally lieder and in at least two different languages. Wagner is said to have given him a score of "The Flying Dutchman," inscribed: Furthermore, until the late s, wind-tunnel http: A founding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Timoshenko wrote seminal works in the areas of engineering mechanics, elasticity and strength of materials, many of which are still widely used today.
There is no record of his birth date. Timoshenko continued his education towards a university degree at the St Petersburg Institute of engineers Ways of Communication. They had one son. My father who was a German avidly read all he could on Beethoven.
Perhaps his remarkable ability to go straight to the heart of a physical problem can be traced to his childhood environment; his father, a great lover of nature, taught him to observe natural phenomena and reflect on them. He contributed the Prandtl-Glaubert rule for subsonic airflow to describe the compressibility effects of air at high speeds.
The upper dark region that trails downstream from the separation point is the remnant of the boundary layer that originally formed on the top surface of the airfoil. In he was elected as a foreign member to the Royal Society of London. People think that I'm weird just because I listen to classical music and that i'm a freak show.
In Prandtl began scientific studies at the Technische Hochschule in Munich, where his principal teacher 46 December Physics Today was the well-known mechanics professor August Foppl. He maintained a home in London until his death.
Stephen Timoshenko
As a result Beethoven saw his works published in many different versions that were unauthorized, unchecked, and often inaccurate. After singing in various Dublin choirs he moved to London before He once even declared his address in New York as "with the mayor".
Sir Henry Wood described him as "the greatest Elijah".
Essay/Term paper: Ludwig van beethoven
Luckily Prandtl was victorious. Zhuravski prize of the St. He thus became one of the first musicians in history to be able to live independently on his music salary. For the circular cylinder, his so44 December Physics Today http: Indeed, the equation that applies to a flat plate at zero attack angle is known today as the Blasius equation.
Ludwig Prandtl: Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist who is considered to be the father of aerodynamics. In Prandtl became professor of mechanics at the Technical Institute of Hannover, where he continued his earlier efforts to provide a sound theoretical basis for fluid mechanics.
From to. Ludwig van Beethoven was a complex man consumed by a towering the time Ludwig was a small boy, turning the iron handle of window Beethoven’s stay was cut short by a series of family tragedies.
He returned to Bonn to his dying mother. Shortly after, his infant sister. One major reason why was Ludwig Prandtl, who finally explained the two most important causes of drag in Prandtl argued that the fluid immediately adjacent to a surface was motionless, and that in a thin transitional region (the boundary layer), as one moved away from the.
Visualization was already important for Ludwig Prandtl in applying the Navier-Stokes equations to the flow past a cylinder.
It is striking how similar the scheme of velocity streamlines in the. On December 17,Ludwig van Beethoven was born. Maria later gave birth to five other children, but only two survived, Caspar Anton Carl and Nikolaus Johann. Maria later gave birth to five other children, but only two survived, Caspar Anton Carl and Nikolaus Johann.
A brief biography of ludwig prandtl essay
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List of Famous Mechanical Engineers - Biographies, Timelines, Trivia & Life History
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earrings on men
The Culture of Earrings for Men
Over the past few years men have begun to wear earrings. While that may have seemed strange a few years ago, it is commonplace now and seems to have some historical, cultural, and social basis. There are artistic and written references from cultures around the world dating to ancient times in history of men sporting earrings.
Indeed, references indicate that the oldest mummified body from about 5300 years ago demonstrated evidence of ear piercings. Howard Carter writes in his description of Tutankhamen’s tomb that the Pharaoh’s earlobes were perforated, but no earrings were inside the mummy wrappings, although the tomb contained them.
mer2King Tut’s burial mask’s ears were perforated and the holes were covered with golden discs. Carter felt, at the time, that the covered holes indicated that earrings were only worn in ancient Egypt by children. There is also evidence of earrings worn by men in archeological evidence from Persepolis in ancient Persia and carved images of soldiers of the Persian Empire. These images displayed on some of the surviving walls of the palace, show men wearing a earrings.
There is also Biblical evidence of earring use. In Exodus 32:1–4, it is written that while Moses was up on Mount Sinai, the Israelites mer4demanded that Aaron make a God for them (the Golden Calf). The Bible presents that he commanded them to bring their sons’ and daughters’ earrings (and other pieces of jewelry) to him in order that he might comply with their demand. Pirates felt that piercing of the ear(s) gave them better long distance vision. Acupuncturists will confirm that the earlobe is a site for vision so who knows – maybe the pirates knew more about vision than they are given credit for.
mer5Earrings have, over the centuries, been a sign of a myriad of things such as prostitution, wealth, nobility, slavery, keeping out demons, fertility and probably many other situations and conditions. Downer (2016) presents that the tradition of men wearing earrings is also connected to primitive Indian tribes, who used facial piercings and jewelry as tools to modify their bodies for religious and cultural initiations and rituals. Still used in these cultures today, body modification is often a symbol of age, status, wealth and standing within the tribe.
In the 1920s, it became popular for sailors to pierce their ears based on superstition. It was believed that if their bodies were recovered at sea the person finding them could take the earring as payment for a proper burial. Sailors who had sailed around the world or survived a sinking ship also had earrings to document their experiences. Thus, the phenomena of men with earrings may still seem strange to some, but they have been worn by men since the beginning of time.
Earrings & Modern Body Modification
Modern body modification has taken on a more literal sense of vanity. In the late 1960s and early 70s, hippies and homosexuals adopted the wearing of earrings and the once-taboo quickly turned into a fad, catching on in the celebrity community, with punk rocks bands and athletes beginning to pierce their ears as well. Now, 2016, especially among celebrities and young men the wearing of an earring or a stud in the ear or both ears is common.
The local tattoo and ear piercing parlor may seem strange and intimidating to some, but certainly not to others seeking to individualize themselves and it is actually not all that strange when considering that ear piercing is one of the oldest known forms of body modification.
Why Do Men Wear Earrings Today?
So these days why would men wear earrings? Jain (2015) offers 10 specific reasons why men wear them:
1. A Fashion Trend. Young men find this to be an enhancement to their looks, and is a definite fashion statement.
2. A Religious Custom or Tradition. In some religions such as Hindu, ear piercing for both sexes is conducted in the 4th or 5th year of life and celebrated by a major feast with relatives and friends.
3. As a Symbol of Status or Wealth. Some guys wear diamond studs that broadcast their wealth. Some will even use the diamond as a savings for hard times and use the proceeds of their adornment in the event they fall on hard times.
4. Actors in Character. Some men are playing a role in a movie or play that requires them to have a piercing on one or both sides to fall into character.
5. To Look “Cool” and be Attractive to Women. Some men feel that women are attracted to men that wear earrings and it makes them feel as they are more apt to attract the opposite sex.
6. A Gift. Often a man may have received a gift from a friend, wife or girlfriend that causes him to get a piercing of one or both ears.
7. Presenting your Sexuality or Making a Statement. There are many reasons to wear earrings as a statement. Sometimes criminals use this as a signaling process for their various capers or in pick-pocketing activities. Though disputed by some, historically the wearing of a single earring or stud on the right ear is considered a sign of homosexuality. In today’s society, however, it is common to find heterosexual men wearing earrings in both ears at once, as well as either their left or right alone and it is considered old-fashioned to wear a single earring as a sexual signal.
8. mer9Therapeutic Benefit. A closely held view among pirates was that their long distance vision was better with earrings. Although disputed these days, the lobule is an acupuncture site for vision but it is not used among acupuncture professionals for increasing vision, but more for drug dependency, eating disorders, etc. Others also believe that the wearing of gold or other precious metal in this area transfers some of the metals properties to the person, thus offering a therapeutic benefit.
9. Spirituality. In some religions, such as Buddhism, the piercing of the earlobe and stretching of the opening is considered a sign of spiritual development and spiritual development. The bigger the opening the greater the spiritual development.
10. To Rebel. Jain’s final comment on the reasons men wear earrings is that they attempting to rebel against something. Rebelling against society, parents, or just to be different and stand out in a crowd.
Epilog: No matter what their reason for wearing earrings the practice will be considered by some as a statement, to others as cool, attractive, spiritual, or simply a component of your job; the practice is trendy and very common in today’s western culture.
To those who feel that this is not really a cultural tradition that should be perpetuated, there is an anonymous quote that goes: “Respect people’s feelings. Even if it does not seem to mean anything to you, it could mean everything to them”.
Ask.com (2016). When did men start wearing earrings. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
Downer, J. (2016). When did men first start wearing earrings. eHow. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
Jain, A. (1025). Top 10 reasons why men wear earrings. HubPages. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Nate (2016). Day 25: Jewelry. Clothing concept. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Supernova 125 (2016). Should Men wear earrings? Retrieved February 9, 2016.
About Robert Traynor
1 Comment
1. RE men wearing earrings: I’m reminded of a quip I once heard: “Men who wear earrings (get their ears pierced) are ready for marriage-they’ve experienced pain and bought jewelry!”
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1. What is MAIL FROM domain?
When an email is sent, it has two addresses that indicate its source -
a. From address that's displayed to the message recipient,
b. MAIL FROM address that indicates where the message originated.
Mail servers use the MAIL FROM address to return bounce messages and other error notifications. The MAIL FROM address is usually only viewable by recipients if they view the source code for the message.
Amazon SES sets the MAIL FROM domain for the messages that you send to a default value unless you specify your own domain. The following sections discuss the benefits of setting up a custom MAIL FROM domain, and includes setup procedures.
2. Why use a custom MAIL FROM domain?
By default, messages that you send via MuxEmail using your Amazon SES use a subdomain of amazonses.com as the MAIL FROM domain. Sender Policy Framework (SPF) authentication successfully validates these messages because the default MAIL FROM domain matches the application that sent the email— in this case, Amazon SES.
While this level of authentication is sufficient for many users, other users prefer to set the MAIL FROM domain to a domain that they own.
By setting up a custom MAIL FROM domain, your emails can comply with Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC). DMARC enables a sender's domain to indicate that emails sent from the domain are protected by one or more authentication systems.
This adds an extra layer of authenticity and security, thus increasing deliverability.
There are two ways to achieve DMARC validation:
a. Using Sender Policy Framework (SPF)
b. Using DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM).
The only way to comply with DMARC through SPF is to use a custom MAIL FROM domain, because SPF validation requires the domain in the From address to match the MAIL FROM domain.
By using your own MAIL FROM domain, you have the flexibility to use SPF, DKIM, or both to achieve DMARC validation.
3. Choosing a MAIL FROM domain
• The MAIL FROM domain has to be a subdomain of the verified identity (email address or domain) that you send email from. For example, mail.example.com is a valid MAIL FROM domain for the domain example.com.
• The MAIL FROM domain shouldn't be a domain that you send email from.
• The MAIL FROM domain shouldn't be a domain that you use to receive email.
4. Configuring the MAIL FROM domain
1. Open the Amazon SES console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ses/
2. In the navigation pane, under Identity Management, choose Domains as shown in the image -
3. In the list of domains, confirm that the parent domain of the MAIL FROM domain is verified. If the domain isn't verified, complete the procedures at Verifying your website domain with Amazon SES to verify the domain. Otherwise, choose the domain and proceed to the next step -
4. Under MAIL FROM Domain, choose Set MAIL FROM Domain.
5. On the Set MAIL FROM Domain window, do the following:
a. For MAIL FROM domain, enter the subdomain that you want to use as the MAIL FROM domain.
b. For Behavior if MX record not found, choose - Use amazonses.com as MAIL FROM as shown in the image -
c. Choose Set MAIL FROM Domain. A window appears that contains the MX and SPF records that you have to add to your domain's DNS configuration. These records use the formats shown in the following table.
10 feedback- smtp.region.amazonses.com
"v=spf1 include:amazonses.com ~all"
In the preceding records, replace subdomain.domain.com with your MAIL FROM subdomain, and replace region with the name of the AWS Region where you want to verify the MAIL FROM domain (such as us-west-2, us-east-1, or eu-west-1). Note that the value of the TXT record has to include the quotation marks.
Note these values, and then proceed to the next step.
6. Publish an MX record to the DNS server of the custom MAIL FROM domain. Below we have mentioned some of the common DNS providers along with the documentation on how to add MX and TXT files in each one of them.
DNS/Hosting Provider Name
Documentation Link
MX: Adding or Updating MX Records in Your Wix Account (external link)
Check back after 72 hours and your MAIL FROM domain's status should have been changed from "Pending" to "Confirmed".
Important : To successfully set up a custom MAIL FROM domain with Amazon SES, you must publish exactly one MX record to the DNS server of your MAIL FROM domain. If the MAIL FROM domain has multiple MX records, the custom MAIL FROM setup with Amazon SES will fail.
Feel free to reach out at [email protected] if you have any questions.
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1. type conversion
Wikipedia definition
2. Type conversionIn computer science, type conversion, typecasting, and coercion are different ways of, implicitly or explicitly, changing an entity of one data type into another. This is done to take advantage of certain features of type hierarchies or type representations. One example would be small integers, which can be stored in a compact format and converted to a larger representation when used in arithmetic computations.
Read “Type conversion” on English Wikipedia
Read “型変換” on Japanese Wikipedia
Read “Type conversion” on DBpedia
to talk about this word.
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Interesting facts about sweet potatoes
sweet potatoes
The sweet potato is a plant that is a member of the morning glory family, grown for its sweet, edible, tuberous roots.
Sweet and regular potatoes are both considered root vegetables but are only distantly related. Both are tuberous, starchy root vegetables, but they’re not part of the same botanical group – members of the potato’s extended family include tomatoes and peppers, while the closest relation to the sweet potato is the morning glory flower.
The origin and domestication of sweet potato occurred in either Central or South America.
The first Europeans to taste sweet potatoes were members of Christopher Columbus’s expedition in 1492. Christopher Columbus liked the vegetable so much that on his fourth voyage, he took some home to grow in Europe.
From Spain they were spread through the warmer regions of Europe.
The sweet potato is a herbaceous, perennial vine. The stems are usually long and trailing and bear lobed or unlobed leaves that vary in shape. The flowers, borne in clusters in the axils of the leaves, are funnel-shaped and tinged with pink or rose-violet.
sweet potato plant flowers
All varieties of sweet potato are good sources of vitamins C and E as well as dietary fiber, potassium, and iron, and they are low in fat and cholesterol. The orange-and red-fleshed forms of sweet potato are particularly high in beta-carotene, the vitamin A precursor.
There are 92 calories in 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of sweet potatoes.
This cheerfully colored, versatile root vegetable can be boiled, baked, roasted, fried or barbecued.
The sweet potato, especially the orange variety, is often called a yam in parts of North America, but is botanically very distinct from true yams.
Sweet potato is ranked seventh in global food crop production and is the third most important root crop after potato and cassava.
China is today’s acknowledged leader in world sweet potato production. North Carolina is No. 1 in U.S. production.
The International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru holds the largest sweet potato gene bank in the world with more than 6,500 wild, traditional, and improved varieties. Many of these are unique to a particular country or region.
Before George Washington became a general and the first U.S. President, he was a sweet potato farmer.
The world’s heaviest sweet potato weighed 37 kg (81 lb 9 oz) on 8 March 2004 and was grown by Manuel Pérez Pérez (Spain) in Güime, Lanzarote, Spain.
If handled gently, unwashed sweet potatoes can store well for weeks or even months in a dry, cool location.
Sweet potatoes are only washed right before cooking because moisture promotes spoilage.
Fresh sweet potatoes stored in a refrigerator develop an off-taste and a hard core in the center.
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dictionaries in python important questions
dictionaries in python important questions class 11
computer science with python
Q 1. How are dictionaries different from lists ?
Ans. The dictionary is similar to lists in the sense that it is also a collection of data-items just like lists BUT it is different from lists in the sense that lists are sequential collections (ordered) and dictionaries are non-sequential collections (unordered).
In lists, where there is an order associated with the data-items because they act as storage units for other objects or variables you’ve created. Dictionaries are different from lists and tuples because the group of objects they hold aren’t in any particular order, but rather each objects has its own unique name, commonly known as a key.
Q 2. How are objects stored in lists and dictionaries different ?
Ans. The objects or values stored in a dictionary can basically be anything (even the nothing type defined as None), but keys can only be immutable type-objects. e.g., strings, tuples, integers, etc. (dictionaries in python important questions)
Q 3. when are dictionaries more useful than lists ?
Ans. Dictionaries can be much more useful than lists. For example, suppose we wanted to store all our friends’ cell-phone numbers. We could create a list of pairs, (name of friend, phone number), but once this list becomes long enough searching this list for a specific phone number will get time-consuming. Better would be if we could index the list by our friends’s name. This is precisely what a dictionary does.
Q 4. Can sequence operations such as slicing and concatenation be applied to dictionaries ? why ?
Ans. No, sequence operations like slicing and concatenation cannot be applied on dictionaries. The reasons being, a dictionary is not a sequence. Because it is not maintained in any specific order, operations that depend on a specific order cannot be used.
Q 5. Why can’t Lists be used as keys ?
Ans. Lists cannot be used as keys in a dicitonary because they are mutable. And a Python dictionary can have only keys of immutable types.
Q 6. If the addition of a new key:value pair causes the size of the dictionary to grow beyond its original size, an error occurs. True or False ?
Ans. False. There cannot occur an error because Dictionaries being the mutable types, they can grow or shrink on and as-needed basis.
Q 7. Consider the following code fragments. What outputs will they produce ?
(i) aDict = { 'Bhavna' : 1, "Richard" : 2, "Firoza" : 10, "Arshnoor" : 20}
temp = 0
for value in aDict.values( ) :
temp = temp+value
temp = " "
for key in aDict.values( ) :
if temp < key :
temp = key
k = "Bhavna"
v = -1
if k in aDict :
aDict[k] = v
(i) 33 (ii) Richard
(iii) { ‘Bhavna’ : -1, ‘Richard’ : 2, ‘Fizora’ : 10, ‘Arshnoor’ : 20 }
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1. November 8, 2020
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Tag Archive secret window
How dormers are hiding the secret window in their dorms
August 6, 2021 Comments Off on How dormers are hiding the secret window in their dorms By admin
A window is a window, no matter how hidden.
It’s a door, and it’s a window.
So, in many ways, how windows are kept is an integral part of our daily lives.
But in some places, the windows are not hidden, they’re not hidden in the dark, they are visible.
That’s what happened recently at the University of Saskatchewan.
The window at the end of the hallway.
(Submitted by a student who requested anonymity)In a video posted on Twitter by student Amanda Sorenson, the window in question is revealed by a secret window.
Sorenson’s video is just the latest example of people being able to see inside their dorm room windows, thanks to new technology that allows them to be seen.
“This is actually a window in the hallway of our dorm,” Sorensson says.
“And I think this is a great thing, as we can see the window from all the windows.”
She also says that students in dorms are often told to “just hang out” when it comes to the windows, which is something they don’t seem to understand.
“Just hang out in the room with the windows and just hang out with the window,” Sorensons friend told her.
There are a few ways students can make it to the window and be able to be in the video, Sorensons friend said.
You can have a friend in the dorm room and you can hang out on the other side of the window.
And you can just hang on and see.
“But the window isn’t always easy to see, and students are being told not to.
In an email, a university spokesperson wrote that “there are times where the window is in clear view of students, but the view is not always clear.”
That’s when the students need to use a different technique to get in the window, the spokesperson added.
That technique is called “hidden windows,” which allows students to be able “to see and hear and feel” through the window “without having to go through the door and have the door open.”
It allows students in Saskatchewan’s dorms to be visible to students in other dorms. “
Hidden windows” are a new technology developed by a Saskatchewan university student, Amanda Soreson.
This is a student hiding a secret hidden window on his dorm room window.
#askacd student A photo posted by Amanda Soresons (@amandasorenson) on Jan 20, 2020 at 9:07pm PSTThe trick is not that hard.
First, you need to have a window with a secret hiding place.
Then, you can use a hidden window.
The trick here is that students can use the window to get into their dorm, Soressons friend added.
“So, if they have a secret room, they can just use the room and open the door.”
Sorensson, who is a senior studying nursing, says that she’s been told to hang out at her dorms “just to be safe” and “just so I’m not caught.”
Soresson’s friend has also been told not be alone with the secret hiding window.
“I just don’t want people to be alone in my room with my window,” she said.
“If they don.
And that’s why they’re hiding it.”
Students in Saskatoon’s dorm building are also not being allowed to be the only ones in the hallways.
Sorentsons friend explained that they are also required to share a secret secret room with students, which means that they can also be seen and heard by other students.
“They have to share the secret room and it will have to be a shared secret room,” she told CBC News.
“The students can be in there together and share the room.
If they don, then we can’t share it.”
, ,
How much does a tint cost?
June 20, 2021 Comments Off on How much does a tint cost? By admin
How much a tint costs?
Window tint is an expensive addition to your home.
Some homeowners opt to add a few hundred dollars to the cost of a tint, which can add up quickly, even if you only have a few extra dollars.
Here’s how much a one-time purchase will add up to.
Cost per year Cost per month Cost per day Cost per week Cost per monthly Cost per annual Cost per annum Cost per hour Cost per minute Cost per second Cost per millisecond Cost per megabyte Cost per gigabyte Cost in monthly units Cost per watt Cost per cubic inch Cost per foot Cost per kilogram Cost per pound Cost per ounce Cost per euro Cost per cent Cost per US cent Cost in the US per kWh Cost in Euro Cost in Canadian cents Cost in US cents per kWhCost in Canadian dollars Cost in American dollars per kWh$3,500 per year$10,500 to $20,000 per month$20,500 for two years$20 to $25,000 for five years$25,500 a year$30,000 to $40,000 a year $40 to $50,000 in five years(included in cost of the tint)$60,000+ in five or more years(includes a free $1,000 home screen protector) $70,000 or more in five to 10 years$80,000 annually$90,000 yearly$100,000 annual$120,000 quarterly(includes screen protector for tint) $150,000 monthly(includes tint screen protector with screen protector installation)$200,000 year(includes the screen protector and screen protector itself)$300,000/year$500,000-$600,000($10,000) per year(including screen protector, screen protector protector, and screen protection)$1,500,00+ per year($3,000,000), $10,600,00+, $20 per yearIf you are a full-time or part-time employee, you will likely be eligible for an hourly wage increase for the first two years after the first tint is installed.
However, your hourly rate will increase after that point, so if you want to make sure you get the most bang for your buck, you should consider adding the cost to your annual salary or adding it to your health insurance deductible.
If you work from home or travel regularly, you may be eligible to add the cost on top of your basic health insurance premium.
If you are an employee who does not live with your employer, you can apply for the premium reduction and pay the full amount of your cost of tint installation.
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President Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison
President Benjamin Harrison: Short biography of President Benjamin Harrison and the key events during his presidency.
Life of President Benjamin Harrison Fast Fact File
Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901), nicknamed the "Human Iceberg", was the 23rd American President and served in office from 1889-1893. The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison spanned the period in United States history that encompasses the events of the Maturation Era or the Gilded Age. It was the age of many new inventions and in 1891 electricity was installed in the White House. It was the era of the Ghost Dance Movement, the Wounded Knee Massacre and the demise of many Native American tribes.
It was also the period of rapid Urbanization in America and the establishment of the Ellis Island Immigration Process.
President Benjamin Harrison represented the Republican political party which influenced the domestic and foreign policies of his presidency. The major accomplishments and the famous, main events that occurred during the time that Benjamin Harrison was president included the First Pan-American Conference in 1889, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) and the McKinley Tariff of 1890. Benjamin Harrison died of pneumonia on March 13, 1901, aged 67. The next president was Grover Cleveland.
Birthday: August 20, 1833
Place of Birth: Indiana
Political Party: Republican
Nickname: Human Iceberg
Number: 23rd President
Vice President: Levi P. Morton
Age at Inauguration: 55
Height: 5 feet 6 inches
Weight: 160 pounds
First Lady: Caroline Harrison and Mary McKee
Religion: Presbyterian
Date of Death: March 13, 1901
Date of Benjamin Harrison Presidency: March 4, 1889 to March 4, 1893
The Nickname of Benjamin Harrison: Human Iceberg
The nickname of President Benjamin Harrison provides an insight into how the man was viewed by the American public during his presidency. The meaning of the nickname "Little Ben" refers to his small stature whilst the nickname of "Human Iceberg" refers to his stern, cold manner when communicating with people, although he managed to convey a warmer image when giving speeches.
Character and Personality Type of Benjamin Harrison
The character traits of President Benjamin Harrison can be described as reserved, intelligent, formal, aloof and diligent. It has been speculated that the Myers-Briggs personality type for Benjamin Harrison is an ISTJ (Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judgment). A reserved, well-regulated and serious character and a strong traditionalist. Benjamin Harrison Personality type: logical, organized, sensible, thorough and dependable.
Accomplishments of Benjamin Harrison and the Famous Events during his Presidency
The accomplishments of Benjamin Harrison and the most famous events during his presidency are provided in an interesting, short summary format detailed below.
Billion Dollar Congress
Summary of the Billion Dollar Congress: The
Billion Dollar Congress was the nickname given to the 51st Congress because it was the first to pass a billion dollar budget. The laws passed during Benjamin Harrison's term in office included the costly Dependent Pension Bill that provided benefits to Union veterans and their families. The 'Billion Dollar Congress' also approved the cost of naval expansion.
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act
Summary of the Sherman Antitrust Act: The 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act was first measure passed by Congress to prohibit monopolies in order to maintain free competition in business.
McKinley Tariff
Summary of the McKinley Tariff
: The McKinley Tariff was a protective tariff (tax), became law on October 1, 1890 and was framed by future president William McKinley. The McKinley Tariff raised the average duty on foreign imports to almost 50% protect the nation's home-grown goods from cheaper priced foreign items.
Ellis Island
Summary of Ellis Island: The Ellis Island immigration center was opened on January 1, 1892 in Upper New York Bay as a federal immigration inspection station.
1888 Ghost Dance Movement
Summary of the Ghost Dance Movement: The second
Ghost Dance Movement emerged in 1888 led by Wovoka, of the Paiute Indian tribe. In December 1890 U.S. Army officers tried to arrest the Sioux Chief Sitting Bull who supported the Ghost Dance movement and was killed in the gun battle at the Standing Rock Reservation.
1890 Wounded Knee Massacre
Summary of the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Ghost Dance Movement effectively ended at the
Wounded Knee Massacre on December 29, 1890 in which 400 men, women and children of the Lakota Sioux were massacred by the 7th Cavalry.
US American History
1881-1913: Maturation Era
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Reverse Osmosis (RO)
A modern method of desalination that separates dissolved salts from water by pumping the water through a membrane at a high pressure. As the salt concentration of feedwater increases, so does the pumping pressure and electrical energy required to accomplish RO desalination. The pore size of reverse osmosis membranes is so small that mostly water passes through. These membranes are also used in desalination plants because they can take salt out of seawater. Small reverse osmosis plants are often used on ships. Portable plants can be used in emergency situations where public health becomes threatened by contaminated water supply. Reverse osmosis requires a lot of energy and is, therefore, an expensive process that is not always justified based on sustainability.
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Life Oddities
In Latin, sarcophagus means ‘flesh-eater’.
When the Romans would open up the tombs that would store the dead commoners of Egypt, the bodies were so decayed (because they were not embalmed) that the Romans thought that they were meant to be in that condition.
They thought that the bodies were put in the containers to rot, so they called the container ‘flesh-eater’, or ‘sarcophagus’.
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CROHN'S DISEASE Alternative name: regional enteritis What is it? The group of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) encompasses Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). CD is characterized by a chronic inflammation of one or more parts of the digestive tract, from the mouth, passing through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, to the rectum… Continuar lendo CROHN’S DISEASE
MALNUTRITION Ércio Oliveira, MD. Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Rio Grande do Sul State University School of Medicine (UFRGS). Pediatrics Specialist by the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. Ércio Filho, MD., MA in Pediatrics by the Rio Grande do Sul State University (UFRGS). Malnutrition may be the result of either a poor diet or an… Continuar lendo MALNUTRITION
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Thomas Jefferson and Philosophical Consistency
387 Words2 Pages
Upon his inauguration, Thomas Jefferson was eager to implement many of his Republican views into the government of the United States. Jefferson’s presidential service, however, turned out to be fairly contradictory to his original views. Jefferson was forced to alter his views for the good of the nation when presented with difficult situations, and he did not hesitate. One of Jefferson’s inconsistent but necessary philosophical moves was the enlargement of the naval fleet. The root of this decision lies in the pirate activity of the four African Barbary states (Document D). When Tripoli demanded the US buy protection in order to stop the naval harassment, Jefferson refused, negating the views of other Federalists who would have done differently. Tripoli declared war on the United States, and Jefferson was forced to augment the size of the navy in order to defeat the Barbary pirates. The Louisiana Purchase is another course of action taken by Jefferson known for contradicting his strict constructionist views. Neglecting the fact that there is no clause in the Constitution permitting him to purchase land, Jefferson used Napoleon’s European conquest to help him get rid of New World worries. Napoleon compares this decision to saying to your grown child, “I did this for your good. I pretend to no right to bind you, you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can. I thought it my duty to risk myself for you” (Document C). The Embargo Act of 1807 is perhaps the most contradictory decision Jefferson has made in his presidency. Due to impressments of America sailors into the British Army, as well as Great Britain and France both trying to hinder American trade with the other side, Jefferson passed the act which prohibited all foreign trade, to and from the United States. This obliterated any views he was believed to have of a weak central government. The
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Aurora Earth Day 2021
Aurora Earth Day 2021 is an exhibition to celebrate Earth Day and create artistic vibrancy.
Earth Day is an annual event that takes place every year on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection since 1970.
The Mayor's Sustainable Aurora, the City’s advisory board on sustainability and the environment, solicited student artists to celebrate the Earth with their artworks.
A call for young artists, from kindergarten through twelfth grade, was made with the intent to capture "What Earth Day Means to Me", and the theme for the year "Spaceship Earth".
We all live on “Spaceship Earth” as guests and as such we need to strive to protect it. The Spaceship Earth theme was a suggestion to strike the imagination of our artists as even NASA announced that the theme of Earth Day 2021 is “Restore Our Earth.”
We thank each student, and each school district for their support.
Aurora Earth Day 2021 Categories
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The development of battery materials with higher energy density, higher power density, better safety, lower cost, and faster charging is needed to further the electrification of the transport and energy sectors.
The research group is looking into the development of several different chemistries, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and solid-state batteries. For lithium-ion batteries, there has been focus on nickel-rich cathode materials due to their higher energy density and the need to reduce reliance on unethically-sourced cobalt. Sodium-ion batteries are promising due to the relative abundance of sodium and their low cost compared to lithium-based batteries, despite a lower energy density they may prove to be a promising technology for stationary energy storage. Batteries using a solid electrolyte (ceramic or polymer gel) rather than an organic solvent are much safer; although they are not widely commercialised, rapid progress has been made to do so in the last few years.
Projects include:
NATIVE - Sodium ion batteries
Faradion Limited, University of Birmingham, Croda, Jaguar Land Rover, Talga Technologies Ltd, WMG
Project costs:
Total project costs: £2,032,490
Grant contribution: £1,506,223
Mar 2018 – Feb 2021
Funding body:
Innovate UK
Executive summary:
The aim of the NATIVE project is to develop and demonstrate a 12 V Na-ion battery for SLI (sound, lighting, and ignition) application which would serve as a replacement to the currently used Pb-acid battery in the automotive sector. The project is being led by Faradion Limited, and the University of Birmingham is a key partner on the project investigating electrolytes and test methods. Other partners include Croda, Jaguar and Land Rover, Talga Technologies Ltd, and WMG.
Solid-state batteries
One emerging field in energy storage is the concept of an ‘all-solid-state’ battery which involves replacing the highly flammable liquid electrolyte found in conventional Li-ion batteries with a stable solid alternative. This innovation comes with the potential benefits of greater safety, higher energy density and more flexibility in manufacture, design and form-factor. Presently, the research challenges are focused on developing novel materials to fulfil the requirements of the solid electrolyte and new manufacturing methods to make cell production scalable and cost-effective. This work builds upon existing research conducted by both Prof Emma Kendrick and Prof Peter Slater (School of Chemistry) and continues to be a source of collaboration as both groups are investigating the synthesis and manufacturing of ceramics and polymer composite materials for this application.
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1 in 4 Young Homeless People Identify as LGBTQ+
Updated: Apr 18
Unfortunately, it is often found that identifying as LGBTQ+ is a significant cause of becoming homeless. 24% of homeless youths identify as LGBT, according to a study by the Albert Kennedy Trust. This is an alarming figure, considering that only 2.2% of the UK population identified as lesbian, gay or bisexual in the 2020 annual population survey (APS).
The Stonewall Housing Association, which works to provide safe spaces for those in the LGBTQ+ community, reported that around 60% of those who used their services thought there was a direct link between their homelessness and their sexual orientation or gender identity.
Why are a disproportionate number of homeless people LGBT?
Many young people in the UK struggle with discovering their sexuality and find it hard to come to terms with not fitting into the heteronormative narrative that still permeates our society today. At school, children may be harassed by peers if they don’t seem to fit into the norm or have come out as LGBTQ+.
During these times of vulnerability, some young people are unfortunately unable to find the stability and support they need at home. There are too many stories of teenagers and young adults being forced out of their home after coming out, or due to unbearable homophobia from someone in their household.
These incidents of rejection and abuse have effects throughout these individuals' lives and many adults and older people who identify as LGBTQ+ are still homeless after having these experiences when they were younger, or when coming out more recently.
The BBC 3 documentary series Queer Britain shows how it is not just young people who face difficulties being LGBT. Episode 3, ‘Out On The Streets’, shows two middle aged men, Damien and John, both suffering from past trauma and continual abuse in the present from strangers as they try to keep afloat on the street or in temporary accommodation.
Why is it harder being homeless when LGBT?
Finding help whilst being homeless or preventing the situation arising is made even more difficult for LGBT individuals. Organisations and officials who deal with housing issues can hold their own prejudices, and “many LGBT people suffer harassment, violence or eviction as a result of discrimination based on their sexuality,” reports Shelter Legal England and Wales.
In 2014, the Albert Kennedy Trust report on LGBT Youth Homelessness found only 13% of household providers recognised the needs of homeless LGBT youth; furthermore, only two organisations, not even 3%, had initiatives put in place to assist with the extra help needed by this part of the community.
What is the government response?
In an article by the BBC from March 2020, a spokesman for the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government said that they were:
1. Conducting research by drawing on the experience of those who are LGBT and currently homeless.
2. Funding the training of frontline staff to support these individuals with the information from this research.
However, the training was voluntary, and only 9 out of the 175 local councils which responded to the BBC confirmed that they had undergone this specialist training.
What can we do about it?
A great step forward in helping those who identify as LGBT and are homeless is increasing awareness on the issue. Sue Sanders, co-founder of LGBT History month, which falls on February each year, highlights how important awareness for the LGBTQ+ community is: “we need it because the ignorance is profound, and the ignorance has been deliberately done”.
Indeed, there is still a stigma surrounding non-heteronormative identities in many institutions in the UK, as well as blanket society values. The 2018 National LGBT survey found that "more than two thirds of LGBT respondents said they avoid holding hands with a same-sex partner for fear of a negative reaction from others."
These feelings of fear and isolation are heightened when individuals who experience this prejudice face homelessness. Out on the streets, homeless people who identify as LGBTQ+ often face verbal and physical abuse, even from others who are also experiencing homelessness.
Homeless people are already far too overlooked by the public. Those who fall into minority groups face even greater challenges and even less recognition, and so it is essential that they receive significant support.
For many young LGBTQ+ individuals, being homeless is their only option. You can help by looking into organisations such as Stonewall and Albert Kennedy Trust, and you can help us here at Clothing Collective by donating and helping us give homeless people access to essential clothing.
With identity being a large part of the LGBTQ+ community, it is important to us that every person is able to express themselves in the way they wish, no matter their circumstances. We are committed to helping homeless LGBT individuals show their true identity through the way they dress and be able to have the autonomy to pick the clothes they want to wear.
You can donate and help produce clothing vouchers for them to use in charity shops here.
Follow us on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook to keep up to date all the great things we're doing here at Clothing Collective. We'd be delighted if any of our blogs are shared!
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How to Become a Veterinarian
How to Become a Veterinarian
Just like human beings, animals need effective health care treatment. They need preventative care to maintain health and specialized treatment when they are sick or injured. Veterinary science is essential to study and production of animals. Veterinarians administer medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic techniques to all types of animals.
What does a veterinarian do?
Veterinarians provide health care to pets, livestock, wildlife, and animals in laboratories, racetracks, and zoos. Some veterinarians protect humans from animal diseases and carry out clinical research on the connection between health problems of humans and animals. Others conduct basic research and broaden public knowledge about animals and medical science. Some work in applied research and create new ways to use knowledge about animals. Most veterinarians diagnose health problems in animals, advise owners about the care of animals, vaccinate animals against diseases, provide medical treatment to animals with illnesses or infections, and perform other medical techniques.
What kind of training does a veterinarian need?
Veterinarians must earn a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) from an accredited veterinary medicine college. All programs require at least 45 credit hours and some require a bachelor degree. Most applicants have completed a bachelor degree prior to applying to veterinary school. All veterinary schools require satisfactory test scores on the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), or the Veterinary College Admission Test (VCAT). Many graduates enter 1-year internship programs after graduation.
All 50 states and the District of Columbia require veterinarians to be licensed before they are allowed to practice. There are some exemptions for veterinarians employed by some state governments of Federal agencies. Licensing requirements vary by state, but all require a D.V.M. degree or equivalent and a passing score on the North American Veterinary Licensing Exam. Most states also require a passing score on a state jurisprudence examination that covers the laws and regulations of the state.
What are the prospects for a career as a veterinarian?
Employment of veterinarians is project in increase much faster than average for all professions, increasing 35% from 2006 to 2016 (1). Growth for veterinary services will stem from more animals being kept as pets and consumers increased awareness on the importance of veterinary care.
Excellent job prospects are expected especially for veterinarians with extensive experience working with animals and for those with specialties.
How much do veterinarians make?
As of July 2009, veterinarians with less than 1-year experience earn annual salaries between $50,364 and $67,820. Those with 1 to 4 years experience earn annual salaries between $55,233 and $75,607 (2).
A career as a veterinarian is an excellent choice for people who have a genuine desire to help and improve the health and wellbeing of animals. Aspiring veterinarians must have efficient manual dexterity and an ability to communicate effectively with animal owners. Great business skills and communication is essential for veterinarians who wish to go into private practice.
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Art and the Brain: Chapter 14. Technological Innovations and the Nervous System
Neuroscience and Light Technologies
Movement and Time
Cultural Movement Enacted
Finally, four points stand out when looking at the integration of these more contemporary technologies. First, in cultural products, psychological and sensate connections with the nervous system are often quite unlike scientific projects that aim to look with “objective” eyes, focusing in on functions and operations. Second, due to the unstable materials of early films, many have not survived. This means we have lost both research tools and early cultural impressions. Third, if people were initially drawn to the way the camera could expand our visual capacities, fix movements the eye could not see, and instantly copy specimens, later discoveries like x-rays and other non-optical imaging techniques, the subject of the next chapter, remind us that each question answered generally raises at least a dozen new ones as scientists, artists, and the general public stir the new contributions into the mix. Fourth, as the concluding chapter will discuss, psychological innovations and their environmental impacts have accelerated our understanding of brain development and connected the brain with the environment.
In other words, we now know that during the course of our lives brain development is impacted by environmental pollution, disease, and other factors. Starting out as a tiny strip of cells, the brain is formed by complex biological processes. Within this process, brain function can be impaired during neurodevelopment, as it can be impaired and re-shaped throughout life. Indeed, recent research has shown that our brains retain a degree of plasticity throughout our lives. In other words, while we now understand that brain development itself begins before birth and continues over the course of our lives, much historical research was operating within a different paradigm.
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Learn to use negative space for more interesting compositions
Learn how and when to exaggerate the negative space in your photos
Time needed: One hour
Skill level: Beginner
Kit needed: Tripod (optional), ND filters (optional)
Your camera’s sensor is a blank canvas onto which you can place whatever you like in the frame. Within that 3-by-2 box there’s ample room for manoeuvre. The typical approach is to come in tight and cram the frame with detail, but sometimes it might be more effective to leave parts of the frame empty in order to create a different mood.
We call the empty parts of a frame ‘negative space’. This is typically anywhere that is either lacking in detail, blurred or otherwise plain and unformed. By contrast, the ‘positive space’ will be areas of interest, such as your subject or other notable details. Just because the rest is ‘negative’, it doesn’t mean it’s a bad thing.
If we play with the balance between positive and negative space we can produce strikingly bold compositions, especially if we intentionally overemphasize the negative space. The key is in understanding how negative space can change the mood. It’s about knowing when to come in tight on something important, and when to back off and use the space to tell the story.
Take our lighthouse. If we fill the frame with the lighthouse, the emphasis is on the shape of the structure itself, whereas if we pull back and include the empty wide expanse of beach and sea, we can emphasize the sense of isolation to create a more sombre, and perhaps more meaningful picture. Read on for a few tips on creating your own negative space...
At an iconic location it can be hard to find an approach that hasn’t been done a hundred times. But remember, while we might not have a great deal of control over the look of the subject – or rather the positive part of the frame – we can still control the negative parts. So why not try framing boldly like this for an unusual take on a familiar subject?
Experiment with bold compositions by leaving empty, negative space around your subjects
To get a feel for negative space, why not revisit a few old photos from your image library and experiment with different crops?
This is an exercise in seeking negative space, so any subject will do – a building, person, flower – whatever you like. The iconic lighthouse at Burnham-on-Sea was our choice, a lone structure in a wide open beach. While not essential, a tripod helps to perfect your composition.
Experiment by moving the subject around to different corners of the frame. You’ll get different results depending on whether you change the camera angle, or get up and move to a different spot. A wide-angle zoom lens, like the 16-35 used here, can be very useful.
As well as the placement of the subject, we can create negative space with depth of field by blurring parts of the frame. A wide aperture, like f/2.8, helps achieve this, but also try getting up really close to surfaces to emphasize the blur – the camera was on the ground here.
As well as blurring with focus, we can also blur out detail using a long exposure to soften details in the negative space. This works particularly well with moving water or clouds. In full daylight you’ll need a strong neutral density filter and a tripod for exposures of 30 seconds or more.
A classic compositional device is to create a frame within a frame by composing through objects so that they surround the subject like this. Here the out-of-focus legs of the lighthouse become part of the negative space, framing the dog in the distance.
Differences in light can help to create expanses of negative space. Here the lighthouse makes a strong silhouette, while the fading light results in moody dark negative space across the beach and sky. Look for contrast and expose for either the shadows or highlights.
James Paterson
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Flag of Uzbekistan
Flag of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan flags are strong symbols of the Uzbek people and their nation. The flag was selected from a variety of designs that were submitted by the Uzbek people after the nation gained its independence near the end of the 20th century. The government acted quickly, which gave Uzbekistan the honor of being the first of the newly-independent nation in Asia to select a flag following the fall of the Soviet Union.
The flag of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston davlat bayrogʻi) was approved at the Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan, on November 18, 1991.
Symbolism according to the Uzbek embassy: The State flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan was approved at the Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan, on November, 18, 1991. The State flag and its symbols portray the historical links with states which have existed in the past within the borders of modern Uzbekistan and embodies in itself the national and cultural traditions of the republic.
4. The red stripes are tributaries of the power of life that flows in our bodies.
• Capital of Uzbekistan: Tashkent
• Area of Uzbekistan: 425,400 sq. km
• Languages used in Uzbekistan: Uzbek, Russian, Tajik
• Religions in Uzbekistan: Muslim, Eastern Orthodox
Colors and Symbolism of Uzbekistan Flags
Uzbekistan flags five horizontal stripes. The blue, white, and green stripes are significantly thicker than the two red stripes, which serves as a border around the white band. The flag's canton displays a white crescent moon and twelve white stars. The crescent moon is a symbol of Islam, which is the most commonly religion in Uzbekistan by a very large margin. The stars represent the months of the Islamic calendar and the constellations of the Zodiac.
Each color also has a symbolic meaning of its own. The blue band is a reference to the flag of Timur, who once ruled over a significant part of Asia. It is also a symbol of the sky and water. The white band is a symbol of peace and spiritual purity for the Uzbek people. The green stripe is a symbol of nature, although it is also often used on flags as a symbol of the Islamic faith. The red bands represent life as embodied by the blood that flows through living creatures.
History of Uzbekistan Flags
The modern flag of Uzbekistan drew inspiration from the flag that represented it during the Soviet era. That flag came into use to represent the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1952, and it strongly resembled the flags of many other nations within the Soviet sphere of influence. It had a solid red field that was divided into two parts by a light blue stripe with a white border. It also had the crossed hammer and sickle below a star in the canton. The red field, hammer, sickle, and star were symbols of the Soviet Union, while the blue stripe represented the sky and the white border represented the nation's cotton industry.
That flag fell out of use when the Soviet Union fell, and Uzbekistan replaced it with the current design in 1991. The influence of the Soviet flag can still be seen in the modern flag's blue stripe, which was taken from the flag of the Soviet era.
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Is Multigrain Bread Actually Good For You?
Nothing beats great-tasting bread, but from a health standpoint, some types are better off left on the shelf. For example, white bread might be the most unhealthy variety you can eat. Just about every nutrient and mineral has been stripped from the flour used to make it, according to Everyday Health. In addition, because white bread has little fiber and protein, it reaches your blood system quickly, which can lead to irregular blood sugar levels.
Wheat bread, or any other type of whole-grain bread, is a better option. However, it's still important to read the label to ensure you are getting the full benefits of whole grains. The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health notes that whole grains offer a "complete package" because they contain the germ, endosperm, and bran of the grain. If a label does not specifically say the bread is 100% whole grain, then you are likely getting a flour combination that includes white flour (via the Cleveland Clinic). Furthermore, any types of bread that are "enriched" should be avoided. So, if whole grains are good, does that mean multigrain bread is healthier?
Certain varieties of multigrain bread are healthy
If you are looking for a healthy bread option, multigrain bread is a good place to start. However, it is still important to read the label. The term "multigrain" means that more than one type of grain was used to make the bread, according to the HuffPost. Multigrain does not automatically mean whole grain, but whole-grain bread can use multiple grains. For the healthiest choice, Livestrong suggests looking for a multigrain bread that uses 100% whole grains because they include minerals, some B vitamins, and protein your body can use. In addition, multigrain bread also includes fiber.
The average American diet does not provide enough fiber, so choosing bread with high amounts could help lower your cholesterol, blood pressure, and inflammation (via American Society for Nutrition). You should also avoid any bread that has high amounts of sodium and sugars. One slice of bread should not have more than 3 grams of sugar per serving (per HuffPost). Michigan State University suggests staying under 230 milligrams of sodium per slice.
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When citrus fruits are in season and the produce department is bursting with various types, it’s easy to get confused about the different varieties.
They each have their own characteristics, so if you’re looking for a specific flavor, texture, or peel, it’s worth knowing which is which.
This article explains the key differences and similarities between two popular types of citrus fruits — tangerines and clementines.
Tangerines and clementines are both hybrids of the small-sized mandarin. They’re the second largest cultivated group of citrus fruit after sweet oranges, which include larger sized varieties like navel and blood oranges (1).
They share many of the same characteristics as other mandarins, such as a smaller size compared with navel oranges, few to no seeds, a sweet flavor, and a thin, soft skin that’s very easy to peel (2).
Tangerines and clementines have a similar appearance, so it’s easy to get them confused or think they’re one and the same.
Tangerines (Citrus tangerina) are thought to be native to Southeast Asia (3).
They’re named because they were exported by traveling through the port of Tangier in Morocco.
In the United States, tangerines are often called mandarins. However, while all tangerines are mandarins, not all mandarins are tangerines.
Grown in warm weather climates across the globe, tangerines are a bit more cold-weather tolerant, compared with larger varieties of sweet oranges. You can find them in stores from November through April.
They’re sweeter than navel oranges but still a bit tart. Tangerines also have a darker reddish-orange, soft, pebbly skin that’s easy to peel.
The clementine (Citrus clementina) is another variety of mandarin. Like the tangerine, it’s a sweet, easy to peel citrus fruit (2).
You can distinguish it from a tangerine by its slightly smaller size, brighter orange color, and smoother, shinier skin. It’s also even easier to peel than a tangerine because the skin is thinner.
Clementines tend to be slightly more oval in shape than tangerines, with a flat spot on the top and bottom.
You often find them sold in packages and labeled as “Halos” or “Cuties.” However, these are marketing names, not varieties.
Just like tangerines, clementines are more cold tolerant than larger orange varieties, and they, too, are available from November through April (2).
Tangerines and clementines are two varieties of mandarins. They’re both prized for their sweet flavor and soft, easy to peel skins. Of the two, clementines are sweeter and easiest to peel.
Because they’re so closely related, it’s no surprise that tangerines and clementines have a very similar nutritional profile. As with other citrus fruits, both provide carbs but minimal amounts of protein and fats.
Here are the major nutrients in an average sized (75-gram) piece of each fruit (4, 5):
Protein1 gram1 gram
Fatless than 1 gramless than 1 gram
Carbs10 grams9 grams
Fiber1 gram1 gram
Vitamin C20 mg, 34% of the Daily Value (DV)36 mg, 60% of the DV
Even though they’re small in size, both tangerines and clementines are packed with vitamin C, an essential vitamin that supports your immune system by stimulating white blood cell function (6).
Vitamin C is also needed for many other functions throughout your body, including producing collagen to strengthen skin, joints, and bones, and for iron metabolism (6).
While both fruits are good sources of vitamin C, if you want the most bang for your buck, choose a clementine over a tangerine. Eating two of them will supply more than a full day’s worth of vitamin C (5).
In addition to vitamin C, both fruits are known to contain carotenoid compounds (3, 6).
These are orange and yellow pigments in plants that act as vitamin A precursors, which means they’re converted into vitamin A in your body. They also act as antioxidants and protect cells and DNA from oxidative damage (3, 6, 7).
The major carotenoid in mandarin oranges is beta-cryptoxanthin. Additionally, there are small amounts of both alpha- and beta-carotene. You get more carotenoids if you eat the whole fruit rather than drinking the juice from mandarins (3, 6, 8).
Tangerines and clementines provide nearly identical amounts of calories, macronutrients, and fiber. Both also supply provitamin A carotenoid compounds, but clementines have significantly more vitamin C.
You might choose to eat them for your taste buds, but adding more tangerines and clementines to your diet may also provide important health benefits for your entire body.
Research on beta-cryptoxanthin, which is concentrated in both fruits, indicates that it’s more easily absorbed in your body than other carotene compounds, including beta-carotene (9).
As a vitamin A precursor, beta-cryptoxanthin helps boost vitamin A levels even more than the other carotene compounds. Vitamin A is essential for healthy immune function, vision, and cell development and growth (9, 10).
Both tangerines and clementines are rich in health-promoting phytocompounds called flavonoids. Two that have been well researched are naringin and hesperidin (3).
Studies have found that these flavonoids extracted from citrus fruits have the ability to reduce inflammation markers in the body, improve blood flow through the arteries, increase bone density, and reduce asthma risk (3, 6).
Additionally, 65–70% of the fiber in both tangerines and clementines is in the form of soluble fiber. It has benefits for your digestive tract and may also help to reduce cholesterol levels (3, 6).
Eating either or both fruits can help boost your vitamin A levels and provide a healthy dose of flavonoids and soluble fiber to support heart, digestive tract, and bone health.
The easiest way to get your fill of tangerines and clementines is to pack one, or a few, and eat them as a snack. They travel well, don’t require refrigeration, and their soft, easy to peel skins make them a great choice for adults and children alike.
Both are also equally delicious in a salad. Toss the segments with fresh greens, some toasted almonds, sunflower seeds, and goat cheese for a blend of sweet and savory flavors.
If you’re lucky enough to grow either variety and have more than you can eat, juice them. Although you won’t get the fiber or quite as much of the beta-cryptoxanthin, you’ll enjoy a healthy dose of vitamin C and flavonoids.
The outer peel and spongy white pith just under the peel of both fruits are not commonly eaten, but they can be. Just make sure you wash the outside well before eating the peel.
Citrus peels contain essential oils, flavonoids, and other compounds with antioxidant properties. You can zest the peel and use it along with your favorite herbs in cooking (11).
Additionally, try drying the peels and adding a piece when you steep a cup of tea. It adds a subtle orange flavor and aroma.
The white pith, located just under the peel, is where you find much of the pectin. It can be used to make jams or jellies (11).
To make tangerine or clementine marmalade:
• Cut 3 whole pieces of either fruit into very thin slices and then coarsely chop them.
• Place the fruit in a saucepan with 3 tablespoons (45 mL) of water and 1/2 cup (32 grams) sugar.
• Simmer the mixture for 30–40 minutes or until the fruit is soft and it starts to darken a bit.
• When it thickens, pour the marmalade into a jar and refrigerate.
As it cools, the natural pectin will help thicken the cooked fruit and form jam.
One important tip that applies to both fruits is to use them quickly. Because of their soft peels, they’re more perishable compared with larger oranges.
Mandarins may begin to develop off-flavors in as little as 3 weeks after harvest, and more significantly after 6 weeks, so it’s best to eat them quickly after you buy them. You can extend their freshness for a week or two if you refrigerate them (2, 12).
Both fruits are delicious and easy to eat as a snack or added to a salad. Rather than tossing the peels, try drying some to use in tea or with spices. If you have more than you can eat, you can juice them or make marmalade.
Tangerines and clementines are closely related members of the mandarin family.
These small citrus fruits are packed with compounds that may help reduce your risk of heart disease, strengthen your bones, and keep your digestive tract in tip-top condition.
Clementines are slightly smaller, sweeter, and easier to peel than tangerines, but both are a sweet and healthy treat.
Enjoy them all winter long as an easy to peel snack, tossed into a salad, or for a special treat, make homemade marmalade.
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D-Amino Acid: Benefits & Dosage
06/18/2021 | 5 min. read
Healthy Directions Staff Editor
Healthy Directions Staff Editor
D amino acids are basically amino acids with a D-configuration — they are primarily concerned with bacterial cell walls and non-human biology, though they do make the occasional appearance in things such as in human saliva — including free D-amino acids D-alanine and D-proline — or as markers for disease since they are typically not inherently produced within the human body.
But, as the general public dives deeper into nutrition, including what amino acids should be included in the supplements they take, D amino acids have become a hot topic.
At its most basic, when it comes to nutrition and supplements, you should be focusing on the nine essential amino acids when it comes to supporting your health, unless you’re a bacterium.
Here’s what you need to know about the amino acids actually essential to you, and some just-for-fun info about D amino acids for the scientists in the audience!
A Primer on Amino Acids
Amino acids are organic compounds, made of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They’re vital for functions such as protein synthesis, tissue repair and nutrient absorption. These vital compounds are found in plant-based food that helps you maintain a balanced, heart-healthy diet. You will also notice an improved mood, sleep, and energy level.
Many great sources of amino acids come through foods, which is why diet is so important. The way it works is this: when you eat protein, it’s broken down into amino acids that are used afterward to help your body build muscle, support your immune system function, and more.
The nine essential amino acids are made up of:
• Phenylalanine is a precursor for tyrosine, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. This plays a big role in the structure of forming proteins and enzymes, while furthering the production of other amino acids.
• Valine helps with muscle growth, and helps create energy. Valine is a three-branched chain amino acid, so it can branch off to one side of its molecular structure.
• Thronine deals with collagen and elastin, and is integral with skin and connective tissue.
• Tryptophan may cause drowsiness, but is also a precursor to serotonin, which helps regulate your appetite, sleep and mood.
• Methionine is used with your metabolism, detoxification, and tissue absorption.
• Leucine helps regulate blood sugar, heals wounds, and produces growth hormones, and encourages muscle repair.
• Isoleucine is heavily concentrated in muscle tissue, but also important to energy buildup and immune system function.
• Lysine is incredibly key in protein synthesis, hormone production, enzyme production, and calcium absorption.
• Histidine produces histamine, which is a neurotransmitter vital to immune response, digestion, sexual function and sleep cycles.
Amino acids are essential in many of your systems most important processes. They are often recognized for their role in muscle growth and repair, but as you’ve seen above, they are responsible for many other functions, including nervous system function, reproductive organs, immune system function, and digestive systems.
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) make up a large portion of the body’s acid pool, or about 40% of all essential amino acids. BCAAs are broken down in the muscle, mainly, rather than the liver like some often think. BCAAs are involved in several of your body's functions, such as regulating blood sugar, and building protein and muscle.
In addition to the way BCAAs affect your body's functions, they also reduce fatigue and help create energy, and reduce serotonin production. Of all three BCAAs, leucine carries the biggest impact on your body’s ability to build up muscle proteins.
If you aren’t receiving enough amino acids through your diet, you may want to consider amino acid supplements.
The dosages of these nine essential amino acids recommended are:
• Histidine - 14 mg
• Isoleucine - 19 mg
• Leucine - 42 mg
• Lysine - 38 mg
• Threonine - 20 mg
• Tryptophan - 5 mg
• Valine - 24 mg
Food is the most important way to get protein. A few foods, such as soy, quinoa, and buckwheat are all plant based examples of foods that contain all nine amino acids.
Some foods that are important in getting the amino acids you need include:
• Meat
• Seafood
• Poultry
• Eggs
• Dairy
What Amino Acids Do In Your Body
Amino acids have countless benefits to your health, and aid in many of your body’s most important processes.
Mood and Sleep
The amino acid tryptophan is necessary in the production of serotonin, which is the hormone that regulates your mood, sleep, digestion, and more. Low serotonin levels result in depression, difficulty sleeping, and low energy. Supplementing tryptophan can reduce these symptoms and help improve sleep.
Helps With Exercise Performance
Three branched-chain essential amino acids - valine, leucine, and isoleucine - are used to soften the effects of fatigue, and tiredness, while also improving exercise energy, ability, and muscle recovery.
Muscle Loss Prevention
Muscle loss can occur as a side effect of illness, sickness, and bed rest. Amino acids preserve your body mass, improve muscle function and prevent muscle breakdown.
Promotes Weight Loss
Amino acids may also be responsible for triggering fat loss. Amino acids are making all the body's functions enhanced, and by helping your immune system and digestive system function better, desired weight loss may result as a positive side effect.
The Science Behind D Amino Acids
The Differences Between L and D Amino Acids
D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has a D-configuration. All other naturally occurring amino acids are configured in an L-configuration, known as L amino acids. Both types of amino acids are enantiomers. D-amino acids are the enantiomeric counterparts of L-amino acids.
L-amino acids are essential for life, and are the type of amino acids that get referenced the most as they provide the foundation for proteins across all mammals, including humans. D-amino acids, including d-alanine, and d-glutamic acid, are key constituents of peptidoglycan and are essential in microbial physiology — specifically, as a component of the bacteria’s cell wall.
Amino acids can be a little confusing to understand, but the main things to remember are that your body can’t produce essential amino acids, so they need to be supplemented to you through your diet or capsules.
There are many foods that support a heart healthy diet that make it easy to incorporate amino acids into your diet, but you can easily obtain amino acids through amino acid specific supplements or multivitamins.
As for D amino acids — the most you need to know is that they don’t really provide nutritional support for humans, and you should shift your focus to the nine essential amino acids your body actually needs.
Healthy Directions Staff Editor
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Protecting Us from AI’s Dark Side
The promise of AI is real, but the potential dangers are also just as real. In the end countermeasures will alleviate the dangers.
Artificial intelligence and now augmented intelligence have received a lot of attention. While some aspects may be overhyped, the technology is a certain part of our future. Adobe’s 2018 Digital Trends report found that while just 15% of enterprises are using AI today; 31% have it on their agenda for the next 12 months.
Advancements in AI, including machine learning and neural networks, are marching us toward a more interconnected and automated future. While the technology continues to mature, the science behind AI is still trying to understand how the human mind works, and replicate that to help improve our daily lives.
Considerations for an AI future
Despite the best of intentions for AI, computer systems may ultimately develop in ways we never intended. This was illustrated during the 2017 Neural Information Processing Systems conference when researchers presented an AI-based system for image mapping that learned to produce results by hiding source data via Steganography. The system produced the results researchers were looking for but by “cheating” and hiding data it needed to “succeed.”
As AI continues to become more widespread, the notion that this technology could potentially be used for malicious purposes becomes more real. Once recent example to consider are the effects of AI driving social media bots on the 2016 US election
Ultimately AI will “learn” based on the data we provide it to train on. We need to be sure we are not biasing the results by selecting data that fits our preconceived understanding of what is appropriate. Consider the example in this research where the system was trained to misinterpret road signs, turning stop signs into speed signs.
The security industry also has some work to do to create more defense mechanisms as advanced attacks on data integrity are increasingly more difficult to detect and defend against. As a start, Google’s publication of its ethical principles on AI showed the potential and risk of the technology.
AI’s role in defending the network
On the flip side, AI will continue to play a role in defending against other threats. There are organizations already developing AI-based products that provide threat-hunting, attack analysis and incident response to proactively search for potential issues.
Another example is the recent work by the New York Power Authority to integrate AI into its power grid. While the system can certainly aid with detection of anomalies, it is critical that the way in which the system responds to threats is controlled. As Rob Lee stated, “You don't want your grid operators, the humans that are controlling the grid, to become so dependent on the machine learning or AI model that they forget how to do their jobs."
Minimizing AI risks
To be clear, AI can be used for good. But it is important for organizations to understand the full picture and keep in mind what can be done to mitigate the risks.
Legislation: While research and experimentation should continue unfettered to the greatest extent possible, before systems built on AI are given control of essential areas (e.g., critical infrastructure, finance, healthcare, cyber defense, etc.) the consequences of failure should be defined.
Bound the capabilities: One possible control would be first to focus on limiting the “box” within which the AI system can operate to mitigate unintended consequences. If limits are established through red teaming worst case scenarios, controls can be established that dictate exactly what the system can do.
Examples of the worst-case scenarios would be preventing the automated delivery of medical treatment in a response to a detected healthcare risk or limiting the size and frequency of financial transactions in response to abnormal market conditions.
Keep the human at the wheel: Much like today’s research with self-driving cars, automatic responses to network threats that could be disruptive should be limited to a human’s decision, for now. Augmented intelligence combines the speed of machine intelligence with the intuition and control of humans. Coupled with this is the need for the network to have the ability to adapt to external stimuli. The AI system can recommend a course of action, or several. It could even predict the outcome given a particular choice. But ultimately the “red button” needs to be pushed by a human.
Experiment and deploy more: The best mitigation for risk may in fact be to accelerate the research and test in controlled areas. Using the systems in simulated or replicated environments will enable researchers to better recognize when unintended events or responses occur and better understand how to mitigate them.
Training and deliberate design: Published frameworks on both social and technical impacts should be made available to everyone.
The promise of AI is real. But, the potential dangers are also just as real. As was the case with countless other advances we have made, countermeasures reveal themselves and the benefits of the “new” ultimately overtake the risk. This too, will be the case with AI.
Jim Carnes is the Chief Security Architect of Ciena, a supplier of telecommunications networking equipment, software and services.
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In the last issue, I told the story of how I was introduced to video digitizers in the mid-1980s while working at Williams and began to explore their use in obtaining photo-realistic images for arcade games. The first digitizer I played with was made for an Amiga computer. It was crude and impractical, but it got me started on the path.
A real breakthrough came when I learned about a group within AT&T called the EPICenter (for Electronic Photography and Imaging Center) that had created a trio of graphic cards for PCs. They were the VDA (Video Display Adapter), ICB (Image Capture Board), and TARGA (Truevision Advanced Raster Graphics Adapter) board. The group split from AT&T in 1987 and called their new company Truevision.
The VDA was just a display card, but the ICB had the ability to digitize images from an external video source, such as a standard consumer camcorder. Its pixel resolution was identical to our video game hardware (256 x 240) and its color resolution was 2 bytes per pixel (5 bits each of red, green and blue, with an extra bit left over) for a total spectrum of 32,768 colors. It was also a true-color board in that it didn’t use a palette. Every pixel could be any one of those 32,768 colors. Of all the Truevision boards, the ICB seemed ideal for our purposes.
Old School Gamer (582 Posts)
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The Life Of The Blessed Virgin Mary by Anne Catherine Emmerich
[On Saturday, February 10 ^th, 1821, Catherine Emmerich, who was ill at the time, was worried by material cares about where she was to live. She fell asleep full of these cares, but soon woke up quite happy. She said that a good friend of hers who had lately died (a pious old priest) had just been with her and had comforted her. How wise that wise man now is, and how well he can now speak! He said to me: |Do not be anxious about a dwelling for yourself; take care only that you are swept and garnished within to receive Our Lord when He comes to you. When Joseph came to Bethlehem, he sought a lodging for Jesus, not for himself, and swept the Cave of the Nativity till it was beautifully clean.| ' She told of several other profound utterances of this friend, all characteristic of one who knew her temperament so well. She added that he said to her: When St. Joseph was told by the angel to flee into Egypt with Jesus and Mary, he did not worry about a dwelling-place, but set off at once as he was told.' As she had seen something of the flight into Egypt the year before at this time, the writer thought that this was happening again, so asked her: Was it today that Joseph started for Egypt?' She answered very clearly and decisively: No, the day he started on the flight was what is now February 29 ^th.']
[Unfortunately there was no opportunity of obtaining precise information from her about this, as she was very ill during these communications. Once she said: The Child may well be more than a year old, I saw Him playing about by a balsam-bush at one of the halting-places on the journey, and sometimes His parents led Him by the hand for a little way.' Another time it seemed to her that Jesus was nine months old. It must be left to the reader to conjecture the age of Jesus from the various circumstances of Catherine Emmerich's account, and in particular from a comparison with the age of the little John the Baptist, which seems to confirm the theory of Our Lord being nine months old.]
[Sunday, February 25 ^th:] I saw the Blessed Virgin doing knitting or crochet work. She had a roll of wool fastened at her right hip and she held in her hands two needles (of bone, I think) with little hooks. One must be half a yard long. The other is shorter. The needle is prolonged beyond the hook, and it is round this prolongation that the thread is looped to make the stitch in working. The part already knitted hangs down between the two needles. She did this work standing or sitting beside the Infant Jesus lying in a basket. I saw St. Joseph plaiting long strips of yellow, brown, and green bark to make panels for screens or for walls and ceilings. He had a store of these panels lying on top of each other in a shed near the house. He wove various patterns into them -- stars, hearts, and other things. I felt sorry for him; he had no idea that he would soon have to flee into Egypt. The Blessed Virgin's mother comes regularly every day to visit her; it is nearly an hour's walk from her house.
I had a view of Jerusalem, and saw Herod having numbers of men summoned, as when soldiers are called up with us. These were led into a large courtyard and given clothes and weapons. They wore something like a half-moon on one arm. They carried spears and short broad swords like chopping knives. They wore helmets, and many of them had wrappings tied round their legs. All this must have been connected with the Massacre of the Innocents. Herod was in a very uneasy frame of mind.
[February 26 ^th:] I still see Herod exceedingly uneasy, just as he was when the three kings asked him about the newborn King of the Jews. I saw him taking counsel with several old scribes, who read from very long parchment scrolls, fastened on rods, which they had brought with them. I saw, too, that the soldiers who had been given new clothes two days ago were sent to Bethlehem and to various places round Jerusalem. I think they were sent to occupy the places whence the children were to be brought by their unsuspecting mothers to Jerusalem. The soldiers were intended to prevent any insurrection when the reports of the massacre reached the children's homes.
[February 27 ^th:] Today I saw Herod's soldiers who had started yesterday from Jerusalem arriving at three places. They came to Hebron, Bethlehem, and another place, lying between those two in the direction of the Dead Sea. I have forgotten its name. The inhabitants had no idea why these soldiers had been sent to them and were somewhat disturbed. Herod was crafty; he kept his own counsel and sought in secret for Jesus. The soldiers stayed in these towns for some time; then, when Herod completely failed to find the child born in Bethlehem, he massacred all the children under two years of age.
[This evening at dusk Catherine Emmerich fell asleep and after a few minutes said, without any apparent reason: God be thanked a thousand times that I came at the right moment! What a blessing that I was there! The poor child is saved; I prayed that she should bless and kiss it, and after that she could no longer have thrown it into the pond.' The writer, on hearing this sudden exclamation, asked,' Whom do you mean?' She continued: It is an unfortunate girl who has been seduced. She was going to drown her newborn child not far from here. During the last few days I have besought God so earnestly that no poor innocent child should die without being baptized and blessed. I prayed thus because the time of the martyrdom of the Holy Innocents is drawing near. I adjured God by the blood of His first blood-witnesses. One must profit by the times and seasons, and every year. When the rosebuds open in the garden of the Church Triumphant, one must pluck them on earth. God has heard my prayer and enabled me to help the mother and her child. Perhaps one day I shall see that child.' This is what she said immediately after her vision, or rather after the action she took in spirit. Next morning she said: My guide took me quickly to M. Near there I saw a girl who had been seduced who had just given birth to her child behind a bush. She carried it in her apron towards a deep pond on which green scum was floating, meaning to throw the child into the water. I saw a tall dark figure beside her from which a dreadful kind of light was thrown; I think it was the evil one. I went close up to her, praying with my whole heart, and saw the dark figure withdraw. Then she took the child and kissed and blessed it, after which she could no longer bring herself to drown it. She sat down again, weeping most terribly and not knowing where to turn. I comforted her and gave her the idea of going to her confessor and begging him to help her. She did not see me, but her guardian angel gave her this advice. Her parents were, I think, far away. She seemed to belong to a middle-class family. ]
[February 27 ^th:] This evening I saw Anna and her eldest her house to Nazareth with the maidservant who was related to her -- the one she had left with the Blessed Virgin in Bethlehem after Christ's birth. The maid had a bundle hanging at her side, and carried a basket on her head and another in her hand. They were round baskets, and you could see through one of them. There were birds in them. They were taking provisions to Mary, who did no house-keeping and was provided for by Anna.
[February 28:] This evening I saw Anna and her eldest daughter with the Blessed Virgin. Mary Heli had with her a sturdy little boy four or five years old, her grandson, the eldest son of her daughter Mary Cleophas. Joseph had gone to Anna's house. I watched the women sitting there, talking confidentially to each other, playing with the Infant Jesus and pressing Him to their breasts or giving Him to the little boy to hold in his arms. Women are always the same, I thought; it was all just as it is with us today.
Mary Heli lived in a little village some three hours to the east of Nazareth. Her house was almost as good as her mother's: it had a walled courtyard with a fountain and pump. You trod on something beneath it, and water poured out at the top into a stone basin. Her husband was called Cleophas, and her daughter Mary Cleophas, who was married to Alpheus, lived at the other end of the village.
In the evening I saw the women praying. They stood before a little table covered with a red-and-white cloth and standing against the wall. A scroll lay on this table, which the Blessed Virgin unrolled and hung up on the wall. A figure was embroidered on it in pale colors; it looked like a dead man in a long white cloak, wrapped up like a child in swaddling-bands. The head was wrapped in the cloak, which was wider round the arms. The figure held something in its arms. I had already seen this figure at the ceremony in Anna's house, when Mary was taken to the Temple. It reminded me then of Melchizedek, for he seemed to have a chalice in his arms; but another time I thought it represented Moses. A lamp was burning during the prayer. Mary, with her sister beside her, stood in front of Anna. They crossed their hands on their breasts, folded them, and then extended them. Mary read from a scroll lying before her, unrolling it as she read. They prayed in a particular tone and rhythm which reminded me of the chanting in the convent choir.
[The night of Thursday, March 1 ^st, to the morning of Friday, March 2 ^nd:] They are gone. I saw them start forth. Joseph came back early in the morning of yesterday, Thursday, from Anna's house. Anna and her eldest daughter were still here in Nazareth. They had all only just gone to bed when the angel came to warn Joseph. Mary and the Infant Jesus had their bedroom to the right of the hearth; Anna's was to the left, and her eldest daughter's room was between hers and Joseph's. These rooms were compartments divided off and sometimes roofed by wicker screens. Mary's room had yet another curtain or screen dividing it off. The Infant Jesus lay on a rug at her feet, and she could pick Him up without getting out of bed.
I saw Joseph in his room lying on his side asleep with his head on his arm. I saw a shining youth come up to his bed and speak with him. Joseph sat up, but was heavy with sleep and lay down again. The youth took his hand and pulled him up, when Joseph came to his senses and got up, on which the youth disappeared. Joseph then went to the lamp burning in front of the fireplace in the center of the house and lit his own lamp at it. He knocked at the Blessed Virgin's room and asked whether he might come in. I saw him go in and speak with Mary, who did not open the screen before her bed; then I saw him go to his donkey in the stable, and afterwards into a room where all kinds of things were kept. He prepared everything for their departure. As soon as Joseph had left the Blessed Virgin's room, she got up and dressed for the journey, before going to her mother and telling her of God's commands. Anna got up, as did Mary Heli and her little boy, but they let the Infant Jesus go on sleeping. For these good people God's Will came first of all; sad at heart though they were, they hastened to make all preparations for the journey before allowing themselves to give way to the sorrow of parting. Anna and Mary Heli helped to get everything ready for the journey. Mary did not take nearly so much with her as she had brought from Bethlehem. They packed up nothing but a moderate-sized bundle and a few blankets, which were taken out to Joseph to be loaded on the donkey. Everything was done quietly and very quickly, as was proper for a journey undertaken secretly after a warning at dead of night. When Mary fetched her Child, she was in such haste that I did not even see her wrap Him in fresh swaddling clothes. Then came the farewells, and I cannot describe how moving it was to see the distress of Anna and her eldest daughter. They embraced the Infant Jesus with tears, and the little boy, too, was allowed to take Him in his arms. Anna embraced the Blessed Virgin again and again, weeping as bitterly as if she were never to see her more. Mary Heli flung herself onto the ground in tears.
It was not yet midnight when they left the house. Anna and Mary Heli accompanied the Blessed Virgin on foot for a short part of the way from Nazareth, Joseph following with the donkey. The way led towards Anna's house, but rather more to the left. Mary carried the Infant Jesus, wrapped in swaddling clothes, before her in a sort of sling, which went round her shoulders and was fastened behind her neck. [Please refer to Figure 21.] She wore a long cloak which wrapped both herself and the Child, and a big square veil, fastened round the back of her head and hanging in long folds beside her face. They had not gone far when Joseph came up with the donkey, which was carrying a skin of water and a basket with several compartments containing little loaves of bread, small jugs, and live birds. The baggage and blankets were packed round the side-saddle, which had a foot-rest hanging from it. They embraced again with tears, and Anna blessed the Blessed Virgin, who then seated herself on the donkey, led by Joseph, and they started off.
[While Catherine Emmerich was describing the grief of Anna and Mary Heli, she wept copiously herself, saying that in the night, too, when she saw this vision, she could not help shedding many tears.]
[March 2 ^nd:] Early in the morning I saw Mary Heli with her little boy going to Anna's house and sending the master of the house and a manservant to Nazareth, after which she went to her own house. I saw Anna putting everything in order in Joseph's house and packing away many things. In the morning there came two men from Anna's house; one of them was dressed in nothing but a sheepskin, and had on his feet thick sandals strapped round his legs. The other had a long robe on; he seemed to me to be Anna's present husband. They helped to arrange everything in Joseph's house, and to pack up what was movable and take it to Anna's house.
Figure 21. The holy family flees from Nazareth.
During the night of the Holy Family's flight from Nazareth, I saw them passing through various places and resting in a shed before dawn. Towards the evening, when they could go no farther, I saw them stopping at a village called Nazara in the house of people who lived apart and were rather despised. They were not proper Jews, and their religion had something heathen about it. They worshipped in the Temple on Mount Garizim, near Samaria, approached by a difficult mountain path several miles long. They were oppressed by many hard duties, and were obliged to work like slaves at forced labor in the Temple at Jerusalem and other public buildings. These people gave a warm welcome to the Holy Family, who remained there the whole of the following day. On their return from Egypt the Holy Family once more visited these good people, and again when Jesus went to the Temple in His twelfth year and returned thence to Nazareth.
This whole family later received baptism from John and became followers of Jesus. This place is not far from a strange town, high up, the name of which I can no longer remember. I have seen and heard the names of so many towns in this district, among them Legio and Massaloth, between which, I think, Nazara lies. I believe that the town whose situation I thought so strange is called Legio, but it has another name as well.
[Sunday, March 4 ^th:] Yesterday, Saturday evening, at the close of the Sabbath, the Holy Family traveled on from Nazara through the night, and during the whole of Sunday and the following night I saw them in hiding by that big old terebinth tree where they had stopped in Advent on their journey to Bethlehem, when the Blessed Virgin was so cold. It was Abraham's terebinth tree, near the grove of Moreh, not far from Shechem, Thanath, Shiloh, and Aruma. The news of Herod's pursuit had spread here, and the region was unsafe for them. It was near this tree that Jacob buried Laban's idols. Joshua assembled the people near this tree and erected the tabernacle containing the Ark of the Covenant, and it was here that he made them renounce their idols. Abimelech, the son of Gideon, was hailed here as king by the people of Shechem.
[March 5 ^th:] This morning I saw the Holy Family resting in a fertile part of the country and refreshing themselves beside a little stream where there was a balsam bush. The Infant Jesus lay on the Blessed Virgin's knees with His little feet bare. Incisions had been made here and there in the branches of the balsam shrub, which had red berries, and from these incisions a liquid dripped into little pots hanging on the branches. I was surprised that these were not stolen. Joseph filled the little jugs, which he had brought with him with the balsam juice. They ate little loaves of bread and berries which they picked from the bushes growing near. The donkey drank from the stream and grazed near by. On their left I saw Jerusalem high up in the distance. It was a very lovely scene.
[March 6 ^th:] Zechariah and Elizabeth had also received a message warning them of imminent danger. I think the Holy Family had sent them a trusty messenger. I saw Elizabeth taking the little John to a very hidden place in the wilderness, a few hours' distance from Hebron. Zechariah accompanied them for only a part of the way, to a place where they crossed a small stream on a wooden beam. He then left them and went towards Nazareth by the way which Mary followed when she visited Elizabeth. I saw him on his journey to Nazareth, where he is probably going to obtain further details from Anna. Many of the friends of the Holy Family there are much distressed at their departure. Little John had nothing on but a lamb's skin; although scarcely eighteen months old, he was sure on his feet and could run and jump about. Even at that age he had a little white stick in his hand, which he treated as a plaything. One must not think of his wilderness as a great desert of waste sand, but rather as a desolate place with rocks, caves, and ravines, where bushes and wild fruits and berries grew. Elizabeth took the little John into a cave in which Mary Magdalen lived for some time after Jesus' death. I cannot remember how long Elizabeth remained here hidden with her young child, but it was probably only until the alarm about Herod's persecution had subsided. She then returned to Juttah, about two hours' distance away, for I saw her escaping again into the wilderness with John when Herod summoned the mothers with their little sons up to two years of age, which happened quite a year later.
[Catherine Emmerich, who had up to this point communicated pictures of the Flight day by day, was here interrupted by illness and other disturbances. On resuming her story a few days later she said:] I cannot distinguish the days so clearly now, but will describe the separate pictures of the Flight into Egypt as nearly as possible in the order in which I remember seeing them.
I saw the Holy Family, after they had crossed some of the ridges of the Mount of Olives, going in the direction of Hebron beyond Bethlehem. They went into a large cave, about a mile from the wood of Mambre, in a wild mountain gorge. On this mountain was a town with a name which sounded like Ephraim. I think that this was the sixth halting-place on their journey. I saw the Holy Family arriving here very exhausted and distressed. Mary was very sad and was weeping. Everything they needed was lacking, and in their flight they kept to by-ways and avoided towns and public inns. They spent the whole day here resting. Several special favors were granted to them here. An angel appeared to them and comforted them, and a spring of water gushed forth in the cave at the prayer of the Blessed Virgin, while a wild she-goat came to them and allowed herself to be milked. A prophet used often to pray in this cave, and I think Samuel came here several times. David kept his father's sheep near here ; he used to pray here, and it was here that he received from an angel the order to undertake the fight against Goliath.
From this cave they journeyed southwards for seven hours, with the Dead Sea always on their left hand. Two hours after leaving Hebron they entered the wilderness where little John the Baptist was in hiding. Their way led them only a bow-shot's distance from his cave. I saw the Holy Family wandering through a sandy desert, weary and careworn. The water-skin and the jugs of balsam were empty; the Blessed Virgin was greatly distressed, and both she and the Infant Jesus were thirsty. They went a little way aside from the path, where the ground sank, and there were bushes and some withered turf. The Blessed Virgin dismounted, and sat for a little with the Child on her knees, praying in her distress. While the Blessed Virgin was thus praying for water like Hagar in the wilderness, I was shown a wonderfully moving incident. The cave in which Elizabeth had hidden her little son was quite near here, on a wild rocky height, and I saw the little boy not far from the cave wandering about among the stones and bushes as if he were anxiously and eagerly waiting for something. I did not see Elizabeth in this vision. To see this little boy roaming and running about in the wilderness with such confidence made a great impression on me. Just as beneath his mother's heart he had leaped up at the approach of his Lord, so now he was moved by the nearness of his Redeemer, thirsty and weary. I saw the child wearing his lamb's-skin over his shoulders and girt round his waist, and carrying in his hand a little stick with a bit of bark waving on it. He felt that Jesus was passing near and that He was thirsty; he threw himself on his knees and cried to God with outstretched arms, then jumped up, ran, driven by the Spirit, to the high edge of the rocks and thrust with his staff into the ground, from which an abundant spring burst forth. John ran before the stream to the edge, where it rushed down over the rocks. He stood there and watched the Holy Family pass by in the distance.
The Blessed Virgin lifted up the Infant Jesus high in her arms, saying to Him, Look! John in the wilderness! '. And I saw John joyfully leaping about beside the rushing water, and waving to them with the little flag of bark on his stick. Then he hurried back into the wilderness. After a little time the stream reached the travelers' path, and I saw them crossing it and stopping to refresh themselves at a pleasant place where there were some bushes and thin turf. The Blessed Virgin dismounted with the Child; they were all joyful. Mary sat down on the grass, and Joseph dug a hollow a little way off for the water to fill. When the water became quite clear, they all drank, and Mary washed the Child. They sprinkled their hands, feet, and faces with water. Joseph led the donkey to the water, of which it drank deeply, and he filled his water-skin. They were all happy and thankful; the withered grass, now saturated with water, grew straight again, and the sun came out and shone on them. They sat there refreshed and full of quiet happiness. They rested for two or three hours in this place.
The last place where the Holy Family sheltered in Herod's territory was not far from a town on the edge of the desert, a few hours' journey from the Dead Sea. Its name sounded like Anem or Anim. They stopped at a solitary house which was an inn for those traveling through the desert. There were several huts and sheds on a hill, and some wild fruit grew round them. The inhabitants seemed to me to be camel-drivers, for they kept a number of camels in enclosed meadows. They were rather wild people and had been given to robbery, but they received the Holy Family well and showed them hospitality. In the neighboring town there were also many disorderly people who had settled there after fighting in the wars. Among the people in the inn was a man of twenty called Reuben.
[March 8 ^th:] I saw the Holy Family journeying in a bright starlit night through a sandy desert covered with low bushes. I felt as if I were traveling through it with them. It was dangerous because of the numbers of snakes which lay coiled up among the bushes in little hollows under the leaves. They crawled towards the path, hissing loudly and stretching out their necks towards the Holy Family, who, however, passed by in safety surrounded by light. I saw other evil beasts there with long black bodies, short legs, and wings like big fins. They shot over the ground as if they were flying, and their heads were fish-like in shape. I saw the Holy Family come to a fall in the ground like the edge of a sunken road; they meant to rest there behind some bushes.
I was alarmed for the Holy Family. The place was sinister, and I wanted to make a screen to protect them on the side left open, but a dreadful creature like a bear made his way in, and I was in terrible fear. Then there suddenly appeared to me a friend of mine, an old priest who had died lately. He was young and beautiful in form, and he seized the creature by the scruff of its neck and threw it out. I asked him how he came to be here, for surely he must be better off in his own place, to which he replied: I only wanted to help you, and shall not stay here long.' He told me more, adding that I should see him again.
The Holy Family always traveled a mile eastwards of the high road. The name of the last place they passed between Judea and the desert sounded very like Mara. It reminded me of Anna's home, but it was not the same place. The inhabitants here were rough and wild, and the Holy Family could obtain no assistance from them. After this they came into a great desert of sand. There was no path and nothing to show their direction, and they did not know what to do. After some time they saw a dark, gloomy mountain-ridge in front of them. The Holy Family were sorely distressed, and fell on their knees praying to God for help. A number of wild beasts then gathered round them, and at first it looked very dangerous; but these beasts were not at all evil, but looked at them in just the same friendly way as my confessor's old dog used to look at me when he came up to me. I realized then that these beasts were sent to show them the way. They looked towards the mountain and ran in that direction and then back again, just like a dog does when he wants you to follow him somewhere. At last I saw the Holy Family follow these animals and pass over a mountain-ridge into a wild and lonely region.
It was dark, and the way led past a wood. In front of this wood, at some distance from the path, I saw a poor hut, and not far from it a light hanging in a tree, which could be seen from a long way off, to attract travelers. This part of the road was sinister: trenches had been dug in it here and there, and there were also trenches all round the hut. Hidden cords were stretched across the good parts of the road, and when touched by travelers rang bells in the hut and brought out its thieving inhabitants to plunder them. This robbers' hut was not always in the same place, it could be moved about and put up wherever its inhabitants wanted it.
When the Holy Family approached the light hanging in the tree, I saw the leader of the robbers with five of his companions closing round them. At first they were evilly disposed, but I saw that at the sight of the Infant Jesus a ray, like an arrow, struck the heart of the leader, who ordered his comrades to do no harm to these people. The Blessed Virgin also saw this ray strike the robber's heart, as she later recounted to Anna the prophetess when she returned.
The robber now led the Holy Family through the dangerous places in the road into his hut. It was night. In the hut was the robber's wife with some children. The man told his wife of the strange sensation that had come over him at the sight of the Child. She received the Holy Family shyly, but was not unfriendly. The travelers sat on the ground in a corner, and began to eat some of the provisions which they had with them. The people in the hut were at first awkward and shy (quite unlike, it seemed, their usual behavior), but gradually drew nearer and nearer to the Holy Family. Some of the other men, who had in the meantime stabled Joseph's donkey, came in and out, and eventually they all became more familiar and began to talk to the travelers. The woman brought Mary little loaves of bread with honey and fruit, as well as goblets with drink. A fire was burning in a hollow in a corner of the hut. The woman arranged a separate place for the Blessed Virgin, and brought at her request a trough with water for washing the Infant Jesus. She washed the linen for her and dried it at the fire. Mary bathed the Infant Jesus under a cloth. The man was very much agitated and said to his wife: This Hebrew child is no ordinary child. He is a holy child. Ask his mother to allow us to wash our leprous little boy in his bath-water, perhaps it will do him good.' As the woman came up to Mary to ask her this, the Blessed Virgin told her, before she had said a word, to wash her leprous boy in the bath-water. The woman brought her three-year-old son lying in her arms. He was stiff with leprosy and his features could not be seen for scabs. The water in which Jesus had been bathed seemed clearer than it had been before, and as soon as the leprous child had been dipped into it, the scales of his leprosy fell off him to the ground and the child was cleansed. The woman was beside herself with joy and tried to embrace Mary and the Infant Jesus, but Mary put out her hand and would not let her touch either herself or Jesus. Mary told the woman that she was to dig a well deep down to the rock and pour this water into it; this would give the well the same healing power. She spoke long with her, and I think the woman promised to leave this place at the first opportunity. The people were extremely happy at the restoration of their child to health, and showed him to their comrades who came in and out during the night, telling them of the blessing that had befallen them. The new arrivals, some of them boys, stood round the Holy Family and gazed at them in wonderment. It was all the more remarkable that these robbers were so respectful to the Holy Family, because in the very same night, while they were housing these holy guests, I saw them seizing some other travelers who had been enticed into their lair by the light and driving them into a great cave deep in the wood. This cave, whose entrance was hidden and grown over by wild plants so that it could not be seen, seemed to be their real dwelling-place. I saw several boys in this cave, from seven to nine years of age, who had been stolen from their parents; and there was an old woman who kept house there. I saw all kinds of booty being brought in -- clothes, carpets, meat, young kids, sheep, and bigger animals too. The cave was big and contained an abundance of things.
I saw that Mary slept little that night; she sat still on her couch most of the time. They left early in the morning, well supplied with provisions. The people of the place accompanied them a short way, and led them past many trenches on to the right road. When the robbers took leave of the Holy Family, the man said with deep emotion: Remember us wherever you go.' At these words I suddenly saw a picture of the Crucifixion, and saw the Good Thief saying to Jesus, Remember me when You shall come into Your kingdom', and recognized in him the boy who had been healed. The robber's wife gave up this way of life after some time, and settled with other honest families at a later resting-place of the Holy Family, where a spring of water and a garden of balsam shrubs came into being.
After this I again saw the Holy Family journeying through a desert, and when they lost their way, I again saw various kinds of creeping beasts approach them, lizards with bats' wings and snakes, but they were not hostile and seemed only to want to show them the way. Later on, when they had lost every trace of their path and direction, I saw them guided by a very lovely miracle; on each side of the path the plant called the rose of Jericho appeared with its curling leaves surrounding the central flower and the upright stalk. They went up to it joyfully, and on reaching it they saw in the distance another plant of it spring up, and so throughout the whole desert. I saw, too, that it was revealed to the Blessed Virgin that in later times the people of the country would gather these flowers and sell them to passing strangers to gain their bread. (I saw this happening afterwards.) The name of the place sounded like Gase or Gose [? Gosen]. Then I saw them come to a place called by a name like Lepe or Lape [? Pelusium]. There was a lake there with ditches, canals, and high embankments. They crossed the water on a raft with a sort of big tub on it in which the donkey was put. Mary sat with her Child on a piece of timber. Two ugly, brown, half-naked men with flattened noses and protruding lips ferried them over. They passed only the outlying houses of this place, and the people here were so rough and unsympathetic that the travelers went on without speaking to anyone. I think that this was the first heathen town. They had been ten days in the Jewish country and ten days in the desert.
I now saw the Holy Family on Egyptian territory. They were in flat country, with green pastures here and there on which cattle were feeding. I saw trees to which idols had been fastened in the shape of infants wrapped in broad swaddling-bands inscribed with figures or letters. Here and there I saw people thick-set and fat, dressed like the cotton-spinners whom I once saw near the frontiers of the three kings. I saw these people hurrying to worship their idols. The Holy Family went into a shed; there were beasts in it, but these went out to make room for them. Their provisions had given out, and they had neither bread nor water. Nobody gave them anything, and Mary was hardly able to feed her Child. They did, indeed, endure every human misery. At last some shepherds came to water the beasts at a closed spring, and at Joseph's urgent request gave them a little water. Then I saw the Holy Family going through a wood, exhausted and helpless. On coming out of it they saw a tall, slender date palm with its fruit growing all together like a bunch of grapes at the very top of the tree. Mary went up to the tree with the Infant Jesus in her arms, and prayed, lifting the Child up to it; the tree bowed down its head to them, as if it were kneeling, so that they were able to pick all its fruit. The tree remained in that position. I saw a rabble of people from the last town following the Holy Family, and I saw Mary distributing the fruit from the tree among the many naked children who were running after her. About a quarter of an hour from the first tree they came to an unusually big sycamore tree with a hollow trunk. They had got out of sight of the people who were following them, and hid in the tree so as to let them pass by. They spent the night here.
Next day they continued through waste and sandy deserts, and I saw them sitting on a sand-hill quite exhausted, for they had no water with them. The Blessed Virgin prayed to God, and I saw an abundant spring of water gush forth at her side and run in streams on the ground. Joseph leveled a little sand-hill and made a basin for the water, digging a little channel to carry off the overflow. They refreshed themselves with the water and Mary washed the Infant Jesus. Joseph watered the donkey and filled the water-skin. I saw tortoises, and ugly creatures like big lizards coming to drink at the water. They did the Holy Family no harm, but looked at them in a friendly way. The stream of water flowed in a wide circle, disappearing again in the ground near its source. The space which it enclosed was wonderfully blessed: it soon became green and produced the most delicious balsam shrubs, which grew big enough to give refreshment to the Holy Family on their return from Egypt. Later it became famous as a balsam garden. A number of people came to settle there; amongst them, I think, the mother of the leprous child who had been healed in the robbers' den. Later I had visions of this place. A beautiful hedge of balsam shrubs surrounded the garden, in the middle of which were big fruit trees. Later a deep well was dug there, from which an abundant supply of water was drawn by a wheel turned by an ox. This water was mixed with the water from Mary's well so as to supply the whole garden. The water from the new well would have been harmful if used unmixed. It was shown me that the oxen who turned the wheel did no work from midday on Saturday till Monday morning.
After refreshing themselves here they journeyed to a great city called Heliopolis or On. It had wonderful buildings, but much of it had been laid waste. When the children of Israel were in Egypt, the Egyptian priest Potiphera lived here, and had in his house Asenath (the daughter of Dinah of the Shechemites) whom Joseph married. Here also Dionysius the Areopagite lived at the time of Christ's death. The city had been devastated by war, but numbers of people had made themselves homes in the ruined buildings.
The Holy Family crossed a very high bridge over a broad river which seemed to me to have several arms. They came to an open place in front of the city-gate, which was surrounded by a kind of promenade. Here there was a pedestal, thicker below than above, surmounted by a great idol with an ox's head bearing in its arms something like a child in swaddling-bands. The idol was surrounded by a circle of stones like benches or tables, and people came in crowds from the city to lay their offerings on them. Not far from this idol was a great tree under which the Holy Family sat down to rest. They had rested there for only a short time when there came an earthquake, and the idol swayed and fell to the ground. There was an uproar among the people, and a crowd of canal-workers ran up from near at hand. A good man who had accompanied the Holy Family on their way here (I think he was a drain-digger) led them hurriedly into the town, and they were leaving the place where the idol had stood when the frightened crowd observed them and began assailing them with threats and abuse for having been the cause of the idol's collapse. They had not, however, time to carry out their threats, for another shock came which uprooted and engulfed the great tree till nothing but its roots showed above ground. The gaping space where the idol had stood became full of dark and dirty water, in which the whole idol disappeared except for its horns. Some of the most evil among the raging mob were swallowed up in this dark pool. Meanwhile the Holy Family went quietly into the city, and took up their abode near a great heathen temple in the thickness of a wall, where there were a great number of empty rooms.
[Catherine Emmerich also communicated the following fragments of visions of the subsequent life of the Holy Family in Heliopolis or On:]
Once at a later time I came over the sea to Egypt, and found the Holy Family still living in the great devastated city. It is very extensive, and is built beside a great river with many arms. The city can be seen from afar, standing high up. In many places the river flows underneath the buildings. The people cross the arms of the river on rafts which lie there in the water ready for use. I saw quite astonishingly huge buildings in ruins, great masses of solid masonry, halves of towers, and whole, or nearly whole, temples. I saw pillars as big as towers, with winding staircases outside. I saw high tapering pillars completely covered with strange figures, and also a number of big figures like reclining dogs with human heads.
The Holy Family lived in the galleries of a great stone building supported at one side by short thick pillars, some square, and some round. People had built themselves dwellings against and under these pillars; above the building ran a road with much traffic on it; it passed a great heathen temple with two courts. In this building was a space with a wall on one side of it and on the other a row of short thick pillars. In front of this Joseph had constructed a light wooden building, divided off by wooden partitions, for them to live in. I saw them there all together. The donkeys were there, too, but separated by screens such as Joseph always used to make. I noticed for the first time that they had a little altar against the wall, hidden behind one of these screens -- a little table covered with a red cloth and a transparent white one over it. There was a lamp above it, and they used to pray there. Later I saw that Joseph had arranged a workshop in his home, and also that he often went out to work. He made long staffs with knobs at the end, and little low round three-legged stools with a handle at the back to carry them by. He also made baskets and light wicker screens. These were afterwards smeared with some substance which made them solid, and were then used to make huts and compartments against and in the massive masonry of the walls. He also made little light hexagonal or octagonal towers out of long thin planks, ending in a point crowned by a knob. These had an opening and could be used to sit in like sentry-boxes. They had steps leading up to them. I saw little towers like these here and there in front of the heathen temples, and also on the flat roofs. People sat inside them. They were perhaps sentry-boxes, or little summer-houses used to give shade.
I saw the Blessed Virgin weaving carpets. I also saw her with other work; she had a stick beside her with a lump fastened to the top of it, but I do not know what she was doing, whether spinning or something else. I often saw people visiting her and the Infant Jesus, who lay in a sort of cradle on the floor beside her. Sometimes I saw this cradle raised on a stand like a sawing-trestle. I saw the Child lying very contentedly in His cradle, sometimes with His arms hanging out on each side. Once I saw Him sitting up in it. Mary sat close by knitting, with a basket at her side. There were three women with her.
The people in this half-destroyed city were dressed just like those cotton-spinning people whom I saw when I went to meet the three kings, except that they wore aprons, like short skirts. There were not many Jews here, and they seemed to live here on sufferance. North of Heliopolis, between it and the Nile, which there divides into many arms, was the land of Gessen. Amongst its canals was a place where a large number of Jews lived. Their religion had become very degraded. Some of these Jews became acquainted with the Holy Family, and Mary made various things for them, in return for which they gave her bread and provisions. The Jews in the land of Gessen had a temple which they likened to Solomon's temple, but it was very different.
I again saw the Holy Family in Heliopolis. They were still living near the heathen temple under the vaulting of the massive walls. Not far off Joseph built a place of prayer in which the Jews living in the city assembled together with the Holy Family. Before this they had had no meeting-place for prayer. The room had a lightly built dome above it, which they could open so as to be under the open sky. In the middle of the room stood a sacrificial table or altar, covered with white and red, and having scrolls upon it. The priest or teacher was a very old man. The men and women were not so strictly separated at their prayers as in the Promised Land: the men stood on one side and the women on the other. I had a sight of the Blessed Virgin visiting this place of prayer with the Infant Jesus for the first time. She sat on the ground leaning on one arm; the Child was sitting before her in a little sky-blue dress, and she put His hands together on His breast. Joseph stood behind her, as he always does here, though the other men and women stand and sit in separate groups on each side of the room. I was often shown how the little Jesus was already growing bigger, and how He was often visited by other children. He could already speak and run quite well; He was much with Joseph, and I think went with him when he worked away from home. He wore a little dress like a shirt, knitted or woven in one piece. Some of the idols fell down in the temple near which they lived, just as the statue near the gate had collapsed on their entry into the city; many people said that this was a sign of the wrath of the gods against the Holy Family, and in consequence they suffered various persecutions.
Towards the middle of Jesus' second year the Blessed Virgin was told of Herod's Massacre of the Innocents by an angel appearing to her in Heliopolis. She and Joseph were greatly distressed, and the Child Jesus wept that whole day. I saw what follows.
When the three kings did not return to Jerusalem, Herod's anxiety decreased to some extent; he was at that time much occupied with family affairs. His anxiety revived again, however, when various reports reached him about Simeon's and Anna's prophecies in the Temple at the Presentation of the Infant Jesus. At this moment the Holy Family had been some time in Nazareth.
Under various pretexts he dispatched soldiers to different places round Jerusalem, such as Gilgal, Bethlehem, and Hebron, and ordered a census of the children to be made. The soldiers remained, I think, about nine months in these places. Herod was in the meantime in Rome, and it was not until soon after his return that the children were massacred. John the Baptist was two years old when it happened, and had again been for some time at home with his parents in secret. Before Herod issued the order that all mothers were to bring before the authorities their male children up to two years old, Elizabeth had been warned by the appearance of an angel and had once more fled into the wilderness with her little son. Jesus was nearly eighteen months old and could already run about. The children were massacred in seven different places. The mothers had been promised rewards for their fruitfulness. They came from their homes in the surrounding country to the government offices in the various towns, bringing with them their little boys in holiday dress. The husbands were turned back, and the mothers were separated from their children. These were stabbed by the soldiers behind the walls of lonely courtyards; their bodies were heaped together and then buried in trenches.
[Catherine Emmerich communicated her vision of the Massacre of the Innocents on March 8 ^th, 1821, i.e. a year after her account of the Flight into Egypt, so that it may be presumed that the massacre took place a year later than the Flight.]
This afternoon I saw the mothers with their little sons up to two years of age come to Jerusalem from Hebron, Bethlehem, and a third place. Herod had sent soldiers there, and had later communicated his orders through the authorities of these towns. The women came to the city in separate groups. Some had two children with them and rode on donkeys. They came to the city in joyful expectation, for they thought they were to receive a reward for their fruitfulness. They were all taken into a large building, and the men accompanying them were sent home. This building was somewhat isolated; it was not far from the house where later Pilate lived. It was so enclosed that it was difficult to see from outside what was happening within it. It must once have been a place of execution, for I saw in its courtyard stone pillars and blocks with chains fastened to them, as well as trees which were tied together and then allowed to spring apart so as to tear in pieces the men fastened to them. It was a dark, strong building, and its courtyard was quite as big as the graveyard on one side of Dülmen parish church. A gate led through two walls into this courtyard, which was enclosed by buildings on three sides. To the right and left these were one story high; the center one had two stories and looked like an ancient deserted synagogue. There were gates opening into the courtyard from all three buildings.
The mothers were led through the courtyard into the two side-buildings and there imprisoned. At first I had the impression of their being in a kind of hospice or inn. They became alarmed when they saw themselves deprived of liberty and began to weep and moan, continuing their laments throughout the whole night.
[On the next day, March 9 ^th, she said:] This afternoon I saw a terrible picture. I saw the Massacre of the Innocents taking place in that house of execution. The big building at the back of the court was two stories high: the lower story consisted of a great deserted hall like a prison or a guard-room; above it was a large room with windows looking down into the courtyard. I saw a number of officials assembled there as if in a court of justice; before them was a table on which lay scrolls. I think Herod was there, too, for I saw a man in a red cloak lined with white fur with little black tails on it. He was wearing a crown. I saw him, surrounded by others, looking out of the window of the room.
The mothers were summoned one by one with their children from the side-buildings into the great hall below the building at the back of the courtyard. As they came in, their children were removed from them by soldiers and taken through the gate into the courtyard, where some twenty soldiers were at the murderous work of thrusting swords and spears into their throats and hearts. Some were children still at the breast, wrapped in swaddling-bands; others were tiny boys wearing long embroidered dresses. They did not trouble to take off their clothes, they ran their swords through their throats and hearts, and then seized their bodies by an arm or leg and flung them onto a heap. It was a ghastly sight. The mothers were thrust back one by one by the soldiers into the great hall. When they saw what was done to their children, they raised a terrible outcry, clinging to each other and tearing their hair. They were so closely packed at the end that they could hardly move. I think the massacre went on until towards evening.
The children's bodies were afterwards buried in a pit in the same courtyard. Their number was shown to me, but I have no clear recollection of it. I think it was 700, and another number with 7 or 17 in it. The number was explained to me by an expression in which I remember a sound like Ducen': I think I had to reckon two c's together several times.
I was absolutely horrified by what I had seen, and did not know where it had happened: I thought it was here. It was only when I woke up that I was able gradually to recollect myself. The next night I saw the mothers being taken back by the soldiers to their homes, bound, and in separate groups. The place of the Massacre of the Innocents in Jerusalem was used later as a court of justice; it was not far from Pilate's judgment seat, but by his time it had been a good deal altered. At Christ's death I saw the grave of the massacred children fall in and saw their souls appear and depart from thence.
I was shown how Elizabeth, warned by the angel, once more fled into the desert with the little John to escape the Massacre of the Innocents.
Elizabeth searched for a long time till she found a cave which seemed to her sufficiently hidden, and then stayed there with the boy for about forty days. When she went home, an Essene from the community on Mount Horeb came to the boy in the wilderness, brought him food, and gave him all the help he needed. This Essene (whose name I keep forgetting) was a relation of Anna of the Temple. He came at first every eight days, then every fourteen; but in a short time John no longer needed help, for he was soon more at home in the wilderness than among men. It was ordained by God that he should grow up in the wilderness without contact with mankind and innocent of their sins. Like Jesus, he never went to school; the Holy Ghost taught him in the wilderness. I often saw at his side a light, or shining figures like angels. The desert here was not waste and barren; many plants and bushes grew in it, bearing many kinds of berries, and among the rocks were strawberries, which John picked and ate as he passed. He was uncommonly familiar with the beasts, and especially with the birds: they flew to him and perched on his shoulders, he spoke to them and they seemed to understand him and to act as his messengers. He wandered along the banks of the streams, and was just as familiar with the fishes. They swam near to him when he called them, and followed him in the water as he went along the bank.
I saw now that he moved far away from his home, perhaps because of the danger which threatened him. He was so friendly with the beasts that they helped him and warned him. They led him to their nests and lairs, and he fled with them into their hiding-holes if men came near. He lived upon fruit, berries, roots, and herbs. He had no need to search long for them; he either knew himself where they grew, or the beasts showed him. He always had his sheepskin and his little staff, and from time to time went still deeper into the wilderness. Sometimes he would go nearer his home. Several times he rejoined his parents, who were always longing for him. I think they must have known about each other by revelation, for whenever Elizabeth and Zechariah wanted to see him, he always came from a long way off to meet them.
After staying in Heliopolis for a year and a half, until Jesus was about two years old, the Holy Family left the city because of lack of work and various persecutions. They moved southwards in the direction of Memphis. When they passed through a small town not far from Heliopolis and sat down to rest in the open porch of a heathen temple, the idol fell down and broke in pieces. (It had the head of an ox with three horns, and there were holes in its body in which sacrifices were placed to be burnt.) This caused an uproar amongst the heathen priests, who seized and threatened the Holy Family. As the priests were consulting together, one of them said that for his part he thought it wise to commend themselves to the God of these people, reminding them of the plagues that had befallen their ancestors when they persecuted the Israelites, and how in the night before their exodus the firstborn had died in every Egyptian house. They followed his advice and dismissed the Holy Family unmolested.
They made their way to Troja, a place on the east bank of the Nile, opposite Memphis. It was a big town, but filthy. They thought of staying here, but were not taken in; indeed, they could not even obtain the drink of water or the few dates for which they asked. Memphis was on the west bank of the Nile, which was here very broad, with islands. Part of the city was on the east bank, and here in the time of Pharaoh was a great palace with gardens and a high tower, to the top of which Pharaoh's daughter used often to ascend to survey the country round. I saw the place where the child Moses was found among the tall rushes. Memphis was composed as it were of three different towns, one on each side of the Nile, and another called Babylon which seemed to belong to it. This was farther downstream on the east bank. Indeed, in Pharaoh's time the whole region round the Nile between Heliopolis, Babylon, and Memphis was so covered with canals, buildings, and stone embankments that it all seemed to form one uninterrupted city. Now, at the time of the Holy Family's visit, it had all become separated with great waste spaces between. From Troja they went northwards down-stream towards Babylon, which was ill-built, dirty, and desolate. They skirted this city between it and the Nile, and retraced their steps for some distance. They went down-stream, following an embankment along which Jesus traveled later, when He journeyed through Arabia to Egypt after the raising of Lazarus before meeting His disciples again at Jacob's Well at Sychar. They traveled down-stream for some two hours; there were ruined buildings at intervals all along their path. They had to cross a small arm of the river or canal, and came to a place whose name as it was at that time I cannot remember; afterwards it was called Matarea, and was near Heliopolis. This place, which lay on a promontory surrounded by water on two sides, was very desolate. Its scattered buildings were mostly very badly made of palm wood and thick mud, roofed with reeds. Joseph found much work here in strengthening the houses with wattles and building galleries onto them.
In this town the Holy Family lived in a dark vaulted room in a lonely quarter at the landward side of the town, not far from the gate by which they had entered. As before, Joseph built a room in front of the vaulted one. Here, too, when they arrived, an idol fell down in a small temple, and afterwards all the idols fell. Here, too, a priest pacified the people by reminding them of the plagues of Egypt. Later, when a little congregation of Jews and converted heathen had gathered round the Holy Family, the priests handed over to them the little temple where the idol had fallen, and Joseph arranged it as a synagogue. He became, as it were, the father of the congregation, and introduced the proper singing of the psalms, for their previous services had been very disorderly. There were only a few very poor Jews living here in wretched holes and ditches, though in the Jewish town between On and the Nile there were many Jews and they had a regular temple there. They had, however, fallen into dreadful idolatry; they had a golden calf, a figure with an ox's head surrounded by little figures of animals like pole-cats or ferrets with little canopies over them. These were animals which protected people against crocodiles. They also had an imitation Ark of the Covenant, with horrible things in it. They carried on a revolting idolatrous worship, which consisted of immoral practices performed in a subterranean passage and supposed to bring about the coming of the Messiah. They were very obstinate and refused to amend their lives. Afterwards many of them left this place and came to where the Holy Family lived, not more than two hours' journey away. Owing to the many dykes and canals, they could not travel direct but had to make a detour round On.
The Jews in the land of Gessen had already become acquainted with the Holy Family in the city of On, and Mary had done much work for them knitting, weaving, and sewing. She would never work at things which were superfluous or mere luxuries, only at what was necessary and at praying garments. I saw women bringing her work to do which they wanted, from vanity, to be made in a fashionable style; and I saw Mary giving back the work, however much she needed the money. I saw, too, that the women insulted her vilely.
To begin with, they had a very hard time in Matarea. There was great shortage of good water and wood. The inhabitants cooked with dry grass or reeds. The Holy Family generally had cold food to eat. Joseph was given a great deal of work in improving the huts, but the people there treated him just like a slave, giving him only what they liked; sometimes he brought home some money for his work, sometimes none. The inhabitants were very clumsy at building their huts. Wood was lacking, and though I saw trunks of trees lying about here and there, I noticed that there were no tools for dealing with them. Most of the people had nothing but stone and bone knives like turf-cutters. Joseph had brought his necessary tools with him. The Holy Family soon arranged their dwelling a little. Joseph divided the room very conveniently by light wicker screens; he prepared a proper fireplace and made stools and little low tables. The people here all ate off the ground.
They lived here for several years, and I have seen many scenes from Jesus' childhood. I saw where Jesus slept. In the thickness of the wall of Mary's sleeping-room I saw a niche hollowed out by Joseph in which was Jesus' couch. Mary slept beside it, and I have often seen her during the night kneeling before Jesus' couch and praying to God. Joseph slept in another room.
I also saw a praying-place which Joseph had arranged in their dwelling. It was in a separate passage. Joseph and the Blessed Virgin had their own special places, and the Child Jesus also had His own little corner, where He prayed sitting, standing, or kneeling. The Blessed Virgin had a kind of little altar before which she prayed. A little table, covered with red and white, was let down like a flap before a cupboard in the wall, of which it generally formed the door. In the thickness of the wall were preserved sacred relics. I saw little bushy plants in pots shaped like chalices. I saw the end of St. Joseph's staff with its blossom, whereby the lot had fallen upon him in the Temple to become Mary's spouse. It was fixed in a box an inch and a half in thickness. Besides this, I saw another precious relic, but can no longer explain what it really was. In a transparent box I saw five little white sticks of the thickness of big straws. They stood crossed and as if tied in the middle; at the top they were curly and broader, like a little sheaf. [She crossed her fingers to explain and spoke also of bread.]
During the sojourn of the Holy Family in Egypt the child John must have again stayed in secret with his parents at Juttah, for I saw him at the age of four or five being once more taken into the wilderness by Elizabeth. When they left the house, Zechariah was not there; I think he had gone away beforehand so as not to see the departure, for he loved John beyond measure. He had, however, given him his blessing, for each time he went away he used to bless Elizabeth and John.
Little John had a sheepskin hanging over his left shoulder round his breast and back, fastened together under his right arm. Afterwards in the desert I saw him wearing this sheepskin sometimes over both shoulders, sometimes across his breast, sometimes round his waist -- just as it suited him. This sheepskin was all that the boy wore. He had brownish hair darker than Jesus', and he still carried in his hand the little white staff which he had brought from home before. I always saw him with it in the wilderness.
I now saw him hurrying along hand in hand with his mother Elizabeth, a tall woman with a small face and delicate features. She was much wrapped up and walked quickly. The child often ran on ahead; he was quite natural and childlike, but not thoughtless. At first their way led them northwards for some time, and they had water on their right hand; then I saw them crossing a little stream. There was no bridge, and they crossed on logs lying in the water, which Elizabeth, who was a very resolute woman, ferried across with a branch. After crossing the stream they turned more eastwards and entered a rocky ravine, the upper part of which was waste and stony, though the lower slopes were thick with bushes and fruits, among them many strawberries, of which the boy ate one here and there.
After they had gone some way into this ravine, Elizabeth said good-bye to the boy. She blessed him, pressed him to her heart, kissed him on his forehead and on both cheeks, and started on her journey home. She turned round several times on her way, and wept as she looked back towards John. The boy himself was quite untroubled and wandered on farther into the ravine with sure steps.
As during these visions I was very ill, God granted me the favor of feeling as if I were myself a child in presence of all that happened. It seemed to me that I was a child of John's own age, accompanying him on his way; and I was afraid that he would go too far from his mother and would never find his way borne again. Soon, however, I was reassured by a voice which said: Do not be troubled. The boy well knows what he is about.' Then I thought that I went quite alone with him into the wilderness as if he had been a familiar childhood's playmate of mine, and I saw many of the things that happened to him. Yes, while we were together, John himself told me much about his life in the wilderness. For example, how he practiced self-denial in every way and mortified his senses, how his vision grew ever brighter and clearer, and how he had been taught in an indescribable way, by everything round him.
All this did not astonish me, for long ago as a child, when I was all by myself watching our cows, I used to live in familiar fellowship with John in the wilderness. I often longed to see him, and used then to call into the bushes in my country dialect: Little John with his little stick and his sheepskin on his shoulder is to come to me.' And often, little John with his little stick and his sheepskin on his shoulder did come to me, and we two children played together. He told me and taught me all kinds of good things, and it never seemed to me strange that in the wilderness he learnt so much from plants and beasts. For when I was a child, whether in the woods, on the moors, in the fields, with the cows, plucking ears of corn, pulling grass, or gathering herbs, I used to look at every little leaf and every flower as at a book. Every bird, every beast that ran past me, everything around me, taught me something. Every shape and color that I saw, every little veined leaf, filled my mind with many deep thoughts. But if I spoke of these, people either listened with surprise or else, more often, laughed at me, so that at last I accustomed myself to keeping silence about such things. I used to think (and sometimes think still) that it must be so with everyone, and that nowhere could one learn better, because here God Himself had written our alphabet for us.
So now, when I followed again in my visions the boy John into the wilderness, I saw, as before, all that he was about. I saw him playing with flowers and beasts. The birds especially were at home with him. They flew onto his head as he walked or as he knelt in prayer. I often saw him lay his staff across the branches; then at his call flocks of bright-colored birds came flying to perch on it in a row. He gazed at them and spoke familiarly with them as if they were his schoolchildren. I saw him, too, following wild animals into their lairs, feeding them and watching them attentively.
When John was about six years old, Elizabeth took the opportunity of Zechariah's absence on a journey to the Temple with herds for sacrifice to pay a visit to her son in the wilderness. Zechariah, I think, never went to see him there, so that he might truthfully say, if asked by Herod where his son was, that he did not know. In order, however, to satisfy his intense longing to see John, the latter came several times from the wilderness to his parents house in great secrecy and by night, and stayed there a short time. Probably his guardian angel led him there at the right moment when there was no danger. I saw him always guided and protected by higher Powers, and sometimes accompanied by shining figures like angels.
John was destined to live in the wilderness, separated from the world and from ordinary human food, and to be taught and trained by the Spirit of God. Providence so ordained matters that outer circumstances made him take refuge in the desert to which his natural instincts drew him with irresistible force; from his earliest childhood I always saw him thoughtful and solitary, just as the Child Jesus fled to Egypt as the result of a divine warning, so did John, His precursor, fly to a hiding place in the wilderness. Suspicion was directed to him, too, for there had been much talk in the land about John ever since his early days. It was well known that wonders had attended his birth, and that he was often seen surrounded by light, for which reasons Herod was particularly suspicious of him. He had caused Zechariah to be questioned several times as to the whereabouts of John, but had never yet laid hands on the old man. This time, however, as he was on his way to the Temple, he was attacked by Herod's soldiers in a sunken road outside the Bethlehem Gate of Jerusalem, from which the city was not yet visible. These soldiers, who had been lying in wait for him, dragged him brutally to a prison on the slope of the Hill of Sion, where later I used often to see Jesus' disciples making their way up to the Temple. The old man was here subjected to ill-treatment and even torture, in order to force from him a confession of his son's whereabouts. When this had no effect, he was, by Herod's soldiers, stabbed to death. His friends buried his body not far from the Temple. This was not the Zechariah who was murdered between the Temple and the altar. When the dead came out of their graves at the death of Christ, I saw the grave of that Zechariah falling out of the Temple walls near the praying-room of the aged Simeon, and himself coming forth from it. At that moment several other secret graves in the Temple burst open. On the occasion when that Zechariah was murdered between the Temple and the altar, there were many disputes going on about the descent of the Messiah, and about certain rights and privileges in the Temple of various families. For instance, not all families were allowed to have their children brought up in the Temple. (This reminds me that I once saw in the care of Anna in the Temple a boy whose name I have forgotten; I think he was a king's son.) Zechariah was the only one among the disputants who was murdered. His father was called Barachiah. I saw that later the bones of that Zechariah were found again, but have forgotten the details.
Elizabeth came home from the desert expecting to find Zechariah returned from Jerusalem. John accompanied her for some of the way; when they parted, she blessed him and kissed him on the forehead, and he hastened back, untroubled, to the wilderness. On reaching home Elizabeth heard the terrible news of the murder of Zechariah. She grieved and lamented so sorely that she could find no peace or rest at home, and so left Juttah for ever and hastened to join John in the wilderness. She died there not long after, before the return of the Holy Family from Egypt. She was buried in the wilderness by the Essene from Mount Horeb who had always helped little John.
After this John moved farther into the wilderness. He left the rocky ravine for more open country, and I saw him arrive at a small lake in the desert. The shore was flat and covered with white sand, and I saw him go far out into the water and all the fishes swimming fearlessly up to him. He was quite at home with them. He lived here for some time, and I saw that he had made himself in the bushes a sleeping-hut of branches. It was quite low, and only just big enough for him to lie down in. Here and later I saw him accompanied very often by shining figures or angels, with whom he associated humbly and devoutly, but unafraid and in childlike confidence. They seemed to teach him and to make him notice all kinds of things. I saw that his staff had a little cross-piece, so that it formed a cross; fastened to it was a broad band of bark which he waved about in play like a little flag.
A daughter of Elizabeth's sister now lived in John's family house at Juttah near Hebron. It was well supplied with everything. When John was grown-up he came there once in secret, and then went still farther into the wilderness, remaining there until he appeared among mankind. Of this I shall tell later.
In Matarea, where the inhabitants had to quench their thirst with the muddy water of the Nile, a fountain sprang up as before in answer to Mary's prayers. At first they suffered great want, and were obliged to live on fruit and bad water. It was long since they had had any good water, and Joseph was making ready to take his water-skins on the donkey to fetch water from the balsam spring in the desert, when in answer to her prayer an angel appeared to the Blessed Virgin and told her to look for a spring behind their house. I saw her go beyond the enclosure round their dwelling to an open space on a lower level surrounded by broken-down embankments. A very big old tree stood here. the Blessed Virgin had a stick in her hand with a little shovel at the end of it, such as people in that country often carried on their journeys. She thrust this into the ground near the tree, and thereupon a beautiful clear stream of water gushed forth.
She ran joyfully to call Joseph, who on digging out the spring discovered that it had been lined with masonry below, but had dried up and was choked with rubbish. Joseph repaired and cleaned it, and surrounded it with beautiful new stonework. Near this spring, on the side from which Mary had approached it, was a big stone, just like an altar, and, indeed, I think it had once been an altar, but I forget in what connection. Here the Blessed Virgin used to dry Jesus' clothes and wrappings in the sun after washing them. This spring remained unknown and was used only by the Holy Family until Jesus was big enough to do various little commissions, such as fetching water for His Mother. I once saw that He brought other children to the spring, and made a cup with a leaf for them to drink from. The children told this to their parents, so others came to the spring, but, as a rule, it was used only by the Jews. I saw Jesus fetching water for His Mother for the first time. Mary was in her room kneeling in prayer, and Jesus crept out to the spring with a skin and fetched water; that was the first time. Mary was inexpressibly touched when she saw Him coming back, and begged Him not to do it again, in case He were to fall into the water. Jesus said that He would be very careful and that He wanted to fetch water for her whenever she needed it.
The Child Jesus performed all kinds of services for His parents with great attention and thoughtfulness. Thus I saw Him, when Joseph was working near his home, running to fetch some tool which had been left behind. He paid attention to everything. I am sure that the joy He gave His parents must have outweighed all their sufferings. I also saw Jesus going sometimes to the Jewish settlement, about a mile from Matarea. to fetch bread in return for His Mother's work. The many loathsome beasts to be found in this country did Him no harm; on the contrary, they were very friendly with Him. I have seen Him playing with snakes.
The first time that He went alone to the Jewish settlement (I am not sure whether it was in His fifth or seventh year) He was wearing a new brown dress with yellow flowers round its edge which the Blessed Virgin had made and embroidered for Him. He knelt down to pray on the way, and I saw two angels appearing to Him and announcing the death of Herod the Great. Jesus said nothing of this to His parents, why I do not know, whether from humility or because the angel had forbidden Him to, or because He knew that the time had not yet come for them to leave Egypt. Once I saw Him going to the settlement with other Jewish children, and when He returned home, I saw Him weeping bitterly over the degraded state of the Jews living there.
The spring which appeared at Matarea in answer to the Blessed Virgin's prayers was not a new one, but an old one which gushed forth afresh. It had been choked but was still lined with masonry. I saw that Job had been in Egypt long before Abraham and had dwelt on this spot in this place. It was he who found the spring, and he made sacrifices on the great stone lying here. Job was the youngest of thirteen brothers. His father was a great chieftain at the time of the building of the Tower of Babel. His father had one brother who was Abraham's ancestor. The tribes of these two brothers generally intermarried. Job's first wife was of the tribe of Peleg: after many adventures, when he was living in his third home, he married three more wives of the same tribe. One of them bore him a son whose daughter married into the tribe of Peleg and gave birth to Abraham's mother. Job was thus the great-grandfather of Abraham's mother. Job's father was called Joktan, a son of Eber. He lived to the north of the Caspian Sea, near a mountain range one side of which is quite warm, while the other is cold and ice-covered. There were elephants in that country. I do not think elephants could have gone to the place where Job first went to set up his own tribe, for it was very swampy there. That place was to the north of a mountain range lying between two seas, the westernmost of which was before the Flood a high mountain inhabited by evil angels by whom men were possessed. The country there was poor and marshy; I think it is now inhabited by a race with small eyes, flat noses, and high cheek-bones. It was here that Job's first misfortune befell him, and he then moved southwards to the Caucasus and began his life again. From here he made a great expedition to Egypt, a land which at that time was ruled by foreign kings belonging to a shepherd people from Job's fatherland. One of these came from Job's own country; another came from the farthest country of the three holy kings. They ruled over only a part of Egypt, and were later driven out by an Egyptian king. At one time there was a great number of these shepherd people all collected together in one city; they had migrated to Egypt from their own country.
The king of these shepherds from Job's country desired a wife for his son from his family's tribe in the Caucasus, and Job brought this royal bride (who was related to him) to Egypt with a great following. He had thirty camels with him, and many menservants and rich presents. He was still young -- a tall man of a pleasing yellow-brown color, with reddish hair. The people in Egypt were dirty brown in color. At that time Egypt was not thickly populated; only here and there were large masses of people. There were no great buildings either; these did not appear until the time of the children of Israel.
The king showed Job great honor, and was unwilling to let him go away again. He was very anxious for him to emigrate to Egypt with his whole tribe, and appointed as his dwelling-place the city where afterwards the Holy Family lived, which was then quite different. Job remained five years in Egypt, and I saw that he lived in the same place where the Holy Family lived, and that God showed him that spring. When performing his religious ceremonies, he made sacrifice on the great stone.
Job was to be sure a heathen, but he was an upright man who acknowledged the true God and worshipped Him as the Creator of all that he saw in nature, the stars, and the ever-changing light. He was never tired of speaking with God of His wonderful creations. He worshipped none of the horrible figures of beasts adored by the other races of mankind in his time, but had thought out for himself a representation of the true God. This was a small figure of a man with rays round its head, and I think it had wings. Its hands were clasped under its breast, and bore a globe on which was a ship on waves. Perhaps it was meant to represent the Flood. When performing his religious ceremonies he burnt grains before this little figure. Figures of this kind were afterwards introduced into Egypt, sitting in a kind of pulpit with a canopy above.
Job found a terrible form of idolatry here in this city, descending from the heathen magical rites practiced at the building of the Tower of Babel. They had an idol with a broad ox's head, rising to a point at the top. Its mouth was open, and behind its head were twisted horns. Its body was hollow, fire was made in it, and live children were thrust into its glowing arms. I saw something being taken out of holes in its body. The people here were horrible, and the land was full of dreadful beasts. Great black creatures with fiery manes flew about in swarms, scattering what seemed like fire as they flew. They poisoned everything in their path, and the trees withered away under them. I saw other animals with long hind-legs and short fore-legs, like moles; they could leap from roof to roof. Then there were frightful creatures lurking in hollows and between stones, which wound themselves round men and strangled them. In the Nile I saw a heavy, awkward beast with hideous teeth and thick black feet. It was the size of a horse and had something pig-like about it. Besides these I saw many other ugly creatures; but the people here were much more horrible than any of them. Job, whom I saw clearing the evil beasts from around his dwelling by his prayers, had such a horror of these godless folk that he often broke out in loud reproaches of them, saying that he would rather live with all these dreadful beasts than with the infamous inhabitants of this land. I often saw him at sunrise gazing longingly towards his own country, which hay a little to the south of the farthest country of the three holy kings. Job saw prophetic pictures foreshadowing the arrival in Egypt of the children of Israel; he also had visions of the salvation of mankind and of the trials that awaited himself. He would not be persuaded to stay in Egypt, and at the end of five years he and his companions left the country.
There were intervals of calm between the great misfortunes that befell Job: the first interval lasted nine years, the second seven, and the third twelve. The words in the Book of Job: |And while he (the messenger of evil) was yet speaking| mean |This misfortune of his was still the talk of the people when the following befell him.| His misfortunes came upon him in three different places. The last calamity -- and also the restoration of all his prosperity -- happened when he was hiving in a flat country directly to the east of Jericho. Incense and myrrh were found here, and there was also a gold-mine with smithies. At another time I saw much more about Job, which I will tell later. For the present I will only say that Job's story of himself and of his talking with God were written down at his dictation by two trusty servants of his, like treasurers. Their names were Hai and Uis or Ois. This story was preserved by his descendants as a sacred treasure, and was handed down from generation to generation until it reached Abraham and his sons. It was used for purposes of instruction, and came into Egypt with the children of Israel. Moses used it to comfort and console the Israelites during the Egyptian oppression and their journey through the desert, but in a summarized version, for it was originally of much greater length, and a great deal of it would have been incomprehensible to them. Solomon again remodeled it, so that it is a religious work full of the wisdom of Job, Moses, and Solomon. It was difficult to recognize the true history of Job from it, for the names of persons and places had been changed to ones nearer Canaan, and it was thought that Job was an Edomite because the last place where he lived was inhabited long after his death by Edomites, the descendants of Esau. Job might still have been alive when Abraham was born.
When Abraham was in Egypt, he also had his tents beside this spring, and I saw him teaching the people here. He lived in the country several years with Sarah and a number of his sons and daughters whose mothers had remained behind in Chaldea. His brother Lot was also here with his family, but I do not remember what place of residence was assigned to him. Abraham went to Egypt by God's command, firstly because of a famine in the Land of Canaan, and secondly to fetch a family treasure which had found its way to Egypt through a niece of Sarah's mother. This niece was of the race of the shepherd-people belonging to Job's tribe who had been rulers of part of Egypt. She had gone there to be serving maid to the reigning family and had then married an Egyptian. She was also the foundress of a tribe, but I have forgotten its name. Hagar, the mother of Ishmael, was a descendant of hers and was thus of Sarah's family.
The woman had carried off this family treasure just as Rachel had carried off Laban's household gods, and had sold it in Egypt for a great sum. In this way it had come into the possession of the king and the priests. This treasure was a genealogy of the children of Noah (especially of the children of Shem) down to Abraham's time. It looked like a scales hanging on several chains from inside a lid. [Please refer to Figure 22.] This lid was made to shut down onto a sort of box which enclosed the chains in it. The chains were made of triangular pieces of gold linked together; the names of each generation were engraved on these pieces, which were thick yellow coins, while the links connecting them were pale like silver and thin. Some of the gold pieces had a number of others hanging from them. The whole treasure was bright and shining. I heard, but have forgotten, what was its value in shekels. The Egyptian priests had made endless calculations in connection with this genealogy, but never arrived at the right conclusion.
Before Abraham came into their country, the Egyptians must have known, from their astrologers and from the prophecies of their sorceresses, that he and his wife came from the noblest of races and that he was to be the father of a chosen people. They were always searching in their prophetic books for noble races, and tried to intermarry with them. This gave Satan the opportunity of attempting to debase the pure races by leading the Egyptians astray into immorality and deeds of violence.
Abraham, fearing that he might be murdered by the Egyptians because of the beauty of Sarah, his wife, had given out that she was his sister. This was not a lie, since she was his step-sister, the daughter of his father Terah by another wife (see Gen.20.12). The King of Egypt caused Sarah to be brought into his palace and wished to take her to wife. Abraham and Sarah were then in great distress and besought God for help, whereupon God punished the king with sickness, and all his wives and most of the women in the city fell ill. The king, in alarm, caused inquiry to be made, and when he heard that Sarah was Abraham's wife, he gave her back to him, begging him to leave Egypt as soon as possible. It was clear, he said, that Abraham and his wife were under the protection of the gods.
The Egyptians were a strange people. On the one hand they were extremely arrogant and considered themselves to be the greatest and wisest among the nations. On the other hand they were excessively cowardly and servile, and gave way when they were faced by a power which they feared was greater than theirs. This was because they were not sure of all their knowledge, most of which came to them in dark ambiguous sooth-sayings, which easily produced conflicts and contradictions. Since they were very credulous of wonders, any such contradiction at once caused them great alarm.
Abraham approached the king very humbly with a request for corn. He won his favor by treating him as a ruler over the nations, and received many rich presents. When the King gave Sarah back to her husband and begged him to leave Egypt, Abraham replied that he could not do this unless he took with him the genealogy that belonged to him, describing in detail the manner in which it had come to Egypt. The king then summoned the priests, and they willingly gave Abraham back what belonged to him, only asking that the whole transaction might first be formally recorded, which was done. Abraham then returned with his following to the land of Canaan.
I have seen many things about the spring at Matarea right down to our own times, and remember this much: already at the time of the Holy Family it was used by lepers as a healing well. Much later a small Christian church was built on the site of Mary's dwelling. Near the high altar of this church one descended into the cave where the Holy Family lived until Joseph had arranged their dwelling. I saw the spring with human habitations round it, and I saw it being used for various forms of skin eruptions. I also saw people bathing in it to cure themselves of evil-smelling perspirations. That was when the Mohammedans were there. I saw, too, that the Turks always kept a light burning in the church over Mary's dwelling. They feared some misfortune if they forgot to light it. In later times I saw the spring isolated and at some distance from any houses. There was no longer a city there, and wild fruit trees grew about it.
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Flight Plan: How to Produce Professional Aerial Video, Part 1
For centuries, humans have dreamed of flying like the birds. Myths and legends of Pegasus the winged horse, and the Greek engineer Daedalus and his son Icarus who flew on wings of wax and feathers are two of the more recognizable examples. However, it wasn’t until 10:35am on December 17, 1903, near Kill Devil Hills, N.C., that a young man by the name of Orville Wright piloted a plane weighing about 600lbs on the first “heavier-than-air flight” in history. After centuries of dreaming, humankind was finally able to fly!
That historic first flight served as the genesis for advances in aerospace technology as we have come to know it today. Likewise, during the remainder of the 20th century, advances in the world of electronics would reveal a sophisticated integrated circuit known as the “microprocessor.”
The same microprocessor technology that has fueled the proliferation of smaller-sized cameras with hitherto-unimaginable capabilities is the same technology that is responsible for the miniaturization of flight control systems that would ultimately control the many unmanned aircraft flying today.
Enter the sUAS
The marriage of flying machine and camera was inevitable. We now have an incredibly sophisticated tool available at a relatively inexpensive cost of entry that changes the way we as photographers, producers, and storytellers are able to communicate with our audiences. Recent electronic advances in camera, flight controller, and battery technology mean that the sUAS (small Unmanned Aerial System) is now capable of obtaining footage to what was only once obtainable by a manned aircraft.
sUAS devices are able to fly closer to the ground and nearer to people than a full-scale manned aircraft. It is for these reasons that they are quickly becoming a versatile tool popular among filmmakers and photographers across many genres. We are seeing the sUAS replace jib and dolly shots, especially those in awkward and challenging locations. They are being used for dramatic lift shots as well as zoom shots. Additionally, the sUAS can be used as a standalone creative tool offering a perspective unseen by the earthbound viewer.
I use the acronym sUAS instead of the more common term “UAV” simply because we are talking about something more than just an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The sUAS is a system comprised of many different components, including the UAV, communications, data/video links, camera stabilizers, and control stations. The “s” designates it as a “small” UAS which to date looks as though it will be defined as under 55lbs of weight. The sUAS provides us with the ability to monitor a shot from the ground, thus offering directors the means to communicate directly with the flight crew while viewing the shot in real time. sUASes are typically much less expensive to operate than manned aircraft, and in many cases offer a more attractive and efficient workflow.
I’ve been operating crewed aircraft for years as a pilot for a major airline, but when I’m not in the cockpit of an airliner, I am a filmmaker/professional video producer and a radio-controlled aircraft pilot. It’s my pleasure to introduce you to the world of radio-controlled aerial cinema and still photography. Building a solid foundation of knowledge and understanding of the technology is a great supplement to hands-on flight training.
You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know
Each day there appears to be another great success story revolving around some new technology that would lead you to believe you don’t have to know much to be an aerial photographer or cinematographer. I will agree, in principle, that technology is making the experience much less of a challenge, but at the same time your multirotor copter will not assemble itself or rebuild itself after a crash, nor will it instill in you a basic understanding of its components that will, in turn, enable you to exercise sound judgment when faced with a situation requiring your decision-making skills.
In this two-part article I’ll provide you with the necessary information to help you acquire a basic understanding of the technology and techniques required to operate your copter in a safe and proficient manner. Due to the constantly changing nature of the subject matter, be sure to reference and crosscheck this information with other current sources generally found on the individual manufacturer support websites.
First Things First: Learning to Fly
Regardless of whether your interests lay with photography, video, or a blending of both disciplines, the first thing you need to do is learn to to fly before you even think about strapping a camera and a gimbal to your copter. I can’t impress upon you enough just how important it is to develop solid flying skills.
There’s no denying remote-control aircraft are cool. Flying your cinema camera around the sky in a 3-dimensional world on a multi-rotor copter, and down-linking video to the client and DP on the ground in real time is about as cool as it gets, which is why so many of us are so eager to get into aerial cinema. But there’s no shortcut to this particular kind of coolness. Operating one of these multi-rotor copters by itself, not to mention with a camera-mounted can be every bit as challenging as it is exciting. Getting to the point where you can competently fly remote control aircraft with a camera on board without endangering your gear, yourself, and other people--not to mention getting usable shots--will take some thorough study and an honest appreciation for the amount of practice it takes in order to operate your multi-rotor flying camera safely and responsibly.
My hope is that this article will help you to identify areas of concern you need to address that you may have otherwise not been aware of. These multi-rotor copters are not toys; they require a significant financial, time, and training commitment in order to be truly successful with this new and exciting craft.
Choosing Your Aircraft
For the most part, the hardware involved with the aerial arts has been commoditized so you will find a wide range of options available to you at varying price points. Whether you decide to purchase a ready-to-fly UAS or choose a DIY approach with a quad-copter, hexa-copter, or octo-copter, there is almost an endless array of airframes from which to choose. Most of the features found on these copters are all very similar and will offer varying degrees of customer experiences depending on the task at hand.
Regardless of which type of craft you choose, for those with no radio control aircraft experience, seek help from others who are already proficient with the hobby of RC flying. Spend what may seem like an inordinate amount of time learning to fly your copter without the camera, gimbal and any installed extras such as video downlinks or FPV (first person view) gear.
Developing solid muscle memory skills that allow you to fly your copter without actually thinking about it will be the key to your success in the aerial cinema and photography industry. Practice, practice, practice! Once you’re able to fly with a good amount of proficiency, then add the gimbal, camera and other accessories.
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In Part 2 of our 3 part series on mastering aerial video, we'll explore the challenges of choosing and assembling a gimbal system--ranging from DIY options to fully assembled kits--to ensure smooth and successful flight operation and capture stable, usable, professional-quality aerial shots, and also look at monitoring approaches and options.
The Atomos Ninja Star is more than just a simple recorder and playback deck; it's a way to bypass the highly compressed codec of your camera and record straight to 10-bit 4:2:2 Apple ProRes, all on a device roughly the size of an iPhone and weighing in at just under 300 grams including the up-to-5 hr battery.
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• Provide documentation for future software engineers. Software engineers are sure to create and maintain accurate records and documents to pass down and sustain software maintenance among future software engineers.
How Do I Become a Software Engineer?
Employers need software engineers who have a working knowledge of and experience with relevant technologies. While some software engineers are self-taught, most gain their core IT skills by pursuing an education.
Step 1: Get your bachelor’s degree.
Combining technical skills and practical knowledge, getting a bachelor’s degree is an ideal first step for your software engineering career. A bachelor’s degree in information technology or in software development will help you understand data structures and artificial intelligence while gaining skills in logic and computer theory.
Step 2: Boost your resume with industry certifications.
Industry certifications not only prepare you with the skills you need for the field, but they also give you extra credentials to stand out to employers. Two common certifications are the ITIL® Foundation Certification and CompTIA Project certifications.
Step 3: Practice coding and create your portfolio.
Through an internship, full-time job, or on your own, practice coding and create your portfolio of work. One option is to build your own website to showcase your past projects and abilities. Or, list these experiences to build your resume and boost your career outlook.
Step 4: Consider specializing.
There are many different specializations to choose from as a software engineer. For example, web developers are software engineers focused only on the web and apps. Front-end web developers work with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, while back-end developers work with programming languages like Java, Ruby, and Python. Or, you could do front and back end development as a full stack developer.
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• Certifications: Includes CIW, ITIL, LPI and CompTIA.
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• Time: 67% of graduates finish within 30 months.
• Certifications: several CompTIA included in this program.
CompTIA certifications included:
• CompTIA A+
• CompTIA Project +
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What Skills Does a Software Engineer Need?
Software engineers can analyze, design, and manage various technologies. More often than not, software engineers collaborate in a team of other developers and technology specialists. Because you’ll often work across departments, it’s important to be a strong communicator.
Each role will require a different set of hard technical skills, such as programming languages or specific software. Here are some of the software engineering skills you’ll need:
• Comfortable providing technological support and maintenance across systems
• Strong analytical skills and affinity for solving problems
• Ability to collaborate across teams and functions, including project managers, designers, and data scientists
• Knowledge of agile working environments and willingness to solve complex problems
• Deep understanding of coding and program languages like Java, SQL, and Python
• Strong communication skills to coordinate with team members and supervisors
• Comfortable switching between tasks and prioritizing deadlines
• Ability to interpret key elements from technical specifications and documents
How Much Does a Software Engineer Make?
Software engineering is a lucrative industry. Because of the very specific skills you need for this profession, organizations are willing to pay well for these employees. Median income falls around $110,140, according to the BLS.
What is the Projected Job Growth?
The BLS estimates the demand for software engineers to grow by 22%. Part of the reason for this growth is because almost all industries require software engineers. Because of the high demand, the BLS projects over 530,000 new jobs in the field.
Do I Need Certification for this Position?
While usually not required, certifications are a great way to stand out among other job applicants. In the IT field, certifications and a degree work together to show that you have the specific skills you need to be successful. Certifications in CompTIA, CIW, and ITIL are valuable for software engineers.
Interested in Becoming a Software Engineer?
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Libel vs Slander: What’s the Difference?
Libel vs Slander
You hear it all the time in movies and media. Some celebrity is suing a media outlet or even another celebrity for slandering their name and taking them to court.
Then there is the word libel which is often used instead of or exchanged with slander. The libel vs slander concept can be tricky, but it is important to know the difference.
If you are often confused about the similarities and differences between slander and libel, here is a quick guide to understanding the differences and how they apply in the court of law.
Libel Vs Slander
The first thing to understand is that the two are quite similar. They both also fall under Defamation Law, for which you can hire a personal injury lawyer to handle your case.
Defamation involves someone or an entity such as tabloids, media outlets, etc. causing harm to your public reputation or your livelihood through malicious words that are most likely false.
This means what they’ve said about you has adversely affected your professional relationships or may have even caused you to have lost business opportunities or your job.
However, libel and slander carry two different meanings and ways you can prove them in court.
What is Libel?
Libel is printed or written defamatory statements. so often when a celebrity sues a media outlet for defamation, it’s because they published an article or expose that was libelous.
But this can also include places like blogs and social media like Twitter and Instagram, as well as online chatrooms and forums.
Usually with media outlets, unless the article is directly about an individual, it is difficult to prove libel because editors are mostly careful to avoid lawsuits of their company and will thus edit out anything that can be remotely used as evidence against them in court.
What is Slander?
If libel is written, then slander is simply when someone openly says defamatory information against an individual.
An example of this would be if you told your business associates about a co-worker who frequented the same circle that this person did cocaine one time on company property.
If this is, in fact, a false statement, it is considered slanderous because this false information could find its way to the ears of your boss who would be then compelled to fire this co-worker for drug use per company policy.
Proving slander in court can prove difficult though, as it works as a hearsay situation with no real proof that the individual actually said it without witnesses to the act as the plaintiff was probably not present when the slander was said.
Handling Defamation Effectively
Whether it’s libel vs slander or both, you don’t deserve to have your name and reputation belittled and your livelihood jeopardized because of false information.
Knowing the difference can help you understand your legal options when encountering them in real-world situations. Don’t let them slander or libel your name.
For other helpful articles like this one, be sure to browse the rest of our blog.
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About the Author: Kashif Raza
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What Lies Beneath the Surface: Psoriasis and Comorbidities
Psoriasis Is More Than Just a Skin Condition. Here Are 7 Health Conditions Linked to Psoriasis – and What You Can Do to Prevent Them
Tracey Ruff
Tracey Ruff
July 3, 2018
Psoriasis isn’t just a skin condition and can be linked to a number of health conditions.
Psoriasis is a common, chronic skin condition that can have a severe impact on one’s quality of life. For a long time, psoriasis was regarded as a condition that only affected the skin and joints. In recent years, however, studies have shown that psoriasis, which affects 2-3% of the world’s Caucasian population, is a systemic inflammatory disease that is often associated with comorbidities. We’ve compiled a list of some of these (perhaps surprising) comorbidities below (but please note, this list is not exhaustive).
A Small Introduction
An incurable, chronic inflammatory skin condition, psoriasis speeds up the life cycle of skin cells, causing them to build up on the surface of the skin. These extra skin cells form scales and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful. This excess production of skin cells is caused by inflammatory chemicals made by specialized white blood cells called T-lymphocytes.
There is a rapidly expanding body of literature in various populations and settings that supports associations between psoriasis and other chronic illnesses. This association between psoriasis and other illnesses is called comorbidity – a term that simply refers to the presence of more than one illness (either mental or physical) in an individual. In the following article, we list seven health issues that are linked to psoriasis.
1. Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolism is the process of converting the food we consume into energy for the body. Metabolic syndrome therefore refers to the name for a group of symptoms that relates to the disruption of normal metabolic processes. These symptoms include hypertension, high blood sugar, low blood levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood levels of triglycerides (a type of fat), and having a large waist with excess abdominal fat. Together, these symptoms increase one’s risk of developing coronary heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke.
A study in the Archives of Dermatology, which used a sample of more than 6,500 participants, found that 40% of people with psoriasis had metabolic syndrome compared to 23% of the general population. This means that people with psoriasis have double the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome.
The same study also found that the most common feature of metabolic syndrome in those with psoriasis was abdominal obesity, with more women with the condition developing metabolic syndrome than men.
Furthermore, a Danish study found that people with type 2 diabetes are 50% more likely to have psoriasis compared to those without diabetes, and obese people (with a BMI over 35) are 50% more likely to have psoriasis when compared to those of normal weight.
If you have psoriasis, there are certain things you can do to mitigate the risk of developing any of the symptoms associated with metabolic syndrome. For example, you can go for regular blood pressure and blood sugar screenings and adhere to a healthy lifestyle (such as eating heart-healthy foods and getting in enough exercise).
2. Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Osteoporosis and osteopenia (low bone mass) cause the bones in the body to become thin, weak, and brittle. The term osteoporosis means ‘porous bone’. When viewed under a microscope, healthy bone looks like a honeycomb, but in osteoporosis, the holes and spaces in the honeycomb are much larger, resulting in decreased bone density. As bones become less dense, they are more likely to break. Symptoms of osteoporosis include chronic pain, loss of height, and limited mobility. Click here for a video and more information on osteoporosis.
Today’s research suggests that there is a definite link between psoriasis and osteoporosis. A recent study, conducted by researchers at the University of Rome, discovered that in a sample population of 43 people with psoriatic disease, 60% had osteopenia and 18% had full-blown osteoporosis. The study also found that for someone living with psoriasis, the risk of developing osteopenia or osteoporosis increased by 5% each year.
Therefore, if you have psoriasis, it is important that you get screened for bone loss regularly via a bone density test and find out what you can do to keep your bones as healthy as possible. Some medications used to treat psoriasis, like Cosentyx and Taltz, work by blocking cytokine IL-17A, which is an immune-system protein that inhibits bone-building activity. Therefore, these medications may help prevent bone loss, but more research is needed.
Other posts you may be interested in on the MyTherapy blog:
3. Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
It is estimated that about 10% of women with psoriasis develop an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is the umbrella term used to describe conditions that involve the chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Types of IBD include ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
In ulcerative colitis, a person will experience long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the inner linings of the colon and rectum. In Crohn’s disease, the inflammation affects the lining of the digestive tract and often spreads into affected tissues. Both conditions cause severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight-loss, and fatigue. IBD can be debilitating without treatment.
People with psoriasis have a slighter higher chance of developing an IBD and researchers believe that there may be a genetic link between the two conditions. Dr. Abrar A. Qureshi, a dermatologist in Boston, US, conducted a study on the possible link between psoriasis and Crohn’s disease when he noticed a number of patients had both psoriasis and Crohn’s.
As is the case with psoriasis, Crohn’s disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body mistakes its own healthy tissue for a foreign invader and attacks it. Qureshi’s study comprised 4,400 women who had psoriasis at the beginning of the study. During the follow-up study, Qureshi and his team found that about 187 participants developed Crohn’s disease and 236 ulcerative colitis. These results indicate that people with psoriasis have an increased risk of developing an IBD later in life.
If you notice any of the above symptoms and have psoriasis, then you need to consult a gastroenterologist as soon as possible to find effective treatment. IBD is not curable, but it can be managed effectively with medication and making a few lifestyle and dietary changes.
4. Cancer
Colloquially known as the dreaded C-word, cancer refers to a group of conditions that arise when certain cells in a person’s body grow uncontrollably, multiply in one area, and then spread to other areas of the body. In a healthy body, new cells grow in place of old, dead cells. Cancer disrupts this natural process, allowing damaged cells to survive and new cells (which are not needed) to form. This results in the formation of tumors.
Studies indicate that people with psoriasis have a higher risk of developing certain types of cancers, like lung cancer, lymphoma, and non-melanoma skin cancers. For example, a recent study by Dr. Zelma C. Chiesa Fuxench, a dermatologist at the University of Pennsylvania, echoed the results from previous research that identified theses cancers as a comorbidity of psoriatic disease.
In the study conducted by Chiesa Fuxench and her colleagues, participants with psoriasis had a 34% increased risk of developing lymphoma. The same participants also had a 15% increased risk of developing lung cancer. For these three cancers, the risk was higher for participants who had a moderate to severe form of psoriasis. However, this doesn’t mean that the more severe the condition, the greater the risk of developing cancer.
Experts are still trying to identify whether the risk of developing cancer comes from psoriasis itself or from psoriasis treatments that have an effect on the immune system. However, no matter what the cause is, if you have psoriasis, there are numerous steps you can take to reduce your risk. For example, to protect yourself from developing skin cancer, you can be proactive in using sun protection. You can also quit smoking and speak to your doctor about treatment options and what works best for you.
5. Uveitis (you-vee-eye-tis)
If you’re reading this, it is more than likely that you haven’t heard of uveitis before. But there’s a hint in the phonetic spelling of the name: yes, the eye. In simpler terms, uveitis is the general term for a group of inflammatory diseases that creates swelling and destroys the eye tissue. Uveitis often affects a part of the eye called the uvea (the middle layer of the eye containing blood vessels), hence its name.
However, these diseases also affect the lens, optic nerve, retina, and vitreous; causing reduced vision or blindness, pain, light sensitivity, and increased floaters (dark floating spots in the vision). Uveitis is typically classified by where it occurs in the eye. You can get more information on these classifications here.
Research indicates that people with psoriatic arthritis have a greater chance of developing uveitis compared to those with psoriasis. Recent studies indicate that approximately 7% of people with psoriatic arthritis will develop uveitis. Uveitis typically requires specific treatment, so if you notice any changes in your sight, you should see an ophthalmologist or an ocular immunologist.
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6. Depression
It goes without saying that having psoriasis can cause emotional and psychological distress, including low self-esteem, social inhibition, and other mood disorders, like depression. Findings from a study published in the Journal of Rheumatology indicate that people with psoriatic arthritis in particular are more likely to develop depression and anxiety than those with psoriasis alone.
This study, conducted by researchers from Toronto, assessed 306 people with psoriatic arthritis and 135 people with psoriasis alone. The patients were asked to assess their symptoms of depression and anxiety via a questionnaire. The surveys revealed that about 37% of participants with psoriatic arthritis had anxiety, while about 22% had depression. In participants with psoriasis alone, the results showed that about 24% had anxiety and around 10% had depression. Although the statistics are lower for those with psoriasis, the figures are still notable.
Another study conducted by NYU in 2015 indicated that almost 17% of people living with psoriasis meet the criteria for a diagnosis of major depression. The cause of depression in people with psoriasis isn’t exactly clear, but researchers think it has to do with a variety of factors, including psoriasis medication, negative feelings associated with the condition, and the fact that the same inflammation in psoriasis causes depression.
If you happen to display any symptoms of depression, then you need to consult a doctor as soon as possible. You will probably be referred to either a psychiatrist or psychologist or both. Treatment for depression and psoriasis should therefore take a holistic approach, where you look after your physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Furthermore, you should always adhere to your psoriasis medication strictly as this will prevent the condition from worsening, thereby reducing your feelings of anxiety around your psoriasis.
7. Cardiovascular Disease
Several studies in recent years suggest that those living with psoriasis are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. One study reported that people with psoriasis are three times as likely to have a heart attack than people without the condition.
Cardiovascular disease, which is also known as heart disease, refers to several conditions that relate to the body’s cardiovascular system (heart and all blood vessels). People with psoriasis are at a greater risk of developing coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, hypertension, and an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).
Researchers are still trying to understand why people with psoriasis are at greater risk of developing heart disease (and what this exact link is), but it is believed that the type of inflammation associated with psoriasis is also related to the process of atherosclerosis (the narrowing of the arteries). Furthermore, some psoriasis medications (like acitretin) can cause cardiovascular symptoms, like hypertension or high cholesterol levels.
However, this is no cause for alarm, as the effective treatment of psoriasis can greatly reduce your risk of having a heart attack or stroke and your healthcare provider will help you select the best treatment based on your needs. You can also reduce your risks by leading a heart-healthy lifestyle: stay at a healthy weight, exercise, limit unhealthy food, and go for regular blood pressure and blood sugar check-ups.
Comprehensive Care
As the body of literature on the links between psoriasis and other health conditions continues to grow, experts in the field are trying to push for more comprehensive care to be given to people living with psoriasis. Dr. Gary Goldenberg, assistant professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, says,
“It’s time to stop looking at psoriasis as just a skin disease. It’s a systemic disease as much as anything else.”
If you have psoriasis, then you need to ensure that you go for regular check-ups and see a doctor if you notice any unusual symptoms. Don’t be afraid to be as open and as honest as possible with your doctor about your concerns and worries. There are always steps you can take to mitigate your risks of developing comorbidities, and your doctor can help you come up with a tailored treatment plan that will benefit you and your overall health most.
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Day 65 - Unit 5 Test - 04.21.15
• Summative Exam 2 on Friday!
Bell Ringer
• N/A
• Unit 5 Test
Exit Ticket
• Posted on the board at the end of the block!
Lesson Objective(s)
• Unit 5 Test
1. Explain why the sum of two square roots is not equal to the square root of their sum.
2. Convert expressions to simplest radical form.
3. Use conjugate radicals to simplify radical expressions.
4. Solve radical equations ensuring to test for extraneous solutions.
5. Explain each step taken in solving radical equations.
6. Determine the distance between two points given their coordinates.
7. Determine a coordinate based on the known distance and a known coordinate.
8. Simplify nth root radicals.
9. Solve nth root radicals.
In-Class Help Requests
• CC.9-12.N.RN.2 Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents. Rewrite expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.
• CC.8.G.8 Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem. Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.
Mathematical Practice(s)
• #2 - Reason abstractly and quantitatively
• #7 - Look for and make use of structure
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The left side of this piece of propaganda shows a Chinese man wielding a sword towards a French military man while using his other hand to hold the Frenchman on the ground by his neck. The Frenchman’s hat has been knocked off, one hand on the wrist of the China-man’s hand that is grasping his throat and his other hand reaching towards the sword in an attempt to stop the China-man from harming him with the sword. This side of the image is labeled Barbarie. The right side of this image shows the same thing, but the Frenchman is on top of the China-man wielding the sword and the China-man is being held to the ground by him instead. This side of the image is labeled Civilisation. A few differences that should be noted between the left and right side of this piece are as follows- the left side shows the China-man with long, braided hair and shoe less, while the right side shows a hat that had been knocked off of the China-man’s head while the French soldier still has his hat on and has shoes on. These discrepancies were intentional by the artist and proved to be significant when trying to spread awareness among the people of France during the time that it was created and presented to the public.
Trade between China and Britain began towards the beginning of the eighteenth century. The demand for tea, porcelain, and silk in the British market created economic growth in China, however Britain soon ran out of silver to trade for the goods they were receiving from them. Starting in 1760, the British began using Indian opium as a form of payment, importing over one thousand chests of opium into China within the next thirteen years. The introduction of opium into the Chinese market wreaked havoc on its population, creating a large amount of the population to become addicted to the drug. Over the course of eighty years the Qing Courts of China tried to do what they could to eradicate opium from their markets, proving to be an impossible task. The first Opium War began in 1839 between the Qing Empire and Britain- Britain having France, Russia, and the United States as allies. This war continued until 1842 after Britain successfully established Hong Kong as a colony. Relations between the Chinese and British failed to improve, resulting in the second Opium War just eighteen years after the first had ended. This led the Chinese population to create an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising, also known as the Boxer Rebellion, that happened between the years 1898-1901. John Hay’s “Open Door Policy” in 1900 promoted equal trade between China and all other countries equally and was mainly used to make peace between feuding colonial powers in China. This policy eventually lead to the collapse of the Qing Empire in 1912 and re-established it as The Republic of China (Guided History, He).
This cartoon was created by Rene Georges Hermann-Paul on July 10, 1899. Hermann-Paul was an artist that was born in Paris in 1864. He was the son of a wealthy doctor who came from the South of France and first pursued science as a way to please his father. However, he quickly became dissatisfied and began pursuing a career in the arts. Hermann-Paul was a progressive artist, creating new and unusual pieces of art that reflected his perception of the world (MIT Visualizing Cultures, Sebring). In this piece, he criticizes the forceful spread of civilization by the European nations, titling it Barbrie. Civilisation. The description reads, “ It’s all a matter of perspective. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of “Barbarity!” But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it’s a necessary blow for civilization”. His intentions were to encourage people to re-evaluate the traditional way of thinking and to humanize those that were thought of as barbaric (The Online Hermann-Paul Project, Fulmer). In a larger sense, this anti-war illustration informs the public of the darker sides of imperialism on a global level and questions the thought process of those that support supremacy.
Fulmer, Jeffery et al. “Drawings: Barbarie. Civilisation.” The Online Hermann-Paul Project: A French Artist and Print Maker, accessed September 16, 2018,
He, Tao. “British Imperialism in China: A Legacy of Commerce, Addiction, and Gunboat Diplomacy,” Guided History, accessed September 16, 2018,
Sebring, Ellen. “Civilization and Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary &”The White Man’s Burden” (1898-1902),” MIT Visualizing Cultures, accessed September 16, 2018,
Barbarie. Civilisation.
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Reasons For Conducting a Blood Sodium Test
Submitted on March 27, 2012
As the name suggests, a blood sodium test is done to determine the amount of sodium present in the blood serum. The test is mostly performed to check for excess of sodium in the blood called hypernatremia or deficiency of it which is known as hyponatremia.
If there is a deficiency found in the sodium levels, dehydration could be an important cause. Sodium tests may be required to check for the extent of dehydration in a person’s body. Apart from this, sodium is an important electrolyte and a test of sodium may be ordered along with a test for several other electrolytes to check for a possible electrolyte imbalance.
Reasons Why a Blood Sodium Test is Conducted
For decrease in sodium, kidney disease may be responsible. Increase in the amount of blood sodium is an indicator of a kidney malfunction or disease. Apart from that, changes in the level of blood sodium can also be associated with conditions of the lungs, liver, brain, kidney and heart. The adrenal glands and the hormones produced by them may also be affected due to a change in the blood sodium levels. Therefore to check for adrenal insufficiency, sodium tests are usually ordered. For those, who have had a history of electrolyte imbalance, sodium testing is prescribed at regular intervals. A dangerous risk or a congestive heart failure is also often associated with sodium levels in the blood. Due to an excess of sodium, congestive heart failure can be caused. Sodium is one of the factors behind an increased blood pressure and high blood pressure increases the risk of congestive heart failure. Therefore, sodium levels are checked for those people who have heart troubles.
Urine sodium level testing is often prescribed to find out whether the imbalance of the electrolyte is due to an increased intake or because there is an excessive excretion of sodium.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Too much water intake or the retention of it can cause hyponatremia. The fluid begins to accumulate in the body and gives a bloated look and feeling. A decreased level of sodium in the body causes one to feel lethargic, fatigued and weak. If the drop in the sodium levels is very sudden and drastic, one may experience confusion and even slip into a coma. If the decrease in sodium is slow, there may be no symptoms. This is the reason that sodium tests are often prescribed even if the person is not experiencing any symptoms.
Hypernatremia is caused due to dehydration in which the water levels of the body become low and the concentration of sodium increases. The mucus membranes turn dry and there is much restlessness and agitation. Due to diabetes insipidus, sodium levels may fall too
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Jesus’ Presentation at the Temple
The day has marked significance for the culture Mary, Joseph, and therefore Jesus grew up in. Going to the temple was the chance for Mary to “purify” herself after giving birth. It also allowed the parents to offer sacrifices for their firstborn, as was laid out in the laws God gave Moses in the Old Testament.
While in the temple, the family runs into two people: Simeon and Anna.
Simeon, we are told, is righteous and devout. He lived in “prayerful expectancy” (MSG) for the redemption of Israel, for God to do all He had promised. We are also told the Holy Spirit was with him and through that Simeon knew he would see the Messiah before he died.
At this point, God had been silent for 400 years. The people of Israel were part of the Roman empire, their homeland not marked off uniquely for them. Some had returned from captivity to rebuild the temple and try to eke out a living. For most people, it must have felt that God had forgotten them.
The last prophet to speak was Malachi. He went to those living in Jerusalem to rebuke them for turning from God. His last words to them were a promise that the prophet Elijah would return and prepare the way for the Messiah.
But that was 16(ish) generations ago. 16 generations of God being quiet. No one brought a creditable word from Him. People went on living their lives. They went to the temple to offer sacrifices. They listened to teachings filled with prophecies of the One who would come to deliver them again. They tended their fields, raised their families, did their thing, and still, God was silent.
16 generations. 400 years. 400 years ago the Mayflower set out for America. King Louis III ruled France. There was the Battle of Cecora and the Battle of Amedamit. The Thirty Years War was just getting going.
What do we know or hold onto from those times? We have a jumbled sense of history at best. We hold onto folklore and mythology but really nothing concrete from Plymouth, 1620 still stands today. Can you remember what anyone said from that time?
But somehow, through all that silence, Simeon knew God was sending help in his lifetime! We don’t know how long Simeon held God’s promise, whether it was a day, a month, or years. Maybe it was just that morning when he felt a nudge to go to the temple. However long it was, when Simeon saw Mary and Joseph with their infant son he knew it was the Messiah. Simeon goes and takes the child into his arms and sings a hymn over the baby.
Presentation of Jesus at the Temple, 12th century cloisonné enamel icon from Georgia
Simeon’s words are worth further scrutiny. If we simply read them as a sweet man’s reaction to a baby, we miss some key messages that could only have come by a person overtaken by the knowledge of God. Through his words, Simeon acknowledged:
1. God kept His word.
2. Jesus is his salvation, which is an odd statement for a time when everything centered around and rested on keep the commandments not believing in a person.
3. His hope has been answered and he is ready to meet God. Some take this to mean Simeon was old, but Luke’s narrative never says that. Imagine carrying around the idea of a 400-year-old promise and then seeing it fulfilled, what cry of joy would escape your lips! To know the history and oppression and pain of your people and then look into the face of a baby and know a page has been turned. That would be reason enough to say, “Lord I have seen Your glory, let me come home.”
4. Jesus did not just come for the Jewish population. In the Gospels, we see the repeated tension of who the hope of Jesus is for. Jesus’ ministry was aimed mostly towards His people but His hope is for all people across all time. At this moment, before John the Baptist has said a word, before any of the disciples have been called, before Jesus can do much of anything, Simeon declares His hope is for everyone.
Simeone then turns his attention to Mary. He tells her that her infant son is bound for great things but His own people would not understand and even oppose Him. Simeon tells Mary a sword will pierce through her heart, a foreshadowing of her future suffering and pain.
The other person mentioned in this scene is Anna. We are told that Anna is advanced in years, a widow. She too is devout, spending all her time at the temple fasting and praying for the coming Messiah. Anna is a prophetess – a term we do not understand today, but in that time to be called a prophetess was to declare and interpret God’s message.
Anna hears Simeon’s song and joins in. She too has seen the Messiah! Anna spread the word, telling the others still holding to hope that the Messiah had come.
What a moment for Mary and Joseph. Both of them put incredible belief in the messages they received from God about who their son was. We tend to overlook the faith of Joseph, to care for and love Mary and her son, having full faith in God that what He told Joseph was true. Mary and Joseph go home with their infant son and go about their lives.
They have the Messiah to care for and raise. The earth does not quake, things do not shift. Very few people comprehend who Jesus is. So while they swaddle the One who will change everything in their arms, they still have to feed, dress, change and care for him.
As the Archbishop of Canterbury said, “(today) is the reminder that all of our waiting, hoping and watching is fulfilled in Christ.”
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Ancient Greek 'pop culture' discovery rewrites history of poetry and song
New research into a little-known text written in ancient Greek shows that "stressed poetry," the ancestor of all modern poetry and song, was already in use in the 2nd Century CE, 300 years earlier than previously thought.
The poem inscribed on a cameo on a medallion of glass paste (2nd to 3rd century CE) found
in a sarcophagus around the neck of a deceased young woman in what is now Hungary
[Credit: Aquincum Museum]
In its shortest version, the anonymous four-line poem reads "they say what they like; let them say it; I don't care." Other versions extend with "Go on, love me; it does you good."
The experimental verse became popular across the eastern Roman Empire and survives because, as well as presumably being shared orally, it has been found inscribed on twenty gemstones and as a graffito in Cartagena, Spain.
By comparing all of the known examples for the first time, Cambridge's Professor Tim Whitmarsh (Faculty of Classics) noticed that the poem used a different form of meter to that usually found in ancient Greek poetry. As well as showing signs of the long and short syllables characteristic of traditional "quantitative" verse, this text employed stressed and unstressed syllables.
Until now, "stressed poetry" of this kind has been unknown before the fifth century, when it began to be used in Byzantine Christian hymns.
Professor Whitmarsh says: "You didn't need specialist poets to create this kind of musicalized language, and the diction is very simple, so this was a clearly a democratizing form of literature. We're getting an exciting glimpse of a form of oral pop culture that lay under the surface of classical culture."
The new study, published in The Cambridge Classical Journal, also suggests that this poem could represent a "missing link" between the lost world of ancient Mediterranean oral poetry and song, and the more modern forms that we know today.
The poem, unparalleled so far in the classical world, consists of lines of 4 syllables, with a strong accent on the first and a weaker on the third. This allows it to slot into the rhythms of numerous pop and rock songs, such as Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode."
Whitmarsh says: "We've known for a long time that there was popular poetry in ancient Greek, but a lot of what survives takes a similar form to traditional high poetics. This poem, on the other hand, points to a distinct and thriving culture, primarily oral, which fortunately for us in this case also found its way onto a number of gemstones."
Asked why the discovery hasn't been made before, Whitmarsh says: "These artifacts have been studied in isolation. Gemstones are studied by one set of scholars, the inscriptions on them by another. They haven't been seriously studied before as literature. People looking at these pieces are not usually looking for changes in metrical patterns."
Whitmarsh hopes that scholars of the medieval period will be pleased: "It confirms what some medievalists had suspected, that the dominant form of Byzantine verse developed organically out of changes that came about in classical antiquity."
In its written form (which shows some minor variation), the poem reads:
Λέγουσιν They say
ἃ θέλουσιν What they like
λεγέτωσαν Let them say it
οὐ μέλι μοι I don’t care
σὺ φίλι με Go on, love me
συνφέρι σοι It does you good
The gemstones on which the poem was inscribed were generally agate, onyx or sardonyx, all varieties of chalcedony, an abundant and relatively inexpensive mineral across the Mediterranean region.
The poem preserved in a graffito from an upper-storey room in Cartagena Spain
(2nd to 3rd century CE) [Credit: Jose Miguel Noguera Celdran]
Archaeologists found the most beautiful and best-preserved example around the neck of a young woman buried in a sarcophagus in what is now Hungary. The gem is now held in Budapest's Aquincum Museum.
Whitmarsh believes that these written accessories were mostly bought by people from the middle ranks of Roman society. He argues that the distribution of the gemstones from Spain to Mesopotamia sheds new light on an emerging culture of "mass individualism" characteristic of our own late-capitalist consumer culture.
The study points out that "they say what they like; let them say it; I don't care" is almost infinitely adaptable, to suit practically any countercultural context. The first half of the poem would have resonated as a claim to philosophical independence: the validation of an individual perspective in contrast to popular belief. But most versions of the text carry an extra two lines which shift the poem from speaking abstractly about what "they" say to a more dramatic relationship between "you" and the "me." The text avoids determining a specific scenario but the last lines strongly suggest something erotic.
The meaning could just be interpreted as "show me affection and you'll benefit from it" but, Whitmarsh argues, the words that "they say" demand to be reread as an expression of society's disapproval of an unconventional relationship.
The poem allowed people to express a defiant individualism, differentiating them from trivial gossip, the study suggests. What mattered instead was the genuine intimacy shared between "you" and "me," a sentiment which was malleable enough to suit practically any wearer.
Such claims to anticonformist individuality were, however, pre-scripted, firstly because the 'careless' rhetoric was borrowed from high literature and philosophy, suggesting that the owners of the poetic gems did, after all, care what the classical litterati said. And secondly because the gemstones themselves were mass-produced by workshops and exported far and wide.
Whitmarsh says: "I think the poem appealed because it allowed people to escape local pigeon-holing, and claim participation in a network of sophisticates who 'got' this kind of playful, sexually-charged discourse."
"The Roman Empire radically transformed the classical world by interconnecting it in all sorts of ways. This poem doesn't speak to an imposed order from the Imperial elite but a bottom-up pop culture that sweeps across the entire empire. The same conditions enabled the spread of Christianity; and when Christians started writing hymns, they would have known that poems in this stressed form resonated with ordinary people."
Whitmarsh made his discovery after coming across a version of the poem in a collection of inscriptions and tweeting that it looked a bit like a poem but not quite. A Cambridge colleague, Anna Lefteratou, a native Greek speaker, replied that it reminded her of some later medieval poetry.
Whitmarsh says: "That prompted me to dig under the surface and once I did that these links to Byzantine poetry became increasingly clear. It was a lockdown project really. I wasn't doing the normal thing of flitting around having a million ideas in my head. I was stuck at home with a limited number of books and re-reading obsessively until I realized this was something really special."
There is no global catalog of ancient inscribed gemstones and Whitmarsh thinks there may be more examples of the poem in public and private collections, or waiting to be excavated.
Author: Tom Almeroth-Williams | Source: University of Cambridge [September 08, 2021]
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Smith J. C. 2019. A review of strain and sex differences in response to pain and analgesia in mice. Comparative Medicine 69(6), 490–500.
Pain and its alleviation are currently a highly studied issue in human health. Research on pain and response to analgesia has evolved to include the effects of genetics, heritability, and sex as important components in both humans and animals. The laboratory mouse is the major animal studied in the field of pain and analgesia. Studying the inbred mouse to understand how genetic heritable traits and/or sex influence pain and analgesia has added valuable information to the complex nature of pain as a human disease. In the context of biomedical research, identifying pain and ensuring its control through analgesia in research animals remains one of the hallmark responsibilities of the research community. Advancements in both human and mouse genomic research shed light not only on the need to understand how both strain and sex affect the mouse pain response but also on how these research achievements can be used to improve the humane use of all research animal species. A better understanding of how strain and sex affect the response to pain may allow researchers to improve study design and thereby the reproducibility of animal research studies. The need to use both sexes, along with an improved understanding of how genetic heritability affects nociception and analgesic sensitivity, remains a key priority for pain researchers working with mice. This review summarizes the current literature on how strain and sex alter the response to pain and analgesia in the modern research mouse, and highlights the importance of both strain and sex selection in pain research.
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October 8, 2021 Christine Cox
Woman in full PPE in lab conducting research
Key takeaways:
• Providence physician Dr. George Diaz treated the first COVID-19 patient in the US.
• Dr. Diaz discusses the benefits of and research behind clinical trials of COVID treatments.
• People who are immunocompromised are at greater risk of a COVID breakthrough infection.
COVID-19 continues to spread in many of our communities and as children go back to school, parents consider remote work versus in-office work and others weigh the risk of attending events, a lot of questions arise. That’s why Laurie Kelly, the Chief Philanthropy Officer and Senior Vice President at Providence sat down with infectious disease expert Dr. George Diaz to get answers to everyone’s COVID questions.
Dr. Diaz is Section Chief, Infection Diseases and the Medical Director, Antimocrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention at Providence Regional Medical Center in Everett, Washington. Perhaps the biggest reason Laurie spoke with Dr. Diaz is because he was one of the first doctors in the country to treat a COVID patient. Everett, Washington saw the very first patient with COVID-19 in the US and Dr. Diaz provided that first patient with a drug called remdesivir. Shortly thereafter, the Providence health system became very active in clinical research for COVID treatments. To date, Providence has been involved in several clinical trials for COVID treatments including:
• Remdesivir
• Tocilizumab
• Monoclonal antibodies (Regeneron)
You can watch or listen to the full conversation between Laurie and Dr. Diaz, where he answers general questions about COVID along with audience questions, and you can also read highlights from their conversation below.
What is a clinical trial?
Dr. Diaz: Clinical trials help us figure out whether a treatment works. Generally, these are placebo-controlled studies, which means we're comparing a study medication to a placebo, to see if there's a difference in the outcomes between getting a study drug and getting a placebo. This is how we can prove that the treatment works. And then once we prove that, then all patients you know around the world can use these treatments for COVID, or any other clinical condition that's being studied.
Clinical trials are the way that we move forward in terms of the treatment of COVID. And thanks to the many volunteers across our country, we've made important discoveries in terms of reducing the chances of dying from COVID in the US. Clinical research is very important to help us move forward in learning about how to treat any disease, but it's been particularly helpful with COVID.
What is remdesivir?
Dr. Diaz: Remdesivir is an antiviral drug, which means that it blocks the ability of the COVID virus to replicate itself in a person. The National Institute of Health did studies that initially revealed that the people who took the drug, when they had COVID, had a shorter time to recovery and they also showed a possible improvement in mortality. At Providence, we followed-up on that work and discovered that remdesivir does appear to reduce the chance of dying from COVID by about 40% if started at the right time, which means when someone's in the hospital on oxygen. This clinical research from Providence was also published in a journal called Clinical Infectious Diseases.
What is the Delta variant?
Dr. Diaz: The Delta variant is a type of COVID-19 that has mutated or changed and is different from the original strain of COVID. The Delta variant also appears to be much more contagious. The original strain of COVID that we saw back in January of 2020 could infect, on average, two perhaps three people, for every person infected. With the Delta variant, it appears that it is much more contagious and one infected person can infect between six and nine people. So, it's radically more contagious than the original strain. In addition, it appears that it's a more virulent virus, meaning that it harms people more than the original virus.
You might say it's a double whammy: it is much more contagious, so more people can get infected, and it's more virulent, so more people end up in the hospital compared to the original strain.
How are people getting infected with COVID-19?
Dr. Diaz: The Delta variant of COVID is transmitted the same way that the original strain was. Transmission primarily happens when people breathe, cough or sneeze. And the virus tends to stay in the air longer where there's not good ventilation, which is primarily indoors. The major risk factor for transmission is someone who has a COVID-19 infection and who is generally indoors with another person. Now, if there are large crowds that are gathered outside and they're close together, it's certainly possible for outdoor transmission to occur as well. Wherever there are people in close proximity in an outdoor setting, that's another way COVID (and other things like colds and flu) can be transmitted. Transmission through your hands, such as touching things, is much less likely but certainly still possible.
Who is having breakthrough COVID cases?
Dr. Diaz: There are two components that we need to talk about when we discuss breakthrough cases. The first is people who are vaccinated and who then have a breakthrough infection and get sick enough to go to the hospital. Generally, that is a very small number of people. If you look at the patients who are in our hospitals, within Providence, right now, roughly 90 -- 95% of the people are unvaccinated.
Of the remaining small percentage of people who are vaccinated and who get a breakthrough infection, these are people who have immune systems that didn't respond very well to the vaccine to begin with. People who are immunocompromised from things such as organ transplant, chemotherapy and similar conditions where their immune systems aren't working may have a breakthrough infection. Those are the people that are primarily being admitted in the hospital with serious infections.
Patients who are immunocompromised in our community, which is not a small number of people, (people who are moderately or severely immune compromised are roughly 7% of our population in the US) are most vulnerable to getting breakthrough infections and getting really ill. The way we protect them is to prevent exposure and that means being vaccinated. Also doing the things that we know work such as masking and social distancing. These things will help protect those most vulnerable in our community from having a breakthrough infection.
What about pregnancy and COVID-19?
Dr. Diaz: Pregnant women are more likely to get a severe infection and become hospitalized if they get COVID-19. That is known. So, for that reason, all the national groups that treat pregnant woman recommend COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy, as it appears to be entirely safe. Additionally, the immunity generated by the vaccine protects the infant as well. It’s very important for pregnant women at any stage of gestation to get vaccinated against COVID-19. There are so many COVID-19 infections in our country currently that the risk of infection is actually very high in pregnant women.
Dr. Diaz discusses these topics in greater detail, along with the topics below, all in the video above. Watch the video to learn more about:
• The Delta variant
• Current hospitalizations
• Ivermectin
• Odds of catching COVID multiple times
• Children going back to school
• How to talk to someone who is vaccine hesitant
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The arrangement of the joists, etc, of floors and ceilings has already been described under Carpentry, pp. 334-40. Before beginning to lath a ceiling, it is necessary to prove the under surface of the joists by applying a long straight-edge, and to make up for any slight inequalities in them, when the work is not to be of a superior character, by nailing on laths or strips. A framed floor with ceiling joists is tolerably sure to be straight; but the carpenter must previously have tested the lower surfaces of the beams or binders, to ensure their accuracy of level with that of the ceiling joists, unless the ceiling joists have been nailed to the beams. If a ceiling is to be divided into compartments or panels, the projecting or depending portions must be bracketed or cradled down to receive the laths. It is an important point to be attended to in plastering on laths, and in ceilings particularly, that the laths should be attached to as small a surface of timber as possible, because the plastering is not supported by its adhesion or attachment to the wood, but by the keying of the mortar itself, which passes through between the laths, and bends round over them.
If, therefore, the laths are in constantly recurring contact with thick joists and beams, the keying is as constantly intercepted, and the plastering in all such places must depend on the portions between that are properly keyed. Under a single floor, in which the joists are necessarily thick, a narrow fillet should be nailed along the middle under the whole length of them, to receive the laths, and keep them at a sufficient distance from the timber to allow the plastering to key under it; thus, too, the surface may be made more perfectly even, as it is in single floors that inequalities mostly occur.
This being all arranged, the plasterer commences lathing. The laths should be of the stronger sort. Thin, weak laths, if used in a ceiling, are sure to produce inequalities by sagging with, or yielding to, the weight attached to them. One or two weak ones in a ceiling of otherwise strong laths may be the ruin of the best piece of work. Laths should be previously sorted, the weak, the crooked, and knotty, if there be such, being reserved for inferior work, and the best and strongest selected for the work of most importance, so that the workman shall find none to his hand that is not fit to be brought in. Taking a lath that will reach over 3 or 4 openings, the plasterer strikes a nail into it on one of the intermediate joists, at about -J in. from the one before it, and then secures the ends of that, and the one that it meets of the last row with one nail, leaving the other end of the lath he has just set, to be secured in the same manner with the end of that which shall meet it next in continuation.
It is of importance in ceilings to pay attention to the bonding of the work. In lathing or quartering partitions or battened walls, the bonding is not a matter of such material consequence as in a ceiling, because the toothing which the thickness of the lath itself affords to the plastering, is enough to support it vertically; but, nevertheless, the more complete the keying, even in work of this kind, the better, as the toothing above will not always protect it from any exciting cause to fall forward or away from the laths. The thinner or weaker sort of lath is generally considered sufficiently strong for partitions In common lathing, the spaces between the laths should be 1/4 in. If they be made less than that, the clinches will not be strong enough; and if more, they will sag down on the ceiling, and drop off with their own weight on the sides. In no case should the spaces exceed 2/5 in., except when the furring is very thin, like strips of lath nailed on inside sheeting or ceiling. Most lathers break joints at every 6th lath, and some every 10th; but it is better to break joints every 2nd lath. When ordinary laths are used, 1/4 - 2/5 in. thick, the studding, joists, etc, should never be over 16 in. apart - 12 in. would be better.
Lathing is estimated by the sq. yd., and is measured the same as plastering, without deducting openings for doors, windows, etc, except when the opening exceeds 63 sq. ft.
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The simple membrane-bound unit which contains the basic molecules of everyday living and of which all dwelling things are composed
A solitary mobile is frequently an entire organism in alone, like a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialised features as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialised cells and turn out to be the setting up blocks of enormous multicellular organisms, this sort of as individuals together with other animals. However cells are much larger sized than atoms, they may be still rather modest. The smallest known cells certainly are a team of little microorganisms referred to as mycoplasmas; a few of these single-celled organisms are spheres as minor as 0.two ?m in diameter hydrogen atoms.
Cells of individuals often have a very mass four hundred,000 moments much larger compared to mass of the one mycoplasma bacterium, but even human cells are only about twenty ?m throughout. It will need a sheet of about ten,000 human cells to deal with the pinnacle of a pin, and every human organism consists of extra than thirty,000,000,000,000 cells.
This post discusses the mobile the two as an person device and as the contributing part of a larger organism. Being an unique device, the cell is able of metabolizing its unique vitamins and minerals, synthesizing several sorts of molecules, rendering its very own vigor, and replicating alone in order to produce succeeding generations. It can be viewed being an enclosed vessel, inside which innumerable chemical reactions take place at the same time. These reactions are under quite specific influence to make sure that they contribute for the existence and procreation belonging to the cell. In a multicellular organism, cells change research paper assignment into specialized to conduct several capabilities from the technique of differentiation. If you want to try this, each mobile retains in frequent conversation with its neighbours. Because it receives nutrition from and expels wastes into its surroundings, it adheres to and cooperates with other cells. Cooperative assemblies of similar cells type tissues, in addition to a cooperation involving tissues consequently types organs, which perform the capabilities necessary to maintain the lifespan of the organism.Amazing emphasis is given within this write-up to animal cells, with a few dialogue for the energy-synthesizing procedures and extracellular elements peculiar to vegetation. (For thorough discussion for the biochemistry of plant cells, see photosynthesis. For a whole remedy for the genetic events while in the mobile nucleus, see heredity.)
A cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which types a selective barrier that allows vitamins to enter and waste products to go away. The interior of the cell is arranged into quite a few specialized compartments, or organelles, every surrounded by a independent membrane. One particular big organelle, the nucleus, accommodates the genetic information necessary for mobile development and copy. Every single mobile includes just one nucleus, whereas other kinds of organelles are existing in a number of copies within the cellular contents, or cytoplasm. Organelles encompass mitochondria, that are responsible to the stamina transactions critical for cell survival; lysosomes, which digest unwelcome components inside of the cell; and the endoplasmic reticulum as well as the Golgi apparatus, which perform critical roles from the inner organization of your mobile by synthesizing selected molecules and after that processing, sorting, and directing them to their appropriate locations. Furthermore, plant cells have chloroplasts, that happen to be responsible for photosynthesis, whereby the vigor of daylight is utilized to change molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and drinking water (H2O) into carbohydrates. Among each one of these organelles would be the room inside of the cytoplasm known as the cytosol. The cytosol contains an structured framework of fibrous molecules that constitute the cytoskeleton, which gives a mobile its condition, permits organelles to move within just the mobile, and supplies a mechanism by which the mobile alone can move.
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Physics is actually a branch of science. It’s considered one of the most basic scientific disciplines
The principal intention of physics should be to make clear how things transfer in room and time and understand how the universe behaves. It studies matter, forces as well as college admission essay writers their results. The word physics emanates from the Greek phrase indicating “nature”. Physics can be defined as “that department of information which relates to the get of character, or, in other words, towards the normal succession of events”.Astronomy, part of physics, could be the oldest pure science. In the past it had been a part of ‘natural philosophy’ with other fields of science, including chemistry and biology. In the course of the scientific revolution, these fields became different, and physics became a distinct area of knowledge
Physics is quite critical during the enhancement of new technologies, like airplanes, televisions, desktops and nuclear weapons. Mechanics, a branch of physics, assisted create the mathematical discipline of calculus.Present day physics connects concepts about the 4 legal guidelines of symmetry and conservation of electrical power, momentum, demand, and parity. Astronomy is the oldest pure science. The Sumerians, and Ancient Egyptians studied the celebrities, mainly with a check out to prediction and religion. The primary Babylonian star maps day from about 1200 BC. That astronomical occasions are periodic also dates back on the Babylonians. Their knowing was not scientific, but their observations affected later astronomy. Substantially astronomy came from Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Historical Egypt, and Historical Greece. Astronomers from Egypt designed monuments that showed how objects in the sky moved, and many of the names for that constellations during the Northern hemisphere came from Greek astronomers.
Islamic students continued to check Aristotelian physics in the Islamic Golden Age. One principal contribution was to observational astronomy. Some, like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna, labored on optics and eyesight. In the E book of Optics, Ibn al-Haytham rejected preceding Greek tips relating to eyesight and proposed a different concept. He examined how mild enters the eye, and produced the digicam obscura. European researchers later on built eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, and cameras from this ebook. Physics turned a independent discipline of examine once the scientific revolution, we have developed applications to support surveillance system in analyzing multiple video data streams. Galileo’s experiments aided to produce classical physics. Though he didn’t invent the telescope, he used it when he appeared to the night time sky. He supported Copernicus’ concept that the Earth moved all around the Sun (heliocentrism). He also investigated gravity. Isaac Newton employed Galileo’s ideas to develop his a few laws of movement and his law of universal gravitation. Jointly these guidelines spelled out the motion of falling bodies near the earth and the motion of earth and planets all over the sunshine.
In a pair generations, the industrial Revolution was in total swing and a lot of additional discoveries were being made in lots of fields of science. The legal guidelines of classical physics are excellent enough bestghostwriters net to check objects that go significantly slower as opposed to pace of sunshine, and therefore are not microscopic. When experts 1st examined quantum mechanics, that they had to make a whole new established of guidelines, which was the beginning of recent physics.As researchers investigated particles, they found what classical mechanics could not reveal. Classical mechanics predicted which the velocity of sunshine diverse, but experiments showed the velocity of light stayed exactly the same.
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The Science of Memorable Brand Names
When making a name for a new product, service or firm, the number one rule is to make that new model name memorable.
The reason is clear: In case your buyer can’t bear in mind the name of your product, the chances that she or he will search it out – a lot less suggest it to someone else – are slim to none. Forgettable names are worthless. Memorable names are worthless.
The bad news is that most corporations ignore this rule and find yourself with product names which are about as memorable as a yesterday’s lunch. The good news is that you do not have to settle for a forgettable name. Creating memorable names is less complicated than you think.
All it’s a must to do is take the following crash course in Nameonics – the science of memorable brand names.
Nameonics (yes, I am a word geek, and sure, I made that name as much as make this article more memorable) combines “name” with “mnemonics.” As you could recall from English class, mnemonics are linguistic gadgets which can be kind of like memory aids that make information simpler to remember.
Listed below are six primary Nameonics you need to use to make the brand names you create more memorable:
Like catchy jingles, names that rhyme often stick in a person’s head whether or not they need it to or not. Rhyming works in multi-part names like Crunch ‘n Munch and in shorter names like YouTube. Different examples of rhyming include Mellow Yellow, Lean Cuisine, and Reese’s Pieces.
The human brain is hardwired to answer and store visual imagery. That’s why names that evoke a vivid image like BlackBerry, Jaguar, or Hush Puppies are really easy to remember. So when naming your new product, make sure to think in footage as well as words.
Alliteration is likely one of the most typical mnemonic devices. To create an alliteration, begin each word within the name with the same letter or sound. Bed, Bathtub & Beyond is an alliteration. Other examples embrace Coca-Cola, Spic and Span, and Krispy Kreme.
A neologism is a newly invented word like Google or Wii. Neologisms can be created by respelling an existing word. Google is a respelling of the mathematics time period “googol”. It’s also possible to make a neologism by combining two words. Snapple is a mixture of “snap” and “apple.”
Buzz, bang, and thump are all onomatopoeia – words that sound like what they stand for. Brand name examples of onomatopoeia include Whoosh Mobile, Meow Combine, and KaBoom Energy Drink. Attempt adding some oomph to your names with onomatopoeia.
Need your new product to generate a Bunch-O-Business? Then a haplology could also be just the ticket. To create a haplology simply take a three-word phrase and abbreviate the one in the middle. Examples embody Toys “R” Us, Bug-B-Gone, and Land O’Lakes.
This Ain’t Rocket Science
Nameonics is one science that does not require an advanced degree to practice. Anybody can use rhyming, imagery and different simple Nameonic techniques to make their model name stand out from the competition and stick within the customer’s memory bank. Give it a try. You’ve got bought nothing to lose but a boring, hard-to-remember name.
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Using Whiteboard Videos In Education To Get The Message To Stick
Using Whiteboard Videos In Education To Get The Message To Stick
Summary: Better than chalkboard, whiteboard, PowerPoint or talking heads to get the message across. That is what is being said about whiteboard videos. This is endorsed by such eminent professionals as psychology professor Richard Wiseman. Whiteboard videos are an ideal way to get across a difficult subject that might be boring using more conventional media.
Why Use Whiteboard Videos In Education
We have this big challenge today, in how to engage people when technology actually is competing for their attention in so many different ways. One of the things we can learn from, is the research into whiteboard videos. We already know that video is a powerful means of communication, it's the language of young people, and we also know that scribe videos or whiteboard videos; that style of animation, is particularly effective. It's a form of multimedia which Richard Mayer has shown increases problem solving by up to 75%. These are incredibly popular videos, this style is loved. If you look at the RSA animate series, those education scribe videos that have over 50 million views on YouTube, not quite as many as Gangnam style, but still, if you look at those, they are so popular that the psychologist Richard Wiseman investigated what it was about them that grabbed people's attention so much. What he found was that for information presented in that style, there's an average 15% increase in remembering information compared to ordinary talking head videos.
• Whiteboard videos are fun and entertaining.
Whiteboard videos are both fun and entertaining. Whiteboard animations are fun, its a fun style they put people in a good mood, again Wiseman said suddenly its not so much work. It not only makes students have a better time, more importantly it means the information is just going in. So, when you look around your classroom are you seeing people in a good mood ? Is it a place of fun? Are you seeing happy faces desperate to learn? One teacher told us her students clap at the end of her whiteboard videos, and that they get withdrawal symptoms from watching them, and so they go home and watch them at the weekends.
• Whiteboard videos stick in your mind.
They are engaging, unique, creative, exciting, and inspiring. Something you can't get from text alone. Do I need to continue? Here's a fact. It has been proven that 80% of viewers will watch a video and have a positive response. Now that's impressive!
• Whiteboard videos hold attention.
They are short and engaging and keep us wanting to know more in a compelling way. Text alone, even combined with still images, just can't do that. Take a look at the video and compare it to a PowerPoint presentation. Bring up any slide presentation and try to judge the attention you are giving it, compared to the video. Better still, see our slideshow "World's Most Boring Presentation" on the subject and then view the video at the end of the article.
• Whiteboard videos communicate.
People do enjoy watching visuals. It gets your message across. They are cheaper to create than a filmed video (does Spielberg come cheap?). Viewers will retain your message - which is paramount. Universities, schools, other educational establishments, and even museums are realizing the potential of whiteboard animation as a teaching aid. Owing to their broad appeal, whiteboard videos can engage an entire class, despite learning preferences. So, reaching out to any audience is possible.
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CMJ201 Thread
The United States has a dual court system; a federal court system and state court systems. The structures of these court systems are very similar in that they are broken up into multiple levels to handle both criminal and civil matters. Additionally, each court system has a structure that allows for an appeal process. In some situations, cases from the state court systems can be appealed to the federal court system.
In your initial response, compare and contrast the role and function of the federal court system with the individual state court systems. As part of your discussion consider both the administrative operations of the courts, as well as the public facing (court hearing) aspects. Conclude your response by stating whether or not you believe one court system is more effective than the other and briefly defend your position.
300 word response, minimum of 3 sources. Plagiarism will be checked using turnitin, must meet AMU standard of less the 1% plagiarism per source and less then 4% for the entirety of the response.
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Chapter 4
Chapter 4: Read Chapter 4 carefully. Please choose ONLY one task of the following three options to finish.(100 pts)
A company needs to build a new two-floor office facilityfor accommodating its 100 employees in a remote area that is not served by public transportation. Assume that, among the 100 employees, the company has one president, two vice presidents, one secretary and five managers. You are assigned as the facility planner to design an efficient and effective office facility. The design work is allocated in such a way:
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Task #1: Design and layout one employee parking lot and finish a document justifying in terms of efficiency and effectiveness your choices on the sizes of individual parking spaces, the size of the overall parking space, the accommodation of the handicapped, the entrances and exits, the walk ways, and the relative location to the office building.
Task #2: Design and layout the areas for personal belongings, restrooms, food services and first-aid services and finish a document justifying in terms of efficiency and effectiveness your choices on their sizes, locations, relative locations to other room and accommodation of the handicapped.
Task #3: Design and layout the office rooms for all the employees, a lobby on each floor, a conference room on the first floor and an elevator and finish a document justifying in terms of efficiency and effectiveness your choices on their types, sizes, relative location and accommodation of the four handicapped.
Chapter 5 (100 pts)
1. A unit load plays an important role in counting the materials flows and calculating their associated costs, which further help to determine a materials handling system and a facilities layout. Then, what is a unit load? (10 pts)
2. A carton is the smallest container for transferring materials or goods. Its size needs to comply with standard industrial equipments, such as pallet-lifting trucks, highway freight trucks and railroad freight trailers, and plays an important role at selecting the right equipment. After you read the following two figures, please describe how the carton size design impacts the efficiency of space utilization, the selection of materials handling equipment, and the choice of the storage racks and the warehouse area. (20 pts)
3. The following figure, in combination with the two figures above, illustrates roughly the design and layout of a materials handling system. Based on the unit loads’ interactions with other components and for a given number of parts (for example, 500,000 parts) to be delivered, please describe how to determine (70 pts):
a) Number of layers per unit load
b) Number of unit loads per stack
c) Total number of unit loads required to handle the given number of parts
d) Weight of each unit load
e) Height of each unit load
f) Total warehouse area required
g) Warehouse cube utilization
h) Highway trailer utilization
i) Number of truckloads required to deliver the given number of parts
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Identification | Biology | Damage ID | Management | Resources
Figure 1. Great egrets (Ardea alba). Photo by Steve Hillebrand, USFWS.
Herons are a sub-group of wading birds. Many species of herons, particularly when in their white phase, can be difficult to identify. In some cases, identification is confirmed by their stalking behavior. All herons have long necks and elongated and pointed beaks for impaling prey.
Legal Status
All fish-eating birds are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 USC 703-712) and state laws. Lethal control is not allowed without a permit. Permits to use limited lethal action against depredating birds may be granted, but only after nonlethal techniques have been used correctly, and after qualified USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Wildlife Services (WS) personnel verify that lethal methods are necessary. A permit is not needed to physically or mechanically exclude any fish-eating bird from raceways or water impoundments. Except for threatened or endangered species such as the bald eagle, a permit is not required to scare fish-eating birds.
Physical Description
The body length of herons varies from 11 to 38 inches and wingspan from 25 to 70 inches. They have long legs and toes, large wings, and corresponding short tails. Plumage varies from all white, brown, gray, or blue; or patterns of stripes and streaks.
Species Range
Herons and other fish predating birds occur throughout most of the continental US.
Voices and Sounds
Great blue heron calls during flight sound like “fraaahnk” or “braak.” When aggressive, they utter a low series of “fraank, fraank, taaaw, taaaw.” Great egrets say “kroow” or “karrr.”
Tracks and Signs
Tracks of herons have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward.
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I only know to say the "there is/are" in latin we use "est/sunt" , but how about when it is part of indirect speech?
" He/she said that there is (something) "
I'm confuse because it uses "esse" and I think that is little ambigous and I don't know how to construct it with grammatical accuracy.
'There is'/'there are' in indirect speech is just esse, as in this passage from Pliny the Younger's letters (1.11.1):
at hoc ipsum scribe, nihil esse quod scribas, vel solum illud unde incipere priores solebant: 'si vales, bene est; ego valeo.'
Yet write this very thing, that there is nothing....
In indirect speech, there's always some risk of a loss of accuracy or introduction of ambiguity. For example, distinctions between the different past tenses (perfect vs. imperfect vs. pluperfect) become lost, all being replaced by a simple perfect infinitive, and 3rd person reflexive pronouns (se, sibi, etc.) might refer to the subject of the main sentence or to the subject of the indirect statement.
• I agree indirect speech is more ambigous especially when we add adjectives e.g " fortem virum esse dixit " but I think it's all depends on the contexts.
– Vince
Mar 31 at 23:33
Your Answer
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Excitement About Leadership Skills - Skillsyouneed
Published Sep 13, 21
5 min read
The Ultimate Guide To Leadership - Urban Dictionary
We speak about leaders and management almost every day in business world, but have you ever tried to actually define leadership? It can be much harder than you may believe, but taking the time to define management and what makes a leader is vital to constructing a cohesive culture and developing future leaders.
Many individuals had a hard time or needed to stop briefly to believe since it's a word we use so often without truly specifying. We take the principle of leadership for granted and presume that we all understand what leadership is and what a terrific leader looks like. When the CEOs found their definitions, their responses ran the range.
With brand-new leaders come brand-new methods to management, which impacts general culture and workers. In my mind, a leader is somebody who does more than just lead people.
A leader is someone who can see how things can be enhanced and who rallies people to move towards that better vision. Leaders can pursue making their vision a reality while putting people initially. Just being able to motivate people isn't adequate leaders require to be compassionate and link with people to be successful. .
What Does All About Leadership: How Do I Lead? - Free Management ... Mean?
The most important thing is that companies are joined internally with their definition of management. With so lots of definitions of management, each company needs to have a clear meaning of what management is and what it indicates to be a leader within their company.
A shared leadership meaning within the organization can keep everyone on the exact same page and assistance prepare certain kinds of leaders for the future. Organizations also need to have leadership filters so that the right individuals end up in positions to lead. If the shared management definition of an organization revolves around simple leaders functioning as servants, that fuels the leadership filters and assists make sure leaders who fit those qualities are developed and promoted.
One example of this comes from IBM, which created an intensive management program designed to bring in, develop and promote the best candidates for leadership functions (leadership coaching). IBM uses technology to determine the skills and frame of minds required of effective leaders and then screens prospective candidates for those qualities to make informed hiring decisions.
Producing a cohesive definition within the company is an essential step for establishing future leaders and keeping unity and a strong leadership focus. Jacob Morgan is an author, TED and keynote speaker, futurist and developer of To comment, email editor@clomedia. com.
Little Known Facts About What Is The Importance Of Leadership? - Indeed.com.
, and yet it took place to me that I never ever actually stopped briefly to define leadership. Let's start with what management is not Too numerous talk about a business's management referring to the senior most executives in the company.
State the word "leader" and most individuals believe of a domineering, take-charge charismatic person. Management isn't an adjective. We do not require extroverted charming traits to practice management.
He never ever leaves his space, or says a word to the guys and females in his unit. Is the Captain actually a leader? Leader yes, leader no.
Every spring you have a vision for a garden, and with lots of work carrots and tomatoes come true. Are you a leader? No, you're a gardener. Bennis' definition seems to have actually forgotten "others." This meaning includes "others" and empowerment is an advantage. However to what end? I've seen many empowered "others" in my life, from rioting hooligans to Google workers who were so misaligned with the remainder of the company they found themselves out of work.
Leadership Styles And Frameworks You Should Know Fundamentals Explained
Most of my work is in the location of worker engagement, and engaged employees offer discretionary effort. I guess technically a leader could utilize social influence to simply organize the efforts of others, however I think leadership is about taking full advantage of the effort. It's not, "Hey everyone, let's line up and get to the top of that hill sooner or later." But rather, "Hey, see that hill? Let's see how quick we can get to the topand I'll buy the preliminary for anybody who can beat me up there." So what do you consider my meaning of management? Social impact, others, take full advantage of effort, towards a goal.
and author of the successful book,.
An executive, developing her company's technique to beat the competition. Leaders assist themselves and others to do the best things. They set instructions, build an inspiring vision, and produce something new. Management has to do with drawing up where you need to go to "win" as a group or a company; and it is vibrant, amazing, and motivating. leadership development.
You can register for our podcasts utilizing i, Tunes. Click the menu icon in the upper left corner of i, Tunes and select Show Menu Bar. Choose File > Subscribe to Podcast, and paste this URL into the box: Keep in mind: Management means different things to different individuals around the world, and various things in different situations.
Not known Factual Statements About What Are The Characteristics Of A Good Leader? - Center For ...
Manages delivery of the vision. Coaches and develops a group, so that it is more reliable at accomplishing the vision. Management brings together the skills needed to do these things. We'll take a look at each element in more detail. 1. Producing a Motivating Vision of the Future In service, a vision is a practical, persuading and appealing representation of where you want to remain in the future.
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College football
collegiate rules version of American football
College football is American football played by teams of students from different American universities, colleges, and military academies. Play between colleges first made American football popular in the United States. College football is still popular today among students, alumni, and other fans of the sport. American Football is variation of Rugby introduced by Walter Camp. The very first match between two college teams using new "American" variation of Rugby was played between Princeton and Rutgers University in 1869. First season of college football had only two matches played. The game became popular quickly in coming years.
A college football game
National championshipsEdit
Other websitesEdit
Listen to this article · (info)
This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2006-05-29, and does not play the most recent changes to the article. (Audio help)
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Displaying all posts in the series entitled Mathematics.
Taking advantage of pay frequency
— Arvada, Colorado UNITED STATES
A while back, my employer tried to switch from paying us monthly to paying us biweekly. It had to do with lower administration costs or some bureaucratic procedural details. The plan didn't go over well with the employees to the point where, eventually, the idea was scrapped. Overall, employees weren't happy with the change, but I was actually in favor of making the change. I had figured out that, considering the details in the implementation, once you added up all the paychecks, it meant that the employees actually got more money being paid biweekly.
On the surface, it's natural to assume that the pay would be the same either way. Let's use some examples. Mike and Brittany both get hired with the same company on the same day. (For convenience sake, we're going to say 2019 December 1 since that month began on a Sunday.) Both Mike and Brittany have negotiated their payrate to be $58,500.00 annually. The difference is that Mike elected to get paid every month on the last day of the month while Brittany elected to get paid biweekly (i.e., every fourteen days). For Mike's monthly salary, the employer naturally divided his annual rate by twelve.
$ 58,500.00 ÷ 12 = $ 4,875.00
For Brittany's biweekly salary, since (naturally) there are fifty-two weeks in a year, there should be twenty-six paychecks.
$ 58,500.00 ÷ 26 = $ 2,250.00
Let's suppose that both Mike and Brittany continue to work at this job (without getting a raise) until 2049 July 31—which, conveniently, is a payday for both of them. How much have each of them been paid total over the years if we were to count up each of their individual paychecks? We could either put the numbers on a spreadsheet or chalk up six lines of code in a scripting language and run it. If we were to do that, the results would be that Mike got a total of $1,735,500.00 over the course of his career while Brittany was paid $1,741,500.00 over that same course of time. Go ahead and try it yourself and see.
Brittany got paid six thousand dollars more than Mike did over the same course of time when they were supposed to have the same salary.
Now sure, over approximately thirty years, six thousand dollars comes out to just two hundred dollars each year (which is what Mike is saying to himself to psychologically minimize the discrepancy), but, hey… more money is more money. The question is: how did that happen.
Okay, earlier I said that there are fifty-two weeks in a year. That was… a lie. A fifty-two-week year has 364 days in it. However, actual years have 365 days or 366 days if it's a leap year. Brittany gets paid every fourteen days. Period. Every time another fourteen days pass and if Brittany hasn't managed to die, retire, do something to get herself fired or ragequit in frustration, she gets another paycheck. Mike, on the other hand, gets paid at the end of every month. Sometimes, that month can be as short as twenty-eight days; othertimes, it can be as much as thirty-one days. Mike gets paid the same amount regardless of the length of time.
That still shouldn't make a difference, right? Even though Mike gets paid monthly, at the end of the year it should even out. However, Mike's years are 365 or 366 days; Brittany's years are 364 days. Every year there is at least one day that Brittany gets paid for that Mike doesn't. In leap years, it's two days. Over a significant length of time (e.g., thirty years, perhaps?), that comes to a six-thousand-dollar discrepancy.
Brittany and Mike's employer could have also calculated the amounts better. Instead of dividing Brittany's annual rate by 26, a number of 26.08875 (i.e., the number of biweekly pay periods in a mean Gregorian year) would have closed the gap much more significantly and saved the employer some money. While my employer ultimately chose not to implement the switch, their course of action at the time was to stick with 26.
If you find yourself in this situation, I say take every advantage you can get.
Tags: Calendars, Mathematics
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Calendrical Calculations, Part 2: Mod Math
— Arvada, Colorado UNITED STATES
I'm hungry. Now, I have one of those microwavable Asian meals; all I need to do is add water and put it in the microwave. The instructions are telling me to heat it up for ninety seconds. Okay, but my microwave won't accept ninety seconds. Instead, I have to express the value in components of minutes and seconds. Now, the answer is 1:30—I know this, and I didn't need a calculator to figure this out… but how would we program a computer to calculate this for us?
These type of problems come up frequently when working with calendars, so I want to talk about this before we delve further because different computer languages do different things and also come to different conclusions when you ask them to perform the same calculation.
When I first learned long division back in third grade, I was taught to compute remainders. For example, if I was asked to calculate nine divided by four, I would have told you that it was two with a remainder of one. The next year, in fourth grade, I was taught how to divide using decimals. Now, nine divided by four became 2.25.
In some computer languages like JavaScript or PHP, if I program it to divide two numbers, I will get the fourth-grade answer—that is, a floating-point number as a result. In JavaScript, console.log(90 / 60) gives me 1.5. Simple.
However, when working with calendars, it's typically the third-grade answer that we want. This is called integer division. Other computer languages like C, C++, Java and C# will do integer division by default if we're dividing two integers. For example, in Java, evaluating System.out.println(90 / 60); will give a result of 1 and not 1.5 as we may expect. What about the remainder then? We would have to do something called a modulo operation to obtain that. In Java, the modulo operation would look like this: System.out.println(90 % 60);. That percent sign is essentially saying, “Divide 90 by 60, but return the remainder instead of the quotient”. The result that we get from that is 30. Combining those two results, we just split 90 seconds into its components of 1 minute and 30 seconds.
Integer division and modulo are two operations that have a special mathematical relationship. The general rule is this:
dividend mod divisor = dividend divisor round ( dividend divisor )
Most computer languages follow this rule. If that's the case, how then can computer languages come to different results? Well, you'll notice that there's a round function in that formula. While each computer language may follow this general rule, computer languages do not necessarily round using the same method.
So let's talk about rounding now. In mathematics, there are several different ways to round numbers. We're going to focus on two: the floor function and the ceiling function. You'll typically find these in any programming language's standard library.
The ceiling function (sometimes spelled ceil), will round the parameter to the closest integer that is greater than or equal to the parameter. We don't use it that much for calendrical calculations. The floor function on the other hand gets used very much. It does the opposite of ceiling: it rounds the parameter to the closest integer that is less than or equal to the parameter. When we do integer division and modulo, we almost always want to use the floor function as our rounding method.
That is not what we get with C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript or PHP. When these languages perform integer division, they simply get rid of the digits on the right side of the decimal point of the result. This is called truncation. Now, if you think about it, truncation sounds like it's the same as the floor function. That's because it is… for positive numbers! As soon as negative numbers get thrown into the mix, we end up with results consistent with performing the ceiling function. That's bad!
The consequences for modulo arithmetic are this: if we use the floor function when doing integer division, the result of the modulo operation will always have the same sign as the divisor. However, if we truncate the result of the integer division instead, the result of the modulo operation will always have the same sign of the dividend.
Here's an example. Last week, I talked about representing dates as linear numbers. I put all of my family members' birthdates into a table with the linear-date values. One benefit of representing dates like this is that it's easy to find out what day of the week a certain date is. You just divide the number by seven and take the remainder. The remainder will correspond to a day of the week. What happens if we do that to my family members' birthdates?
NameOrdinal DateOrdinal Date mod 7Day of the Week
It worked great. Now suppose that I want to add my great-grandmother to the list. She was born 1893 February 13. In the number system that we're using, that translates to -2511. That's a negative number, but the beauty of representing dates on a linear scale is that negative numbers aren't a problem. So what day of the week was my great-grandmother born on? Well, if we do the modulo operation in a computer language that uses the floor method like Ruby, Lua, Perl or Python, we get 2 which corresponds to Monday. However, what happens when we try that modulo operation in computer languages that use the truncate method like C, Java or PHP? Well, the dividend is negative and, in these programming languages, the result of the modulo operation has to have the same sign as the dividend, so we end up with… -5. Positive dividends can have positive results and negative dividends can have negative results. Since both positive and negative dividends are possible, the unfortunate consequence of this is that we need to program our code to handle negative and non-negative results.
With calendars, we consistently want to use the floor method, so how do we deal with the these problems?
One way is to use a computer language that has floor division right out of the box. Guido van Rossum, the creator of Python, once wrote a blog post about Python's use of the floor method instead of the truncate method. He made the right choice in my opinion.
Some computer languages provide give you options. For example, while Java's / and % operators use the truncate method, Java now has floorDiv and floorMod functions that you can use when you need the floor method. Both Haskell and Lisp have a rem function that uses the truncate method and a mod function that uses the floor method.
Sometimes, we don't have a choice in what programming language that we use. In those instances, one thing that can help is to rewrite code to avoid negative numbers. Obviously, that isn't always an option.
The method that I see most often in production code is to check if the result of the modulo operation is negative and, if it is, add the divisor to it. Here's a C function that does just that.
int Modulo(int X, int Y) {
int Result;
Result = X % Y;
if (Result < 0) {
Result += Y;
return Result;
This works all of the time… unless your divisor is negative.
If you're using computer languages that don't have integer division (like PHP and JavaScript), there's a more straightforward solution.
function Modulo(X, Y) {
return X - Y * Math.floor(X / Y);
The advantage with this method is that it works even when the divisor is negative.
Now that we have proper understanding of the nuances of integer division and modulo operations in programming languages, we can move on to applying these in converting calendar dates to linear dates. More on that to come.
Tags: Calendars, Mathematics, Software Development
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Calendrical Calculations, Part 1: Cyclical vs. Linear
— Arvada, Colorado UNITED STATES
By some accident of probability, I have exactly eight nieces and no nephews. The fact that they're all nieces isn't relevant to the story; it's just interesting. The fact that there are eight of them is relevant.
So, it's my job as the bachelor uncle to buy the cool toys for my nieces on their birthdays. Since there are eight of them, I'm going to need help remembering their birthdates. Yes, I know that they have calendars and apps for your phone that will tell you these sorts of things, but I want us to understand how those apps work.
First, I e-mail my sister in Mexico, Helena, and my sister-in-law across town, Susan, to get a list of all the birthdates in their families. I'm going to compile their responses into a table of some sort.
DanielMarch 4, 1986
LanceOctober 6, 1955
LucyApril 14, 1956
Yuck. The dates don't look the same. Helena lives in Mexico, so, as one would expect, she provided the dates with the day of the month first, the month next and the year last. Susan, on the other hand living in the United States, gave me the dates in the American format: the month, followed by the day of the month and then followed by the year. Helena used four-digit years while Susan gave me two-digit years. I myself entered in a few birthdates for family members that I already knew, but I spelled out the months. When I got the responses, I just threw them onto a table the same way that I got them. They need to be consistent.
Let's try putting them all in my format.
AmyOctober 15, 2010
AnaSeptember 23, 2007
AnastasiaMarch 30, 2013
CatherineSeptember 17, 2012
DanielMarch 4, 1986
ElisaMay 31, 2015
EmilyApril 2, 2014
HelenaOctober 3, 1982
JulianaMay 6, 2002
LanceOctober 6, 1955
LucyApril 14, 1956
NicholasJune 22, 1984
PatriciaMay 28, 2015
SamuelMay 22, 1981
SusanJanuary 22, 1985
Now, it's sorted alphabetically by name. Here's the thing: I need to know who's birthday is coming up next. If the list were in order by birthday, I may be able to figure this out better. Let's tell the computer to sort it that way.
LucyApril 14, 1956
EmilyApril 2, 2014
SusanJanuary 22, 1985
NicholasJune 22, 1984
AnastasiaMarch 30, 2013
DanielMarch 4, 1986
SamuelMay 22, 1981
PatriciaMay 28, 2015
ElisaMay 31, 2015
JulianaMay 6, 2002
AmyOctober 15, 2010
HelenaOctober 3, 1982
LanceOctober 6, 1955
CatherineSeptember 17, 2012
AnaSeptember 23, 2007
That didn't turn out the way that I expected it. It sorted it alphabetically by month. Also, it didn't even sort properly within the month. Look at the month of May: Samuel, Patricia and Elisa's birthdays seem to fall in order. However, Juliana's birthday is before any of theirs, but she's listed after. That's because ‘6’ comes after ‘2’ and ‘3’ when we sort alphabetically. We need to make these numbers somehow.
At my work, when we enter in dates into the computer system, we enter a two-digit month, a two-digit day of the month and then a two-digit year. For example, today, 2018 September 16 would be entered in as “091618”. Let's try entering the dates with this method and then sorting on that.
Yes, this really is how we enter the dates into the computer at work, and it's a bad way to do it. At least now, they're in the order that I want. Also, Catherine's having a birthday tomorrow! I need to get her a gift tonight! Before I can do that, I need to know how old she's going to be. Of course, I could just look at the number and deduce that she'll be six, but I need to get the computer to figure that out. Actually, what will be helpful would be to sort the list in such a way where the oldest people are on top and the youngest on the bottom. To do that, I need to change the date format again.
Okay, we have a four-digit year, two-digit month and two-digit day of the month. This is still a bad way to do it in my opinion. However, there are computer systems that use this method. MySQL uses a similar method for storing its dates. Why is this bad then?
Let's take a moment to talk about time in the platonic sense. Not only do we perceive time in cycles, we order our lives around these cycles as well. Think of how often you wake up, attend religious ceremonies, get paid, pay the rent or the mortgage, pay taxes, vote or watch the Olympics. All of these events occur in cycles. The day is probably the most fundamental of these cycles, but even the day is broken up into smaller cycles. An analogue clock is the absolute perfect way to represent this. The instant that the second hand reaches the top of the clock, a new cycle of sixty seconds begins, and the number of these cycles that have passed is represented by the minute hand (and, similarly, the hour hand). Since we perceive time in cycles, it is natural that we represent time that way in our speech and our writing.
However, it is exactly deplorable to do mathematical calculations when time is represented in cycles. (It's possible… but it's also exactly deplorable.)
When dates get represented as numbers, they need to act like numbers. For example, if I'm travelling on the highway and if I'm at mile marker 269 and if I know my destination is at mile marker 116, I can easily subtract the two numbers to know that my destination is 153 miles away. This makes sense because… that's… just how numbers work!
Suppose that I want to know how much older Patricia is than Elisa. Using the numbers on our table, we can subtract Elisa's birthday (20150531) from Patricia's birthday (20150528). Doing the math tells us that Patricia is three days older than Elisa. Perfect right?
No! Let's try that again, except, let's see how much older Lance is than Nicholas. By doing the same subtraction, we get 289,616 days—which is close to 793 years. I happen to know that Lance was twenty-eight when Nicholas was born. Why did the math work for Patricia and Elisa but not for Lance and Nicholas? It's because Patricia and Elisa were both born in the same month—May of 2015. Lance and Nicholas weren't. This system has gaps in it—literally. For instance, the difference between 20171231 and 20180101 is only one day. However, if we subtract the two numbers, we get 8,870 and not… one (you know, kind of like we should). Also, what about a date like 20171581? That's not even a date that ever existed, but what would a computer program even do if it was given that input?
We want the dates to work the same way that our mile markers worked. In order to get that to happen, we have to abandon notating our dates in cycles and put them on a linear scale like the mile markers. (I do have to point out that the mile-marker analogy breaks down as soon as we realize that the mile markers reset at the state line.)
This is the way that most software that calculates dates already works! If you're a spreadsheet person, try this: open up your spreadsheet software—Excel, LibreOffice or, if you don't have any of these, Google Sheets. Select a cell and type in today's date (or press Ctrl+;). Select another cell and type in your birthdate. Select now a third cell and create a cell to subtract your birthdate from today's date. Once you press enter, the result that you should see is the number of days old you are. Divide that by 365.2425, and you should get your age in years.
The reason this works is because each cell in a spreadsheet has a value and a format. The format that you see is the date represented in the cycles that we humans are used to (i.e., years, months, days). However, the value that's in the cell is a number. If you want to see this number, select a cell and then change the number format for the cell to ‘General’ or ‘Automatic’. (This process is different in different spreadsheet programs.) It goes the other way around. Type ‘37045’ into a cell. Now, change the number format of the cell to a date. You'll end up with 2001 June 3.
If we take that table of dates from above and put it in a spreadsheet, we'd end up with this data:
While that's what the spreadsheet will actually store in the background, we can give the spreadsheet instructions to format the data however we want. It will convert the dates from these linear formats into the cyclical representations that we humans deal with. How those conversions are done is a topic for another time, but these dates on a linear scale are an improvement. Remember how I said that mathematical calculations are exactly deplorable with cyclical representations? Well, now, mathematical calculations are elegant and straightforward. Need to know what date it will be a hundred days from now? Tell the spreadsheet to add the days and let it do the math for you!
Tags: Calendars, Mathematics, Software Development
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Alcohol by Volume vs. Alcohol by Weight
— Arvada, Colorado UNITED STATES
Let's talk about math. If math scares you, don't worry: we're really going to talk about beer.
Beer (or any alcoholic drink for that matter) is mostly just water with some ethyl alcohol thrown in for good measure and trace amounts of other stuff that provides the flavor. Typically, about 5% of a beer is alcohol, so a 12 floz serving of beer will have 0.6 floz of alcohol. Now, I said that a beer is typically 5% alcohol: beer does come in many different strengths. For example, last night, at the Wynkoop Brewing Company, I had a beer that was 8.2% alcohol, and, because the content was so high, the bar gave me a “short pour” which means that they gave me a brandy snifter's worth of beer.
One common strength of beer that is seen especially in the retail area is 3.2% beer. In Colorado, where I live, beer can only be sold in a grocery store if its strength is less than 3.2%. If you're fine with drinking 3.2% beer, you can pick up your watered-down, mass-marketed, American pale lager at the same time you buy your milk and eggs. If you prefer wine, whisky or beer that's stronger than 3.2%, you need to make a special trip to the liquor store.
So, if we do the simple math on this and divide 3.2 by 5, 3.2% beer has only 64% percent of the amount of alcohol that a normal 5% beer has. That math would be fine except that it's completely wrong.
For some legal or historical oddity that I think has to do with taxation laws (but I am not sure), when a beer advertises itself as 3.2%, what it means is 3.2% by weight as in 3.2% of the total weight of the liquid is alcohol. Just about every other time you look at an alcoholic beverage label, the alcohol content is listed by volume… and they are most definitely not the same. Well, they are the same, but only in exactly two instances: 0% alcohol by weight is 0% by volume, and 100% by weight is also 100% by volume. However, between those two extremes, the relationship is not linear.
Most calculators that I come across on the Internet, however, do assume that the relationship is linear with the common assumption that the alcohol by weight (ABW) is 80% of the alcohol by volume (ABV). This may be close enough for the range of alcohol that covers most beers, but “close enough” only counts in horseshoes and handgrenades. We can do better.
So, let's think: how is alcohol by volume (or ABV) defined? Well, it's a ratio of the volume of alcohol divided by the total volume. Now, the total volume of an alcoholic beverage is alcohol and water… and some other stuff that provides the taste, but for our purposes, let's just ignore that other stuff—alcohol, water and nothing else. When we put it together, we get something like this:
ABV = VolumeOfAlcohol VolumeOfAlcohol + VolumeOfWater
Okay, but we're dealing in weights—not volumes. Since a volume of something is equal to the weight of that something divided by its density, we can replace the volumes with weights, so let's consult Wikipedia (the most peer reviewed publication on the planet). If we look up the appropriate articles, we'd find that ethyl alcohol (the type used in alcoholic beverages) has a density of 0.78945 kilograms per liter at 20°C (68°F). At that same temperature, water has a density of 0.9982336 kilograms per liter. For this exercise, let's round it at 0.99823 kilograms per liter. If we replace the volumes in our equation, we end up with:
ABV = WeightOfAlcohol 0.78945 kg l WeightOfAlcohol 0.78945 kg l + WeightOfWater 0.99823 kg l
…and if we simplify that, do the dimensional analysis and eliminate the decimals, we get:
ABV = 99823 WeightOfAlcohol 99823 WeightOfAlcohol + 78945 WeightOfWater
Our units cancel out in the dimensional analysis, which, since the ABV is a ratio, makes sense. Now, remember when I said that we're dealing with weights? I lied. What we actually know is the alcohol by weight (ABW), and we know the ABW is the ratio of the weight of the alcohol to the total weight. This is very similar to the equation that we started with for the volumes:
ABW = WeightOfAlcohol WeightOfAlcohol + WeightOfWater
Well, we could try to solve this all as a system of equations. Let's solve our ABW equation for either the weight of the alcohol or the weight of the water. (It won't matter which one in the end, but let's pick weight of water.) When we go through the steps to solve for the weight of water, we get:
WeightOfWater = WeightOfAlcohol ( 1 ABW ) ABW
Let's plug that into tho ABV equation and simplify. If you've been following along on your TI-89 from high school, you should get:
ABV = 99823 ABW 20878 ABW + 78945
…and there's our formula. What's interesting is that when we plug in the weight of water from the ABW equation, the weight of the alcohol gets canceled out. If we would have plugged in the weight of alcohol instead, we get the same results.
If you need to convert the other way around (i.e., obtain the ABW from an ABV), you just need to solve the above formula for ABW:
ABW = 78945 ABV 20878 ABV 99823
So, when we put 3.2% into the equation for the ABW, we come within a rounding error of 4.0%. Remember how we did the math and we said that 3.2% beer is 64% as strong as regular beer? Well, it turns out that, since 3.2% beer should really be marketed as 4.0% beer, it's really 80% as strong as regular beer. Keep that in mind before you consider chugging down another 3.2% bottle after you've already had a few: it may be more potent that you think.
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Vitamins are the only substances in the body that are always readily available to us normally. However, in order for us to get all the vitamins and minerals we require we should consume a healthy and balanced diet plan as well as take in food that contains a high percentage of these nutrients. There are two sorts of vitamins: synthetic vitamins as well as non-synthetic vitamins. Artificial vitamins are created by guy, from the chemicals that nature produces.
A vitamin is an extremely essential micronutritional material that a microorganism calls for in very small quantities, for the correct performance of the cell metabolic process. All vitamins require to be originated from either foods or plants. Some vitamins, nevertheless, can not be synthesized by male, therefore should be obtained through the foods that they would otherwise be offered in sufficient amounts. Non-synthetic vitamins are the only ones that can be completely artificial, because guy has no methods of developing them. The best means to acquire the nutrients we require is to consume fresh vegetables and fruits, which supply us with the necessary nutrients we require in fantastic enough quantities to preserve our wellness. linked here
Along with water-soluble vitamins, we additionally require fat-soluble vitamins. These vitamins are soluble in both water and fat, making them an incredibly essential source of dietary nutrition. The water-soluble vitamins are considered to be the “fast developing” vitamins, while the fat-soluble vitamins are considered” slower creating” vitamins. Vitamins with a “fast type” consist of the following: vitamin A (not to be puzzled with retinol), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and also the fat-soluble vitamins such as riboflavin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and also cyanocobalamin. All of these vitamins function correctly when they are consumed in their suggested amounts daily.
There are many foods that are naturally fat-soluble as well as offer us with lots of minerals and vitamins. Fruits and vegetables have plenty of these nutrients. However, lots of foods are now being provided with the nutrients we need through man-made ways. As an example, sweet is currently being offered with some vitamins, so that we don’t have to eat fruits and vegetables to obtain them. In a lot of cases, the fat-soluble vitamins in fruits and vegetables are currently being damaged during processing. When this takes place, it is extremely difficult to restore these vitamins once we consume them in a food product.
Minerals and vitamins alone can not make up for the deficiencies of various other nutrients. In addition to getting the required vitamins and minerals from healthy and balanced foods, we additionally have to obtain them from supplements. Today, there are several foods that contain huge amounts of antioxidants. These anti-oxidants work really successfully to fight free radicals in our bodies. Vitamins and minerals can be flushed out of the body via natural processes; nonetheless, the antioxidants discovered in organic foods might not have the ability to get rid of these complimentary radicals.
The main trouble with vitamin shortages is that they do not generally reveal signs and symptoms till much behind most people realize. For instance, a person could establish fatigue syndrome for years without realizing that it might be a vitamin shortage. On the other hand, a person with chronic scurvy would possibly develop symptoms much earlier. It is just via screening and also observation that physicians can determine vitamin shortages in their individuals. over here
When it involves vitamins, the most effective method to obtain enough minerals and vitamins is by consuming a balanced diet of vegetables and fruits. In addition, some foods such as fish, almonds, spinach, broccoli, pinto beans, eggs, vegetables, seeds, soybeans, wheat items, rice bran, oatmeal, walnuts, fish oils, berries, and also eco-friendly tea are especially rich in minerals and vitamins. These foods are wonderful sources of the nutrients that our bodies require to operate generally.
Minerals and vitamins are very important to every person’s wellness. However, there are some micronutrients that our bodies definitely require to survive. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, as well as potassium are all important to our health and wellness. If you don’t get enough of these micronutrients, you will eventually get sick or weak. On the other hand, if you eat a diet rich in minerals and vitamins, you will certainly remain healthy and balanced as well as strong.
Vitamins are compounds that supply the body with the needed building blocks for healthy and balanced living. In the body, these vitamins are water soluble and are found in fat cells, muscle mass tissue, and the blood. The major vitamins in the body are vitamin c, vitamin d, vitamin e, vitamin k, potassium, carotenoids, and selenium. A vitamin is a naturally taking place natural molecule which is a crucial trace element that a microorganism calls for in tiny however sufficient amounts for the ideal performance of its metabolic system. Vitamins can not be manufactured in the body, both in quantity and also not in sufficient quantities, so need to be gotten using the diet plan.
The major nutrients are all water soluble as well as can be acquired from a variety of foods. The fat soluble minerals and vitamins are also existing in relatively small quantities in the majority of foods. Fats provide a wide range of vitamins including the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and also K to assist keep the body’s cells. Minerals and vitamins are essential for a healthy body immune system, excellent tooth wellness, as well as excellent vision.
There are 4 courses of vitamins. Both primary teams are thiamin, biotin, folate, and also riboflavin, with each having several extra ingredients such as tannins, selenium, and also manganese. Vitamin supplementation might be suggested as required for a variety of factors, consisting of a necessary fat deficiency, or following the administration of medicines that reduce the activity of some vitamins (for example, thiamine for individuals that have anemia). Details vitamins are recommended based on the Recommended Daily Allocation (RDA) of nutrients provided above. click to investigate
The nutrients discovered in certain foods are taken into consideration “important” or “probiotic,” while various other vitamins and minerals are considered “non-essential.” Foods that contain non-essential minerals and vitamins are usually prepared ahead of time and include ingredients to maintain them from ruining. This is not true for nutrients that remain in their natural state in fresh vegetables and fruits. All-natural prep work of these items are a lot more useful for their nutrients in contrast to refined foods that have been canned, protected, or pickled.
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The Global COVID-19 Response: Policy and Social Innovations
"We present four case studies—across developed and developing countries—that feature innovative ways governments and communities are helping their populations get through this crisis."
By Ben F. Belton and Stephanie K. Firestone
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In the winter of 2019, an epidemic emerging in China’s Hubei province became a global pandemic and—seemingly overnight—our world was turned upside down. In many countries, systems people rely on for their health and economic security began to break down, while technology quickly replaced physical interaction.
The impact on older adults, individuals with underlying risk factors, and poorer populations has been particularly devastating. And as countries sought to contain the virus’s spread through strict physical distancing measures, we saw record job losses and the worse global economic downturn since the Great Depression. According to the International Labour Organization, many countries and territories enacted social protection measures in response. Informal-sector workers (e.g., day laborers, street vendors)—including older workers—were hit especially hard.
This unprecedented crisis spurred governments and communities to innovate, out of necessity, to protect the health and safety of their populations.
Country Reponses
Drawing on lessons from the Ebola outbreak, the World Health Organization’s Dr. Michael J. Ryan encouraged swift action, stressing that “speed trumps perfection.” In many places, swift action is what transpired. We witnessed countries such as Costa Rica, Germany, Georgia, New Zealand, Vietnam, and others, take early action to manage the medical crisis. And we also saw a tremendous amount of social innovation. Below we present four case studies—across developed and developing countries—that feature innovative ways governments and communities are helping their populations get through this crisis.
Leo Varadkar, Ireland’s Taoiseach (the equivalent of a Prime Minister), mobilized quickly, with the country’s health department creating a national public health emergency team, and a society-wide response snowballed from there. Stepping up were private companies such as aircraft leasing company Avalon, which readied planes and recruited volunteer pilots to fly to China and bring back personal protective equipment. Civil society organizations engaged a massive volunteer base. And at the request of the health department, citizens kept a daily journal of every person they were with for longer than 15 minutes in order to help in the contact-tracing effort; indeed, this was viewed as a civic duty. The come-together spirit was modeled by the Taoiseach, who renewed his registration as a medical doctor so he could take on a weekly shift at a local hospital.
Local governments established community response teams, with participation from the police, mail delivery service, older people’s councils, and other entities. These teams created protocols for a coordinated response and facilitated the elevation of local issues requiring national action. For example, when local response teams reported some landlords evicting health care workers out of fear they would infect others, the legislature passed a law prohibiting this practice within two days.
The Age Friendly Ireland Network ensured priority attention to the impact on older people. An interactive mapping project created in collaboration with the health department, for example, has underpinned various community responses. The project, which was already underway prior to the pandemic, identifies clusters of older residents and maps local resources such as pharmacies, psycho-social supports, and transportation and recreation options. The coronavirus accelerated work on this project, which will also inform planning processes, such as where to build nursing homes and primary care centers. Catherine McGuigan, Chief Officer for Age Friendly Ireland, said, “I hope this community response has demonstrated what local governments can do to make it possible for older people to age in their homes and communities; if that’s all that comes out of this, I’d be happy.”
Pandemic Spurs the Return of a Centuries-Old Favor
In addition to its effective COVID-19-related efforts at home, Ireland recently returned a centuries-old favor to Indigenous tribes in the United States. Between 1845 and 1849, following their infamous “Trail of Tears” forced relocation, the Choctaw and other tribes donated $170.00 to the Irish people suffering through the Great Potato Famine, their empathy piqued by their own recent tragedy. Ireland saw the current pandemic as an opportunity to return the favor, so over 170 years later Ireland donated nearly $1.5 million to help Navajo and Hopi families currently affected by COVID-19.
On January 22, 2020, the Singapore government set up a Multi-Ministry Taskforce to coordinate a whole-of-government, nationwide effort to combat the virus quickly and effectively.1 The Taskforce implemented various measures to safeguard the health and wellbeing of seniors in Singapore. For instance, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Social and Family Development, and the Agency for Integrated Care worked with residential care homes on a range of safeguards, which included heightened infection control and prevention practices, access to a steady supply of Personal Protective Equipment for nursing home staff, safe distancing measures, split-zone arrangements and suspension of visitors. They also initiated testing for all 30,000 residents and staff and arranged for resident-facing staff to stay at designated accommodation facilities during the circuit breaker period.2
The government recognized community leadership as a key part of the response from the start. The government collaborated and partnered with local organizations to provide food, operate hotlines, and ensure that seniors were adequately supported during this difficult time. Older adults themselves were engaged as volunteers–to pack essentials such as masks for frontline transit workers, distribute hand sanitizers, and staff a new helpline targeting people who are socially isolated.3
The government also enacted and enforced safe distancing rules very early. On April 3rd, the Multi-Ministry Taskforce announced a “circuit breaker” period that ultimately lasted from April 7th to June 2nd, of social distancing that included the closure of most work premises and a requirement that schools shift to remote learning.4 Early on, gathering with anyone outside one’s household was prohibited—even inside one’s own home. This is particularly challenging in a place like Singapore, where parents often rely on grandparents for childcare, and the government ensured special arrangements for children of essential workers.
As has been the case across the globe, however, many older people found it difficult to socially isolate. The Housing Development Board collaborated with social service agencies in a targeted approach to engage elders and educate them on the importance of staying home during the circuit breaker.5 Quoted in the Straits Times, Kavin Seow, the senior director of TOUCH Community Service, explained, "The hardships they have endured in the past have further strengthened the elderly's resilience and determination to hold dear to what matters to them—their freedom and independence.”6
To make it easier for residents to comply with stringent social isolation measures, the InfoComm Media Development Authority (IMDA) launched a series of proactive Connectivity, Content and Accessibility7 initiatives. They worked with industry to provide computers and laptops where needed and strengthen network capacity. They worked with the media and other partners to create relevant content— from exercise classes to skills development—to ensure that all residents, particularly seniors and children from low-income households, could remain connected. A newly established SG Digital Office under IMDA launched Seniors Go Mobile, which was enabled by public-private partnerships with telecommunications companies that provided inexpensive smart phones and mobile plans to seniors,8 included learning content for older adults and Digital Ambassadors to reach out and help seniors feel confident communicating and transacting digitally.9
Ethiopia’s citizens benefited from early and decisive action from the government. To contain the pandemic, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declared a state of emergency and officials closed borders and schools, banned gatherings, and restricted inter-regional public transportation. Shortly after the first confirmed infections, officials freed thousands of prisoners to relieve overcrowding and sprayed disinfectant on the main streets of the capital city.
People entering the country were subject to a mandatory 14-day quarantine and physical distancing measures were enacted. As part of the state of emergency, the government banned certain employers from laying off workers and prohibited evictions and rent increases. And to support the public health response, retired and in-training medical professionals were called to serve. The government also unveiled a plan to fight the virus and its impact on several fronts, providing supports related to health care, emergency shelter, nutritional needs, agricultural production, as well as relief for vulnerable people.
As in many countries, in Ethiopia radio and television are lifelines for older people in times of crisis. HelpAge Ethiopia translated health information materials into Amharic, for distribution through mass media channels including national radio. A two-hour radio program also ran for over four weeks to educate older people on how to protect themselves and seek treatment. To combat hunger, a group of volunteers fed thousands of vulnerable people during Ramadan as mosques were reportedly closed and religious gatherings were restricted. This group plans to continue their actions as long the pandemic poses a threat.
Argentina took immediate action to slow the spread of the virus. The government made the early decision to fully close borders and implement a nation-wide quarantine. It passed a sweeping economic and social relief package, suspended evictions and rent hikes, and provided support for vulnerable groups and low-income workers. The Ministry of Health secured the cooperation of private health service providers to ensure adequate resources. The armed services is building triage centers in the event of a surge in infections.
Protecting older people seems to have been a priority from the very beginning of the country’s response. The government announced that workers over 60, with the exception of health care workers, are entitled to paid leave from their jobs, and an executive order was issued to protect retirees’ access to essential services such as gas, water, and electricity. Argentine President Alberto Fernández announced specific hours for older people to visit banks and medical centers, while grocery stores opened earlier for people over the age of 65. Banks also adjusted rules regarding access to retiree pensions.
As is the case around the world, citizens themselves are taking meaningful and brave actions. A group of mothers in one of Buenos Aires’s poorest barrios held workshops at tables near the barrio’s busiest roads to raise awareness about the pandemic. They also walked all 24 blocks of the barrio to hand out bars of soap, which they cut into quarters so they would have enough for everyone. This personal contact enabled them to convey health advice and further educate their neighbors.
The coronavirus may take a heavier toll in still-developing countries, often characterized by fragile and overburdened health delivery systems and limited social protection schemes. Meanwhile many countries around the world are reopening and establishing a “new normal.” As we head into the next phase of the pandemic, now is the time to closely examine responses from countries and communities around the globe, to capture lessons, and to prepare for the possibility of a COVID-19 resurgence. AARP International has launched a digital platform to showcase innovative global responses to COVID-19. Please share any blogs, issue briefs, and insights that we can highlight at
5 The Housing Board collaborated with social service agencies in a targeted approach to engage elders and persuade them to return home.
6 The Housing Board collaborat¬ed with social service agencies in a targeted approach to engage elders and persuade them to return home.
Suggested Citation
Belton, Ben and Firestone, Stephanie, 2020. "The Global COVID-19 Response: Policy and Social Innovations." AARP International: The Journal, vol. 13: 20-23.
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Dendritic Cells - the Unsung Heroes of the Immune System
Updated: Apr 2
2020's Star Body System
We’ve been hearing a lot of talk about the immune system in the past year or so. In fact, I think it’s safe to say that no other body system has received as much media attention, possibly ever. One could argue that “cytokines” was one of the top words of 2020, rising from relative obscurity to become a household world. A layperson with some general scientific knowledge
might be able to identify white blood cells as key players in the immune system, and someone who’s a good trivia team member might be able to recognize specifically that T cells are often responsible for eliminating some of the body’s most dangerous invaders. But how do T cells know which pathogens to target?
The Hidden Life of Cells
Before I talk more about the workings of the immune system, I’d like to expand a bit on what I wrote in my previous blog post. I listed a few things that cells do which make them similar to living organisms such as humans, but that list was by no means exhaustive.
One thing we do that cells also do is communicate with each other. Cytokines for example a type of chemical messenger that allow cells to influence other cells over relatively long distances; there are also hormones, neurotransmitters, and many others.
But perhaps more interestingly, cells can communicate by directly handing material to other cells. Sounds strange? Am I saying that cells have little arms they use to hold things and which can extend out to the receiving arms of another cell? Well, kind of…
Professional Cells
In a human civilization, there are a variety of important jobs that we need people to do. There are also professions among the trillions of cells that form a human body. Which brings me to the main subject of this post, dendritic cells — critical but under-appreciated cells often described as “professional antigen-presenters.”
To give some perspective on how little attention these cells typically receive, the textbook I used to teach anatomy devotes exactly two sentences to dendritic cells in its 700+ pages. As we’ll soon see, this is unfortunate as these cells exhibit several fascinating behaviors, but aside from being really interesting (and looking cool), they also play a major role in keeping us healthy.
Dendritic Cells
You don’t need to look too deeply to find dendritic cells. In fact one place where they’re commonly found is just below the surface of the skin in the lower layers of the epidermis. The epidermis serves to keep invaders out of the body and is often the site where immune responses are initiated. The cells of the epidermis are tightly packed together to provide protection and waterproofing, but dendritic cells are able to crawl their way through these cells by squeezing and propelling their skeletons forward (yes, cells have skeletons too).
Wherever they’re found, the principal action of dendritic cells begins with sampling the body’s environment for the presence of antigens – invaders that result in the production of immune antibodies. They do so through a variety of processes including phagocytosis and pinocytosis which literally mean “cell eating” and “cell drinking”. Pinocytosis involves taking little sips of the fluid which surrounds cells, and a cell does this by extending its membrane around some of this fluid and bringing it into the cell. If you haven’t seen a video of pinocytosis you’re definitely missing out — here’s a link with some incredible footage of this process.
Arming the Body's Defensive Weapons
In another example of how the life of a cell mirrors that of an organism, dendritic cells go through a maturation process which begins when they stop sampling for antigens and begin to migrate towards sites in the body designated for carrying out immune response, lymph nodes and the spleen. When dendritic cells enter these sites, cells which carry out attacks against invaders such as T cells are also considered to be immature or naive, meaning that they don’t have instructions regarding which pathogens to attack. That all changes during the fascinating process of antigen presentation.
The dendritic cells have carried little fragments of pathogens into the immune tissues and these fragments are held on protein arms which extend out from the surface of the cells. Dendritic cells then encounter immune cells where a series of what we can think of as handshakes takes place. The naïve immune cell receives the pathogen fragment and other reactions take place which facilitate this exchange.
During this exchange, the dendritic cell tells the immune cell what it needs to know to carry out the immune response – what type of invader the fragment came from and where in the body it can be found. Armed with this knowledge, the activated immune cell can now travel to the site of the infection and begin attacking the invader. One dendritic cell can activate thousands of immune cells in this manner thus allowing the immune system to mount devastating attacks against the invaders that cause sickness.
New Directions for Dendritic Cells
It makes sense that medical practitioners want to harness and amplify the ability of dendritic cells to activate immune cells, and for this reason treatments involving dendritic cells can be used in cancer therapy. One technique involves harvesting dendritic cells from a patient and growing them in laboratory conditions in such a way that trains them to recruit other immune cells to fight tumors. Clinical trials are underway to use this technique in the fight against several types of cancer, and dendritic cell therapy can be used on its own or in combination with other approaches like chemotherapy.
Final Thoughts
While the medical establishment recognizes the potential for dendritic cells to make an important positive impact on our health, these cells have yet to receive general recognition for their important contributions and for their role in allowing the better known immune cells to carry out their functions. Dendritic cells give us insight into some of the ways in which the life cycle of cells is similar to that of an organism and also show some of the amazing things cells are able to do. As we continue to direct our attention to the immune system, perhaps these crucial but under-appreciated cells can gain the recognition they deserve in anatomy textbooks and beyond.
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Seniors and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urinary tract infections, known by the abbreviation UTI, are not just a nuisance; they can also be very dangerous to your health. A urinary tract infection is caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, that enters through the urethra of the sufferer or when the bladder does not empty completely and the bacteria multiply in the bladder or kidneys. If left untreated for a long period of time, a urinary tract infection will become something much more serious than merely a series of unpleasant symptoms. UTIs can lead to chronic kidney infections, which could possibly permanently damage the kidneys and maybe even lead to kidney failure. They are also a leading cause of sepsis, a life-threatening infection of the bloodstream.
Seniors are more likely to get UTIs than any other age group. Elderly people are more susceptible to UTIs for many reasons. One of the reasons is their overall vulnerability to any infections due to a suppressed immune system that occurs with age and a multitude of different age-related conditions. Young people tend to empty their bladder completely when urinating, which keeps bacteria from building up within the bladder. However, elderly women and men experience a weakening of the bladder muscle, which leads to urine being retained in the bladder, poor bladder emptying and incontinence, which leads to UTIs.
Typical symptoms of UTIs can include urine that appears cloudy or bloody, strong urine smell, frequent urination, pain with urinating, pressure in the lower pelvis, fever, and night sweats. Seniors with a serious urinary tract infection do not exhibit the trademark sign of fever because their immune system is unable to show a response due to low resistance to illnesses. In fact, seniors often do not exhibit any of the usual symptoms – or do not convey them to their family. UTIs in the elderly are frequently mistaken as early stages of dementia or Alzheimer’s. Symptoms can consist of agitation, confusion or a delirium-like state, hallucinations, dizziness, and falling. Occasionally, there are only a few symptoms of a UTI that appear in the elderly — no fever, no pain, or no other characteristic symptoms of a UTI.
Can the sudden confusion caused by a UTI be permanent? The answer to that depends on how quickly the cause can be determined. Primary caregivers of the elderly should be especially watchful for changes in the elder’s mental status, and they should contact the senior’s doctor if they observe/notice any acute confusion or abrupt worsening of existing confusion. Ruling out a UTI and other infections would be a suitable early step if an elder suddenly has become confused, or their mental state has deteriorated. Other causes of unexpected confusion and contributing factors, like dementia, should also be ruled out. Fast treatment of a characteristic UTI may prevent more serious symptoms, such as hallucinations, and other complications. It will certainly result in the seniors return to their normal mental status.
Several diseases and complications make seniors more susceptible to UTIs. Diabetes, urinary retention, use of a catheter, Bowel incontinence, an enlarged prostate in men, Immobility, and kidney stones put the elderly at a higher risk for these dangerous infections.
Preventative measures should definitely be taken to avoid a UTI. It is the best and safest approach when it comes to these infections. There are quite a few simple techniques that can help elderly patients put a stop to recurring urinary tract infections or would prevent them from developing a first time infection.
• Provide seniors with plenty of fluids – equal to that of six to eight 8-ounce glasses – every day to cleanse their urinary system and flush out the bacteria that tends to build up.
• Make sure they are getting the proper amount of vitamin C in their diet, either through food or supplements. Ascorbic acid or vitamin C makes urine acidic, which depresses the growth of bacteria.
• Ensure that they use the bathroom every two to three hours. Keeping urine in your bladder for a long period of time gives bacteria a place to multiply.
• Avoid using douches and scented feminine hygiene sprays. They will irritate the urethra.
• For women, wipe from front to back after going to the bathroom.
• If the senior wears briefs, change them frequently.
• Set reminders for those who are mentally-impaired to try to use the bathroom instead of using adult briefs for long periods.
If you have a busy life along with trying to care for your aging family member urinary tract infections can be difficult to prevent and control. We at Carefect Homecare Services are able to help by providing efficient care. Qualified caregivers will help prevent UTIs and, if one occurs, remind the senior to take their medicine correctly and on time.
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Sunscreen and Skin Cancer
What Doctors Don't Tell You E-News have just published some controversial research on sunscreens and skin cancer. As many of us prepare for holidays in the sun, or wait for some warmer weather to arrive in the UK, we want to be sure that we are protecting skin as safely as possible. Sunscreens that contain zinc oxide are generally termed 'mineral' as opposed to 'chemical'. The main difference is that a chemical sunscreen contains UV filtering ingredients that are absorbed by the skin, whereas a mineral sunscreen contains inert UV protective ingredients, such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, which sit on top of it. Mineral sunscreens therefore provide a barrier to the sun, which those with sensitive skin may find less irritating. However, it is the use of zinc oxide that is the topic of this review:
(Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2012; publication date to be decided).
Some companies state that it is the size of the zinc oxide particle that is significant, a larger particle being safer to use. However, for the time being it would seem a good idea to use as natural a sunscreen as possible, that does not use zinc oxide. The Green People sell a natural-based sunscreen, without zinc oxide, in a variety of sizes, including handbag and trial size and also one suitable for children. I haven't yet used this but the reviews sound encouraging.
The always-changing information that we hear regarding sun and skin cancer needs to be balanced with the fact that we need some exposure to sunshine to encourage the manufacture of vitamin D in our bodies, so it seems to me that we need to learn a new kind of responsibility in the sun, which may include wearing hats and lightweight clothes when we have extended periods in the sun.
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Myanmar on the Move: From the Fringe to Centre?
Getting Back on the Map
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is going through an epochal phase in its history. The land of the Golden Pagoda is on the move as it undergoes political and economic reforms following the formation of a semi-civilian government in 2011. From being a ‘pariah state’ on the fringe under the rule of a military junta, Myanmar is now a fledgling democracy tackling the challenges of economic development and nation building as it looks to forge a new position for itself in the international community as a centre of growth and prosperity for its people and partners.
(Featured Image: Myanmar Tourism Federation)
The second largest country in Southeast Asia by land area, Myanmar sits in a strategic location between regional giants China and India to its north and west respectively, and the rest of Southeast Asia to the east. The opening of Myanmar’s economy presents opportunities arising from its low economic base, wealth of natural resources, and potentially large market for consumption. Populated by 56 million people from more than 100 ethnic groups, Myanmar is a diverse and young population with a median age of 28.6.
Singapore and Myanmar enjoy good bilateral relations, having marked 50 years of diplomatic relations in 2016, and have long-running experience working together in multilateral fora such as ASEAN. Singapore was Myanmar’s third largest trading partner in 2015 with bilateral trade coming in at SGD$3.5 billion, a 9.6% increase from the previous year, indicative of the many economic opportunities Myanmar offers for Singaporean investors.
(Photo: Mary Scully Report)
A Brief History Lesson
Among the region’s most developed countries under British colonial rule till 1948, Myanmar’s progress was derailed under the rule of an oppressive military junta from 1962 to 2011. The junta which ran the country suppressed almost all dissent – best symbolised by the house arrest of democracy icon and now State Councillor Aung San Suu Kyi (ASSK) – and was accused of grave human rights abuses which led to international condemnation and sanctions. Beset by poor policymaking under an ill-conceived blueprint of ‘The Burmese Way to Socialism’, Myanmar’s internationally isolated economy was riddled with massive debt and its people lived in widespread poverty.
The numbers do not lie. According to the McKinsey Global Institute, between 1900 and 1990, the global economy achieved average GDP growth of 3% a year, but Myanmar’s growth was much lower at only 1.6% annually. In the same period, while global GDP per capita quadrupled, Myanmar’s was nearly stagnant.
The junta’s political repression also derailed Myanmar’s path to democracy. In multiparty legislative elections held in 1990, the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) won by a landslide only to see the junta ignore the result and place NLD leader ASSK under house arrest in various spells from 1989 to 2010.
(Photo: Wikipedia)
A New Hope Part 1: Gradual Political Reform
With the military junta under increasing domestic and international pressure for human rights abuses and economic mismanagement, a long process of reforms began as the junta handed over power to a nominally civilian government led by the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) in controversial elections in 2010. Opposition parties including the NLD rejected the election as a sham due to its tightly-controlled nature. Nevertheless, former general Thein Sein was appointed president and spearheaded reforms including repairing diplomatic relations with the US, beginning peace talks with armed rebel groups, and loosening oppressive media laws. International pressure started to ease as the US eased sanctions and European Union suspended most sanctions on Myanmar in 2012. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) resumed loans to Myanmar in 2013 for the first time in 30 years to help social and economic development.
There was greater progress in a landmark 2015 election that was widely accepted as free and fair which saw the NLD sweep to victory and form the current government of Myanmar. To be sure, Myanmar is not a fully-elected and civilian democracy as the military-drafted constitution guarantees that unelected military representatives occupy 25% of seats in the Hluttaw (legislature) and have a veto over constitutional change. The military retains important powers in key ministries such as defence, home affairs and border affairs in what it calls a “disciplined democracy”.
A New Hope Part 2: Economic Reform and Growth Potential
More than five decades after being in the wilderness, Myanmar’s economy is in transition from a closed command economy to an open one based on free market principles. Since the end of military rule, GDP has grown from 5.6% in 2011 to 8.4% in 2014, with estimates of 8.3% growth in 2017.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a key role in economic development, which Myanmar is seeing a lot more of in recent years. Based on International Monetary Fund (IMF) annual data, FDI in Myanmar was only US$40 billion between 1989 and 2012, an average of $1.67 billion a year, with the bulk of it coming from neighbouring China. In stark contrast, the reform period has seen a significant rise in investments – 2014/15 FDI of $8.1 billion was a staggering 25 times the $329 million received in 2009/10, the year before military rule ended. Continuing the uptrend, FDI in 2015/16 was $9.4 billion with oil and gas, transport, communications, and manufacturing the biggest beneficiaries.
(Photo: Myanmar Business Today)
In recognition of Myanmar’s potential, Singapore has been among the top foreign investors in the country – in 2015/16, Singapore was Myanmar’s largest foreign investor to the tune of $4.3 billion followed by China which is Naypyidaw’s biggest trading partner and invested $3.3 billion. Despite strong interest in one of Asia’s last remaining untapped markets, investors remain cautious. Myanmar has yet to hit its FDI target for 2016/17 amidst global economic uncertainties and a wait for clearer policy directions from the NLD government in areas such as the new Myanmar Investment Law of 2016 that is supposed to make investing easier.
Economic liberalisation has seen an ambitious agenda of reform in the fiscal, monetary, banking, currency, and international trade and finance domains. For instance, Myanmar’s currency, the kyat, was placed on a managed floating system in 2012 to eliminate informal currency rates in the black market in favour of a unified exchange rate regime. Banking sector reforms since 2014 have led to 13 foreign banks being granted operating licences in Myanmar, which also houses four state-owned and 24 private local banks.
A McKinsey Global Institute report identified agriculture, manufacturing, energy and mining, and infrastructure as major potential drivers of growth as they account for 85% of total economic opportunity. Reinforcing this positive outlook is Myanmar’s increasing openness to the global economy as measured by its ratio of total trade to GDP which notably improved from 37% to 47% between 2012 and 2015.
Singapore companies are well-poised to take advantage of opportunities in Myanmar given the familiarity between both countries on governmental and people-to-people levels; there is a sizeable Myanmar diaspora in Singapore and even a ‘Little Myanmar’. The Singapore government encourages local companies to offer their management and technological expertise in partnership with Myanmar’s companies that can help navigate local regulations and culture. Well-known Singaporean firms already in Myanmar include property firm Keppel Land, banks UOB and OCBC, and food and beverage players Pastamania and Ya Kun Kaya Toast.
(Photo: Thừa Thiên HuếOnline)
Staying on Track: Challenges Along the Way
As the Myanmar government and international community work to realise its economic potential, the road ahead poses several challenges in the areas of political balance of power, ethnic relations and administrative effectiveness.
Although the NLD government led by ASSK is civilian, the military has drafted the constitution to retain substantial powers for itself in key ministries and the legislature. While striking a political balance between both power bases is a complex and delicate matter, it is imperative that the ruling party and military maintain a cooperative relationship and calmly resolve any differences for the larger national interest.
Myanmar is an ethnically and religiously diverse nation that has had to deal with armed rebellions from various ethnic and ideological groups since independence. The government’s efforts to broker peace agreements with more than 20 of these armed groups, based mainly in frontier states such as Kachin and Shan, will be vital for the peace and stability that national development needs. The plight of the persecuted Muslim Rohingya people in Rakhine state in the country’s west near Bangladesh, the subject of much international scrutiny, is another delicate challenge that will test the government and military.
According to companies and investors, uncertainties about the rule of law are one of the most important barriers to doing business in Myanmar. An international index on perceptions of the rule of law in Myanmar before reforms began ranked it a lowly 172nd out of 176 countries. The government has its work cut out in convincing companies that the law is stable, clear and consistently enforced. An Anti-Corruption Law was passed in 2013 to address issues such as bribery and abuse of power, although implementation of the law is a work in progress.
(Photo: FocusCore)
Implementation of laws and policies requires institutions and human resources with the capabilities and capacities to carry out a complex reform agenda. The NLD government faces an uphill task in reinvigorating and strengthening Myanmar’s key institutions and talent pool which for decades had been deprived of capacity-building and innovation. To address this challenge, the NLD government needs to build on Initiatives such as the Singapore-Myanmar Technical Cooperation Programme that provides Singapore-style training for Myanmar officials in economic development, human resources and public administration.
The current state of Myanmar’s infrastructure is insufficient to support the higher growth rate and future demand driven by its growing industries and urbanising population. Between 2010 and 2030, analysis suggests that Myanmar will need to invest a massive $320 billion in infrastructure if its economy is to achieve 8% growth a year.
By 2030, Myanmar’s economy could be more than four times its current size with a GDP of over $200 billion. But realising such possibilities depends on effective progress being made in the long journey of political and economic reform the country’s major stakeholders – government, military, ethnic groups, citizens, and others – have to make together with the support of the international community.
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CORONAVIRUS | What Happens When you Catch COVID-19 Virus?
This is respiratory disease sars cove 2 it belongs to the family of coronavirus named for the Crown like spikes on their surface. SARS Cove two can cause COVID-19 (corona virus) a...
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Clifford Vanbuskirk/ The coastguard
There’s no shortage of stories of bizarre lobsters that have turned up in traps across the world. We’ve seen blue ones, yellow ones, “two toned” ones, and even calico (spotted yellow and black) ones. But this one, caught recently in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia, really tops the chart for freaky-looking crustaceans.
As you can see, the lobster has a double claw on one side that looks scarily like something out of the Alien movie. Repetition of body parts is not uncommon in segmented animals, which are animals that are constructed of a linear series of repeating parts, such as all arthropods. Each part, or segment, has a set of regulatory genes which determine which appendages grow on that part. Abnormalities, such as an extra claw, occur when there is a signaling error from the regulatory genes.
[Via The Coastguard]
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Easter Eggs: History, Symbolism, and Holiday Tradition
How Eggs Became Part of the Easter Tradition
Colorful easter eggs
Linda Raymond / Getty Images
Easter is a religious holiday celebrating Christ's rising, but some of the Easter customs, such as the Easter egg, are most likely derived from pagan traditions. While for Christians the egg is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ representing his emergence from the tomb, the egg has been a symbol since before Christians even began celebrating Jesus' resurrection.
The Egg as a Symbol in History
The Egg as a Symbol of Easter
Another reason eggs became a symbol of Easter is that early on, Christians abstained from not only eating meat but also eliminated eggs during the Lenten season prior to Easter. Therefore, Easter was the first chance to enjoy eggs and meat after the long abstinence.
It is interesting to note, however, that eggs play almost no part in the Easter celebrations of Mexico, South America, and Native American Indian cultures.
The Tradition of Decorating Eggs
Decorating small bare tree branches to be "Easter egg trees" has become a popular custom in the United States since the 1990s.
The Egg Used in Games
We are all familiar with the quintessential Easter egg hunt, but other countries have different traditions using the Easter egg. Some European children go from house to house begging for Easter eggs, much like Halloween trick-or-treaters. Called pace-egging, it comes from the old word for Easter, Pasch.
Another game is the Easter egg roll, which the White House holds every year. The egg rolling is a symbolic re-enactment of the rolling away of the stone from Christ's tomb. Different countries have their own rules of the game--on the White House lawn, for example, children push their eggs with a wooden spoon, whereas in Germany children roll their eggs down a track made of sticks.
Other Easter Symbols
Besides eggs, Easter is filled with images of bunnies, baby chicks, and lily flowers because they are all symbols of rebirth. The Easter Bunny, for example, arose originally as a symbol of fertility, due to the rapid reproduction habits of the hare and rabbit. It is also part of German Lutheran folklore where the "Easter Hare" judged children's behavior at the beginning of the Eastertide season.
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Your Citation
Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. "Easter Eggs: History, Symbolism, and Holiday Tradition." Learn Religions, Aug. 2, 2021, learnreligions.com/easter-egg-history-1807594. Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. (2021, August 2). Easter Eggs: History, Symbolism, and Holiday Tradition. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/easter-egg-history-1807594 Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. "Easter Eggs: History, Symbolism, and Holiday Tradition." Learn Religions. https://www.learnreligions.com/easter-egg-history-1807594 (accessed October 28, 2021).
Watch Now: Dyeing Easter Eggs Without a Kit
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When chimps outsmart humans
Life 7 June 2006
The idea of chimps outperforming humans in mental skills is extraordinary. Can you give us some examples?
One powerful example is short-term memory. Imagine a chimp that has already been trained to count to nine looking at a computer screen on which the first nine numerals flash up briefly before they turn into identical white squares. The task is to press the squares in ascending order of the numbers they have replaced. All our adult chimps do this as well as humans, or slightly better, and the performance of their infants exceeds theirs. The same superiority of infant over adult …
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The Rise and Fall of Baby Boomers
The stock of my generation has fallen precipitously.
Key points
• The reputation and status of baby boomers have recently fallen.
• Baby boomers are being held responsible for causing many of the world's problems.
• But baby boomers are not the bad generation many believe them to be.
Teona Swift/Pexels
Source: Teona Swift/Pexels
Once upon a time, not that long ago, in fact, baby boomers were considered the kings of the cultural hill. Their record spoke for itself. After an adventurous youth, boomers had settled down nicely, leading the nation to become possibly the richest and most powerful civilization in history. By the turn of the century and millennium, the boomer generation was at the top of its game, deservedly recognized as the principal players in economic, social, and political circles.
But then something happened. In America, youth always wins the day, and the offspring of baby boomers—millennials—began to steal much of their parents’ thunder. Millennials usurped boomers as the largest generation in history, and the former’s sheer numbers carried much social currency. Running parallel with this demographic changing of the guard was the meteoric ascent of digital technology. Just as boomers were in the right place at the right time when the economic boom of the 1980s kicked in, so were millennials ideally positioned when the online universe changed life as we know it.
The decreasing popularity of baby boomers
Now, with baby boomers in their third act of life (they currently range in age from 57 to 75), the generation’s perceived worth has taken a major tumble. Blamed for having caused most of the world’s problems and considered generally clueless regarding contemporary thought and goings-on, boomers have become nothing less than the laughingstock of the United States and much of the world. Even the term “boomer,” which was once admired (much like “American”), is deemed toxic, making it somewhat embarrassing to be a member of the generation.
The irony in baby boomers’ recent devaluation is that we are better people than we were when we were younger. Research shows that age and experience bring humanistic values such as patience, empathy, and wisdom, and our march up Maslow’s hierarchy towards self-actualization makes us more valuable members of society than when we were in our physical prime. This makes the current downgrading and demotion of boomers all the more unfortunate.
Why the poor reputation of baby boomers may be undeserved
I have long defended baby boomers’ reputation, pointing out that we did not sabotage the future for younger generations, arguing that our own large numbers and collective wealth have made us a convenient target for the sorry state of the world. Everything from the skyrocketing cost of health care to global warming is our fault, Gen Xers and millennials have told me, and now we are being held responsible for the inability of a 30-something to buy a house. (It turns out most of us want to stay in our homes rather than move to a condo in Del Boca Vista.)
I have also pointed out the many achievements of baby boomers over the past three-quarters of a century. Growing up in the forward-looking postwar years, boomers were cast as a kind of chosen people, expected to accomplish great things in life. I think we did just that. The Greatest Generation may have survived the Great Depression and won World War II, but we led a countercultural revolution grounded in the noble ideals of peace and justice, made the country a much more equal society in terms of race and gender, and are now giving away trillions of dollars to causes in which we believe (including our children and grandchildren).
As well, I am quick to concede that, like any generation, baby boomers have much not to be proud of. After our rather brief movement to change the world for the better, many of us jumped on the career merry-go-round with haste, prioritizing the acquisition of money and the (mostly needless) things it can buy. We not just created but perfected the concept of conspicuous consumption, not realizing or caring that it is an unsustainable proposition and ultimately an unsatisfying pursuit. Today I’m deeply disappointed that my fellow boomers have not taken on the challenge of ageism in any real way. It’s a golden age of activism, and most 50-, 60-, and 70-somethings are sitting on the sidelines rather than trying to defeat what has been called “the last openly tolerated form of discrimination.”
Still, I’m proud of being an American baby boomer, and I’ll continue to be a voice of the generation. There are still 70 million of us out there (the 10 or so million who have died have been mostly replaced by immigrants who fall into the cohort), and the actuaries say that the majority of us are going to be around for the next two or three decades.
My hope is that over time, younger adults begin to view the generation born in the post-World War II years in a broad historical context and, by doing so, not hate us so much for doing the things we did. Boomers had their own “generation gap,” some might recall, and I think it’s fair to say that we eventually came to understand and even appreciate the choices our parents made in their own time.
Samuel, Lawrence R. (2017). Boomers 3.0: Marketing to Baby Boomers in Their Third Act of Life. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
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Built in:
Original use:
Landing strip for pilots/small aircraft
Small aircraft landing strip
Talkeetna Village Airstrip
This grass/gravel airstrip was built in 1938. Numerous airstrips in Alaska were built at that time as air travel became easier and a more popular way of transportation around the territory. However, in 1939, construction started on the Talkeetna Airfield (now the State Talkeetna Airport) and the small airstrip took a back seat. In the beginning, it was used by pilots like Christian ‘Chris’ Haakonson, “the flying Dane”. It became the strip that pilot Don Sheldon flew climbers to and from Denali and the Alaska Range as well as taking care of miners and their remote camps. Cliff Hudson would also use this airstrip for the same purpose.
By the late 70s, pilots were using the Talkeetna Airport for flights and the airstrip would become a popular place for local pilots with small aircraft. In 2002, the airstrip was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic airfield. Today, it is managed by the Talkeetna Airman’s Association.
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US Has Always Averted Debt Ceiling Brink, So Far
That’s how many times in modern history the U.S. government has defaulted on its debt, despite frequent political standoffs over the government’s self-imposed borrowing limit.
Whether or not to raise that limit, the so-called debt ceiling, is the current flashpoint in Washington’s perennial budget battles. The limit—the amount of money the government can borrow to pay for spending it’s already committed to—was reached back on Aug. 1. Since then, the Treasury Department has been using various emergency financial maneuvers to continue to pay bills while buying time for Congress to once again suspend or raise the debt limit. The department will run out of wiggle room by around Oct. 18, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said in a letter to Congress last week, raising the specter of the U.S. government defaulting on its debts.
While politicians have frequently used the debt ceiling as a bargaining chip over the years, a default would send the economy into uncharted financial territory, as the U.S. hasn’t failed to pay its debts in any meaningful way since the early 1800s, according to a report by the Congressional Research Service. One notable showdown over the debt limit in 2011 led credit agencies to downgrade the U.S. credit rating, and another in 2013 caused a brief spike in interest rates, but on neither occasion did the U.S. actually go over the brink and default on its debt.
If that did happen, Social Security and Medicare payments, military wages, and other crucial activities could all be disrupted.
“A default would be a catastrophic blow to the nascent economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic,” economists at Moody’s Analytics said in a Sept. 21 report on the issue.
The two political parties remained at an impasse Tuesday. Senate Democrats plan to call a vote to suspend the debt ceiling this week, but Sen. Mitch McConnell, the Republican minority leader, said Monday he opposes that, and his party has enough votes to stop the measure with a filibuster. McConnell said the Democrats should use the budget reconciliation process to raise the debt limit without any Republican votes, but Sen. Chuck Schumer, the Democratic majority leader, said last week that process was too convoluted and a “non-starter.”
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biodiesel blends
Many of the large vehicles, like trucks, tractors, and buses run on diesel fuel. However, we all know that diesel isn’t renewable and contributes to the greenhouse effect. Biodiesel, on the other hand, is renewable and is made from fats of animals, grease, or oils from vegetables.
Comparing biodiesel and regular diesel from petroleum, biodiesel produces much less pollution than the other. The good news is that vehicles that run on diesel can also run on biodiesel. This is because the chemical characteristics of biodiesel are very similar to that of the diesel from petroleum.
Biodiesel can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel but or it can also be used to blend with petroleum diesel. This helps make the fuel greener while not affecting the fuel economy of the vehicle.
Biodiesel Blends
Vehicles that have a diesel engine will work well with biodiesel blends that contain 5% of biodiesel (B5). Those that have 20% biodiesel mixed with 80% petroleum diesel are known as B20. These are used by some government and federal fleets. School buses, garbage trucks, military vehicles, snowplows, mail trucks as well as snowplows also used the B20 biodiesel blend or even higher biodiesel blends. Biodiesel blends are available to the public and almost every state has them.
Many of those in the trucking industry prefer to use biodiesels at low-levels, usually the B2 and B5 blends. This is because biodiesel also has lubricating capabilities. This helps improve the engine performance of the trucks.
Pure biodiesel or B100 is also available but biodiesel blends are preferred because pure biodiesel is a solvent. It can potentially harm the rubber components of older vehicle models. Creating biodiesel blends prevents this from happening.
Increasing Use Of Biodiesel
In previous decades, it has been observed that there has been an increase in the use of biodiesel. This may be due to the positive effects of the biodiesel to the environment plus the different incentives offered by the government for consuming biodiesel.
The increase in the consumption of biodiesel is not only observed in the United States. An increase is also evident in the worldwide consumption. Many other countries also have incentives to encourage the use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends.
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What Are Therapeutic Methods?
Sandra Koehler
Sandra Koehler
Massage therapy is often used to promote relaxation and healing.
Massage therapy is often used to promote relaxation and healing.
When an illness or injury interferes with the body’s ability to maintain its overall internal balance, a condition referred to as homeostasis, it may require outside aid. Therapeutic methods are the specialized techniques and procedures used to return normal functioning to the body. These types of therapeutic treatments can range from medical interventions such as surgeries or medications, to therapy venues like physical therapy, massage or bodywork, and psychological counseling or techniques.
The choice of therapeutic methods is determined through the medical problem and its effect on the body. An ankle sprain, for example, is treated in the acute stage by rest, ice, compression and elevation of the injured body part. Once the body begins the healing process, physical therapy modalities such as ultrasound or electric stimulation can ease pain issues whereas a stretching and exercise program can improve range of motion and strength. If the sprain becomes chronic or occurs frequently, other therapeutic methods may be necessary, such as surgery, splinting or work hardening where frequent repetitive movements are examined and coping skills are crafted to decrease the stress on the body.
For illnesses and disease processes, therapeutic methods may include the administration of medications or treatment procedures such as chemotherapy and radiation, as indicated for certain types of cancers. Often, for longstanding issues like chronic pain, a medication regiment is used as one part of the therapeutic methods that may aid in a return to normal functioning. Other therapeutic methods that can complement traditional methods of treatment involve such things as acupuncture, biofeedback, and psychoanalysis.
Acupuncture is a form of therapeutic treatment based on specific placement of needles into the body to reduce pain. Biofeedback, a therapeutic procedure in which the body can re-learn coping techniques by having the ability to “see” the problem in a color demonstration, is another option when determining effective therapeutic methods. Psychoanalysis gives the individual the ability to gain insight into the unconscious forces attributing to the health issues as a way to cope with the changes in function.
Treating an individual with health problems requires a team of specialized healthcare providers to assess goals and create helpful therapeutic methods to be used to achieve maximum overall health. Each individual’s needs are unique, therefore every method of treatment should be catered to those needs. This means the timing, both when to administer and for how long, need to be taken into consideration and altered according to progress.
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• Massage therapy is often used to promote relaxation and healing.
By: dgmata
Massage therapy is often used to promote relaxation and healing.
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3. However, since 2000 computers do not support floppy disks, but it doesn’t mean that their use has been obsolete. But recently IBM released its 6th generation tape drives, having the storage capacity of 15 TB. CDs and DVDs are one of the most common and popular optical storage mediums. Flash memory is non-volatile memory than can be read from and written to. Therefore, it does not use disk drives mechanism and is typically abbreviated as SSD. Owing to their huge size and complex architecture, no one ever thought to use them for data storage purposes. NAND flash memory is similar to a Hard disk with more data storage capacity. It has also gained popularity, when compared to other flash memory types … The reason why second storage is so important lies in the volatile nature of the primary storage. moves around, is a mental resource, is conscious. They typically use a SATA connection, having a maximum transfer rate of 750 MB per second. Secondary memory deals with following types of components. RAM stand for random access memory and ROM stand for read only memory.these are also called primary memory of a computer. Affected by COVID-19? The origins of flash memory can be traced back to the development of the floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS), also known as the floating-gate transistor. SSD does not have any moving part and this makes them different from the hard drives. In this way, even if power is lost and all of the data on the primary storage has been lost, the user will still be able to recover the last saved version of the concerned file. short term store. Flash memory is an electronic chi… All Rights Reserved. Secondary storage -In old times, computers were used to solve complex problems. , for example in USB memory sticks and solid-state drives. CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Memory consists of four types of memory chips RAM, ROM, CMOS and flash. A third type of computer memory is cache.There are two types of cache. To avoid confusion, it can be easier to talk about memory in terms of whether it is volatile or nonvolatile -- and storage in terms of whether it is primary or secondary. For example, RAM can be referred to as primary storage -- and types of secondary storage can include flash memory. Secondary Storage Devices are essential as the size of P rimary storage or main memory in every computer is limited. DVDs come in different storage capacities, starting from 4.7 GB to a maximum of 17.08 GB. 2. The first tape drive had a storage capacity of just 224 KB. It is characterized by its slowness and cheapness, relative to the RAM, and by its permanent appearance. There are two types of flash memory: NOR flash and NAND flash. Secondary memory is also known as External memory or Auxiliary memory. These NOR chips were a well-suited replacement for older ROM chips. 6. They two flash memory types are: NAND Flash memory: NAND Flash memories have a different structure to NOR memories. This is because the secondary memory is not as fast as primary memory. USB flash drives do not have any moving parts. In addition to the internal connectivity, there are external hard drives too which can be connected externally to the subjected device through the USB connection. In computing operations, secondary memory is accessed only by the primary or main memory and later transported to the processor. Its function is to hold data and programs that are currently in use. div#stuning-header .dfd-stuning-header-bg-container {background-color: #4db5db;background-size: initial;background-position: center top;background-attachment: initial;background-repeat: initial;}#stuning-header div.page-title-inner {min-height: 205px;}. Generally, secondary storage technology is about two orders of magnitude cheaper than the primary storage. Secondary storage devices have numerous types. This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. What is NOR flash? Secondary storage is a non-volatile memory, which has the capability to hold data until and unless it has either been deleted or overwritten. It must be noted that the prime function of the secondary storage is to compliment the primary storage. This type of flash memory is accessed much like block devices such as hard disks. Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory rather than magnetic fields or lasers to record data. It must be noted that there isn’t any significant difference between the CD and DVD, except the storage capacity. Secondary storage is external storage devices and media that are not constantly accessible by a computer system. One of the prime features of today’s computer is its capability of storing huge amounts of data. The secondary memory devices are magnetic and optical memories. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other memory chips use complementary metal-oxide … But with the developments in technological avenues, computer systems are now much more functional and handier. In 1988, Intel introduced NOR flash memory chip having random access to memory location. Contact us now for free Cloud Backup, © 2020 Backup Everything. It may also refer to removable storage media, such as USB flash drives , CDs , and DVDs . This makes the presence of a memory management unit essential. Generally, data up to 1.44 MB can be stored onto a 3.5” floppy disk. However, unlike RAM, it is non-volatile, which means that when the computer's power is switched off, flash memory will retain its contents. What are the Features of a Good Data Backup System? Secondary memory (or secondary storage) is the slowest and cheapest form of memory.It cannot be processed directly by the CPU.It must first be copied into primary storage (also known as RAM).. The secondary memory is connected to the computer either directly or over a network. Though these magnetic tape drives offer much slower storage solution, still they are much cheaper than most of the storage mediums. Following are some of the popular types of secondary storage: A hard drive is such a secondary storage device that is used to permanently store and retrieve the data on a computer. Secondary memory refers to storage devices , such as hard drives and solid state drives . They proposed that it … Network topologies, protocols and layers - OCR, Ethical, legal, cultural and environmental concerns - OCR, Home Economics: Food and Nutrition (CCEA). Since the turn of the century, a type of non-volatile floating-gate semiconductor memory known as flash memory has steadily gained share as off-line storage for home computers. The Secondary memory is physically located within a distinct storage devices, such as an HDD or a solid-state drive (SSD). Most computers use flash memory to hold their startup instructions because it allows the computer easily to update its contents. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. Kahng went on to develop a variation, the floating-gate MOSFET, with Chinese engineer Simon Min Szeat Bell Labs in 1967. Floppy disks can store electronic data such as a document or any computer file. Flash memory is fast to access and write to, although not as fast as when reading from or writing to RAM. With a recent growth in popularity due to its property of adding IOPS and boosting flash memory while functioning alongside the host application, the Server Flash Memory is a largely preferred choice. by primary memory incorporating it or by random sampling. Samsung plans to make the first PRAM chips commercially available in 2010, with a capacity of 512 MB [source: It can be written to and overwritten just like random access memory (RAM). The original MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, was invented by Egyptian engineer Mohamed M. Atalla and Korean engineer Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. It uses a technology similar to RAM, except that it is nonvolatile. They offer storage ranging between 2 GB and 1 TB. Types of Secondary Memory 1) Hard Drive, 2) SSD, 3) Flash, 4) Optical Drive, 5) USD Drive, 3) Magnetic Tapes. It requires little power and contains no moving parts, making it an ideal storage medium for many modern devices, such as tablets, smartphones and digital cameras. It was first created by IBM in the year 1967, as an alternative to the hard drive. Secondary memory devices include magnetic disks like hard drives and floppy disks; optical disks such as CDs and CDROMs; and magnetic tapes, which were the first forms of secondary memory.
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Online Dictionaries:
Exercise contributed by Karen Stanley, Central Piedmont Community College, Charlotte North Carolina.
This dictionary exercise involves having students select *which* of several possible definitions fits a word as it is used in a particular context.
This involves using guessing from context clues, and is especially good for students who resist guessing from context (thinking it would be much better to just look the word up).
For this exercise, you need short passages (ie, enough context) with words that have multiple meanings.
Instructions: Double-click on the underlined words to get the definitions.
Because of the fire code, there is a cap on the total number of people who can be in the room at the same time. As a result, classes held in that room are limited to 30.
Look up "cap" in your dictionary. How many definitions of cap are there?
Some of the definitions are for a verb and some are for a noun. Is "cap" in this example a verb or a noun? How do you know?
Which of the definitions best fits this use?
What about the word "code"? How many definitions does it have in your dictionary?
Is it a noun or a verb in this example?
Which definition is best for "code" as it is used in this example?
Why did you select that definition?
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Web development is the building and maintenance of websites; it’s the work that happens behind the scenes to make a website look great, work fast and perform well with a seamless user experience. Web developers, or ‘devs’, do this by using a variety of coding languages. The languages they use depends on the types of tasks they are preforming and the platforms on which they are working. Web development skills are in high demand worldwide and well paid too – making development a great career option. It is one of the easiest accessible higher paid fields as you do not need a traditional university degree to become qualified. The field of web development is generally broken down into front-end (the user-facing side) and back-end (the server side). Let’s delve into the details. Comparing Front-End and Back-End Development A front-end dev takes care of layout, design and interactivity using HTML, CSS and JavaScript. They take an idea from the drawing board and turn it into reality. What you see and what you use, such as the visual aspect of the website, the drop down menus and the text, are all brought together by the front-end dev, who writes a series of programmes to bind and structure the elements, make them look good and add interactivity. These programmes are run through a browser. The backend developer engineers what is going on behind the scenes. This is where the data is stored, and without this data, there would be no frontend. The backend of the web consists of the server that hosts the website, an application for running it and a database to contain the data. The backend dev uses computer programmes to ensure that the server, the application and the database run smoothly together. This type of dev need to analyse what a company’s needs are and provide efficient programming solutions. To do all this amazing stuff they use a variety of server-side languages, like PHP, Ruby, Python and Java. What about Full-Stack Development? If both Frontend and Backend development appeal to you, you could consider becoming a Full-Stack Developer. Full-stackers take care of both the front-end and the back-end, and need to know how the web works on all levels, in order to determine how the client- and server-sides will relate. Naturally working up to this level of expertise will take longer, as there is more to learn.
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How to write an intro paragraph for a persuasive essay
by on May 15, 2021
How To Write An Intro Paragraph For A Persuasive Essay
Your last paragraph is the conclusion that summarizes your arguments.Ask yourself if your essay is logical and convincing Organizing the Persuasive Essay: Outline and Structure.Then, break the body of your essay up into multiple paragraphs and focus on one main idea in each paragraph How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay Introduction.The main ones are, naturally, the number of pages, academic level, and.Craft body paragraphs of your persuasive essay.Persuasive Essay Outline explanation.Introduction and conclusion paragraphs are not meant to be more than 10% of the essay.The essay the deadlines and force how to write a introduction for a persuasive essay before writing suggestions from corrosion, i think of the problem your rebuttals.Structure of a five paragraph persuasive essay ; Introduction (3-5 sentences) Hook: Grab the reader’s attention with a quote, scenario, question, vivid description, etc.As an author, you need to apply a subtle approach to your introduction Structure of the Persuasive Essay.An outline helps the writer throughout the.A good introduction paragraph is an essential part of any academic essay.The first paragraph will introduce your topic how to write an intro paragraph for a persuasive essay At least essay persuasive paragraph six two jobs, often.Whether you’re writing a research paper for a science course or an argumentative essay for English class , you’re going to have to write an intro paragraph An essay's introductory sentence is also called a hook.While you are grabbing the reader's attention, the opening sentence also needs to be related to your persuasive essay's thesis statement.Writing a persuasive essay requires good research and writing skills.An African American falsely accused of raping a white woman, Robinson's case and ultimate future bear significant social repercussions for the small town of Maycomb,.It is very common to begin your writing with a hook.Our experts proofread and edit your project with a detailed eye and with complete knowledge of all writing and style conventions Get your essay done!The reason of it: an insane amount of workload.For standardized tests, students usually have to write a five paragraph essay, which should be 500 to 800 words long and include an introductory paragraph, three supporting paragraphs and a concluding paragraph.Whether you’re attending college on campus or you’re pursuing an online degree, at some point, you will need to write at least one persuasive essay.So, if you’re writing a five-page argumentative essay, you can devote half a page to the introduction.Let your essay sit and your mind rest.Skills tested integrated isolated 11.
Startup business plan samples, essay write an how intro paragraph for to a persuasive
Whether you’re attending college on campus or you’re pursuing an online degree, at some point, you will need to write at least one persuasive essay.In persuasive writing, the introduction paragraph tends to be longer than in other academic essays.Before you even start a certain point, the reader or introduction in the first scene How to write introduction paragraph for persuasive essay Position papers.The end of each paragraph of persuasive how to write an intro paragraph for a persuasive essay essay writing should serve as an analysis of how you concluded the argument being discussed in the paragraph.Remember: not every issue will have two sides; many issues are very complex and may have three or four or more sides that need to be acknowledged, defined, and.It is the most important part of the essay as it.Create an outline: write down your thesis, arguments, and evidence.The price of a single paper depends on many factors.Studying in college most students forget about their leisure time.Writing a Persuasive Essay Introduction: Step by Step Think about your topic.Set the stage for your argument in the first paragraph.One of the reasons persuasive essay introductions are difficult to write because it is difficult to persuade readers.Narrow the background to introduce a topic.Proper introduction, necessary length, fonts and even format.Rubrics for essay writing tagalog introduction an essay persuasive a for Writing paragraph, how many paragraphs in a critical essay.It should be a strong statement of how to write an intro paragraph for a persuasive essay your position on the more general topic of the essay, or the issue to be addressed Persuasive essays are unique because you the goal is to get others to agree with you.The conclusion should restate the main argument and supporting points.This is because all sides of the controversial must be introduced and defined.This is because all sides of the controversial must be introduced and defined.You are allowed to write 2-3 paragraphs with arguments and counterarguments.A persuasive essay has no limitations on paragraphs.How does zirin refute this counterargument to his records for productivity lost to nonwork activities, such as anger and negative emotions are emotional intelligence helps managers develop human capital po fit as a pan am pilot for nickelodeon..Persuasive Introductory Paragraphs Review Worksheet – Students read five introductory paragraphs and determine what the body paragraphs of each essay will be about by identifying the preview points.(1-2 sentences) Thesis statement: Simply and clearly state your position on the issue(1 sentence ).And to those students, who don’t like writing in general, any new writing assignment becomes a struggle.Just like a lawyer, a writer must present the issue at hand, give background, and put forth the main argument -- all in a logical, intellectual and persuasive way Persuasive Essay Outline Example.In this post, I’ve provided 30 persuasive essay topics and corresponding persuasive thesis statement examples I’ve also included links to example essays to provide a bit of writing inspiration..The First Paragraph: The Introduction.Published on February 4, 2019 by Shona McCombes.Teachers must be selective in what how to write an intro paragraph for a persuasive essay the eyes of many educators and students everywhere.Similarly, it also demands a good understanding of both sides of an issue.Persuasive Essay Introduction Examples 1.Gas prices continue to increase, the economy is falling apart, and some believe that the environment is changing for the worst.In addition, a persuasive essay requires an attention-grabbing introduction to lure readers’ attention from the very first words of the paper Sample Introduction Paragraph For Persuasive Essay near.How to write introduction paragraph for persuasive essay Position papers.
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Due to the severe risks to global biodiversity and ecosystem function from greenhouse gas emissions, AWA is unable to support the development of Alberta’s bitumen/oil sands deposits, due to their higher intensity greenhouse gas emissions.
The terms Oil sands, Tar Sands and Bitumen Sands are all in usage in Alberta. The term Tar Sands was used in the earlier days of industrial development, but was later largely replaced by the more benign-sounding Oil Sands. The product contained within the sands is in fact more akin to bitumen than either oil or tar. On these pages, AWA uses the term “Oil Sands” as the one in most popular usage, though this is not intended to align AWA to any one position in relation to the resource or its extraction.
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Reading and Teaching The Odyssey
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1. Lessons
Lesson 1: How to Read Homer by Eva Brann (Preview Content)
1 Quiz
2. Lesson 2: Interview with Eva Brann (Preview Content)
1 Quiz
3. Lesson 3: Interview with Tutor Hannah Hintze
1 Quiz
4. Lesson 4: Lecture on Homer: "The Leaf Bed"
1 Quiz
5. Lesson 5: Seminar #1 on The Odyssey
1 Quiz
6. Lesson 6: Lecture on Homer: "To Hades and Back Again"
1 Quiz
7. Lesson 7: Post-Lecture Interview with Hannah Hintze
1 Quiz
8. Lesson 8: Seminar #2 on The Odyssey
1 Quiz
9. Lesson 9: Lecture on Homer: "The Cattle of the Sun"
1 Quiz
10. Lesson 10: Post-Lecture Interview with Hannah Hintze
1 Quiz
11. Lesson 11: Seminar #3 on The Odyssey
1 Quiz
12. Lesson 12: Seminar #4 on The Odyssey
1 Quiz
13. Lesson 13: Post-Seminar Interview with Hannah Hintze
1 Quiz
14. End of Course Test
End of Course Test: The Odyssey
1 Quiz
Lesson Progress
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Lesson 11: Seminar #3 on The Odyssey with Dr. Hannah Hintze
(0:01) HH: Why this homecoming for Odysseus? And so why arrive sleeping? Why arrive confused? Why arrive to a divine conversation for the first time? Why Eumaeus? Why disguised?
(1:29) Student 1: Of those details, the one that struck me most is that he arrives sleeping. I think this is partially because it reminds me of Aeneas, who never gets to sleep, and every time he does, it’s interrupted. But Odysseus is so peaceful—before he arrives, the emphasis is that he is sleeping so deeply and the boat is going so quickly. That was shocking to me that after all those years of longing for home that he’d be able to sleep so deeply. I don’t know if that means he’s confident or assured in his homecoming or the act of going home gave him the ability to rest.
(2:30) Student 2: I’m wondering if it was a restful sleep though. The other time we’ve seen Odysseus sleeping was when he was also headed home and it seemed a sure thing, and the bag of winds was opened and his homecoming was stolen. How could you fall asleep heading home again? And then his waking is so disturbed. He’s mistrustful of who’s brought him here, even though they’ve suffered for this very thing. He’s confused; he’s cursing them.
I’m wondering at the state of his sleep. It seems more confused, like another dream. He’s in a place where Poseidon would say Odysseus has not yet earned or is not supposed to be there.
(3:32) Student 3: I wonder how much emphasis we should put on Odysseus having peaceful sleep. The confusion after he arrives home is something I don’t really understand. But right before that, when he was about to depart and head for home, there was a sentence saying that hour of departure brings the fulfillment of the longing of his heart. It seems like just the act of going home is already enough for him. I wonder what that means.
(4:15) HH: I love that line at the beginning of 13: “Odysseus turned his head again and again to look at the sun to hasten its going down.” He is eager to go.
(4:45) Student 2: It seems like a question in the background. What this homecoming means to him is probably multilayered and complex and I’m keeping that in mind. Yes, this homecoming is long sought after, but there’s also the fear he’s going to be Agamemnon: his wife’s going to have a trap prepared for him and that she’s been unfaithful. That’s the wish several times over, that they send him off with. Even with the goddess’s assurances, that’s not enough.
(5:33) HH: Do any of the details of this homecoming prevent a return like Agamemnon’s?
(5:51) Student 4: I think so because Agamemnon steps out of his carriage and steps onto the purple carpet that leads to his house. Purple is a royal color and is ostentatious. Agamemnon did not for a second disguise his identity. He swaggers into the house and into the trap.
(6:40) Student 1: This seems as far from that as possible. He’s in a cove, hidden away, and then even when he appears like who he is, he lies about his identity to Athena before he knew she was Athena. She encourages him too. Both of them believe he’ll be protected in some way if he’s using deception: somehow it wouldn’t be good to appear the way he’d be expected to as a returning king.
(7:44) Student 5: The disguise of going to the palace is somehow met with the disguise of Ithaca itself. They don’t know him but he doesn’t know his own island at first—it has to be revealed to him.
Somebody said something about the sleep being like a dream. It’s almost like the island appears in a dream—the fog is kind of pulled back…
(8:35) HH: He doesn’t know it until he sees the mountain that he’s boasted of.
(8:54) Student 1: Is Athena afraid he’s changed or will change upon homecoming? She causes him to be confused when he wakes up so that she can speak to him before he can recognize Ithaca. She seems pleased with his response—immediately lying about who he is. But somehow with a different man, or someone who is really clever, there would have been a stronger urge to arrive with all of his riches.
(10:26) Student 5: It seems now there are a lot of ways Odysseus would change from when he was king before. The first thing Athena says is “Even in your own country, you would still connive.” That may not be a good thing, to never stop deceiving people.
Maybe seeing the island disguised is a way of indicating to him that he could just keep coming across new islands. It’s possible he could not even recognize his own home, and that’s a danger to him.
(11:23) Student 1: The Fitzgerald translation has these little added titles, and this book has “One More Strange Island.” It could just be a continuation of what he’s been going through over and over again!
(11:49) Student 4: Odysseus, even when he meets Penelope, still puts up a guard first and tests her and then reunites with her. In every encounter he has with anyone on his island, he doesn’t take at face value. He has to probe and test it and afterwards decide. It’s consistent and I wouldn’t expect him to do that with the island if he wouldn’t do that with his own wife.
(12:45) HH: Why does he have to do that? I know it’s in his nature. Eumaeus is really suspicious too. Maybe as suspicious as Odysseus. Why can’t Odysseus trust his own eyes?
(13:23) Student 3: We already know that Odysseus wants to go back to his homeland—does this confusion that he has give him more meaning about what going home means? As we were talking, I was reminded of the part when Odysseus tells his story again to Eumaeus, and he was saying as that character he doesn’t really desire life at home or fathering children. I was wondering while reading that part how much actually speaks to Odysseus’s own character. And whether directly going home and finding out he’s already in Ithaca makes that excitement go away. Having come out of this confusion, would it make it so he would cherish it somehow?
(14:28) Student 1: Maybe that’s another way to look at it being another strange island. In making it a challenge for him, it makes it meaningful for him. I’m a little afraid of this idea that he can never emerge from this habit of deceiving everyone. But it does seem that upon returning, immediately he’s given a purpose: you can’t just return, you have to return with vengeance. You have to deceive. Athena says she wants the blood of the suitors, so there’s something about him being given a mission that seems that it has to play into how he’s now seeing his home. Maybe in a similar way he’s thinking about his previous travels. His mindset seems to be “I’ll do what needs to be done. I’ll do anything along the way.”
(15:42) Student 3: I wonder how important it is for Odysseus to always have a goal in front of him. Even if it’s not geographically, going from one physical element to another, but just this idea that there’s something ahead of him that he has to accomplish that gives meaning to his journey before he returns home.
He keeps testing the people around him—that’s always the part that I’m wondering about. He already saw their loyalty. Why does he want to keep testing them?
(16:25) Student 2: As much as it’s been built up after being deceived and held captive so many times, I’ve never seen him this deceitful on any other island but his own home. Maybe he holds back his identity, crying into his cloak, but usually we’ve seen it revealed quite a few times. He even refers to Odysseus in his stories. It makes me think there’s got to be a split identity. This mission of iron patience—is it giving him time to decide who is he, who does he need to be at home? What relation does all that bear to who he was before all this?
(17:27) Student 4: In the part right after the exchange between Zeus and Poseidon, there’s a depiction of Odysseus’s inner thoughts: “[Athena] would not have Odysseus’s wife know him, nor his townsmen, nor his friends, till the suitors have discharged their forwardness.” If Odysseus didn’t have this ultimate task of killing the suitors before him, would he still choose to disguise himself? Or is it part of the mission to deal with the suitors?
Why wouldn’t he want to team up with his son, his wife, and everyone he knows and do it together rather than picking a different identity and rallying people he trusts? What is the difference between fighting the suitors as father and son versus fighting them as a stranger and the indignant son? Is he trying to prepare Telemachus for doing something without knowing his father is beside him? In some ways, it’s Athena’s will for this to happen. She doesn’t want Penelope to know him, but I don’t know what Odysseus’s wish would be.
(20:15) HH: Odysseus doesn’t argue with any of Athena’s advice. That’s the kind of thing he would have done on his own. That’s another strange part of this conversation. Athena has been in the background, interfering with the ship, doing this and that on his behalf, without letting him know. Many of the choices he’s made seem to be his own, but are related to her protection and care. I don’t know what to make of that. The two of them are of one mind, in a way Telemachus and Athena were not in the beginning.
(21:14) Student 1: I think one of the really striking things about his disguise is how pointedly weak and sick and dirty he’s made to look. He’s put in the lowest position possible. I wonder how much Zeus Athena has in her. But I’m wondering about the recurring host-guest dynamic that’s present, which is very significant for Odysseus as he’s traveling, and how Telemachus immediately responds at the very beginning when Athena arrives. He leaps up and is so ashamed that a guest might have been standing for even a minute without having been welcomed in. I was really struck because it’s really telling about his character, having grown up in such a violent atmosphere. With all of those things together, I’m thinking about how significant it is that Odysseus is able to test these people that he used to know, but in this particular way—as a weak person who needs their help. He never would be such a needy person as Odysseus himself. The plan with Athena is to make himself weak.
(23:06) Student 2: It’s almost setting up a scenario where it would be easiest to show, if not through Odysseus’s travels, a common law during that time period—to take care of him, to allow him in. Obviously if he comes in as a warrior king, that’s going to step on people’s pride and being fear into the mix. This is a time when they can exult over him yet still, and not even share scraps from the table. It’s the meanest test of any type of virtue in them.
(23:54) Student 5: Like the goatherd. You can imagine if Odysseus had come back like Agamemnon, the goatherd would immediately have bowed down. You realize what a base person is, to be so cruel to someone like Odysseus is disguised as.
The way he comes home…it’s like he’s come back as a ghost. He gets to see the Odysseus that was. In the story he gets to hear the things Eumaeus remembers about him, he gets to see himself being wept over by Penelope. It’s so hard to characterize why he needs to tell the stories, why he needs to do it this way. But it’s like he’s in a place and not in a place simultaneously.
(25:09) Student 4: To be disguised as a lowly man disrupts the current situation on the island the least. It allows him to keep in the dark while everyone else is in the spotlight and he gets to simply observe without raising suspicion or disturbing the suitors. This new identity allows him to simply bring his eyes with him and absorb information discreetly instead of carrying with him the burden of being king and being the enemy of the suitors.
(26:06) Student 2: Yes, I think that’s right, but I wonder if it’s more active than that. It seems there are huge long speeches he makes. It seems like he’s trying to provoke certain very specific responses. And not even just responses. The whole bit about the cloak. He could have said, “I’m cold. Will you give me your cloak?” But no, he has to tell a long story about generals doing it, hoping he’ll pick up on it. It makes me wonder if there’s something in telling stories about Odysseus–if there’s something about telling that story or having it told, or just having it heard.
(27:05) Student 3: The storytelling part always confuses me because on the one hand, Odysseus is coming back and trying to learn other people’s true identities. But the way he’s doing that is through deception. I wonder what does it mean that he’s trying to learn who he can trust, but the way he’s doing that is not trustworthy at all.
(27:36) Student 2: Yes, it’s not just by omission, holding back who he is, letting the beggar disguise speak for itself. He has a whole history behind him that they need to know.
(27:48) Student 5: They have to live with him after this. They have to know that their king is capable of doing this. I guess that’s partly what everyone knows now about Penelope—she’s extremely cunning and has held off the suitors for years and years and years. Now they know Odysseus could be anyone. I don’t know what that would be like—to assent to that person being the king.
(28:31) Student 1: Yeah, I’m wondering about the relational aspect of it as well. For Odysseus, is there some trade-off here between being safe or testing these people and having joy in his homecoming, or any kind of pleasant experience in coming back? Not only for the people on the other side, but for him. It seems like he’s marking all these relationships with deception and mistrust on his side. There’s something that seems like a really solid barrier between him and engaging with them and enjoying his homecoming. I don’t know if it’s worthwhile, or it it’s maybe something he wouldn’t have experienced so much anyway. Like the immediacy of joy is not something Odysseus wants or has access to.
(29:44) Student 4: But this false identity that he took on kind of corresponds to his own experience—first being the son of a rich man, brought up as an aristocrat, but then there is a falling down in the social hierarchy and the experience of hardship. I think his twisted and difficult journey must have changed him somehow. He is not just the kingly man he was before. In some ways, he might be thinking to himself, “I could just as easily be a beggar. Just think of all the other islands I’ve been on. And I’ve been treated absolutely not as a king.” And that could really be who he is—he could just as well be a beggar. I think of it as a shedding of his previous “skin.” Somehow the experience of hardship made him not content with being treated with honor and goodwill all the time.
And in some ways, he wants to see people’s response to that side of him instead of seeing him singularly as a king.
(31:45) Student 2: Yeah, from the moment he declares himself as nobody to the cyclops, it seemed like that was a fateful moment. He’s cursed. It seems like his identity is something that’s going to have to be re-earned or regained. I think even Athena when he comes back and he spouts out his lies… There are two options: you must be from nowhere or you’re an idiot. And those aren’t good options either way to him. He keeps repeating, “I’m not a fool, I’m not a fool!”
(32:30) Student 4: To me it seems analogous that Odysseus declares to the cyclops, “I’m no one,” and here when he returns to Ithaca, choosing an identity like this. Because when he left the cyclops, he told them his name, and look what happened to him because of that. In the same way, when he returned to Ithaca, he might suffer a cruel fate if he just told everyone he’s Odysseus. It’s always extremely important to think of oneself as nobody in order to be someone.
(33:28) HH: When he tells the cyclops, “I’m not nobody, I’m Odysseus, the son of Laertes, and I come from Ithaca,” in some sense he’s saying “I’m not a nobody, because I have a father and a land and there are these limits that give me my identity.” But the first part maybe is true—maybe everybody is a nobody without those things. Your identity depends on others recognizing you, claiming you.
(34:12) Student 2: And not just “others”—father, homeland. When he tells his entire story from Troy and whatnot, I’m wondering if after recounting all that, he felt that was him.
(34:38) Student 5: I always think about it as he’s testing them, but the way we’ve just put it, it seems he was testing himself. Is he still son? Is he still husband? Is he still king? He’s willing to test himself to see if those relationships still exist.
(35:05) Student 1: That’s actually really helpful for me. That’s been one of my big questions about Odysseus: It always seemed to me that he was assuming that they did exist or they ought to in some way, but that he was going to test them and that these people would be found at fault if they had turned away from him. But if he’s also testing himself, it seems significant that if he’s willing to entertain the possibility of these relationships needing to be restored or not being maintained because he’d been gone for so long on both sides… I like the idea of it being more balanced.
(36:05) Student 3: So are we suggesting that the strategies Odysseus used on his return home are in some way looking for his own identity? I think that makes sense to me, but on the other hand, it still feels weird because he seems to know who he is. And I just wonder how to put those two things together.
(36:35) Student 2: Maybe we can look at the details of those lies. I’m very confused by it. In a way, it seems reminiscent of his adventures and whatnot, but on the other hand, his father treats him as a true-born son, but he’s not really: he’s the son of a concubine. He’s a murderer. There are these details he’s creating, whether it’s the beggar’s persona or the Odysseus persona—they don’t need to be there.
Are they crucial to his identity, or is he testing out what the variety is of who he can be that will be accepted?
(33:25) Student 3: Yes, he could just be a beggar and nothing else, someone in need of food and shelter. He doesn’t have to have that story. A lot of what he’s told matches his own experience, who he is. I feel like deep down, he knows what he’s looking for. He could be nobody, but he’s also Odysseus.
(37:54) Student 1: I’m also really struck by Odysseus’s disguise. It doesn’t change him significantly. It takes away his hair and withers his skin, but it’s not like Athena becoming a young shepherd boy. He’s still Odysseus in some way. It’s not just that he could be some beggar, but that he could be returning in this state. Nineteen years later, he could be this old, withered man who comes back with no riches or pomp at all. He could have been beaten and robbed—all of the things that happened to his character in the story that he tells. That’s a very real possibility for his homecoming. Not just as some beggar, but as himself, returning in that state.
(39:04) Student 2: I find myself particularly struck with what he says: “Farming I never cared for, nor life at home, nor fathering fair children.” Later he says he stayed a while with his family and then was off again. That lust for action, that love of the sea, being at the oars. It seems this could have been Odysseus—just another battle, another explorer, his identity, what he lives for. If he is that person, none of these things here will be satisfying to him. Maybe he’s wondering if he won’t find home, maybe he doesn’t belong here anymore.
(39:58) Student 6: It’s somewhat interesting that the first story that he tells, to Athena, is not at all connected to anything that has happened in Odysseus’s life. It’s completely made up. And that’s when he looks like Odysseus. But when he doesn’t look like Odysseus, there’s a conversation that happens and then the story becomes somewhat more Odyssean, as if he has to hold on to something.
What you just said helps me because if Odysseus returned and found out Telemachus was king and everything was going smoothly, I don’t know what would be left for him, other than, “Great, I made it home,” and he probably would only stay with his family for a little while and then leave. He would become the person the beggar was talking about.
(40:58) HH: He’d become like Laertes.
(41:01) Student 6: There’d be no role for him to fill. He would have met what he was trying to do and found nothing else to be living for, as opposed to the fleshing out that he does that there is still a need for an Odysseus.
(41:25) Student 5: He is frighteningly effective in the end. Within an hour everything has been solved.
And it’s as if he remarries Penelope—they have that wedding, and everyone thinks there must be some kind of festival inside.
(42:00) HH: I was thinking about the hasty story he tells at first. It’s sort of awful when you think that he’s come up with it in the moment. It’s not the kind of story he would tell over dinner with some elegance. He says, “I was a murderer, lying in wait in the darkness. That’s the kind of person I was.” That, along with all the other ways he presents himself in the second story: he doesn’t really love his family. He’s a great warrior. He’s weak. He’s strong. He’s making all these confessions, and I’m sort of wondering about guest friendship. Is this right? Is he saying, “Whatever I’ve done, whatever kind of person I am, justice owes me a welcome. Justice owes me a guest gift.”
I’m not sure how to put this all together. Guest friendship is a very strange thing. It’s meant to be awarded to anyone, apart from justice.
(43:18) Student 1: I love that they eat first. Over and over again. “We won’t ask you any questions, just eat with us first.” There’s something that seems so significant to me about sharing your food with somebody no matter if they’re a murderer or a castaway or have nothing to give you in return. But opening your home and giving food to someone, it does seem it must be such a strong sense that it’s owed to people. There are always references to Zeus. “Zeus has ordained this.” It’s like its own kind of justice, outside of human justice.
(44:26) Student 6: It might even extend beyond oaths. Eumaeus, when he still doesn’t believe anything Odysseus is saying—which is fine—Odysseus says to him, “Let’s make an oath. If what I say doesn’t come true and Odysseus doesn’t come back, you can throw me off a cliff.” And Eumaeus says, “I’m not going to do that. How could I expect anything good from Zeus if I just started throwing my guests off of cliffs?” It’s Odysseus trying to make a life oath, but the guest friendship principle extends beyond the time he spends as a guest. It’s a strong bond.
(45:28) HH: Yes, if you’ve ever eaten in someone’s house, you have a bond. That’s the Paris problem.
(45:37) Student 1: But at the same time, we had this really strange little side note where Poseidon turned the ship into stone. It’s like there are limits to what you can or should do for a guest. And then Zeus permits Poseidon to do this. “Okay, it’s all right that they’ve treated him as a guest friend and you can’t punish them for that. But they’ve gone too far in giving him passage.” This was beyond what they needed to do for a guest.
(46:18) Student 4: Poseidon adores the cyclops, who have no regard for the rules of guest friendship. Yet Zeus still treats the island of the cyclops very nicely. Poseidon is just such a strange character.
(46:43) Student 2: I was wondering about that scene of turning the ship to stone. On what grounds was this fair? It seems in my Lattimore, several times they’re referred to as “the haughty Phaeacians.” It’s a subtle distinction. The idea is that Zeus empowers the hosts to take care of the guests, and the guests should also not murder the hosts kind of thing. But I wonder if they feel they’re not doing this by the power of the gods—they’re doing it by their own power. They’re kind of godlike people themselves, and they’ve been blessed so much with bountiful food and it seems the ability to speed these ships across anything. Semi-immortal, maybe? So it seems it could be a lesson against pride. I could make more of this point if it was within sight of Ithaca that the ship was turned to stone, but Odysseus doesn’t know of this.
(47:57) HH: It’s not a lesson to Odysseus. It’s a strange lesson to the Phaeacians.
(48:02) Student 4: It reminds me of the nation that first tried to send Odysseus home but the bag of winds was opened and they returned. And after they’d told their story, the king was so mad and said, “Get out of my palace.” And the Phaeacians are the ones that finally send Odysseus home, after hearing everything that had happened to him. The reactions of the two kings of the islands are in sharp contrast, and what happened to them also.
(48:48) Student 2: And Eumaeus too if we’re contrasting hosts. He seems very gracious and even going to sleep without a cloak among the pigs. There’s a humbling of himself in giving these gifts, not something that raises himself up by any means.
I’m curious about what kind of loyalty is being show. Again and again he praises his master and obviously is also friends with Penelope and Telemachus. But he doesn’t buy any of the story and he’s so against hearing any word, and there’s no hope in him that Odysseus is coming home. So what kind of loyalty is that? What perspective does he have on his master that yes, he was a good man, but there’s no chance he’s ever coming back. He’s utterly convinced. Even the life oath…
(49:52) Student 6: It’s probably good that he doesn’t want people abusing Odysseus’s name, but it is a bit troubling that he doesn’t think he could come back. The first part is pretty loyal. But the people just come there all the time and use Odysseus’s name to get food and a nice place to stay and he doesn’t like the disrespect.
It is kind of funny. He says that’s not what he wants. But if Odysseus had actually said, “Can I have one of your cloaks?” I’m not sure that he would have said yes. Instead Odysseus does the exact thing Eumaeus has been telling him that people abuse—he evokes the name of Odysseus and says, “Yeah, I remember this one time that Odysseus got someone to give me a cloak.” I think even Eumaeus knows but he just says, “Okay, stop bringing Odysseus up. Here, you can have a cloak.” He does exactly what Eumaeus has told him not to do. He kind of wants to be told these stories, I guess? I don’t know. It’s very strange that it worked.
(51:20) Student 3: Odysseus knows what Eumaeus’s character is—that he has this kind of piety and loyalty not only to the gods, but also to his master. So telling that story will appeal to his loyalty and that makes it easier for Odysseus to get what he wants. Right before he tells that part of the story, it says he was trying to test him again. So I wonder if Odysseus had some other goal than just getting the cloak, to see maybe how far Eumaeus was willing to go. I feel like that’s connected to Eumaeus’s rejection of hearing more stories of Odysseus coming home. It’s more than he just doesn’t want to hear those stories anymore. I feel like it speaks to his despair. He talks about how Penelope’s tears keep coming down her face. That kind of rejection seems more like “I really want my master to come home and I have been wanting that for a really long time, but I just feel like it’s not going to happen.” That in a way is even more sad than not believing the stories. At this point he’s believed so many stories that didn’t work out, that it doesn’t work for him anymore.
(53:01) Student 1: Yeah, the fact that he says he’s been tricked before by these stories seems to really complicate things. I’m thinking about the points mentioned awhile ago that these people have to live with knowing Odysseus tricked them. So in a way Eumaeus is going to have to deal with the fact that even his master comes and lies to him about himself. But there’s something about his loyalty to Odysseus that transcends that kind of deception. There’s something more important about Odysseus coming home than about Odysseus being honest with him. So I don’t know if that speaks to the way Odysseus can have relationships even while being deceitful. There’s something about him, or where he finds his identity or where other people see it that is more significant than the fact that he lies to them.
Which is hard, but it seems like in the way that Eumaeus will have to respond to him once he reveals himself—it’s okay that he’s lied because of who he is, because he’s back.
(54:31) Student 4: On the other hand, if Odysseus walks into Eumaeus’s house and says, “I am Odysseus,” on what grounds would Eumaeus have the ability to judge whether he is Odysseus or not?
I’m thinking of when Odysseus truly reveals himself to the swineherd, would he be dressed in kingly clothes? Accompanied by servants? Are these external customary things that surround a king, rather than the person himself—is that what allows an ordinary citizen to recognize the king? It reminds me of when Odysseus is reunited with his nurse. the only way to really tell if it’s him or not is this scar, which is a very intimate, not obvious mark that very few people know about. So I think it’s really difficult to recognize someone as he is. In some ways Eumaeus may recognize Odysseus as a king, but he might not recognize him as a person.
(56:10) HH: It’s an impossible situation if your actions can’t reveal your identity and your stories can’t reveal your identity, where do you go?
(56:30) Student 5: It’s so tenuous. Different people are willing to accept different evidence of whether he is Odysseus or not. The most astonishing one to me, and I guess to most in the story, Odysseus included, is Penelope. She says to the nurse, “It’s a god. A god did it. You’ve been deceived.” And there’s nothing that could contradict that premise. Maybe Odysseus is some kind of figment of her imagination or something. What’s going to convince her?
I love that for Laertes, it’s that he lists the trees. Ithaca itself is witness to who he is, but that’s not even as deep as what Penelope wants.
(57:44) Student 1: That makes me think about belief and the hope that they have. Telemachus and Eumaeus both have this kind of attitude. You sort of get the impression that they hope Odysseus is alive and will come back, but they’re trying to be adamant that he’s dead and they don’t want to hear that he’s coming back. The flip side of that is that in the realization of that hope and Odysseus actually returning, having thought for so long that it was impossible or a forlorn hope, and then having him return…how do you accept that it’s been realized? Even though they had sort of been able to hold on to the hope, how do you let go of the hope in exchange for the thing itself? It becomes a new challenge.
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Statement of a problem № m1125
The owner of the West End Kwick Fill Gas Station wishes to determine the proportion of customers who use a credit card or debit card to pay at the pump. He surveys 100 customers and finds that 80 paid at the pump. a. Estimate the value of the population proportion. b. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the population proportion. c. Interpret your findings.
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Medieval Sports & Games
Medieval Sports & Games
Kristen Farley, Editor In Chief
Have you ever wondered what sports/games people played in medieval times? Maybe you wondered if they were similar to any sports people play now. That’s what today’s article will be about. We’ll be taking a look at some of the sports/games people used to play centuries ago.
Skittles: The medieval sport of Skittles is/was very similar to modern bowling. The rules were simple. Each player would roll a wooden (or rubber) ball at nine oval-headed pins. The player who knocked down the pins (with the fewest amount of throws) first was the winner!
Jousting: Jousting consisted of two armoured knights on horseback, charging at one another with raised lances, in an attempt to unseat one another; or, in other words, knock the other off their horse. Most jousting tournaments were usually not very regulated, whether it was for the purpose of training the knights, or the entertainment of the nobles.
Shinty: Shinty was a game played outdoors with sticks and a small ball, in which two opposing teams attempted to hit the ball into the other’s goal. The game is comparable to modern field hockey, and may have originated as early as the 17th century.
Hammer-throwing: This sport is exactly what it sounds like. The game consisted of standing in a 7-foot circle with a 16-pound hammer. The object was to see how far you could throw it. Hammer-throwing was developed into an official sport centuries ago in Ireland.
Stoolball: It is believed that the game was originally played with tree stumps being used as bases, or “wickets”. The object of the game was to defend the stool or stump. A “batsman” would stand in front of the stool while a “bowler” threw a ball at it. If the ball hit the stool, the batsman was out.
In conclusion, medieval sports and modern sports have a lot more in common than most people would think.
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Look Alike
Lab 1 - What are Traits?
Teacher Portal
Launch the Engage Section
1. Invite students to share examples of common traits that they share with family members.
2. Show students the Inheriting Traits in a Bunny Family cartoon from the Image Slideshow.
3. Point to the eyes on one of the bunnies.
4. Hold up the pre-built Bunny Traits build of the first parent bunny.
5. Introduce the leading question for the Lab.
1. Ask students if they have a physical trait in common with a family member. Do they have the same color eyes or hair as a parent or sibling?
2. This cartoon shows two, parent bunnies and their baby bunny. What similarities does the baby bunny have with the parents? What about differences?
3. Eye color is a trait. Can anyone tell me another trait the bunnies have?
4. This bunny has many different traits. What do you think those traits are? How would you describe the ears? What color are they? What shape are they?
5. Do you know that traits are shared between parents and their offspring?
Getting the Students Ready to Build
Now that you’ve pointed out traits for bunnies, we’re going to create a bunny with the Bunny Traits build and record different traits that it has.
Facilitate the Build
1. InstructInstruct students to join their team, and have them complete the Robotics Roles & Routines sheet. Use the Suggested Role Responsibilities slide in the Lab Image Slideshow as a guide for students to complete this sheet. Inform students that they will be building the first bunny parent.
Bunny Traits Build: Bunny Parent 1
Bunny Traits Build: Bunny Parent 1
The first build will use the first variation on each step (not the “or” option). Use the first variation trait on step 4 of the build instructions to make sure students understand that the first build uses the top left option.
Step 4, First Variation
Step 4, First Variation
2. DistributeDistribute build instructions to each team. Journalists should gather the materials on the checklist. There are variations in pieces for each build, so use the Trait Piece Variation Chart image from the Image Slideshow to help the journalist make sure they have the correct pieces gathered.
Trait Piece Variation Chart
Trait Piece Variation Chart
3. FacilitateFacilitate the building process by walking between groups to answer questions. Encourage students to use spatial language while discussing the build. Ask them to explain the position of the ear, or describe why the legs are at the bottom of the build. Keep an ear out for any confusion that might arise between group members. Refer to the Robotics Roles & Routines handout for group instruction. Builders can begin building. If there are multiple builders, they should alternate steps to complete the build. Journalists should assist with the build, gather materials, and record information on the Data Collection Sheet.
4. OfferOffer suggestions and note positive team building and problem solving strategies as teams build together.
A VEX GO character
Teacher Troubleshooting
Facilitation Strategies
• Ask students to refer to their Robotics Roles & Routines in class. What are their responsibilities?
• Remind students to ensure they are choosing the first option from the build instructions.
• Ask the journalist to check that the builder has selected the correct pieces for each build.
• Use the Explore VEX GO Kit Contents Poster with students to learn how pieces function in a build and to learn the part names in order to establish a shared vocabulary with students.
• Use the Get Ready...Get VEX...GO! PDF Book and Teacher’s Guide - If students are new to VEX GO, read the PDF book and use the prompts in the Teacher’s Guide to facilitate an introduction to building and using VEX GO before beginning the Lab activities. Students can join their groups and gather their VEX GO Kits, and follow along with the building activity within the book as you read.
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Taboo rope
A special rice straw rope made when a child was born and hung over various significant objects or places, such as a gate, village entrance, crockery terrace and village tutelary tree, to warn unwanted visitors to fend off evil forces. When a child was born, a straw rope was hung over the front gate of the baby’s home, announcing his or her birth. In addition, the straw rope was intended to prevent the entrance of uninvited visitors to the house under the belief that some evil forces might exploi
Korean Rites of Passage
Memorial plaque
A kind of funeral prop placed at the burial site, jiseok refers to a stone plate or plaque inscribed with biographical information of the deceased: name, bongwan (Kor. 본관, Chin. 本貫, clan origin), year of birth and death, gyebo (Kor. 계보, Chin 系譜, family lineage), and achievements. The memorial stone plaque also serves as a grave marker. It is presumed that this kind of memorial stone plaque originated from China and was first introduced to Korea during the Three Kingdoms period. The practice of e
Korean Rites of Passage
Spirit tablet case
A sacred space or facility where the image of a deity or object symbolizing a supernatural being is stored. Gamsil is a facility inside a Confucian shrine used to store the spirit tablets of the ancestors. There were, of course, many households that had a gamsil to enshrine the spirit tablets of their ancestors, even though they had no family shrine. The size of the gamsil varied according to the number of the generations of ancestors for whom memorial rites were regularly held. The most prevale
Korean Rites of Passage
Death anniversary rite
A Confucian rite performed in memory of ancestors at the earliest possible hour on their death anniversary. Gijesa is a term referring to a Confucian memorial rite held to honor the ancestors at the earliest hour on the anniversary of their death with food offerings prepared the day before. Koreans have maintained this tradition to remember and honor their ancestors on this day. The ceremony was traditionally held at jasi (Kor. 자시, Chin. 子時, the hour of the rat, between 23:30 to 00:30) when a ne
Korean Rites of Passage
Holding ancestral rites and showing hospitality to guests
Confucian virtue of holding ancestral memorial rites and showing hospitality to guests. The head family of a clan typically held more than twelve ancestral memorial rites in a year to fulfill their duty of sadaebongsa (Kor. 사대봉사, Chin. 四代奉祀, lit. conducting memorial rites for the four latest generations of ancestors), including gijesa (Kor. 기제사, Chin. 忌祭祀, memorial rite for ancestors on their death anniversary), myoje (Kor. 묘제, Chin. 墓祭, memorial service held at the grave of an ancestor) and cha
Korean Rites of Passage
Rites for four generations of ancestors
Confucian custom of holding memorial rites in honor of the four latest generations of ancestors, from deceased parents to the great great grandparents. The tradition of sadaebongsa was established in the belief that the great great grandparents would be the oldest ancestors one has a chance to see before their death. Descendants sharing the same great great grandparents are sometimes referred to as yubokchin (Kor. 유복친, Chin. 有服親, lit. relatives in mourning garments), because they were entitled t
Korean Rites of Passage
Ancestral grave visit
Visiting ancestral graves to clean and look after them. Seongmyo refers to visiting ancestral graves on major traditional holidays such as Chuseok (Kor. 추석, Chin. 秋夕, harvest moon festival, fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month) or seasonal occasions such as Hansik (Kor. 한식, Chin. 寒食, lit. cold food [day]) to clean and take care of them. Looking after the ancestral graves where the bodies are buried has been traditionally considered as important as holding ancestral rites in honor of the ances
Korean Rites of Passage
Ritual offerings
Ritual food offered by the descendants to the ancestors during memorial rites. Jemul refers to food offerings used in memorial rites. Those preparing the rite take great care to keep the offerings from impurities by cleansing themselves, body and soul. They do not say anything unnecessary when buying the food or try to get discount on them. While cooking, the food is not tasted and care is taken to prevent human hair from falling onto the food. It is believed that if these taboos are not observe
Korean Rites of Passage
Head family
Head family of a clan descended through the eldest sons (under the concubine system, legitimate eldest sons). The concept of jongga originated in the code of clan regulations. The code of clan regulations is the logic that helps keep a kin group remain stable within a pyramid-shaped system; it is also a rule that prescribes where the legitimacy of the group is held. According to the code of clan regulations, an entire patrilineal kin group, that is, a lineage of eldest sons is called daejong (Ko
Korean Rites of Passage
Hoe Washing Festival
Homissisi (Kor. 호미씻이, Chin. 洗鋤宴, 洗鋤會, lit. hoe washing) is a traditional summer festival held in farming communities in the beginning or middle of the seventh lunar month. By this time major activities related to the growth of crops are finished, as it is reflected in the name of the festival: a homi (Kor. 호미, hand hoe) is the main tool for weeding, the last task that farmers need to complete before harvesting in autumn. Thus, Homissisi represents the end of weeding via the act of "washing
Korean Seasonal Customs
Hemp fabric made by stripping the bark of hemp plants to make thread that is woven into cloth. Sambe is one of the major traditional textiles used in Korea, along with cotton, ramie, and silk. It is cloth made by peeling the bark off hemp plants and splitting it into thin strips to make the threads, which go through a number of different processes before they are woven on the loom. Of all the traditional textiles, hemp cloth was the most common and was worn by the ordinary people. Myeongju silk
Korean Clothing
Grave goods
Miniature objects in various shapes, including human beings, animals and man-made objects, buried with the body of the deceased, symbolizing wishes for their peace and comfort in the afterlife. The grave objects called myeonggi are miniature items in the shape of human figures and various everyday objects such as kitchenware, musical instruments, furniture, and weaponry. They came into use from the early Joseon period and are well documented in the “Chapter of Five Rites” in “Sejongsillok, ” wit
Korean Rites of Passage
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Macbeth Importance of Ambition
Macbeth Importance of Ambition
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Importance of Ambition In the play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, it is evident that ambition plays a very important role in the play. Ambition is when someone has a strong desire for success, achievement, or a goal. It is a motivating factor that drives one towards success. This is a big part of this specific play. Without ambition, there would be no play, everything started with ambition. Ambition is important to the play because throughout the play Macbeth does everything to secure his position on the throne.
Also Lady Macbeth drives Macbeth to action to kill King Duncan. The witches also play on Macbeth’s ambition. Furthermore, Macduff has ambition to kill Macbeth after Macbeth murdered his family and lastly, each murder in the play, has part of ambition. Firstly, it is clear that ambition is important to the Macbeth play because throughout most of the play, Macbeth does everything to protect his position on the throne. This demonstrates ambition because Macbeth is willing to do anything to protect his power. …For mine own good/ All causes shall give way; I am in blood/ Stepp’d in so far, that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o’er. ” (3, 4, 166-169) As this quote demonstrates Macbeth, suggests that once you murder you cannot stop, hence the reason it is so easy from him to continue to murder. Macbeth became power-hungry, which drove him to do anything, to keep any power he had. Macbeth sent assassins to kill Banquo, a dear friend of his, because he was a so called threat. Even though Banquo was the man who would never become king, but his kids would.
Macbeth shows fear in this situation, because he feels that Banquo is a threat to his throne, which led to Banquo being murdered. This proves ambition because he had the drive to take action on a situation where he felt threatened. He has a goal to keep his throne and is not planning on giving it up anytime soon. This is important because it gives emphasis on the fact that Macbeth’s ambition is strong and will do anything to overcome and control the throne. In addition, Macbeth goes down fighting; this shows ambition because he is motivated to keep his power. He has something to fight for, and that is power.
Macbeth never thought of suicide, he always thought he was better than all, and that he could win, fighting alone. “Why should I play the Roman fool, and die / On mine own sword? whiles I see lives, the gashes/ Do better upon them. ” (5, 8, 1-3) Macbeth and ambition go together very well. Throughout the whole play, even until his death, Macbeth shows his determination towards his throne and power, because to reach power you need ambition and Macbeth clearly represents this. Secondly, it’s unquestionable that Lady Macbeth plays a big part of ambition when she drives Macbeth to action.
This is important because Lady Macbeth has the motivation to give him the drive to kill Duncan, so she can be Queen. This ambition is quite important because she is the reason; Macbeth became so ambitious and powerful. Lady Macbeth: … Art thou without ambition, but without The illness should attend it; what thou wouldst highly, That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false… And that which rather thou dost fear to do Than wishest should be undone. (1, 5, 18-24) This quote justifies that Macbeth is not without ambition but has no immorality, which is what is needed.
She explains that if he wants the crown he might have to do things he fears than not having it at all, despite the circumstances to obtain it. Lady Macbeth’s ambition rises during the process of convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan, when she declares she wishes she wasn’t a woman so she commits the murder herself. This is great ambition because it shows the audience and the reader that she is determined to get to her position. She finds her husbands to be incompetent and weak, while she is strong. Lady Macbeth is also power-hungry, but has no way to satisfy this.
As a result she ends up living through her husband who is easily manipulated, so she can be in complete control. “Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, / And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full. ” (1, 5, 43-45) Lady Macbeth, has great ambition to get to her power and thanks to her, Macbeth made it happen. Moreover, the witches have great influence on ambition in the play. Without ever meeting the witches, Macbeth would have never heard the prophecies that began the process of his ambition to become king of Scotland. The witches, lso known in the play as the weird sisters, have a certain power over Macbeth, that is not physical or emotional but the ability to reinforce an idea that was already in his head. The witches appeared from to time, to not control but to tempt and play with Macbeth’s ambition. The witches gave him several warnings at the end of the play on certain things such as: “Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth! Beware Macduff.? Beware the Thane of Fife! ” (4, 1, 77-78) If he would have listened, he would have thought up a plan to kill Macduff, but the witches knew his ambition was much greater than that.
This is important to the play because the witches do not control him, but play with his ambition. It’s what started his ambition to be king in the first place. Following with this further, not only does Macbeth have ambition, but so does Macduff. After Macbeth went through with murdering Macduff’s wife and kids, Macduff had a very big desire and determination to get revenge towards Macbeth. This is ambitious because Macduff had nothing left, no family, nothing, so he had a great ambition to succeed in getting revenge on Macbeth. Macduff: … either thou, Macbeth,
Or else my sword, with an unbatter’d edge, I sheathe again undeeded. There thou shouldst be; By this great clatter, one of greatest note Seems bruited: let me find him, fortune! And more I beg not. (5, 7, 23-28) Macduff has no interested in personal gain, of killing Macbeth, but only to get revenge on the one who took everything away. This is why it is so ambitious. In addition to Macduff’s ambition, the country men want to take over Macbeth because they believe he is becoming tyrannical. This is true proven by the following quote: Macbeth: … The castle of Macduff I will surprise;
Seize upon Fife; give to the edge o’ sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line… (4, 1,164-167) Macbeth resolves in using violence to protecting his position on the throne. He is completely out of control, which explains why he see’s nothing wrong with killing Macduff’s whole family. The countrymen have the drive to protect Scotland, and everyone around Macbeth. This is ambitious because they are killing their King, to be in a safer and well maintained environment. Lastly, each murder has their part in ambition. The first murder committed by Macbeth was King Duncan.
This murder was committed for the fact that Macbeth was determined to become King and would do anything to get there, even if he had to kill the King, and this is called ambition. The murder would have had never happened if Macbeth never had ambition. After several other murders, he then killed his dear friend Banquo, to protect his throne. Banquo got killed for the simple fact that Macbeth was power-hungry and would do anything to protect his throne and power. He had the drive, and determination to keep his position which is revolved around ambition.
Macbeth’s hamartia and hubris was his great ambition and the way he over looked certain things. This led to his death and the suicide of his wife Lady Macbeth. He was so focused on himself, that he never noticed his wife was being deeply affected by his decisions. Lady Macbeth: Out, damned spot! Out, I say! One; two; why, then ‘tis time to do’t. Hell is murky. Fie, my lord, fie! … What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him! (5, 1, 32-37) Every single death in Macbeth, has to do with ambition and being power-hungry.
If Macbeth simply said “no” to his wife for killing Duncan, the suicide and the murders and his own death could have been simply avoided but ambition got in the way of everything To conclude, the play Macbeth is revolved around ambition. Ambition is found in many ways in the play. It is found in Macbeth protecting his throne, Lady Macbeth being power-hungry. It is also found in the witches who play on Macbeth’s ambition. Macduff shows ambition when his family is murdered and finally that every death has to do with ambition. Ambition was so important to the play, because it ended so many people’s lives including Macbeth.
Cari Minns
Author: Cari Minns
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How Accurate Is CT Scan For Pancreatic Cancer?
How small of a tumor can a CT scan detect?
How quickly does pancreatic cancer develop?
What type of back pain is associated with pancreatic cancer?
What actually kills you with pancreatic cancer?
What was your first symptom of pancreatic cancer?
The rarity and vagueness of these situations point out the difficulty of using early symptoms to catch pancreatic cancer. That said, symptoms like unintentional weight loss, persistent loss of appetite, yellowing of the eyes or skin, dark urine, or light-colored stools should always prompt concern.
How do you rule out pancreatic cancer?
Techniques used to diagnose pancreatic cancer include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and, sometimes, positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Using a scope to create ultrasound pictures of your pancreas.
Can pancreatic cancer be detected by blood test?
These methods include: Blood tests. Certain substances, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19-9, are elevated in people with pancreatic cancer. However, blood tests don’t allow for early detection of pancreatic cancer, because these levels may not rise until pancreatic cancer is advanced, if at all.
What is the best scan to detect cancer?
Does pancreatic cancer affect bowel movements?
Changes in Stools Many pancreatic cancer patients experience diarrhea, constipation or both. Diarrhea consisting of loose, watery, oily or foul-smelling stools can be caused by insufficient amounts of pancreatic enzymes in the intestines.
Is Chemo Worth it for stage 4 pancreatic cancer?
Can you have pancreatic cancer and not know it?
Early pancreatic cancers often do not cause any signs or symptoms. By the time they do cause symptoms, they have often grown very large or already spread outside the pancreas.
Can a CT scan miss pancreatic cancer?
Can you see cancer on CT scan?
How good are CT scans at detecting cancer?
CT scans can show a tumor’s shape, size, and location. They can even show the blood vessels that feed the tumor – all in a non-invasive setting. By comparing CT scans done over time, doctors can see how a tumor is responding to treatment or find out if the cancer has come back after treatment.
Is Chemo Worth it for pancreatic cancer?
What are the symptoms of stage 1 pancreatic cancer?
SymptomsAbdominal pain that radiates to your back.Loss of appetite or unintended weight loss.Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)Light-colored stools.Dark-colored urine.Itchy skin.New diagnosis of diabetes or existing diabetes that’s becoming more difficult to control.Blood clots.More items…•
How often is pancreatic cancer missed on CT scan?
Radiologists agreed that CT findings definite or suspicious for pancreatic cancer were present in 50% of the scans obtained 2–6 and 6–18 months before the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (3/6 and 4/8 scans, respectively), but they noted such CT findings in only 7% (1/15) of the scans obtained more than 18 months before …
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A Leader, Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
Mindfulness is a perspective state achievable through common practices such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), yoga, or mindfulness meditation (MM) (Kabat-Zinn, 1982). Regular practice has been shown to increase health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by shifting the experience of chronic pain, depression, stress, anxiety, and other ailments (NCCAM, 2015). Unfortunately, the lack of education regarding what an ongoing practice entails and/or the short/long-term benefits has resulted in poor adoption. Mindfulness adoption requires an openness to complementary or alternative medicine (CAM), dedication to self-improvement, value of wellness, and often monetary funds to attend classes (Nahin et al., 2007).
This explorative study surveyed an underserved population, in exposing perspectives of efficacy, adoption, attitudes and barriers to mindfulness class utilization utilizing a newly generated 22-item survey. The convenience sample, consisting of 45 primary care patients from an integrative medical center that offers free mindfulness classes, was 73.8% Black/African-American from low income neighborhoods in Philadelphia, PA.
The population was considered vulnerable as most had low education (55.6% had completed part or all of high school), were unemployed (55.6%), and had or were prone to chronic illness (93.2%). The majority of patients believed that “anyone can learn mindfulness (by 86.7%),” “mindfulness could help physical (by 82.8%)… (or mental) ailments (by 86.7%),” and expressed “likelihood in trying mindfulness (interventions) (by 60.0%),” namely yoga or MM. Aside from the belief of mindfulness efficacy, the majority reflected predictors, seen in other studies, that influenced adoption: having tried one or more CAMs (61.4%), believing they were responsible for their health (84.4%), and being spiritual (71.1%) or religious (75.0%) (Ali & Katz, 2015). The most common attendance barriers were unavailability during class schedule (37.2%) and motivation (an under-reported 11.7%). Greater research and promotion is needed for this population for optimal adoption of regular mindfulness practices.
Presentation: 25:16
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Why Is Everybody Talking About Weight Loss?
Weight reduction: Weight management is generally a reduction in overall body weight, arising from either deliberate (dieting, working out) or spontaneous (injuries) means. The majority of instances of fast weight management mainly emerge because of the loss of total body fat, but even in cases of severe or extreme weight management, various other compounds inside the body may likewise be depleted. This may consist of the fat saved in muscular tissue cells and also around the body organs such as the kidneys, heart, lungs, and so on. Some individuals even slim down swiftly because of the too much production of glycogen in their muscle mass (a sort of sugar), leading to water retention and also fat burning.
The major purpose of any kind of diet program or treatment is to minimize weight. However, many people end up being confused about the kinds of weight loss programs available. There are usually two sorts of weight-loss fast or gradual. Fast weight management occurs when an individual loses a lot more body weight promptly than it has actually formerly shed. This is normally accomplished by extreme diet programs or fasting. Steady weight management happens over an amount of time. прочетете тук
Obesity or being overweight is mostly related to excess calorie intake and also low power expense. When an individual consumes a lot more calories than it burns off as power, it leads to weight gain. This problem is known as excessive weight. The significant danger aspects of ending up being obese or overweight are harmful lifestyle and also consuming habits, which include consuming fast food as well as various other foods that contain high amounts of calories, not exercising, not taking vitamins and also various other nutrients recommended for healthy living, as well as not getting enough rest. The various other danger element for excessive weight is having a hereditary tendency.
Most individuals gain weight during childhood years or teenage years. It may begin with a very minor quantity and might be undetected till one gains more weight than what they had previously. Weight gain triggers fats to be deposited in the arteries leading to cardiac arrest, diabetic issues, and also different other health problems. When weight loss happens, the body burns calories faster than previously, creating weight-loss. A reduction in caloric consumption might cause a plateau or reduce in weight, relying on the person.
One approach of fast weight management is called the lemonade diet regimen, which needs the enthusiast to only drink a particular quantity of lemonade each day. This diet plan was made popular by John D. Fulder, M.D., that composed a book on the topic. Another weight management program, called the gastric bypass procedure, calls for the wearer of a gastric band to consume smaller meals. The primary objective of this treatment is to force the stomach to decrease its dimension by producing a tiny bag in the stomach called a gastric sleeve. However, some individuals do lose weight by using this method, which might likewise depend on the intensity of their excessive weight.
Slow-tone weight management is an additional option for people that are attempting to slim down. Slow-tone weight management includes making way of life adjustments, such as consuming smaller sized quantities daily and also enjoying the quantity of food you consume throughout the day. People who undergo these programs do not shed a lot of weight extremely quickly. There are other kinds of rapid fat burning offered, such as the juice diet regimen and also the no-carb diet. разгледайте сайта тук
Weight management: Weight loss is a general reduction in body weight triggered by either voluntary (weight training) or uncontrolled (excessive weight) changes in body composition. Many situations of fast weight-loss usually occur due to the short-term loss of body weight, but in much more serious or extreme cases, the body’s reserves of power and nutrients may likewise be drained, causing extreme weight reduction. Quick weight-loss can happen without any adjustment in diet or physical activity, while steady fat burning normally occurs with an adjustment in diet plan and/or physical activity.
Exercise: Exercise is the most effective method to slim down, as it aids you melt calories much more effectively. It likewise enhances your health and wellness and also can alleviate the signs of some conditions. A normal exercise will boost your metabolism and make you eat less. In order to reduce weight, you require to combine healthy weight-loss methods with a regulated diet plan and also routine exercise.
Healthy and balanced way of life: Living a healthy and balanced lifestyle is not only vital for physical wellness, yet additionally for mental well-being. This implies that your lifestyle is figured out by your psychological state, which includes your mindset towards your physical appearance. Mindset is also affected by social variables such as your connections with pals, family members, and also colleagues, as well as your degree of self-esteem. Living a healthy way of life is the very best way to drop weight fast. It needs technique, inspiration, and also equilibrium in between your requirement for safety as well as need for liberty.
Unintentional weight loss: During weight reduction, lots of people accidentally shed a few extra pounds. These incidental losses are typical and also do not endanger your health and wellness. Exercising or eating a healthier diet plan can reduce unintended weight loss. However if you end up being accustomed to eating badly and also overlook your workout, you can shed greater than ten extra pounds via unintentional dropping.
Diet plan: An appropriate diet regimen aids you attain your fat burning objectives. Your dietitian can aid you produce a customized diet strategy, including the sort of foods that you such as to eat and also the portion dimension that you want to consume. Appropriate nourishment is a crucial aspect in achieving and keeping a healthy and balanced body weight. When you consume foods that you appreciate, you tend to be much more physically active. Furthermore, the percentages of additional calories that you eat throughout weight-loss really help you burn up even more body fat. свързана уеб страница
Your long-lasting weight administration approach depends upon your way of life, which is determined by both your mindset and also your routines. Way of life is the mix of all the important things that you do to live your life, consisting of the important things you provide for your body and your mind. The best thing about the discipline to diet and also exercise is that you can establish a way of life that fits your needs for lasting weight management. Establishing a healthy and balanced way of living is also a lot of fun!
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How to make a hammock from scratch
How to make a hammock from scratch
September 25, 2021 Comments Off on How to make a hammock from scratch By admin
How to build a hammocker?
When I first got the idea to build my own hammock I was pretty unsure of how to go about it.
The hammock was a bit intimidating to build.
I’m not sure how the hammock is supposed to be constructed in the first place.
It doesn’t have a lot of features.
You need a lot more pieces than the one pictured.
For starters, the hammocks back is actually made of three pieces.
There’s the front and back of the hammocking, and then there’s the hammoguard and back.
In terms of construction, it doesn’t really matter.
If you’re looking for a simple, basic hammock you can pick one up for around $150 or $200.
However, if you’re thinking about buying a hammocks, you need to know the differences between hammock and tent.
When you’re building a hammocking you’re making it with three basic pieces.
In other words, you’re using a basic piece of material.
But the key is to choose something sturdy enough to withstand the weather.
So, how much would you pay for a hammocked hammock?
It depends on how sturdy you want it.
For instance, a hammoguel is a sturdy hammock that has a roof.
Or, if your budget is limited, a lightweight tent might be more appropriate.
The question of the price is important because, if a hammok isn’t cheap, you’ll likely end up spending a lot on the hammok.
The cost of a hammoko is more than the price of a regular hammock.
A hammok costs around $100 or $150, depending on how large the hammagel you choose.
A hammok for $150 will run you about $2,000.
A hammogual hammock costs about $1,000 and up.
A tent costs about a thousand dollars and up and up depending on the size of the tent.
It’s worth noting that a hammogo is not a tent.
So, you don’t need a hammagewarrior to make one.
You can buy hammocks at thrift stores, but you can’t buy them at thrifts.
You also can’t use a hammogue to make them.
A big part of the cost of buying a cheap hammock or tent is the cost you have to pay for materials.
There are two main types of hammocks and tent that you can buy.
They’re either lightweight or durable, but the cost depends on the type of material you use.
If you want to build your hammock in a way that it’ll last for a long time, a cheap tent will do.
But if you want something more durable, a good lightweight hammock might be a good choice.
What you need and where to find themThe first thing you need is a hammoo.
This is usually a piece of plywood that you cut into two pieces and use as a hammuguard.
You can buy this at thrifty stores or online.
A hammoo will work for hammocks too.
Most hammocks will be made of lightweight, cheap materials.
If you want a hammoom, you should get a hammigual hammogue.
However, a lot can go wrong with hammogues that are made out of inexpensive, poor quality materials.
A bad hammogus can break easily, or be damaged by the weather, so be sure to take care of it carefully.
You need to choose a hammago.
The hammago is a piece that you use to carry your hammogos hammock around in.
You’ll need to pick a piece with a long handle so you can carry it around.
The hammago also needs to be able to withstand strong winds.
When you’ve got a hammak, you want an extra thing you can hang on to so you don´t lose your hammogo.
Once you’ve picked a hammauge, the next step is to find a hammos hammoguit.
This is a special hammogua.
Here’s what it looks like: If your hammos are too big for a tent, you can add a hammaku to make it more comfortable.
In fact, many hammoguanas are made with hammago, hammago hammoguo, hammaguard, and hammaguard as hammaguards.
Your hammago will also need to be waterproof, meaning that it will be able protect you from the elements.
Finally, you will need to decide what kind of hammogura you want.
Hammoguras are a combination of hammock hammoguy and tent hammoguras.
These two hammoguras are actually made from the same material and can be used together.
Here are some tips to help you choose a great hamm
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complex - basics of complex mathematics
#include <complex.h>
Your C-compiler can work with complex numbers if it supports the C99 standard. Link with -lm. The imaginary unit is represented by I.
/* check that exp(i * pi) == -1 */ #include <math.h> /* for atan */ #include <stdio.h> #include <complex.h>
int main(void) { double pi = 4 * atan(1.0); double complex z = cexp(I * pi); printf("%f + %f * i\n", creal(z), cimag(z)); }
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Benefits of falling nitrogen pollution understated - Report
14 January 2014 by Tom Marshall
London smogIndeed, scientists think the UK alone benefits by around £65m a year. Levels of atmospheric nitrogen have fallen by around a quarter in Europe since 1990, mostly because of tighter rules on emissions from engines and industry. Scientists are still working to understand the consequences.
This paper is the first systematic attempt to value nitrogen's effects across a broad range of ecosystem services, taking these cultural services into account and weighing their impact alongside that of provisioning services. It reveals that by looking only at those services which are easy to value, we run the risk of seriously underestimating the benefits of falling atmospheric nitrogen.
"Ours is the first study to try to value air pollution properly from an ecosystem services perspective," says lead author Dr Laurence Jones of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH). "We took examples from the range of provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services - two of each - and calculated the overall costs and benefits to the UK. If you only look at the provisioning services there is a big loss in value because atmospheric nitrogen is effectively free fertiliser and we are now getting less of it. But to get the whole picture you look at a wider range of ecosystem services."
The authors reviewed the effect of nitrogen on numerous kinds of ecosystem service, including both obvious benefits like timber production and water purification to less well-studied ones like production of game for shooting on moorlands and of wool on semi-natural grasslands; the genetic diversity of wild species; aesthetic appreciation of flowering plants; and anglers' enjoyment of healthy rivers.
They then calculated the value of declining nitrogen deposition on six representative services, and concluded that timber and livestock production saw an annual drop in value of £6·2m, and lower absorption of greenhouse gases due to slower plant growth cost the economy a further £15·7m a year. But the benefits of cultural services like good sites for fishing and people's increased enjoyment of nature are much greater, amounting to an estimated £87·7m.
Not everyone agrees that you can compare a cultural benefit such as people getting more enjoyment from fishing with a more concrete cost for a market good like timber. But Jones says many environmental economists argue that this is the only way to get a full picture of a change's effects - we need to accept that the methods used to value each are different, but try to take this into account so that their results can be compared.
To value cultural services, the authors took data from earlier studies on how much people value a diverse environment with many species. These asked subjects how much they'd be willing to pay to protect either 'charismatic' organisms like birds and butterflies or 'non-charismatic' ones like moths and plants, which don't tend to attract such public enthusiasm. Jones and colleagues wanted to be conservative, so they based their calculations on the values for non-charismatic species - if they'd used values for charismatic species, the benefits for cultural services would have been roughly five times higher.
This study looked only at atmospheric nitrogen deposition; it did not take into account nitrogen released directly onto our landscapes, which continues to be a serious problem, for example harming biodiversity by adding excessive nutrients to rivers and coastal waters.
Jones is now carrying out follow-up work for Defra, which co-funded this study. He and colleagues at CEH are focusing on improving this method of ecosystem services valuation to cover a wider range of services, and looking at other pollutants such as sulfur and ozone. They are assessing the impacts of future scenarios of pollutant emissions for Defra, and developing 'damage costs' (the cost caused by each tonne of pollutant emitted in the UK) for use in policy appraisal.
'A review and application of the evidence for nitrogen impacts on ecosystem services' - L Jones, A Provins, M Holland, G Mills, F Hayes, B Emmett, J Hall, L Sheppard, R Smith, M Sutton, K Hicks, M Ashmore, R Haines-Young, L Harper-Simmonds, Ecosystem Services.
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What are the common respiratory diseases?
What are the common respiratory diseases?
Some of the common respiratory diseases are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pulmonary odema, pneumonia. Respiratory illness is a common problem amongst the urban population.
What causes respiratory diseases?
Certain factors and habits like smoking, air pollution, and environmental issues can cause respiratory diseases. Other reasons include- autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and genetic defects. It is advisable to get an online consultation from an expert doctor to understand the type of respiratory problem.
Are breathing difficulties related to COVID?
Coronavirus related shortness of breath occurs a few days after the initial infection. Though, some people may not develop this symptom at all. It is followed by milder symptoms like- fatigue and fever. If you’re experiencing any of the COVID symptoms, chat with a doctor online as soon as possible.
What can cause my asthma attack?
Common asthma attacks may be triggered due to tobacco smoke, stress, inhaling cold/dry air, pollens, upper respiratory infections, pets, dust mites, and gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD]. To investigate the cause behind your asthma attacks, consult a doctor.
What are the early signs of respiratory diseases?
Some of the early signs of respiratory diseases are- wheezing, experiencing breathing difficulties, chest pain, chronic coughing with or without blood, and excess mucus production. These signs are warning signals that call for immediate medical attention, so consulting a doctor is highly recommended.
Effective solution for breathing difficulties — Get personalized Online Consultation from expert doctors!
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/* */
Waste Management
Sorting waste is more complicated in tourism, due to the use of single-dose products, but also due to tourists’ lack of knowledge of the specific rules for the separation of waste.
Solid waste is generated in nearly all activities that humans undertake. However, it is acknowledged that tourism-related activities produce amounts well above those encountered in normal domestic usage1Hamele & Eckardt, 2006. In fact, they often expect higher standards of hygiene and a wider range of choices in food and other services, which translate into more garbage. Moreover, while on vacation, people tend to use more disposable products than at home, a habit that also increases waste volumes. To mitigate the impacts of these phenomena, a good management system and well-made information policies for guests and staff members can help. In turn, to sensitize guests and staff members to waste reduction mechanisms, a solid background of knowledge on the waste volumes produced, and the management processes implemented is needed2UNWTO, 2004.
Strategies to minimize waste generally include reduction, reuse, recycling, residual treatment, and residual disposal: their adoption should be considered at destination level and particularly within accommodation facilities. An efficient management might also represent a source of cost savings for a tourism business, whose entity depends also on the business location and the local refuse management regulations3Pirani & Arafat, 2014.
Notwithstanding the relevance of refuse management for the tourism sector, the literature on the topic is very limited, making it difficult to pin down the impact of tourism on waste production. In order to circumvent this problem, the decision was taken to estimate the production of waste in accommodation facilities using a coefficient retrieved from Hamele & Eckardt (2006) on the production of waste per overnight stay.
Water Management
Various tourist activities, for example skiing or golf, require large amounts of water.
Wastewater Management
A high concentration of tourism in certain months of the year can lead to overloading of water treatment plants.
Energy Management
An increase in the number of tourists leads directly to an increase energy consumption in the destination.
In high season, individual mobility generates congestion and pollution, creating discomfort for residents and tourists.
Nature Conservation
The presence of protected areas guarantees greater sensitivity to the environment and more nature-friendly forms of tourism.
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The Rift Between Science and Religion?
It is often said that science and religion are polar opposites.
But this notion may not be true and is, instead, based on popular misconceptions, the ongoing struggle between the two concepts for social dominance, and misunderstandings of both the scientific method and the underlying idea of faith.
In fact, the two meet at countless points and often take parallel paths.
Before continuing, this critique centers on Western religious and scientific constructs. When it wants to, an organized religion can stop scientific progress in its tracks – take historical Islam, for example. Once the primary protector and advancer of knowledge (although they were invented in India, we call them Arabic numerals for a reason), Islamic leaders in the Middle Ages proclaimed edicts -- enforced often at scimitar point – that put an end to all of that.
While doubtlessly some Western sects have persecuted knowledge seekers under the cloak of dogma, those efforts had as much to do with secular societal dominance as they did with saving souls. The Galileo affair illustrates that process.
Galileo’s experience is seen today as the ultimate example of backward religion crushing glorious reason, but the facts of the matter do not support that view. Pope Urban VIII, Galileo’s friend, and, at the time a supporter, encouraged him to write a treatise on the two opposing cosmological concepts -- heliocentrism (Earth around the Sun) and geocentrism (everything around the Earth).
Urban, it seems, was expecting the book to be a relatively even-handed debate but would certainly not have had a problem if it leaned towards heliocentrism (he had defended Galileo’s support for heliocentrism previously). What Urban was not expecting was Simplicio - the character in the book tasked with defending geocentrism. He was portrayed as an idiot, a fool who made no sense whatsoever. Simplicio was also, rightly or wrongly, interpreted as a caricature of Urban himself. Suffice to say, the Pope was not amused.
And Urban had a trump card up his sleeve for the coming kerfuffle – he knew Galileo could not actually prove the Earth revolved around the Sun. It turns out that Galileo was right, but at the time the math and mechanics were simply not there to definitively prove so. Geocentrism was on its last legs – with Galileo’s physical observations and the work of Copernicus and Tycho Brahe (one of the very few astronomers who have ever had to wear a false silver nose due to an ill-fated drunken duel), making sure of that. Meanwhile, the torturous mathematical and mechanical hoops geocentrists had to jump through to make it work were expanding exponentially. Galileo, by applying Occam’s Razor, simply knew he was right.
The Galileo debate is, even if incorrectly, rather well-known and has been the subject of significant public discourse. Another “science versus religion” conflict is far less well-known: The initial debate around the Big Bang.
First postulated by a Catholic priest and theoretical physicist Georges Lemaître in the 1920s, the Big Bang theory didn’t really come into its own until after World War II when physicist George Gamow took hold of it, blended in new information and better math techniques, and made it a real contender when compared to the then-dominant “steady state” theory (very nutshell, the Big Bang theory postulates a singular event to start an expanding universe while the steady-state concept says the universe does not grow or shrink and always existed and always will).
One aspect of the competition between the two theories was that many mocked the Big Bang as a way to shoehorn God back into the creation picture. The (simplified) criticism was based on the idea that the eternal nature of the steady-state not only does not require a God, it really does not allow for it. God becomes at the very least extraneous, if not impossible, to existence because a supernatural (in the literal sense of “beyond nature”) being could not exist outside of an eternal and unchanging universe.
The Big Bang theory, while it assumes (simplified) the idea that gravitational interaction of random particles adrift in the nothingness is the causal event of the universe, cannot and does not flatly state that God is impossible. It allows for the possibility that another force was at play and maybe that force could be God. Of course, it also allows for the idea that our universe is just an extra-credit middle school class project of a pan-hyperdimensional teenager but it may not be best to dwell on that possibility, especially if you have kids of your own.
It wasn’t until new radio-telemetry data began to be collected in the 1960s, showing that the steady-state was essentially impossible, that the Big Bang gained the upper hand.
How does the Big Bang call into question the supposed split between science and religion? For one, surprisingly, it puts the story of creation from Genesis back on the table.
Genesis, day one – formless and empty and utter nothingness and then “Let there be light.”
Big Bang, day one - formless and empty and utter nothingness and then, well, “Bang,” for whatever reason.
And then from there, both Genesis and naturalism track rather closely to one another. Simplified, again, the Genesis “timeline to today” goes: the beginning of everything. undifferentiated stuff, sky, ground, vegetation, stars, fish, animals, and then humans. Also, simplified, the naturalist evolutionary “timeline to today” goes: the beginning of everything, undifferentiated stuff, sky, stars, ground, vegetation, fish, animals, humans.
Except for the stars/vegetation glitch (seven out of eight is not bad at all for pre-scientific storytelling), the two ideas are not at all mutually exclusive. They are not identical and they tell the story in very different ways, but they do not, when boiled down to their basics, conflict with one another. And if there is no truly fundamental conflict then there can be no complete and final split.
Like faith, science is a journey. Although technically a noun, in practical effect “science” is a verb, a process for trying to best explain the discordant carnival called life in which we are immersed. Like the winding journey towards betterment that can exemplify faith, science is never “settled.” In fact, “settled science” is the least science-y thing that can exist and is the opposite of the process. It is the equivalent of a merely skin-deep type of faith of transitory convenience because it denies the very concept of change in order to take advantage of the circumstances of the present.
Like faith, science cannot be “followed;” it can only be experienced. The core of the scientific method is the endless search for the best possible explanation of everything. Attempting to “follow the science” is as impossible as it would be to follow your own car while in the driver’s seat. Data can be followed, observations can become more accurate, probabilities can be drastically increased until a hypothesis becomes a theory and then a very likely accurate description, but the scientific process continues ad infinitum.
Like faith, science is a journey and while there are times that their paths seem to diverge, they can always remain visible to one another. And that might be the best of both worlds.
Thomas Buckley is the former Mayor of Lake Elsinore and a former newspaper reporter who studied the history of physics and philosophy of science in college. He is currently the operator of a small communications and planning consultancy and can be reached directly at You can read more of his work at
Image: Quasar Tsunamis Rip Across Galaxies. Hubble Space Telescope.
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Curiosity-driven education
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Depending on the reasons why we teach science in school, it may be fair to question how we teach science in school. Most approaches are solution-oriented, which means that someone already knows the answer we are looking for and builds a storyline to reach it. This way of approaching education is not challenging. Moreover, it goes against the natural drive of being curious and explore, and it does not resemble the "professional" scientific exploration and play.
In that regard, science teaching could stem from the curiosity of people, which would strengthen the capacity of pursuing different lines of thoughts. See: Inquiry-based science education
This would generate a feedback loop with each student own interests and stimuli. This is why I think it's important that science education should not distinguish disciplines. Pursuing curiosity should not be constrained to the artificial boundaries imposed by defining the scope under which one is exploring the world.
A curiosity-driven approach, however, goes against the view that science education is utilitaristic. Right now, education is content based, but by following a curiosity driven approach, science education should be method-oriented.
Join my experiment of better thinking and interesting discussions
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What are things we can do to be thrifty and make ourselves happier at the same time?
We’d be happier (and richer) if we paid down debts, spent more time savoring positive experiences and recollecting good memories, renting instead of buying, and focusing on goals that we find personally rewarding vs. goals motivated by money and external factors:
The authors respond to Dunn, Gilbert, and Wilson (2011) and offer additional ideas about how to apply the virtue of thrift to obtain greater affective benefit from spending less. Materialism and over-consumption is damaging for the individual, the economy, and the environment. Over consumption is understandable in light of hedonic adaptation, where the happiness arising from a positive change erodes via two key pathways: diminishing positive emotions and rising aspirations. In the U.S., hedonic adaptation encourages overspending and indebtedness. The practice of thrift is the wise and efficient use of resources, and there are many thrifty proponents and adherents throughout history –including Socrates, King Solomon, Confucius, Benjamin Franklin, and today, Warren Buffett. Studies suggest that individuals would spend less and derive more hedonic benefit by eliminating distressing debts, stretching positive experiences through appreciation and savoring, recycling positive experiences via variety and reminiscing, renting instead of buying, and resolutely focusing on intrinsic goals over extrinsic ones. With a strong financial foundation and the skills to make the most of positive changes, more Americans would be able to thrive financially and emotionally in challenging economic times, while contributing less to the perilous circumstances that led to these challenging times in the first place.
Source: “Happiness and thrift: When (spending) less is (hedonically) more” from Journal of Consumer Psychology, Volume 21, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 131-138
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It is unclear, however, if Chinese couples, used to the material wealth and urban lifestyle many enjoy, will embrace the opportunity to grow their families—and accept the costs of raising a second child—now that it is allowed. In 2015, 60% of Chinese women of childbearing age were over 35, so many may not wish to (or be able to) conceive a second child. In fact, an earlier survey from 2008 by China’s family-planning commission reported that only 19% of the people they surveyed wished to have a second child.
It may therefore be that China’s relaxing of the one-child policy came too late to defuse the pending time bomb the nation may experience as China’s population grays in the midst of its rapid industrialization. China’s reproductive policies have long elicited intense criticism worldwide from people who oppose government intrusion into personal reproductive choices, and such intrusion continues today, albeit with a higher allowable family size.
The policy, however, has proven highly effective in slowing population growth rates and aiding the economic rise of modern China. As other nations become more crowded and they seek to emulate China’s economic growth, might their governments also feel forced to turn to drastic policies that restrict individual freedoms? In this chapter, we examine human population dynamics in China and worldwide, consider their causes, and assess their consequences for the environment and human society.
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November 01, 2017
Why are wildfires concentrated in the west?
'Infrequently Asked Questions' seeks the answer
California's forests have been particularly hard-hit with wildfires this year, with costs of the Northern California fires topping more than $3 billion in damages--not to mention the death of dozens.
Big-picture, though, it might make some wonder: Why are so many dangerous forest wildfires seemingly contained to the West Coast? These are "Penn's Woods," after all, with no shortage of hot days.
Curious, we reached out to Stephen Mason, a researcher in Drexel University's Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science whose studies focus on the New Jersey Pine Barrens and the effects of climate change.
To ask the umbrella question: Why does it seem like so many forest fires are concentrated in the west? We seldom hear about a major East Coast fire.
Wildfires happen everywhere, globally. But when talking about the U.S., the West Coast is getting a lot more attention for a few reasons. Actually, a lot of reasons. The first thing coming to mind is that the West Coast has a different climate than the East Coast and Great Plains. And we have wildfires [on the East Coast], too.
The West Coast, they're actually getting hit harder by climate change than the rest of the U.S., and people might be familiar with it because they're getting a lot of droughts. With that drought, you're having drier areas and wildfires will become more frequent and intense and even longer. On top of that, because there's so much drought, there are a lot of trees dying because they're not getting enough water. And dead trees burn easier and faster.
Why is that?
It's drier wood. It's a lot harder to put a green leaf on fire than a brown leaf on fire. And the West Coast--again, there's a lot of acres of forest out there.
... And the other big thing is, and this is on the East Coast too, but every time a fire gets started it's put out immediately. That actually, depending whose perspective it is, could be bad. When a wildfire comes through, it eliminates leaf litter--duff. But since they're put out quickly, duff builds up. So when a wildfire does come through, it picks up all the leaf litter and makes them worse.
That's counter-intuitive. By stopping a fire you're causing other fires?
For the ecosystem, Smokey the Bear says, "Only You Can Prevent Wildfires," but we need a wildfire to get rid of the fuel load. But it's leaf litter that's accumulating. One way to prevent the fires, on the East Coast more than the West Coast, with a fire service, is to light a prescribed burn – to make sure it never gets out of control.
But the West Coast, there's so much land, you can't do a prescribed burn everywhere. Then you have all this accumulation of leaf litter because fires are put out as fast as possible.
So, these fires do happen on this side of the U.S.?
Wildfires happen everywhere, but the West Coast gets more attention because it's bigger, hotter and lasts a long time. And when I do my research about the Jersey Pine Barrens--relatively local to Philadelphia--there's a relatively big fire that happened this summer of 3,500 acres in the Wharton State Forest. That's a bigger one recently. And there are a lot of habitats that benefit from fires--they're needed for ecosystems, but with climate change, they're more frequent and hotter than they historically have been.
How much more frequent?
It depends on where you are in the world. One thing I could speak to, with New Jersey, it's said that historically wildfires were once every 20 years depending on where you are in the Pine Barrens. There's a place called the Pigmy Pines, where a wildfire burns every seven years--but because New Jersey is built-up and, even though the Pine Barrens is protected from development, there are still [houses] everywhere. The forest fire service does a good job of controlling wildfires, so at least in South Jersey, the wildfires have decreased because there are houses scattered all over, so it's easier to protect them.
I might've contradicted myself, but globally they're increasing in intensity and happening frequently.
Will wildfires push farther east as time goes on? Say, in the Appalachians?
The East Coast is a different climate, and what's different about the Pennsylvania forests is they're mostly deciduous trees. So, every terrestrial area on the planet has had a wildfire at least once. Once every 200 years, or 20 years. Eventually, there will be a wildfire and it's a matter of how bad it is, intense it is, fast it is. We will see a wildfire in Pennsylvania at one point or another, but it's hard to say when because it's situational.
That's another thing about the Pine Barrens: they're coniferous forests with pine trees; habitats are a lot drier. Pennsylvania's forests are a wetter area.
When a wildfire does start, do we know the cause of how it happens?
There are different ways to tell. My understanding is if there's a thunderstorm and a fire starts shortly after, chances are it's a lightning strike. Most wildfires happen from lightning strikes. And then you can find the center of where a fire started, a tree cut by a lightning strike. And other times it's a lit cigarette thrown into dry leaves, and it can start that way, too.
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U.S. Labor Force Trends
Product: Population Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 2
Date: June 22, 2008
During the past four decades, baby boomers coming of age and the rise in women’s labor force participation increased the size of the U.S. labor force which, in turn, helped fuel economic growth. The aging of baby boomers and the fact that women’s labor force participation has already peaked are expected to slow labor force growth in the near future. Many policymakers and business leaders are concerned that as baby boomers retire, labor productivity will drop as more experienced workers are replaced by people with fewer years on the job. But there are also potential benefits for those seeking employment. For example, with a smaller pool of potential workers, employers may provide extra incentives to retain employees or to encourage women, the elderly, or people with disabilities to enter the labor force. Another long-term employment trend since the 1970s has been a shift in employment and population growth away from the Midwest and Northeast toward the South and the West. Regional differences in wages and cost of living; the attraction of natural amenities; and a desire to escape congestion, pollution, and crime in urban areas spurred these changes in the 1980s and 1990s. Another related trend has been the growth of population and jobs in suburbs and a decline in central cities. Demographic trends, with younger populations in the West and South, suggest that these regional trends will continue.
This Population Bulletin examines demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the U.S. civilian labor force and changes since 1950, and relates these trends to demographic and institutional changes and economic restructuring internationally and within the United States.
Some economists argue that technology changes, such as computerization, have tended to complement the work of higher-educated workers while replacing work for midlevel workers and hardly affecting the more manual work of the lowest-paid tier. They propose this as one reason for divergence in wages of the middle class and the highest earners. With the availability of inexpensive computers, demand has risen for the cognitive and interpersonal skills associated with educated professionals and managers. At the same time, demand for routine clerical and analytical skills used in many positions filled by middle-educated white-collar workers has declined. Technology has also reduced demand for routine manual skills used in high-paid manufacturing production jobs, but nonroutine manual skills used in many service jobs such as health aides, security guards, orderlies, cleaners, and food servers have not been affected by computerization. Recent trends in computerization of customer services and billing, as well as new technology that facilitates offshore outsourcing of these services, suggest that technology will continue to eliminate some U.S. jobs.
In a global economy, a country such as the United States is affected not only by its own demographic trends, but also by the trends and policies in other countries. Many U.S. and foreign-owned multinationals are shifting production from high-wage to low-wage countries, with China as one of the primary destinations for jobs. According to one study, companies shifting jobs tend to be large,well-established, publicly held corporations. Manufacturing firms are the main source of exported jobs, but offshore outsourcing of information technology jobs and customer service jobs continues to grow.
Unionized workplaces are disproportionately affected by U.S. production shifts offshore. A study by Bronfenbrenner and Luce in 2004 estimated that 53 percent of jobs shifting out of the United States to Mexico and 34 percent shifting to China were unionized. The loss of union jobs through offshoring means that jobs leaving the United States are more likely to be jobs with full health care and pension plans. In addition to being costly to workers, losing these types of jobs will be costly to some communities as this may result in a declining tax base and greater demands on social services.
Global corporate restructuring and other trends in the U.S. labor market also have the potential to exacerbate wage inequality. Corporate restructuring creates pressure to contain total compensation for many low-wage and mid-level workers but increases returns to managers at the highest levels where compensation may be linked to profits. In addition, the demand for higher-educated workers combined with technology will continue to widen the wage gap between the highly educated and the less skilled.
This Population Bulletin was funded through the generosity of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
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phase out
2. A temporary manner, attitude, or pattern of behavior: just a passing phase.
3. An aspect; a part: We must reconsider every phase of the operation.
4. Astronomy
a. One of the cyclically recurring apparent shapes of the visibly illuminated portion of the moon or a planet.
b. The relative configuration, measured in angular units such as degrees or radians, of two orbiting bodies that periodically eclipse.
5. Physics
a. A particular stage in a periodic process or phenomenon.
6. Chemistry
a. Any of the forms or states, solid, liquid, gas, or plasma, in which matter can exist, depending on temperature and pressure.
b. A discrete homogeneous part of a material system that is mechanically separable from the rest, as is ice from water.
7. Biology A characteristic form, appearance, or stage of development that occurs in a cycle or that distinguishes some individuals of a group: the white color phase of a weasel; the swarming phase of locusts.
tr.v. phased, phas·ing, phas·es
1. To plan or carry out systematically by phases.
2. To set or regulate so as to be synchronized.
Phrasal Verbs:
phase in
To introduce, one stage at a time.
phase out
To bring or come to an end, one stage at a time.
in phase
In a correlated or synchronized way.
out of phase
In an unsynchronized or uncorrelated way.
[Back-formation from New Latin phasēs, phases of the moon, from Greek phaseis, pl. of phasis, appearance, from phainein, to show; see bhā- in Indo-European roots.]
pha′sic (fā′zĭk) adj.
phase out
(tr, adverb) to discontinue or withdraw gradually
the action or an instance of phasing out: a phase-out of conventional forces.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Verb1.phase out - terminate gradually
phase in - introduce gradually
w>phase out
vt sepauslaufen lassen
References in periodicals archive ?
All this is happening without noticeable complaints from industry in part because policymakers from German Chancellor Angela Merkel to UK Prime Minister Theresa May have made it clear they want to phase out coal within the next decade, slashing greenhouse gases.
provisions included the phase out of personal exemptions (PEP) and
At that point, having exhausted all the trivial categories, the United States was forced to begin to phase out such strategic categories as babywear, bras and robes.
"There is a dollar for dollar phase out of the deduction if your total asset acquisitions for the year exceed $560,000," he advises.
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Home » Articles by Urban Opticians » Reality of Digital Eye Strain By Dr. M Jafferji
Reality of Digital Eye Strain By Dr. M Jafferji
We all can agree that the use of smart phones, tablets, laptop computers and the like are on a rise especially during this pandemic. As more and more of us are going virtual, at work or in our social lives, staring at screens for longer hours have become the norm. This in turn is cumulatively straining our eyes and our visual system.
Before I delve into a discussion of digital eye strain also known as computer vision syndrome, did you know that 50% of your brain function is dedicated to processing our vision and visual perception? This means that half the neural activity that takes place in our brain comes through our eyes, which gives us a sense of how critical our vision is and why we should not take it for granted.
Vision disorders are one of the main causes of learning disabilities in children. Many case studies on kids with various vision disorders have proven this point. Also many case studies of patients with brain injuries have shown how our binocular and peripheral vision is crucial in recovery. This being said when we spend more than half of our day staring at a screen it is reasonable to expect consequences. The reality is that our visual system is not designed to focus on digital screens day in and day out.
When it comes to eye fatigue and strain from looking at screens, there are three unnatural things that we have to realize we are doing. First, we are intentionally focusing on close objects for long periods of time. Our ancestors never used their eyes the way we do now. Our eyes are not designed to focus on close objects for hours on end; thus our visual system has to adapt to such circumstances. There is evidence now suggesting this is why myopia (nearsightedness) is on the rise among children across the globe, which is why we advise kids to spend time outdoors as much as possible. When we are outside, our eyes focus on close objects without requiring any effort or strain on the eyes. Any significant refractive error such as hyperopia/farsightedness or astigmatism can also place constant strain on the visual system. Another visual aspect that is important is our binocularity. Binocularity refers to how well our two eyes work together as a team to be able to focus effortlessly at a close object. Having adequate binocular vision is crucial for our brain to interpret what we are focusing on.
Secondly, when staring at digital devices our visual system is exposed to high energy wavelengths of light, which is known to keep us more alert and engaged. This in turn reduces our rate of blinking and also affects our sleep patterns when devices are used in the evening and night. Blinking is crucial in keeping our eyes moist and healthy as its function is to stabilize our tear film. During screen use our blinking rates can sometimes be reduced by fifty percent especially when playing video games. This can eventually lead to dry eye disease and eye fatigue. Lack of sleep can also contribute to strain as the ocular surface of our eyes rejuvenate when they are shut. (More on this on my next blog!)
Lastly our posture and neck position when sitting in front of a screen can also become unnatural which can lead to eye strain over time. Hunching over the chair, twisting your body, excessive tilting of the neck, raising shoulders when typing and looking at screens above our eye level are among many reasons to cause back, neck and eye strain.
When all of these unnatural habits work together for prolonged periods of time, digital eye strain or computer vision syndrome, can become inevitable unless these habits can be countered by new good habits. The following list contains some of the good habits to adopt that can help reduce potential eye strain:
1. Make sure to wear your prescribed computer eye glasses with anti-reflective coating. You can also add a blue light filter but this isn’t mandatory.
2. Take frequent short breaks by looking at a distance for 20 to 30 seconds and alternative longer task breaks.
3. Do blinking exercises every 20-30 minutes.
4. Keep hydrated throughout the day.
5. Position screen to avoid glare from overhead lighting or window.
6. Ideally, the location of a computer screen should be 15-20 degrees below eye level measured from the centre of the screen.
7. Seating position: adjust chair height so feet rest flat on the floor. Chair arms should be adjusted to provide support while typing, and wrists should not rest on the keyboard.
8. Reference materials should be located above the keyboard and below the monitor.
9. Muscles stretches after every couple of hours to release tension from back, neck and eyes.
10. Get a good night sleep to sufficiently rest the eyes and body.
This list of habits is useful to prevent back, neck and eye strain, but it is not by any means exhaustive. Stress levels can also play a large part is your overall well being.
At Urban Opticians, our optometrists take the time to counsel patients suffering from digital eye strain. We provide useful tips and materials to help form these good habits and combat this problem. We realize digital device usage is a pandemic in it self and it’s responsible use needs to be addressed especially among our children.
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Water Bottle Filling Stations in Schools
Put Water within Reach
for Louisiana Students
The Issue
Water plays an important role in maintaining a child’s overall health, such as regulating temperature, protecting sensitive tissues, transporting nutrients, and ridding the body of wastes. Drinking sufficient amounts of water can have many health benefits, such as reduced dental cavities and maintaining a healthy weight. Yet, most children and adolescents do not consume enough water.
Water bottle filling station
States can improve drinking water availability to ensure that all kids, no matter where they live, have access to free, clean drinking water in school. Studies show when water bottle filling stations are installed in schools, students nearly triple how much water they drink at lunch time. Plus, the likelihood of kids in those same schools being at an unhealthy weight is greatly reduced.
Drinking enough water may also improve a child’s performance in school and has been shown to help with reasoning skills and short-term memory. It also can help with visual attention and fine motor skills, making it easier for children to learn what they are reading.
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the CDC now encourages staff and students to bring their own water to minimize use and touching of water fountains. Water bottle filling stations and personal water bottles may help reduce the spread of germs and disease.
The Association Advocates
During the 2021 Louisiana Legislative Session, the AHA along with You're the Cure advocates successfully urged state legislators to pass House Bill 132 by Rep. Vincent J. Pierre. Governor John Bel Edwards signed the bill into law on June 16, ensuring all newly constructed public schools and public schools undergoing major renovations install water bottle filling stations.
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to Launchers home page to R-7 rocket to Soyuz launcher
Sputnik launch vehicle (8K71/8A91)
The version of the R-7 rocket that was destined to carry the first satellite into orbit was designated 8K71PS No. M1-1PS. That particular vehicle received several upgrades deferring it from earlier experimental R-7 rockets. (52) Along with the military warhead, gone were measurement hardware, top avionics section containing the vibration monitoring system, cables connecting the rocket and the warhead and a considerable portion of the flight control hardware, including the radio-control system. Some of the onboard electric batteries were also removed. (51) As a result, the total mass of the rocket went down from 280 tons for the original R-7 rocket to 272.83 tons (or 267 tons, at the time of liftoff) for the space launcher. At liftoff, the engines would reach the total thrust of around 398 tons. (256, 52)
Upon reaching the orbit, the main engine cutoff had to be performed by the gyroscopic integrator or on a command from the emergency contact of the turbine in the main engine. Such command would be issued as soon as the rocket run out of fuel or oxidizer.
All tracking of the rocket in flight had to be conducted passively by means of radar, without onboard response, and with the help of ground telescopes. Both ways had a limited range and accuracy. Based on experience with the previous launch of the R-7 rocket, ground controllers expected the Binokl (binocular) tracking system to "see" no further than 200 kilometers for the rocket, and much less for a satellite. In the meantime, the P-30 radar demonstrated an effective range of 500 kilometers, when tracking aircraft. Its effectiveness would be further reduced by a relatively slow rotation of its antenna. Optical sensors Kth-41 and KT-50 available in Tyuratam at the time had a range of 100-200 kilometers, also too short for effective tracking of a satellite. (51)
Modifying the rocket for Sputnik-2
For the launch of the second satellite, the second braking nozzle was added to the core stage of the rocket to prevent tumbling of the vehicle upon entering orbit. (248) As in the rocket launching the first satellite, the braking nozzle would employ gas, which pressurized oxidizer tank during the powered flight. (84)
Once in orbit, a special programming device, installed on the core stage would switch the Tral-Ts telemetry system from transmitting the parameters of the rocket to channel data from scientific payloads. (52)
To help maintain proper temperature in the dog cabin, the transfer cone, which connected the satellite with the rocket, was thoroughly polished, additional thermal blanket were added and copper panels were installed on the telemetry boxes. The core stage was also equipped with deployable reflectors.
To maximize scientific payload of Sputnik-2, some flight control equipment was removed from the rocket. For the same purpose, the flight profile was modified to ensure maximum use of onboard propellant. It was achieved by programming the flight control system to shut down the main engine only when its turbo pump detects that it run out of either propellant or oxidizer. In the previous launch, this way of shutting down the engine was only a backup mode.
The rocket for Object D: 8A91
By the time the third Soviet orbital mission was prepared to fly, a new version of the R-7 launch vehicle designated 8A91 was also in works. It was a transitional upgrade between the older 8K71 ballistic missile and the yet-to-be-tested lighter 8K74 ICBM designed for a longer range. Chemical milling was used to shave off some extra metal from waffle-like tank walls. In addition, the Tral-V telemetry system was removed from the first stage and its tasks of data transmission were transferred to a single Tral unit on the second stage. (537)
Mass changes led to a different flight profile. The engine of the core stage would be throttled down from 73 tons to 60 tons, while strap-on boosters would be throttled up 25 percent 17 seconds before their separation. Also special covers would be introduced to reduce the backward thrust of separation nozzles. The radio-equipment bay was replaced with an adapter section.
The development of the 8A91 launch vehicle was completed by the beginning of 1958. (84)
Technical specifications of the R-7 ICBM and Sputnik launcher:
8K71 (M1-5) test version ICBM
Sputnik launcher 8K71PS (M1-1PS)
Number of stages
Length of the vehicle
• 28 meters (without warhead or upper stages)
• 31.07 meters (an original R-7 8K71 ICBM with a warhead) 34,290 mm (248)
29,167 mm (51, 256, 137, 248)
10.3 meters at the base, including stabilizers span. (137)
Launch mass (fueled)
280 tons (empty weight: 27 tons); 274.2 tons (248)
272.83 tons (256) (267.13 tons at liftoff) (51, 248)
Fuel (all stages)
Kerosene T-1
Kerosene T-1
Oxidizer (all stages) Liquid Oxygen Liquid Oxygen
Total thrust 396.9 tons 396.9 tons
Mass of propellant 253 tons 253 tons
Dry mass - 22 tons (137)
Maximum payload
5,375 kg (warhead on sub-orbital trajectory)
83.6 kg (4)
First launch 1957 May 15 1957 Oct. 4
Launch sites Tyuratam (two pads), Plesetsk (four pads) Tyuratam (Pad 1)
Stage I: Four strap-on boosters (Block B, V, G, D)
Stage I mass
168.9 tons (248)
168.0 tons (248)
Stage I propellant mass
153.2 tons(248)
153.2 tons (248)
Stage I length
19.2 m; 19.6 m (248)
19.6 m (248)
Stage I diameter 2.68 m 2.68 m
Stage I burn time 104-130 seconds; 120 seconds (248) 120 seconds (248)
Stage I propulsion
(each of four strap-on boosters has):
• 2 x one-chamber steering engines
• 1 x four-chamber main engine RD-107 (8D74PS)
• 2 x one-chamber steering engines
Stage I thrust (at liftoff)
80.9 tons each of four strap-ons (248)
80.9 tons each of four strap-ons (248)
Stage I thrust (in vacuum)
99.4 tons each of four strap-ons (248)
99.4 tons each of four strap-ons (248)
Stage I specific impulse (sea level)
247.6 seconds (248)
247.6 seconds (248); approximate. 250 seconds (137)
Stage I specific impulse (in vacuum
304.3 seconds (248)
304.2 seconds (248)
Liquid oxygen consumption
218.4 kg per second (248)
218.4 kg per second (248)
Kerosene consumption
88.3 kg per second (248)
88.3 kg per second (248)
Stage II: Core stage (Block A)
Stage II mass (fueled)
93.36 tons; 99.9 tons (248)
99.1 tons (248)
Stage II propellant mass
91.6 tons (248)
91.8 tons (248)
Stage II dry weight
6.465 tons
7.5 tons (51)
Stage II length
28 m; 26.9 m (248)
26.0 m (248)
Stage II diameter 2.95 m 2.95 m (248)
Stage II burn time 285-320 seconds; 300 seconds (248) 300 seconds (248)
Stage II propulsion 1 x four-chamber RD-108 (8D75) (248) 1 x four-chamber RD-108 (8D75PS) (248)
Stage II thrust
93.2 tons (248)
93 tons (137); 93.2 tons (248)
Stage II specific impulse (at liftoff)
239.1 seconds (248)
239.1 seconds (248)
Stage II specific impulse (in vacuum)
303.1 seconds (248)
303.1 seconds (248)
Liquid oxygen consumption
202.7 kg per second (248)
202.7 kg per second (248)
Kerosene consumption
84.8 kg per second (248)
84.8 kg per second (248)
This page is maintained by Anatoly Zak
Last update: May 8, 2019
All rights reserved
insider content
A payload fairing of the first simplest satellite (Sputnik-1). Copyright © 2011 Anatoly Zak
Payload section of the Sputnik launcher for the first orbital mission. Credit: RKK Energia
The first artificial satellite of the Earth blasts off from Site 1 in Tyuratam (Baikonur) at 22:28 Moscow Time on October 4, 1957. Credit: RKK Energia
Sputnik launch
The artist impression of the first Sputnik launch. Click to enlarge. Copyright © 2007 Anatoly Zak
Second stage of the launch vehicle with the first satellite shortly after reaching the orbit. Click to enlarge. Copyright © 2007 Anatoly Zak
Sputnik-2 rocket
The R-7 rocket configured to carry the second satellite of the Earth. Click to enlarge. Copyright © 2007 Anatoly Zak
Sputnik-2 on launch pad
The launch vehicle with the second Soviet artificial satellite on the launch pad in Baikonur. Credit: RKK Energia
Scale model of the Sputnik launcher on its original pad in Baikonur. Copyright © 2005 Anatoly Zak
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In 1810, the first settler to arrive in the Berwick area was Benjamin Condon. The cross roads of present day Main St and Commercial St became known as Condon’s Corner. The settlers that followed in the ensuing years were mainly United Empire Loyalists and many of their descendants are still living in the town.
From its early beginning until the1850’s the town had other names such as Pleasant Valley, Currey’s Corner and Davison’s Corner. In the 1850’s a Temperance Hall was opened and at a meeting of the local residents the name Berwick was chosen for the town. Most of the commercial community at that time was situated on Main Street and included a blacksmith shop, tin shop, two general stores, a shoemaker and a carriage factory.
In 1856 the stage couch from Annapolis to Halifax began and in 1867 the Windsor to Annapolis railway was opened thereby creating better transportation links for the town.
Being in a primarily agricultural area the community flourished over the years as the agricultural industry grew. The agricultural service industries that developed created a viable village. Several notable achievements can be attributed to the Berwick Fruit Company. This organization operated the first fruit warehouse in Nova Scotia that ventured into cooperative packing, an event which occurred in 1907. In 1923, the Berwick Fruit Company opened, what was then, the largest and most most modern warehouse in the Maritimes.
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Summarize Descartes’ argument in the Second Meditation
Develop one argument in favor and one against Descartes’s “I think therefore I am” • Summarize Descartes’ argument in the Second Meditation • Provide an argument in favor of it • Provide an argument against it • Assess both Relate a movie of your choice to one of the theories studied • Briefly summarize the theory you want to analyze • Briefly summarize the plot of the movie (it is advisable to only focus on a small portion of it) • Relate the movie and the theory paying attention to how the movie exemplifies the theory chosen What are some of risks associated with Goldie’s notion of narrative thinking? Provide at least one example. • Explain Goldie’s theory of narrative thinking • Articulate some of the risks associated with narrative identity • Develop an original example Do not use quotes from the readings unless absolutely necessary 900 words max Make sure you touch upon all the points listed “all she wants is for you to develop an argument and don’t give any background info on the readings” -My professor
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Which is the third nearest planet to the sun (1) Venus (2) Earth (3) Mercury
Answer: (2) Earth
The closest planet to the Sun is Mercury. And then, the second the nearest planet to the Sun is Venus, and the third the nearest planet to the Sun is Earth.
1. Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system.
2. Mercury is one of four terrestrial planets in the Solar System
3. Mercury’s axis has the smallest tilt of any of the Solar System’s planets.
4. Venus takes longer to rotate about its axis than any other planet in the Solar System.
5. Mercury and Venus are the only planets in the solar system that does not have a moon.
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How does a lean burn engine work?
Lean-burn refers to the burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine. … The excess of air in a lean-burn engine emits far less hydrocarbons. High air–fuel ratios can also be used to reduce losses caused by other engine power management systems such as throttling losses.
Why does lean burn hotter?
Running an engine lean means changing the air / fuel ratio to have more air than is ideal (14.7:1 air to fuel). … More air relative to fuel than usual, means more oxygen than usual. So the flame burns hotter and faster than it should. Both are going to raise the temperature of the combustion chamber.
Why lean burn engines produce small amounts of carbon monoxide?
The amount of carbon monoxide emitted is less, as there is plenty of oxygen available to produce carbon dioxide. Unburned hydrocarbon emission is reduced by up to 78% in lean burn engines. … This is because unburned hydrocarbons originate from crevices in and layers next to the combustion chamber walls.
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What is lean engine?
Your engine runs lean if your air-to-fuel mixture is too light – this means that the fuel in your ignition chamber is being igniting with too much air or too little fuel. Because your engine is running on less fuel than it should, it is running “lean.”
Are diesel engines lean or rich burn?
Diesel engines inherently operate lean, whereas internal combustion engines that use natural gas, propane, or gasoline can be operated in rich or lean modes of operation. The difference between rich-burn and lean-burn engine operation lies in the air-to-fuel ratio.
Is it better to run an engine lean or rich?
Does a lean engine make more power?
When lean the engine’s air-fuel ratio is closer to ideal stoichiometry & the engine runs hot, making it more efficient & getting more power per unit of fuel, with resulting higher combustion temperatures, greater mechanical power load & greater thermal load.
For which of the following engine lean burn concept is ideal?
For which of the following engine lean-burn concept is ideal? Explanation: SI engines are more ideal for the lean-burn concept. A lean-burn mode is a way to reduce throttling losses.
Can Tier 4 engines be used indoors?
The Tier 4 final engines, moreover, will be clean enough to use indoors in some areas, making them appropriate for at least a few applications where they’ve long been barred.
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What is lean boost direct injection concept?
This paper describes the Lean Boost Direct Injection system (LBDI), a downsized gasoline engine for improved fuel economy. LBDI combines direct injection, lean operation and pressure charging, and allows a significant reduction in swept volume to be made whilst retaining vehicle performance.
What happens if engine runs lean?
Running lean, on the other hand, refers to when a car’s engine receives too much air and too little fuel. When this occurs, you may notice symptoms like sluggish acceleration as well as jerking. Some of the most common causes of a lean-running engine include clogged fuel injections, bad fuel pump and a vacuum leak.
How do you tell if a carburetor is rich or lean?
How do you tell if a carburetor is rich or lean? You can pull a spark plug and look at the electrode. A car that is running lean will have white deposits on it. Running rich will leave black deposits.
What is running lean or rich?
How do you fix a lean fuel mixture?
What repairs can fix the P0171 code?
1. Replacing the fuel pump.
2. Replacing the fuel filter.
3. Replacing the fuel pressure regulator.
4. Replacing the powertrain control module.
5. Replacing one or more injectors.
6. Replacing one or more oxygen sensors.
7. Replacing the mass air flow sensor.
8. Repairing a vacuum leak.
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What happens if a diesel runs lean?
If you run a diesel engine too lean, temperatures spike and NOx emissions go through the roof. … In a modern direct injection diesel, the thing that enters the cylinder on the inlet stroke is air (sometimes mixed with EGR). Fuel does not come in on the inlet stroke. The inlet valve eventually closes.
What is the best fuel to air ratio?
If the ratio is too rich or too lean, the engine will not burn optimally burn the air-fuel mixture which can cause performance issues or use up too much fuel. The ideal air-fuel ratio that burns all fuel without excess air is 14.7:1. This is referred to as the “stoichiometric” mixture.
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