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Tech Universe: Wednesday 30 July By Miraz Jordan The FLIR One iPhone thermal imaging add-on. Photo / FLIR Systems HOT SNAPS: By turning your phone into an infrared scanner you could detect heat leaks from your home, over-heating circuitry and wiring, and even see your way in the dark without a light. The FLIR One iPhone imaging accessory does just that, detecting invisible heat then combining heat signature information with a live camera image to deliver a composite thermal heat image. Detectors in the device gather infrared light and turn it into a thermogram that then displays on screen in various colours from cool blue to hot red. FLIR One runs off its own internal battery and can thermal scan for up to 2 hours. Get ready to block off those heat leaks. SENSITIVE SEATS: Falling asleep at the wheel of a car is a sure way to end up in an accident. The European project, Harken, aims to prevent driver fatigue and sleepiness with a sensor system that measures heartbeat and respiratory rate. Cleverly, it embeds the sensors into the seat cover and the seat belt. The system detects the mechanical effect of the heart beat and respiratory activity, while filtering and cancelling the noise caused by the moving vehicle. The system has been tested on closed tracks so far, but needs some real-world tests to develop further. Embedding the sensors into standard car parts would certainly make their use more likely. PRINTERS IN SPACE: If you have a 3D printer to hand you may enjoy the 21 free plans for space objects available now from NASA. You can print scale models of the near and far sides of the Earth's Moon, for example, or maybe the Gale Crater, the Rosetta spacecraft or the asteroid Vesta. It almost makes one want a 3D printer. JUST LOOKING: The PD-100 Black Hornet is a tiny helicopter — so tiny, in fact that it fits in the palm of the hand and weighs only 16 grams. It's actually a military drone that can fly up to 20 minutes while providing real-time video via a digital data link from one of the 3 embedded cameras. It operates remotely with GPS navigation. Its electric propellers and motors make it almost undetectable. The drone provides valuable surveillance to troops on the ground. That could be so handy for so many things for civilians too. GROWING PLASTIC: Using plant material to make plastics takes multiple steps, a fair bit of energy and it may divert food crops. Now Italian scientists are finding a way to use waste food scraps such as rice hulls, cocoa pod husks and spinach and parsley stems instead. They discovered that dissolving cellulose from cotton and hemp in the common chemical trifluoroacetic acid converted the cellulose directly to an amorphous form suitable for moulding into plastic. Unfortunately this easy one-step process may work well in the lab with controlled samples, but may not scale because waste products can have variable qualities. It's worth a try though. Miraz Jordan, - NZ Herald Get the news delivered straight to your inbox © Copyright 2016, NZME. Publishing Limited Assembled by: (static) on production bpcf03 at 27 May 2016 00:55:59 Processing Time: 423ms
Welcome Stranger to OCC!Login \| Register Optical Angular Selectivity Achieved Category: Science & Technology Posted: 10:12AM Some of you may have noticed that looking at water with polarized sunglasses can cause the water to change appearance, depending on the angle you look at it. The reason for this is that at a certain angle, the Brewster angle, the light reflecting off of the surface is polarized. Researchers at MIT have recently developed a way to manipulate the Brewster angle to create a material that will reflect light at every angle, but one. Normally when light comes to the boundary of two materials with different refractive indices, it will be mostly reflected, but at the Brewster angle, only some of the light is reflected, with the rest passing through. What the MIT researchers have done is created a photonic crystal that has a very narrow band of angles that will allow light to pass through it. Basically it is a mirror at all but a single angle, its Brewster angle, when it becomes transparent. To create this crystal, the researchers actually stacked one hundred photonic crystals with alternating refractive indices. There are a number of potential uses for this angular selectivity, including privacy filters, light detectors, telescopes, and even solar power. As sunlight strikes a solar panel, it will heat up and radiate out some of the energy, but with an angular selective layer on top, the sunlight could be let through while the radiated energy is reflected back to the absorber. Source: MIT Register as a member to subscribe comments. This news has comment postings disabled because it is now archived. © 2001-2016 Overclockers Club ® Privacy Policy Elapsed: 0.0263831615
Computer programmers at work.The Programmer’s Stone is a theory and training course on how to think as an effective and adaptable computer programmer. Alan Carter and Colston Sanger wrote the guide with the aim to explore, recapture and celebrate the programming art form. The reader is positioned to become a better programmer, understand the struggles confronting inexperienced programmers, and communicate well with experienced programmers. Here is a summary of themes. Mapping versus Packing Mappers apply the cognitive strategy of populating and integrating mental maps, then reading off the solution to any specific problem. They find methods for achieving objectives by consulting internal mental maps. Packers are practised at retaining large numbers of knowledge packets. They aim to perform the ‘correct’ action in any given situation. Their strategies for dealing with ambiguous circumstances, where there is no satisfactory correct action, are ad hoc. Mappers experience learning as an internal process which adapts to external and self-generated stimuli. Packers experience learning as a task to be performed using appropriate methods. Efficient mapper learning uses intuition to explore conceptual relationships and recognize truth. Efficient packer learning relies on memorization of knowledge packets, such as standard programming techniques. Differences and Conflict A trait of packer thinking that frustrates mappers is that packers appear to have no interest in finding the flaws in their own logic. Worse still, they may be happy to accept flaws when they are pointed out to them on the basis of convenience – so what? The evidence that is tangibly before them is less important than behavior ingrained through repetition. This is one example of problems arising from the different approaches. To summarize further deviations and points of conflict: • Packing is the social norm and the world is set up for packers • The results of mapping are called `common sense’, which isn’t so common • Mappers think packers are cynical or intellectually lazy • Packers think mappers are unfocused and irrational • Packers spend much of their time playing politics, where reason matters little • Packer psychology is usually understood by packers but less so by mappers • Mapper psychology is often understood by mappers but never understood by packers • Mappers are guides by reason rather than culture • Mappers teach themselves, which packers struggle with, but also learn from others.
Diet and Exercise Published on Diet and Exercise These days, a wealth of nutrition information is at your finger tips. From diet books to newspaper articles, everyone seems to have an opinion about what you should be eating. It's no secret that good nutrition plays an essential role in maintaining health. While you already know it is important to eat a healthy diet, you may find it more difficult to sort through all of the information about nutrition and food choices. Regular physical activity helps improve your overall health and fitness, and reduces your risk for many chronic diseases. Fitting regular exercise into your daily schedule may seem difficult at first, but the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans are more flexible than ever, giving you the freedom to reach your physical activity goals through different types and amounts of activities each week. It's easier than you think! 1 Like • Be the first to comment No Downloads Total views On SlideShare From Embeds Number of Embeds Embeds 0 No embeds No notes for slide Diet and Exercise 1. 1. EducationHealth TopicsDiet and Exercise 2. 2. 1OverviewNutritionThese days, a wealth of nutrition information is atyour finger tips. From diet books to newspaperarticles, everyone seems to have an opinion aboutwhat you should be eating. Its no secret that goodnutrition plays an essential role in maintaininghealth. 3. 3. 2OverviewNutritionWhile you already know it is important to eat ahealthy diet, you may find it more difficult to sortthrough all of the information about nutrition andfood choices.ExerciseRegular physical activity helps improve your overallhealth and fitness, and reduces your risk for manychronic diseases. 4. 4. 3OverviewNutritionFitting regular exercise into your daily schedulemay seem difficult at first, but the 2008 PhysicalActivity Guidelines for Americans are more flexiblethan ever, giving you the freedom to reach yourphysical activity goals through different types andamounts of activities each week. Its easier thanyou think! 5. 5. 4Physical ActivityPhysical activity is anything that gets your bodymoving. According to the 2008 Physical ActivityGuidelines for Americans, you need to do twotypes of physical activity each week to improveyour health–aerobic and muscle-strengthening.ForImportant Health BenefitsAdults need at least: 6. 6. 5Physical Activity2 hours and 30 minutes (150 minutes)of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (i.e., briskwalking) every week andmuscle-strengtheningactivities on 2 or more days a week that work allmajor muscle groups (legs, hips, back, abdomen,chest, shoulders, and arms).1 hour and 15minutes (75 minutes) of vigorous-intensity aerobicactivity (i.e., jogging or running) everyweek andmuscle-strengthening activities on 2 ormore days a week that work all major musclegroups (legs, hips, back, abdome 7. 7. 6Physical Activity10 minutes at a time is fineWe know 150 minuteseach week sounds like a lot of time, but you donthave to do it all at once. Not only is it bestto spread your activity out during the week, butyou can break it up into smaller chunks of timeduring the day. As long as youre doing youractivity at a moderate or vigorous effort for at least10 minutes at a time. 8. 8. 7Physical ActivityGive it a tryTry going for a 10-minute brisk walk, 3times a day, 5 days a week. This will give you atotal of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity.For Even Greater Health BenefitsAdults shouldincrease their activity to: 9. 9. 8Physical Activity5 hours (300 minutes) each week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity andmuscle-strengtheningactivities on 2 or more days a week that work allmajor muscle groups (legs, hips, back, abdomen,chest, shoulders, and arms). 10. 10. 9Physical Activity2 hours and 30 minutes (150 minutes) each weekofvigrous-intensity aerobic activity andmuscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days a weekthat work all major muscle groups (legs, hips, back,abdomen, chest, shoulders, and arms). 11. 11. 10Physical ActivityAn equivalent mix of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity andmuscle-strengtheningactivities on 2 or more days a week that work allmajor muscle groups (legs, hips, back, abdomen,chest, shoulders, and arms).Aerobic activity – what counts? 12. 12. 11Physical ActivityAerobic activity or "cardio" gets you breathingharder and your heart beating faster. From pushinga lawn mower, to taking a dance class, to biking tothe store – all types of activities count. As long asyoure doing them at a moderate or vigorousintensity for at least 10 minutes at a time.Intensity is how hard your body is working duringaerobic activity. 13. 13. 12Physical ActivityHow do you know if youre doing light, moderate,or vigorous intensity aerobic activities?For most people, light daily activities such asshopping, cooking, or doing the laundry doesntcount toward the guidelines. Why? Your body isntworking hard enough to get your heart rate up. 14. 14. 13Physical ActivityModerate-intensity aerobic activity means youreworking hard enough to raise your heart rate andbreak a sweat. One way to tell is that youll be ableto talk, but not sing the words to your favoritesong. Here are some examples of activities thatrequire moderate effort:-- Walking fast-- Doing water aerobics 15. 15. 14Physical Activity-- Riding a bike on level ground or with few hills-- Playing doubles tennis-- Pushing a lawn mower 16. 16. 15Physical ActivityVigorous-intensity aerobic activity means yourebreathing hard and fast, and your heart rate hasgone up quite a bit. If youre working at this level,you wont be able to say more than a few wordswithout pausing for a breath. Here are someexamples of activities that require vigorous effort:-- Jogging or running-- Swimming laps 17. 17. 16Physical Activity-- Riding a bike fast or on hills-- Playing singles tennis-- Playing basketball 18. 18. 17Physical ActivityYou can do moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobicactivity, or a mix of the two each week. A rule ofthumb is that 1 minute of vigorous-intensityactivity is about the same as 2 minutes ofmoderate-intensity activity. 19. 19. 18Physical ActivitySome people like to do vigorous types of activitybecause it gives them about the same healthbenefits in half the time. If you havent been veryactive lately, increase your activity level slowly. Youneed to feel comfortable doing moderate-intensityactivities before you move on to more vigorousones. The guidelines are about doing physicalactivity that is right for you. 20. 20. 19Physical ActivityMuscle-strengthening activities – what counts?Besides aerobic activity, you need to do things tostrengthen your muscles at least 2 days a week.These activities should work all the major musclegroups of your body (legs, hips, back, chest,abdomen, shoulders, and arms). 21. 21. 20Physical ActivityMuscle-strengthening activities – what counts?To gain health benefits, muscle-strengtheningactivities need to be done to the point where itshard for you to do another repetition withouthelp. A repetition is one complete movement ofan activity, like lifting a weight or doing a sit-up. Try to do 8—12 repetitions per activity thatcount as 1 set. Try to do at least 1 set of muscle-strengthening activities, but to gain even morebenefits, do 2 or 3 sets. 22. 22. 21Physical ActivityMuscle-strengthening activities – what counts?You can do activities that strengthen your muscleson the same or different days that you do aerobicactivity, whatever works best. Just keep in mindthat muscle-strengthening activities dont counttoward your aerobic activity total.There are many ways you can strengthen yourmuscles, whether its at home or the gym. You maywant to try the following: 23. 23. 22Physical ActivityMuscle-strengthening activities – what counts?-- Lifting weights-- Working with resistance bands-- Doing exercises that use your body weight forresistance (i.e., push ups, sit ups)-- Heavy gardening (i.e., digging, shoveling)-- Yoga 24. 24. 23Physical ActivityWhat if you have a disability?If you are an adult with a disability, regular physicalactivity can provide you with important healthbenefits, like a stronger heart, lungs, and muscles,improved mental health, and a better ability to doeveryday tasks. Its best to talk with your healthcare provider before you begin a physical activityroutine. Try to get advice from a professional withexperience in physical activity and disability. Theycan tell you more about the amounts and types ofphysical activity that are appropriat 25. 25. 24Food GroupsAre you interested in healthy eating and having abalanced diet? If so, youll want to learn moreabout food groups.You may have grown up withthe "Basic 4": dairy group, meat group, graingroup, and the fruits and vegetables group. Asnutrition science has changed, so have these foodgroups. 26. 26. 25Food GroupsWhat are the basic food groups?Foods are grouped together when they sharesimilar nutritional properties. The DietaryGuidelines for Americans, 2010 has five foodgroups: vegetables, fruits, grains, dairy and aprotein group, which includes meat, poultry, fish,legumes and nuts.FoodGroupsExamplesVegetablesThe vegetables you eatmay be fresh, frozen, canned or dried and may beeaten whole, cut-up, or mashed. You should eat avariety of dark green, red and orange vegetables,as well as beans and peas (which are also consider 27. 27. 26Food GroupsWhat are the basic food groups?Oils are NOT a food group, but they provideessential nutrients such as vitamin E.How much of each food group should I eat?* 28. 28. 27Food GroupsWhat are the basic food groups?The amount of food you need to eat from eachgroup depends on your age, sex, and level ofphysical activity. For information about the foodgroups and the recommended daily amountsvisit Daily Food Plans. 29. 29. 28Dietary FatWhat counts as fat? Are some fats better thanother fats? While fats are essential for normalbody function, some fats are better for you thanothers. Trans fats, saturated fats and cholesterolare less healthy than polyunsaturated andmonounsaturated fats. 30. 30. 29Dietary FatHow much total dietary fat do I need?The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005recommend that Americans keep their total fatintake within certain limits. This limit is defined asa percentage of your total calorie needs. 31. 31. 30Dietary FatHow much total dietary fat do I need?Age GroupTotal Fat LimitsChildren ages 2 to 330%to 35% of total caloriesChildren and adolescentsages 4 to 1825% to 35% of total caloriesAdults,ages 19 and older20% to 35% of total calories 32. 32. 31Dietary FatHow much total dietary fat do I need?You can meet this recommendation by following ahealthy meal plan that meets your calorie needsand is designed to provide 20% to 35% of caloriesfrom total fat. The USDA Food Guide ( and DASH eating plan are examplesof healthy meal plans that can meet your calorieneeds and provide the right amounts of fat. 33. 33. 32Dietary FatHow much total dietary fat do I need? lets you enter your age, sex,height, weight, and activity level to get a meal planspecific to your calorie needs.DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)Eating Plan (PDF-980k) provides a healthy eatingplan with menu examples and recipes to get youstarted. 34. 34. 33Dietary FatHow much total dietary fat do I need?If you have children, you may be concerned aboutwhether they should watch their fat intake. Forproper growth, children and teens need healthydiets that provide the recommended fatintakes. Children less than 2 years of age needmore calories due to rapid growth anddevelopment. For this reason, nonfat and low-fatmilks are not recommended for children two yearsand under. 35. 35. 34Dietary FatHow much total dietary fat do I need?Quick Q& AIf some fats are healthier thanothers, can I eat as much of these fats as Iwant?No, its best to keep your total fat intakebetween 20 and 35% of your total calories eachday. A healthy eating plan such as MyPyramid (link)or the DASH eating plan (link) contain between 20and 35% of calories as fat. Check out these plans toget the right amounts of fat you need each day. 36. 36. 35CarbohydratesNot sure what to think about carbohydrates thesedays? Youve come to the right section. Here arethe facts to separate the hype from the truth aboutcarbohydrates.What are carbohydrates?Your bodyuses carbohydrates (carbs) to make glucose whichis the fuel that gives you energy and helps keepeverything going. Your body can use glucoseimmediately or store it in your liver and musclesfor when it is needed.You can find carbohydrates inthe following: 37. 37. 36CarbohydratesFruitsVegetablesBreads, cereals, and other grainsMilk and milk productsFoods containing added sugars (e.g., cakes,cookies, and sugar-sweetened beverages). 38. 38. 37CarbohydratesHealthier foods higher in carbohydrates includeones that provide dietary fiber and whole grains aswell as those without added sugars. What aboutfoods higher in carbohydrates such as sodas andcandies that also contain added sugars? Those arethe ones that add extra calories but not manynutrients to your diet. 39. 39. 38CarbohydratesQuick Q& AIve heard there are "good" carbsand "bad" carbs? Can you provide me moreinformation?Some diet books use "bad" carbs totalk about foods with refined carbohydrates (i.e.,meaning theyre made from white flour and addedsugars). Examples include white bread, cakes, andcookies. "Good" carbs is used to describe foodsthat have more fiber and complex carbohydrates.Complex carbohydrates are carbohydrates thattake longer to break down into glucose.Theseterms arent used in the D 40. 40. 39CarbohydratesWhat are the types of carbohydrates?There aretwo main types of carbohydrates:Complex carbohydratesSimple carbohydrates 41. 41. 40CarbohydratesComplex CarbohydratesStarch and dietary fiber arethe two types of complex carbohydrates. Starchmust be broken down through digestion beforeyour body can use it as a glucose source. Quite afew foods contain starch and dietary fiber such asbreads, cereals, and vegetables:Starch is in certain vegetables (i.e., potatoes, drybeans, peas, and corn). 42. 42. 41CarbohydratesStarch is also found in breads, cereals, and grains.Dietary fiber is in vegetables, fruits, and wholegrain foods.Dietary FiberYou may have seen dietary fiber onthe label listed as soluble fiber or insoluble fiber.Soluble fiber is found in the following: 43. 43. 42CarbohydratesOatmealOat branNuts and seedsMost fruits (e.g., strawberries, blueberries, pears,and apples)Dry beans and peas 44. 44. 43CarbohydratesInsoluble fiber found in the following:Whole wheat breadBarleyBrown riceCouscousBulgur or whole grain cereals 45. 45. 44CarbohydratesWheat branSeedsMost vegetablesFruits 46. 46. 45CarbohydratesWhich type is best? Both! Each has importanthealth benefits so eat a variety of these foods toget enough of both. Youre also more likely to getother nutrients that you might miss if you justchose 1 or 2 high-fiber foods. 47. 47. 46CarbohydratesHow much dietary fiber do I need each day? Itsrecommended that you get 14 grams of dietaryfiber for every 1,000 calories that you consumeeach day. If you need 2,000 calories each day, youshould try to include 28 grams of dietary fiber. Tofind out how many calories you need each day,visit and enter your age, sex,height, weight, and activity level in the My PyramidPlan tool. Then refer to the Easy Fiber Estimator tofind how many grams you need. 48. 48. 47CarbohydratesAt first, you may find it challenging to eat all ofyour daily fiber grams. Just take it slowly and try tochoose higher-fiber foods more often. Over time,youll gradually be eating more fiber!Try these tips to jumpstart your intake of dietaryfiber: 49. 49. 48CarbohydratesChoose whole fruits more often than fruit juice.Fresh, frozen, or canned—it doesnt matter— theyall count!Try to eat two vegetables with your evening meal.Keep a bowl of veggies already washed andprepared your refrigerator—try carrots,cucumbers, or celery for a quick snack. 50. 50. 49CarbohydratesMake a meal around dried beans or peas (alsocalled legumes) instead of meat.Choose whole grain foods more often. Take a lookat the "whole grains buzz words list" below to helpyou decide. A good guide is to make at least ½ ofyour grain choices be whole grains. 51. 51. 50CarbohydratesStart your day with a whole grain breakfast cereallow in added sugar. Top your cereal with fruit foreven more fiber. While bananas may come to yourmind first, you can add even more variety by alsotrying sliced peaches or berries. You can often findthese fruits year-round in the frozen foods sectionof your grocery store. 52. 52. 51CarbohydratesWhole Grain "Buzz Words"The Dietary Guidelinesfor Americans recommend that you try to make atleast half of your daily grain choices as wholegrains.You can find out if the food you are eating is madeof whole grains by looking at the ingredients list ofthe food label. The whole grain should be the firstingredient listed. The following are some examplesof how whole grains could be listed: 53. 53. 52CarbohydratesbuckwheatBrown ricebulgur (cracked wheat)milletwild ricepopcorn* 54. 54. 53Carbohydratesquinoatriticalewhole-grain barleywhole-grain cornwhole oats/oatmealwhole rye 55. 55. 54Carbohydrateswhole wheatPopcorn is a whole grain that can have added fatand salt. Try air-popping your popcorn to avoidthese extras. If youre buying microwave popcorn,look for a lower-fat variety. You may also want totry the snack size bag to help with portion control.Grains Galore!Here are some explanations of less-familiar grains: 56. 56. 55CarbohydratesBulgur. A staple of Middle Eastern dishes. Bulgurwheat consists of kernels that have been steamed,dried, and crushed. It has a tender and chewytexture.Millet. A staple grain in parts of Africa and Asia.Millet comes in several varieties and has a blandflavor that is a background to other seasonings. 57. 57. 56CarbohydratesQuinoa. A grain that has been traditionally used inSouth American cuisine. Its texture has beencompared to that of couscous.Triticale. A grain that is a hybrid of wheat and rye.It comes in several varieties including whole berry,flakes, and flour.Simple Carbohydrates 58. 58. 57CarbohydratesSimple carbohydrates include sugars foundnaturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables milk,and milk products. Simple carbohydrates alsoinclude sugars added during food processing andrefining. Whats the difference? In general, foodswith added sugars have fewer nutrients than foodswith naturally-occurring sugars.How can I avoid added sugars? 59. 59. 58CarbohydratesOne way to avoid these sugars is to read theingredient lists on food labels.Look for these ingredients as added sugars:Brown sugarCorn sweetenerCorn syrup 60. 60. 59CarbohydratesDextroseFructoseFruit juice concentratesGlucoseHigh-fructose corn syrupHoney 61. 61. 60CarbohydratesInvert sugarLactoseMaltoseMalt SyrupMolassesRaw sugar 62. 62. 61CarbohydratesSucroseSugarSyrup--If you see any of these in the ingredient list, youknow the food has added sugars. The closer to thetop of the list, the more of that sugar is in thefood. 63. 63. 62CarbohydratesYou can learn more about sugars on the food labelby visiting How to Understand and Use theNutrition Facts Label.Other tips for avoiding added sugars include—Choose water instead of sugar-sweetened sodas. 64. 64. 63CarbohydratesChoose 4 fluid ounces (1/2 cup) of 100% fruit juicerather than a fruit drink.Have a piece of fruit for dessert and skip dessertswith added sugar.Choose breakfast cereals that contain no or lessadded sugars. 65. 65. 64CarbohydratesIf you want to learn more about avoiding addedsugar in what you drink, check out Re-think yourDrink.You probably already know sugars and starches canplay a role in causing cavities. But its worthmentioning again, particularly as far as kids areconcerned. Be sure to also brush, floss, and drinkfluoridated water to help prevent cavities. 66. 66. 65CarbohydratesHow much carbohydrate do I need?Your bestapproach is to follow a meal plan that gives you45% to 65% of the calories as carbohydrates. Howdo you do this? Check out these two meal or DASH eating plan. Both of thesecan give you the calories you need and the rightamounts of carbohydrate. 68. 68. 67CarbohydratesHHS Health Facts: Choose CarbohydratesWisely (PDF-96k) explains why Its important tochoose carbohydrates wisely. 69. 69. 68ProteinWhat do you think about when you hear the wordprotein? Maybe its an ad for some protein shakethat promises massive muscles? Or is it the lasthigh-protein diet craze you read about? With allthis talk about protein, you might think Americanswere at risk for not eating enough. In fact, most ofus eat more protein than we need. 70. 70. 69ProteinProtein is in many foods that we eat on a regularbasis.This section will help you learn more aboutprotein. Youll find information about what foodshave protein and what happens when we eat moreprotein than we need. *What is Protein? 71. 71. 70ProteinProteins are part of every cell, tissue, and organ inour bodies. These body proteins are constantlybeing broken down and replaced. The protein inthe foods we eat is digested into amino acids thatare later used to replace these proteins in ourbodies.Protein is found in the following foods:-- meats, poultry, and fish 72. 72. 71Protein-- legumes (dry beans and peas)-- tofu-- eggs-- nuts and seeds-- milk and milk products 73. 73. 72Protein-- grains, some vegetables, and some fruits(provide only small amounts of protein relative toother sources)As we mentioned, most adults in the United Statesget more than enough protein to meet their needs.Its rare for someone who is healthy and eating avaried diet to not get enough protein. 74. 74. 73ProteinWhat are the types of protein?Proteins are made up of amino acids. Think ofamino acids as the building blocks. There are 20different amino acids that join together to make alltypes of protein. Some of these amino acids cantbe made by our bodies, so these are known asessential amino acids. Its essential that our dietprovide these. In the diet, protein sources arelabeled according to how many of the essentialamino acids they provide: 75. 75. 74ProteinWhat are the types of protein?-- A complete protein source is one that providesall of the essential amino acids. You may also hearthese sources called high quality proteins. Animal-based foods; for example, meat, poultry, fish, milk,eggs, and cheese are considered complete proteinsources. 76. 76. 75ProteinWhat are the types of protein?-- An incomplete protein source is one that is lowin one or more of the essential aminoacids.Complementary proteins are two or moreincomplete protein sources that together provideadequate amounts of all the essential amino acids.-- 77. 77. 76ProteinWhat are the types of protein?For example, rice contains low amounts of certainessential amino acids; however, these sameessential amino acids are found in greater amountsin dry beans. Similarly, dry beans contain loweramounts of other essential amino acids that can befound in larger amounts in rice. Together, thesetwo foods can provide adequate amounts of all theessential amino acids the body needs. 78. 78. 77ProteinWhat are the types of protein?Quick Q& AIs it true that complementaryproteins must be eaten together to count as acomplete protein source?In the past, it wasthought that these complementary proteinsneeded to be eaten at the same meal for yourbody to use them together. Now studies show thatyour body can combine complementary proteinsthat are eaten within the same day.How much protein do I need? 79. 79. 78ProteinWhat are the types of protein?Maybe youve wondered how much protein youneed each day. In general, its recommended that10–35% of your daily calories come from protein.Here are examples of amounts of protein in food:1 cup of milk has 8 grams of protein 80. 80. 79ProteinWhat are the types of protein?A 3-ounce piece of meat has about 21 grams ofprotein1 cup of dry beans has about 16 grams of proteinAn 8-ounce container of yogurt has about 11grams of protein 81. 81. 80ProteinWhat are the types of protein?Added together, just these four sources wouldmeet the protein needs of an adult male (56grams). This doesnt count all the other foods thatadd smaller amounts of protein to his diet.Ratherthan just focusing on your protein needs, choosean overall healthy eating plan that provides theprotein you need as well as other nutrients. 82. 82. 81Vitamins and MineralsVitamins are organic substances (made by plantsor animals), minerals are inorganic elements thatcome from the earth; soil and water and areabsorbed by plants. Animals and humans absorbminerals from the plants they eat. Vitamins andminerals are nutrients that your body needs togrow and develop normally. 83. 83. 82Vitamins and MineralsVitamins and minerals, have a unique role to playin maintaining your health. For example Vitamin Dhelps your body absorb the amount of calcium (amineral) it needs to form strong bones. Adeficiency in vitamin D can result in a diseasecalled rickets (softening of the bones caused by thebodies inability to absorb the mineral calcium.) Thebody cannot produce calcium; therefore, it mustbe absorbed through our food. Other minerals likechromium, copper, iodine, iron, selenium, and zincare cal 84. 84. 83Fruits and Vegetables"Eat your fruits and vegetables." Youve likelyheard this statement since childhood. Researchshows why it is good advice:Healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables mayreduce the risk of cancer and other chronicdiseases. 85. 85. 84Fruits and VegetablesFruits and vegetables also provide essentialvitamins and minerals, fiber, and other substancesthat are important for good health.Most fruits and vegetables are naturally low in fatand calories and are filling.Not sure how many fruits and vegetables youshould be eating each day? 86. 86. 85Fruits and VegetablesVisit the Fruit and Vegetable Calculator. Here youcan calculate your fruit and vegetablerecommendations based on your calorie needs foryour age, sex, and activity level. This site also hashelpful tips and photographs of 1/2 cup and 1 cupfruit and vegetable examples.Want to know the amount of each food group youneed daily? Visit: MyPlate Daily Food Plan to findout and receive a customized Daily Food Plan. 87. 87. 86Fruits and VegetablesCurious as to whether fruits and vegetables canhelp you manage your weight? 88. 88. 87Fruits and VegetablesTake a look at this How to Use Fruits andVegetables to Help Manage your Weight brochureand learn about fruits and vegetables and theirrole in your weight management plan. Tips to cutcalories by substituting fruits and vegetables areincluded with meal-by-meal examples. You willalso find snack ideas that are 100 calories or less.With these helpful tips, you will soon be on yourway to adding more fruits and vegetables into yourhealthy eating plan.
India to launch country's first space observatory AstroSat may be 10 times smaller than Hubble but will be first space telescope launched by a developing country Indian prime minister Narendra Modi The Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi, wants to establish India as a bigger player in the space technology market. Photograph: STR/EPA India is to launch a mini Hubble-type space observatory, a major step forward for the emerging power’s increasingly capable space programme. Last year, the south Asian nation became the first country to launch a successful Mars orbital mission on its first attempt. At £50m, the robotic probe, which is still circling the red planet, cost a fraction of earlier similar missions by the US, Russia and European countries. The new observatory, dubbed the AstroSat, is due to be launched from the country’s main space centre at Sriharikota in southern India on Monday. If it is successful, India will be the first state in the developing world to have placed its own telescope in space. “This is the first time we are launching a dedicated astronomy mission,” said K Suryanarayana Sarma, project director of AstroSat at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). “This is a unique mission because … we have a very wide band of astronomical observation with sophisticated instruments with good resolution and specifications,” Sarma said. First conceived in 1996, the project was given the green light in 2004. It is believed to have cost about £35m. One of the reasons for the decade-long delay is the complexities of one specific instrument, a telescope using x-rays that has 320 aluminium mirrors that need to be positioned with extreme accuracy. The instrument was developed in collaboration with the University of Leicester in the UK. Some commentators have questioned comparisons with the Hubble, launched by Nasa in 1990, which has become known for spectacular photographs of events in deep space. “Calling [the] AstroSat ‘India’s Hubble’ will imply that ISRO has reached that level of engineering capability when it has not. And making that reference repeatedly will only foster complacency about defining the scale and scope of future missions,” wrote Vasudevan Mukunth, on Indian news website The Wire last week. As well as being 10 times smaller than the Hubble, the AstroSat has a more limited lifespan of five years. This has however some advantages. “We intend a mission life of five years for the AstroSat. So the question of repairs, like the ones done by astronauts on the Hubble, doesn’t arise,” said Deviprasad Karnik, an ISRO spokesman. Indian scientists say their observatory has an unprecedented array of telescopes that will allow simultaneous data collection through different means. The mission will also be the first time the country will launch US satellites. The launch comes on the day Narendra Modi, the prime minister, is due to meet Barack Obama during a trip to the US. The successful launch of India’s Mars orbiter last year came just days before Modi travelled to the US on his first trip after a landslide electoral victory. It led TV bulletins and filled front pages. The project aims to study the surface and mineral composition of Mars, and scan its atmosphere for methane, a chemical strongly tied to life on Earth. Modi wants to establish India as a bigger player in the £200bn space technology market, against stiff competition from neighbouring China with its bigger launchers. The Indian prime minister toured Silicon Valley this weekend, meeting CEOs of major tech firms and addressing a rally of Indian Americans in a bid to promote India as a nation of technological innovation and capabilities. “We have never launched an American satellite [before] … Politically and scientifically, India launching four American satellites marks the biggest step yet in Indo-US space collaboration,” said Srinivas Laxman, a space science expert. Preparations to put an Indian in space are under way though there has been “no approval from the government for the mission itself”, said Karnik. “We are preparing the physical technology. [A] man in space mission is not on the agenda at the moment,” he added.
English Dictionary Pioneers in dictionary publishing since 1819 English Dictionary kinaesthesia (ˌkɪnɪsˈθiːzɪə ; ˌkaɪn-) or kinaesthesis or (US) kinesthesia (ˌkɪnɪsˈθiːzɪə ; ˌkaɪn-) or kinesthesis 1. the sensation by which bodily position, weight, muscle tension, and movement are perceived Also called: muscle sense Derived Forms kinaesthetic, (US) kinesthetic (ˌkɪnɪsˈθɛtɪk ; ˌkaɪn-) adjective Word Origin Log in to comment on this word.
The Gilbert Collection: Mosaics and Micromosaics Sir Arthur Gilbert’s discovery of micromosaics, works made mainly in Rome from small pieces of glass, led to an interest in pietre dure (hard stones), decorative designs formed by fitting semiprecious stones together so tightly that the seams are barely visible to the eye. Although Florence was the seventeenth-century center of production for pietre dure pieces, the art form descended from ancient Roman floor and wall mosaics. Gilbert pursued both forms of Italian mosaics in tandem, ultimately amassing a collection of more than three hundred micromosaics and pietre dure pieces, including secular and ecclesiastical furniture, plaques, architectural elements, jewelry, snuffboxes, and other works of decorative art. Image: Adrien-Jean Maximilien Vachette (France, 1753 - 1839) , Clemente Ciuli (Italy) , Bonbonnière with Micromosaic Depicting a Profile Head of Bacchus, Micromosaic 1804, box 1809/1819, Decorative object; Utilitarian object, Micromosaic, gold and enamel, a) Lid height: 3/8 in. (0.95 cm); b) Box height: 1/2 in. (1.27 cm); a-b) Height: 3/4 in. (1.91 cm); a-b) Diameter: 3 1/4 in. (8.26 cm) Gift of Lady Marjorie Gilbert in honor of Arthur Gilbert's Birthday (M.2010.55a-b)
Lifestyle Choices Of Being Vegetarian With The Help Of "The Vegan Recipes" Vegetarians are a special group of people, who promote a healthy lifestyle through nutrition. The truly "vegan nutrition" lifestyle doesn't have any animal fat in "the vegan recipes". Vegans are no longer an outcast from society. Even if you are at a conference that has food often times you will have the choice for a vegetarian plate. The question at one time was: "What do you eat if you don't eat meat?" Now the question is "When and why did you become a vegetarian?" "Vegan recipes" are the norm these days. Vegetarianism has been around for years, and has its roots in Hindu and Buddhist practices. Now people of every walk of life are reaping the benefits of a vegetarian lifestyle. The people that eat only plants and grains and no animal products at all, including dairy and eggs are called vegans. “The Vegan Recipes” are numerous and can be found in many of the Vegetarian Times magazine. Even the United States government is getting into the act, with trying to increase the consumption of more fruits and veggies. The new United States campaign recommends amounts of fruits and vegetables based on a person’s age and activity level. That is an example of just how beneficial plant-based foods are to people. According to recent studies the vegetarians seem to eat more healthily than their meat-eating peers. “Vegan nutrition” contains more fruits and vegetables and less fat, especially saturated fat. Research being conducted states that by eating more plant-based foods and less meat and animal products might help prevent heart problems, diabetes, and certain kinds of cancer. “The vegan recipes” truly seem to promote a healthier lifestyle. The concern for the vegetarian lifestyle is making certain that you get the appropriate vitamins and nutrients. If a young person chooses “the vegan recipes” then it’s vital that the young person gets enough vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and calcium. If you cut out meat without finding appropriate substitutes can deprive growing bodies of these valuable nutrients. Variety is the key to a successful “vegan nutrition” diet. This diet will include plenty of leafy greens, whole-grain products, nuts, seeds and legumes. The non vegan vegetarian will add dairy products or eggs. “The vegan recipes” however restrict those items. The “vegan nutrition” element is important if you are an athlete. Being an athlete requires the consumption of protein for the muscles. A protein bar or a shake will satisfy that requirement, but usually the choice of beans, nuts and soy is better. Many of us have a need to chew foods that crunch. Some of the foods available for “the vegan recipes” are green leafy vegetables, orange juice for obtaining calcium. Nerve function requires Vitamin B12 which can be found in fortified breakfast cereals. To obtain iron for red blood cells whole grains, iron-fortified breakfast cereals, legumes such as chickpeas, lentils, and baked beans, soybeans tofu, dried fruits pumpkin seeds and raisins. To obtain Zinc for growth and development and immune function try nuts, legumes, seeds and whole grains. For obtaining tissue and muscle growth protein can be found in beans, grains, nuts, nut butters, seeds, soy products, tofu, and veggie burgers. Variety is the key to being a successful healthy vegetarian. The choice is yours to make. The internet is one source but many of the mainstream magazines carry “the vegan recipes” that are healthy and tasty. Don’t forget the other magazines like Vegetarian Times, and Yoga Journal are two magazines available with lots of “the vegan recipes”
American Dictionary of the English Language Dictionary Search CORRECT, adjective [Latin , to set right; right, straight. See Right.] Literally, set right, or made straight. Hence, right; conformable to truth, rectitude or propriety, or conformable to a just standard; not faulty; free from error. A correct edition of a book is exactly according to the original copy. correct manners correspond with the rules of morality and received notions of decorum. correct principles coincide with the truth. correct language is agreeable to established usage. CORRECT, verb transitive [Latin See Right.] 1. To make right; to rectify; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety; as, to correct manners or principles. Hence, 2. To amend; to remove or retrench faults or errors; to set right; as, to correct a book; to correct a copy for the press; or in printing, to correct the press, or errors of the press. 3. To bring back or attempt to bring back to propriety in morals; to punish for faults or deviations from moral rectitude; to chastise; to discipline; as, a child should be corrected for lying. CORRECT thy son, and he shall give thee rest. Proverbs 29:17. 4. To obviate or remove whatever is wrong or inconvenient; to reduce or change the qualities of any thing by mixture, or other application; to counteract whatever is injurious; as, to correct the acidity of the stomach by alkaline preparations; to correct the relaxing quality of water by boiling it with animal substances.
Viewport Size Code: Login \| Create New Account About \| Classical Genetics \| Timelines \| What's New \| What's Hot About \| Classical Genetics \| Timelines \| What's New \| What's Hot Bibliography Options Menu Hide Abstracts \| Hide Additional Links Bibliography on: Gregor Mendel ESP: PubMed Auto Bibliography 22 Jan 2022 at 01:34 Created: Gregor Mendel Created with PubMed® Query: mendel[title] AND (gregor OR brno OR versuche OR darwin OR "father of genetics") NOT "James Ross" NOT Antarctic NOT pmcbook NOT ispreviousversion Citations The Papers (from PubMed®) RevDate: 2021-10-22 Poczai P, JA Santiago-Blay (2021) Principles and biological concepts of heredity before Mendel. Biology direct, 16(1):19. The knowledge of the history of a subject stimulates understanding. As we study how other people have made scientific breakthroughs, we develop the breadth of imagination that would inspire us to make new discoveries of our own. This perspective certainly applies to the teaching of genetics as hallmarked by the pea experiments of Mendel. Common questions students have in reading Mendel's paper for the first time is how it compares to other botanical, agricultural, and biological texts from the early and mid-nineteenth centuries; and, more precisely, how Mendel's approach to, and terminology for debating, topics of heredity compare to those of his contemporaries? Unfortunately, textbooks are often unavailing in answering such questions. It is very common to find an introduction about heredity in genetic textbooks covering Mendel without mentions of preceding breeding experiments carried out in his alma mater. This does not help students to understand how Mendel came to ask the questions he did, why he did, or why he planned his pea studies the way he did. Furthermore, the standard textbook "sketch" of genetics does not allow students to consider how discoveries could have been framed and inspired so differently in various parts of the world within a single historical time. In our review we provide an extended overview bridging this gap by showing how different streams of ideas lead to the eventual foundation of particulate inheritance as a scientific discipline. We close our narrative with investigations on the origins of animal and plant breeding in Central Europe prior to Mendel in Kőszeg and Brno, where vigorous debates touched on basic issues of heredity from the early eighteenth-century eventually reaching a pinnacle coining the basic questions: What is inherited and how is it passed on from one generation to another? RevDate: 2021-09-08 Francomano CA (2021) Victor Almon McKusick: In the footsteps of Mendel and Osler. American journal of medical genetics. Part A [Epub ahead of print]. Victor Almon McKusick (VAM) is widely recognized as the father of the field of medical genetics. He established one of the first medical genetics clinics in the United States at Johns Hopkins in 1957 and developed a robust training program with the tripartite mission of education, research, and clinical care. Thousands of clinicians and scientists were educated over the years through the Short Course in Medical and Molecular Genetics, which VAM founded with Dr. Thomas Roderick in 1960. His Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, serves as the authoritative reference for geneticists around the globe. Throughout his career he was an advocate for mapping the human genome. He collaborated with Dr. Frank Ruddle in founding the International Human Gene Mapping Workshops in the early 70's and was an avid proponent of the Human Genome Project. He was the founding President of the Human Genome Organization and a founding editor of the journal Genomics. His prodigious contributions to the field of medical genetics were recognized by multiple honors, culminating with the Japan Prize in 2008. RevDate: 2021-08-02 CmpDate: 2021-08-02 O'Brien JE, Adashi EY, C Simon (2021) Darwin meets Mendel in the reproductive medicine field: Homo sapiens 2.0 is inevitable. Fertility and sterility, 115(4):850-851. RevDate: 2020-08-24 CmpDate: 2020-08-24 Nivet C (2020) [Was Gregor Mendel subjected to chores before becoming a monk in 1843?]. Medecine sciences : M/S, 36(1):63-68. Our knowledge of the young Mendel's life prior to his admission to the monastery comes essentially from the curriculum vitae submitted in 1850. His first biographer Hugo Iltis used this document as a sort of autobiography, although the document contained various voluntary omissions and inaccuracies. We have sought the reasons for these and in so doing have discovered why Mendel's entry into religion had become ineluctable. RevDate: 2021-07-31 CmpDate: 2021-05-19 Fairbanks DJ (2020) Mendel and Darwin: untangling a persistent enigma. Heredity, 124(2):263-273. Mendel and Darwin were contemporaries, with much overlap in their scientifically productive years. Available evidence shows that Mendel knew much about Darwin, whereas Darwin knew nothing of Mendel. Because of the fragmentary nature of this evidence, published inferences regarding Mendel's views on Darwinian evolution are contradictory and enigmatic, with claims ranging from enthusiastic acceptance to outright rejection. The objective of this review is to examine evidence from Mendel's published and private writings on evolution and Darwin, and the influence of the scientific environment in which he was immersed. Much of this evidence lies in Mendel's handwritten annotations in his copies of Darwin's books, which this review scrutinises in detail. Darwin's writings directly influenced Mendel's classic 1866 paper, and his letters to Nägeli. He commended and criticised Darwin on specific issues pertinent to his research, including the provisional hypothesis of pangenesis, the role of pollen in fertilisation, and the influence of "conditions of life" on heritable variation. In his final letter to Nägeli, Mendel proposed a Darwinian scenario for natural selection using the same German term for "struggle for existence" as in his copies of Darwin's books. His published and private scientific writings are entirely objective, devoid of polemics or religious allusions, and address evolutionary questions in a manner consistent with that of his scientific contemporaries. The image that emerges of Mendel is of a meticulous scientist who accepted the tenets of Darwinian evolution, while privately pinpointing aspects of Darwin's views of inheritance that were not supported by Mendel's own experiments. RevDate: 2020-07-10 CmpDate: 2020-07-10 Deichmann U (2019) From Gregor Mendel to Eric Davidson: Mathematical Models and Basic Principles in Biology. Journal of computational biology : a journal of computational molecular cell biology, 26(7):637-652. Mathematical models have been widespread in biology since its emergence as a modern experimental science in the 19th century. Focusing on models in developmental biology and heredity, this article (1) presents the properties and epistemological basis of pertinent mathematical models in biology from Mendel's model of heredity in the 19th century to Eric Davidson's model of developmental gene regulatory networks in the 21st; (2) shows that the models differ not only in their epistemologies but also in regard to explicitly or implicitly taking into account basic biological principles, in particular those of biological specificity (that became, in part, replaced by genetic information) and genetic causality. The article claims that models disregarding these principles did not impact the direction of biological research in a lasting way, although some of them, such as D'Arcy Thompson's models of biological form, were widely read and admired and others, such as Turing's models of development, stimulated research in other fields. Moreover, it suggests that successful models were not purely mathematical descriptions or simulations of biological phenomena but were based on inductive, as well as hypothetico-deductive, methodology. The recent availability of large amounts of sequencing data and new computational methodology tremendously facilitates system approaches and pattern recognition in many fields of research. Although these new technologies have given rise to claims that correlation is replacing experimentation and causal analysis, the article argues that the inductive and hypothetico-deductive experimental methodologies have remained fundamentally important as long as causal-mechanistic explanations of complex systems are pursued. RevDate: 2019-09-12 CmpDate: 2019-09-12 Liu Y (2018) Darwin and Mendel: The Historical Connection. Advances in genetics, 102:1-25. Darwin carried out a host of carefully controlled cross- and self-pollination experiments in a wide variety of plants, and made a significant and imperishable contribution to the knowledge of hybridization. He not only clearly described the phenomenon of what he called prepotency and what we now call dominance or Mendelian inheritance, but also explained it by his Pangenesis. Recent discovery of small RNAs acting as dominance modifiers supports his Pangenesis regarding the control of prepotency by gemmules. Historical studies show that there is striking evidence that Mendel read Darwin's The Origin of Species, which had influenced his paper presented in 1865 and published in 1866. Although Mendel's paper has been considered a classic in the history of genetics, it generated much controversy since its rediscovery. Mendel's position as the father of genetics is being seriously challenged. Darwin's main contribution to genetics was the collection of a tremendous amount of genetic data, and the formulation of a comprehensive genetical theory for their explanation. Over the past 150 years, however, Darwin's legacy to genetics, particularly his Pangenesis, has not been considered seriously by most geneticists. It is proposed that Darwin should have been regarded as one of the most important pioneers in genetics. RevDate: 2018-01-11 CmpDate: 2018-01-11 Abbott S, DJ Fairbanks (2016) Experiments on Plant Hybrids by Gregor Mendel. Genetics, 204(2):407-422. RevDate: 2019-01-12 CmpDate: 2017-05-23 Fairbanks DJ, S Abbott (2016) Darwin's Influence on Mendel: Evidence from a New Translation of Mendel's Paper. Genetics, 204(2):401-405. Gregor Mendel's classic paper, Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybrids), was published in 1866, hence 2016 is its sesquicentennial. Mendel completed his experiments in 1863 and shortly thereafter began compiling the results and writing his paper, which he presented in meetings of the Natural Science Society in Brünn in February and March of 1865. Mendel owned a personal copy of Darwin's Origin of Species, a German translation published in 1863, and it contains his marginalia. Its publication date indicates that Mendel's study of Darwin's book could have had no influence while he was conducting his experiments but its publication date coincided with the period of time when he was preparing his paper, making it possible that Darwin's writings influenced Mendel's interpretations and theory. Based on this premise, we prepared a Darwinized English translation of Mendel's paper by comparing German terms Mendel employed with the same terms in the German translation of Origin of Species in his possession, then using Darwin's counterpart English words and phrases as much as possible in our translation. We found a substantially higher use of these terms in the final two (10th and 11th) sections of Mendel's paper, particularly in one key paragraph, where Mendel reflects on evolutionary issues, providing strong evidence of Darwin's influence on Mendel. RevDate: 2017-02-23 CmpDate: 2017-02-23 Gayon J (2016) From Mendel to epigenetics: History of genetics. Comptes rendus biologies, 339(7-8):225-230. The origins of genetics are to be found in Gregor Mendel's memoir on plant hybridization (1865). However, the word 'genetics' was only coined in 1906, to designate the new science of heredity. Founded upon the Mendelian method for analyzing the products of crosses, this science is distinguished by its explicit purpose of being a general 'science of heredity', and by the introduction of totally new biological concepts (in particular those of gene, genotype, and phenotype). In the 1910s, Mendelian genetics fused with the chromosomal theory of inheritance, giving rise to what is still called 'classical genetics'. Within this framework, the gene is simultaneously a unit of function and transmission, a unit of recombination, and of mutation. Until the early 1950s, these concepts of the gene coincided. But when DNA was found to be the material basis of inheritance, this congruence dissolved. Then began the venture of molecular biology, which has never stopped revealing the complexity of the way in which hereditary material functions. RevDate: 2018-11-13 CmpDate: 2016-01-20 De Castro M (2016) Johann Gregor Mendel: paragon of experimental science. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine, 4(1):3-8. This is a foreword on the life and work of one of the greatest minds of the 20th century, the father of modern genetics, Johann Gregor Mendel. RevDate: 2016-01-10 CmpDate: 2016-01-07 Richter FC (2015) Remembering Johann Gregor Mendel: a human, a Catholic priest, an Augustinian monk, and abbot. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine, 3(6):483-485 pii:MGG3186. Johann Mendel (Gregor was the name given to him only later by his Augustinian order, Fig. 1) was born on July 20, 1822 to an ethnic German family, Anton and Rosina Mendel (Fig. 2), in Heinzendorf in the Austrian Empire at the Moravian-Silesian border (now Hynčice, Czech Republic). RevDate: 2018-12-02 CmpDate: 2016-07-28 Liu Y, X Li (2016) Darwin and Mendel today: a comment on "Limits of imagination: the 150th Anniversary of Mendel's Laws, and why Mendel failed to see the importance of his discovery for Darwin's theory of evolution". Genome, 59(1):75-77. We comment on a recent paper by Rama Singh, who concludes that Mendel deserved to be called the father of genetics, and Darwin would not have understood the significance of Mendel's paper had he read it. We argue that Darwin should have been regarded as the father of genetics not only because he was the first to formulate a unifying theory of heredity, variation, and development -- Pangenesis, but also because he clearly described almost all genetical phenomena of fundamental importance, including what he called "prepotency" and what we now call "dominance" or "Mendelian inheritance". The word "gene" evolved from Darwin's imagined "gemmules", instead of Mendel's so-called "factors". RevDate: 2018-12-02 CmpDate: 2016-01-05 Pai-Dhungat JV (2015) John Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 63(3):60-61. RevDate: 2015-09-26 CmpDate: 2015-12-22 Birchler JA (2015) Mendel, mechanism, models, marketing, and more. Cell, 163(1):9-11. This year marks the 150(th) anniversary of the presentation by Gregor Mendel of his studies of plant hybridization to the Brunn Natural History Society. Their nature and meaning have been discussed many times. However, on this occasion, we reflect on the scientific enterprise and the perception of new discoveries. RevDate: 2016-10-20 CmpDate: 2016-07-27 Singh RS (2015) Genome, 58(9):415-421. Mendel is credited for discovering Laws of Heredity, but his work has come under criticism on three grounds: for possible falsification of data to fit his expectations, for getting undue credit for the laws of heredity without having ideas of segregation and independent assortment, and for being interested in the development of hybrids rather than in the laws of heredity. I present a brief review of these criticisms and conclude that Mendel deserved to be called the father of genetics even if he may not, and most likely did not, have clear ideas of segregation and particulate determiners as we know them now. I argue that neither Mendel understood the evolutionary significance of his findings for the problem of genetic variation, nor would Darwin have understood their significance had he read Mendel's paper. I argue that the limits to imagination, in both cases, came from their mental framework being shaped by existing paradigms-blending inheritance in the case of Darwin, hybrid development in the case of Mendel. Like Einstein, Darwin's natural selection was deterministic; like Niels Bohr, Mendel's Laws were probabilistic-based on random segregation of trait-determining "factors". Unlike Einstein who understood quantum mechanics, Darwin would have been at a loss with Mendel's paper with no guide to turn to. Geniuses in their imaginations are like heat-seeking missiles locked-in with their targets of deep interests and they generally see things in one dimension only. Imagination has limits; unaided imagination is like a bird without wings--it goes nowhere. RevDate: 2018-12-03 CmpDate: 2017-03-07 Tanghe KB (2015) Mendel at the sesquicentennial of 'Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden' (1865): The root of the biggest legend in the history of science. Endeavour, 39(2):106-115. In 1965, Mendel was still celebrated as the undisputed founder of genetics. In the ensuing 50 years, scholars questioned and undermined this traditional interpretation of his experiments with hybrid plants, without, however, managing to replace it: at the sesquicentennial of the presentation of his 'Versuche' (1865), the Moravian friar remains, to a vast majority, the heroic Father of genetics or at least some kind of geneticist. This exceptionally inert myth is nourished by ontological intuitions but can only continue to flourish, thanks to a long-standing conceptual void in the historiography of biology. It is merely a symptom of this more fundamental problem. RevDate: 2015-02-19 CmpDate: 2015-03-04 Matalová A, E Matalová (2015) Plant genetics: Czech centre marks Mendel anniversary. Nature, 518(7539):303. RevDate: 2018-11-13 CmpDate: 2015-01-28 Opitz JM, DW Bianchi (2015) MENDEL: Morphologist and Mathematician Founder of Genetics - To Begin a Celebration of the 2015 Sesquicentennial of Mendel's Presentation in 1865 of his Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine, 3(1):1-7. RevDate: 2018-11-13 CmpDate: 2012-09-06 Montoliu L (2012) Mendel: a simple excel workbook to compare the observed and expected distributions of genotypes/phenotypes in transgenic and knockout mouse crosses involving up to three unlinked loci by means of a χ2 test. Transgenic research, 21(3):677-681. The analysis of transgenic and knockout mice always involves the establishment of matings with individuals carrying different loci, segregating independently, whose presence is expected among the progeny, according to a Mendelian distribution. The appearance of distorted inheritance ratios suggests the existence of unexpected lethal or sub-lethal phenotypes associated with some genotypes. These situations are common in a number of cases, including: testing transgenic founder mice for germ-line transmission of their transgenes; setting up heterozygous crosses to obtain homozygous individuals, both for transgenic and knockout mice; establishing matings between floxed mouse lines and suitable cre transgenic mouse lines, etc. The Pearson's χ(2) test can be used to assess the significance of the observed frequencies of genotypes/phenotypes in relation to the expected values, in order to determine whether the observed cases fit the expected distribution. Here, I describe a simple Excel workbook to compare the observed and expected distributions of genotypes/phenotypes in transgenic and knockout mouse crosses involving up to three unlinked loci by means of a χ(2) test. The file is freely available for download from my laboratory's web page at: . RevDate: 2011-07-27 CmpDate: 2011-08-18 Lorenzano P (2011) What would have happened if Darwin had known Mendel (or Mendel's work)?. History and philosophy of the life sciences, 33(1):3-49. The question posed by the title is usually answered by saying that the "synthesis" between the theory of evolution by natural selection and classical genetics, which took place in 1930s-40s, would have taken place much earlier if Darwin had been aware of Mendel and his work. What is more, it nearly happened: it would have been enough if Darwin had cut the pages of the offprint of Mendel's work that was in his library and read them! Or, if Mendel had come across Darwin in London or paid him a visit at his house in the outskirts! (on occasion of Mendel's trip in 1862 to that city). The aim of the present paper is to provide elements for quite a different answer, based on further historical evidence, especially on Mendel's works, some of which mention Darwins's studies. RevDate: 2011-11-07 CmpDate: 2012-04-17 Ellis TH, Hofer JM, Timmerman-Vaughan GM, et al (2011) Mendel, 150 years on. Trends in plant science, 16(11):590-596. Mendel's paper 'Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden' is the best known in a series of studies published in the late 18th and 19th centuries that built our understanding of the mechanism of inheritance. Mendel investigated the segregation of seven gene characters of pea (Pisum sativum), of which four have been identified. Here, we review what is known about the molecular nature of these genes, which encode enzymes (R and Le), a biochemical regulator (I) and a transcription factor (A). The mutations are: a transposon insertion (r), an amino acid insertion (i), a splice variant (a) and a missense mutation (le-1). The nature of the three remaining uncharacterized characters (green versus yellow pods, inflated versus constricted pods, and axial versus terminal flowers) is discussed. RevDate: 2018-11-13 CmpDate: 2014-06-07 Wolfe AJ (2012) The cold war context of the golden jubilee, or, why we think of mendel as the father of genetics. Journal of the history of biology, 45(3):389-414. In September 1950, the Genetics Society of America (GSA) dedicated its annual meeting to a "Golden Jubilee of Genetics" that celebrated the 50th anniversary of the rediscovery of Mendel's work. This program, originally intended as a small ceremony attached to the coattails of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) meeting, turned into a publicity juggernaut that generated coverage on Mendel and the accomplishments of Western genetics in countless newspapers and radio broadcasts. The Golden Jubilee merits historical attention as both an intriguing instance of scientific commemoration and as an early example of Cold War political theatre. Instead of condemning either Lysenko or Soviet genetics, the Golden Jubilee would celebrate Mendel - and, not coincidentally, the practical achievements in plant and animal breeding his work had made possible. The American geneticists' focus on the achievements of Western genetics as both practical and theoretical, international, and, above all, non-ideological and non-controversial, was fully intended to demonstrate the success of the Western model of science to both the American public and scientists abroad at a key transition point in the Cold War. An implicit part of this article's argument, therefore, is the pervasive impact of the Cold War in unanticipated corners of postwar scientific culture. RevDate: 2009-06-15 CmpDate: 2009-09-30 Orel V (2009) The "useful questions of heredity" before Mendel. The Journal of heredity, 100(4):421-423. Now Emeritus Head of the Mendelianum (Mendel Museum) in Brno, Czech Republic, Vítezslav Orel began his academic career as a student at the Brno Agriculture University. His work was interrupted first by the Nazi invasion and then by the communist revolution, when the science of genetics was denounced and replaced by Lysenko pseudogenetics. V. O. was dismissed from his position at the Poultry Research Institute and assigned to work at a small duck farm outside Brno. When the "Lysenkoist madness" subsided, Professor Jaroslav Krizenecky (1896-1964), teacher of V. O., was allowed to develop the museum in recognition of Mendel's contributions. V. O. assisted him by conducting research on the history of Mendel and of genetics. On Jaroslav Krizenecky's death, V. O. became head of the Mendelianum. V. O. has become an internationally recognized figure in the study of the history of science, having published nearly 200 papers in Czech and 10 other languages. Orel's most recent books, published by Oxford University Press, make use of the rich archives of the Mendelianum that he helped create. Gregor Mendel-The First Geneticist (Orel 1996) is the definitive biography of Mendel, and in 2001, V. O. and co-author R. J. Wood published Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: A Prelude to Mendel. (Biography from Margaret H. Peaslee). RevDate: 2010-11-18 CmpDate: 2010-01-11 Galton D (2009) Did Darwin read Mendel?. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 102(8):587-589. RevDate: 2019-11-10 CmpDate: 2008-04-03 Peaslee MH, V Orel (2007) The evolutionary ideas of F. M. (Ladimir) Klacel, teacher of Gregor Mendel. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 151(1):151-155. Abstract: A philosopher and teacher, F. M. (Ladimir) Klacel (1808-1882), educated in what is now the Czech Republic, developed his own explanation for the origin and interaction of living organisms. Klácel, a member of the Augustinian Monastery in Brno, influenced his younger colleague, Friar Gregor Mendel, who went on to formulate concepts in heredity that are still recognized for their profound insight. A mutual interest in the natural sciences of these two friends provided a basis for their discussions of the relationship between religion, evolution, and society. Klacel's outspoken defense of his proposals caused him to lose favor with both the Church and the authorities, and he immigrated to America in 1869. His failing health and inability to communicate with the English-speaking populace, unfortunately, limited his influence in his new environs. In this paper we trace the roots of Klacel's philosophy and elucidate his incorporation of ideas from Hegel, Darwin, and others. An investigation of Klacel's recipe for a successful society reveals his belief in the universality of life and his optimistic hope for human achievement. RevDate: 2006-12-22 CmpDate: 2007-01-31 Hackett S, Feldheim K, M Alvey (2006) Genes and genius: the inheritance of Gregor Mendel. DNA and cell biology, 25(12):655-658. RevDate: 2006-10-31 CmpDate: 2007-01-05 Tan SY, J Brown (2006) Gregor Mendel (1822-1884): man of God and science. Singapore medical journal, 47(11):922-923. RevDate: 2019-11-10 CmpDate: 2007-02-20 Richmond ML (2006) The 1909 Darwin celebration. Reexamining evolution in the light of Mendel, mutation, and meiosis. Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences, 97(3):447-484. In June 1909, scientists and dignitaries from 167 different countries gathered in Cambridge to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth and the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species. The event was one of the most magnificent commemorations in the annals of science. Delegates gathered within the cloisters of Cambridge University not only to honor the "hero" of evolution but also to reassess the underpinnings of Darwinism at a critical juncture. With the mechanism of natural selection increasingly under attack, evolutionary theory was in disarray. Against this backdrop, biologists weighed the impact of several new developments--the rediscovery of Mendel's laws of heredity, de Vriesian mutation theory, and the linkage of sex-cell division (recently named "meiosis") to the mechanism of heredity. The 1909 Darwin celebration thus represents a significant watershed in the history of modem biology that allows historians to assess the status of evolution prior to the advent of the chromosome theory of genetics. RevDate: 2018-12-01 CmpDate: 2006-07-25 Nivet C (2006) [1848: Gregor Mendel, the monk who wanted to be a citizen]. Medecine sciences : M/S, 22(4):430-433. This article proposes a previously unpublished French translation of a petition, in German, addressed by six Augustinian friars to the Constitutional Parliament of Vienna in the revolutionary year 1848. The petition states that members of religious orders are deprived of civil rights and demands that they be given citizenship ; it also contains a bitter attack on the monastic institution. We suggest that Mendel was the author of this text, which he signed and actually hand-wrote. RevDate: 2016-11-24 CmpDate: 2005-12-09 Liu Y (2005) Darwin and Mendel: who was the pioneer of genetics?. Rivista di biologia, 98(2):305-322. Although Mendel is now widely recognized as the founder of genetics, historical studies have shown that he did not in fact propose the modern concept of paired characters linked to genes, nor did he formulate the two "Mendelian laws" in the form now given. Furthermore, Mendel was accused of falsifying his data, and Mendelism has been met with scepticism because of its failure to provide scientific explanation for evolution, to furnish a basis for the process of genetic assimilation and to explain the inheritance of acquired characters, graft hybridization and many other facts. Darwin was the first to clearly describe almost all genetical phenomena of fundamental importance, and was the first to present a developmental theory of heredity--Pangenesis, which not only greatly influenced many subsequent theories of inheritance, particularly those of de Vries, Galton, Brooks and Weismann, but also tied all aspects of variation, heredity and development together, provided a mechanism for most of the observable facts, and is supported by increasing evidence. It has also been indicated that Darwin's influence on Mendel, primarily from The Origin, is evident. The word "gene" was derived from "pangen", itself a derivative of "Pangenesis" which Darwin had coined. It seems that Darwin should have been regarded as the pioneer, if not of transmissional genetics, of developmental genetics and molecular genetics. RevDate: 2019-05-03 CmpDate: 2003-12-10 Dunn PM (2003) Gregor Mendel, OSA (1822-1884), founder of scientific genetics. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 88(6):F537-9. Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk and part-time school teacher, undertook a series of brilliant hybridisation experiments with garden peas between 1857 and 1864 in the monastery gardens and, using statistical methods for the first time in biology, established the laws of heredity, thereby establishing the discipline of genetics. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 2002-09-03 Pai Dhungat JV (2002) Postal stamps released on John Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 50:929. RevDate: 2010-11-18 CmpDate: 2002-06-27 Kemp M (2002) Science in culture: peas without pictures--Gregor Mendel and the mathematical birth of modern genetics. Nature, 417(6888):490. RevDate: 2018-11-30 CmpDate: 2002-03-19 Zuckerberg C (2001) [Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)]. Medicina, 61(6):903-904. RevDate: 2021-05-27 CmpDate: 2001-04-05 Jay V (2001) Gregor Johann Mendel. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 125(3):320-321. RevDate: 2019-11-04 CmpDate: 2001-02-15 Lenay C (2000) Hugo De Vries: from the theory of intracellular pangenesis to the rediscovery of Mendel. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la vie, 323(12):1053-1060. On the basis of the article by the Dutch botanist Hugo De Vries 'On the law of separation of hybrids' published in the Reports of the Académie des Sciences in 1900, and the beginning of the controversy about priority with Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak, I consider the question of the posthumous influence of the Mendel paper. I examine the construction of the new theoretical framework which enabled its reading in 1900 as a clear and acceptable presentation of the rules of the transmission of hereditary characters. In particular, I analyse the introduction of the idea of determinants of organic characters, understood as separable material elements which can be distributed randomly in descendants. Starting from the question of heredity, such as it was defined by Darwin in 1868, and after its critical developments by August Weismann, Hugo De Vries was able to suggest such an idea in his Intracellular Pangenesis. He then laid out a programme of research which helps us to understand the 'rediscovery' published in 1900. RevDate: 2018-11-30 CmpDate: 2000-12-28 Anonymous (2000) MENDEL-BRNO 2000. Conference on DNA structure and interactions. Brno, Czech Republic, July 19-23, 2000. Abstracts. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics, 17(6):1117-1183. RevDate: 2019-08-16 CmpDate: 1999-06-07 Chudley AE (1998) Genetic landmarks through philately--Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884). Clinical genetics, 54(2):121-123. RevDate: 2019-05-01 CmpDate: 1998-05-28 Haas LF (1998) Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-84). Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 64(5):587. RevDate: 2019-05-16 CmpDate: 1998-02-27 Pollack R (1998) Darwin and Mendel versus Watson and Crick. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 12(2):149-150. RevDate: 2007-11-15 CmpDate: 1997-11-19 Corwin RD (1997) Point of view: from Gregor Mendel to coronary atherosclerosis. Medicine and health, Rhode Island, 80(10):348-350. RevDate: 2018-11-13 CmpDate: 1995-03-20 Hirschhorn R (1995) Genetic mosaicism: what Gregor Mendel didn't know. The Journal of clinical investigation, 95(2):443-444. RevDate: 2018-11-30 CmpDate: 1995-03-06 Anonymous (1994) International Congress on the Occasion of the 40th Anniversary of the Foundation of the Gregor Mendel Institute: Twin Study Today. Rome, Italy, 24-25 February 1994. Proceedings and abstracts. Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae, 43(1-2):3-161. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1992-12-11 Riedel M (1992) [Johann Gregor Mendel]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 117(45):1737-1738. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1992-09-09 Kohl F (1992) [Of flowering plants and garden peas. The first description of the laws of inheritance by Johann Gregor Mendel]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 117(31-32):1212-1216. RevDate: 2021-09-15 CmpDate: 1992-09-08 Hartl DL, V Orel (1992) What did Gregor Mendel think he discovered?. Genetics, 131(2):245-253. RevDate: 2009-05-27 CmpDate: 1993-02-11 Krook H (1992) [Mysteries surrounding Gregor Mendel and his research]. Nordisk medicinhistorisk arsbok. RevDate: 2018-11-30 CmpDate: 1991-10-10 Weiling F (1991) Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822-1884. American journal of medical genetics, 40(1):1-25; discussion 26. The life and personality of Johann Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), the founder of scientific genetics, are reviewed against the contemporary background of his times. At the end are weighed the benefits for Mendel (as charged by Sir Ronald Fisher) to have documented his results on hand of falsified data. Mendel was born into a humble farm family in the "Kuhländchen", then a predominantly German area of Northern Moravia. On the basis of great gifts Mendel was able to begin higher studies; however, he found himself in serious financial difficulties because of his father's accident and incapacitation. His hardships engendered illness which threatened continuation and completion of his studies until he was afforded the chance of absolving successfully theological studies as an Augustinian monk in the famous chapter of St. Thomas in Altbrünn (Staré Brno). Psychosomatic indisposition made Mendel unfit for practical pastoral duties. Thus, he was directed to teach but without appropriate state certification; an attempt to pass such an examination failed. At that point he was sent to the University of Vienna for a 2-year course of studies, with emphasis on physics and botany, to prepare him for the exam. His scientific and methodologic training enabled him to plan studies of the laws of inheritance, which had begun to interest him already during his theology training, and to choose the appropriate experimental plant. In 1865, after 12 years of systematic investigations on peas, he presented his results in the famous paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden." Three years after his return from Vienna he failed to attain his teaching certification a second time. Only by virtue of his exceptional qualifications did he continue to function as a Supplementary Professor of Physics and Natural History in the two lowest classes of a secondary school. In 1868 he was elected Abbot of his chapter, and freed from teaching duties, was able to pursue his many scientific interests with greater efficiency. This included meteorology, the measurement of ground water levels, further hybridization in plants (a.o. involving the hawk week Hieracium up to about 1873), vegetable and fruit tree horticulture, apiculture, and agriculture in general. This involved Mendel's active participation in many organizations interested in advancing these fields at a time when appropriate research institutes did not exist in Brünn. Some of the positions he took in his capacity of Abbot had severe repercussions and further taxed Mendel's already over-stressed system. The worst of these was a 10-year confrontation with the government about the taxation of the monastery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) RevDate: 2007-11-15 CmpDate: 1995-06-09 Obermajer J (1991) Further medals with the portrait of Gregor Mendel. Folia mendeliana, 26-27:103-106. Four new medals with Mendel's portrait were issued after 1985. Two of them were issued by the Mendelianum in Brno, one comes from the Federal Republic of Germany, and one from Spain. RevDate: 2005-11-16 CmpDate: 1991-05-20 Piegorsch WW (1990) Biometrics, 46(4):915-924. R. A. Fisher is widely respected for his contributions to both statistics and genetics. For instance, his 1930 text on The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection remains a watershed contribution in that area. Fisher's subsequent research led him to study the work of (Johann) Gregor Mendel, the 19th century monk who first developed the basic principles of heredity with experiments on garden peas. In examining Mendel's original 1865 article, Fisher noted that the conformity between Mendel's reported and proposed (theoretical) ratios of segregating individuals was unusually good, "too good" perhaps. The resulting controversy as to whether Mendel "cooked" his data for presentation has continued to the current day. This review highlights Fisher's most salient points as regards Mendel's "too good" fit, within the context of Fisher's extensive contributions to the development of genetical and evolutionary theory. RevDate: 2006-11-15 CmpDate: 1989-06-13 Happle R (1989) [Gregor Mendel and dysplastic nevi]. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete, 40(2):70-76. In contrast to what has so far generally been believed, dysplastic nevi do not appear to be mendelizing, but rather due to polygenic inheritance. In order to explain this contrasting idea, the following six theses are presented: (1) All dysplastic nevi are inherited in the same manner. (2) Dysplastic nevi constitute a continuous trait. (3) A "dysplastic nevus syndrome" in the form of a monogenic autosomal dominant trait probably does not exist. (4) A nonhereditary dysplastic nevus syndrome does not exist. (5) The number of the underlying genes that, considered separately, do of course follow the rules of mendelian inheritance is so far unknown. (6) A search for a single underlying gene defect is probably hopeless. RevDate: 2017-02-14 CmpDate: 1986-08-27 Piegorsch WW (1986) History of science, 24(64 pt 2):173-182. RevDate: 2019-05-10 CmpDate: 1986-09-16 Pilgrim I (1986) The Journal of heredity, 77(3):218-220. RevDate: 2018-11-30 CmpDate: 1985-06-25 Márquez-Montez H, Salamanca Gómez F, Urzúa R, et al (1985) [Centenary of the death of Gregor Mendel]. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 121(3-4):107-134. RevDate: 2019-09-19 CmpDate: 1986-05-21 Gedda L, P Parisi (1985) Gregor Mendel and twins. Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae, 34(3-4):121-124. RevDate: 2018-11-30 CmpDate: 1985-10-23 Pelz L (1985) [Johann Gregor Mendel and medical genetics. A medical history sketch on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his death 6 January 1984]. Zeitschrift fur arztliche Fortbildung, 79(12):543-546. RevDate: 2019-05-11 CmpDate: 1985-05-08 Monaghan FV, AF Corcos (1985) Mendel, the empiricist. The Journal of heredity, 76(1):49-54. In contemporary texts in biology and genetics, Mendel is frequently portrayed as a theorist who was the father of classical genetics. According to some authors, he created his theory of inheritance to explain the results of his experimental hybridizations of peas. Others have proposed that he designed and carried out his experiments to demonstrate the correctness of a theory of inheritance he had already developed. We disagree strongly with these views of Mendel. Instead, we have come to regard him as an empirical investigator trying to discover the empirical natural laws describing the formation of hybrid peas and the development of their offspring over several generations. We have supported our view with an analysis of portions of Mendel's paper and his letters to Carl N ageli. RevDate: 2019-05-11 CmpDate: 1985-02-04 Pilgrim I (1984) The too-good-to-be-true paradox and Gregor Mendel. The Journal of heredity, 75(6):501-502. RevDate: 2019-05-11 CmpDate: 1985-02-04 MacRoberts MH (1984) L. H. Bailey's citations to Gregor Mendel. The Journal of heredity, 75(6):500-501. L. H. Bailey cited Mendel's 1865 and 1869 papers in the bibliography that accompanied his 1892 paper, Cross-Breeding and Hybridizing, and Mendel is mentioned once in the 1895 edition of Bailey's "Plant-Breeding." Bailey claimed to have copied his 1892 references to Mendel from Focke. It seems, however, that while he may have first encountered references to Mendel's work in Focke, he actually copied them from the Royal Society "Catalogue of Scientific Papers." Bailey also saw a reference to Mendel's 1865 paper in Jackson's "Guide to the Literature of Botany." Bailey's 1895 mention of Mendel occurs in a passage he translated from Focke's "Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge." RevDate: 2020-08-24 CmpDate: 1984-07-19 Soudek D (1984) Gregor Mendel and the people around him (commemorative of the centennial of Mendel's death). American journal of human genetics, 36(3):495-498. RevDate: 2015-03-05 CmpDate: 1984-06-12 Sermonti G (1984) [Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)]. Rivista di biologia, 77(1):105-113. RevDate: 2019-10-31 CmpDate: 1984-06-13 Oldroyd D (1984) Gregor Mendel: founding-father of modern genetics?. Endeavour, 8(1):29-31. RevDate: 2018-11-30 CmpDate: 1984-06-27 Anonymous (1984) Gregor Johann Mendel 1822-1884. In centenary commemoration. Hereditas, 100(1):II-XIII. RevDate: 2013-12-13 CmpDate: 1977-09-17 Dewald GW (1977) Gregor Johann Mendel and the beginning of genetics. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 52(8):513-518. RevDate: 2019-06-17 CmpDate: 1975-10-21 Blixt S (1975) Why didn't Gregor Mendel find linkage?. Nature, 256(5514):206. RevDate: 2019-05-11 CmpDate: 1973-06-21 Orel V (1973) Interest in hybridization in Moravia before Mendel came to Brno. The Journal of heredity, 64(1):51-52. RevDate: 2009-10-21 CmpDate: 1972-11-18 Kenéz J (1972) [Johann Gregor Mendel, founder of modern genetics (1822-1884)]. Orvosi hetilap, 113(42):2539-2541. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1971-05-05 Orel V (1971) [Gregor Mendel and the animal breeding in Moravia]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 113(2):82-83. RevDate: 2010-06-28 CmpDate: 2010-06-28 Perl AF (1970) Gregor Johann mendel. Canadian Medical Association journal, 102(9):987. RevDate: 2019-06-06 CmpDate: 1971-02-04 Gustafsson A (1969) The life of Gregor Johann Mendel--tragic or not?. Hereditas, 62(1):239-258. RevDate: 2019-07-04 CmpDate: 1966-10-15 Mark HH (1966) Gregor Johann Mendel on Pisum sativum. A centennial. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 76(2):287-289. RevDate: 2008-02-13 CmpDate: 1967-08-05 Dubinin NP (1965) [Gregor Mendel--the founder of genetics]. Izvestiia Akademii nauk SSSR. Seriia biologicheskaia, 6:809-824. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1967-07-22 Vakhtin IuB (1965) [Johann Gregor Mendel]. Tsitologiia, 7(6):701-703. RevDate: 2014-09-12 CmpDate: 1966-03-18 Steytler JG (1965) [Gregor Johnann Mendel (1822-1884) the founder of the science of genetics]. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 39(36):827-828. RevDate: 2006-04-12 CmpDate: 1966-12-31 Astaurov BL (1965) [On the scientific heritage of Gregor Mendel]. Zhurnal obshchei biologii, 26(5):521-527. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1966-03-12 Sajner J (1965) [The fatal disease of Gregor Mendel]. Vnitrni lekarstvi, 11(9):909-916. RevDate: 2010-11-18 CmpDate: 1968-11-20 Ondarza RN (1965) [Centenary of the publication of the works of Gregor Mendel on genetics. V. Mendelism and biological evolution]. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 95(9):815-825. RevDate: 2009-11-11 CmpDate: 1968-11-20 Salazar Mallén M (1965) [Centenary of the publication of the works of Gregor Mendel on genetics. 3. The laws of heredity and human pathology]. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 95(9):795-806. RevDate: 2009-11-11 CmpDate: 1968-11-20 Somolinos D'Ardois G (1965) [Centenary of the publication of the works of Gregor Mendel on genetics. II. The abbot Gregor Mendel and his era]. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 95(9):781-794. RevDate: 2009-11-11 CmpDate: 1968-11-20 Salazar Mallén M (1965) [Centenary of the publication of the works of Gregor Mendel on genetics. I. Introduction]. Gaceta medica de Mexico, 95(9):777-779. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1967-01-23 Alikhanian SI (1965) [Gregor Johann Mendel]. Mikrobiologiia, 34(4):733-739. RevDate: 2014-04-06 CmpDate: 1966-10-08 Tiniakov GG (1965) [Gregor Mendel--founder of the science of heredity. (On the centenary of the foundation of experimental genetics)]. Veterinariia, 42(7):112-113. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1966-02-05 Saavedra AM (1965) [The abbot Gregor Johann Mendel]. Medicina, 45(964):73-74. RevDate: 2019-05-01 CmpDate: 1996-12-01 SORSBY A (1965) British medical journal, 1(5431):333-338. RevDate: 2004-11-17 CmpDate: 1968-05-23 Klein D (1965) [Gregor Mendel, the classic Mendelism and its influence on human genetics]. Archiv der Julius Klaus-Stiftung fur Vererbungsforschung, Sozialanthropologie und Rassenhygiene, 40(1-4):9-18. RevDate: 2018-12-01 CmpDate: 1996-12-01 BARNETT CF (Jr) (1964) The New physician, 13:A88-A89. RevDate: 2018-12-01 CmpDate: 1998-11-01 [Founding of the Gregor Mendel Department of Genetics in the Moravian Museum in Brno and its museum and research program]. Biologia, 17:907-911. RevDate: 2018-12-01 CmpDate: 1998-11-01 [The discovery and rediscovery of the laws of heredity. (The work of Johann Gregor Mendel)]. Revista. Asociacion Medica Mexicana, 40:401-410. RevDate: 2019-06-05 CmpDate: 1998-11-01 A note on the bibliography of Gregor Mendel. Medical history, 3:331-333. RevDate: 2019-06-05 CmpDate: 2000-07-01 PLATT R (1959) Darwin, Mendel, and Galton. Medical history, 3(2):87-99. RevDate: 2019-11-08 CmpDate: 2004-02-15 ZIRKLE C (1951) Gregor Mendel & his precursors. Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences, 42(128):97-104. RevDate: 2020-10-05 CmpDate: 2010-03-18 A note about the fundamental work of Gregor Mendel. Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de biologie et de ses filiales, 141(3-4):182. RevDate: 2010-06-10 CmpDate: 2010-07-02 Davenport CB (1929) Science (New York, N.Y.), 70(1801):16. RevDate: 2010-06-10 CmpDate: 2010-07-02 Babcock EB (1921) Science (New York, N.Y.), 54(1395):275-276. ESP Quick Facts ESP Origins ESP Support ESP Rationale ESP Goal ESP Usage ESP Content ESP Help ESP Plans Electronic Scholarly Publishing 961 Red Tail Lane Bellingham, WA 98226 E-mail: RJR8222 @ Papers in Classical Genetics Digital Books Biographical information about many key scientists. Selected Bibliographies ESP Picks from Around the Web (updated 07 JUL 2018 )
Web Dev Simplified Blog JavaScript Cookies vs Local Storage vs Session Storage August 17, 2020 Storing data in the browser is a fairly simple task, but there are three different ways to do it and it can be difficult to know which storage option is best for your particular use case. In this video I will be covering all three of the different ways to store data in a user's browser so you can choose the exact option that works best for you. If you prefer to learn visually, check out the video version of this article. What Are Cookies, Local Storage, And Session Storage Used For? Before I dive into the many differences between the various storage options I first need to talk about what they are used for. All three methods of storage are used to store information on the user's browser which can be accessed even after navigating to new pages on your site. This data is also saved to the user's exact browser they are using so if they have your site open in Chrome it will only save the information to their Chrome browser on the device they are currently on. This means if they open your site later in a different browser the data will no longer be there. Now let's jump into the many differences between each option. Storage Limit Each storage method has a maximum size of the data you can store with it. Both local storage and session storage have a pretty large maximum storage capacity with local storage having a 10 megabyte maximum and session storage having a 5 megabyte maximum. These sizes are so large you should never run into any issues with storing too much data. Cookies on the other hand have a very restrictive capacity at 4 kilobytes. This may seem incredibly small, but in reality you shouldn't be storing too much information in cookies so you shouldn't need to worry about this maximum. After storing your data eventually you will need to access it and each storage method has slightly different levels of accessibility. Local storage is accessible in any window or tab that is open to your site. This means if you store some data in local storage on one tab of your browser that same local storage data will be available on all other tabs and windows you have open to that site. This differs from session storage which is only available in the current tab you set the session storage data in. The easiest way to remember this difference is that session storage is tied to a particular session and each tab of your browser is its own session. Lastly, cookies are very similar to local storage in that they are accessible from any window or tab after they are set, but one thing that makes them unique is that cookies are also accessible on the server as well. This is because for every request you make to your backend server all of your cookies are also sent along. This makes cookies ideal for authentication related tasks. Another major difference between the different types of storage is how long they last for. Local storage is the easiest to understand since it never expires. Once you store data in local storage it will stay there until you manually remove it or the user manually removes it. Session storage data will expire as soon as you close the tab you are on. This is because session storage is tied to a particular session which is equivalent to a tab so once you close your tab you are closing your session thus all session storage is cleared. Cookies are unique in that you can set the expiration date for them manually. This gives you complete control over how long cookies last for. Lastly, we need to talk about the differences in syntax between these different storage methods. Before we jump into the differences, though, it is important to note that local storage and session storage have the exact same syntax. The only difference is session storage is accessed with the sessionStorage variable and local storage uses the localStorage variable. Storing Data In order to set data using local storage or session storage you simple use the setItem function. This function takes two string parameters. The first parameter is the name and the second parameter is the value to associate with that name. You can think of this very similar to a key value pair in a JSON object. localStorage.setItem('name', 'Kyle') sessionStorage.setItem('name', 'Kyle') In order to do the same with cookies is a bit more complex. You need to access the document.cookie object and set that to your cookie. To do this all you need to do is set document.cookie to a string where the name and value are separated by an equals sign. document.cookie = 'name=Kyle' This will create a cookie with the name name and the value Kyle, but this cookie will be expired since the default expiration date is in the past. In order to set an expiration date manually we need to pass the expires key a UTC date value. We also need to make sure we separate the expires key from our name key with a semicolon. document.cookie = `name=Kyle; expires=${new Date(9999, 0, 1).toUTCString()}` This creates a cookie with an expiration date of 01/01/9999 which essentially is like creating a cookie that never expires. Now if you want to store multiple sets of different data you just need to duplicate the above code. localStorage.setItem('name', 'Kyle') localStorage.setItem('lastName', 'Smith') sessionStorage.setItem('name', 'Kyle') sessionStorage.setItem('lastName', 'Smith') Even with cookies you just set document.cookie to a new string and it will add a new cookie without overwriting your old cookies. document.cookie = `lastName=Smith; expires=${new Date(9999, 0, 1).toUTCString()}` Getting Data In order to get data from local storage and session storage it is as easy as calling the getItem method. This method takes a single parameter which is the name of the key value pair and will return the value. localStorage.setItem('name', 'Kyle') localStorage.getItem('name') // Kyle sessionStorage.setItem('name', 'Kyle') sessionStorage.getItem('name') // Kyle Cookies are a bit more difficult since there is no way to get an individual cookie. The only way to get cookies is to get all the cookies at once by accessing the document.cookie object. document.cookie // name=Kyle; lastName=Smith Removing Data As like the previous examples removing data from local storage and session storage is as easy as calling a single method. This method is the removeItem method and takes a single parameter which is the name of the key value pair to remove. Cookies as usual are a bit more difficult. To remove a cookie you need to set the cookie again but give it a blank value and a past expiration date. document.cookie = "name=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT" While local storage, session storage, and cookies are similar, there are minor differences between them that give them all unique use cases. I recommend always using session storage or local storage unless you specifically need to access the data on the server since working with local storage and session storage is much easier than cookies.
With many programming languages coming into existence and getting popular year by year, it becomes harder for people to make a decision as to which language to prefer. Both Go and Node.JS are quite popular and filled with powerful features that would help back end development. In this article, we will take some of the important aspects that are needed in technology for effective and efficient web development and see how good each one fares in that aspect. Simplicity to write code: Simplicity in a language promotes ease of writing the code in the language. The more easy and powerful it is, the good. Golang development is a reputably simple language which has gone to the extent of sacrificing some important concepts just for the sake of simplicity. Coming to Node.js, being a framework of Javascript it inherits all its simplicity from javascript which is not as that simple as Go. However, the learning curve and simplicity to use depends on the specific people. If one is good with javascript, they can start using Node.js immediately but the same people need to spend some extra time learning Go. In contrast, if one is neither proficient in javascript nor Go, Go would be definitely a good starting point. Performance is very important for a back end system to provide a good and reliable experience for the users. Go is extremely fast thanks to its compiled nature and a lot of other checks. With Node.js based on an interpreted programming language with dynamic typing, it could not be as fast as Go. So regards to performance, Go is preferable. Concurrency is the ability to use multiple cores simultaneous to run multiple programs at same time and Scalability is the ability of the software to work as expected even when a large number of users are utilizing the software at once. Both Node.js and Go has high support for concurrency and scalability, but Go has relatively more support since it is developed with concurrency and scalability in mind from the start. With Goroutines, Go makes it easy to create concurrent programs while with Node.js one has to rely on traditional methods of event callbacks which is not as great as with Go. So, with respect to Concurrency and scalability, Go has an upper hand. Libraries for programming language gives a lot of functionality right out the box. With Node.JS having such a large community over the years, Node.js has a lot of libraries. But Go being a relatively young language, it has fewer libraries compared to Node.js. So in this sense, Node.JS is ahead of Go. Go is good than Node.JS in most of the scenarios including performance, concurrency, scalability and simplicity but libraries, Node.js is great. With Go’s popularity steadily increasing, we can be sure that more libraries and tools would be developed for Go. So, if you are very proficient in javascript development and need the libraries of Node.js that equivalent of which might not be available in Go and also, the features of Go are not critical for your application, Node.js might be a good choice. Otherwise, Go is best!
How can I convert a String to a Char in C? Please help. I am unable to do that and I need it urgently. I need it for readability. simple answer. You can't. That's because a string is a collection of sequential chars. Each char can be accessed as if it was in an array. For example, say you had string mystring. Then the third char in the string would be mystring[2]. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
Bow wow wow, BAUHAUS! Get your most minimalist party threads ready; 2019 marks the centenary of one of the most important design schools of the modern era. The Bauhaus was founded by German architect Walter Gropius in 1919, as a place where the fine arts, crafts and design could merge into one school of thought. It was later moved to Dessau and then Berlin, before being closed in 1933 under duress from the Nazis, who painted it as a centre of communist intellectualism and collusion. Nevertheless, Bauhaus has had a lasting impact on 20th Century design, with some of its most renowned associated figures including Lyonel Feininger, László Moholy-Nagy, Walter Gropius, Oskar Schlemmer, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Gerhard Marcks, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Why is Bauhaus Important? The Bauhaus was founded straight after Germany’s resounding defeat in the first World War, in a time of immense political and social upheaval. The school sought to harness modern technologies in a utilitarian and functional way, to make good design available to the masses. One of its most famous grounding principles was that “form follows function”; a fundamental approach that continues to have a resounding impact on art, architecture and design. The Bauhaus believed that a thorough understanding of both art and technical craftsmanship was essential to good design. Only then could it be stripped back to its most fundamental elements. In a series of articles celebrating #Bauhaus100, we will take a look at some of the more iconic pieces that sprung out of the movement. First off, a chair by the final director of the Bauhaus, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe… Barcelona Chair by Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich Barcelona Chair by Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich. Image: Dezeen This chair was originally created in 1929 for the Barcelona International Exposition. Bauhaus director Ludwig Mies van der Rohe has became one of the most important modernist figures of the twentieth century, known simply as “Mies” in design circles. This chair was designed in collaboration with architect Lilly Reich and features two rectangular leather cushions over a light frame. It was re-designed in 1950 using stainless steel, allowing it to be formed from one piece of metal with no breaks. Door Knob by Walter Gropius Door Knob by Walter Gropius. Image: Dezeen Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius originally designed this door handle for a factory, and it was put into mass production in 1923. The industrial style handle is made from nickel-plated brass, with a cylindrical grip and squared stem. Its attractive form and seamless functionality have made it one of the most commercially successful Bauhaus designs. Nesting Tables by Joseph Albers Nesting Tables by Joseph Albers. Image: WideWalls The impact of this iconic design from Joseph Albers can be seen in a million cheap, colourful knock-offs available online. Albers was a modernist painter who was obsessed with the technical aspects of both minimalism and colour; he applied the same precision to his furniture design as to his geometric paintings.These beautiful nesting tables were designed in solid oak and lacquered glass. Love modernist design? We’ll be celebrating 100 years of Bauhaus at the 2019 Decor + Design show in Melbourne! Register now to attend Australia’s No.1 Trade Interiors Event, which will feature 350+ exhibitors, design masters and taste makers.
dead hand dead hand 1. The ever-present, oppressive influence of past events: "Psychotherapy explores the ways in which the past has shaped people, and how its dead hand continues to deform their lives" (James S. Gordon). 2. Mortmain. [Middle English dede hond, translation of Old French mortemain or Medieval Latin manus mortua, mortmain.] dead hand 1. an oppressive or discouraging influence or factor: the dead hand of centralized control. 2. (Law) law a less common word for mortmain 1. the condition of lands or tenements held without right of alienation, as by an ecclesiastical corporation. 2. the perpetual holding of land, esp. by a corporation or charitable trust. [1250–1300; Middle English < Anglo-French, translation of Medieval Latin mortua manus dead hand] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun1.dead hand - real property held inalienably (as by an ecclesiastical corporation) 2.dead hand - the oppressive influence of past events or decisions References in classic literature ? "She came, O King, because the dead hand of Baleka summoned her, as thou sawest. You are withering away like the dead hands that wove you. And then he told how a friend--his good taste did not suffer him more than to hint subtly who the friend was with such gracious fancies--had laid a laurel wreath on the dead poet's heart; and the beautiful dead hands had seemed to rest with a voluptuous passion upon Apollo's leaves, fragrant with the fragrance of art, and more green than jade brought by swart mariners from the manifold, inexplicable China.
Araucaria - How to care for and cultivate your Araucaria Araucaria - How to care for and cultivate your Araucaria We are talking about the most majestic trees that nature has given us, considered to be living fossils that in their environments of origin can reach up to 70 m in height and more. Page 1 - 2 - 3 : Gymnosperms : see the paragraph on "Main species" The genre Araucaria belongs to family ofAraucariaceae (family born quite recently as before this genus was classified in the family of Pinaceae) which includes three genres: • Araucaria; • Agathis; • Wollemia (recently discovered. See paragraph "Curiosity"). In this family we find, in my opinion, the most beautiful trees that our planet can host, which in their natural environments even reach 70 m in height and more. They are conifers native to South America and Oceania and are the only ones in the family that lend themselves to being bred in our gardens and unfortunately in our homes thanks to their delightful bearing with close boxes and in the shape of an inverted cone. Their bearing it can vary depending on the species and in some cases, depending on whether it is female plants and male plants. In fact for the most part they are dioecious plants, that is to say that there are plants that bear only female flowers and plants that bear only male flowers. Much more rarely it is monoecious, that is to say that plants bearing distinct male and female flowers are found on the same plant. With rare exceptions it is very difficult, until it blooms, to know if a plant is female or male, you have to wait for the flowering which, at best, does not happen before the plant has reached twenty years of age. On average it takes 1 male for 5-6 females to obtain the fertilization of the flowers. Leaves they are transformed into more or less sharp and tapered needles depending on the species and of a more or less intense green color. The fruits called strobili, are cones similar to pine cones that contain seeds inside them, generally one for each scale of variable shape and size depending on the species. for example in the A. heterophylla are large and winged (photo below). Cones of A. heterophylla Seeds of A. heterophylla There are several species and many are endemic to New Caledonia. They are found mainly in the spontaneous state on the island of Norfolk in eastern Australia, in New Guinea, in Argentina, in Chile and in southern Brazil. They are much appreciated both for their beauty and grandeur and because some species are very important for the production of wood and for the edible seeds, similar to our pine nuts (the seeds of different species of the genus Pinus) but much larger. A. heterophylla or A. excelsa is also known as Norkfolk pine as it was discovered by the English botanist Joseph Banksnel in Australia in 1780, on the island of Norfolk, Australia. L'A. heterophylla it is an evergreen tree that spontaneously reaches up to 60 m in height, with a symmetrical shape in the shape of a pyramid. It is predominantly, occasionally monoecious. The leaves can be of two forms: those of the younger branches are light green and not prickly, while those of the older branches are shorter, imbricate (arranged like the roof tiles) and with a rigid apex. L'A. heterophylla once adult it is very resistant to frost, wind and salinity (being native to Norfolk Island where it grows along the cliffs). It is a very common plant in Mediterranean climates and is a species that lends itself to being grown indoors. L'A. araucana is nicknamed monkey puzzle because a legend has it that in 1850 an English gentleman, owner of one of these trees, while making friends admire a young specimen, one of them said that "it would have been difficult even for a monkey to climb", seeing it so articulated and with leaves thorny and sharp and hence the name. Before this name became popular it was called pine of Chile as a native of the Chilean Andes, as well as Argentina. It is one of the two species that is found more easily in our apartments together with A. Heterophylla. It is a mainly dioecious plant, occasionally monoecious and is very long-lived but also very slow growing as it grows about 35 cm per year. The seeds are not produced every year but at intervals of 3-4 years also its cones are thorny and therefore are not eaten by animals (with the exception of goats). The seeds are about 3 cm long and are edible and maintain their germinability for several years. Another peculiarity is that the female cones are very large, almost like a balloon and each contains up to 200 seeds that are dispersed only when the cone falls from the tree, in autumn and are so heavy that they can also break the branch that door. In fact, in their countries of origin, for the road trees, where they grow majestically, only the "male" Araucaria araucana is cultivated as the cones are much smaller and less dangerous for people. They are plants that, in their natural environments, reach 45-50 m in height and do not tolerate atmospheric pollution and grow without problems even in maritime environments. For more information about this plant, read the testimony of Guido Coppari. L'A. columnaris, also called cook pine it is native to New Caledonia and is very often confused with the "Norfolk Pine" when young. It is a tree that also grows well in coastal gardens exposed to strong winds. L'A. angustifolia, originally from Brazil, is also called pine of the Paranà. The seeds are edible for both humans and animals considered excellent forage. The trees are mostly dioecious (male and female cones on different trees) although occasionally monoecious trees (male and female cones on the same tree) have been found. The seeds retain their germination capacity for about six weeks. L'TO. bidwillii it is native to the coastal areas of Queensland in Australia. It features thorny foliage and edible seeds. Its posture is typically pyramidal and is typical of cold subtropical areas. L'A. cunninghamii or Australian pine it is native to the northeastern coast of Queensland in Australia and New Guinea. It develops up to 2500 m of altitude in New Guinea and up to 200 m in Australia. Many scholars believe that the shape of New Guinea is actually theA.bernieri. It tolerates cold and is very thorny when young. With maturity the trunk easily loses its thorny bark to reveal a copper color. It does not reach great height, 4 m high by 2 m wide. L'TO. hunsteinii is originally from New Guinea. It is also called klinkii pine. In the native areas, trees up to 90 m tall can be found. It develops between 700 and 1000 m above sea level. L'A. laubenfelsii it is native to New Caledonia and is also an imposing tree that in nature reaches up to 50 m in height. It has very lush foliage and a beautiful deep green color. L'A. luxurians is a native of New Caledonia. It is a tree much appreciated for the precious wood it supplies and grows up to 200 m above sea level. Allow me a quick note about these plants being forced into houses and small pots because we have seen them so cute from the nursery that we are tempted to buy them. As you have had the opportunity to read in the notes on the individual species, these plants are giants of nature so seeing them forced into the house, in small pots, personally makes my heart tight. At the most, raise them in the garden, allowing these creatures to grow and develop with a little more dignity. During the winter it must be kept in the coolest area of the house, away from the radiators and if the temperatures are above 18 ° C (the optimal cultivation temperature is around 12-18 ° C) ensure good ambient humidity and possibly air. fresh with frequent nebulizations to the foliage and never direct sun. In any case, winter temperatures must not drop below 7 ° C. During the summer it would be preferable to place it outdoors, in a shaded position and away from drafts but pay attention to temperatures that must not exceed 25 ° C. If you decide to grow it in the garden after it has lived in your home for a certain period of time, as it comes from a protected environment, gradually accustom it to the outside before transplanting it into the ground starting from a few minutes a day and gradually increasing more and more. . As we have seen, in nature they are imposing trees but in the apartments they do not exceed two meters in height (if we have been very good at raising them). In any case they are slow growing plants, about 15 cm per year. It happens, grown at home (but it also happens in nature) that the lower branches dry out. We must not be alarmed or think that it is sick: this is part of the normal growth of the plant, it is aging. He does not like air pollution. During the summer it should be watered often and you have to wait for the soil to dry between one watering and another. During the winter, watering should be reduced unless the room that hosts it is particularly hot (which is to be avoided). It is important to avoid stagnation in the saucer which is not tolerated in any way, especially in the winter period which cause rotting of the roots with consequent fall of the needles. It is advisable to spray the leaves often, preferably early in the morning, so that they are dry in the evening. It is generally repotted every 2-3 years, at the beginning of spring using a good fertile soil, enriched with organic substance (better if formed by decomposed leaves) mixed with coarse sand, with a slightly acid reaction and very well drained as it does not tolerate water stagnation. If repotting is not possible because it has become too large then remove the surface layer of the soil and replace it with fresh substrate. From spring and throughout the summer it should be fertilized every 2 weeks with a liquid fertilizer, for acidophilic plants, to be diluted in the irrigation water or every week but halving the doses compared to what is reported in the package. In any case, always slightly reduce the indicated doses as they are always exaggerated. Starting in autumn and throughout the winter, it is preferable to fertilize every 3-4 weeks. To ensure optimal development it is important to use an equally balanced fertilizer in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), for example using the formula 30:30:30 and which also contains microelements such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), polybdenum (Mo), magnesium (mg) all important for its growth. It is very rare that it blooms in the apartment and in any case not before it has reached twenty years of age. It does not need pruning if contained in not too large pots it will not develop beyond a certain height. Multiplication occurs by seed or by cutting. The fresh seeds germinate relatively easily and should be sown between January-February in a compost made up of a part of fertile soil and a part of coarse sand and arranged one per pot to avoid subsequent transplant stress. The pot containing the seed, no more than 4 cm in diameter, should preferably be placed under a glass bell or under a transparent plastic sheet. The pot should be kept in a greenhouse or in any case in a sheltered place at a temperature around 15 ° C. The soil must be constantly moist (use a sprayer to completely moisten the soil) until the moment of germination. The plastic sheet or the glass bell should be removed every day to check the degree of humidity in the soil and remove the condensation that forms. Once the seeds have germinated (after 1-2 months) and when the new seedlings are sufficiently large they are transplanted into larger pots with all the earthen bread and taken outdoors and treated like adult plants. For the first few years it is good that during the winter they are kept in sheltered places and not outdoors during the winter. Growth is very slow. The multiplication by cuttings is obtained from adult araucarias, by topping the tip of the plant. The mother plant thus mutilated, from the point of insertion of the branches of the upper stage on the stem, will create new shoots that will replace the cut tip. Once these shoots have reached a length of 5-7 cm, they detach whole and start rooting keeping the mother plant in particular conditions that allow it not to die and give cuttings also for the following years. This practice is followed by experienced flower growers. At home its implementation is not recommended as topping the plant the only almost certain result is to make it die. They are not particularly prone to disease. In any case, the pathologies that can be encountered are the following: The needles turn yellow and fall out Unfortunately, this very frequently occurring disease is not associated with a single cause. In fact, it can depend on several factors all linked to a bad cultivation technique: too much water, too hot, too little light or insufficient fertilization. Therefore as a remedy it is necessary that you make an analysis of how you are breeding it according to the indications given in the individual paragraphs and then adjust accordingly. Mealybugs on the plant Lecocciniglia can infest it and are highlighted by spots concentrated above all in the leaves. It is above all the floury cochineal that can disturb it. Recognizing it is very simple as it manifests itself as small pieces of fluffy cotton and if you try to remove it simply with a fingernail, it comes off without problems. Remedies: you can try to eliminate them using a cotton swab soaked in denatured alcohol but given the density of the leaves it is preferable to intervene with specific insecticides. All species are very ancient and fossils have been found that date back to the age of the dinosaurs. The seeds of many species are edible and are reminiscent of our pine nuts only of much larger size, more similar in size to our almonds. The family of Araucariaceae, as we said in the introduction, it is a recently established family as the genus was previously incorporated into the Pinaceae family. A very recent genus introduced in this family is the Wollemia, with the only species, the Wollemia nobilis (left photo), discovered in 1994 in a remote area of Wollemi Nationa Park (hence the name), in New South Wales, 150 km north of Sydney, Australia.At first, when it was discovered, it was thought to be a species of pine, but comparative studies with Araucarias have made it classify within this family.It is considered a rare and certainly very ancient plant of which, among other things, there are very few specimens. Online bibliographic sources (en) Agricultural Research Service Page 1 - 2 - 3 Video: How to grow araucaria अरकरय कस बढ Christmas tree. simple Care and tips
Ear care Otitis of swimming pools, the great danger of summer for children Swimming pools are places of recreation for everyone, but especially for children, as they love spending hours submerged in them. The problem is that they almost never do it with ear protection, since for us parents it is like something that we do not pay attention to, because we do not know that the water in the swimming pools conditions the production of a pathology called external otitis or , colloquially called swimming pool otitis, which are very painful and difficult to treat. Swimming pools are tanks full of water, which most of the time are contaminated, even if special products such as chlorine or disinfectant salts are added to decontaminate and purify them of microorganisms and other contaminants. The water is practically stagnant and many children and even adults dive in without having to shower beforehand and even urinate inside them. For this reason, in summer stages, cases of otitis are very frequent, with a high incidence in children under 12 years of age. Before describing what this pathology is about, it is necessary for them to know how the ear is shaped and where this disease occurs. The ear is divided into the outer ear, which goes from the entrance orifice of the ear, to the tympanic membrane, and the middle ear, which goes from the tympanic membrane to the pharynx, communicating through the Eustachian tube. When a pool otitis, the affected part of the ear is the external, that is, the external ear, the tympanic membrane can also be affected when the cases are severe. In my experience as a pediatrician and every time they consult because the child has a severe earache, usually without fever and with a lot of itching or stinging, my obligatory question is whether they have been bathing in the pool, and most of the time the answer is yes. When doing the physical examination and checking the ear with the otoscope, I find that the pain is intense, even when grasping the pinna of the ear, and the external ear or external auditory canal is observed very inflamed, very erythematous (red) and with some white patches or spots, like cotton wool. The most common causative agent is the pseudomonas bacteria, which grows and reproduces in the ear when water penetrates and stagnates in the outer ear portion, producing this infectious process that is very painful for the child. Another agent that can cause infections inside the ear is the fungus, due to humidity, but with fewer symptoms, to the point that sometimes I diagnose it when I do a routine examination of the ears, that is, it can go unnoticed until the growth is very extensive. Treatment for the pseudonoma bacteria is local and oral antibiotics (drops), anti-inflammatories and analgesics to relieve pain. When there is the presence of fungi, it is treated with antifungal drops, but the most important thing is the prevention of this pathology, so I will give you the following recommendations below. - The first thing is to try keep ears clean and free of moisture, to prevent the growth of microorganisms inside the ear. - Cleaning the ear should not be done by introducing the so-called 'rods', as they can injure the canal and even the eardrum, and also produce earwax plugs that decrease hearing acuity. Alone clean the wax thatwhich springs out of the ear. - Before entering the pool, put silicone plugs on the child to protect the ears and thus prevent water from entering and accumulating in the conduit. - If you don't have earplugs, they can place a few drops of glycerin, acting as a protective hearing barrier. - Wear a hat that covers the ears. - When leaving the pool, dry your ears well with a dry towela and try to remove any water that may have accumulated in the external duct. This is done by lateralizing the head from side to side. - Avoid diving headfirst into the pool, since the water enters the ears easier due to pressure. - Avoid diving without hearing protection or being underwater for a long time. - Hygiene measures for swimming pools with chlorinated products and antiseptic salts. - Avoid bathing in ponds or swimming pools that the waters are not treated. - Bathing on the beach is preferable to swimming in the pool, since in the sea the incidence of otitis is much less frequent. - And if otitis occurred due to swimming in the pool, you should avoid this practice for at least two months after treatment to ensure complete healing. You can read more articles similar to Otitis of swimming pools, the great danger of summer for children, in the On-Site Ear Care category. Video: Complete Disaster Pool Transformation Satisfying Extreme Clean #WithMe 2020 Outdoor Summer Cleaning (January 2022).
GIS Applications in Water Resources GIS Applications in Water Resources Water is a scarce resource that we cannot live. Water comes from various sources like rain, wells, springs, mountains as well as ice. It is chemically formed from oxygen and hydrogen. Living things like human beings should thus do whatever they can to ensure proper management of this precious resource. Governments have for long proposed regulations on the use of water resources. It`s so essential that without it, life cannot exist. GIS is, however used in various activities involving water management. Water management using GIS is beneficial for monitoring water resources. List of Uses of GIS in Water Resources 1. Storage and management of geospatial data: Geographic information Systems keep data and records about water sources. The data collected about water resources is stored on servers in different parts of the world. Some of the information is usually as a result of processing done on data collected by GIS. Huge amounts of data related to water resources can thus be stored for shared access with the help of GIS. Big externally launched geospatial satellites that are always on motion and rotating near the earth’s atmosphere are integrated with GIS and then used to help in inter-continental data and information dissemination. The satellite provides wireless data access to all base stations that request for the geospatial data. Most Geographic Information systems also offer cloud-based platforms. This means that geospatial centers in any part of the world can have access to data stored in any of the GIS servers. This pervasiveness and flexibility of data and information access is part of the applications or uses of GIS. 2. Hydrologic management: Studies on the water have shown that water is in most cases under motion, or changes its state and pressure with time. GIS comes to play a big part in keeping track of these water conditions. Hydrologists are thus among the biggest beneficiaries of Geographic information systems. Various studies on the water can be accomplished using well-engineered GIS. Hydrogeology, for example, is a discipline that investigates groundwater together with its storage, occurrence, and motion characteristics. The nature and characteristics of water stored underground or one which is on the surface either stagnant or in motion can be entered into GIS as data, stored and retrieved for future processing by the geographic Information System. 3. Modeling of groundwater: Groundwater modeling involves the hydrologists trying to understand groundwater behavior and characteristics. Bearing in mind the scarcity of water so much study can be done to protect water catchment areas. GIS can also help in the creation of models and designs to help utilize underground water responsibly. Soil properties and other geographic features are natural to investigate using GIS in relation to ground water. Digital images on groundwater can then be created, for example, by the use of magnetic fields during investigations and case studies. 4 Quality analysis of water: Not all water that exists on earth is safe for consumption by human beings or animals. Taking unsuited water can lead to adverse health conditions. Through GIS, studies on a slope, drainage features, and land utilization patterns can be used to predict whether the water in a given area is safe. Due to the ability of GIS to handle large amounts of data sets, sample data can be processed, stored as well as reports generated. These reports can be used by the relevant organization or even the government to make future study and regulations on water and to determine whether the water is safe for human consumption. 5. Water supply management: As we have seen earlier rain is a handy resource that no government or individual can afford to waste. Water supply pipes are laid on the ground and can be monitored on a real-time basis. Leaking water system components can also be identified and fixed on a real-time basis, which is much possible due to the integration of supply systems with GIS. 6. Sewer system management: Most of the human waste in most parts of the world are treated and conveyed to water bodies. However, strict and accurate supervision of sewer lines must be periodically made. Failure to manage the sewer system well can lead to diseases outbreaks that lead to degrading the country’s economy. GIS has also played a commendable role in sewer system management. Treatment of sewage can also be done with the help of GIS. Proper and mapping techniques that are delivered by these information systems on sewer lines are also important as they prevent damaging waste pipes during construction of structures like buildings, roads, railways among many others. 7. Stormwater control and Floods disaster management: During floods and storms, it is most likely that water will accumulate in places inhabited by human beings. This can prove challenging for the rescue team to go into rescue operations with little information about the flooded areas. Geographic information System has to help emergency rescue teams to their services safely and professionally. Thus in such instances of flood disasters and harsh weather condition, GIS can be used to give statistics on affected areas, enable the government to plan evacuation as well as can be integrated with weather forecasting systems to offer an accurate prediction and decision making. Aerial views and simulation of the floods can also be made using special system components and tools that rely on Geographic Information Systems. This Post Has One Comment 1. Brief and clear work well done. Leave a Reply Close Menu
2 Matching Annotations 1. Apr 2019 1. this little button ruined the internet. The author uses this to show symbolism. The author's symbolism here is the little button as it is the thing that people are trying to get other to hit. The little red button is a symbol for the "heart" or "like" button. The author is also saying how this "like" button ruined the internet as people obsess, worry, and get subconscious about it. 2. Let the internet feed you faces. You like faces. A face is worth a thousand words. The author uses Syntax here as this sentence is structured in a peculiar way. The author introduces that the internet feeds you faces, and then how much a face betters to people nowadays. The way he structured it was also interesting as instead of just saying the internet makes us want people to look at us and provides that for us, he structures it in a way it tells you what the internet does, tells us what we like, and then rationalizes our want for it.
Taking Care of Your Mental Health. In today’s time people all over the world are distressed with one common enemy, COVID-19. How we deal with the ramifications it has on our daily life, the inability to move about, see the people we love in person, touch and hug them, and travel is taking a toll on our mental health. Mental health is fundamental to our collective and individual ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other, earn a living and enjoy life, says the World Health Organization (WHO). It is more than just the absence of mental disorders or disabilities. “Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.” To a new immigrant who is settling in to a new country, new climate and new culture this is particularly tough. Cynthia David is a mental health clinician, who has seen the struggles of her immigrant parents, and lived through them. “Their challenges were shared with us – some funny, silly and some heartbreaking,” she says. However, in most of the immigrant community mental health usually gets connected to disorder and is often loosely used for angry outbursts and fleeting emotions. She recommends against the use of terms such as psychotic and bipolar that are used without proper clinical diagnosis fueling the stigma of mental health, more so in immigrant communities where the awareness of the issue is minimal. Many factors, life events and issues affect human personalities that are complex. For immigrants who move to a new land perceiving that life would be better often does not unravel the way they expect which takes a toll on their mental well-being. “Moving to a place of better opportunities comes with its pros and cons and has the likelihood of affecting mental health,” she says. Immigrants can be dealing with their internal demons as well as traumas such as war, famine, discriminations etc. When in a new country another set of challenges augments that, which could be the financial strain, language barriers, cultural discomforts that can be isolating making their mental health unstable. When a person is struggling with mental health the signs can be subtle or pronounced. Subtle signs such as changes in behavior from normal functions, decreased motivation to do anything, low energy, self-isolating, changes in mood, contrasting from their normal personality, difficulty in sleeping, poor appetite, physical symptoms, hearing and seeing things that others may not, increased fear, thoughts of hurting oneself, helplessness or hopelessness may seem benign thus making it easier to ignore. She recommends that we keep a close eye on ourselves and our loved ones and notice the signs which will make the path to recovery easier because recognizing the issue is the first step towards it. Given its ambiguity, mental health is a difficult area to navigate. Immigrants from different cultures have different practices they take to address mental health and it is important to respect the individual’s religions and spiritual beliefs and incorporate them while addressing it. It is extremely important that the immigrant population not shy away from issues of mental health. When the signs are recognized, and understood it is best to start with a conversation that can be with a friend, family member or a qualified personnel. The immigrant community tends to ignore, overlook, dismiss, ridicule or mock the symptoms which can be hazardous. Mental health issues can manifest in different ways requiring varied measures to deal with it. Usually it might not require medication at all but in some cases it will need medical attention. Cynthia calls on all to remain vigilant followed by consultations with the family doctor to discuss possible options and taking them seriously. The government of Canada and a number of independent agencies offer help for those suffering mental health crises. YBR Mobile Mental Health Support Services (https://www.ybrmentalhealth.com/) Mental health support: get help – Canada.ca Get help \| Bell Let’s Talk Other specialized and provincial helplines can be found listed here: Sometimes a new immigrant can feel discouraged to reach out for help as it is assumed that it will adversely affect one’s job prospects and promotions. However, Cynthia assures that reaching out will not impact job records, employment status or prospects. “The health record confidentiality is intact in Canada. Accessing health records are not possible, and they are not shared with employers,” she says, urging all immigrants and every Canadian to let go of that belief and seek help. Cynthia advocates that we should not fear the consequences of taking action against issues related to mental health, but of not taking action. We should realize that the concept of mental health is different here in Canada than back home (to those who migrated). There are strict regulations and measures that are taken to help those suffering from mental health issues. When it comes to mental health, identifying the problem and seeking help without fear of outcomes is your best bet.
#parent \| #kids \| In Myanmar, a Notable Burmese Family Quietly Equipped a Brutal Military The family’s initial fortune came from jute, a natural fiber that is used to make rope and twine. The jute mill was nationalized during the military’s disastrous venture into socialism, after its first coup in 1962. Burma, once lauded for its fine schools and polyglot cosmopolitanism, sank into penury. The ruling junta renamed the country Myanmar. Mr. Jonathan Kyaw Thaung’s father was sent to Northern Ireland, where he escaped Myanmar’s privations. His siblings scattered to Thailand, Singapore, the United States and Britain. The family’s graceful villa in Yangon moldered, as did the rest of the country. But even as many of them headed abroad, the family remained connected to Myanmar and traveled there to do business. Their path back was eased by the extended family tree, which included high-ranking Tatmadaw officers, cabinet ministers and confidants of junta chiefs. A cousin married U Zeyar Aung, an urbane, English-speaking general who led the Northern Command and the 88th Light Infantry Division, both of which the United Nations has tied to decades of war crimes against Myanmar’s own people. He later was the railway minister, then the energy minister and subsequently led the national investment commission, over the time the Kyaw Thaungs were vying for military contracts. Myanmar’s patronage networks are a tangle of roots that bind family trees. Generals’ children tend to marry within tight circles, perhaps to other military progeny or the offspring of business cronies. As the Tatmadaw began loosening control over the economy, engaging in a fire sale of assets that had once been the military’s fief, that elite class of the well-connected swooped in to profit. Mr. Jonathan Kyaw Thaung, whose mother is Irish, returned to Myanmar, along with siblings and cousins who had also been raised overseas. Source link
Not Just a Number That perception and memory work hand in hand is mostly taken for granted, but this case reminds us that this sometimes breaks down. This is not the case of the neurotypical limitations to fallible sense organs and standard cognitive boundaries and biases. This subject can’t discern the arabic numerals from 2 through 9. To recap the study, the man can perceive 0 and 1 as per usual, but numerals 2 through 9 are not recognisable. Not even in combination, so A4 or 442 are discernible. In a neurotypical model, a person sees an object, a 3 or a tree, and perhaps learns its common symbolic identifier—’3′, ‘three’, or ‘tree’. The next time this person encounters the object—or in this case the symbol—, say, 3, it will be recognised as such, and the person may recite the name-label of the identifier: three. It might look like this, focusing on the numerals: Encounter 1: 3 = X₀ (initial) Encounter 2: 3 = X₁ ≡ X₀ (remembered) Encounter 3: 3 = X₂ ≡ X₀ (remembered) In the anomalous case, the subject see something more like this: Encounter 1: 3 = X₀ (initial) Encounter 2: 3 = Y₀ = { } (no recollection) Encounter 3: 3 = Z₀ = { } (no recollection) For each observation, the impression of 3 is different. Phenomenologically, this is different to the question of whether two subjects share the same perception of, say, the colour red. Even if you perceive red as red, and another perceives red as red, as long as this relative reference persists to the subject, you can still communicate within this space. When you see a red apple, you can remark that the apple is red—the name marker—, and the same is true for the other, who can also communicate to you that the apple is indeed red because the word ‘red’ become a common index marker. But in the anomalous case, the name marker would have little utility because ‘red’ would be generated by some conceivably unbounded stochastic function: Colourₓ = ƒ(x), where x is some random value at each observation It would be impossible to communicate given this constraint. This, as I’ve referenced, is anomalous, so most of us have a stronger coupling between perception and memory recall. Interesting to me in this instance is not how memory can be (and quite often is) corrupted, but that fundamental perception itself can be corrupted as well—and not simply through hallucination or optical illusion. Identity Management Identity is a human construct, but, more specifically, it’s a social construct. If you were abandoned in a place without human contact and with no prospects for contact, your current perception of yourself would wither away. If you are born in this place (and managed to survive and somehow have language to self-articulate), you would have little of what one might term identity. Whether the ability to discriminate yourself from other species and objects may not qualify for identity. Identity is not a solo sport. One needs at least two to play. For every identity, i, the relationship must always be i ≥ i + 1 Where by ≥ , I mean at least equal to. In fact, for each i, one may be able to argue that one should multiply the number of identities by the number of nodes, which is to say the number of participants in forming the identities. This accounts for developed personae. i ≥ n(i + 1) Today, this was on my mind (as it were) as I was grocery shopping. I identify as an urbanite. I’ve lived in cities and in near suburbs, but I’ve recently moved from a rural setting to a more rural setting. Sidenote in the middle: It’s easy to see why the US are so politically fractured. Fundamentally, I do not see the world as do my rural neighbours. I am already predisposed to be an introvert, but this gives my more reason to segregate. These neighbours just view different things as fundamentally important. And the people create a veritable monoculture. I could pretend to fit it. Instead, I remain at the margin and watch. Thankfully, my profession allows me to work remotely, but I have the opportunity to visit cities when working closely with my clientele. To be even more honest, in my reckoning the US have only 2 cities, New York and Los Angeles. I’ve lived in Chicago, have worked in Houston, and live south of Philadelphia at the moment–the 3rd, 4th, and 5th largest cities in the US, all of which pale in comparison to numbers 1 and 2. And my heart, as it were, resides in LA. And we’re back… Where other people are concerned, they have a vision of our identity, and we have our own. And this doesn’t exist in a vacuum, as we somewhat adjust our identity if we wish to be accepted into the group, but we don’t typically lose our self-identity, even if we can’t fully express it. Some identities are easier to hide than others. If I am a gay female, I can just not discuss the matter or deny it if the situation would otherwise be hostile, but it doesn’t make me less gay. And to the other party, the may see me as a nubile woman. Fairly obviously, my mum sees me differently to my coworkers or even my spouse, and most people I’ve seen interact with their parents differently than other people. This is about the identity of the persona. This is how a 30- or 40-something can still feel like a child when interacting with a parent but would never demur to, say, a peer. In isolation, there is no need for identity in this way. If I am a trans-male who in society identifies with wearing clothes traditionally reserved for women of the same culture, there are no other women to model myself after. If I have these clothes available, I’ll wear them. Perhaps I have left my favourite dress behind, and I remember it fondly. This was a part of my former identity. But would I spend time dressing well and applying cosmetics if the chance of meeting another human was nil to none? Unlikely. And what if two heterosexual males were to find themselves abandoned with little hope for rescue? Would this be Brokeback Mountain revisited? This is stereotypical prison behaviour. Of course, in this case, this is a temporary identity override, and perhaps not something to ever admit once reinserted into polite company. So What? Whilst shopping, I was hypercritical (though quiet) about how I did not feel I fit into the environment. I questioned whether I might be considered to be a misanthrope. Not that I hated these people, but I just did not identify with them. And though I could be civil in short doses, it was not my preference to interact. Truth be told, there may have been plenty of other people thinking the same thing, but how would one tell? At times, I’ll wear identifying clothing, like a tee-shirt that reads ‘Jesus Saves Sinners… and redeems them for valuable cash and prizes‘. These tend to attract the like-minded people with senses of humour, and the people baited into the headline but offended by the punchline. So, now I identify this as the end of my post…
1. Articles 2. Simple Summary of the Pillars of Islam and Eemaan By Yoosuf ibn ‘Abdullaah 3. 6. Belief in Al-Qadar (Divine preordainment) 6. Belief in Al-Qadar (Divine preordainment) Article translated to : العربية Español 6. Belief in Al-Qadar (Divine preordainment): It is to have a firm belief that everything that happens in this universe whether it is good or evil happens by the will, decree and preordainment of Allaah and that He The Exalted is the Effecter of what He intends. Nothing can occur except what He wants. Nothing can go out of His will. Nothing in the whole universe can do something against His decree nor can occure except through His arrangements. No one can escape the preordained decree nor can go beyond what is written in Al-Lawh Al-Mahfooth (The Preserved Tablet). He is the One Who created the actions, obedience and disobedience of the slaves. In spite of this fact, He The Almighty ordered and forbade them. He gave them free choice in their actions and did not compel them to do such actions; rather, they occur according to their abilities and wills. Allaah The Almighty created them and their abilities. He The Exalted guides whomever He wills with His mercy and misguides whomever He wills with His wisdom. He The Exalted is not questioned about what He does, but they will be questioned. It is of four degrees: Firstly:Belief in the eternal knowledge of Allaah that encompasses all things, and that He The Almighty knew what happened, what is going to happen and what did not happen, how it would have been if it had happened. Allaah The Almighty says: {So you may know that Allaah is over all things competent and that Allaah has encompassed all things in knowledge.} [At-Talaaq: 12] He The Almighty also says: {He is Allaah, other than whom there is no deity, Knower of the unseen and the witnessed.} [Al-Hashr: 22] Secondly:Belief that Allaah The Almighty wrote everything that is going to happen until the Hour starts. Allaah The Almighty says: {Do you not know that Allaah knows what is in the heaven and earth? Indeed, that is in a Record. Indeed that, for Allaah, is easy.} [Al-Hajj: 70] He The Almighty also says: {And all things We have enumerated in a clear register.} [Yaa-Seen: 12] Thirdly:Belief that the will of Allaah is irresistible and nothing can escape His might. Allaah The Almighty have willed whatever therein the heavens and the earth. Nothing can happen except what He The Exalted wills. So whatever Allaah The Almighty will come to pass and whatever He does not will, will never occur. Allaah The Almighty says: {And Allaah does what He wills.} [Ibraaheem: 27] He The Almighty also says: {And you do not will except that Allaah wills - Lord of the worlds.} [At-Takweer: 29] Fourthly: Belief that Allaah The Almighty created and originated all things. He The Exalted is the Creator alone without any partner. He is the creator of every worker and his work, every moving creature and its movements and every motionless being and its stillness, Allaah The Almighty says: {And has created each thing and determined it with [precise] determination.} [Al-Furqaan: 2] He The Almighty says: {Allaah is the Creator of all things, and He is, over all things, Disposer of affairs.} [Az-Zumar: 62] He The Almighty says: {While Allaah created you and that which you do?"} [As-Saafaat: 96] Belief in Al-Qadr does not contradict with the idea that the slave has a will and ability in his optional actions. They are thebasis of the obligations on which reward and punishment based. Allaah The Almighty says: {So he who wills may take to his Lord a [way of] return.} [An-Naba’: 39] He The Almighty says{For whoever wills among you to take a right course.} [At-Takweer: 28] He The Almighty says: {Allaah does not charge a soul except [with that within] its capacity. It will have [the consequence of] what [good] it has gained, and it will bear [the consequence of] what [evil] it has earned.} [Al-Baqarah 286] Every individual knows that he has a will and ability with which he can do or leave something. He can easily differentiate between his will in any action such as walking or what occurs away from his will such as trembling. However, the will and the ability of the slave only occur by the will and ability of Allaah The Almighty. Allaah The Almighty says: {And you do not will except that Allaah wills.} [Al-Insaan: 30] And because the whole universe is owned by Allaah The Almighty, then nothing can occur in His kingdom away from His knowledge and will. Previous article Next article Articles in the same category Supporting Prophet Muhammad websiteIt's a beautiful day
Skip to main content Scientists have found a clue to the chicken and egg question This is according to a 'landmark' gene study. Scientists have found a clue to the chicken and egg question What came first: The chicken or the egg? This question has left many scratching their heads. However, thanks to science and scientists, we finally have a clue. Chicken wouldn't have been domesticated, let alone consumed in such a large scale had it not been for migrants and traders. In a "landmark" study from the Chinese Academy of Sciences’s Kunming Institute of Zoology and published in Cell Research, researchers discovered that the world's first chicken hatched 9,500 years ago in Southeast Asia. “Our results contradict previous claims that chickens were domesticated in northern China and the Indus Valley,” Wang said, adding that this is the first extensive study of its kind on the chicken's full genome. Charles Darwin was right and wrong. The red jungle fowl. IMAGE: Wikipedia. The research confirmed one of Darwin's chief arguments about the chicken: It descended from the red jungle fowl aka the Gallus gallus spadiceus. However, the location of the domestication didn't happen in India as theorized. Instead, the red jungle fowl most likely interbred with a colorful pheasant in the northern parts of Southeast Asia or southern China. Archaeologists had assumed that chickens were first domesticated 9,000 years ago in northern China and possibly Pakistan 4,000 years ago based on discovered bones, presumably that of chickens. A research 20 years in the making. However, Wang and his team analyzed full genomes of 863 birds and compared each one of them. It wouldn't have been possible had it not been for Jianlin Han, a geneticist at the Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, who spent a whopping 20 years sampling chickens and wild jungle fowl in over 120 villages across Asia and Africa. This was how the team identified that the bird was domesticated in countries such as Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and possibly even southern China. “This region is a center of domestication,” Olivier Hanotte of the University of Nottingham, who is also the co-author and geneticist, said. There's still more to discover. Yes, the egg came first. IMAGE: Will Kirk / Unsplash. “This is obviously a landmark study,” Dorian Fuller, an archaeologist at University College London said, adding that the discovery could reveal how agriculture and trade networks were like in the region. However, if there's one thing the DNA of the bird can't reveal is the reason for it being domesticated. Researchers theorize that the bird, which was already colorful and pretty, was possibly sought after for its exotic plumage. That could have also led to cockfighting as well. The sales of these prized fighting cocks, which is a money making business in Southeast Asia, possibly led to the trading of the bird across all regions except for Antartica. Researchers are currently working closely with archaeologists to gather bones and create huge data sets on more than 1,500 chicken genomes from Asia, Europe, and Africa. Han hopes that the study will shed more light on certain variants' ability to withstand disease and produce more eggs. So the next time someone asks you, "Why did the chicken cross the road?" You can reply: It didn't cross the road. It crossed the sea. Cover image sourced from Cosmos Magazine.
From Academic Kids Kazakhstan is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Asia. A portion of its territory west of the Ural River is located in eastern-most Europe. It has borders with Russia, the People's Republic of China, and the Central Asian countries Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and has a coastline on the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan is also a former republic of the now extinct Soviet Union. Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country in the world by area, but its semi-deserts (steppe) make it only the 57th country in population, with approximately 6 persons per sq km (16 per sq mi). Population in 2005 was estimated at 15,100,500 [1] (http://www.stat.kz/en/info/stat-bul/stbr&e0303.pdf), down from 16,464,464 in 1989 [2] (http://www.stat.kz/ru/dynamic/svedenia_rk/population/nas.htm). Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy) Республика Казахстан (Respublika Kazakhstan) Missing image Flag of Kazakhstan Coat of Arms of Kazakhstan National motto: n/a Official languages Kazakh, Russian Official script Cyrillic Capital Astana Largest city Almaty President Nursultan Nazarbayev Prime minister Daniyal Akhmetov - Total Ranked 9th 2,717,300 km² - Total (2001) Ranked 57th Independence - Declared - From Soviet Union, December 16, 1991 Currency Tenge Time zone UTC +4 to +6 National anthem Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan Internet TLD .kz Calling Code 7 Main article: History of Kazakhstan The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" between it and Great Britain. Russian efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment of the Kazakh people, and by the 1860s, most Kazakhs resisted Russia's annexation largely because of the disruption it wrought upon the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 1800s, sought to preserve the Kazakh language and identity. From the 1890s onwards ever-larger numbers of Slavic settlers began colonising the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of Semirechie. The number of settlers rose still further once the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent was completed in 1906, and the movement was overseen and encouraged by a specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in St. Petersburg. The competition for land and water which ensued between the Kazakhs and the incomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of tsarist Russia, with the most serious uprising, the Central Asian Revolt, occurring in 1916. Main article: Politics of Kazakhstan Main article: Provinces of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is divided into 14 provinces (oblystar) and the two municipal districts of Almaty and Astana. Each is headed by a Hakim (provincial governor) appointed by the president. Municipal Hakims are appointed by oblast Hakims. The Government of Kazakhstan transferred its capital from Almaty to Astana on June 10, 1998. Kazakhstan is divided into 14 oblys and 3 cities (qala): Almaty, Almaty, Aqmola (Astana), Aqtobe, Astana, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan (Oral), Bayqongyr, Mangghystau (Aqtau; formerly Shevchenko), Ongtustik Qazaqstan (Shymkent), Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan (Oskemen; formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik Qazaqstan (Petropavl), Zhambyl (Taraz; known as Dzhambul in the Soviet period, but before that as Aulie-Ata) note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995 the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 km² enclosing the Bayqongyr (Baykonur) space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (formerly Leninsk). Missing image Map of Kazakhstan Main article: Geography of Kazakhstan With an area of 2.7 million sq. km. (1.56 million sq. mi.), Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest nation in the world. It is equivalent to the size of Western Europe. Major cities include, Astana (capital since June 1998), Almaty (former capital, once known as Alma-Ata and before 1917 as Verny), Karaganda, Shymkent (Chimkent), Semey (Semipalatinsk) and Turkestan, once known as Yasi. See Cities of Kazakhstan The climate is continental with cold winters and hot summers; arid and semi-arid. Main article: Economy of Kazakhstan The Government of Kazakhstan plans to double its GDP by two times in 2008 comparing to 2000 and triple by 2015 comparing to 2003. The GDP growth was stable in last five years, and was higher than 9% (the second fastest growing economy in the world in real terms). The estimation for 2005 is 9.3 % growth in GDP. The GDP growth in 2004 was 9.4%. Kazakhstan's economy grew by 9.2% in 2003, buoyed by high world oil prices. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew 9.5% in 2002; it grew 13.2% in 2001, up from 9.8% in 2000. Agriculture accounted for 13.6% of Kazakhstan's GDP in 2003. Grain (Kazakhstan is the sixth-largest producer in the world) and livestock are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000 km². The available agricultural land consists of 205,000 km² of arable land and 611,000 km² of pasture and hay land. Chief livestock products are dairy goods, leather, meat, and wool. The country's major crops include wheat, barley, cotton, and rice. Wheat exports, a major source of hard currency, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Natural resources Foreign relations Main article: Demographics of Kazakhstan The majority of modern Kazakhstanis are currently either ethnic Kazakhs (58%) or Russians (27%), with smaller Ukrainian, Uzbek, German, Korean, Uyghur and other minorities (15%). Religions are Sunni Muslim, Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and others. Kazakhstan is a bilingual country: the Kazakh language, spoken by 64.4% of the population, has the status of the "state" language, while Russian is declared the "official" language, and is used routinely in business. Education is universal and mandatory through the secondary level, and the literacy rate is 98.8%. The 1990s were marked by the emigration of much of the country's Europeans, a process that begun in the 1970s; this was a major factor in giving the autochthonous Kazakhs a majority along with higher Kazakh birthrates and ethnic Kazakh immigration from China, Mongolia and Russia. In the early 21st century, Kazakhstan has become one of the leading nations in international adoptions. The main ethnic groups in Kazakhstan are: Kazakhs (Qazaq) 58%, Russians 27%, Ukrainians 3.0%, Germans 1.5%, Uzbeks 2.9%, Uyghur 1.6%, other 6.0% (1999). Before 1991, one million Germans lived in Kazakhstan. Main article: Culture of Kazakhstan Miscellaneous topics Environmental issues In part because of the country's enormous semi-arid steppe, the Soviet government used Kazakhstan as its nuclear testing site, and this, along with near-absent pollution controls, has contributed to an alarmingly high rate of disease in many rural areas. Kazakhstan has identified at least two major ecological disasters within its borders-- the shrinking of the Aral Sea and radioactive contamination at the Semipalatinsk nuclear testing facility (in fact a large zone south of Koursatov) and along the Chinese border. Kazakhstan possesses the Soviet equivalent to the United States' Cape Canaveral, where they have launched their version of the space shuttle and the well-known space station Mir. Russia currently leases approximately 6,000 km² of territory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome space launch site in south central Kazakhstan. Talented cyclist Alexander Vinokourov represents Kazakhstan in his cycling career for the German T-mobile team. Vinokourov has an impressive cycling record finishing third overall in the 2003 Tour de France. Rhythmic gymnastics Aliya Yussupova ended up 4th in Summer Olympic Games in Athens. She has been among medal winners in several previous tournaments. Currently, she is one of the top rhythmic gymnasts in the world. Kazakh boxers are generally well known in the world. In last 3 Olympic games their performance was assesed as one of the best and they had more medals than any countries in the world except Cuba and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004 two Kazakh boxers (Vasiliy Jirov-1996 and Bakhtiyar ARTAYEV -2004) were recognised as the best boxers for their techniques with the Val Barker trophy, awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. Kazakh boxers are renowned for their incredible performance in Sydney, 2000. Two boxers, Bekzat Sattarkhanov and Yermakhan Ibraimov, earned gold medals. Another two boxers, Bulat Jumadilov and Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov, earned silver medals. The name of the city of Almaty, 'Father of Apples' in English, derives from the wild apples that grow naturally in the area. Apples were first cultivated in this area, and Kazakh's apple stock is the most biologically diverse in the world. Kazakhstan appears in the movies Air Force One (with Harrison Ford), The World Is Not Enough (James Bond), and Rollerball (with Jean Reno). 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Show simple item record dc.contributor.authorMendez Perez, Victor dc.coverage.spatialeast=-86.13490189999999; north=40.2671941; name=Jefferson Township, IN, Estats Units d'Amèrica dc.description.abstractThere are several problems around the globe related to water scarcity, energy shortages, deforestation and loss of fertile land, and food security. Climate change is making environmental and social issues arise. Issues such as, changes in the agricultural landscape, increasing population (9 billion is the expected population for 2040), rising food borne illnesses, scarcity of drinking water, and more crop failure due to plant pathogens and insect pests, among other factors make this study specially significant. Vertical farming could be a potencial solution to some of these problems. Due to these problems the present thesis analyzed vertical farming as a possible solution for the future of food production. The study has used lettuce as an example of what vertical farming could offer. The analysis was focused on the productivity of the vertical farm, the location within the state of Indiana, the water used, the carbon footprint, and the energy needed to run the vertical farm with 100% supplemental LEDs. The analysis of the data was done using ArcGIS software, and data from the Indianamap website, to create a model that was able to determine the most suitable locations within the State of Indiana. Once the location was determined the author estimated the amount of electrical energy needed to grow lettuce indoors, using LEDs. As well as the energy analysis, the author focused on the water footprint and carbon footprint of the hypothetical vertical farm. The findings of this thesis are both encouraging and discouraging but they also form a starting point for further research. These results are based on the assumptions, limitations and delimitations of this study. The most suitable locations in the State of Indiana to locate a vertical farm, under the parameters used, are Anderson, Brazil, Columbia city, Connersville, Gary, Mishawaka, and Terre Haute. The use of energy just for lighting is around 133million kWh, which is the equivalent to 12,326 American households of four during a year, the water footprint is 33 times less than conventional crops, which is around 237l H2O/kg of lettuce produced. Although the purpose of this thesis was not to generate a comparison of vertical farm to conventional open field agriculture, important data that could form the foundation for such comparison were generated. These data include the carbon footprint that is 56,258 tones of CO2 per year, which are the emissions made by approximate 3,200 Americans during a year, and the productivity of this vertical farm of 10 story vertical farm and dimensions of 100mx100m with stacked drums would be around 8,482 tones of lettuce /year, enough to satisfy the daily needs of fresh vegetables of more than 100,000 people if only were eating lettuce. Some of the recommendations for further research are to include social implications into the analysis, as well as a cost benefit economic analysis of vertical farming methods versus conventional open field to determine the economical feasibility of vertical farms, as well as a detailed comparison of methods between vertical farming and conventional farming. dc.publisherUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Spain dc.subjectÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria agroalimentària::Agricultura::Agricultura sostenible dc.subject.lcshSustainable agriculture dc.subject.lcshFarms--Environmental aspects dc.subject.otherVertical farming dc.subject.otherStacked drums dc.titleStudy of the sustainability issues of food production using vertical fam methods in an urban environment within the state of Indiana dc.typeMaster thesis dc.subject.lemacAgricultura sostenible dc.subject.lemacExplotacions agrícoles dc.rights.accessOpen Access dc.contributor.covenanteePurdue University Files in this item This item appears in the following Collection(s) Show simple item record Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Spain
In a steampunk world, or historically in general, when could be the earliest technology to dive to the deepest parts of the ocean and what would that technology look like? To prime the question, some technologies needed: Buoyancy - provided by lighter than water fluids like gasoline (0.7 specific gravity) or kerosene (0.8) or whale oil (0.9). Possibly by pumice stone? Though would pumice pulverize at depth? Pressure hull - steel, but specific types of steel needed? Could bronze substitute? If bronze, how much thickness? Glass - acrylic glass was used, can other glass be used? Controls - other than a diving bell, if given thrusters/control surfaces, how could these be manipulated from the pressure hull? I'd say the technology is in the grasp (but a reach) for steampunk/victorian era. But possibly do-able? Alexander the Great's diving bell. alex dives That's right. That's Alex in the turban headed down for a look around, Persian style. Alex was popular all over the world. The glass barrel was very strong and very clear so he could see the fish. The (many!) medieval paintings from various countries do not usually show how fresh air was supplied. But the guy who figured out the Gordian knot could figure out that too. "Wait!", you protest. "If people knew it could be done, and made pictures of it, why didn't they try to do it?" Answer: none of those people were Alexander the Great. • $\begingroup$ I don't think that's very accurate, Alexander went down in a diving bell but it was most likely bronze. And it's subject to all the constraints of scuba diving, i.e you can't go much below 100 feet and definitely can't go below 200 feet without mixed gas. $\endgroup$ – IDNeon May 5 '21 at 20:49 • $\begingroup$ @IDNeon : I refer you to the poem: en.calameo.com/read/004760449a472c8e61bd5 "The workmen made a superb vessel. All of crystal clear glass; none had seen any more beautiful". $\endgroup$ – Willk May 5 '21 at 23:23 • $\begingroup$ Diving bells were used by other divers for marine engineering projects. Salvage. Building the foundations for quays or harbor defenses. $\endgroup$ – o.m. May 6 '21 at 4:07 You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
23 January, 2022 A Constitutional Dream By Nihal Jayawickrama Dr. Nihal Jayawickrama Dr. Nihal Jayawickrama A few days ago, a member of the government parliamentary group announced that the government will shortly begin drafting a new constitution. He also spoke about Parliament being transformed into a constituent assembly. He spoke of a referendum. Perhaps the time is opportune to identify which features of the present constitution should not be repeated, and what new features ought to be included, in the new constitution. A national consensus A national constitution is a document that crystallizes a “consensus” among the citizens as to the nature and character of their State and the manner of its governance. That is not a historical fact, because citizens do not actually sit and arrive at a consensus on what their constitution should be. But it is a legal fiction that gives the constitution legitimacy. It raises the issue as to how and through what mechanisms such a consensus may be arrived at. Whatever the mechanism, constitution-making is not the prerogative of the government. To entrust that task to a government is, as Senator S. Nadesan QC observed in 1970, comparable to what the outcome might have been if at Runneymede, the Barons of England had invited King John to draft the Magna Carta. The truth of his observation is evident if one reflects on the processes through which the three recent constitutions of this country were drafted and adopted. The drafting processes The 1946 Constitution was based on a constitutional scheme submitted to the British Government by the Board of Ministers of the State Council. It was prepared by Sir Ivor Jennings without any public participation. The only constraint was that it should be acceptable to three-quarters of the 58-member State Council in which 19 members belonged to minority communities. It was in many respects a replication of the Westminster system of government. It simply created the principal institutions and defined their separate powers and functions. It also contained certain safeguards for the minority communities. But the Royal Commission that was appointed to examine the scheme spent three months in the country travelling through the provinces, meeting various interest groups, recording evidence at public sessions, and gathering information at private discussions. Its recommendations were accepted by the State Council by 51 votes to 3. A young assistant legal draftsman, sitting with a typewriter at his home in the small town of Panadura, gave legal shape and form to these proposals which, when incorporated in an Order-in-Council, became known as the 1946 Constitution of Ceylon. In sharp contrast to this method of public consultation, the drafting of the 1972 Constitution commenced within a framework of 38 immutable “Basic Resolutions” which the Minister of Constitutional Affairs described as being “completely in accord with the United Front and Government policy”. The draft constitution, prepared by a drafting committee of ten professionals of whom I was one, was published for public comment, with the caution that any proposals for amendment must be in conformity with the Basic Resolutions. This meant that only matters of form, detail and language would be considered. Consequently, the original draft with very slight modifications was adopted as the 1972 Constitution. Similarly, the process of drafting the 1978 Constitution commenced with the appointment of a select committee of parliament to “consider the revision of the 1972 Constitution”. It held 16 meetings, at some of which I participated as legal adviser to the two SLFP members, Mrs Bandaranaike and Mr Maithripala Senanayake. Finally, much to our surprise, the draft report submitted at the final meeting had annexed to it a completely new draft constitution which had never been previously submitted to the select committee. It was described as being in accord with “the Basic Principles accepted by the 1975 Party Sessions of the United National Party”. Notwithstanding this drafting history, both these constitutions begin with the assertion that “We the people of Sri Lanka . . .do hereby adopt and enact this Constitution”. A government/parliament drafted constitution There is a significant difference between the two constitutions drafted by governments and the one recommended by a commission after consultation with the people. The 1972 Constitution was designed to establish the supremacy of the legislature, while the 1978 Constitution, established the supremacy of the executive presidency. They reflected the policies of the two principal political groupings of the south. The voice of the north was neither heard nor recognized. By no stretch of one’s imagination could these be described as reflecting a national consensus. The constitutions that the politicians drafted and imposed brought authoritarianism, inefficiency, corruption and divisiveness. What this country was subjected to under them could not possibly have been what the people desired for themselves and their children. Those still familiar with life under the 1946 Constitution will recall that its non-ideological flexible framework enabled both right-wing and centrist political parties to be elected to office, and for them to implement both free market and regulated economic programmes. It withstood the tremors caused by the attempted military coup d’etat of 1962, and the whiplash of the 1971 JVP insurgency. Seven general elections produced five different governments. The dominant political culture of the times was a widespread acceptance of democratic governance and the rule of law. Constitutional Commission If any lessons are to be learnt from the mistakes of the past, the task of drafting the constitution should be entrusted by Parliament to a constitutional commission; a politically independent and representative body. To it, the government and others will be able to make representations on an equal footing. When the commission publishes its report together with a draft constitution, there should be an opportunity for a national debate. Thereafter, it will be for Parliament to decide whether to enact that constitution, with or without amendments. Such a constitution may claim to reflect a national consensus. This method has been successfully adopted in several countries of the Commonwealth. Indeed, there are numerous precedents from across the democratic world that we should seek to emulate, not pretend not to know or see. The government spokesperson also suggested that the new draft constitution may be referred to the approval of the people at a referendum. A referendum may be feasible on a single, specific question, such as Sunday shopping, Poya holidays, or even the name of the State, but it is wholly unreliable on a constitutional document. To submit a draft constitution to the people at a referendum, in the certainty that the overwhelming majority will not even read it, is to invite them to vote against it because they disagree with a single provision or some other extraneous element. Two decades ago in Canada, the Charlottetown Accord, a significant constitutional agreement designed to give effect to the multicultural character of that country, agreed upon by all the First Ministers of the provinces and the First Nation leaders, was rejected at a referendum for widely divergent reasons, one of which was the widespread unpopularity of the then Prime Minister. Unnecessary Provisions There are several provisions in the present Constitution which are unnecessary, meaningless, emotion-charged, divisive and destructive. Let me identify a few of these. Name of the State The Republic of Sri Lanka was not enhanced in stature or repute by the change of its name in 1978 to the grandiloquent ‘Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka’, a description borrowed from North Korea. Countries do not usually change their names, but we had already done that six years previously from “Ceylon” to “Sri Lanka”, putting in peril one of our principal sources of foreign exchange, “Ceylon Tea”. To assert that “sovereignty is in the people and is inalienable” is wholly unnecessary because in a Republic sovereignty resides in the People. This provision was introduced in 1972 to emphasize that power was no longer derived from the British Crown. It served a symbolic purpose as a declaration of independence through a constitution enacted outside the existing legal framework. It was reproduced in the 1978 Constitution without any explanation, and has been repeatedly misinterpreted by judges to stultify the legislative process. Unitary state It is unnecessary for the Constitution to proclaim that Sri Lanka is a “Unitary State”, whatever that might mean. The People’s Republic of China, with its numerous autonomous provincial governments, is a unitary state. Within that unitary state, Hong Kong has its own legislature, its own judicial system based on English common law, its own court of final appeal consisting of both local and foreign judges, its own currency, and its own immigration laws which require other Chinese citizens to obtain a visa to enter the territory. What then does “unitary state” mean? The whimsical intervention of a minister, acting on a sudden impulse, resulted in the inclusion of the term “unitary” in the 1972 Constitution. He may not have anticipated the consequences of his action. The 1978 Constitution not only adopted this section, but made it unamendable except by a referendum. This impetuous, ill-considered, wholly unnecessary embellishment has reached the proportions of a battle cry of individuals and groups who seek to achieve a homogeneous Sinhalese-Buddhist State on this island. As a Buddhist, I believe that tolerance and pluralism form the basis of the philosophy that the Buddha preached. I am saddened by the worldly roles that monks have arrogated to themselves and politicians have bestowed on them. I consider that providing monks with official residences and ostentatious limousines is a desecration of Buddhist philosophy. If others too believe as I do, they would insist that there be no reference to Buddhism in the constitution. It was a mistake to have included it in 1972. The question of constitutional protection for Buddhism was first raised on that occasion by lay organizations such as the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress and the Maha Bodhi Society who urged that Buddhism be declared the state religion. Some senior monks emphatically opposed the concept of a state religion, and appeared to be more interested in the establishment of ownership of property required for the performance of rites and rituals. The original provision sought to impose a duty on the state to protect the institutions and traditional places of Buddhist worship, but that metamorphosed over time into a requirement that the state shall give to Buddhism “the foremost place”, and shall “protect and foster the Buddha Sasana”. This requirement, whatever it means in respect of what is essentially a philosophy of life, identifies those who profess their belief in the great religions such as Hinduism, Christianity and Islam as being “the other” in the Sri Lankan polity. It is time we recognized that in this multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious secular country, everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. If Buddhism was able to survive in the hearts and minds of the people through 450 years of western colonial rule, the intervention of the state is surely not necessary to keep it alive in the free, sovereign and independent Sri Lanka. National reconciliation and reintegration require that Sri Lanka should assert its secular character, as, for example, India and Singapore have done. In some countries, the clergy are prohibited from seeking election to parliament, the rationale being that a priest is capable of exerting undue spiritual influence on the voter. Is there any good reason why we should not follow that example? Official languages Language is not only a mode of communication; it is also the medium through which knowledge is acquired. It is unfortunate, but true, that Sinhala does not serve either purpose adequately. Political leaders with foresight and sagacity, across the African continent and in countries such as India, Singapore and Malaysia, retained English – now the acknowledged international language – and adopted it as the medium of instruction and administration to ensure that their peoples could communicate with the world beyond their geographical boundaries, and acquire the knowledge that now emerges as rapidly as the old is debunked, and equip themselves to serve the global community in capacities other than as domestic helpers and semi-skilled workers. It would be a reality check for our politicians if they were to ask the youth of this country which language they wish to be educated in. Essential Innovations What would I wish to see included in the new constitution? A Constitutional Head of State For a quarter of a century after independence, this country had a constitutional head of state. In the next thirty-eight years, the head of state was also the head of government. Which institution is preferable? The former symbolized the state, not the ruling political party or alliance. He was a unifying figure who provided stability to the state. He was accessible to anyone of whatever political persuasion, especially when the heavy hand of government was felt. He performed the ceremonial functions of the office, leaving to the political head of government the resolution of the important matters of state. Although the constitutional head of state was required to act on advice, I am personally aware of several occasions when President Gopallawa requested reconsideration, and even declined to act as advised until he was furnished with good and sufficient reasons for doing so. When, in 1974, the great conflict arose between the National State Assembly and the Constitutional Court, it was only in the presence of President Gopallawa that the Judges were willing to speak with the representatives of the Government. In a highly politicised state such as Sri Lanka, the restoration of the constitutional presidency is imperative. A non-executive Legislature A non-parliamentary Executive It is an indisputable fact that, with very few easily recognizable exceptions, cabinet ministers of the present and past governments have possessed neither the intellectual capacity nor the experience and integrity, to handle the great affairs of state. To how many of them will you entrust responsibility for your own personal affairs? The proliferation of ministries in order to extend the field of patronage has reduced government to such a state that, were it a corporate body, it would have succumbed to bankruptcy or been driven to dissolution. In an age when most governments across the continents consist of technocrats who are experts in their respective fields, individuals who can confidently communicate with their counterparts abroad on an equal footing, should we too not draw our ministers from among the best and the brightest in the professional world? They should sit in parliament, steer legislation, and be accountable to it, but without a vote. The single exception will be the Prime Minister who, as head of government, should be an elected member of parliament who commands its confidence. A Constitutional Court No constitutional provisions can restore integrity in our judiciary. Perhaps the implementation of the internationally recognized code of judicial conduct, which Sri Lanka has chosen to ignore, may restore some credibility to the institution. Meanwhile, it would help if a new Constitutional Court is created, at the apex of the judicial hierarchy, to exercise the fundamental rights and constitutional jurisdictions, including the judicial review of legislation. It will enable the regular existing courts, including the Supreme Court, to focus on disposing the enormous backlogs in civil and criminal cases that have developed over the years, especially with our judges having to also service the military dictatorship of Fiji. Judicial Review of Legislation It is particularly important that the judicial review of legislation be restored. It is when a law is being applied that its negative impact on a fundamental right becomes evident; not when a Bill is examined in the abstract, as is the present system. Also, the meaning and content of fundamental rights do not remain frozen in time. For example, the right to life, which was originally thought to prohibit only the arbitrary deprivation of life, has over the years been interpreted to include the right to food and the right to livelihood, and protection from the illicit dumping of toxic and dangerous substances and waste, access to medical services and the protection of the unborn child. Or the concept of torture, which now includes minimum or mandatory sentences, and corporal punishment in schools. These are contemporary definitions of constitutional provisions which judges and lawyers may not recognize at any given time when a particular bill is examined in the abstract. The Public Service The 1946 Constitution required a permanent secretary to perform his functions “subject to the general direction and control of his minister”. General direction referred to matters of policy only. In the 1972 Constitution, the word “general” was deleted. Thereby the Minister, and through him numerous parliamentarians and constituents whom he wished to humour, became directly involved in the routine administration and decision-making processes of government departments. The process of politicising the public service began. Good governance requires the re-establishment of the independence of the office of permanent secretary. Fundamental rights Over 30 years ago, Sri Lanka signed and ratified the two international covenants that define the universally accepted civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. But successive governments failed to give constitutional force to the rights recognized in them, or to provide effective remedies. The 1978 Constitution selectively designated a few of these rights as fundamental rights and subjected even these to numerous restrictions. For example, the right to life is omitted. Others omitted include family rights, the right to privacy (a significant omission in the context of telephone tapping), the right to property, the freedom to leave the country, the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas, the right to a fair hearing in respect of civil rights and obligations, and the rights of accused persons. “Birth or other status” is not a prohibited ground of discrimination, thereby enabling the perpetuation of the concept of illegitimate children. And, of course, none of the economic, social or cultural rights are recognized. Finally, all existing law is declared to be valid and operative notwithstanding any inconsistency with the chapter on fundamental rights. That means that the entire body of law enacted over a period of 176 years, a veritable armoury of archaic powers and more recent intrusions into human dignity, remained in force notwithstanding any conflict with fundamental rights. When the citizens agree to be governed, what they insist in return from the rulers is that their rights and freedoms be effectively guaranteed. The constitution should provide, as it does in many other countries, that an international treaty, when ratified, will have the force of law, superseding any inconsistent existing law. Alternatively, at least the provisions of the two international human rights covenants should be incorporated in the constitution. That is not only a matter of sound commonsense and prudent governance; it is also a solemn treaty obligation. Ethnic and religious minorities The tragedy of Sri Lanka is that many of our politicians have refused to recognize the fact – the unalterable, immutable and enduring fact – that we are a multicultural country. In the contemporary multicultural state, minority communities have rights in common with, and no less than, everyone else. Indeed, because of the need to protect their distinctive character and identity, minority communities, even enjoy additional rights. For example, their physical existence is protected by the criminalizing of genocide, by recognition of the right to seek asylum, and by the prohibition of discrimination. International human rights law now guarantees the right of minorities to use their own language, to profess and practise their own religion and the right to enjoy their own culture. International law also recognizes the right of a minority to determine its political status, and the right to participate effectively in decision-making, both at regional and national levels. The application of these principles is non-negotiable, and cannot be made subject to the will of the electorate. They should form an integral part of a national constitution. We have so far failed to do so, and the consequent events, both tragic and destructive, are now a matter of history. We need to remember, and never forget, that today’s power-holders are, as yesterday’s were, merely trustees for the time being. This country belongs to all of us – all twenty-one million of us. We have the right not only to be heard, but also to actively participate, in determining the national consensus that will form the foundation of a new constitution for our country. We need to look ahead to the next twenty-five years and ask whether the constrictive framework of governance prescribed in the 1970s is appropriate or adequate to meet the challenges of the new millennium. Instead of repeated assertions of sovereignty, which reminds one of the fish that grows in a pond and considers itself the king of the sea until it is introduced into the ocean, we must awaken to the reality that Sri Lanka, is now inextricably linked to the global village. We must not overstay our welcome in the pond when the ocean beckons. As John Donne observed four centuries ago, “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main.” It may well be said that my thoughts are nothing but a dream. But we need to dream. Dreams are what take us forward. Unless we dream, we will not reach that new frontier. *An edited version of a presentation made at the 74th Annual General Meeting of the Sri Lanka Federation of University Women Print Friendly, PDF & Email Latest comments • 7 Good old or not so young Nihal Jayawickrema seems to have just woken up in sunny Hong Kong.Where was he when the1972 Constitution was been drafted? He was right in the middle of the action as the right hand man of Felix Reginald Dias Bandaranaike who singularly destroyed the prestigious Ceylon Civil. Service – without reforming it. – and created the servile Celon Administrative Service in 1964 ,the fore runner to the even more disastrous Sri Lanka Administrative Service in 1970. Both the COS and the SLFS were the handy work of his erstwhile buddy Felix..All those civil servants NJ mentions were from the CCS.In fact he was a beneficiary of Felix’s ruinous action when he was appointed a Permamanent Secretary on account of been one of Felix’s great catchers.Now how can he complain ?Yes, the luxury of life in Hong Kong may be giving him the license to indulge in some selective amnesia. Then NJ goes on to criticize the 1972 Constitution.He was one of its architects or at least he turned a blind eye as the politically appointed but very powerful and influential Secretary Ministry of Justice headed by that deadly and destructive Felix.Is Does NJ wish us to believe that all who were witness to that reign of terror especially in the 1970 – 1977 period have selective amnesia like him? • 2 Hush, don’t speak When you spit your venom keep it shut I hate it When you hiss and preach By Shahid Khan, a British DJ, songwriter, record producer and musician in his hit music Naughty Boy. • 4 Excellent points in this article and well said : Sri Lanka is a multicultural and multi-religious country and that should be said up front and center! • 5 I suppose the excellent points in the article is the result of the realisation by the writer of the errors that he himself earlier had been a party to. To that extent it’s contents are worthy of consideration when a constitutional revision is considered for the country. I think It is best if is sooner than later. • 4 The new constitution needs a special chapter on POLITICAL PARTIES and GOOD GOVERNANCE and INTERNAL DEMOCRACY. 1. Party leaders and office bearers should have term limits of two terms and retire at 65 to give youth a chance to lead. 2. All politicians need minimum qualifications of a Degree – now that Sri Lanka has universal education and universities. 3. Full disclosure of assets. 4. Women’s representation quota should be 30 percent in Parties. • 2 The new trend in Constitution making is to address the role and problem of Political Parties in democratic processes. It is recognized now as necessary to have a chapter on good governance in political parties because they play a central role in democratic process, are not held accountable. Political parties need to be held accountable to the people and there needs to be a chapter on good governance of political parties. • 0 Ne’s dirty shit should never have been allowed to splash on these columns. Who’s that sub-editor? • 6 Dr. Nihal Jayawickrama, You are an exceptional talent. I am privileged to experience your presence in my life. Thank you. • 5 A very enlightening, thought provoking and rare article that all college students should read and discuss if possible in class. It is not stuck in the past but urges to incorporate new ideas of governance towards a better future and character building. What is more it is written in that language, tone and clarity that was once a mark of a University education in “Ceylon”. Thank you. • 1 “The country belongs to all of Us. That is 21 Million of us.” says Mr Jayawaradana. How true.. But does it? 6.7 percent live below the Poverty Line That is 1.5 Million of us in round figures. Half the population are poor . That is 10 million. 70 percent of the population are Sinhala Buddhist inhabitants living in rural sector, where the poorest come from. This 70 percent wouldn’t know English from Dutch when it comes to communication. I thought Mr Jayawardana who claims to be one of the tradesmen who built our constitution would have addressed these pressing issues, when he suggested the ideas for this new one, which Bodhi Sira and his mate Batalanda Ranil are going to build.. But none of that in his new draft which is disappointing. Western nations which were built by their conquerors, drafted their constitutions to physically enrich themselves , their descendents and their friends and fellow ex countrymen and women who migrated later. Today they are doing fine. And they made sure that their religion stayed as the main Religion But no one talks about it. But this gentleman’s one of the first priorities seems to be getting rid of Buddhism, although he claims to be a Buddhist himself. I have no problem with that as long as the new constitution eliminates class and caste differences and lift the living standards of the great majority to be on par with the the Elite, Anglican and Vellala inhabitants. • 8 K.A Sumanasekera, “This 70 percent wouldn’t know English from Dutch when it comes to communication.” before 1948 they knew better and were at peace with their standard of living. Even today everyone in the UK/Canada/EU love to work for an English company because of the pay and perks. BTW social engineering of the English in the UK has failed miserably as in Hindia. Its now a question of nothing but the best or we got the robots. Its a crowded IS world that needs to be dealt with fast. Which west are you dreaming of? wild west? Or you master Old Blighty who has an uncatalogued constitution because that is the culture and the way it grew and continues. Belgium is the class case of joining of the best of 4 because of its ethnicity. Yours is Sinhala Buddhist only even in practice like a mulla which even dogs won’t buy. “And they made sure that their religion stayed as the main Religion But no one talks about it.” Yes the pews are empty but folk have confidence in themselves unlike sinhala buddhist. England today is culturally diversified like no other country and religion the emotion has no bearing even at a citizenship ceremony.Its the I_slam humanity camels creating the sound. In your masters land UK there are very poor homeless men too. How do they rise the class ladder? even today there is provision for a pirate to be knighted(Henry Morgan)There are even Bengali who did not know nappy until they were 4 and have received OBE. the poor of uk try to obtain training in some skill and endeavour to become working class, while the working class attempts to enter university (one has to pay)and endeavour to become middle class. You got to work for it man and promote fairplay. there is always corruption but lanka has high pressure and can end up like nepal battle front- its all in Hindian plan to get the piece obstructing it from Naval supremacy.China cannot come close because the yankees and the yankee trained lankan forces wont let. • 3 KASmaalam K.A Sumanasekera “70 percent of the population are Sinhala Buddhist inhabitants living in rural sector, where the poorest come from.” And elect their own MPs and those MPs form the government. Isn’t it the reason why “6.7 percent live below the Poverty Line That is 1.5 Million of us in round figures.” while you and your mates enjoy imported Malt Whisky from English ruled Scotland? For the sake of this islanders, someone has to reinvigorate the old temperance movement. By the way one got to be careful, anything could happen to those protest against well anything. As happened in Tamilnadu day before yesterday, one Kovan was arrested under national security act for sedition. Kovan was forced marched in his kovanam (amude) to the police vehicle. Well here is the story: Tamil folk singer Kovan arrested for anti-Jayalalithaa song, slapped with sedition charge Kovan was picked up from his home at 2.30 am ‘forcefully’, says lawyer; songs criticised Jayalalithaa-led govt’s liquor policy. Written by Arun Janardhanan \| Chennai \| Updated: October 31, 2015 3:04 am What happened to S Kovan, a 45-year-old folk singer from Trichy, in the early hours of Friday has a lot in common with the plot of India’s entry to Oscars 2016, Court. The movie portrays the ordeal of a Dalit activist-poet, who challenges the establishment through his songs and is subsequently held responsible for the suicide of a sewage cleaner. In Kovan’s case, the Tamil Nadu police Friday slapped sedition charges on him for songs he penned against the J Jayalalithaa-led Tamil Nadu government and its liquor policy. Officials said the Cyber Crime Police picked up Kovan from his house in Woraiyur near Trichy at 2.30 am. Kovan heads the cultural wing of Makkal Kalai Ilakkiya Kazhagam or People’s Art and Literary Association, a 30-year-old movement working for the weaker sections of society. The cultural wing routinely performs folk songs and street plays on socio-economic issues. Kovan was reportedly arrested for the lyrics of two songs he had penned in the last few months, ‘Moodu Tasmac Moodu’ and ‘Ooruku oru Sarayam’ A senior police officer confirmed Kovan was brought to Chennai early Friday morning. Kovan’s lawyer Gym Milton, who met his client Friday evening, said he has been charged under sections 124A (sedition), 153A (promoting enmity between different social groups and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony) and 505/1 (criminal intimidation, insult and annoyance) of the IPC. A senior officer who arrested him confirmed the charges. Kovan has been remanded in police custody for 15 days. His lawyer also alleged that the arrest was in violation of a citizen’s basic rights. “He was beaten up and pulled into the police vehicle forcefully. He was not given a reason for the dramatic arrest. Police refused to divulge information about his remand or exact charges with us, which amounts to denial of legal rights. It was only after the Madras High Court asked the public prosecutor to follow due procedure and ensure Kovan’s basic rights that I was allowed to meet him. Kovan said he was interrogated for over five hours over charges of instigating people against the government and the chief minister. They have also registered a case against the owner of vinavu.com — the website where his songs were uploaded,” claimed Milton. Police reportedly tried to arrest the website’s owner Kannaiyan Ramadas by conducting a search at his house in Thanjavur last night but he was not home, sources said. Chennai city police commissioner T K Rajendran confirmed Kovan’s arrest and said, “Investigation is going on.” The lyrics of Moodu Tasmac Moodu make an appeal to the ruling party to close liquor shops as alcoholism has spoiled the state. Ooruku oru Sarayam makes direct remarks about Jayalalithaa and her party. The lyrics state that the CM is rejoicing at ‘Poes’ — her residence is at Poes Garden — while people are dying due to liquor consumption. It also refers to the apparently contradictory situation in the state where one can get an idli for Rs 1 but is forced to spend lakhs on education. It also alleges that the main source of liquor shops in Tamil Nadu is Midas — a distillery company with alleged links to Jayalalithaa’s aide Sasikala — and that the closure of liquor shops would affect their future. The songs were originally uploaded on Tamil website vinavu.com before they went viral on YouTube and social media. KASmaalam K.A Sumanasekera Aren’t you going to help free your brethren Kovan from your Amma’s tyranny? Where is your brother Manisekeran from Tamilnadu? I think Hindia is becoming a totalitarian state, the best place for you to live and thrive. Please listen to Kovan’s songs on youtube, you will love it, it sounds like Sinhala folk song. You can still buy malt whisky in Amma’s Nadu. • 2 Hindia is now safe as the fascistic BJP and it’s Modi have hit the buffer in Bihar. Nitish is now poised to take over Hindia , and there is a light at the end of the tunnel for the people of SL too. • 2 Your association of Bihar is from your readings. The Babuvas have more bad logic than the sinhala buddhist or all indians put together. That is how they vote- they are corrupt to the core and can never be taken for `soul`. You can be rest assured that they would be like the saree FM closer to corrupt governments of Lanka because lanka is ravana land and belongs to them not tamils or sinhalese. If lanka evades Hindian instructions on the resolution then it would be a sort of nepal of today before Obama the school teacher leaves office. • 0 “I think Hindia is becoming a totalitarian state,” This is very true the way Modi is lining up with the American in its Greater Hindia endevour. Another term would be disaster as he is putting his hand in the till and now asking for all the gold which means he is out for the tonnes of temple gold to enrich Gujarati’s. Alternative is Graft Rahul and his looters. It needs a cultural revolution north /south for better prospects- $1 billion to Nepal and the whacking is going on once again after the Sonia closure for 2 years. Bhutan is escaping Hindia energy control without brushing it with Japanese technology for energy. less is more. • 0 Dear Native, You don’t even read the stats properly. From 15.5 in 2006 to 6.7 in 2013 is a 100 percent reduction .. It is remarkable considering that the 70 % of Government resources had to be diverted from 2006 to 2009 to liberate the nation from Tamil Terrorism. If you want to contribute something useful, please get us the figure to date, to show how your mate Batalanda Ranil has done with his now nearly 11 months of Yahapala rule. I know you and your fellow Vellalas of that vintage perved on JJ. And you seem to have crush on her even now. Is it because of sexy looks or just the Brahamin pigmentation?…. • 0 “”It is remarkable considering that the 70 % of Government resources had to be diverted from 2006 to 2009 to liberate the nation from Tamil Terrorism.”” All war are economic. its poor idiotic nations that go to war to become economic refugees in the west. So if you are the majority you are very very stupid to start the war because there are no minorities but communities. • 2 Kasmaalam K.A Sumanasekera Hindians gave more than $1.2 billion to Sri Lankan in one form or another from 2005 to 2009 and after. Probably it has not gone into state book-keeping system. Could you find out as to what had happened to the hefty subsidy or the tidy sum? • 7 Dr.Nihal Jayawickrema, Thank you very much. I concur with everything you have said, with historical insights, awareness of results , admirable objectivity and great wisdom, I have been advocating a ‘ Constitutional Commission’ as the right path to constitution making and a non-political cabinet, for sometime now. I am glad you have highlighted these aspects. I hope what you have said invites informed public debate that forces the hands of our despicable politicians. Dr.Rajasingham Narendran • 5 everyone in the island is the same and can never be anything better than foolish buddha because it pays to be. power corrupts. has any sinhala buddhist president ever given up the presidency? they are foolish buddha vermin playing the game of the pirates. Or else why go to Oxford and what do they teach? Sajin gets degree like most VVIP’s. the future is robotics not a belching farting third world of bombs. • 2 In the end though all of this has to make economic sense. Within the union of China, HK people sustain themselves without much help from the mainland. Within the union of UK the Scots sustain themselves adequately. In Sri Lanka Tamil and Moslems are bankrolled by the majority Sinhala population. When the entire country shuts down for Deepawali for example its the Sinhala tax payer who pays for the privilege. The island wide Tamil language policy is also bankrolled by the majority Sinhala tax payer. Its the majority Sinhala who also pays for Tamil education. In the name of “cultural rights” Sri Lanka is already being extremely generous. How much more do you want the Sinhala people to sacrifice their wealth to bankroll minority cultures? • 9 I am 70 years old and I have not forgotten the fact those days my education was bankrolled by the blood, sweat and tears of the Tamil plantation workers, tea being the main income earner of the country. • 2 You are the donkey who poured hot water on ants isn’t it? It seems at your age you still have quite more maturing to do. • 9 ” You are the donkey who poured hot water on ants isn’t it? “ surely, because like elephants ants have no museum or library Vibhushana is content like a cow,down under with sagging udders. • 3 Vibhushana the imbecile, You are not just an abhorrent racist but also devoid of total respect for older people! Racism is a disease that will ruin your existence. No matter how much you try to erase the true history you will not succeed! • 5 Burning Issue “No matter how much you try to erase the true history you will not succeed!” It is not Vibhushana’s fault. The voices he hears in head direct him to type whatever he types. His typing is not within his control. Please bear with him. Lately, he stopped hearing Sangam Poets (eg. Kaniyan Pungundranar) reciting in his head. It is a good sign. • 8 Provide the statistics to prove that the Tamils and Muslims are not paying their share of the taxes and other levies. are’nt the tea and rubber plantation sectors not contributing meaningfully to the national coffers? What about the multiple pots holidays and the generous leave packages, that have a detrimental effect on our national productivity? I remember the pithy story of a Sri Lankan astronaut who went to the moon and when asked what he did there, replied, ” What could I have done, it is full moon everyday there”. • 2 DR, Rajasingham, Well, Tamils would contribute 15% of the levies if taken as a proportion. So if we take language for example Tamil is implemented island wide i.e. 100% when the Tamil contribution is only 15%. So who pays the 35% deficit? Its the Sinhala tax payer isn’t it? I am quite versed on the problem. The moment ITAK copied DMK manifesto and tried to implement it here. In India the Tamil Nadu state does indeed have parity with other states. As a proportion to the real-estate they occupy they can raise taxes to pay for the privilege. Parity means kind of “equal partners”. Although that kind of parity is not possible in Ceylon simply because Tamils cannot afford it. Tamils cannot afford it because they can only pay 15% when 50% is needed for the privilege. • 5 I have a rhetorical poser for you. Why dont you and those of you ilk, let us manage our affairs as we deem fit, with our own money? You will see the miracle we will bring forth. We may also very likely provide you aid? Anyway, your arguments in the above response is nonsensical! We are citizens who should be nothing but equal citizens, not minorities who live at your mercy and perverted logic. • 1 Dr. RN, Im trying to convey this to you as kindly as possible. I don’t know if you haven’t noticed. Hungry Tamils are stealing fish from Sri Lanka on a daily basis. Have you tried the miracle there first? Although admittedly the Sinhala people ARE paying for Tamil education, language and etc already anyway. Why not just refuse it and just stay hungry and illiterate like the fish thieves? Even though your ego says one thing the stomach cannot afford to stay hungry is’t it? • 3 This is one of the reasons why Tamils are asking for a separate state for the Tamil areas of the country. We do not want to live on Sinhala tax payers money. There is a common saying that the Sinhalese are lazy but the Tamils are hard working. It will not take a decade or two for us (Tamil state) to become another Singapore in South Asia. It is the Sinhalese who are keeping us with them (not letting us separate) and then crying at the same time that they are spending for us. • 0 Don’t forget the Tamil,Muslim,and Christian Tamil and Sinhalse tax payer also bank roll the Sinhala Buddhist monthly every Poya full moon day likewise, and that all balances out for the Sinhalese to bankroll every one including their Presidents ,PM,s and politicians to take holidays in New York and with members of their families and boot lickers. • 1 To respond to one comment made by “Ne” above, I left Hong Kong 17 years ago, in 1997. • 3 Nihal Jayawickrama, “”It also contained certain safeguards for the minority communities. “” (chocolate) The king of the Belgian Lion country of 3 conquering ethnics – (1st industrialized nation of Europe and university) does not refer to his subjects as `minorities` because there is a `spirit of reasonableness`unlike the animal we come from. 1831 The Constitution established Belgium as a centralized unitary state. However, since 1970, through successive state reforms, Belgium has gradually evolved into a federal state. Its a very good platform to use than the Buccaneering English. The local features can be plugged in because it is reasonable therefore folk don’t go to war killing each other like the bestiality beast in thrice blessed from 70’s of southerners. • 3 Nihal Jayawickrema’s piece above is a fine exercise in liberal democratic ideology. Hats off to Nihal for his forthright article coming from a liberal and talented Sinhala Buddhist • 1 To take the second point first, it would not have survived if not for the actions of Anagarika Dharmapala, Henry Olcott and many other westerners. Surely you know that at one time not even five senior monks could not be found to ordain a new novice. The first point about everyone having the ‘right to freedom of thought and so on is fine but do they have this freedom? Last year Christian evangelists were distributing the bible outside a Hindu school. Teenagers are vulnerable targets as are the poor, the sick, and school children. What freedom of thought for them? When they are planting churches in every Hindu and Buddhist village how can the villagers counter the western financed evengelists? Eventually the converts become evangelists themselves and like a virus the brainwashing spreads. I would like to know what the attitude and actions of lay Catholics and the RC church would be if Japan started planting temples in Filipino villages. Freedom of thought or not, do you think it would be allowed? • 5 Anagarika Dharmapala (the homeless one) was the one who took active role in perverting Buddhism into Sinhala/Buddhism. What he and Henry Olcott together founded was protestant Buddhism, a model exactly copied from Protestant Christianity. Then the problem grew into Sinhala/Buddhism. “Teenagers are vulnerable targets as are the poor, the sick, and school children. “ Then what were the parents, teachers and the so-called respective religious leaders doing in the firat place? They were supposed to care for the poor and the sick. When they failed in their social responsibilities and neglected the poor, sick and the teenagers then there are others who would readily fill the vacuum. Please blame those who haven’t done their part. When political leaders switch their from Buddhism to Christianity they justified it, when they converted to Sinhala/Buddhism their act was seen as patriotism. Well wouldn’t you say it was patriotic opportunism? In the 60 years, or so politics has replaced religion. Political crooks switched parties when they are motivated by carrot or in some recent cases sticks. If one tolerates the politicians, one is expected to tolerate religious conversion. Or is it survival of the fittest, adapt and change? If this is too complicated just forget it. • 5 When there is vacuum air will rush in. There is a huge vacuum in both Buddhist and Hindu social formations. We do not empathize and sympathize with our suffering poor. We are not charitable. We feed already fat monks. We break coconuts and pour milk over statues of stone. We try to appease our God/s with bribes He/she/ they did not ask. Look after your poor and needy and you will be looking after God’s children- ‘ Harijans’ as Mahatma Gandhi called them, You need not then shed crocodile tears over conversions or fear the evangelical churches’ Dr. RN • 3 As usual a timely and very useful contribution by Dr Nihal Jayawickrema. Problem is some of the key players in this exercise like Hon. Karu Jayasuriya are too old to read these valuable contributions. Authorities must organise a series of workshops on this matter and provide a broad opportunities for sharing of ideas. That third grade Professor should not be allowed to get involved in this exercise. Let him continue his job as mentor/ nanny for Medamulana boys. • 2 A constitution based with man-made laws will fail no matter how many time they are amended. Insanity is described as doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. The major problems in the world are the result of the difference between the way people vote and how Politicians act on their behalf. People’s Power is an illusion in the secular world. The real power is vested with the Multinational corporations that control the lives of the 99% of the world’s population. Profit over Poverty. “Democracy is a device that ensures we shall be governed no better than we deserve.” — George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish Author, Playwright and Essayist • 2 democracy is not for Islam. why do Islamist have to take refuge in infidel nation and look for infidel freedom to practice I-slam humanity and breed like vermin?? Just about a million crossover to democratic world than sharia law world refusing to accept- economic mice!! you know nothing about constitution types of the western world. you are still socially backward polygamist aren’t you?? George Bernard Shaw- also said `woman is gods second mistake` so you Islamist hug the gay man when it suits you?? like the way you hug onto Jewish Albert E. • 0 Please leave Baku Mahadeva out of this category. He failed the Tamils! I have it on first hand information from a person (my own folks) who sat at the UGC meeting that B. Mahadeva was not correct, in fact was very wrong, on the STANDARDIZATION issue that led to so much woe to the Tamil children of that generation and the ones after that, and led the irreversible division of this nation at least in the minds of those who bore the brunt of it. When an objection was raised at that meeting Mahadeva of all persons argued that two communities having the same education cannot differ in their AL results. (Everyone thought how clever he was for that was what they wanted to hear with that year’s AL results and those prior to that.) When in fact it had, due to many reasons well known about the Tamil case- very good schools, the then students giving their all to education, great tutories with legendary tutors starting at the crack of dawn etc. These factors were not taken into account though any statistical study would take all the variables into account. A hasty/biased conclusion without proper study. The results in the Eng results of 1971 had a skewed proportion of Tamils.This led to the story that Tamils were over marked which was later found to be the opposite. Tamil students were marked much harder knowing the common Tamil Teacher’s mentality.MAny academics even recently had been falsely charged with over marking a Tamil student. It was how they attempted clean the universities of the remaining Tamil academics. Because this man who failed to take a gentleman’s stand on the issue is Sir Arunachalam’s someone Tamil people hold him in high respect. (Arunachalam was not honest either as is known though he was knighted). The Sinhalese liked Mahadeva because he did not assert Tamil Rights.He was so alienated from the people he was representing at the UGC. He was not a great man but what many Tamils call them “A stooge” for the government. There were 3 copies of the conclusions of the standardization meetings. One of them was with Prof. Abeywickrema. These disappeared and are not available for study. If you and your colleagues you call “.. men of knowledge, experience and integrity. The standards they and their predecessors set and observed…” please make the original report of the standardization meeting that Prof. Abeywickrema had available to the nation and any new constitution drafters. My friends boasted during 1983 that “Lord Budhdha alone said that ‘thou shalt not lie”. I hope we will make many wrongs right on both sides while some of you people are still left. If you are one of those men you claim to be in this article, please find this document make copies and make it available so the wrongs of history which drenched the Vanni red, can be known. It is also academic honesty to do that, not suppress reports.Then the Profs will call you a gentleman “.. of knowledge, experience and integrity. The standards (he) sets and observes etc. • 0 In early 1971,S.Nadesan Q.C.published a commentary under the Title-Some comments on the Constituent Assembly and THE Draft Basic Resolutions. I am quoting below what this Great Constitutional Lawyer had written in that commentary……. Whatever may be the Constitution of a country,it has to be recognised as a fundamental extra-legal fact that the people always retain the right of revolution-the right to overthrow the Constitution by force or by peaceful means and make a new Constitution.In the situation in which we are placed of a minority of the electorate having a majority in the Constituent Assembly,if all the members participating in the Constituent Assembly participate as representatives of the people generally,untrammelled by party affiliations,and are prepared to compromise,and in a spirit of give and take to solve the countrys problems,there is some moral justification for stating that the people are exercising their right of revolution peacefully through a Constituent Assembly….. • 1 I must confess that I am not aware of the report you refer to, nor Mr Baku Mahadeva’s role in its preparation. However, I am quite conscious of the problem that the standardization policy created. In a presentation I made in 1984 on “Human Rights and the Ethnic Problem” (later published in The Lanka Guardian), I made the following comment: “The effect of this policy, and the enormity of the injustice it caused to the Tamil community, raises this issue to the level of a major human rights problem. For instance, in 1975, the admissions on a district basis to the medical faculty were 29 from Galle and 29 from Jaffna, whereas on the basis of merit only 18 had qualified from Galle as against 61 from Jaffna. Similarly, on a district basis, Galle and Jaffna each secured 20 places in the science and engineering faculties, while on the basis of merit, 24 should have entered from Galle and 56 from Jaffna. It will be interesting to know how many of these students from Jaffna who in that year were shut out of universities unjustly, and denied the right to education and employment, and diverted out of the mainstream of life in the country, today belongs to that category which our political leadership so perfunctorily describes as “murderers, rapists and kidnappers”. In 1985, in a presentation I made on “Non-Discrimination and Self-Determination” (also published in the Lanka Guardian), I noted that: “For instance, in the academic year 1983/84, 530 students from schools in Colombo, Jaffna, Galle, Matara and Kandy, who had qualified, on their raw marks, for admission to the faculties of medicine, science and engineering, were excluded from the universities of Sri Lanka in order to accommodate 519 other students from so-called “under-privileged districts” who had obtained lesser marks. Of these 530 excluded students, 198 were from Jaffna and 224 from Colombo. If we assume that approximately one-third of those excluded from Colombo were also Tamils, the total number of excluded Tamil students would be 272 or 61.6 per cent, a result which leads irresistibly to the conclusion that in the matter of university admissions, the principle of non-discrimination had been violated. On the other hand, if while giving effect to the under-privileged district quota system, it had been possible, by increasing the intake into the universities, to accommodate these 530 students as well, Sri Lanka would probably have been acting in accordance with international norms and standards and, what is more important, healing a festering sore in our multi-ethnic society.” Leave A Comment
News and Events Five Fact Friday - Names Five Fact Friday - Names This weekend marks 60 years since Queen Elizabeth II issued an Order-in-Council stating that she and her family would be known as the House of Windsor and that her descendants would take the name “Mountbatten-Windsor”. Inspired by HRH, here are five facts about names and changing them. 1.Banning of names “Fear of a name increases fear of the thing itself” There are not many rules in the UK surrounding what one can or cannot call oneself or their children. Indeed, there is nothing in the regulations that says that a name even has to be in the Roman script or only consist of letters. The registrar cannot refuse a name unless that name is illegal. The most common names refused for being illegal are those that insight hate or are otherwise racist in some way. There are stricter rules in other countries, such as: • Germany, where gender-neutral names, last names, names of objects, names of products as first names, and names that could negatively affect the child’s well-being or lead to humiliation are all banned. So, for example, Matti, Adolf Hitler and Stompie have all been rejected and banned. • In Iceland, any names that are not capable of having Icelandic grammatical endings, conflict with the linguistic structure of Iceland, or cannot be written in the Icelandic alphabet (which omits the letters C, Q, and W), are banned. Among the names rejected are Zoe, Duncan, and Ludwig. • Norway bans last names being used as first names, so Hansen, Olsen, and Larsen have all been banned. • Malaysia bans names that are animals, insults, numbers, royal or honoury names, and food. Chinese Ah Chwar (which means ‘snake’), Khiow Khoo (which means ‘hunchback’), and Sor Chai (which means ‘insane’) have all been rejected and banned. • New Zealand has restrictions on the length of names as well as outlawing offensive names and names that signify an official title and/or rank. Their banned list include Talula Does The Hula From Hawaii, Sex Fruit, and Cinderella Beauty Blossom. • Saudi Arabia bans names that are ‘too foreign’, inappropriate, blasphemous, or not in line with the country’s social or religious traditions. Binyameen, Malak (which means ‘angel’), and Maya have all been rejected and banned. Meanwhile, strict rules also apply to France (where ‘Nutella’ has been rejected), Switzerland (where ‘Judas’ is banned), Denmark (where ‘Jakobp’ has been rejected), Sweden (where ‘Metallica’ is banned), Mexico (where ‘Facebook’ has been rejected), and Portugal (where ‘Nirvana’ is banned). 2. Marriage and civil partnership name changes “How great the dangers I face to win a good name” By far the most common event to trigger a name change is, of course, marriage or civil partnership. A person who has married or entered a civil partnership, and who wants to take the name of their spouse or civil partner, usually only needs to produce their marriage or civil partnership certificate to the relevant office. For example, the passport office will accept a marriage or civil partnership certificate as evidence of a name change before issuing a passport in that name and the same goes for the DVLA issuing a driving licence, as well as benefits agencies, banks, and building societies. Similarly, in the event of a name change triggered by divorce or the dissolution of a civil partnership, a copy of the marriage or civil partnership certificate along with a cop of the decree absolute or final order will usually be enough evidence to change one’s name back to their original name. However, a deed poll is still occasionally required in these circumstances. 3. Carrying on the family name “I love the name of honour, more than I fear death” Name changes were quite common in the English and Welsh nobility from the mediaeval age right up until the 19th century. If a nobleman was the last male of their bloodline, they would usually leave their titles and estates to a younger male relative such as a cousin or a nephew. A condition of this inheritance however, often contained in the last will and testament, was commonly that the heir would have to adopt the surname (as well as the coat of arms) of the legator thus allowing often ancient families to continue. A similar scenario would often arise when a nobleman sought a husband for his sole daughter and heiress. As part of the marriage settlement, it was often a condition that the husband should change his name to that of his father-in-law so that any children born from that marriage shall have the noble family’s surname. Younger sons of other noble families were often chosen for this reason, as their older brother(s) could continue their own family name. A private Act of Parliament or a Royal Licence was often needed to bring about these name changes. 4. Adopting a new name A person’s right to adopt a new name just by using it has been enshrined in English law for a very long time. As long ago as 1235 (or thereabouts) the cleric and jurist Henry de Bracton wrote that a person may adopt a name by which they are more frequently accustomed to be called. In 1835, in the case of Davies v Lowndes, Chief Justice Tindal found that Mr Lowndes had validly changed his name to Selby simply by taking and assuming the new name. More recently, in 1901, in the proceedings between Earl Cowley and Countess Cowley, Lord Linley confirmed that, generally speaking, law allows any person to assume and use any name, provided its use is not calculated to deceive and to inflict loss. 5. Deed poll declarations “What’s in a name?” When completing a change of name deed poll, three declarations must be made: 1. That the applicant is abandoning their previous name. 2. That they will use their new name at all times. 3. That they require all persons to address them by their new name only. The declarations must be signed in both the applicant’s old name and their new name. Anybody applying for a new name must ensure that it contains both a forename and a surname and it must be pronounceable. The deed poll must be signed by two witnesses giving their names, addresses, and occupations and who cannot be related to the applicant. Finally, just because I took the time to find them, here is a list of people that genuinely exist in the UK:- Justin Case, Barb Dwyer, Stan Still, Terry Bull, Paige Turner, Mary Christmas, Anna Sasin, Doug Hole, Hazel Nutt (apparently genuinely married to Pete(r) Nutt and they apparently genuinely called their son Don(ald) Nutt – not sure if I believe this one), Rose Bush, Anna Prentice, Annette Curtain, Bill Board, Pearl Button, Jo King, Barry Cade, Carrie Oakey, Priti Manek, Tim Burr, Daisy Picking, Iona Wolff. My favourite is a banker name named Rob Mee who married a lawyer called Sue. Should you want your name changed by deed poll or need advice on any other matter, Dutton Gregory is here to help. With five offices across Hampshire and Dorset, Dutton Gregory provides legal expertise and dedicated client service. We work closely alongside both individual and corporate clients to achieve successful outcomes. If you wish to speak to a member of our team, email them today at or call your nearest office.
Drunk Settlers To Blame For Aussie Accent, Lecturer Says It's a highly controversial theory among other academics. Scientists have long known that the modern Australian accent developed from a combination of European settlers' and Aborigines' pronunciations -- but a provocative new theory claims the accent may also have boozy origins. Dean Frenkel, a speech and communications lecturer at Victoria University, wrote an opinion piece this week in Melbourne daily newspaper The Age arguing that the Australian accent was heavily influenced by the drunken slurs of the country's original settlers. Frenkel's piece swiftly drew criticism from linguistics researchers, as there currently doesn't seem to be evidence to support it. Dr. Rob Pensalfini, a senior lecturer in languages and cultures at the University of Queensland, compared the theory to other accent-origin ideas that don't have scientific backing. The Australian accent is a relatively new dialect of English, as it's just over 200 years old. Though many scientists disagree with Frenkel's theory, some residents of Australia seem to be responding more lightly: Correction: A previous version of this article referred to Dean Frenkel as a linguist, which he is not. Also on HuffPost: 10 Great Australian Things
Home Page All children will have the chance to explore the awe and wonder of the historical world around them. Children will be given the chance to explore the historical aspect of the area in which we live. Within the safety of our nurtured environment we will understand the history of the world from the earliest times to the present day and have time to explore these important events All children will be given the opportunity through history to recognise the effects on both the local environment and also the wider world. They will explore how events in the past have created and enhanced the world around us. The children will learn to cherish the history of our country and other historical events. Through carefully planned historical trips and events children will be given the time to shine. These inspirational days will plant the seed of enquiry from which the children will become independent, innovative thinker. This will equip them to enquire and question the world and area around them. All children will be provided with opportunities to flourish using their historical skills and knowledge. Through sequenced and progressive learning, the children are equipped to succeed in their endeavours. Through enquiry the children will respond to a range of questions embedding their taught skills and knowledge. This will allow them to explore place regardless of physical and social experience. Purpose of study
Periodontal Disease, Heart Disease and Stroke Periodontal disease is a progressive disease characterized by the inflammation of the surrounding structures of the teeth due to plaque buildup. Little by little, the accumulated bacteria will attack healthy gum tissues. Afterwards, weakened gum tissues will tear and leave an opening for bacteria to enter the bloodstream. This is how researchers found a connection between periodontal disease, heart disease, and stroke. By not practicing good oral hygiene, you are leaving your mouth prone to a progressing periodontal disease. Common symptoms of periodontal disease include bleeding gums, bad breath, lost teeth, and receding gum lines. The progression starts from gingivitis to advanced periodontitis. When you reach the late stage of the disease, your gum line will recede and cause permanent tooth loss. Moreover, pockets in the gum line will form and trap old food particles. The pockets will act as a breeding ground for bad bacteria. By not visiting the dentist, old food particles will remain and turn into plaque. Periodontal Disease, Heart Disease and Stroke - Toledo Periodontist The Connection between Periodontal Disease, Heart Disease, and Stroke Studies show that some systemic diseases are caused by the mouth and body connection. This means having poor oral hygiene can affect your entire body. As discussed earlier, having periodontal disease can cause bacteria to enter your bloodstream. The torn blood vessels act as open doors for bad bacteria. Once the bacteria enters the bloodstream, the body will trigger a response similar to inflammation. When this happens, arterial plaque will begin to form. The blood vessels close to your brain will then become narrow and could possibly cause a stroke. Inflammation is the most common thread between periodontal disease, heart disease, and stroke. This is caused by the body trying to block off oral bacteria in the bloodstream. Under the wrong set of circumstances, the body’s defense system may cause the formation of a blood clot. This will happen when the plaque ruptures and its content comes into contact with the blood. Studies show that this line of events causes the majority of heart attacks and stroke. Preventing Periodontal Disease that leads to Heart Disease, and Stroke It is extremely crucial to maintain good oral hygiene, a well-balanced diet, and a healthy lifestyle. Bad bacteria in the mouth feed on sugar. Meals high in sugar and refined carbohydrates can liven up the bad bacteria and keep you from maintaining good oral health. Additionally, smoking can reduce your body’s ability to heal. This is due to the tobacco blocking the healing processes of tissues in the mouth. Smokers are more likely to develop periodontal disease, heart disease, and stroke due to this reason. If the tissues don’t heal, the bacteria will have more chances of entering the bloodstream. Prevent this from happening by staying away from cigarettes. Lower the risks of bacteria entering your bloodstream by practicing good oral hygiene. Brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash regularly can keep bacteria in the mouth from forming. Also, visit your dentist regularly for professional cleaning. By doing so, you are lowering the risks of acquiring periodontal disease. Also, the dentist can check your mouth for plaque buildup and warn you of a progressing periodontal disease. If you happen to be experiencing the symptoms of periodontal disease, it would be best to visit a periodontist. A periodontist specializes in treating periodontal disease and other oral complications.
What is Truckload Freight \| An Ultimate Guide What is Truckload Freight Truckload freight Freight shipping refers to the movement of products and goods from one point to another via land, air, or ocean. It is an important element in businesses dealing in supply chain operations worldwide. Truckload freight is transported through roads and is loaded on trucks. The load is either assembled with other goods or dispensed to a dedicated container. This really depends upon the size, weight, and time required to ship it. The benefits of this shipping method include: To move big loads like furniture or industrial equipment, ground freight is considered to be the most cost-effective method for short distances. Sustainable Solution Trucks leave a lower carbon footprint compared to airplanes and ships. Greater Availability Trucks usually operate all day long. Generally, the ground freight services are available 24/7. So, the availability factor plays a significant role in making truckload a preferred choice. But there are some cons that include 1. Weight and volume limits 2. Delay due to hurdles in traffic 3. Damage to products due to mishandling or because of too harsh weather conditions 4. Distance limit Extra Services The customers can also opt for additional services to make the loading and unloading easier. They can do so by paying extra charges and get the services that may include lift gates, inside pickup and deliveries, etc. The trailers are of various sorts too; refrigerated, air-rides, etc. to transport products with conditions. How is it measured? Freight is measured in terms of the number of pallets used or its weight rather than its dimensions. Cost measurement Cargo that is conveyed by truck is commonly estimated based on the space it occupies inside a trailer, which normally has 1. 8 to 8.5 ft in width 2. 12.5 to 13.5 ft height 3. 40 to 53 ft length. Things to Consider There are different types of truckload freight services. The companies that provide truckload freight shipping services can opt for one to move a shipment. Every service has its own advantages and disadvantages. That is why it is important for both customers and suppliers to be well aware of these types to transport the products safely and at a reasonable cost. It is up to them to choose the method of shipment that is most suitable. The choice of the customer might be influenced by the following elements 1. The products you are shipping 2. Budget 3. Shipment’s size 4. Shipment’s weight 5. Time 6. The place you are shipping to 7. Speed of transportation Now let’s discuss the types of truckload freights. LTL shipping method is for the cargo that is too large to be sent into parcels and too small to be placed in a full container. This shipping method is less cost-effective as compared to FTL as the carrier too, has to move along with the vehicle. But if the shipment is being transported in the same truck the cost can be reduced. It is used if 1. The cargo doesn’t take the space of a whole container 2. isn’t large enough to fit into a 48- or 53-foot trailer, 3. the weight of the shipment is between 150 to 10000 pounds 4. The cargo uses between one to five pallets The freight is combined in one trailer with multiple shipments. Oftentimes for LTL shipments, the trucks are changed during the journey because the freight has to pass a number of terminals. The truck carriers consolidate several LTL shipments in a 53-inch trailer to send the cargo to local and regional distributors. Once the cargo reaches its destination, the products are then delivered locally. This shipping method is cost-effective as different cargo are assembled together and charges are to be paid only for the space occupied by the cargo and for its weight. There are some other benefits that LTL shipping offers including 1. gaining control over shipment visibility 2. decreasing costs 3. obtaining scheduling flexibility. Charges of LTL: For LTL shipping, the freight class method can help you determine the shipping cost in a better and quicker way. With having 18 different classes, lower classes have lower rates while higher classes have higher rates. There are four elements that determine the freight class of your shipment 1. Density 2. Risk on transporting the cargo 3. Handling 4. How easy or difficult it is to stow on board. 5. liability Partial Truckloads These are also known as Volume LTL and offer an alternative form of LTL shipment suitable for a shipment that utilizes 1. Six pallets or takes space of between 12 to 32 ft of trailer space 2. Or weighs more than 5000 lbs. Partial truckload (PTL) is in the middle of the LTL and FTL. It is not the same as LTL on the grounds that it doesn’t consider the cargo class of the shipment. Volume shipping cost is related to LTL shipments that fall outside the LTL truckload boundaries, yet not enormous enough to fall under full truckload boundaries. Charges of the PTL It is quite similar to LTL in a way that the bill is charged on the basis of the space occupied by the cargo and the shipment doesn’t take up the space of a full container. It is also like FTL as PTL shipments during the transit are sometimes moved to another truck. But depending on the weight and volume, the cost for a volume LTL is different from LTL rates. Freight class often charges extra cost so partial truckload can help a customer save money. As evident from the name FTL, a Full truckload (FTL) is for a shipment that takes the space of a whole trailer, regardless of whether there are sufficient pallets to place it. FTL is also used for the goods that need to be transported in a full trailer for secure and safe transit. Cost and Benefits The weight of the shipment varies from 10,000 to 45,000 lbs. These shipments are usually direct and there are very few to zero stopovers. This shipping method can be highly cost-effective as the space in the container is being used to the maximum extent and this shipment doesn’t need to make many stops. Flatbed Shipping: Flatbed shipping is the mode of transportation used for shipping items that either doesn’t fit the space of a dry van trailer Or can’t be moved to or from a dock Such shipments may include mechanical apparatus, industrial gear, solid beams, and so on. The flatbed trailer is normally 1. 48 ft long 2. 8.5 ft wide It has various deck lengths for step decks, twofold drops, and removable goosenecks. The freight can be stacked from all points by a crane. The cargo is packed in chains or straps to keep it secure. Expedited Shipments: Expedited shipments are time-critical. This shipping method will come at a higher cost than normal. However, it additionally implies that you will have the option to get your shipment where it should be a lot quicker. The transportation cycle is streamlined to guarantee that your shipment gets to its destination as fast and easily as could reasonably be expected Freight Pricing On the basis of contract Agreements give an ensured rate when the rates are commonly set up for a year. By far most of the transporters will, in general, do a yearly RFP in the fourth quarter to coordinate with the money related planning measures. Unlike contract pricing, spot pricing is the value a cargo rate supplier offers for transporters at a particular point so as to move cargo. Rate is acquired on available conditions in which the cargo will be moved and the rate is mentioned. The dynamic idea of the spot rate can be determined by a TMS Special Project Special projects involve shipments with a volume outside of what might be considered “anticipated” amounts. Other elements that influence cargo rates The length, width, and height of your shipment matters since transporters charge you for space it takes up in the trailer. Various items have distinctive volumetric loads, which can be higher regardless of the shipment not being heavy. Chargeable Weight The chargeable weight is the higher rate among the volumetric weight and the actual weight. The insurance cost is determined by the value of the shipment itself. High-valued things additionally need insurance to compensate if there has been any damage or loss of product during transportation. Delivery Speed Depending on the nature of the products, some items need to be transported in a shorter period of time. For instance, perishable goods need to be hauled quicker than normal. For faster services, the cost to be paid gets higher too. Custom Clearance The custom clearance fee consists of import and export duties which are different for different countries. The farther the shipment needs to go the more it will cost. Minimum charges The base or minimum charges to be paid are set by the carriers themselves. Leave a Reply
Teaching Charity in the Classroom Each person has a role to play in the lives of the people around them. Teaching charity in the classroom can show students the rewarding nature of giving back to others with intention while making an impact in the world. Children have an incredible capacity for giving and kindness, especially when led by example. Offering a lesson about charity in the classroom can help young people strengthen their skills for empathy, generosity, and compassion without expecting anything in return. A lesson about charity also opens the door for treating others, in spite of their differences, with respect. This blog will explore why teachers should demonstrate the importance of charity and ways to show empathy outside of school. Why teach charity in the classroom? Teaching children charity at a young age can help instill important values of generosity and compassion. These values can help students understand the big picture of the world around them. From poverty and loneliness to lack of education and food, the lesson of charity stretches beyond a simple canned food drive. The value of the home The National Alliance End Homelessness’ (NAEH) report notes that at the beginning of 2020, there were 580,466 people experiencing homelessness in America, and 20% of them were families with children. NAEH observes that this data demonstrates the diversity of people in the country. Teaching children about the lives other people live on a daily basis can open their eyes to the value of their home as well as the economic injustices people face every day. Teaching about homelessness can initiate a chance for children to contribute thoughtful opinions about the world and grow in gratitude for what they have. Showing loving kindness Outside of poverty, charity also lends those in need relief from everyday challenges. Teaching loving kindness is a great way to inspire children and help them understand the power of charity. An act of loving-kindness can begin with simply helping out around the classroom without being asked and stretches to learning the impact a kind word or act can have on the world around them. Learning about kindness changes the perspective of their individual needs to the needs of others, even when they don’t ask for it. The COVID-19 pandemic taught many what it is to be lonely, but even more so, the power of community. Demonstrating the good in the bad When tragedy hits, communities can come together to turn around entire neighborhoods. If an event like a hurricane occurs, you can explain to students what happened and then introduce the idea of giving back to the community to help those in need. Explain that the people who were hit by the disaster have no other way of meeting their basic needs and why lending a helping hand at a food bank or offering to help clean up the debris can make a huge difference in their lives. Ways charity is more than just a dollar donation Start with a small example of charity, such as comforting a friend who feels down or helping another student understand a challenging lesson. This can introduce the concept of charity to children in a way that is immediately tangible and within their grasp. Point out that there are many ways to show charity in the community with some simple examples that can plant the seed of generosity, such as: • Visiting a retirement home or terminal people in a hospital. • Baking cookies for a lonely neighbor. • Cleaning up a park. • Serving food at a food bank. • Donating warm clothes during winter months. • Offering toiletries, canned goods, or books to impoverished people. • Writing letters to soldiers overseas. • Planting a community garden. All of these instances can inspire students to enact kindness in their community without asking for donations from their parents. According to a 2019 Insider article about personal finance and charity, philanthropic tendencies are learned behaviors that can be passed down throughout generations. From financial donations to empathy lessons, teaching charity in the classroom can help shape a future of selflessness, gratitude and empathy. Contact Sales
Site Loader Why does my fig tree look like a bush? Growing behaviour Figs may have a single stemmed tree like growth or multi-stemmed shrub-like growth and often send up suckers from the base of the tree and spreading branches that are low to the ground. Fig fruit is borne on the new spring new growth although some plants produce two crops known as the breba crop. Does a fig tree have invasive roots? All evergreen Ficus, or figs, have vigorous, invasive root systems and grow into large trees, making them unsuitable to plant in residential gardens. Even in pots, they’re remarkable escape artists; unless the pot is elevated, the roots can grow out of the drainage holes and find the soil. Can I eat raw figs? Fresh figs are usually eaten raw. They taste best eaten straight off the tree, ideally still warm from the sun. The entire fig is edible, from the thin skin to the red or purplish flesh and the myriad tiny seeds, but they can be peeled if you wish. Wash the figs and gently pat dry to serve whole. Should I remove unripe figs? Your fig tree may be covered in green fruit, but there’s little chance of it ripening now. To help conserve energy, remove anything larger than a pea, leaving behind the tiny embryo figs in the leaf axils. With luck, these will survive the winter and supply you with a bumper crop next year. How many fresh figs should I eat a day? Is there a dead wasp in every fig? So yes, there is at least one dead wasp inside the figs that we like to eat. Don’t worry! We don’t end up chomping on wasp exoskeleton. The figs produce ficin, a special enzyme that breaks down the insect’s body into proteins that get absorbed by the plant. Can you eat figs when they are green? What exactly is a fig? In simple terms, figs are technically not a fruit ― they are inverted flowers. Each flower then produces a single, one-seeded, hard-shelled fruit called achene ― that’s what gives the fig the crunch we know ― and the fig is made up of multiple achene. So when we eat a fig we are actually eating multiple fruits. Can you do anything with unripe figs? You might find it weird to make jam of unripe figs, but I can tell that you don’t feel any unripeness when you taste it. We call it jam, but I think it can also be included in category of desserts as I love to eat it not just at breakfast but also during day with cream, ice cream or plain. What does a ripe fig look like inside? What type of fig is green when ripe? Ficus carica ‘Conadria’ Conadria produces large green, thin-skinned figs that ripen to light greenish yellow and droop when ripe. The flesh is white and the pulp can range from red to amber with a rich, sweet, and distinctive flavor. The large figs are good for fresh eating, drying, and preserves. What does a fig taste like? Should fig trees be pruned? It is not absolutely necessary to prune a fig tree. However, you can prune young fig trees during the first couple of years in a manner that will produce new “fruiting wood,” resulting in heavier yields of fruit the following season. Which is the best tasting fig? How do you know a fig is ripe? Fig ripeness cues include sight, touch, and taste. By sight, ripe figs tend to droop while hanging on the tree or bush, have a larger distinguishable size than the immature green fruit, and with the exception of a few varieties have a change in color. By touch, ripe figs should be soft when gently squeezed. What is the difference between green and black figs? Green figs are the most common variety of figs; aside from the yellow figs variety. On the other hand, black figs encompass the varieties of figs with red, brown, or violet to almost black skin color. Black figs and their various species are characterized as having a high sugar content and commonly have a sweet taste. Why does my fig tree have no figs? The most common reason for a fig tree not producing fruit is simply its age. If the fig tree is not old enough to produce seeds, it will also not produce fruit. Typically, a fig tree will not fruit until it reaches two years old, but it can take some trees as long as six years to reach the right maturity. Is a fig fruit or vegetable? Post Author: alisa
Children Of Hitler: Myths and Facts As far as anyone knows, Adolf Hitler did not have any biological children. Hitler himself wanted to give Germans the idea that he was the father of the nation and therefore the father of all Germans equally. In recent times, some claims have been made that Hitler may have had at least one illegitimate child. However, these claims have not yet been established or verified by independent means. That being the case, most people still believe that Hitler himself did not have any children. One of the most compelling claims about Hitler’s family came from a French woman who was a young woman at the time when Hitler was serving in the German army. She claimed that Hitler, whom she barely understood due to the language barrier between them, was briefly her boyfriend and that they had relations leading to the birth of a son. The claim goes on to say that, although Hitler never visited the young woman and child, he may have sent letters and money to them. This part of the story has a bit more documentation to back it up: However, it is still not certain. This does not mean that Hitler was uninvolved in the lives of German children, however. In fact, Hitler’s face, voice, and beliefs were very familiar to virtually all German children of the time. Hitler and others in the Nazi Party believed that they were creating a completely new Germany that would require young people to become dedicated Nazis. As a result, they established many different organizations and requirements for German children. The Hitler Youth was an organization that was frequently referred to or thought of as “Hitler’s Children.” It is important to understand that the Hitler Youth we think of today was the group for boys: There was a second, separate organization for girls. The Hitler Youth operated as a sort of “scout” organization where young boys were taught to emulate senior Nazis and military figures. They would learn practical skills that were intended to prepare them for a future of military service, as the Nazi campaign of conquest and destruction was to continue indefinitely into the future. Girls were also inducted into groups such as the League of German Girls. The purpose of this type of organization was to encourage them to raise German children for the “Fatherland” and for the Nazi Party. In this, virtually all German children were made to act as “children of Hitler.” Please Help us with our fight towards Stopping Holocaust Denial by donating to our cause: Get our exclusive DVD
You Will Never Ever Thought That Knowing Wellness Could Be So Beneficial! The Globe Health Company specifies wellness as “a state of total psychological and also physical health without condition or imperfection.” Lots of other definitions exist, yet the World Bank and the United States Division of Farming define health as the absence of physical, social, or psychological handicaps. Regardless of the definition, it is essential to note that there is no solitary, globally agreed-upon definition. The following list offers some basic standards. The very first step is to choose how you specify health. As a whole, wellness is the capability to perform tasks that promote physical as well as mental health. The last group, social and also psychological, includes the capability to manage situations that can endanger one’s physical well-being. It is also a reflection of an individual’s social and emotional well-being. There are several different types of tests that analyze health and wellness, from high blood pressure to cholesterol degrees. A physical exam will certainly usually include a number of tests to figure out the level of wellness. An additional meaning for wellness is a lack of physical disabilities. A person’s state of wellness can be defined by their mental, psychological, and social health and wellbeing. This definition makes the idea of wellness a fanciful as well as disadvantageous objective. It stops working to represent the results of different persistent conditions and a range of other aspects. For instance, a person may have a disability that influences their physical health and wellness. In addition, it does not take into account a person’s wellness, including their psychological, psychological, and also spiritual health. Usually, an individual’s state of health and wellness is figured out by the degree of exercise they do. On top of that, a person’s mindset may influence the method they feel about their health and wellness. A high mental state will certainly be more probable to lead a healthier lifestyle. A positive mindset is essential in advertising health. People’s mental well-being depends upon a person’s ability to manage the stress factors and also obstacles that life brings. The initial step in defining wellness is to identify what it indicates to you. An individual’s state of health and wellness can be defined as the lack of physical issues and the lack of mental illness. Nonetheless, it is not always simple to identify what constitutes wellness. Although some individuals assume that wellness is the absence of illness, the Globe Wellness Organization’s constitution in fact refers to health as a state of complete physical and also mental well-being. The Globe Wellness Company’s constitution, the term “wellness” is a comprehensive principle that includes not just the absence of physical or psychological conditions but the person’s social situations. According to the WHO, health is the capability to adapt to a specific setting. An individual’s physical and mental health and wellness are closely linked. A healthy and balanced body can help an individual manage tension and also enhance their lifestyle. It is important for a private to maintain good mental as well as physical health to prosper on the planet. This is the crucial to a full life. There are several components of health: The World Wellness Organization (THAT) defines it as a resource that is necessary for an individual to survive. Comprehending how different people define health is a vital first step. Words is not global, however there are lots of varying interpretations of wellness. For instance, the that specifies wellness as “a state of full and also psychological health and wellbeing.” In the United States, the term “health” likewise incorporates a wide variety of other elements. While conventional medical practices take into consideration the physical, behavioral, and environmental aspects, the idea of health associates with the human right to health and wellness as well as wellness. Wellness can be viewed as the absence or existence of condition. It is an individual’s duty to attain the highest degree of physical wellness possible. It can likewise be viewed as a state of total physical well-being. There are many different actions of health as well as what specifies a person’s wellness is a complex principle. For instance, the Globe Wellness Organisation defines a healthy and balanced person as an individual that has no physical or mental constraints. There are several factors that impact a person’s wellness. The physical atmosphere includes contamination degrees, financial degrees, as well as the social and political environment. For instance, sea-level occupants may experience anemia or shortness of breath when they remain in the mountains. For those who live at sea-level, it is not unusual for a sea-level person to have a cardiac arrest or anemia. A fragile person can endure shortness of breath in the hills because of heavy shoveling. The Globe Health Organization has actually mentioned that health and wellness is a basic human right. However, this meaning is much from global. There are many different methods to specify health, and also it is very important to understand how the different perspectives connect to it. It is necessary to understand the connection in between health and wellness and also engagement in culture. While healthcare is an important part of life, a healthy and balanced lifestyle additionally supports an individual’s ability to join society. It’s also a basic human right. There are many elements that influence health and wellness. Some of these are acquired, while others are based on social variables. As an example, a top notch way of living is an individual’s responsibility. A healthy and balanced individual has a healthy family. A healthy person is a healthy person who has a positive mindset. It is an excellent condition for an individual to really feel well. It can also help them deal with stress and anxiety. A healthier community will be able to make the best use their toughness. According to the Globe Wellness Company, health refers to the state of being literally, mentally, and also socially healthy. The Globe Health and wellness Company’s meaning of health and wellness involves the presence of balance in between the body as well as the social setting. Simply put, wellness is a balance between an individual’s wellness and also their setting. It is the outcome of a well balanced life. This is an essential high quality in society, as well as is basic to a person’s capability to efficiently take part in culture. While health and wellness is a complicated idea, it is an universal human right. It is the state of well-being. It consists of emotional as well as social health and wellbeing and is established by the individual’s perspectives and strategies concerning dealing with an illness. The Globe Wellness Organisation has a meaning of health that is similar to that of health. Although both principles are basically relevant, the that states that “health is a state of full physical as well as psychological wellness.” click here The World Health and wellness Company’s meaning of health varies from what you might think. The word “health and wellness” describes a person’s overall well-being. In the USA, the definition of health and wellness is the absence of infirmity and also death. Yet in the world, it is additionally concerning the way of living. A person might have a lower life expectancy than a person in one more nation. A great meaning of wellness is “a state of complete physical as well as psychological wellness.” Leave a Reply
Sunday, 20 May 2012 11:05 Now let's look in more detail at some of the specific pressures felt by cruise ship crew, based on the observations of experienced welfare workers in the sector. When large numbers of people live in a confined space, tensions are guaranteed. Individuals are more vulnerable to bullying which is easier to conceal. Close friendships and romantic relationships can arise but, subject to the high pressured working environment, these are often unstable or casual in nature. This can result in emotional distress, especially given the impossibility of getting away and finding new friends. "It can be like showbiz, lots of kissing and hugging and no real substance." A clear hierarchy, with the master and senior officers at the top, is a universal feature of life at sea. However, the numbers onboard cruise ships mean that hierarchy, and discipline, are rigidly enforced. Crew members may feel reluctant to ask for help with problems. One welfare worker observed: 'A waiter never speaks to an officer'. The website 'Cruise Ship Jobs' advises those considering a career onboard to ask themselves the following question: "Can I deal with a strict hierarchy, often military-like, in which I have to follow orders, without questioning them?" However, the question of hierarchy is not as simple as it seems. Observers note that crews tend to divide along national or departmental lines. Such groupings can be positive, creating a sense of community and teamwork. Conversely, the strength of numbers can give rise to a 'shadow hierarchy' in which certain groups dominate. This can lead to resentment and accusations of favouritism by those who feel excluded. In extreme cases, discipline and stability can be seriously undermined. "On a cargo ship, the First Officer is "God's right hand". On a cruise ship, a waiter who belongs to the dominant social group might well challenge the authority of the First Officer." Cruise ships are required to carry qualified medical personnel, including a doctor. If crew members are unwell, they have a right to medical care free of charge. The regulations are clear: the reality is complicated. There may be fear that diagnosis of a medical condition will lead to the termination of a contract. Strict discipline onboard can mean that a crew member complaining of health problems receives little sympathy. Some feel that the doctors are only there for the passengers. "If a seafarer needed medical attention, it would be almost impossible to talk to a doctor onboard. The ship's doctor is a senior officer." Many cruise lines operate a system of three warnings after which a seafarer is sent home. Welfare workers often hear complaints of 'unfair' warnings but the onboard ethos favours discipline rather than mediation. Some cruise lines require crew members to pay a deposit on joining the ship, between US$300 and US$500, which pays for repatriation when a contract is terminated early. In some countries, seafarers are escorted to the airport under guard to ensure that they leave. "Seafarers join cruise ships to work hard and make money. They don't complain because they want a return schedule." Difficulties experienced by women While increasing numbers of women now work in cargo shipping, the sector is still largely male. This affects the perception of seafarers generally and the provision of welfare services for them. On cruise ships, women often represent over 50% of the crew, a relatively new phenomenon. Welfare workers observe a need for services specifically for women, not only medical care and psychological support, but also practical advice on coping with the physical demands of life onboard. "We are certain that women cruise ship workers need a service enabling them to talk to women doctors or counsellors, especially on matters of sexual health." Rate this item (0 votes) More in this category: « Who works on a cruise ship Leave a comment
Mastocytosis: What is It and How Is It Treated? Key Takeaways: • Mastocytosis can affect many organs, including the skin, bone marrow, liver, and spleen, when too many malfunctioning immune cells accumulate in the tissues. • A new, targeted drug has been approved for three forms of advanced systemic mastocytosis. Mastocytosis is a rare type of mast cell disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of mast cells in various organ systems such as the skin, liver, spleen, intestine, or bone marrow. It is one of two major types of mast cell disorders; the other major, more common type is mast cell activation syndrome. To keep us healthy, mast cells protect our body from foreign threats, such as infections, and help repair its tissues once the threat is gone. As part of their role in the immune system, they create histamine — neurotransmitters that react to those threats and allergens, such as bee stings. Histamine is also released in response to allergens, causing reaction symptoms such as inflammation and even anaphylaxis, a severe, potentially life-threatening kind of reaction. What triggers mastocytosis? Mastocytosis is caused by a genetic mutation in which the body accumulates too many mast cells — white blood cells that are part of the immune system and help fight infections. Systemic mastocytosis, which is also known as systemic mast cell disease, is mostly present in adults. It occurs when mast cells have infiltrated the body’s organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Systemic mastocytosis is diagnosed through a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy and may involve care by a hematologist/oncologist. Systemic mastocytosis has three forms: • Indolent systemic mastocytosis (the most common) and smoldering mastocytosis, which progress slowly and often do not require therapy • Aggressive systemic mastocytosis, which is fast-growing Some forms of systemic mastocytosis may also be associated with a second blood disorder, such as myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic disorders. The rarest form of systemic mastocytosis is mast cell leukemia, characterized by a high number of mast cells in the bone marrow. These aggressive forms of systemic mastocytosis or mast cell leukemia are generally treated with chemotherapy. Daniel Deangelo, MD, PhD. Daniel Deangelo, MD, PhD. In June 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a precision drug, avapritinib (Ayvakit), to treat aggressive systemic mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematological neoplasm, and mast cell leukemia. The drug targets a mutation in the KIT gene that is the main molecular cause of the disease. “Since avapritinib is able to selectively target the primary driver of the disease, it has the potential to fundamentally change the outlook for patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis,” says Daniel DeAngelo, MD, PhD, chief of the Division of Leukemia at Dana-Farber. Signs and symptoms of mastocytosis In many cases, urticaria pigmentosa — the appearance of dark pigments on the skin — is the first visible symptom of mastocytosis. Recurrent anaphylactic reactions is another common symptom. There are a myriad of other symptoms usually associated with the area of the body where the mast cells have infiltrated, including: • Recurrent anaphylactic reactions (to insect stings, general anesthetics, intravenous contrast media, and other drugs and foods) • Pruritus and flushing • Symptoms and signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) • Abdominal pain is the most common gastrointestinal symptom, followed, by diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting • Anemia and coagulopathy Learn more about treatment for blood disorders from the Hematologic Oncology Treatment Center at Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center.
Skip to main content Nondaily smoking: a population-based, longitudinal study of stability and predictors Nondaily smoking appears to have remained stable in Western countries in recent years, alongside a steep decline in daily smoking. Nondaily smoking increases the risk of several diseases and premature mortality, but our knowledge about nondaily smoking is limited. The present study was designed to examine the stability of nondaily smoking during young adulthood, and to identify adolescent factors predictive of nondaily smoking compared with nonsmoking and non-nicotine-dependent and nicotine-dependent daily smoking. A population-based sample (n = 942) of Norwegians was followed up by surveys for 13 years, from adolescence to young adulthood. Information about smoking patterns, nicotine dependence, school achievement, parents’ and peers’ smoking, and parental monitoring was collected. Data on parental and participants’ education were obtained from a national register. Of all nondaily smokers at age 21 years, 26% were still nondaily smokers at 27 years, while 17% had become daily smokers and 57% had quit. Bivariate analyses revealed that young adult nondaily smokers did not differ from nonsmokers on any of the included variables, while a number of differences in parental, peers’ and individual characteristics were observed between nondaily smokers and the two categories of smokers in young adulthood. Longitudinal analyses revealed that unorganized leisure time activities and peers’ smoking differentiated nondaily smoking from nonsmoking. Higher educational achievement and less parental binge drinking predicted nondaily smoking and differentiated it from both categories of daily smoking. The degree of nondaily smoking-stability from 21 to 27 years of age was modest, and most nondaily smokers quit smoking in the course of young adulthood. Young adult nondaily smokers were quite similar to nonsmokers, but differed substantially from both nicotine-dependent and nondependent daily smokers. The study suggests that nondaily smoking—at least in the absence of traditional risk factors for smoking—is usually a transitory behavior, with most people returning to nonsmoking. Peer Review reports Nondaily smoking is less prevalent than daily smoking [1, 2], but appears to have remained stable or perhaps increased in some Western countries in recent years, while daily smoking has steeply declined [3, 4]. Nondaily smoking has been shown to increase the risk of several diseases and mortality, although to a lesser degree than daily smoking [5], and is also reported to be predictive of daily smoking [2]. However, our knowledge about nondaily smoking is limited; few studies have examined the long-term stability of nondaily smoking [69], and we lack longitudinal studies that predict young adult nondaily smoking based on teenage characteristics [10, 11], and studies from countries other than the US. The present study draws on population-based Norwegian data, and follows a sample from their mid-teens until their late twenties. In the literature, nondaily smokers are given varying definitions and labels. Typically, they are named social, occasional, intermittent, very low rate, casual or recreational smokers [2, 3, 12], illustrating the different views of this group. In addition, nondaily smokers often consider themselves to be nonsmokers, and therefore identifying such smokers by self-report can be challenging [3, 13, 14]. In the current study, “nondaily smokers” are those who reported that they smoke, but not daily. Thus, the definition excludes low-rate daily smoking. Until recently, cigarette smoking was considered primarily using the model of dependence. Repeated use of a substance might lead to adaptation, tolerance and dependence, and subsequent withdrawal symptoms if blood levels drop. This encourages the person to maintain the supply of nicotine by frequently smoking cigarettes [4]. Nondaily smoking, however, is not well explained by such models. The drop in blood nicotine levels would be expected to result in withdrawal symptoms and motivate more frequent smoking, yet nondaily smokers report low nicotine dependence compared with daily smokers [15, 16]. Thus, nicotine dependence does not seem to be a sufficient cause for continued nondaily smoking. As a result, nondaily smoking has often been conceptualized either as a transitional stage to daily smoking or as a step in a gradual reduction of daily smoking [4]. Longitudinal studies indicate nondaily smoking to be more stable than would be expected according to the dependence model. For instance, one US study showed that 40% of adult occasional smokers maintained their habit over a two-year span [7], and another found that about two-thirds of all occasional smokers had also smoked occasionally two years earlier [6]. A one-year follow-up study from Sweden found that 60% of those who had been intermittent smokers at baseline were still intermittent smokers at follow-up [9], while a Norwegian study following adolescents for seven years from the age of 13 years, concluded that about 40% of those who were recreational smokers at some time in adolescence, continued to be so at the age of 20 years [8]. In conclusion, several studies indicate that nondaily smoking might have moderate to high stability, at least over a couple of years. Studies that have followed nondaily smokers for longer periods are scarce, and therefore required. Another important issue is how nondaily smokers differ from nonsmokers and daily smokers. Cross-sectional findings, mostly from the US, have shown that nondaily smokers are quite similar to nonsmokers, with the exception that they may have a less favorable mental health profile [17]. Compared with daily smokers, nondaily smokers are younger, more often females, more highly educated, and have higher incomes [3, 18, 19]. In addition, they less frequently consider themselves to be “smokers” [15, 16, 1820]. However, the cross-sectional nature of these studies precludes drawing conclusions about causality. The few longitudinal studies conducted have mainly examined the importance of factors such as school achievement, conduct problems and alcohol and drug use in adolescence for the development of nondaily smoking. The results indicate that a low level of these problems predicts nondaily smoking when compared with daily smoking, but that the predictive capacity for nondaily smoking versus nonsmoking is small [8, 10, 11]. Other longitudinal studies comparing subsequent nondaily and daily smoking have reported that this pattern is also predicted by lower levels of parental and peer smoking [8, 11], higher educational aspirations [10] and more cultural and social resources [8]. With the exception of peer smoking, these factors do not discriminate between nondaily smoking and nonsmoking [8, 11]. Little information is available to determine whether nondaily smokers differ from all or only some groups of daily smokers. To date, studies have indicated that light daily smokers (1–9 cigarettes per day) have lower socioeconomic status (SES) than nondaily smokers, and moderate to heavy daily smokers (>9 cigarettes per day) have even lower SES [2]. Only a few longitudinal studies that compare nondaily smokers with different groups of daily smokers have been conducted. In the present study, we compared nondaily smokers with smokers with different degrees of nicotine dependence. The aims of the present study were as follows. 1. 1. To examine the stability of nondaily smoking from 21 to 27 years. 2. 2. To identify correlates and longitudinal predictors of nondaily smoking, compared with both nonsmoking and daily smoking. 3. 3. To examine whether nondaily smokers differ from daily smokers in general, or whether nondaily smokers in particular differ from nicotine-dependent smokers. Procedure and participants This research is based on the Young in Norway Longitudinal Study, which has been described elsewhere [21]. In short, a population-based sample of Norwegian adolescents was followed over 13 years with four data collections, from mid-adolescence in 1992 until their late twenties in 2005. To obtain information about participants’ and parental education, the data set was linked with Statistics Norway’s Historical Event Database. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee for Health Research and the Norwegian Data Inspectorate, and all participants gave their written consent for participation. The initial response rate was 97%, and the cumulative response rate over all four data collections was 69%. When the attrition from the Statistics Norway’s Historical Event Database was taken into consideration, the overall response was 60%. In the analyses, we draw upon data from 942 persons who were initially in 7th or 8th grade in junior high school; 410 males (43.5%) and 532 females (56.5%). We used data from three waves; 1994 (T1, mean age 15.0 years (SD = 0.6)), 1999 (T2, mean age 20.7 years), and 2005 (T3, mean age 26.7 years). Dependent and independent variables Smoking and nicotine dependence At all data collections, smoking was assessed by the question Do you smoke? Response alternatives were: (1) I have never smoked, (2) I have never smoked regularly and do not smoke now, (3) I have smoked regularly, but have quit now, (4) I smoke, but not daily and (5) I smoke daily, about......cigarettes. Categories 1, 2 and 3 were labeled “nonsmokers”. Category 4 was labeled “nondaily smokers”. Smoking status at T1 was used as an independent variable when aiming at predicting nondaily smoking at T2, while smoking status at T2 was used as an independent variable when aiming at predicting nondaily smoking at T3. Nicotine dependence was assessed at T2 and T3 using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, with the cutoff set at ≥ 4 [22]. This allowed us to distinguish between those who were not nicotine dependent, and those who were nicotine-dependent daily smokers. Independent variables School grades At T1, school grades in mathematics, and Norwegian and English languages were assessed by self-report. Parental educational level when the participants were 16 years old (about T1) was assessed by register data and coded using four categories describing the highest level of education the father and/or mother had completed: (1) elementary school, (2) high school, (3) lower grade at college/university, and (4) higher grade at college/university. Participants’ education at T2 was coded into five levels according to the highest level of education completed: (1) elementary/secondary school (9 years), (2) high school (12 years), (3) high school, comprehensive/upper (13 years), (4) college/university, lower grade (14–17 years), and (5) college/university, higher grade (>17 years). Dropping out of high school was defined as not having completed high school before 21 years of age. Parental and best friends’ smoking The participants were at T2 asked whether their father and mother had smoked during the participant’s childhood, with four response categories; “No, never”, “One cigarette, cigar or pipe rarely”, “Has smoked regularly, but has quit now”, and “Yes, daily”. The first three response categories were combined and mothers’ and fathers’ smoking were combined. Parental smoking was then categorized as “both parents are never, former or occasional smokers” or “one or both parents are daily smokers”. Best friends’ smoking at T1, T2 and T3 was categorized as “having at least one best friend/boyfriend/girlfriend who smoked regularly” or “having no best friend/boyfriend/girlfriend who smoked”. Parental alcohol intoxication Parental alcohol intoxication was measured at all three data collections by the question “Have you ever seen your parents drunk?” with five response alternatives; “Never”, “A few times”, “A few times a year”, “A few times a month” and “A few times a week”. The values were summed over the three data collections and used as a continuous variable (range = 0–12). Parental monitoring An instrument to measure parental monitoring contained six statements about perceived parental norms and parental knowledge of the adolescent’s actions at T1. The statements are “My parents usually know where I am and what I do in the weekends”, “My parents pretty much knows who I spend my spare time with”, “My parents know most of the friends I’m with on my spare time”, “My parents usually know where I am and what I do on the weekdays”, “My parents like most of the friends I’m with on my spare time” and “It’s important to my parents that they know where I am and what I do in my spare time”. The six response alternatives ranged from 0 (Not right at all) to 5 (Totally right) and were summed to obtain a parental control score (range = 0–30). Leisure time Unorganized leisure time at T1 was measured by four questions about the frequency (times per week) the following activities; “spent time at café or snack bars”, “spent most of the evenings out with friends”, “been driving (yourself) or getting a ride with someone with a car, motorbike, or moped just for fun” and “going to the city center/downtown”. The answers were summed to an index with values ranging from 0 to 28. Statistical analyses Descriptive statistics were used to examine the degree of stability of nondaily smoking from T2 to T3. (At T1, it was assumed that smoking habits may not yet have been established, and we decided not to study the stability from T1 to T2.) Chi-square analyses were used to assess associations between smoking categories and categorical variables at T2 and T3. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to examine differences between the four smoking categories at T2 and T3 for continuous variables. Bonferroni post hoc tests were performed to examine differences between groups. As a next step, we conducted multinomial regression analyses, where smoking status at T2 and T3 were dependent variables. Family factors, peers’ smoking and a number of individual characteristics measured at T1 and T2 were predictor variables. Nondaily smokers were first contrasted with nonsmokers, then with nondependent and finally to nicotine-dependent daily smokers. For each regression analysis, two models were estimated; the first without and the second with control for previous smoking status. All models were adjusted for gender and age. The predictors were removed one by one by backward deletion until only significant variables remained. We also tested whether the associations between predictor variables and outcome variables differed for men and women using logistic regression analyses. Because there was no evidence of interactions for any predictor variable (p > 0.05), males and females were combined in the analyses. Previous smoking status was controlled for in the last model to avoid possible confounding and a potential effect of high stability of smoking. At T2 (mean age 21 years), 59% of participants were nonsmokers, 13% were nondaily smokers, 17% were nondependent daily smokers and 11% were nicotine-dependent daily smokers. Among men, 60% were nonsmokers, 15% were nondaily smokers and 25% were daily smokers at T2. Corresponding numbers for women were 58%, 12% and 30%, respectively. At T3 (mean age 27 years), 10% of both genders were nondaily smokers. Transitions between the smoking categories from T2 to T3 are presented in Table 1. The stability of nondaily smoking during young adulthood was low, with 26% of T2 nondaily smokers being nondaily smokers at T3, and more than half of them quitting. In contrast, 90% of nonsmokers at T2 were still nonsmokers at T3. Table 1 Smoking patterns of men and women at T3 by smoking patterns at T2 (n = 942) Table 2 shows the predictor variables for all four smoking groups at T2 (corresponding results for T3, not shown, were similar). The table reveals overall group differences for all variables included in the analyses. Post hoc tests showed that nondaily smokers in young adulthood did not differ from nonsmokers on any variable. However, they differed from nondependent daily smokers by education (p = 0.001), school grades (p = 0.001) and unorganized leisure time (p < 0.001) with nondaily smokers having the more favorable outcomes. Further, nondaily smokers differed from nicotine-dependent smokers by all these variables and on parental education (p = 0.004), parental alcohol intoxication (p < 0.001) and parental monitoring (p = 0.011), also with nondaily smokers having the more favorable outcomes for all variables. Table 2 Characteristics of 942 nondaily smokers, nonsmokers and daily smokers at age 21 years (T2) Table 3 shows that high levels of unorganized leisure time activities in adolescence at T1 (mean age 15 years) predicted nondaily smoking rather than nonsmoking in young adulthood, at T2 and T3 (not adjusted for earlier smoking status), using multinomial regression analyses. Peer smoking was associated with a higher probability of subsequent nondaily smoking, compared with nonsmoking, at T3, but not at T2. Nondaily smokers at T2 and T3 differed from nondependent daily smokers in having less unorganized leisure time and higher educational levels, whereas higher school grades only predicted nondaily smoking at T2, not at T3. Finally, when nondaily smoking was compared with nicotine-dependent smoking, we found that nondaily smoking at T2 was predicted by higher school grades, lower levels of parental alcohol intoxication, and lower levels of unorganized leisure activities. Nondaily smoking at T3 was predicted by higher education and less peer smoking. Table 3 Predictive values of social and behavioral factors on nondaily smoking at T2 and T3 (n = 942) After inclusion of initial smoking status in the models at T2, unorganized leisure time no longer differentiated between nondaily smoking and nonsmoking in young adulthood. School grades lost their significance in the prediction of nondaily smoking versus daily smoking without nicotine dependence. At T3, all predictors became non-significant when earlier smoking was controlled, except unorganized leisure time, which still differentiated between nondaily smoking and nonsmoking. First, we found that the stability of nondaily smoking over a six-year period in young adulthood was modest: One in four remained nondaily smokers, and the majority quit smoking, while 15% became daily smokers. Second, when young adult nondaily smokers were compared with nonsmokers in cross-sectional analysis, we did not find any differences in any of the included variables. Young adult nondaily smokers did, however, differ from daily smokers with regard to several family and individual characteristics, such as parental education, school grades and school dropout rates. The differences between nondaily smokers and nondependent daily smokers in young adulthood were less pronounced than the differences between nondaily smokers and nicotine-dependent smokers. Third, longitudinal analyses indicated that only unorganized leisure time activities and peers’ smoking in adolescence predicted nondaily smoking compared with nonsmoking in young adulthood, while a number of family, peer and individual characteristics predicted nondaily smoking compared with daily smoking. The study suggests that nondaily smoking assessed in young adulthood often is a transitory behavior. Nondaily smoking often seems to be a response to peer influence and unorganized leisure time activities, with little social control. Young adults who take part in nondaily smoking are quite similar to nonsmokers; they do, however, differ markedly from daily smokers. Thus, the processes and risk factors behind the development of nondaily smoking seem to be different from those leading to daily smoking. In the absence of more established risk factors for smoking, nondaily smoking in young adulthood will often be a passing experience, and nondaily smokers without such risk factors will often quit smoking. Modest stability of nondaily smoking The stability of nondaily smoking during young adulthood in our study was lower than in previous studies. However, the follow-up period in earlier studies was shorter, which might, in part, explain the different results [6, 7, 9]. A previous Norwegian longitudinal study with a longer follow-up period also found higher stability than we did [8]. This may be because our study was conducted at a time of decreasing smoking prevalence in Norway [23], whereas the previous study followed the participants in the 1980s and 1990s, when no such decrease was observed [23]. Thus, the lack of stability of nondaily smoking in our study may reflect two different processes: a general tendency to go in and out of this smoking status, and a possible period-specific tendency to quit all forms of smoking. In addition, the young adult nondaily smokers in the current study might also be late initiators of daily smoking. We found that most young adult nondaily smokers quit, which may indicate that nicotine dependence plays a moderate role in their future smoking behavior. On the other hand, 17% of nondaily smokers became daily smokers, indicating that their actual control over their smoking may be lower than imagined [16, 24]. Contemporary explanations of addiction often posit that addicted persons are motivated to continue taking drugs to experience the positive effects of the drug or to avoid withdrawal symptoms [25]. However, in their theory of addiction, Robinson and Berridge suggest that the process is more complex [26]. They argue that potentially addictive drugs share the ability to alter brain organization, and the critical neuroadaptations for addiction render important brain rewards systems “sensitized” to drugs and to drug-associated stimuli. Recent genetic studies suggest that nicotine receptors and genes also play an important role in addiction [27]. Thus, nondaily smoking may rapidly lead to such “sensitizing” in genetically vulnerable subjects. However, the finding that most young adult nondaily smokers in the current study quit smoking indicates that the majority of nondaily smokers do not develop nicotine dependence, and that nondaily smoking is not typically a stage leading to daily smoking. Characteristics of nondaily smokers Consistent with previous research, we found few differences between nonsmokers and nondaily smokers in young adulthood, while nondaily smokers differed from daily smokers with regard to several characteristics, such as parental smoking, and their own school achievement and education, with nondaily smokers having the more favorable outcomes [12, 18, 19]. We also found that women were underrepresented among young adult nondaily smokers. This finding is in contrast to previous studies, which have found females to be overrepresented among nondaily smokers [3, 12, 17, 19]. However, in Sweden, a pattern similar to our findings has been observed [28]. An explanation might be the high prevalence of snus use among men in Norway and Sweden [29, 30], which may be a substitute for both occasional and daily smoking. One should also note that the snus users represent a more resourceful group (by having higher social status and/or higher education) than the daily smokers [31]. Further, a previous study from Norway reported that a combination of daily snus use and nondaily smoking among men was common [26]. Thus, one may witness a new pattern of combined snus use and nondaily smoking in more resourceful groups than those who are currently daily cigarette smokers. In the current study, only unorganized leisure time activities and peers’ smoking in adolescence differentiated between nondaily smoking and nonsmoking in young adulthood. Previous studies have also pointed to the importance of un-organized leisure activities, with little social control, such as attending e.g. skate parks [32] in the development of smoking habits. Nondaily smoking might be seen as a way to distinguish between oneself and “the conventional other”, which may be important in the process of constructing an identity [20]. Smoking has previously been shown to be a social marker of style [33], and though it has been increasingly stigmatized [34], recent studies suggest that smoking may still contribute to identity formation [35]. One reason may be that smoking seems to be a social behavior that may rapidly transform social action into self-identity [8, 20]. Thus, the peer group, may represent a way to construct a “cool” identity, particularly when its members meet in environments that do not have smoking restrictions. There were small initial differences between subsequent nonsmokers and nondaily smokers; the initial differences between subsequent nondaily smokers and daily smokers were more significant. Exposure to parental alcohol intoxication, weak school grades and low education predicted daily smoking rather than nondaily smoking in young adulthood, consistent with previous findings [8, 10, 12]. Nondaily smokers have also been shown to have higher education levels [8] and to perform better at school than daily smokers [10, 12]. In our study, these factors also predicted nondaily smoking in young adulthood but not daily smoking, indicating that the two are qualitatively different phenomena. Previous studies suggest that nondaily smokers often define themselves as nonsmokers not addicted to nicotine, and claim they can easily quit smoking [6]. One would therefore expect nondaily smokers to resemble non-nicotine-dependent daily smokers. However, in our longitudinal analyses, the variables that differentiated between nondaily smokers and nicotine-dependent daily smokers in young adulthood were the same as those that differentiated between nondaily and nondependent daily smokers. This could indicate that the key dividing characteristic uncovered in our data is whether smoking is a nondaily or daily behavior, rather than the degree of nicotine dependence. Daily smoking may, irrespective of dependence, represent a lack of control and a weakness. Thus, nondaily smoking in young adulthood may paradoxically indicate a high degree of control, with individuals able to use a highly addictive substance without becoming addicted [20]. Previous smoking status predicted subsequent nondaily smoking, and the predictive capacity of many of the family and individual factors disappeared or were attenuated when we adjusted for previous smoking. Adjustment for previous smoking provides more accurate information about the temporal relationship between potential predictors and subsequent smoking behavior. Because few predictors remained significant after adjustment, the present study cannot determine whether several presumed risk factors precede smoking behavior, or whether they are concomitants. The study was population based with a longitudinal design and high response rate. However, several limitations are present. First, 40% of the sample was lost to follow-up, and some selection bias may have occurred. Second, the statistical power of some multinomial analyses may have been low as some groups had somewhat small sample sizes. Third, because of relatively long time spans between the waves, we did not obtain information about short-term stability. Some subjects might have changed smoking status between the measurements with no opportunity for us to identify these changes. Fourth, the questionnaire used did not assess more detailed information about smoking, and it was not possible to identify the smoking patterns of nondaily smokers in more detail. Finally, the findings of the present study might not be fully generalizable to the current situation in Norway or other countries as the follow-up ended in 2005, when the tobacco control context and the smoking patterns were somewhat different from the present. However, population-based findings from Norway show that the prevalence of nondaily smoking has been stable at about 10% for several decades. Also, our finding that nondaily smokers resemble non-smokers more than they resemble daily smokers, are consistent with international research. Thus, it seems reasonable that our findings also may shed some light on nondaily smokers in other countries and in more recent years. The stability of nondaily smoking during young adulthood was lower than observed in previous studies. Young adult nondaily smokers were also quite similar to nonsmokers with regard to individual and family factors. 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Soc Sci Q. 2006, 87: 19-35. 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2006.00366.x. Article Google Scholar Pre-publication history Download references Norwegian Social Research (NOVA) provided the data used in the study. The study was funded by the Research Council of Norway, Medicine and Health. Author information Corresponding author Correspondence to Elisabeth Kvaavik. Additional information Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions EK, WP and TvS have all contributed to the conception and design of the study and analysis and interpretation of data. EK was responsible for the data analyses, and EK has drafted the article and WP and TvS have revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved of the submitted manuscript. Elisabeth Kvaavik, Tilmann von Soest and Willy Pedersen contributed equally to this work. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Cite this article Kvaavik, E., von Soest, T. & Pedersen, W. Nondaily smoking: a population-based, longitudinal study of stability and predictors. BMC Public Health 14, 123 (2014). Download citation • Received: • Accepted: • Published: • DOI: • Nondaily smoking • Adolescence • Longitudinal • Stability
I have three questions regarding the correlation meters used in audio. 1. How are they calculated? I have heard correlation is performed by convolving one signal with the time flipped version of a other, but this seems impossible in real time. 2. How does this differ from the pearson's correlation coefficient used in statistics? 3. Sometimes the correlation meter takes a round shape representation. Is there any place to read more about the exact details on how this representation works? Let me answer in slightly different order: 3) It seems you're really asking for a "Goniometer", which is a 2 channel oscilloscope with the left and right signal components plotted in two orthogonal directions on the scope screen. These directions are typically chosen so that the signal channels make an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal. 1) The correlation meter is often part of a Goniometer display and displays a value between -1 and +1 indicating the relative correlation between left and right channel. It is calculated using three different low pass filters acting on the left channel squared, the right channel squared and the product of the left and right channel. In math terms: $$ c(t) = \frac{H_l ( L(t) \cdot R(t) )}{\sqrt{H_l( L(t)^2 ) \cdot H_l(R(t)^2)}} $$ where $L(t)$ and $R(t)$ are the channel signals and $H_l$ is the low pass filter. The low pass filter mimics a windowed integral, and the correlation is measured as average over the integration time. The equivalent integration time for audio use is typically in the range of 10 to 100 milliseconds, which gives a low pass cutoff of around 100 to 10 Hz. 2) And this definition coincides with Pearson's definition for a time range of length $T$ of the two channels exactly if the low pass filter used above is a box-filter with support of duration $T$. • $\begingroup$ Wow, this is super informative! $\endgroup$ – Phonon Jun 28 '14 at 22:28 • $\begingroup$ @Jazzmaniac Thankyou! That equation does look a lot like Pearson's correlation. But would the method of phase flipped convolution between the signals yield the same results, as described by DSP guide by smith (provided that same time constant was used): dspguide.com/ch7/3.htm ? How would you transform the signal produced by the convolution into a single number between -1 and 1? Or are these just fundamentally completely different operations having the same name? $\endgroup$ – Tony Jun 29 '14 at 9:51 • $\begingroup$ @Tony, the difference between a correlation sequence that you mention and the correlation coefficient is that the sequence really calculates the correlation using different time lags between the two signals to be compared. So you get a correlation coefficients for every possible time difference. The correlation meter only displays the correlation without lag. In addition, the correlation meter uses normalized (or relative) correlation, which is divided by the norm of the signals involved. $\endgroup$ – Jazzmaniac Jun 29 '14 at 11:23 • $\begingroup$ Sorry, I made a mistake in the definition of $c(t)$ which I have just fixed. The denominator must contain the product of the norms of the channels. The version I had before didn't have the square and square roots. Also, in order to avoid division by zero you can add a very small positive constant to the denominator. $\endgroup$ – Jazzmaniac Jun 29 '14 at 11:27 • $\begingroup$ @Jazzmaniac: It's not 100% correct, because linear correlation coefficient can be calculated only at one position, yielding normalized value of correlation. Shifting is optional. $\endgroup$ – jojek Jun 29 '14 at 12:38 Your Answer
Environmental Justice and The Role of Civil Society in Sustainability downloadDownload printPrint Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you. Get your price 121 writers online Download PDF In a country or state, there consists of other parts which entail diversified individuals. For instance, Kenya, as a country, comprises different people who come from diverse regions, tribes, religions, and with distinct cultures. In these regions, there are individuals and families: Some who are wealthy while others are poor. However, even with all the diversities, all of them share the same nationality, Kenyans. The Concept of Environmental Justice: Conflicts have emerged before resulting from the diversities, whereby people do not embrace brotherhood. In some instances, the unfortunate may be taken advantage of. For instance, they may have to cut down their trees to make charcoal or timber which they can trade and earn a living; thus, end up compromising their environment, which results in making them vulnerable to diseases that are a result of environmental damage. In another instance, a well-off person may take advantage of his wealth and power to place his animals in a residential area so that he can earn cash from milk. He then decides to build his house in a distant area and employs workers to take care of the animals and milk production. He neither buys nor advises them of protective clothing, yet they are dealing with waste disposal. These workers get exposed to respiratory diseases. Besides, they conflict with the people living around. There should be no cow investment in residential areas (Gabrielli, 2018). Because releasing waste in such an area means that it will pollute the air of neighbors who may, in turn, fight the ones releasing it. If they are desperate and illiterate, they may be left to stay quiet and inhale the waste because they lack the power and are ignorant of human rights. Moreover, whenever environmental regulations are discussed, the underprivileged and the middle people may not be allowed to participate. All these examples explain injustice. Environmental justice is whereby every individual or community is entitled to a clean, equivalent environmental protection regardless of the religion, race, origin, age, gender or income and takes part in making decisions that pertain to implementation or enforcement of laws governing the environment (Gould & Lewis, 2016). The Concept of Sustainability: Sustainability seeks to meet the needs of the present generation without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet the same needs. Zero environmental justice equals sustainability: If natural resources are overused, they degrade and, in the long last, put off sustainability. Many actors are involved in the promotion of sustainability, and civil society plays a vital role (Kadirbeyoğlu et al., 2017); hence this paper analyses the role of civil society in promoting sustainability. The Civil Society: There exist organizations or groups of people who come together intending to independently work for the benefits of another society where they set up offices or areas in the given society to operate from. They are collectively called civil societies, organizations, or groups that work together for the interest of the community (Macdonald, 2016). Environmental Sustainability: In efforts to promote sustainable development, civil society has been a vital stakeholder, especially in developing countries. One pillar of sustainability is environmental sustainability (Illankoon et al., 2017), which can be defined as the right use of the environment to provide needs without causing it harm. For instance, think of walking around a garden, and then you spot a mango tree that is enriched with beautiful mangoes. Unfortunately, the mangoes are beyond your reach. Therefore you visualize ways of obtaining them; through climbing the tree, using stone, or getting a panga with which you can cut the tree and harvest all the mangoes. Climbing a tree is a good idea if you are careful. Using a stone too is right to strike the mango. However, cutting down the tree means that in the next season, there will be no mangoes. Birds, as well as microorganisms, will have no shelter. Also, the tree was issuing people with oxygen vital for breathing and taking away carbon (IV) oxide in addition to providing shelter and rain for crop development. Such an act compromises environmental sustainability, along with exposing everyone at risk. The civil society has helped prevent such circumstances in different ways. The Contribution of Civil Society to Sustainable Development: To begin with, civil society ensures public participation in environmental matters. Public participation is the involvement of citizens or the public in making decisions (Eden, 2016). An example of public participation is whereby you vote to elect your leaders. Any project in a community must affect the people. Civil society ensures that there are actions like EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment), which must involve the community. This helps avoid adverse effects through mitigation and prevention. For instance, someone may want to build an oil factory in the community. The factory will outsource oil and even create jobs. What about the environment and welfare of people living around? What will they do with the noise, air pollution, and waste materials which may be released to the rivers which they depend on? All these issues must involve the public to make a wise decision. Without people to push the involvement, the innocent community might just be caught up in a dilemma with no one to help their suffering and degraded resources. Secondly, civil society helps the community with change through awareness and support. They monitor the activities which may harm the environment and inform the public about their dangers and prevention measures. They also help people to seek change (Gill, 2017). Activities existing in the community which threaten the environment can be done away with to prevent degradation and extinction with their help. The civil societies involve environmental bodies like NEMA, where the need arises. For example, an industry that dumps its waste in the estate is a threat to life and resources like land and water. The public in the countryside may not know that there are rules and rights to a clean environment, so the civil society educates them and helps them in advocacy. Thirdly, ignorance is a challenge today. Most people, especially in rural areas, know nothing about sustainability. Civil society has played a role in sustainable development awareness. It has made people aware of the importance and conservation of indigenous trees. Furthermore, it educates the public with practices like sustainable energy use, and this helps the people to save from bills that come with electricity. Where there is no electricity, they provide awareness of opportunities that come with sun and wind to light their houses. These sources of energy are renewable hence cheap to obtain, very usable, and maintain a healthy environment. Finally, civil society acts as an overseer in community and environmental issues through transparency and accountability (Shaheen, 2016). It makes every stakeholder answerable for their actions on the environment through close supervision and assessment. The participation of civil society in environmental policies and implementation is crucial. One example is that it can influence the government to implement the policies and allocate disbursements in environmental management as well as promote partnerships between different organizations to support sustainability. The civil society requires cooperation from the local community if sustainable development is to be effectively achieved. Every individual must play a role in issuing all useful information. Also, everyone’s practice affects the environment. Just the same way security starts with you, so is sustainability. Taking care of the environment is each person’s duty. Practices like deforestation, poor waste disposal, the release of agricultural chemicals to rivers, and above all, public participation are vital if both the present and the future generations are to enjoy the benefits of natural resources. 1. Gabrielli, L. (2018). Residential investment: cash cows or question marks?. Journal of Property Investment & Finance. 2. Gould, K. A., & Lewis, T. L. (2016). Green gentrification: Urban sustainability and the struggle for environmental justice. Routledge. 3. Kadirbeyoğlu, Z., Adaman, F., Özkaynak, B., & Paker, H. (2017). The effectiveness of environmental civil society organizations: An integrated analysis of organizational characteristics and contextual factors. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(4), 1717-1741. 4. Macdonald, L. (2016). Supporting civil society: The political role of non-governmental organizations in Central America. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-1-349-25178-0 5. Illankoon, I. C. S., Tam, V. W., & Le, K. N. (2017). Environmental, economic, and social parameters in international green building rating tools. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 143(2), 05016010. 6. Eden, S. (2016). Public participation in environmental policy: considering scientific, counter-scientific, and non-scientific contributions. Public understanding of science. 7. Gill, G. J. (2017). Dynamics of Democratization: Elites, Civil Society, and the Transition Process. Macmillan International Higher Education.DOI: 10.1007/978-0-333-98554-0 8. Shaheen, H. (2016). Civil society engagement and education for sustainable development (ESD) in Egypt: A case study of El-Warraq area. Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. delivery Starting from 3 hours delivery Find Free Essays We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling Cite this Essay Environmental Justice And The Role Of Civil Society In Sustainability. (2021, December 16). GradesFixer. Retrieved January 22, 2022, from “Environmental Justice And The Role Of Civil Society In Sustainability.” GradesFixer, 16 Dec. 2021, Environmental Justice And The Role Of Civil Society In Sustainability. [online]. Available at: <> [Accessed 22 Jan. 2022]. Environmental Justice And The Role Of Civil Society In Sustainability [Internet]. GradesFixer. 2021 Dec 16 [cited 2022 Jan 22]. 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Python Programming and Visualization for Scientists Huge savings for students List Price: $48.00 Price: $24.00 You Save: $24.00 Python continues to gain dominance as a language of choice for analyzing and visualizing scientific data. Although it has concise, intuitive syntax, learning how to plot and visualize data requires scouring the internet for documentation and examples. This book was written from the perspective of "What book would the authors want to have had when they were transitioning to Python?" A second edition of the book was made necessary by the transition to Python 3, which did not maintain full backward compatibility with earlier versions of the language. The second edition has been completely revised to ensure that all code examples work in Python 3. Additional chapters on the Pandas library and Cartopy have been included, as well as an appendix on Jupyter notebooks, which have become an important tool for developing and communicating code in both the research and educational settings. The 90 figures are mostly in color, and color syntax highlighting is used with all code samples throughout the text to facilitate visual recognition of program structure. The first edition of the book has proven useful not only as a classroom text but also as a guide and reference for students, educators, and researchers who already have programming experience and want to start creating plots and analyzing data using Python. The second edition will serve the same role. It is not meant for the person who is completely new to programming, nor is it an introductory computer science textbook. The authors' assumptions are that the reader has some experience programming with a language other than Python. Although the new Python programmer may wish to read the book cover to cover, the book is organized such that an experienced programmer can readily jump to the appropriate chapter. An extensive index aids in searching for functions and methods useful for data visualization and analysis. Sundog Publishing, LLC
Why Does Aquarium Gravel Turn Black? (How To Get Rid Of It?) Image of an aquarium with gravel Aquarium gravel is beneficial for fish and plants. However, seeing your gravel become dark can be disturbing. But why does aquarium gravel turn black? Aquarium gravel usually turns black due to black beard algae bloom. Other reasons are low carbon dioxide levels in the tank water, increased phosphate levels, and excessive lighting. Introducing algae eaters, boosting carbon dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide treatment controls black algae infestation. Moreover, black beard algae can make the tank look unattractive. So, let’s talk about this in detail now. 2 Main Reasons Why Aquarium Gravel Turns Black And Ways To Stop It The most common reason for the aquarium gravel to turn black is improper maintenance. If you have an established tank, it’s essential to keep the water parameters in check and maintain good filtration. This will help prevent your gravel from getting discolored or black. Below are the two prominent reasons for aquarium gravel to turn black. 1. Black beard algae. Black beard algae are one of the main reasons for aquarium gravel to turn black. If you have an overgrowth of black beard algae on the gravel, this can cause the gravel to turn black. These algae form because of too much nitrate and phosphate levels in the water. Besides, black beard algae use nitrate as a food source. So, the increase in nitrate levels helps in the growth of algae. Vacuuming the gravel regularly helps clean the black beard algae. Another good way is to cut off their food sources such as nitrate, light, and phosphate. Placing live plants that absorb nitrogen from the water also helps in reducing black beard algae growth. Finally, adding algae-eating fish to the tank, such as Siamese Algae Eater or Shrimp, can fasten up the algae cleaning process. 2. Leftover food and fish waste. Aquarium gravel can turn black if the uneaten fish food or debris is not cleaned regularly. Also, fish feces that settle on the gravel often turn it black. To avoid this issue, remove all the leftover food from the tank daily. Also, clean the gravel regularly before it turns black. Recommended Further Reading: What Causes Black Beard Algae? Black beard algae is a common problem in tropical and temperate aquariums. They initially appear as tiny dots on the edges of the plants. As they grow, they resemble a beard or brush. Three primary reasons that cause black beard algae bloom in an aquarium are: 1. Carbon dioxide fluctuations. Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluctuation is the primary reason for the overgrowth of black beard algae. If the CO2 levels are low or unstable in an aquarium, it leads to black algae growth. Varying CO2 levels can be a result of water changes. If you perform a large water change, it can significantly fluctuate the CO2 levels. When the CO2 is unstable, plants can’t use light and fertilizers to undergo photosynthesis. Such an environment is conducive to the growth of black beard algae. Another reason for low CO2 levels in an aquarium is an underpowered filter. An underpowered filter causes poor water circulation that lowers the CO2 levels of the tank water. If you have algae bloom due to CO2 fluctuations, then maintaining or adding CO2 to the tank water must be your top priority. 2. Excessive light. Like any other algae, black beard algae thrive on light. Therefore, they grow best when there is plenty of light available. The more the light, the faster they grow. If you have a planted tank, the problem of black algae is more common. Aquarists install LED lights for plant growth. These lights not only help the plants to grow but also help in the growth of algae. So, the most important thing to do to prevent black beard algae growth is to keep the lighting conditions stable. You can restrict the use of light to control black beard algae growth. Usage of aquarium lighting timers is a great way to keep lighting conditions constant and correct. 3. Increase in phosphate levels. Phosphates encourage black beard algae bloom in an aquarium. Improper maintenance of the tank can lead to an increase in phosphate levels of the tank water. Phosphate levels increase in the tank water when leftover fish food, fish excreta, and decayed materials are not cleaned regularly. Alright! Now that you know the reasons of black algae bloom in an aquarium, let’s learn how to get rid of them. Related Further Reading: How To Get Rid Of Black Algae From An Aquarium? Black algae can spread quickly and cover all gravel, decorations, plants, and aquarium equipment. So, it’s crucial to control their growth before it’s too late. Following are some effective ways to get rid of black algae from an aquarium. 1. Cut black beard algae immediately. Cutting black beard algae can be effective only when they have started to appear in small numbers on the plants in the tank. However, there is no guarantee that these algae will not grow again because it’s likely that some of the black beard algae are lurking in the tank that you have missed cutting. So, you should take some effective steps to remove the black algae from your tank altogether. 2. Introduce algae eaters. Introducing algae eaters is one of the easiest ways to remove black algae from an aquarium. It’s beneficial to introduce algae eaters in the early stages of algae growth to control and reduce their bloom. Also, you should not feed too much food to the algae eaters. Otherwise, they will happily devour the food leaving aside the black algae. Another vital thing to remember is that the algae eaters should be compatible with the tank inhabitants. Some of the algae eaters that eat black algae are: • Siamese Algae Eater, • Chinese Algae Eater, • Amano Shrimp, • Cherry Barb, • Bristlenose Pleco, • Cherry Barb, • American Flagfish, etc. 3. Keep phosphate levels down. Increased phosphate levels benefit black algae growth in an aquarium. Hence, keeping the phosphate levels low is one efficient way to control black algae growth. Phosphates are a byproduct of everything that decays in the aquarium. Decayed material such as fish waste, uneaten fish food, fallen plants, detritus, etc., increase phosphates in the tank water. Following measures can help keep the phosphate levels low in the tank water. • Remove the leftover food immediately from the tank before it rots, • Remove the fallen plant matter as soon as possible, • Do not overfeed the fish, • Maintain water quality by carrying out regular water changes. Related Further Reading: 4. Boost carbon dioxide levels in the tank water. Boosting the carbon dioxide levels of the tank water is another way to get rid of black algae. Increasing the CO2 levels doesn’t directly eliminate the black algae but helps prevent them from growing. If there are plants and black algae in the tank, both compete with each other to get the essential nutrients for them to thrive. However, if the plants are supplied with sufficient carbon dioxide, they will outcompete the algae for nutrients. The black algae will then starve and become weak. Subsequently, they will perish due to the lack of nutrients. CO2 injection and Aerosol CO2 sets are the most effective ways of increasing carbon dioxide in the tank water. 5. Eliminate algae by heating the tank water. Black algae thrive in warm water but not in hot water. So, heating the tank water is an excellent way to get rid of the black algae. Before heating the water, you need to move the fish and live plants into another tank. Also, clean the gravel to get rid of the fish waste and uneaten food before heating. Then you can heat the water with the help of a heater to 110°F to 120°F (45°C to 50°C) and wait for some time. The heat will burn the black algae and get rid of them completely. You can then introduce the algae eaters to clear the fallen black algae. 6. Treat the tank with Hydrogen Peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide treatment is used when the black algae infestation goes out of control. You can treat the entire tank or only the affected objects separately. For treating the objects, you can soak them in 3% hydrogen peroxide for about 3 to 4 minutes before rinsing in freshwater. However, treating the objects separately can be difficult. Hence it’s advisable to treat the tank. Also, it’s advisable to move your tank inhabitants to another container before treating the tank. You can add 10 ml hydrogen peroxide per 15 gallons of water. Also, ensure that you add flowing water. Then, repeat this process for three days. Simultaneously, check whether the black algae color starts to fade. If the algae color is fading, the treatment is effective, and you can get rid of black algae within a month. On the contrary, if the tank is still suffering from black algae, you can repeat the process with a slightly higher dose of hydrogen peroxide. Interesting Further Reading: Are Black Algae Harmful To Fish, Plants, And Aquarium? Black algae don’t harm the fish if their growth is in control. Many fish swim happily around the black algae. Fish even look upon the black algae as a place to hide behind their long flowing hair. However, if there is an overgrowth of black algae, it can be dangerous for the fish. This is because black algae absorb oxygen from the water at night for respiration. Moreover, black algae can cause an imbalance in the nutrient levels of the tank water. This can prove detrimental to the overall health of fish. Similarly, black algae in small quantities may not damage the plants. However, if there is a bloom of black algae in the aquarium, it will affect the plants negatively. As the algae spread excessively, they will cover the plants. This algae cover will deprive the plants of light and nutrients. Without sufficient light, plants can’t photosynthesize and may perish due to starvation. Similarly, excessive growth of black algae can affect water conditions. Once the black algae reach a certain level, they can affect the water’s nutrient levels and harm the tank conditions.
Goats and Soda Don't Torpedo The Dam, Full Speed Ahead For Ethiopia's Nile Project The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is under construction near Assosa, Ethiopia. When it's completed, the dam will have be able to produce 6,000 megawatts of electricity, making it the biggest hydroelectric power station in Africa. Elias Asmare, AP When completed, the Renaissance Dam promises to be the largest hydro-electric project in Africa. Funded without help from America or the West, the "renaissance" in the dam's title refers to a 70-year-old vision of Africa rising on the strength of its own abundant resources. Independence and self-reliance in the so-called "dark continent" begins with electricity. But since Ethiopia began construction in 2011, Egypt has spun the dam as a threat. Egypt's way of life depends on the Nile River. Former president Mohammed Morsi once warned that every drop of water stolen from the Nile would be defended by a drop of Egyptian blood. In fact, a hydropower dam doesn't steal water from downstream. It only draws power from its flow. Except during one crucial period: just after the dam is built and the reservoir is filled. A reservoir this huge will hold 63 billion cubic meters — roughly as much water as Egypt gets from the Nile over the course of a year. If the basin were to be filled too fast, Egypt's farmers would plunge into drought and its own hydropower dams would stop producing electricity. Support comes from Fear of that scenario is why Egypt's former president almost went to war with Ethiopia over the dam. Instead, on Monday, Egypt's current president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Ethiopia's Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn signed a "Declaration of Principles" with Sudan's president as broker. Egypt approved the project and will have rights to some of the electricity that will be generated. The key negotiations to come will be over the pace of filling that giant reservoir when it's completed in the next few years. Fast enough to satisfy Ethiopia's grand ambitions but slow enough not to hobble Egypt's economy. Aaron Wolf, a professor of geography and trained mediator who runs the Program in Water Conflict Management and Transformation at the University of Oregon, says that once the reservoir is filled, the long term impact of the Renaissance Dam will be less to Egypt than to traditional Ethiopian tribes who will lose access to the river they depend upon for fishing or mining. "Like all big dams, there are going to be impacts," he says. "But if all things were equal, you do want [to build] your dams upstream." Negotiators for both sides will have to overcome centuries of conflict and distrust. Ethiopia rightly complains that colonial-era water treaties gave Egypt a virtual monopoly over Nile waters. Geography has also played its role. Wolf notes that "downstream" countries like Egypt tend to develop first, because that's where the flat plains and agricultural land is, while upstream countries like Ethiopia are generally more hilly and later to develop. Then when those upstream countries develop, they have a downstream impact. "That chronology is fairly common," Wolf says, from water conflicts in China, to Tajikistan, to Laos. Even more common, of course, is the distrust that accompanies all water disputes. "I grew up in San Francisco and I grew up resenting Southern California for their incessant water needs," Wolf says. "But the corollary to that is that water also brings people into a room who wouldn't normally sit in a room together. So it brings Arabs and Israelis together, Egyptians and Ethiopians, Northern California and Southern California." When it comes to water, even the bitterest rivals eventually end up having to take up arms or negotiate. Two powerful African economies, Egypt and Ethiopia, have moved a step toward the latter. Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit
Today we’re taking a look at the Ember 3D Printer from Autodesk. We’ve been printing our projects for several weeks and wanted to share some workflows and techniques. This is a DLP, SLA 3D printer, so its completely different than FDM 3D printing. Here’s a basic look at how it works. How DLP SLA Works This printer uses a DLP projector to cure photosensitive resin using UV light. The projector shoots UV light as a full slice for each layer. This allows it to print in resolutions can be as fine as 10 microns! A metal build plate moves up along the z-axis as the print emerges from the resin tank. The ember printer uses a cure and peel technique. This exposes and separates for each layer to create a high definition part. When UV light is exposed to the resin, it is hardened and solidified. The resin tank separates by moving away from the build plate and returns for the next layer. Setting the proper orientation for an object can be a little tricky - you’ll want to test different angles to get prints to stick to the build plate. Also keep in mind parts are printed upside down - because the build plate is oriented that way when printing. Tip diameter You can optimize support structures to print with a tighter hold by upping the tip diameter. Under the support generator options you can update the defaults from .15mm to .5mm, this will increase the width so it holds objects more firmly - making print fails less likely. Can can also add your own custom supports to accommodate for any overhangs. Next up we’ll need to slice the models for printing - this is done through the ember printer website. Here you can preview models to make sure everything fits correctly. To speed up prototyping we can print at a lower resolution of 50 microns and then adjust the model exposure time to 3.5 seconds. The slice preview lets you visualize how the part will be printed and is actually just a stack of PNGs. You can also monitor your print job from any mobile device. Fixing the Hall Sensor If your printer can't align the tray, then you may need to adjust the hall sensor. This is easily done by opening the front cover and adjusting the screw nut on the sensor so that it protrudes 2mm above the tray floor. Watch the video above for a walk through. To operate the printer, you need to handle the resin with safety in mind so you must wear nitrile gloves, safety glasses and lab coat or apron - you know, safety first. Each print needs to be cleaned and processed, so it can be a little messy. This requires a cleaning station with handy tools that will be specialized for handling resin parts. So your tools, containers and anything you touch can get resin on it, so you need to be cautious. Support remove To remove support material, we recommend using flush diagonal cutters. Start by snipping off the tips from the supports and then removing branches as large groups. Try to cut the tips away from the part to prevent any surface damage. Wear a face shield to protect yourself from any flying bits when breaking apart smaller pieces. Take your time when cutting complex structures. If you have support structures inside your model, you can use tweezers to hold them in place while snipping them into smaller bits. Without Supports Enclosure parts smaller than 30mm can actually print without any supports! STL models are prepared using Autodesk’s Mesh Mixer. Here you can set up support structures to hold models to the print head. After parts are printed, we need to fully cure the surface by submerging it in a plastic jar full of alcohol. We need to let it soak for about 5 mins before taking it out and patting dry with a paper towel. Rough edges and support bits can be sanded away but this leaves a chalky look - this can be fixed with a bit of mineral oil - thanks nature! Keeping the resin tank clean is important. As prints fail, material builds up and floats around the tray. These can be difficult to spot, so we can use a hair comb to filter out any pieces left behind. Use tweezers to fetch out any bigger pieces. Carefully swipe around the edges of the resin tray window and remove any build up. If theres a lot of bits and pieces, use a fine mesh strainer to quickly filter out smaller debris into the second tray. The build head is easy to clean after each print, just wipe off any remains. We’ll need to relevel the build head before starting a new job - mainly because it misaligns after removal. So we can loosen a the build plate and move it up, and then we'll tighten up the screw. Then we’ll initiate the leveling procedure - It’ll start homing the build head down until it reaches the resin tank window. From here we can loosen the build head - let it drop down and push on all four corners to lay it flat. Once its all straight and level, we can tighten it back up and complete the process. This guide was first published on Mar 04, 2015. It was last updated on Mar 04, 2015.
Digestion disorders, or why pancreas suffers? Digestive disorders, or why does the pancreas suffer? On the most frequently asked Questions answers D. M. N., Professor, Shifrin Oleg Samoilovich one. What function does the pancreas perform? Pancreas — The most important organ of digestion. It produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and proteases), which are responsible for cleavage of food components and ensuring nutrients. Amylase breaks carbohydrates, lipase — fats, and proteases — Proteins. 2. What is the most suffering the pancreas? Digestive disorders, or why does the pancreas suffer?First of all, we ruin this organ redundant by quantity and inadequate in quality. Proper nutrition — The most important factor in the preservation of health. We find our diseases at the bottom of the plate. Abundant reception of fatty foods, and sometimes with the simultaneous use of a significant amount of alcohol, leads to enhanced production of the pancreas of the enzymes required for digestion. Pancreas in such unusual extraordinary situations work with overload, but its own enzymes can still be insufficient so that the digestion is full. Therefore, after the festive feast, harbinger of disorders of food digestion appear: the severity in the stomach, belching, heartburn and even pain. 3. If you constantly overload the pancreas, then you can earn pancreatitis? Pancreas — This is a unique organ that adapts to a certain human nutrition rhythm. And when we overload the pancreas of abundant fat, unusual food, it is forced to produce enzymes. At the same time, they are still not enough and the function of the pancreas is broken. In addition, with such a grueling work of the pancreas, the outflow of pancreatic juice is disturbed and the so-called so-called «Safety of the pancreas fabrics». This process leads to damage to the organ, inflammation, and even irreversible changes of both its structure and functions. As a result, pancreatitis is naturally developing. 4. The number of patients with pancreatitis has increased in recent years. Digestive disorders, or why does the pancreas suffer?What is it connected with? One of the main reasons for the appearance of chronic pancreatitis are fatty food and alcohol. And since those who love to eat well and drink, including strong alcohol, we have plenty, then people suffering from this disease becomes more and more. Thus, in the risk group — all lovers of greasy and strong. It is impossible to underestimate the effect of smoking! It has been proven that tobacco smoke breakdown products — The strongest poison for the pancreas. Therefore, if all the above listed negative factors are superimposed, the development of pancreatitis becomes very likely. five. How to eat, so that the pancreas did not suffer? Digestive disorders, or why does the pancreas suffer?The nutrition of a healthy person should be optimally balanced in composition of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, rational in volume. It is also desirable that each person freshed through the daily rhythm (at certain hours). Food for a sick person is a natural therapeutic factor that allows you to directly and purposefully influence the function of the digestive organs, having a beneficial effect on the course of the disease, reduce the amount of drugs used. Recommended: In case of diseases of the liver, gallbladder, biliary tract food is prepared in boiled or baked. Kashi recommended — Any, especially oatmeal and buckwheat, pasta, meat and fish of non-fat rafting varieties, soups cereal, dairy, broths are frown, lactic acid products, vegetables any in boiled, baked and raw form, wheat bread and rye (yesterday). Diet with chronic pancreatitis is distinguished by increased protein content, limit the use of fats, fresh vegetables and fruits, food is also be prepared in boiled and baked. Digestive disorders, or why does the pancreas suffer?IT IS FORBIDDEN: Dough Dough, Fried Patty, Chebureki, Fatty Materials and Birds, Cakes, Carbonated Drinks, Chocolate, Alcoholic Drinks, Sharp Snacks, Smoked, Strong Tea and Coffee. In addition to dietary restrictions and complete abandonment of alcohol and smoking, the most important factor in the treatment of pancreas diseases is the choice of optimal enzyme therapy. Enzyme preparations are divided into 2 classes: these are therapeutic enzymes, which contain a large number of active substances and which the doctor appoints, and the prophylactic series, which any healthy person can take in need, to help its pancreas to cope with the load that she has to be reached During the feast. Mezim Forte Leave a reply
Paraphrase Tool Free Paraphrasing for All Languages Paraphrase to Eliminate Plagiarism Updated Oct 8, 2021 How to Eliminate Plagiarism by Paraphrasing By Matthew Plagiarism is not something people frequently intend to do. Few people go into a class or even a writing task with the intention of plagiarizing, since they get no value from the experience other than learning how to cheat themselves out of an opportunity to practice the skills of research and communication. So Why Do People Plagiarize? The main reason people plagiarize is that they see no intellectual path into an assignment, be it for work or school, and too little time or confidence to develop such a path. Courses that workshop papers find very little plagiarism, since students don’t have to produce an interesting piece of writing from the outset; it’s okay to fail and iterate, creating a safer intellectual environment than a traditional writing course. How Can Paraphrasing Eliminate Plagiarism? There are three ways that paraphrasing can help eliminate plagiarism, and only the first two are ethical. We’ll go over each in detail. 1. Properly paraphrasing and citing material from a third party 2. Paraphrasing to synthesize information, remove redundancy, and gain clarity 3. Paraphrasing to seem like you are the content’s originator I. Properly Citing Paraphrased Content • a. How to cite a paraphrase in MLA? • In MLA, you need to create in-text citations, using the last name of the author and the page number where you found the paraphrase or quote. For example, if the text uses page numbers, you could cite a paraphrase with (Guggenheim 29); otherwise, you should leave out the number, as in (Guggenheim). • b. How do you cite a paraphrase in APA? • In APA, you need to include both the author and the date in your in-text citation, but where in the sentence the paraphrase citation occurs will affect what form it takes. For example, if you are citing at the beginning of a sentence, the citation could look like this: • Williams (2020) has said the most important way to cite a paraphrase is with a guide such as this one. • If the citation will be in the middle of the sentence, you can structure it as follows: • Rewriter tools, according to D’angelo (D’angelo 2014), are great for giving you new ways to phrase your own thoughts. • And finally, if the citation comes at the end of the sentence, you can structure the sentence as follows: • There are few good books such as that of Martina (Martina, 2003) that really articulate what is paraphrase or how to paraphrase effectively; even fewer provide abundant examples of paraphrasing. II. Paraphrasing to Synthesize Information, Remove Redundancy, and Gain Clarity • Although a tool paraphrasing your text may not clearly identify synthesis, conciseness, or clarity as some of its operations, it will often improve texts in exactly these ways. Below are some example paraphrases: • Original: As part of his paper on Climate Change, Abortion, and Gun Laws, he was in a search for synonyms for important, an experiences synonym, and synonyms for show, as using a thesaurus is a common way to achieve diversity in vocabulary words. • Reworded Sentence: As he was writing a paper on climate change, abortion, and gun laws, he wanted to vary his vocabulary, so he looked for synonyms for the following words: important, show, and experience. III. Rephrasing to Avoid Plagiarism, seem like the original author • Often students and others struggling to write a paper at the last minute will turn to using someone else’s work without properly citing it. One thing they will do is try to change, rearrange, or rephrase the words so that it may sound original. This is obviously not an acceptable practice, and the writer gains little from it. The reality is that nothing reliably good comes without a proper investment of time and intellectual energy. A better way to incorporate the thinking of others into your own is to summarize what they are saying, making it no simpler than can remain true to the meaning, and assess how it fits in with your own thinking on the subject, assessing what is true, what is consistent, what resonates with you. Only by thoughtfully ingesting the writing in this way can you rephrase it with true originality. To learn more, check out this paraphrase how to guide; it's always good to see examples of paraphrase, so you know what to expect. About Paraphrase Tool Paraphrase Tool helps many people rephrase and enrich any sentence, passage, article or essay using state-of-the-art AI in 100+ Languages. Your words and thoughts matter, and we’ve designed our paraphrasing tool to ensure find the best words to match your expression. With 15 FREE modes to choose from, Paraphrase Tool can change any text in many different ways, ensuring that you find the perfect words, tone, style, and expression for all your writing needs. Just paste or start writing your text in our input box above, and our best in class AI will help you to generate the best paraphrases from your original writing. Our Composer can help you write 10x faster by enabling you to create paragraphs from keywords instantly for articles, cover letters, essays, and so much more in 100+ Languages. Plagiarism Checker Be sure that your text is unique and 100% FREE of plagiarism by using our plagiarism checker for 50+ Languages.
Burundi + 5 more USCR Country Report Rwanda: Statistics on refugees and other uprooted people, Jun 2001 Originally published Approximately 55,000 Rwandans were refugees and asylum seekers at the end of 2000: nearly 30,000 in Tanzania, some 15,000 in Uganda, about 5,000 in Congo-Brazzaville, up to 3,000 in Kenya, about 1,000 each in Burundi and Congo-Kinshasa, and 2,000 new Rwandan asylum seekers in Europe. An estimated 30,000 Rwandans in Congo-Kinshasa were living in refugee-like circumstances, their entitlement to full refugee status uncertain pending full screening. Approximately 150,000 Rwandans were internally displaced at the end of 2000, although estimates varied widely because of different definitions about which populations qualified as displaced. Rwanda hosted nearly 30,000 refugees at year's end, including about 28,000 from Congo-Kinshasa, and some 1,000 from Burundi. Some 25,000 Rwandan refugees repatriated during the year, while nearly 10,000 new refugees fled the country. Pre-2000 Events Rwanda has been a source of refugees for decades. Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsi Rwandans fled the country during the 1950s and 1960s and remained refugees for more than 30 years. A largely Tutsi rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), invaded the country in 1990 to pressure Rwanda's ethnic Hutu-dominated government to allow the repatriation of Tutsi refugees. A peace accord in 1993 stated that Rwanda's many refugees had a right to return to their homeland and called for government power-sharing. Before large-scale repatriation of the Tutsi refugee population occurred, however, extremists in the government launched a genocide against the resident Tutsi population and politically moderate Hutu leaders in 1994. A half-million to a million persons, overwhelmingly Tutsi, were massacred. The scale and intensity of the three-month genocide were "unprecedented in the history of the...entire African continent," a UN report stated. The RPA halted the genocide by defeating the extremist-led government. Some 1.7 million Rwandan Hutu responded to the RPA victory by fleeing the country, many of them forced to leave by their own Hutu hardline political leaders. The change in government persuaded some 800,000 long-time Tutsi refugees to repatriate during 1994-96. Hundreds of thousands of Hutu refugees suddenly returned in late 1996 under controversial circumstances precipitated by civil war in Congo-Kinshasa (also known as the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire) and expulsion by Tanzania. Another 200,000 Hutu refugees returned to Rwanda during 1997. More than 30,000 additional Hutu refugees gradually repatriated during 1998-99. Reintegration of 2.5 million Hutu and Tutsi former refugees "nearly one-third of Rwanda's 8 million popula tion" was complicated by an insurgency in northwest Rwanda that left thousands more people dead. Although the insurgency weakened in 1999, up to 600,000 persons remained internally displaced because of government land-use policies that sought to move part of the rural population into poorly planned villages in order to improve security and facilitate economic development and social services. "Rarely in human history has a society...insisted that all its people live together again, side by side, in the aftermath of genocide," stated Life After Death, a 1998 report by the U.S. Committee for Refugees. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) warned in late 1999 that "although the security situation in Rwanda has improved, continued peace and stability will depend on the successful reintegration of present and future returnees." Political and Security Situation in 2000 Rwanda continued to emerge gradually from the shadow of the 1994 genocide. Insurgent raids occurred infrequently during 2000, and UN humanitarian officials reported that "the security situation in Rwanda remains calm." The Rwandan military's involvement in neighboring Congo-Kinshasa had pushed Hutu extremist insurgents out of Rwanda and away from the country's border. The government convened a Summit on Reconciliation and Unity in October, attended by a cross-section of civil society. At least 110,000 persons remained imprisoned awaiting trial for their alleged role in the genocide. Some 1,100 prisoners died during the year because of disease and mistreatment in the overcrowded jails. Rwandan lawmakers continued to consider a change in the country's legal code that would bring genocide suspects to justice more rapidly using a traditional Rwandan legal system known as gacaca law, in which local communities determine individuals' guilt and punishment. An investigation by the Organization of African Unity into the 1994 genocide concluded in mid-2000 that the United States and other major nations "knew exactly what was happening" during the genocide and chose not to stop it. The report added that "innocent Hutu are killed and abuses of human rights" continued to occur in Rwanda during 1999-2000. Uprooted Rwandans More than 200,000 Rwandans were uprooted at the end of 2000, including some 150,000 who were internally displaced, and more than 55,000 refugees and asylum seekers who lived in a number of countries. Nearly 10,000 Rwandans fled to Tanzania during 2000, joining 20,000 Rwandan refugees already living there. Most of the new refugees fled from southeast Rwanda's Kibungo Province. Sources reported different reasons why the new asylum seekers fled the country. Many who fled said they feared arbitrary arrests and disappearances inside Rwanda. Some international observers, however, reported that Rwandans were fleeing drought, land disputes, or because they feared implementation of local gacaca judicial proceedings against genocide suspects. Rwandan government officials charged that leaders of Rwandan refugee camps in Tanzania enticed people to flee Rwanda in exchange for money. Widely divergent estimates of the number of internally displaced Rwandans existed because various humanitarian and human rights agencies used differing definitions of "displacement." Estimates ranged from as few as 3,000 displaced persons, to as many as 300,000. The root of the wide discrepancy was the Rwandan government's controversial policy of villagization, which has required up to 600,000 rural Rwandans "Hutu and Tutsi" to relocate into 180 or more newly established village sites since 1997. Government officials argued that villagization would ease land pressures in Africa's most densely populated country and enable residents to benefit from schools, health centers, and other economic opportunities while maintaining access to nearby farm land. Critics charged that the relocation policy was a coercive security measure by the government. Although villagization was officially voluntary, tens of thousands of persons reportedly moved into the designated villages involuntarily. Services at many sites were poor. A Rwandan government survey in 1999 found that 40 percent of people living at villagization sites in the northwest wanted to return to their original homes. A 1999 UN human rights report countered that "if proper services were provided in advance, settlers would be clamoring for admission" to the new villages. According to various UN humanitarian reports during 2000, some 130,000 to 170,000 residents at villagization sites lacked adequate housing, including thousands who lived under plastic sheeting; about 23,000 relocated families lacked adequate land; and approximately 150,000 recently settled persons required special humanitarian assistance. "A fair number of the grouped village settlements still lack the necessary social and economic infrastructures to enable the population to undertake activities leading to sustainable...development," a UN report stated in November. UN officials and diplomats continued to press Rwandan authorities during the year for assurances that the villagization process was truly voluntary. The UN Human Rights Commission's special representative to Rwanda expressed concerns about villagization but concluded that "it is both understandable and prudent for the government to be framing a national policy" on land use. After years of debate among international aid organizations about whether they should assist Rwanda's villagization process, humanitarian agencies issued a "framework" in 2000 outlining their cautious involvement. The document stated that "not all sites are sustainable in the long-term, and questions of land tenure, availability of services and utilities, and opportunities for sustainable livelihoods need to be addressed." At year's end, the U.S. Committee for Refugees counted about 150,000 Rwandans as internally displaced. This total primarily included people who lived at villagization sites without proper shelter or land allocations. Repatriation to Rwanda Approximately 25,000 Rwandan refugees repatriated during 2000, including about 22,000 from neighboring Congo-Kinshasa, and some 2,000 from Tanzania. Approximately 60,000 refugees have repatriated to Rwanda since 1999, virtually all of them Hutu. Rwandan refugees returned home from Congo-Kinshasa because continued warfare there made asylum unsafe. Some international aid workers expressed skepticism that all the repatriations were entirely voluntary and encouraged UNHCR to strengthen its monitoring of the repatriation program. Many returnees in 2000 "were vulnerable and in poorer physical and health conditions than those who returned in 1999," UNHCR reported. Returnees usually stayed one or two days in Rwandan transit centers before riding to their home regions in UNHCR-chartered buses or traveling home on their own using a transportation allowance supplied by UNHCR. The repatriation program offered 30 days of food rations, plastic sheeting for shelter, water cans, soap, and other non-food items. Returnees from Congo-Kinshasa "are viewed with suspicion in Rwanda" because of their possible role in the 1994 genocide, UNHCR reported. However, government authorities gave most returnees new identity cards and detained relatively few new arrivals during the year, according to UNHCR. Most returning families regained use of their homes, but illegal squatters continued to occupy some houses and were "the dominant cause of problems" for some returnees, UNHCR stated. UNHCR acknowledged that budget constraints limited its ability to monitor and protect returnees. Returnees from Tanzania were predominantly refugees who had fled from southeast Rwanda during 1999-2000. Repatriations increased late in the year after the government installed new officials in the southeast Rwanda border area and the new officials visited refugee camps in Tanzania to assure refugees that they would be safe at home. Tanzanian authorities forcibly repatriated up to 80 Rwandan refugees and asylum seekers during 2000, including several former soldiers who were detained upon their return to Rwanda. Reintegration Conditions Conditions for reintegration and reconstruction in Rwanda continued to be mixed. Although peace prevailed throughout most of the country, ethnic and political tensions lingered. "In many ways, the progress the country has made since the 1994 genocide is remarkable," an OAU report stated in mid-year. "To the superficial observer, Rwanda has returned to normality.... But in reality, the legacy of the genocide can be found in every aspect of society and governance.... It must never be forgotten that we are dealing here with the extraordinary circumstances of a post-genocidal society." Rwanda remained one of the 12 poorest countries on earth, according to UN statistics. Two-thirds of the population lived below the poverty line. In the aftermath of civil war and genocide, at least 60,000 households were headed by single females or by children, UNICEF reported. Some 400,000 school-age children did not attend school. A housing survey in late 1999 found that more than a quarter-million persons were living under plastic sheeting instead of in houses, primarily in the key returnee provinces of Kibungo in the southeast, and Ruhengeri and Gisenyi in the northwest. An additional 65,000 persons lived in damaged houses, while some 60,000 more squatted illegally in houses owned by others. Government efforts to evict thousands of illegal squatters from houses in the northwest triggered a protest in September. Drought affected at least 270,000 Rwandans, according to the World Food Program. One-fifth of the residents in some drought-stricken areas temporarily migrated from their land. Despite the drought, the massive return of refugees in recent years enabled Rwanda to increase agricultural yields by nearly one-fourth and to cultivate 10 percent more land during 2000. A new Rwandan law granted widows the right to inherit their land for the first time. Aid workers and government officials hailed the new law's reintegration benefits. Refugees from Congo-Kinshasa Nearly 30,000 Congolese refugees lived in Rwanda at the end of 2000. Most were ethnic Tutsi Congolese who arrived in Rwanda in the mid-1990s because of war and ethnic violence in their own country. About 700 new refugees arrived during the year. The vast majority lived at two camps. The largest, Gihembe camp in north central Rwanda's Byumba Province, housed some 15,000 refugees. Kiziba camp in western Rwanda's Kibuye Province contained about 12,000 residents. A recount of the refugee population by aid workers during 2000 revealed that the actual number of refugees was about 13 percent less than previously believed. Congolese received regular food aid, blankets, plastic sheeting, water cans, and soap. UNHCR piped drinking water to the two camps and delivered additional water by tanker truck to the Gihembe site. Refugees and humanitarian workers constructed 600 new shelters at Gihembe during the year. A shortage of latrines forced health workers to begin digging nearly 450 additional latrines and 80 new garbage pits, but funding constraints prevented their completion. Refugees complained that distributions of food and soap were inadequate. Refugee children attended primary school in the camps and secondary schools outside the camps. Refugee adults had access to literacy education. For environmental reasons, each refugee received about 2 pounds (1 kg) of firewood per week for cooking. UNHCR has planted some 300,000 trees near the camps. UNHCR reported that assistance projects benefiting refugee women received priority funding, but gender violence remained a "serious problem" in the camps. Health workers reported 500 cases of sexually transmitted diseases. Refugees formed women's committees to address women's issues; UNHCR reportedly consulted with the committees regularly. Some 5,000 Congolese refugees repatriated from Rwanda to Congo-Kinshasa during 2000 against the advice of UNHCR and Rwandan authorities. Aid workers reported that the "clandestine returns" occurred at night after leaders from the refugees' home region of eastern Congo visited the refugee camps and enticed refugees to return home with dubious promises that assistance and security awaited them. Some refugees who chose to repatriate subsequently returned to Rwanda. Refugees from Burundi Approximately 1,000 Burundian refugees lived in Rwanda. About 500 resided at Kigeme camp in Gikongoro Province; the remaining refugees lived on their own. Because virtually all the refugees were ethnic Hutu, Rwandan officials "severely curtailed" the refugees' freedom of movement by subjecting them to arrest if they left their camp without authorization, UNHCR reported. UNHCR stated in 1999 that conditions in the camp were "not up to the desired standards." Copyright 2001, USCR
Chevron Left Вернуться к Create Your First Game with Python Отзывы учащихся о курсе Create Your First Game with Python от партнера Coursera Project Network Оценки: 543 Рецензии: 101 О курсе In this 2-hour long project-based course, you will learn the basics of game development with Python using the PyGame modules. Through hands on, practical experience, you will go through concepts like creating a game loop, image display and transformation, event handling, and writing game logic. You will then apply the concepts to create your first game with Python and PyGame. This course is aimed at learners who are looking to get started with game development using Python, and have some prior programming experience in the Python programming language. The ideal learner has understanding of Python syntax, and computer programming concepts. Note: This course works best for learners who are based in the North America region. We’re currently working on providing the same experience in other regions.... Лучшие рецензии 23 сент. 2020 г. It would be best if the instructor explain some concepts and function of the pygame library before the project but overall the course and instructor both are great. 25 июня 2020 г. Just what it says on the can. Short and sweet, but requires a bit of understanding of Python syntax so as to not struggle with some bits of tricky syntax. Фильтр по: 101–101 из 101 отзывов о курсе Create Your First Game with Python автор: JONATHAN B J 1 3 авг. 2020 г. not good bro sucks
Security Holes What are they? + Protection ▷ 2020 Have a security hole in an OS represents a major risk what should you correct for keep your privacy protected at all times. For this it is necessary that you know What is a security hole. This information can be found in the following paragraphs, where We will help you to detect which are the most important and what is the reason why these vulnerabilities are created. But that’s not all you’ll find in this post, We will also explain the vulnerabilities that modern operating systems have and we will show you the step by step so that you can detect and correct them. What are security holes and what risk do they pose to my security? A security hole is a flaw or vulnerability that occurs in a computer program and It is used to obtain personal data and important information that users who use that software. As usual, Whenever private information is stolen from one or more people, the first thing intruders do is investigate whether there are security holes in the programs that victims use to take advantage of these flaws and enter the device. But security holes are not only related to software, but also to physical security flaws. This means that a person can enter workstations without authorization and steal private information. From all this it follows that security holes is a factor to consider to protect the privacy of the data, since using these flaws any intruder can access them and cause serious inconveniences. How and why are security holes created? More serious vulnerabilities How and why are security holes created? More serious vulnerabilities When software is developed by a certain vendor or by a set of programmers defects are introduced to the general code. These can impact the management of the program or the implementation of certain parameters. If these defects manage to affect the balance of the software, there is talk of a security hole, so the privacy and trust of the user of the product are at risk. Keep in mind that if these vulnerabilities are detected in time and they are not released to the market is not considered a security hole. This also happens in the software update stage. When a new version or security patch is released to cover a hole, it does not imply that this patch does not necessarily contain bugs that could cause other security holes. So the product tends to remain vulnerable to third-party attacks. What are the main vulnerabilities that modern operating systems face? The major operating systems have vulnerabilities, which we present below so that you take into account what you may be exposed to. Let’s get started: In the operating system Windows, the voice assistant Cortana is one of the main points that must be taken into account when protect safety. This happens because the wizard can be used even when the computer is locked, so that anyone can access important functions that the equipment has. Script crosses, also known as Cross Site Scripting, is another issue that you should consider when maintaining security on your computer Windows. These programs that copy information are installed through the browser and are generally not detected by the operating system. The same goes for cookies and browsing history. These items are not automatically identified by Windows and therefore represent a real threat to user privacy. Finally, security patches are points to take into account in this operating system, since generally Microsoft launches to the market Hotfixs that represent security vulnerabilities to software. Within MacOS browsing history, cookies and ad blocking are the weakest points that this safe operating system has. To this must be added the cloud storage of iCloud, which can represent a security hole if it is not configured correctly. The same happens with iTunesIf the user does not customize the options provided by the operating system in a secure way, an OS vulnerability is created that must be taken into account. Within Linux you can find vulnerabilities related to bugs that are concentrate on speculative execution of instructions. That is, a condition is taken as true and any other situation that seems false is discarded. These security holes, which are called Meltdown and Specter, are within the Linux kernel and affect the table found in the jump predictor by altering locations and locations that are hosted in the cache. The security holes presented by this operating system of Google are directly related to the Internet, because Android does not notify the user of the installation of cookies that could affect privacy. Further, inside the official Google Play store, there are applications that are not tested in their operation. So any developer could implement a program, with a secure function, that violates the operating system. This misrepresented app can be installed without problems within the mobile making it Android do not detect the threatas it was installed from the official store. As in MacOS, iTunes and iCloud These are two points that must be taken into account so as not to create a security hole in this operating system. Further, Safari allows the storage of cookies that are not correctly informed by the OS. Although it is true that any browser does not report on the installation of spyware, it would be convenient for iOS to detect this type of software. This would make it without a doubt one of the most secure operating systems available for mobile devices. Among the apps that are pre-installed at the factory is the find the iPhone and know the user’s real location. These two functions, as with macOS, could also be considered as security holes if it is not configured correctly. Learn step by step how to detect vulnerabilities that can lead to attacks against you To detect vulnerabilities within any operating system you must do this step by step: Analyze your WiFi networks The first thing you should do is detect if the internet connection is secure so that the possible vulnerabilities that you have in the installed programs and in the operating system that you use do not impact too much on your security. For this you will have to use a third-party tool which will help you assess the security of your wireless network. Inspect installed apps In this step you will have to check the installed programs one by one on your computer to know if there is an update that you have not yet downloaded. In the case of mobile devices, and especially in Android, This task is carried out automatically from official stores, so you should not worry too much about these devices. You also have to consider operating system update, so you should permanently review Windows update and the store Manzana to download security patches. Control password encryption If you are one of the people who encode their messages and files, through GPG, OpenPGP or any other encryption protocol, it is necessary that you verify that they are complied with safely and that the decryption mechanism is secure. If you use an application for password management, you should check that it works as you need it. Classify the risks What you are going to have to do now is collect all the information and classify it to prioritize the risks of the existence of security holes that you may have on your computer. Once you determine what kind of vulnerability do you have It will be necessary to solve the problems starting with the largest. Perform a new test When you have finished the previous step you will have to retest installed applications, internet connection through Wifi and any other contingency measures that may pose a risk to your privacy. If you continue to see a security hole, you must repeat the process until they are corrected. The best tips to protect your online security and solve system vulnerabilities The best tips to protect your online security and solve system vulnerabilities If what you are looking for is to protect your online security as much as possible and solve system vulnerabilities, you will have to keep these tips in mind: Configure the browser The first thing you should do is customize the tools that the browser offers you so that cookies are not stored on your computer. This can be done from the configuration menu and then select option so that third-party programs are not installed. Another issue you should consider is clear browsing history automatically. This will allow you to stay safe, since if for some reason a spyware is installed, it will not be able to know which sites you visit. Finally, you must configure the ad blocking when you surf the internet. In this way you will avoid being scammed through phishing or similar techniques. Update all programs Regular updating of the software installed on your device is a key success factor that you must carry out if you want to reduce the vulnerability of the computer. You should also do this with the operating system, since security patches are included in each update. Install a trusted antivirus The best thing you can do to protect your safety is install a known antivirus and make it run in real time. This will allow you to detect threats when you want to perform any type of action, thus reducing the security holes that OS have. Do not answer questionable emails While this is not directly related to a security hole, will help you protect your privacy online in a considerable way. This is because intruders can send you links through emails so that you can click on them and install, without your consent, spyware that are run due to vulnerabilities in the system. Always download original programs One of the biggest risks of installing a original unlicensed software is the possibility of security holes in it. This is generally due to the fact that they don’t get updates constantly and patches are not available from non-original vendor download stores. If you have any questions, leave them in the comments, we will answer you as soon as possible, and it will also be of great help to more members of the community. Thank you! 😉 You may be interested: Rate this post Leave a Comment
While analyzing the themes of Charles Dickens’s 1859 historical fiction, A Tale of Two Cities it is apparent that the author has incorporated variety of themes in the novel. Through the beginning lines “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. . .” the chaotic society of eighteenth society is well depicted by Dickens. Even though the characters in the novel do not engage in many conversations, their actions strengthens the themes of this work. Resurrection or rebirth is the major theme of the novel, which is presented from the beginning to the end of the novel. The first important resurrection is that of Sydney Carton’s. Sydney Carton’s resurrection and sacrifice gives new life to Lucie and her family. Carton is portrayed as a Christ like figure who dies to save the lives of the people he loves and reborn in their minds. The theme of resurrection comes again with respect to Dr Alexandre Manette, who is reborn into his previous life, from imprisonment and mental illness, with the love of his daughter Lucie. In Jerry Cruncher’s life also we can see the resurrection, who leaves the job of grave digging for his loved ones. These are the resurrection in personal level. In the societal level, we can see the old status of France appears to give way to New France with the sacrifice of many revolutionaries. The revival of peace and a better society echoes throughout the novel. Sacrifice is the next dominant theme in A Tale of Two Cities . On a personal level sacrifice of Sydney Carton is most strongly visible. He gives importance to the happiness of Lucie and family and this encourages him to sacrifice his life. Carton does not have a family of his own and he lead an unproductive life throughout, so he haven’t offered much to the world. So he believes this act of sacrifice will redeem everything and make his life meaningful. Next factor which strengthens the theme of sacrifice is the revolution. Revolutionaries sacrifice their life to give a new society. Violence and oppression is the next major theme. Even though Dickens’s seems to support the revolution, he emphasizes the sufferings caused by violence. Dickens sympathizes with the peasantry and emphasizes the need for liberation. But the strategy of peasants for overcoming this situation causes more violence and death of many innocent humans. The scenes of people sharpening their weapons in the grindstone, senseless killings of people and dance with weapons emphasizes the theme of violence and oppression. Since the background of the novel is eighteenth century society Social Inequality and Class conflict are the next important theme. There are two classes in France, the peasants and the aristocrats. The aristocrats are portrayed as lazy, irresponsible, spoiled and heartless who does not have any regard for the peasants or lower section of the society. The social inequality is evident in the incident of the rape of the peasant woman by Marquis. And when the Marquis killed the son of Gaspard he is not subjected to any legal proceedings because he is from the aristocracy. The storming of Marquis’s castle is the symbol of the fall of aristocracy. Towards the end the situation reverse. The violent measures by the peasants arises as a result of long suffering. Even though Dickens supported revolution he portrayed both social class as equally violent and oppressive. The theme of justice is intertwined with discrimination and injustice. Justice is presented literally by trails and imprisonments in the plot. The imprisonments of Darnay and Dr Manette are example of innocent people being subjected. As said earlier after the death of the son of Gaspard Marquis is not subjected to any legal proceedings. At this occasion justice is taken by individuals, like murder of Marquis by Madame Defarge as a revenge against Everemonde family. Apart from these major themes Dickens focuses on themes of duality like light v/s darkness love v/s hatred with the comparison of two countries and the actions of the people there. While England remained as peaceful country, France goes through intense revolution. The contrast between these countries is progressed through the novel which intensifies the theme of light v/s darkness. Dr. Manette has been locked away in a dark prison for many years and lost his mind. Charles Darnay is struggling to right the wrongs done by Evremonde family. Sydney Carton is living his life unproductive and feels he has no purpose. So Lucie is the person who is considered as the light in their lives, who lead them to recovery and bring them out of darkness. Revolution is the next major theme which is clearly apparent throughout the novel. The revolution and it’s impact on lives of many people is clearly portrayed. The sinners and innocent people, both are equally affected by revolution. The reversal of roles are the next theme. Towards the end of the novel the peasants who were poor in the beginning become more barbaric and cruel. And as a result of this the aristocrats suffer at the end. So this is an example of reversal of roles among peasants and aristocrats. On another level the replacement of Darnay by Carton in the prison is also an example for the reversal of roles. Apart from these, themes like family preservation, fate, love and hate are also included by Dickens. Through these themes author clearly reflects the society of eighteenth century. Categories: News Tagged as:
Skip to main content Original Issue On Sept. 15, 1896, on a stretch of prairie a few miles north of Waco, Texas, two steam locomotives, each going 60 mph and each pulling six boxcars, crashed head on. At least forty thousand spectators watched it happen. Dozens were injured. Two were killed. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad staged the collision as a publicity stunt to, in effect, put central Texas and the rail line on the map, and it worked. Nearly every newspaper in the country wrote of the event in advance and then carried coverage of it, and stories of the great crash appeared in papers around the world. Thirty-three special excursion trains brought people to the scene, some from such distant points as Kansas City and Chicago. The M.K&T Railroad, commonly known as the Katy and still in operation, linked St. Louis, Kansas City and the port of Galveston. Along its 2,800 miles of track lay a stretch perfectly suited for the spectacle of wrecking trains. It was straight. It dipped into a long, shallow valley and then climbed out, so that both trains could make a downhill run, gain speed and collide at the valley's lowest point. And on both sides of the track, at a proper distance, were gentle slopes from which thousands of people would have a fine view. The decision to wreck the trains was made first and then the search began to find a site. The man ordered to find it was the aptly named William George Crush, general passenger agent for the Katy. Crush was, in fact, in charge of every aspect of the crash; it was his show. He seems to have been energetic, imaginative, well-connected and thorough, for he did a splendid job. He handled the publicity. He laid out the difficult logistics of maneuvering 33 excursion trains over a single railroad track to the same point within a few hours and caring for their passengers. And he dealt with the technical problems of making two decrepit and temperamental steam locomotives run as if they were young again for a few glorious moments, and then destroy each other precisely in front of a grandstand filled with VIPs. The population of central Texas in 1896 was thin. Waco had about 12,000 citizens; Dallas just slightly more than 40,000. Between the two cities dirt roads connected little towns where cotton farmers traded. There were no cars and no highways. The Katy was the great artery of travel north and south. The site selected for the crash had no facilities for visitors, just grass, grasshoppers, a few trees and a hard, hot sky. So for the purpose of staging his train wreck in style—and gathering in a bit of the excursionists' money—William Crush founded Crush, Texas, a town-for-a-day that sprang up on the open prairie and, for a few hours, challenged Dallas as Texas' largest city. Quite a bit of extra track had to be laid at Crush, for it was obvious that after the wreck the main line wouldn't be usable for days. Katy workmen built a platform nearly half a mile long where several trains at once could disembark passengers. Crush arranged to have the trains, once emptied, wait on sidings at Waco (16 miles to the south) and Hillsboro (20 miles north). He filled eight railway tank cars with pure artesian drinking water, equipped them with multiple faucets and drinking cups on chains and strung them out along a track of their own. Mid-September is hot in Texas. There was to be no charge for a drink'of water. A circus tent, borrowed from The Ringling Brothers, became a restaurant: two dozen waiters served sandwiches, light lunches and iced tea. But no alcoholic beverages were sold, because Crush figured that the liquor brought in by the spectators would cause confusion enough. He built a wooden jail and recruited 200 special constables to fill it with drunks and pickpockets. Though Crush was a friend of P.T. Barnum's and had access to his skill with publicity, he didn't need it. The mere announcement that the great train wreck was to occur started people all over the country to speculating about just how awful it would be. Still, Crush distributed throughout Katy's territory circus-style posters, showing in bright colors an artist's conception of the crash. Excursion tickets cost $2. The locomotives selected for immolation weighed 35 tons each. They had been around since about 1870, and they looked it. Their cowcatchers had probably nosed through herds of buffalo on the Kansas plains. But the roundhouse crew at Denison, Texas was confident that it could raise enough steam in the engines' old boilers to generate the necessary speed. The key question was, would the boilers burst in the crash? If they did, hundreds of locomotive parts would become projectiles traveling as much as half a mile, and the number of injured spectators—not to mention lawsuits against the Katy—might be unacceptable. An old roundhouse foreman named Hanrahan, who had railroaded in Ireland before coming to America, assured Crush that the boilers certainly would burst. But everybody else, engineers, shop bosses and steam fitters, said they wouldn't. Hanrahan was so heavily outvoted in this opinion poll that Crush turned his attention to other matters. A tent city appeared at Crush. Its residents were railroad people working on the project and folks from nearby towns who had come to watch them work. Even the preparations for a train wreck were better entertainment than most central Texans were used to. Jervis Deane of Waco was the official photographer. Crush built a stand for him, a little nearer the planned collision point—which was marked by a post beside the track—than anyone else's vantage point. Deane was willing to take the risk partly because he was an adventurous sort and partly because good pictures would be worth good money. With two assistants and three cameras on the platform, he planned to photograph the rushing trains a few feet away from each other, the collision itself, and the wreckage as soon as the smoke had cleared. The trains were brought to the site three days early for trial runs and timing. No. 1001 had been painted bright red, No. 999 bright green. The boxcars carried huge ads for The Ringling Brothers' circus and a Dallas hotel, the Oriental. The trains made stops en route for public inspection and to stir up interest in the big event. Things went well. The weather stayed hot and bright. Concessionaires set up lemonade stands and carnival booths, and people from all over Texas arrived a day or more early, in buggies and wagons and on horseback. Whole towns and hundreds of farmhouses were vacated on Sept. 14 and 15. By 10 a.m. on the 15th, the population of Crush had grown to 10,000. The excursion trains steamed in at the rate of one every 12 minutes, a batch from the north and then a batch from the south. Some estimated the crowd by midafternoon to be 50,000. But the traditional figure, arrived at who knows how and used through the years, is 40,000. Old photographs show women in full-length dresses carrying palmetto fans, and many men in shirt sleeves, though modestly rolled down and buttoned. Scott Joplin, the ragtime composer, was probably there. Historical evidence puts him in Temple, 50 miles away, the next day. And a piece of his called the Great Crush Collision march is a pretty good musical transcription of the event. A danger area was roped off. But so many people wanted to watch from what, in another context, would have been the 50-yard line that the crowd kept surging and spilling through the ropes. Many onlookers seemed skeptical that there was any risk, and the constables had a hard time forcing them back. A couple of hours were wasted in this way, and the show dropped behind schedule. Mechanical failures, especially of the brakes, made runaway trains common in the early days of railroading—mindless monsters rolling out of control for many miles up and down grades until they crashed into another train or derailed at high speed on a curve. The engineers and firemen of No. 999 and No. 1001 were to set the controls and jump before the trains picked up too much speed. If one of the unmanned trains should jump the track, the other would charge right past it and go racing down the Katy main line at full throttle, so the tracks behind each train were cut to stop a runaway. The trains were brought forward to salute each other, like boxers shaking hands. Pilot to pilot, they met at the post which marked the expected crash point and were photographed. Then each train was backed away exactly one mile. The distinguished guests sat with dignity on the grandstand. William Crush rode up and down on a horse, running the show. A man got down from a tree, thinking the limb might break. A boy eagerly climbed up and, sitting where the man had sat, was killed a few minutes later by a piece of flying metal. On the final test run one train had covered its mile from a standing start in 120 seconds, the other in 119. It was important to get them off together, if they were to meet anywhere near the chosen point. Crush was in touch with the engineers through telegraphers, one on the ground beside each engine. There was some technical chatter over the telegraph keys. Then Crush gave the order to go, at the same time signaling with his hat to let the crowd know he had done so. With a steam locomotive, you don't just press a start button and climb down. Certain things have to be done as the train gains speed—things roughly comparable to shifting gears in a car. The engineers and firemen did them and jumped—C.E. Stanton and Frank Barnes from No. 999, Charles Cain and S.M. Dickerson from No. 1001. Cherry bombs had been fastened to the tracks so that the engines set off exciting bangs as they raced along. The first of Deane's three photographs, taken about a tenth of a second before the crash, shows black plumes of smoke flowing back over each engine. The plumes are long enough and straight enough to indicate exhilarating speed, and the trains themselves are slightly blurred. They met ten feet north of the chosen point, which was good enough. The VIPs on the 50-yard line had a perfect view until it all disappeared in fire, smoke, dust and steam. Three big bangs came close together. The first was the collision of the engines; the other two were the bursting of one boiler and then the other. Crush raised his eyes to a sky filled with pieces of steel going up, which in a moment would be coming down, and realized that old Hanrahan had been right. The crowd, too, looked at the sky. But people were so closely packed on the hillsides that no one could dodge the descending chunks of metal and wood. No one could move at all. Some shrieked, some were silent as they waited to be hit or missed. That moment of anticipation seems to have been the most memorable of all for the witnesses, more impressive even than the crash. Many of them said so then, and Mrs. Millie Nemecek said so to a reporter in 1979. "I've never forgotten what all that stuff up in the air looked like," recalled the West, Texas woman, who, until her death two months ago, was believed to be the last witness to the spectacle. She was 11 when she saw the wreck; 97 when she died. Most of the heavy stuff fell in the cleared zone. A piece of wood, on the other hand, sailed half a mile and struck a woman senseless. Deane had his right eye put out by a two-inch bolt, and other pieces of metal embedded themselves in his head. Most of the doctors in the area were there, and they went to work. The number of injured and dead was comparatively small, and the spirits of the crowd were only briefly depressed. Men ran to the wreckage to get the choicest souvenirs, but at first the pieces of sheared and twisted metal burned their hands. Deane's uninjured assistant went on taking rather smeary pictures with what must have been a ponderous view camera and slow, almost sluggish film. One photograph shows hundreds of men standing on the cooling pile of scrap metal, a zigzag of splintered boxcars and thousands milling around in what had been the danger area. Every piece of the wreck that could be taken away was removed, even rather large chunks that had to be heaved into buggies and wagons. Crush was ritually fired, with fanfare, soon after the crash and then rehired with none a few days later. He had, after all, made the Katy famous. That, it was hoped, would bring not just passengers to its trains but settlers to its sparsely inhabited territory—settlers who would be Katy customers all their lives. The bereaved and injured were paid off. Deane, for example, had a surgeon remove the metal fragments from his head and accepted $10,000 and a lifetime pass from the M.K&T Railroad in exchange for his right eye. Several weeks after the crash he put a notice in a Waco paper: Having gotten all the loose screws and other hardware out of my head, am now ready for all photographic business. Deane, Waco's high-priced photographer I visited the site of the wreck 84 years, nine months and three days after it occurred. The tracks follow exactly the route they did in 1896. It's still prairie country: Johnson grass, careless weeds, sunflowers, a few scrubby trees. Half a mile to the west the new great artery of travel, Interstate 35, parallels the railway. I had hoped for a pointing hand or an arrow nailed to a signpost, and the legend THIS IS THE SPOT. But you have to estimate where it was for yourself—probably just at the place where the slight downhill grade becomes null for a few feet before becoming a slight uphill grade. You surely can't miss it by much. What is striking is the absolutely perfect symmetry of the views in both directions. North and south, the rails climb gently and identically for a little more than a mile and then drop over the horizons. It's still a perfect site for a train wreck. One old railroader has said that had it not been for the burst boilers and subsequent damage payments, railway companies all over the country would have staged train wrecks. None ever did; the one on the Katy was unique. Until recently there were a few old men in central Texas who had felt mildly deprived and resentful for 70-odd years. When they were boys their fathers, through prudence, or stinginess, or a sour disapproval of fun, had refused to let them see the great crash. They never got another chance to see one.
Members mark Greek Bicentennial in their own special ways This year, Greek communities around the world united to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Greek independence, and as expected, the Cretan Brotherhood joined in the festivities! The significant milestone was marked with countless events and activities, including government functions, and even lighting shows that saw Melbourne landmarks don the famous blue and white! However, culture lives not in occasional formalities, but in the everyday lives of the community, so we asked our members about their perspectives on the Greek Bicentennial! What does the Bicentennial mean? For youth committee member Taksia Tsaganas, the event was important for Greek identity. “200 years of independence to me means freedom against oppression from the Ottoman empire. It means the wider Greek community in Greece and around the world are free to be Greek!” said Taksia. Long standing club member Helen Matsamakis also explained how the commemoration has a very personal connection to her. “The 200 years of independence makes me feel very proud to be Greek. Especially the fact that I had great, great, grandparents and granduncles in various generations who fought in the war. In 1997, there was a dedication on our family’s history in a Greek newspaper in Greece. They were from my father’s side of the family. We very proudly have this newspaper hanging on our wall! The one who fought around 1821 was Ιωσηφ Κωνσταντουλακης.” said Helen. How was the Bicentennial Commemorated? As part of her personal commemorations, Helen explains how she explored her family history. “During the 200 years celebrations I got curious with my father’s ancestors and searched up his name, only to stumble across an excellent website called CRETE1821. This website mentions our relative, Σιφη Κωνσταντουλακης or otherwise known as Σηφακα. I also realised that there was a street in Chania named after him, “ΟΔΟΣ ΣΗΦΑΚΑΣ”. said Helen. Members are encouraged to search for their own family history on the crete1821 website: For former youth committee President Vasili Berbatakis, commemorations also featured family. “I went down to the Shrine to attend the memorial service at the Hellenic Memorial. At night, my family drove around Melbourne to see the buildings and fixtures illuminated in blue and white.” Said Vasili. Taksia and her family also attended many events to mark the occasion. “My family participated in events at the Hellenic Museum and the Battle of Crete dinner dance. Personally, I was interviewed by SBS Greece to discuss my connection to the Papaflessas family.” said Taksia. How did the Cretan Brotherhood contribute to commemorations? The Cretan Brotherhood in formal capacities participated in a number of events that celebrated the Bicentenary, including the formal luncheon hosted by the Moreland Council, and the sold out Venizelia and Battle of Crete functions which this year also featured overlapping themes with the Bicentenary. Vasili explained the important roll being a member of the Cretan Brotherhood played in his commemorations. “It’s great to keep into touch with our compatriots, our language and culture. The Cretan Brotherhood provides that, especially with meaningful performances such as that recently danced at the Battle of Crete dinner dance, which commemorated both our 200 Years of Independence and 80 Years since the Battle of Crete.” Said Vasili. Through family, identity or community it’s clear that each of our members has a special connection with the Bicentenary! Ζήτω η Ελλάς! By Emmanuel Heretakis with Helen Matsamakis, Takisa Tsaganas and Vasili Berbatakis.
Chapter 15 Summary and Analysis Download PDF Print Page Citation Share Link Last Updated on July 31, 2020, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 1157 This chapter opens on a dark note, with Heck Tate and several other men showing up outside the Finch house to tell Atticus that there might be trouble when Tom is moved to the town jail. These men don't intend to hurt Tom themselves, but give Atticus an ominous warning... (The entire section contains 1157 words.) Unlock This Study Guide Now Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this To Kill a Mockingbird study guide. You'll get access to all of the To Kill a Mockingbird content, as well as access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. • Summary • Chapter Summaries • Themes • Characters • Analysis • Quotes • Critical Essays • Teaching Guide • Short-Answer Quizzes Start your 48-Hour Free Trial This chapter opens on a dark note, with Heck Tate and several other men showing up outside the Finch house to tell Atticus that there might be trouble when Tom is moved to the town jail. These men don't intend to hurt Tom themselves, but give Atticus an ominous warning that he could lose everything because of this case. Atticus doesn't think so and turns his back on the other men with complete confidence, though Jem and Scout, watching from inside the house, are terrified. Jem's lie about the phone ringing breaks the tension outside and causes the group to scatter. Inside, Jem asks Atticus if those men were part of a gang like the Ku Klux Klan. Atticus explains (somewhat erroneously) that the KKK is gone and is never coming back, then tells the kids not to worry, because those men were still their friends and neighbors. The next day, Sunday, these men approach Atticus again outside church, but Scout and Jem don't hear what they say. After church, the kids bum around, bored out of their minds, and then settle in for a lazy evening when to their surprise Atticus announces that he's going out and takes an extension cord with him. Curious, the Finch children fetch Dill, who's still staying at Miss Rachel's, and follow Atticus into town. They find him sitting outside the jailhouse, reading the newspaper. Soon after the children find Atticus, a mob approaches him, intending no doubt to lynch Tom. To Scout's dismay, these men are strangers hailing from Old Sarum, and though they're related to the Cunninghams, they have no reason to refrain from hurting Atticus. Scout jumping in between the mob and Atticus shames them enough for them to stop, particularly after Scout kicks one of them in the groin and calls out Mr. Cunningham (Walter's father) for having legal troubles; because of this, the men shuffle off, leaving Atticus and the kids alone. Before they go home, Tom calls down to thank Atticus for protecting him. Then Mr. Underwood reveals that he has been watching all along, holding his loaded shotgun at the ready in case there was any real trouble and he needed to defend Atticus. Gothic Architecture. An architectural style popular in the late medieval period and characterized by the use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which were built in a comically small scale inside the jailhouse, which consists of only two cells. The Gothic style is meant to make it seem foreboding and sinister, but its size turns it into a joke. Henry W. Grady (1850 - 1889). A journalist who helped reintegrate the Confederacy into the Union following the Civil War. His stance as a white supremacist complicates Atticus's seeming admiration for him, making the fact that he forces Jem to read Grady's work very questionable. Ku Klux Klan. A hate group often referred to as the KKK or, simply, the Klan. It was first founded in the 1800s, around the time of the Civil War, but didn't gain momentum until the early 1900s, when they first began burning crosses and organizing mass parades to assert their white supremacist beliefs. The traditional image of a Klan member is that of a man draped in a white sheet with a pointed hat on top. Atticus erroneously says that the Klan is dead, but in fact it still exists today, and the kids are right to be afraid that the Klan will intervene in Tom's trial (even though they don't, in the end). Fear. Up until the moment Scout jumps into the circle of men, all the fear in this chapter belongs to the children: fear that Atticus is in trouble, fear that trial the will destroy him, fear that the men won't let him go home. Once Scout shows up, however, the fear shifts to Atticus, who worries that both she and Jem will get hurt if this turns into a fight. In this, we see that Atticus's only vulnerability is his children and that he has been trying to keep them safe by keeping them away from the trial and any discussion of it. Unfortunately, he won't be able to protect them from everything. Light vs. Dark. Traditionally, "light" and the color white are associated with goodness or purity, while "dark" and the color black are associated with evil. However, given the racially charged subject matter of the novel, Lee avoids associating black with evil and instead focuses on how light is associated with goodness, education, and enlightenment. When Atticus sits alone in the light of that one bulb, he appears to be an oasis of morality and rationality. Manners. In this chapter, Scout misinterprets Atticus's lessons in manners to humorous effect, dropping the subject of Walter Cunningham because Atticus told her it was impolite to make people talk about things only you're interested in talking about. Scout stops asking Mr. Cunningham about his son, reverting to her first line of questioning: his entailment. Needless to say, Mr. Cunningham doesn't want to talk about this, either. Racism. This is the first chapter in the novel where Maycomb's racism is directly linked to violence. Thus far, it has mostly been a sociological phenomenon affecting the way people think while dictating where they can and cannot live. Here, that racism shows its violent potential for the first time and prepares the reader for what lies ahead in Tom Robinson's trial. Safety. In a poignant reversal of roles, Atticus, who previously defended his children from the rabid Tim Johnson, himself has to be defended from the mob by Scout, who jumps in front of him to be his human shield. This emphasizes the fact that Atticus can't protect his children from all of the bad things in the world and that pretty soon they'll have to face something they might not yet be able to understand. Shame. Once again, the theme of shame is connected to one of the Cunninghams. In Chapter 2, we saw Miss Caroline embarrass Walter Cunningham by offering him money for lunch, and now we see Scout embarrass Walter's father by reminding him that he's drunkenly threatening a man who has done nothing but help him through his legal troubles. Mr. Cunningham sobers up and goes away with his relatives from Old Sarum, but it's only because Scout put him in his place. Violence. Thus far, the violence in the novel has been fairly innocuous, consisting mostly of Jem and Scout fighting and the children being afraid of Boo. Up until the Cunninghams came up to Atticus with the intent of killing Tom, the most violent thing to happen was Boo stabbing his father in the leg with a pair of scissors. Here, the threat of violence is sinister enough that it shakes Atticus up and makes him worry about exposing his kids to the trial. It's set to start on Monday. Illustration of PDF document Download To Kill a Mockingbird Study Guide Subscribe Now Chapter 14 Summary and Analysis Chapter 16 Summary and Analysis
The Vitamins You Should Be Taking In Your 70s Our body goes through many changes as we age. It is crucial to stay as healthy as possible as we get older to prevent health issues. One of the ways you can improve your health in your 70s is to take certain vitamins. According to The Healthy, calcium and vitamin D are both useful supplements to take when you enter this stage in your life. "We need calcium for bone and muscle growth, but it doesn't get absorbed as well without vitamin D," said Stephanie Schiff, RDN, a nutritionist at Northwell Health's Huntington Hospital in Huntington, New York. Seniors are at risk of developing osteoporosis, which refers to when the bones begin to break down and get weaker. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, one of the best ways to reduce your risk of osteoporosis is to get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet. While getting these nutrients from food is always ideal, taking a supplement can be beneficial for people who struggle to eat enough foods that contain these vitamins. Seniors tend to eat less food at a time as they get older, which can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Talk to your doctor about taking a calcium and/or vitamin D supplement if you are concerned about your intake. Other vitamins that are beneficial in your 70s According to The Healthy, you'll also want to make sure you're getting enough omega-3 fatty acids as you age. Your body cannot produce these essential fatty acids on its own, so they must be consumed through food and/or supplements (via National Institutes of Health). These nutrients reduce your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke (via Verywell Health). They can also provide arthritis relief and help people with dementia, which are two health conditions that often occur in old age. Another vitamin to consider taking in your 70s is vitamin B12. "As you get older, it's harder for your body to make and use B12, and supplements may be needed," said Stephanie Schiff, RDN. This vitamin is essential for the formation of red blood cells, nerve function, and the production of DNA (via Mayo Clinic). A deficiency in vitamin B12 can cause anemia, weakness, fatigue, and even nerve damage. It is important to talk to your doctor before you begin taking any supplements, as this industry is not regulated by the FDA. Your doctor can figure out which supplements you should be taking and help you find reputable brands that won't cause you any harm.
Are creatine supplements good for you? Why creatine is bad for you? Depending on who you ask, the suggested side effects of creatine may include: Kidney damage. Liver damage. Kidney stones. Can creatine damage you? Is it bad to always take creatine? Taking creatine has even been shown to be safe in people consuming high-protein diets, which have also been wrongly linked to kidney damage ( 23 , 24 ). A study in people with type 2 diabetes — which can damage kidneys — found that taking 5 grams of creatine daily for 12 weeks did not impair kidney function ( 25 ). What do creatine pills do to your body? Psssssst : Can dogs use human creatine? Is creatine basically a steroid? Creatine and anabolic steroids are the same thing False! Creatine has got nothing to do with anabolic steroids, which resembles or imitates testosterone to promote muscle growth and enhance physical performance. Creatine gives your muscles extra energy, or helps them produce it. Do you really need to take creatine? “It’s a nonessential amino acid, meaning your body creates it and you don’t need to primarily get it from food.” And you don’t really need added creatine beyond what’s in a healthy, balanced diet, Bates adds. “Creatine isn’t an essential nutrient,” she says. Who needs creatine? Creatine is effective for both short- and long-term muscle growth ( 25 ). It assists many different people, including sedentary individuals, older adults and elite athletes ( 17 , 25 , 26 , 27 ). What are side effects of creatine? 1. abdominal pain. 2. abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmias) 3. cardiac arrest. 4. heart disease (cardiomyopathy) 5. dehydration. 6. diarrhea. 7. high blood pressure (hypertension) 8. ischemic stroke. Can creatine cause hair loss? Essentially, when you take creatine supplements, the conversion of testosterone to DHT increases in the system. The increased levels of DHT alter hair growth by speeding up the cycle of each hair follicles, which can cause hair loss. Hence, taking creatine cause hair loss in individuals over some time. Psssssst : You asked: Best german creatine? What happens if you take creatine and don’t workout? Some people think that if they take creatine and don’t work out, they’ll put on fat—but Roussell says it isn’t true. “Creatine contains no calories, and has no impact on your fat metabolism,” he says. “So taking creatine and not working out is just going to lead to nothing.” Should I take creatine on days I don’t workout? Supplement timing on rest days is likely much less important than on exercise days. The goal of supplementing on rest days is to keep the creatine content of your muscles elevated. When starting to supplement with creatine, a “loading phase” is typically recommended. How long should I cycle creatine? Will creatine make me fat? Is creatine better than protein? Creatine increases strength and muscle mass by increasing exercise capacity, whereas whey protein does so by stimulating increased muscle protein synthesis. Both whey protein powder and creatine supplements have been shown to increase muscle mass, though they accomplish this in different ways. Psssssst : Can you mix creatine monohydrate with creatine hcl? Is creatine just water weight? Is Creatine just water weight? It’s often said that the weight you gain on Creatine is simply water weight, but that’s not exactly true. Yes, you will gain water weight because Creatine causes water retention. However, Creatine also gives you more energy, which promotes muscle growth and weight loss. Is creatine like pre workout? Creatine can be taken as a stand-alone pre workout supplement. However it does need to be loaded, to effectively saturate your muscles creatine stores before it will provide any ergogenic benefit. Kre-Alkalyn, can be taken pre workout, and provide performance benefits immediately without any loading phase. Back to top button Adblock Detected
(Credit: Lindsay Fox/flickr/ The longstanding criticism for giving poor people money is that they will waste it on alcohol and tobacco. A new review of 30 studies from Latin America, Africa and Asia disproves that notion. In fact, people spend less on “temptation goods” after receiving a cash transfer. “There is a sideshow on this belief that people are poor because they are spending their money on alcohol and cigarettes,” David Evans, a senior economist at the World Bank and co-author of the study, told Humanosphere. “This study tries to close the door on the sideshow. ” Evans and his co-author Anna Popova looked at studies that either surveyed cash transfer recipients about spending habits or directly tracked spending. In all cases, from India to Kenya to Peru, the average recipient spent as much or slightly less on alcohol and tobacco after getting the money. The major exception is Nicaragua where two studies observed significant decreases in spending on those goods. The spending impact is significant regardless of the type of program. In some studies, money was given with conditions. Recipients had to spend the money in a certain way or do specific things in order to get it. Others had no conditions, the money could be spent as people felt necessary. In both cases, people spent less on tobacco or alcohol. The same went for programs that gave a lot or a little bit of money and studies that tracked over the short term and long term. Some studies tracked other types of personal spending. Researchers in the Congo looked at how much people spend on doughnuts and in Peru spending on chocolate was tracked. By comparing results across various dimensions, Evans feels confident in his conclusions. “We do have estimates from Peru that beneficiaries are more likely to purchase a roasted chicken at a restaurant or some chocolates soon after receiving their transfer, but hopefully even the most puritanical policymaker would not begrudge the poor a piece of chocolate,” Evans and Popova wrote. Another recent study on cash transfers found that they do not decrease the incentive to work. The two new studies effectively disprove the two leading criticisms for giving the poor money: they will stop working and they will spend it on beer and cigarettes. For Evans, the conversation can now shift to when cash transfer programs are appropriate and effective. “When we think about cash transfers, the right question is, ‘do we make people better off?’ We see in the short run people are happier and in the long run they are using the money to improve their livelihoods,” he said. “Hopefully what these studies do is create an accurate depiction of the poor. The poor are hard-working people trying to make better lives for their families, like everyone else.” Decreased spending on alcohol and tobacco may be due to what economists call the “flypaper effect,” he said. People or institutions are more likely to spend money as it’s intended when it comes with a clear label for use. In the case of transfers, telling people that the money they are getting is meant to help pay for the family may influence people to do that, rather than go out and buy a bottle of beer. Many of the evaluated campaigns were accompanied by specific messaging around how to spend the money. Ecuador’s program also featured a public campaign encouraging families to invest in their children. Recipients in Zimbabwe were encouraged not to waste their new money. It may also help that most programs give the money to women, instead of men. The idea that women are more likely to spend money on family needs than men is the backbone for microfinance programs. Evidence supporting that notion is mixed. Research on cash transfers in Burkina Faso and Morocco found that giving money to the mother or father did not affect outcomes on health clinic visits and school participation, respectively. “We can’t rule out which of these effects are driving the reduction, but if I were to place a bet, it would be on the flypaper effect,” said Evans. Understanding factors that prevent people from spending more on alcohol and tobacco is important. It is the kind of question Evans thinks should be discussed and tested. Research is currently under way to examine how complementary programs, such as training and mentorship, can amplify the benefits of cash transfers. Whether people spend the money on alcohol and tobacco is no longer up for debate, he said. “The fear that the poor will spend the money on alcohol or tobacco is not a reason not to do a cash transfer program,” said Evans. About Author Tom Murphy
Can Dogs Be Pessimistic? A study, which set out to learn more about dog's behaviour has learnt that those who are anxious when left alone also tend to show ‘pessimistic’ like behaviour. The research by academics at the University of Bristol, and funded by the RSPCA was published in Current Biology (October 2010). The study might help to identify why dogs act and react in certain situations, and has the potential to reveal more about why some dogs get separation anxiety. Can Dogs Be Pessimistic? Professor Mike Mendl, Head of the Animal Welfare and Behaviour research group at Bristol University’s School of Clinical Veterinary Science, who led the research, said, “We all have a tendency to think that our pets and other animals experience emotions similar to our own, but we have no way of knowing directly because emotions are essentially private. Finding Out Which Dogs Were Pessimistic vs Optimistic In order to study ‘pessimistic’ or ‘optimistic’ decisions, dogs at two UK animal re-homing centres were enlisted and trained that when a bowl was placed at one location in a room (the ‘positive’ position) it would contain food, but when placed at another location (the ‘negative’ position) it would be empty. Article continues below >> Have you heard about...? Can Dogs Be Pessimistic? “Around half of dogs in the UK may at some point perform separation-related behaviours – toileting, barking and destroying objects around the home – when they’re apart from their owners. Our study suggests that dogs showing these types of behaviour also appear to make more pessimistic judgements generally.” Dr Samantha Gaines, Deputy Head of the Companion Animals Department from RSPCA, hopes the findings of the study will help to in some way combat the rising trend of dogs being given up as a result of behaviour problems, namely separation anxiety. Can Dogs Be Pessimistic? Apollo, pictured above, has separation anxiety. He is currently in rescue and on looking for a new home. So, what do you think - can dogs really be pessimistic or are we just attributing human emotions to dogs? Originally published October, 2010. Related to this topic: Can dogs feel jealousy? 1. Why do we think that the human race is the only ones capable of emotions? We are only animals ourselves just a different shape. we don’t fully understand what a dog feels, but I bet it’s the same as we do. 2. Easy one to answer. I am Mum to ex pf breeding dogs so the answer is a big fat yes they do show emotions all of them including pessimism and optimism, why would they not. 3. Well one of mine is certainly an optimist, the way she dashes to where the biscuits are kept and smiles hopefully at me!! Observing my dogs over the years I have seen them experience grief, jealousy, clinginess, humour and bravado, so I’d say that dogs can easily experience most of the emotions that we have. • Mine does the same thing and I like how you used the word dashes becuase my dogs name is dasher. Cheak out his Facebook page search dasher and on pages I think you will see it. Don’t tell him I know about it. 4. I saw this demonstrated when my dear old rescue dog Deefa died last year, our younger dog Molly was really devastated and began to display very strange behaviours that she previously hadnt not shown. She was showing her emotions at the loss of her pal. We rescued another dog to help Molly, who now is her best friend and has transformed her back to her normal happy contented brilliant Molly that we love….well done Barney for helping her too!!! I know they are emotional….\|I only have to walk into the room to see Barney in his basket with a silly grin on his face to let me know hes tipped over the rubbish bin!! Thats him letting me know hes not happy when I go out!!!! Wouldnt be without them tho! 5. I have a Pug named Mugsey and he has more feelings than I do. He sleeps and eats with me. He follows me all around the house all day and I love him just like a child and he knows it. Iam very attached to Mugs and when he is gone I don’t what I will do. 6. Interesting to see another article that equates human emotions to canines.Dogs left to their own devices with no human intervention or contact would act like dogs, but put humans in the equation and we have a need to humanize everything. Interesting that we do that, the dog is what we make it by nature and nurture. From Wikipedia Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to animals or non-living things, phenomena, material states and objects or abstract concepts. 7. I too believe dogs experience emotions as we humans do. I have seen emotions displayed too many times to think otherwise. My dogs display jealousy on a daily basis Mia, my JRT, will growl softly at the approach of Sandy, my Retriever,when she doesn’t want Sandy to get any attention. Both of my girls had seperation anxiety, destroying numerous objects. This behavior ended after they adjusted (approx. 6 months) and got accustomed to their routine. Mia was fearful at first not letting me even rub her belly, now she rolls over at my approach. They are truly like humans even in regards to trust, once broken it takes time for them to recover. 8. I am a great believer that dogs experience emotions and experience just like humans. My German Shepherd knows when we are going away for the weekend and he thinks we are going to leaving him at home but as soon as we say are you coming he goes loopy. He also knows when something has gone wrong – when my husbands Mam was bad in hospital who just knew – especially the way he was acting. So yes, definitely – dogs have emotions 9. Yes – dogs do have emotions, when we left our dog this year when we went on holiday, he chewed 7 pairs of slippers and tore up his comfort blanket! 10. Dogs certainly have emotions. My dog is an optimist, a happy sole always on the lookout for dropped crumbs and treats. He is very laid back and takes everything in his stride! 11. I believe that dogs are who they are, meaning they display different personality traits just as people do. I also believe that’s where it ends. My opinion is that all dogs live in the moment all the time. Most people simply need to allow their dogs to just be dogs. Dogs react to human emotion. I don’t believe that dogs behave as people do, but in their own way based upon their environment. 12. I think all animals are far more intelligent and emotionally complex than we tend to give them credit for. Because of this, I think the analysis of the dogs’ behaviour in the experiment described here might oversimplify their behaviour by classifying them in terms of optimism or pessimism. The bowl in the experiment was placed in ambiguous locations between the ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ locations where the dogs were used to seeing two other bowls – one containing food, the other empty. If a dog didn’t run to the new bowl looking for food, perhaps it was confident that food would appear in the ‘positive’ location and saw no need to explore the new bowl. I also know from experience that some dogs are anxious about unfamiliar objects, and this might affect their inclination to explore a bowl in an unfamiliar place. And with a highly developed sense of smell, couldn’t it also be possible that some dogs already knew whether it was worth investigating the bowl, even from a distance? My 11-year-old whippet became quadriplegic in June when a prolapsed disc compressed and damaged his spinal cord. He had major surgery and had to reroute his neural pathways to learn to walk again. I was warned that to do this, he had to ‘want’ to walk again. Whippets are very adaptable dogs, and one of the concerns was that, as such, he might just accept a level of disability and get on with it as best he could. I’m delighted to say that he clearly did want to walk again, and he’s made an amazing recovery – but if he had accepted a life of reduced mobility, would that make him pessimistic? I don’t think the two are inextricably linked. This is not to say that dogs can’t be optimistic or pessimistic. I’m sure they can, as well as feeling a huge range of other emotions. This study draws attention to the intelligence, as well as the emotional complexity of dogs, and anything that can help us understand their anxieties so we can help them to lead a happy life can only be good. But I think a lot more work needs to be done on the subject and I look forward to hearing about the results of future studies. 13. I rescued my beautiful princess from a very dark place, she couldn’t stand the day I got her and was heavily pregnant. The first thing we did was look into each others eyes and she knew I was there to help her. She was due her puppies a week before my birthday but hung on until the actual day, I put her and her puppies in a basket near me and went to sleep when I woke she had moved them and put them in between me and her so she had some help protecting them. That’s something amazing to be trusted with 8 lives…. She follows me everywhere I go, she sleeps with me, cuddles me when I’m sad and is always there for me. If I look at her she is looking at me and makes me smile. If I have a shower she sits on the bath mat, if I go to the loo she sits outside the door and knows the sound of my car when I’m on my way home from work. I couldn’t have asked for a better more loyal friend….. 14. Do dogs have emotions….hell yeah! I have 2 Rotties and a Black Lab, 1 of my Rottie’s who is now 4 we re-homed after a bad start, she is completely different to the other 2 who we got as puppies, she is more aware of what is going on around her, she also get’s sad sometimes and I can tell just in the way she behaves, she will go up to bed and not want to spend time with people or the other dogs. I would say that she is the pessimistic one and the other 2 are definately the optimistic ones. Rosie will always think that a noise or movement is something she has to be guarded about whereas the other 2 would look at it as a new game 15. I don’t know about pessimissic but my dog Tara does get very depressed if she cant go down beach. Mary 16. My dog Archie (a 6 month old Norfolk Terrier) has been with me every day in our doggie spa and boutique and as a result has formed a very close attachment! He follows me everywhere at home and cries if I leave him at the shop. He is however easily distracted with food. 17. @Sconway: I think there is a difference between anthropomorphising and acknowledging that dogs have emotions. I do believe that they can be optimistic or pessimistic, as well as they can be fearful, confident, anxious, excited, bored, jealous etc. When we rehomed our BC 6 months ago she had extreme fear aggression (towards human strangers, not dogs), however with much work, time, patience and training she is slowly gaining confidence. It could be said that when she approaches a stranger calmly (not barking/growling as she used to) that she is being optimistic – instead of expecting trouble, she is expecting good things such as a friendly response, a treat etc, as she has been conditioned now to associate good things with new people. I think from the study and other experience that it’s pretty conclusive that a dog can display optimistic/pessimistic behaviour. If it was anthropomorphising, I personally think it would be saying something along the lines of that a pessimistic dog (for eg) is thinking “oh I don’t suppose I’ll get a walk today, it’s raining and she works late on a Tuesday so I bet she won’t be bothered to take me out” That really is putting the human mindset into an animal, but I don’t think that this study/theory is doing this. Just my view :) 18. I think that dogs do have emotions and that pessimism is one of them, I also believe that pessimism is a learned behaviour. One example might be when a family rarely give tit-bits to their dog when they eat themselves, so when the family are eating something very tasty like roast chicken – even though thier dog would love to have a little it may just watch and lick its lips rather than beg because it’s not worth trying – a positive dog might try begging anyway, ever hopeful. A smilar example might be seen by neglected dogs in a dog’s home (very rarely fed), when the food is being brought round they may just lay still because they doubt whether they will get any. This is an interesting subject and I am going to put this to my NarpsUK member’s forum to get their feedback on their own experiences. 19. This article reminisced me back to my earliest childhood days… I still vividly remember whenever i come back home happy, our dog displays or reciprocate my happy emotion by optimistically wagging his tail + joyously jumping all over me… But whenever i come back home sometimes sad, he displays or reciprocate back my sad emotion by crawling (i guess pessimistically) + sitting quietly close to me… Yes, indeed… Dogs are one of the most sensitive animals + very much emotional like we humans… Great + interesting article! 20. Our dog was barking when we had to leave him home alone. Our vet recommended a BUSTER CUBE (we bought this from Amzon) which keeps him occupied while we are out. The change in his behaviour has been amazing! It needs to be introduced correctly so your dog knows it will give him treats. Neighbours who had expressed concern before now tell us there is no sign of barking when we are away from home. A real result! 21. Emotions are basic to human nature. They also can correspond to brain structures in humans that correlate to dog brains. So why not? I will never buy that dogs are as sophisticated as we are. I will go so far as to say what dog owners intrinsically know. Fifi can think, Fifi can feel. My father’s dog showed signs of depression while my father was battling lung cancer. There are a million things we could say might cause the changes in his behavior, but I believe he felt what we felt and therefore expected a negative outcome. I believe this created much anxiety in the dog when he was left alone. 22. a dog could have many emotions happy or sad but it depends on its life if its owner is nice its is probley happy if an owner is bad it is probably sad and upset. life could be harsh for a dog if its owner threats it like poop.dogs have feelings just like humans.the sayings say that a dog could be a mans best friend dont let that get recked your dog wants a better life think about it. 23. I can only assume very few scientists have dogs, or they would know without doubt that dogs experience every emotion we do – you only have to look into their eyes, as there is nothing so expressive. My dog always knows when I’m going to leave her at home & is an expert at looking at me in such a way as to ensure I feel totally guilty at doing so. 24. Yes dogs can! And if anyone thinks we do not feel…they must be mad. In fact we just wrote about what Maggie went threw during a separation recently. If a dog did not express themselves, how would we know when they were sick, happy, or scared? How can one explain that a dog knows when your leaving, or when your sad, or when your mad? If scientists just want to say its instincts…then I guest we humans are just the same. Leave a Reply
Categories Delhi Question: New delhi facts? • New Delhi Facts New Delhi is the capital city of India, located on the banks of the Yamuna River, encompassing 16.5 square miles of land within the Delhi metropolitan region. Delhi itself borders Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana. • New Delhi’s National Museum actually started life as an exhibit of its own in London ’s Royal Academy. • New Delhi is in fact the biggest city of its kind to the north of India. It’s home to over 26 million people in the wider metropolitan area! • As a result, its population density is impressive. Statistics show there are around 16,000 people per square mile living here. What is New Delhi famous for? New Delhi is also the seat of all three branches of the government of India , hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament House, and the Supreme Court of India . Delhi itself is often considered as a hub for international trade. What is special about New Delhi? You might be interested: Often asked: Kfc india menu? What is Delhi also known as? Delhi (English: /ˈdɛli/; Hindi: [ˈdɪlːiː] Dillī; Punjabi: [ˈdɪlːiː] Dillī; Urdu: [ˈdɛɦliː] Dêhlī), officially known as the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi , is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi , the capital of India. How Old Delhi is? What is Delhi famous food? Is Delhi a safe city? Is New Delhi beautiful? You are guaranteed to fall in love! Delhi is the city that everyone loves to hate, but it doesn’t change the fact that it is a beautiful city with a rich heritage and an extremely colourful visage. What is the best thing about Delhi? Being one of the most crowed cities in India, Delhi has good connectivity of transportation. The famous Delhi Metro known as “ Delhi’s Lifeline” provides fast, cheap, clean, safe and comfortable journey around the city. It has been proven to be the best means of public transport in the country. You might be interested: Quick Answer: Fossil watches for women india? Who gave the name of Delhi? Why is Delhi is called mini India? Delhi is called a Mini India because people from all over the country come and live here. They practice different religion and celebrate different festival. They practice different jobs and speak different languages. Which city is called heart of India? Delhi: The heart of India. What was Delhi old name? How cold does Delhi get? What is the age difference between Delhi and New Delhi? Old Delhi is the most historic part of the metropolis, with its origins dating back to the time of the Moghuls. In contrast, New Delhi was designed by the British during colonial times, with much of the architectural work being down to Edwin Lutyens in the 1920s and 1930s. 1 звезда2 звезды3 звезды4 звезды5 звезд (нет голосов) Leave a Reply
What are the three common categories of problems? What are the three common categories of problems? Three common categories of problems include inducing structure, arranging, and transformation. Is working backwards an example of an algorithm? Working backwards is an example of using an algorithm to solve problems. Cognitive diversity refers to the similarities in viewpoints and methods in problem solving. Solving a problem often depends on how an individual represents a problem. What is meant by problem solving? How do I know if I am a good problem solver? Is a characteristic of good problem solvers? Good problem solvers use a combination of intuition and logic to come up with their solutions. They use as much information as they possibly can to come up with the BEST possible solutions. They don’t create problems for others: To solve your problem, we can’t create more. This requires self discipline and focus. What are the skills of problem solvers? Problem-solving abilities are connected to a number of other skills, including: • analytical skills. • innovative and creative thinking. • a lateral mindset. • adaptability and flexibility. • level-headedness. • initiative. • resilience (in order to reassess when your first idea doesn’t work) What are the characteristics of a good problem? A good research problem should have the following characteristics: • It should address a gap in knowledge. • It should be significant enough to contribute to the existing body of research. • It should lead to further research. • The problem should render itself to investigation through collection of data. What are characteristics of a good solution? Top Five Qualities of a Great Solution • Depth. A deep product or service has a robust set of features. • Intelligence. An intelligent solution solves people’s problems in smart ways. • Completeness. A complete solution provides a great experience that includes service, support, and a string of enhancements. • Empowering ability. • Elegance. What are the five main characteristics of a good problem statement? Characteristics of a good thesis research problem 1 The problem can be stated clearly and concisely. 2 The problem generates research questions. 3 It is grounded in theory. 4 It relates to one or more academic fields of study. What are five characteristics of the problem? Why Unemployment is a social problem? Unfortunately, unemployment is becoming a serious social problem today in society. Many people who happen to be unemployed are more than capable of working they just do not have the proper experience or flexibility that a job requires. Many are also unemployed because there are not enough jobs for everyone. What are the effects of unemployment Class 9? (i) Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages, cannot find jobs. So, unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. (ii) People who are an asset for the economy, turn into a liability. (iii) There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth. Back To Top
Are veins medial or lateral to arteries? Are veins medial or lateral to arteries? Are veins medial or lateral to arteries? It enters the triangle slightly lateral to the artery, while the femoral vein lies medial to the artery, and the deep lymph vessels lie mainly medial to the vein[1]. What are the 3 veins used for venipuncture? The most site for venipuncture is the antecubital fossa located in the anterior elbow at the fold. This area houses three veins: the cephalic, median cubital, and basilic veins (Figure 1). What should you consider when selecting a vein for venipuncture? The optimal sites for venepuncture are the veins in the antecubital fossa – the cephalic, basilic and median cubital veins. A suitable vein will be ‘bouncy’ to the touch, have no pulse and refill when depressed. Do veins lie medial to arteries? The common iliac veins formed by the union of external and internal iliac veins lie medial to the corresponding arteries at a deeper plane. The left vein is longer than the right as the inferior vena cava lies on the right side of the aorta. What are the four main arteries? The Coronary Arteries are the blood vessels that supply blood to your heart. They branch off of the aorta at its base. The right coronary artery, the left main coronary, the left anterior descending, and the left circumflex artery, are the four major coronary arteries. Which vein is the longest vein in the body? Great Saphenous Vein Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) – The GSV is the large superficial vein of the leg and the longest vein in the entire body. It can be found along the length of the lower limb, returning blood from the thigh, calf, and foot to the deep femoral vein at the femoral triangle. The femoral triangle is located in the upper thigh. Which is the most preferred vein in venipuncture? 1. Median cubital vein A superficial vein, most commonly used for venipuncture, it lies over the cubital fossa and serves as an anastomosis between the cephalic and basilic veins. What is hemolysis and why is it important to blood collection techniques? Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, which can have an effect on laboratory results. Serum samples containing more than 100 mg/dL of hemoglobin can cause non-specific binding in serologic tests. Therefore, serologic testing is not recommended for a serum sample containing more than this amount of hemoglobin. What is not considered when selecting a vein for venipuncture? VENIPUNCTURE SITE SELECTION: Certain areas are to be avoided when choosing a site: Extensive scars from burns and surgery – it is difficult to puncture the scar tissue and obtain a specimen. The upper extremity on the side of a previous mastectomy – test results may be affected because of lymphedema. Why is tapping of the vein not recommended? Light tapping of the vein may be useful but can be painful and may result in the formation of haematoma in patients with fragile veins (Dougherty, 1999). ‘Smacking’ the vessels may cause histamine release. What is the difference between nerve vein and artery? vein. Arteries are blood vessels responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood low in oxygen from the body back to the heart for reoxygenation. What are the most important arteries? The largest artery is the aorta, the main high-pressure pipeline connected to the heart’s left ventricle. The aorta branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body. The arteries’ smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries. What is the largest vein in the heart? The vena cava are the two largest veins that carry blood into the right upper chamber of the heart (the right atrium). The superior vena cava carries blood from the brain and arms into the top of the right atrium. What artery in the body has the largest diameter? The aorta is the first arterial segment of the systemic blood circulation, directly connected to the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, with a diameter of 3 cm at its origin (ascending aorta), 2.5 cm in the descending portion (thoracic aorta), and 1.82 cm in the abdomen (abdominal aorta). What veins should I avoid for cannulation? The veins of choice are the cephalic or basilic. Avoid using the antecubital veins as this will restrict the patient’s movement and increase the risk of complications such as phlebitis and infiltration (Dougherty & Watson, 2011; RCN, 2010). Which vein is used for IV? The three main veins of the antecubital fossa (the cephalic, basilic, and median cubital) are frequently used. These veins are usually large, easy to find, and accomodating of larger IV catheters. How is hemolysis treated? Treatments for hemolytic anemia include blood transfusions, medicines, plasmapheresis (PLAZ-meh-feh-RE-sis), surgery, blood and marrow stem cell transplants, and lifestyle changes. People who have mild hemolytic anemia may not need treatment, as long as the condition doesn’t worsen. What does Hemolyzed blood sample mean? Abstract. The term hemolysis designates the pathological process of breakdown of red blood cells in blood, which is typically accompanied by varying degrees of red tinge in serum or plasma once the whole blood specimen has been centrifuged.
Study Guide The White Darkness Loneliness By Geraldine McCaughrean There are no two ways about it: Sym is a very lonely young woman in The White Darkness. She has, like, two friends, one of whom she doesn't even like. It's not that she's a social outcast or anything; Sym's just an introvert who's going through a difficult patch in life. Her father died recently, and she feels out of step with her age group because she's not that into dating yet. On top of all that she's partially deaf (even with hearing aids), which can be isolating. The desolate Antarctic landscape suits her temperament—and also serves as a symbol for her solitude. Questions About Loneliness 1. Do you think that Sym will make more friends once she returns from Antarctica? Why or why not? 2. On some level, does Sym enjoy her loneliness? Explain your answer using evidence from the text. 3. Do you think Sym would feel just as isolated if she were blind instead of deaf? Why or why not? Chew on This The isolation Sym and her mother experience after Sym's father's death opens them to being victimized by Uncle Victor. Sigurd Bruch preys on Sym more easily because of her solitude. This is a premium product Tired of ads? Join today and never see them again. Please Wait...
Serving LGBTQ Teens 162p. (Practical Guides for Librarians). bibliog. glossary. illus. index. Rowman & Littlefield. Jun. 2018. pap. $65. ISBN 9781538107607. In this solid addition to the series, Houde offers straightforward and student-centered advice to public and school librarians, starting with the most basic question: Why do we need to make a special effort to serve and represent LGBTQ teens? For many, the answer will be obvious, but nevertheless, Houde lays out research-supported reasoning as she addresses this question and many others. Since serving marginalized populations often involves managing pushback from directors and community members, including requests for censorship of LGBTQ materials, this kind of foundational information is critical. The practical suggestions on collection development, privacy, outreach, and creating a welcoming environment are spot-on. Best of all, most of the steps outlined are simple yet powerful, raising librarians' consciousness of the needs of diverse groups and helping to provide a library space that strives to be as inclusive as possible. VERDICT School and public libraries are often a safe space for LGBTQ youth, making this an excellent guide for librarians who work with young adults, regardless of their level of practice. Be the first reader to comment. Comment Policy: • Don't use obscene, profane, or vulgar language.
Breaking the G barrier Are we witnessing the end of the ballscrew or are linear drives a fad? Martin Oakham, technical editor of our sister publication Metalworking Production looks at some of the arguments for and against each technology. Machine tool designers are faced with a choice when it comes to implementing motion control systems – either they can stick with the tried and tested ballscrew/motor combination, or they can consider linear drives. Three years ago, linear drives cost more than ballscrew systems, lacked power, had poor positional accuracy, generated too much heat, and needed elaborate emergency brake features in case of power failure. Not to mention fine particle contamination and the power they consumed.Ballscrews, on the other hand, have been a standard for years. It does not matter if they expand and contract slightly in use, because most applications requiring high positional accuracy use some form of thermal compensation algorithm or a linear encoder to measure the exact position of the slideway being driven. And, there are many ways of controlling the heat of ballscrews, such as running a coolant down the centre of them. Of course, the principle argument for linear drives then, and still is today, the speed and acceleration they are capable of, their low inertia, friction and maintenance. Today, they still cost more than ballscrews, but many of their earlier problems have now been solved. Speed is clearly the driving factor behind new developments. The ballscrew provides mechanical advantage as it transforms rotary motion into linear motion. The lower the lead of the screw, the higher the mechanical advantage. By the same token, the lower the lead, the lower the axis velocity for a given servo speed. For example, a screw with a 5mm lead can travel at 10m/min if the servomotor is capable of 2000rpm. A screw with a 10mm lead will travel 20m/min (about 792in/min) given the servo motor revs/min, but will require twice the motor torque to provide the same axis thrust. For precision applications a ground low lead angle is recommended, which inherently limits the speed that a driven table can achieve. Linear motors, on the other hand, have no such restriction. It is not uncommon for linear drive manufacturers to quote traverse rates of up to 12,000in/min with accelerations up to 5g. Two problem areas associated with ballscrews are cumulative/lead variation errors and backlash. Cumulative error over the length of a ballscrew can be compensated by a CNC control system; however, lead variation error requires a vast amount of computational power to completely correct, hence most algorithms in existence today merely ease the problem, and not fix it. Having said that, the solution is both simple and straightforward. By making use of linear encoders, the position of the moving structure can be determined precisely with reference to the fixed structure and fed back into the controller to become part of the control loop. Linear encoders generally use the graduated glass scale and interferential measuring principal to determine distances. By measuring the position of the axis directly, and not relying on a ballscrew/drive system as a measuring standard, backlash and cumulative/lead errors can be ignored. Linear motors are essentially rotary motors unrolled into a flat form. They are manufactured in two basic forms: ironless and ironcore. Both systems have the advantage of not requiring support bearings, bearing blocks, motor coupling and a screw, making application designs simpler. The ironcore systems are capable of producing greater thrust than the ironless systems, making them more suitable for heavy duty applications. Neither systems, however, are capable of producing the mechanical advantage of ballscrews. As a result, they do not deliver the same levels of continuous force. If they are pushed too hard, there is a risk of demagnetisation and failure. Machine tool builder DMG claims to have overcome this on its new DMC85V machining centre by twinning up drives on the X,Y,Z axis. The ETEL brushless high-force motors used are cleverly arranged to prevent torsional twist. The machine, which uses eight drives in total, has better positional accuracy than machines using ballscrews and only costs 20% more than a traditional design, according to DMG. Each motor outputs 60Nm and is controlled by the Heidenhain TNC 426. Sinusoidal commutation or harmonic current control associated with the encoder feedback minimises force ripple giving very smooth feed. However, the most interesting aspect of the design is the way everything grows and shrinks in balance (thermo-symmetric), stabilising the machine. Thermal temperature sensors and feedback systems compensate for local growth. The motors do not add much heat to the structure either – they are separated from the gantry and surrounded by a cooling aggregate. The total feedforce is 8kN and the feed rate is up to 120m/min. There are many examples of linear drives used in HSM applications, which generally take light cuts very quickly, but this is an example of a machine capable of moderately heavy cutting operations. The two greatest drawbacks to using linear motors in machine tool design are the high attractive forces created between the coils and magnets and the heat generated. The attractive forces generated are about five times greater than the axial thrust provided. These forces put a strain on the machine structure causing deformation and tend to `suck’ the working table down into the drives. Producing structures that can resist these high loads without being so heavy that they reduce acceleration is an ongoing area of development. Another problem associated with the high attractive forces is that small particles of ferrous swarf will be attracted into the drives themselves, so it is important that the drives are well protected. It is problems such as these that prompt many machine tool builders to have the opinion that the increase in benefits to the user does not warrant the costs. The issues of positional accuracy and cycle times can best be answered by an example from BMW who conducted a series of tests on the Urane 20 machining centre which is fitted with Krauss Maffei drives. “We reduced cycle times on various engine parts by 50-80%, compared to existing machines,” comments Lutz Schaufuss at BMW’s Methods Department. Comparisons with three other makes of machine tool fitted with ballscrews highlighted the fact that the Urane machines produce better results in terms of cycle times. He added “The Urane also outperformed the other machines in terms of positioning accuracy and repeatability. That puts pay to the poor positioning argument and offsets the cost of the drives.” For the future, we may well see some sort of divide, with linear drives dominating lighter applications in EDM, and ballscrews dominating the serious metal removing applications. {{Siemens Tel: +49 9131 7 26673Krauss Maffei Tel: + 89 88 99 35 51ETEL Tel: +41 32 862 01 23}}
Your current location: Home > Industry Info Industry Info The reason of fertilizer granulator processing equipment need water Granulating equipment is mainly granulated, granulated, extruded, spray dried and granulated. At the same time, the granulator needs a certain amount of water when it is running. Do you know the reason why fertilizer granulator processing equipment needs water? In the production process of fertilizer granulator, the material is required to have viscosity. When some raw materials are loose after fermentation and are not easy to granulate, it is necessary to add some water or adhesive to increase the viscosity of the material. The disc granulator and rotary drum granulator of organic fertilizer equipment adopt the granulation method. In the process of granulation, water or binder will be added to ensure the smooth granulation of materials. If the water content of the material is too high, you can add some dry materials to neutralize the water content. If the water content is too low, appropriate amount of water can be added to facilitate granulation. Organic fertilizer processing equipment granulator equipment to add water is to promote the organic fertilizer can be better granulation, water solubility of materials, cohesiveness and the reasonable application of granulation equipment operation will also affect the uniformity of shaped particles, organic fertilizer granulator want to granulation uniform, need certain water and equipment operation skills.
How does artificial intelligence improve mapmaking? Pierluigi Casale Feb 13, 2020 How does artificial intelligence improve mapmaking? Pierluigi Casale Group Data Scientist Feb 13, 20206 min read How does artificial intelligence improve mapmaking? How many roads lead to Rome? The ancient parable says all of them, although this is not quite correct. Our estimates say there are a hundred quadrillion routes (that’s a figure with 26 zeros) that could make that journey, and that is just in Europe alone. We’ve been busy driving and mapping the roads for many years. Our maps move the world forward every day. They cover over 68 million kilometers of navigable roads in 164 countries and 35 territories. More than three million kilometers are driven by mobile mapping vans each year. Each of those vehicles has the capability to capture images at 5 million pixels per km at a speed of 700,000 data points per second, to an accuracy of 2cm per km. Vehicles cannot rely on sensors alone; they need accurate images of the road to improve safety. We use these images, along with lidar systems to help autonomous vehicles to get around unaided. The images we take are shot at one particular point in time, with one particular type of weather. Of course, we can’t repeat the same process for when it is raining, or dark, or foggy, or for any other weather pattern that Mother Nature may throw at us. We can’t possibly remap the terrain to demonstrate all these parameters. For that reason, we’re increasingly turning to artificial intelligence (AI) to recreate those conditions for us. Artificial intelligence is key factor for autonomous vehicle development. Lidar is a laser that is constantly measuring its surroundings by the time taken for a light beam to return to the sensor. In that way it can build up a model of streets and obstructions that along a pre-mapped route. When obstructions get in the way, such as another vehicle, or bad weather obscures the view, then AI needs to take over to anticipate what could be around the corner or how the road is going to behave. Pierluigi Casale Group Data Scientist, TomTom Using generative adversarial networks to make better maps To do this, we literally set one AI system up against the other to create images that are real or fake. It’s a grand game of Call My Bluff, where the AI system has to decide whether the image is genuine. By playing and replaying the process, the algorithm rapidly improves until it can automatically create believable images that were never actually photographed in the first place. These systems are known as generative adversarial networks (GAN). At TomTom, we started using this technique to create all-weather imagery of all the roads, so we know how to turn sun into showers and day into night. We are creating all weather images for 400,000 km of roads across the world. But while AI provides an elegant solution to the enormous challenges of mapping the world’s roads in every conceivable condition, we still need to keep the actual images of the road and the physical environment up to date. Nowadays, devices also have to take into account real-time information about the traffic situation, weather or detours. Modern navigation systems can constantly readjust the route if the traffic situation changes or a traffic jam blocks a major road. Machine learning techniques can anticipate what a traffic jam can do to anticipated journey times, for example. For future generations of vehicles, navigation will become even more complex. Guidance systems will have to take into account whether the battery charge on an electric vehicle is sufficient to reach the intended destination. Learning algorithms can also adapt to a driver’s style behind the wheel and get better at understanding it with every journey. A more aggressive style of driving can shorten the range of a journey by up to a third, for example. Of course, this needs a huge amount of computing power, but we are partnering with Microsoft and utilising the cloud to ensure we capture large amounts of data that can be used in real-time driving conditions. The wisdom of crowds in creating high-quality maps It’s almost impossible to map every square inch of the globe manually. Besides, as soon as it is done, then it needs to be redone. Nothing stands still. Road layouts change, new buildings are erected and even the topography can change. For that reason, we turn to crowdsourcing to ask the general population to keep us updated on any changes. People can use our TomTom apps to send pictures of where reality doesn’t match what we have recorded on our maps, alerting us to send someone out to check and accurately record it. This is much more effective than ad-funded maps. How can we trust these service providers will always send us the quickest route or if they’ll send us on a detour past one of their advertiser’s drive-thru restaurants? Paid-for, ad-free mapping providers have the advantage of trust. People know that if they take images of the road and send them to a company that doesn’t advertise, they will be actively taking part in a community that helps everyone – much like Wikipedia. But we don’t just rely on the community – the team at TomTom also crawl the web on a daily basis to find announcements about changes to the road infrastructure, new building developments etc. It’s the key to how we detect changes and improve maps by using multiple trusted sources. Keeping data secure Because of the amount of data we handle, we also have to be very aware of security issues too. One of the biggest challenges with AI is keeping data secure. We ensure we can anonymize data, so individuals can’t be identified on their location or journeys. It helps prevent knowing when somebody is away from their premises, for example. AI algorithms can still learn from anonymized data. Once trained, the models can be shared and we can continue to train and enhance the full pool of shared models with new ones. It means the continuous virtual circle of uninterrupted learning continue. It helps to secure our vision for a safe, connected, autonomous world, free of congestion and emissions. Our mission is to create the most powerful technologies to help shape and solve tomorrow’s mobility issues – and AI is a powerful tool to help us along that path. "We ensure we can anonymize data completely, so individuals can’t be identified on their location or journeys." Pierluigi Casale Group Data Scientist, TomTom The ultimate aim is to provide the data and information needed for Level 5 autonomous vehicles – those that can drive and operate independently of a human driver. The more information we can gather, collect and utilize, then the closer we will get to achieving that goal and witness a truly autonomous future for vehicles. Which map works for you? Whether you’re a developer creating the next big location-based app, a city going greener or an automaker producing self-driving cars, we have a map for you. Never miss a story Get the latest news from TomTom in your inbox. You’re in! Thanks for subscribing to the TomTom Blog newsletter! Stay tuned for new stories delivered directly to your inbox.
to perpetuate the memory and history of our dead 10.4 Thai Democracy Years in the making, a coup in October 1932, changed the course of Thailand (still known then as Siam). It had its origins in France and to a lesser extent England. For decades, the Chakri Dynasty kings had placed a high value on education. Rama V and VI had vastly increased the literacy rates first among the elite and royal families then into the commoners. Primary level education was quite universally available by the reign of Rama VI. The curriculum, in addition to the 3Rs, included a heavy dose of history, folklore and legends to inspire a sense of nationalism among the King’s subjects; and, of course, devotion to the King! By the 1920s, hundreds of promising students were being sent overseas for university-level education, the stated purpose of which was to assist in the modernization and industrialization of a country that was still almost exclusively agrarian, except in the capitol city where trade and commerce abounded. This latter segment of society and business was almost the exclusive purview of those of Chinese heritage. They had also managed to maintain devotion to that heritage to the point of refusing to speak Thai at home or in their business dealings with each other. They were very much Chinese; not Siamese! As they were on government scholarship, these overseas students were steered towards business, engineering and industrial courses, but inevitably many squeezed in political science and philosophy classes. Particularly those studying in Paris found themselves enamored of the history of the French Revolution and the political philosophies that had been born in Europe; these included Communism and Fascism. A small, but growing, group began to meet in secret and share their thoughts for a future without an absolute monarchy. Their discussions turned into written documents that today we would call manifestos in ever greater detail defining their ideal Siamese society. It might have been quite different than one would imagine. It was heavily influenced by Communist and Fascist principles. By the early 1930s these young men had attained their doctorates and returned home. They continued to meet and plan. Over the course of the proceeding decades; back to the Reign of Rama V (Chulalongkorn) in the late 1800s, the Siamese populace had become disenchanted with the extravagance of the Royals. All of the efforts to instill a devotion to the sitting king were, in base fact, failing. Being able to read and write, enabled people across the country to understand the dichotomy between themselves and ‘their betters’. Thai society was as least as class ridden as that of England and perhaps even more so. And then there were the Chinese who were extremely wealthy as they bought and sold the products of Siamese labors. Prior to World War 1, foreign businessmen held a favored status in Siamese society as well. Due to political and economic circumstances they enjoyed a status somewhere just below the Royals in so far as wealth and privilege was concerned. This was due mainly to the need for Siam to export goods; to sell them on the international markets. The conduits for these transactions were the Foreigners (mainly British and some French) that provided the shipping and the Chinese who bought and sold the goods moving through the ports. These non-Siamese segments of society were profiting enormously off of the labor of the common Siamese peasant. And, of course, the Royals took their share in the form of taxes of all kinds; all without lifting a finger to produce anything! For the Foreigners and the Chinese, the ‘Roaring 20s’ had been going on for decades. But the Great Depression of the early 1930s reached the streets of Bangkok if not the klongs of Buriram. Siam was ripe for a change and these French-educated plotters were ready to strike. At this point most were still fairly young and held middle-level positions across the government institutions and within the military. The self-proclaimed leader of the pack was a mere Lt Col in the Thai Army. But he had been biding his time, amassing allies and staying in contact with his more philosophically-minded student plotters. On June 24th 1932, the People’s Party launched a full-scale coup. Tanks and armored cars filled the streets and surrounded the palace of the King in downtown Bangkok. At the same time, they had prepared thousands of copies of their manifest which were handed out to the people and published in the newspapers across the country. King Rama VII (Prajadhipok), also an Eton College graduate who had expected to have an exalted career in the Thai military but had rather unexpectedly become king when his brother died, had seen the hand-writing on the wall for his entire (short;1925-1935) reign. Knowing the sentiment amongst the Siamese populace at large, and wishing to prevent bloodshed, he almost immediately capitulated to the demands of the People’s Party. The leader of this group of plotters and planners went by a number of different names over his student and military careers. He is perhaps best known as Phibun and the name he had adopted: Lt. Col. Luang Phibun-songkhram. He and his core group of plotters (known collectively as the Promoters) quickly set forth a plan of action (years in the making in secret meetings) to transition Siam from an absolute monarchy to a democracy. But a ‘democracy’ with roots in the European ideals of Communism and Fascism! Rama VII was allowed to stay on as King but only to prevent chaos and anarchy as the planned transition progressed. But all did not go as laid out by these rather idealistic revolutionaries! The larger base of Siamese populace quickly realized that they would simply be exchanging one ruling class (the Royals) for another (the Revolutionaries / Promoters). There was unlikely to be any ‘trickled-down’ effect on the life and toils of the common laborers. An actual Constitution was promulgated that defined the limits of power of the King and his vast network of ‘royal cousins’ who for hundreds of years has essentially run everything that was not controlled by the Chinese. Naturally, marriages had been arranged over these same decades to unite the Royals and the Chinese into a formidable force. But when faced with military force they had no reply. The original manifesto plan was a multi-year transitional state wherein ‘enlightened’ commoners would progress to assume an ever greater role in running the various Ministries that controlled all aspects of Siamese government and society. Education was a particular priority among these ‘enlightened’ intellectuals. They founded Thammasat University under the original name of the University of Moral and Political Science. Ever since, Thammasat has breed the leaders of multiple coups and revolutionary movements right up into the 21st century. The initial ‘economic reform plan’ promulgated by the economist known as Pridi (surname Phano-myong) was immediately and overtly rejected by the newly formed (appointed not quite yet elected) National Assembly as being pure communism. It included nationalization of all industry and converting all workers and managers to State employees. Chaos and infighting rose to the level that Rama VII suspended the Assembly and took to ruling by decree once again. The leaders of the People’s Party were losing favor with just about everyone. They saw their grip on power waning rapidly, but before it was gone entirely, they managed to get the National Assembly re-instated and their control over many of the government ministries restored. This new found revolution almost came to an abrupt end when in October of 1933 (barely a year after the coup), Prince Boworadet, a cousin of the king, led a counter-coup. King Rama VII was not thought to have had any role in this action but it was anything but bloodless. After only three days of intense fighting all across Bangkok, the King called a halt to the bloodshed and agreed to depart the country to lessen the friction between the Royalists and the Promoters. Within a year, while living once again in England, he formally abdicated the throne. This threw the royalists into a quandary. He had no heirs. They reached laterally once again (remember VII was the brother of VI) and anointed his nephew Ananda (son of his brother Mahidol) as King Rama VIII. But Ananda was only 9 years old. He had lived nearly his entire life in Switzerland with his widowed mother, older sister and younger brother. It is said that he could not even speak Thai much less the formalized version of that language spoken in the royal court. In short, the royalist were holding on by a thread! During those years following the revolution, political power was a delicate balance between the stubborn royalists, the ‘enlightened intellectuals’ of the People’s Party and Phibun’s military faction. Phibun had spent that time consolidating his power. Over the next 5 years (1933-38) the strength and power of the military reached into every aspect of Siamese society. Even though he maintained his rank only as a Lt. Col., he was truly ‘in charge’. As to his personal political leanings, he heavy favored the Italian line – Mussolini’s brand of Fascism! It was heavily grounded in nationalism so favored by many military dictators over the centuries of world history. So it blended well with his military background. It was also heavily dependent on controlling the thought processes of the masses via propaganda which the wide-spread military establishment was predisposed to promulgating. In 1937, following in the footsteps of another up and coming world leader (Adolph Hitler), Phibun stood for election as Prime Minister in the first ever country-wide election in Siam. Economist (albeit communist) Pridi was elected as Minister of Finance under his fellow conspirator Phibun. [editors note: this is an example of the uniqueness that Thai ‘democracy’ has exhibited over the past few decades. It seems to find a way to ensure — via numerous and varied methodologies — that the ‘right’ people are ‘elected’ to the ‘right’ positions.] Phibun immediately launched into a series of ‘reforms’ that in many ways paralleled what was happening in Germany and Italy in that period. The idealism of the People’s Party was scraped for a more realistic grab for absolute power. British Baron Acton’s observation that “power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely” could not have proven more true than during the tenure of PM Phibun. As Hitler and Mussolini scapegoated the Jews as enemies of the people, so Phibun targeted those of Chinese ethnicity. Although he stopped short of trying to actually exterminate then, he targeted them in every way possible. From taxes to forbidding the usage of the Chinese language in business and commerce, he imposed ever more burdening restrictions on their business activities so as to lessen their economic impact. His ally Pridi, readily played along in his role as Finance Minister to create a dichotomous system where Chinese businesses were heavily taxed and placed under burdensome regulations while Thai-owned business received generous benefits and incentives. It was under a flag of (Fascist) nationalism that all of this progressed, at least until early 1942. The other major change he made was to the core of society itself. He renamed the country from Siam (which he viewed as a name imposed by non-Thais as far back as the mid-13th century) to Thailand. This new name ironically translates to ‘Land of the Free’ when the country as a whole was about to enter into one of its darkest periods: Japanese occupation. The new name came with a new national anthem that proclaimed ultra-nationalism and patriotism; oddly enough including reverence of the King! It included the phrase “every inch of Thailand belongs to the Thais.” As a means to instill a commonality to the country (and to side-line the Chinese), Phibun declared a movement to move to westernized dress. He abandoned centuries of traditional Thai formal dress in favor of standard coat-and-tie business suits for men and western dresses (no pants) for women. Uniforms of all sorts became a status symbol that persists even today! Each government ministry had a uniform as a means to identify both loyalty and status. Such a scheme was quickly adopted by commercial establishments like banks that decreed that employees had to dress in a formally adopted color scheme if not an actual uniform. He even managed to nearly eradicate the use of opium and to a lesser extent the chewing of betel nut. Two practices that were thoroughly ingrained into Siamese society. By 1940, he had adopted the Gregorian calendar and shifted the celebration of dates like the New Year from the traditional mid-April (SongKran) to 1 January. Much of his ‘reforms’ came to an abrupt halt in the early 1940s. First in the first international foray in many years, Thailand’s rather meager military (which for these past years had been focused on internal nationalistic events) was forced into a shooting war with their Indo-Chinese neighbors under French rule. The precise events that precipitated this war are unclear. France was already occupied by the Nazis and the Indo-China colony was under the auspices of the Vichy government. As a military strategist, perhaps Phibun saw this as an opportune time to regain some of the territory in bordering Laos and Cambodia (no longer sovereign nations but part of French Indo-China). He was particularly targeting territory west of the MeKong River. Oddly enough, after a rather short shooting war, where the Thais were gaining the upper hand, the Japanese stepped into the fray as peace-keepers and brokered a deal to stop the shooting in return for the French ceding back some border areas that had been lost to earlier treaties. Of course, within a year, Japan would invade and occupy the entire area so the ‘victory’ by the Thais was somewhat short-lived. But not before Phibun managed to erect a huge obelisk to mark that (pyrrhic?) victory in the most nationalistic way possible. While we are on the topic of monuments, there is another linked to all of this activity. The newly empowered People’s Party erected the Democracy Monument closer to the king’s palace in the older section of Bangkok. Surely it was an in-your-face proclamation of the ‘people’s’ victory over royal tyranny. How little the subsequent years of power struggled resembled the ideals of those early days. Ironically as well, this monument has proven over the ensuing decades to be a rallying point for countless groups who knew that their ideas and ideals were the way to plot the course for a ‘new Thailand’; year after year; group after group stood at this place and declared their new manifesto for the future of the country. In the early months of the war, Thailand did garner some territorial gains from their alliance with the conquering Japanese. They invaded the United Shan States in NE Burma and the Japanese formally transferred back 4 ‘States’ from Malaya that had been lost to Britain in 1909. When added to the area on the west shore of the MeKong that they had occupied and kept after the Franco-Thai War of 1941, Thailand was cementing its place as a buffer state better east and west. Part 2 the post-war years & the rise of Fascism The Japanese occupation initiated decades of Thai political turmoil. I have described elsewhere how the Japanese seized control of the southern portion of the country but allowed the Thais to maintain control of most of the countryside in what was akin to the French Vichy government arrangement. But Phibun’s radical political concepts led to an increasingly Fascist lean to his policies. Discontent grew so bad that even in the midst of war, he was forced to resign as Prime Minister in July 1944. His replacement was another of the founding members of the People’s Party, Khuang Aphiawong, but Pridi was the real power behind the throne: literally and figuratively as he was Regent for the young King Rama VIII as well as controlling the civilian governmental structure = a very busy man! Pridi set out to reverse many of his former leader’s policies in a way that re-instated and strengthened Thailand’s position vis-à-vis the Western Allies. Thus he positioned Thailand to benefit from the inevitable Japanese defeat. But the People’s Party was permanently split with these three men jockeying for power over the post-war years. They settled on the Primoj brothers (Seni and Kukrit) as ‘outsiders’ who could rule but still be kept in check. They were grandsons of Rama II so they held sway with the royalist faction, but were beholden to the former People’s Party to maintain a power base in the ‘democrat’ faction. Although they never were amongst the leadership at the time, they had both supported the 1932 coup and even some of Phibun’s early efforts before he went over the Fascists cliff. Seni was Phibun’s AMB to the USA during the immediate pre-war years. He was the one who (whether on Phibun’s orders or his own initiative) refused to actually deliver the official Thai declaration of war. The Thai AMB to the UK did indeed deliver the declaration. Despite Pridi’s attempts to undo Phibun’s war-time actions, as punishment for those ‘transgressions’, the UK insisted that Thailand pay severe reparations which nearly bankrupted the government. These collapsed Seni’s first tour as PM after just a few months. Khuang found himself once again in the revolving chair as PM. But this time as the godfather of the new Democratic Party (an off-shoot of the People’s Party) that tried to distance itself from their actions over the past decade (1932-1946). Khuang was joined by the Primoj brothers as the primary leadership in a clear and permanent split from Phibun (now in exile in Japan) and Pridi’s more radical communist-leaning economics. But soon thereafter, in March 1946, Pridi once again managed to secure the PM’s seat in a ‘fair and impartial’ election. The July 1946 death of Rama VIII rocked the country. The Thai government and royal family have never recovered from this momentous event. To this day, no clear set of circumstances have been made public that can accurately explain that evening’s sequence of events much less who was where and when. Naturally, this gave rise to rampant rumors and all sorts of ‘conspiracy theories’ that involved everyone from the queen mother to Pridi himself. By Aug 46, his government collapsed under the pressure of rumor and innuendo. The triumvirate of Khuang, Seni and Kukrit would once again each hold the seat albeit rather briefly. Some stability was achieved not on the civilian side but via the rise of popularity of King Rama IX (Bhumipol; younger brother of Ananda) who the people soon came to adore. Over the many decades of his reign, he provided a father-figure and a modicum of stability as Thailand continued to struggle to establish and define what a Thai-democracy was to be. It is hard to count the number of Prime Ministers and Constitutions that the country has been shackled with since the end of WW 2. By 1947, Pridi was exiled first to China then back to France from which he waged verbal war with his home country over policies. He saw many of their policies over these decades as more fascist than democratic despite the name of the primary ruling party. But even until his death in 1983, he carried the stigma of the 1946 palace death. In the 21st century, Pridi has been more or less cleared of any involvement as the pendulum of guilt has shifted to Phibun’s corner. General chaos, scandal and financial hardships turned public sentiment against the Democratic Party’s leadership as none of them spent long enough as PM to have any lasting effect. Throughout the ensuing years, the only faction that remained reasonably coherent and was growing in strength were the military leaders with Phibun calling the shots. It was a military coup orchestrated by Phibun and a new-comer named Phin Choonhavan that finally drove Pridi into exile in 1947. Khuang was re-installed as ‘interim PM’ pending an election. He was ‘elected’ in January 48 but that term collapsed by April of that same year. A new triumvirate of Army Generals began to consolidate their power: Phibun and Sarit Thanarat along with Phao Siyanon. Phibun managed to hold the power as PM for nearly 10 years (1948-57) backed by the constant threat of a military crackdown. Hardly any other PM had managed 10 months in office, mainly because they did not have tanks and guns backing them. Sarit and Phao were viewed as co-PMs with Phibun as the mouth-piece, figure-head. True to form, the policies over this decade leaned more and more to a fascist, militaristic style and away from anything resembling a democracy. It was nothing short of a classic military dictatorship. They managed to actually resurrect the original 1932 Constitution that placed severe limits on the civilian-sector’s political power, thereby ensuring the place of the military as the most powerful faction, even without the tanks and guns! Their policies and programs were ultra-nationalistic (about as Fascist as anything Mussolini himself could have dreamed of). But this once again was to the detriment of the Chinese business community. As homeland China slid into communism post-war, so too did sentiment swing against the Thai-Chinese as being guilty by association. This is not to suggest that Phibun’s decade-long rule was not without it trials and tribulations. He actually survived 4 attempted cops by lower-ranking officers. But these did manage to temper the Fascist leanings and abrogate the re-instated 1932 Constitution, in favor of a somewhat more moderate one. Throughout the 1950’s, Phibun managed to ride the world-wide anti-communist wave to keep his place has head of government. Thailand deployed about 4000 troops to fight in Korea under the UN Banner. Thus ingratiating themselves to the 1950’s anti-communist factions in the US Congress. This garnered Phibun international political support as well as tons of US Aid dollars. But at home, Sarit and Phao were consolidating their power-base at Phibun’s expense. The populace (read Chinese businessmen) were increasingly dissatisfied with his oppressive economic dictates. Finally in September 1957, Sarit ousted his mentor and took the PM’s chair in another military coup; they could never quite bring themselves to challenging him in an open election! Sarit made no pretense about ruling as a full-on military dictator. But he soon relinquished the seat to a figure-head named Pote Sarasin in a hastily called election. But by January 1958, another ‘election’ ensued; this time installing another military man. Thanom Kittakachorn; at least until October 58 when Sarit unseated him! And so, any stability of government that Thailand had achieved in the 1950s under Phibun was replaced by a series of cascading dominoes in the next few years. Armed with a new (and improved?) Constitution, Sarit set off on a campaign to rid the country of crime and corruption! This lasted until his death in 1963. Many of his actions and efforts bore fruit in those few years – even if the ‘corruption’ was only rooted OUT at the LOWEST levels! After all, those at the highest levels of society and government had a standard to maintain! The opium trade (a very profitable cash crop in the northern Burmese-Laos border area) was largely eliminated; although Thailand became the western-world’s conduit for opium / heroin, it was no longer a major producer. Substantial gains were also made in up-grading the general level of literacy and education across the country, as opposed to just in Bangkok. Sarit was also instrumental in increasing the popularity of the young King Bhumipol. Sarit used the US Aid dollars to strengthen not only his military but also local industrial development and began the shift from an almost pure agrarian economy to a more industrial base. For the first time, Thais were able to use their raw materials and convert them to consumer goods, albeit largely for export. Under the guise (if one was needed) of anti-communist activity, highways were built and electricity extended into the most rural of areas; something the communist faction in NE Thailand would never be able to deliver. But throughout all this social ‘progress’, Sarit remained a full-on military dictator. He had suspended the Parliament and any expectation of ‘constitutional rights’ or elections. He banned newspapers that dared not support his policies. He even outlawed opposing political parties! By 1963, his reign as pseudo-monarch came to an abrupt end – with his death. Even his legacy was soon tarnished as the massive levels of corruption (largely in the distribution of ‘contracts’ to spent US $) were revealed to the public. Much like the Thaksin gov’t in the 2000s, the populace benefited but the cronies became fabulously wealthy. Once again, Thailand resurrected a former PM to the seat: Thanom Kittakachorn. This time he had as a Deputy PM a supporter (and relative) named Praphas Charusathian. They maintained the flow of US Aid dollars that soon exploded as the war in Vietnam expanded. As the 1960s gave way to the 70s, Thanom felt his grip on power waning so he instituted a series of populace policies aimed at placating the masses while keeping in place the rampant political and economic corruption that was now firmly entrenched in Thai politics. Out of the corruption and nepotism a new triumvirate arose: Thanom, his son Colonel Narong, and Narong’s father-in-law General Praphas Charusathien became known as the “three tyrants” and shared power to some extent. PM Thanom appointed himself as the Defense and Foreign Ministers. Thus, he and he alone, controlled the most powerful (and well-funded) elements of the governmental system. All in all, Thanom’s concessions to the populace were short-lived and all his most wanton abuses were back in vogue within a period of months. Forty-years on, Thai history repeated itself: a student-lead revolution was in the offing. But this time those students were home-grown. The university system that blossomed out of the 1932 revolution produced the National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT). These were locally schooled idealists and intellectuals following the path of the 1932 French-born People’s Party. They’d had enough and weren’t gonna take it any more! They started out in 1972 with non-violent protests. Their complaints were 1) rampant corruption; 2) mistreatment of civilians by the military; 3) what they viewed as a “American Occupation” with well over a quarter of a million US military were present supporting the war effort in Vietnam and Laos! Drawn from the large university campuses across Bangkok, groups who might have been expected to be at odds with one another joined forces until NSCT claimed 100,000 members! Another target for their wrath was not Chinese but rather the growing influence of the Japanese in Thai commerce. At first, these ‘youngsters’ seemed rather benign and not an overt threat to the triumvirate. But that all changed in the fall of 1973. On October 14, a huge throng of students surrounded the royal palace in downtown Bangkok demanding that the King oust the military dictators. The Thai Police (actually more of a para-military organization than a true police force) were powerless to quell first the demonstration then the rioting that ensued. As government building were burning, the military responded with re-enforcements, armored cars and machine guns. Chaos engulfed the older section of Bangkok. Helicopters strafed the crowds; uncounted hundreds of protesters were wounded or killed (official KIA count 77) – many of Thailand’s more promising minds as well as many hooligans who had joined in. Reports say bodies were flung into the Chao Phraya River to be carried out to sea. The situation escalated so fast and so far that the King finally stepped in and called a halt. He exiled the triumvirate and restored a semblance of calm and order. He appointed an intellectual leader well-known to the students: Dr. Sanya Thammasak, the former dean of the Thammasat Univ, as the interim PM. As in 1932, Sanya promised a new path to democracy, a new Constitution and elections TBA. Promised a role in these actions, the NSCT officially disbanded in November. Although officially in exile, Thanom was somehow allowed to remain on as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and continued to wield and consolidate power from the USA and later Singapore. As for the home-grown radical student protesters, the disbanded NSCT fractured into smaller groups pushing their own agendas. Some became openly communist and sought the means to turn Thailand into a Chinese-like Communist Regime. On the whole, various pro- and anti-communist factions grew across the length and breadth of the country. The communist-leaning students took to the mountains in the NE near Laos and waged a guerrilla-style war against Thailand’s military and para-military establishment. They operated as the People’s Liberation Army of Thailand (PLAT). By October 1976, discontent with the course and progress of the promised reforms resulted in another largely student-lead revolution out of which the military faction seized power once again and Thanom Kittikachorn was resurrected from exile. He did not assume an active role in the next dictatorship, but like Phibun and Pridi before him, he pulled the strings from another room! The new figure-head PM was Thanin Kraivichien, a little known (read controllable) Army General. This new incarnation of the old tried and true military dictatorship, immediately reversed or out-right abolished all that Sanya had done in his short term as PM. Within a year (1977), Thanin was gone, replaced by a political/military twin with the name of Kriangsak Chomanan. Except that he swung the political pendulum too far in the opposite (democratic) direction. Although many of the reforms he instituted remained and had a lasting effect on the country, he was ousted by 1980. He was replaced by a long-time political insider GEN Prem Tinsulanonda. One of this first acts was to negotiate a settlements with the PLAT and end the insurgency. With him came a period of stability (by Thai political standards) and economic growth. He managed to circumvent a few coup attempts and hold on as PM until he called for actual elections in 1988. Thus began the next chapter in Thai political evolution. Part 3 the new politics of the new century The latter two decades of the 20th century saw a major shift in Thai politics. Gone (for the most party) were the narcissistic military men and the ideologist (intellectuals, communists etc). In their place were businessmen. Democratic ideals and military fascism were replaced by greed. The one thing that remained consistent, however, was the rampant corruption that seemed to run like veins of gold through the government ministries. This was an era when men ‘bought’ appointments to certain offices with the full knowledge that they 1) could steal more money than the bribe they originally paid; 2) they could sell off subordinate offices with the same promise. The first aspiring politician to sanction such practices was Chatichai Choonhavan who won the 1988 election against Prem. And so began a new era of musical chairs for the PM seat. This time around [pun intended] there were a whole new set of players who handed off the reins like they were running a relay race [mixed metaphors aside]. Often times the most recently deposed PM would find himself at the head of a cushy Ministry under the new dude in charge. Chatichai lasted until 1991 when he too was ousted by the military. But they immediately handed off the seat to another businessman: Anand Panyarachun. He, in due course, lost the 1992 election to a lawyer named Narong Wongwan. But prior scandals prevented him from ever taking the oath of office. Army GEN Suchinda Kraprayoon – who had led the 1991 coup – took the seat. This return to a military-style dictatorship– all GENERALS expect their orders to be accrued out without question – evoked a new revolt. But this time that was also headed by a businessman rather than students. Chamlong Srimuang took the lead but he was supported by a few disgruntled (had not been promoted) military officers. They orchestrated what became known as Bloody May in 1992. Not unlike the 1973 student revolution, machine guns mowed down protesters in large numbers. No official accounting of the dead and wounded was ever released. After only 3 days, King Bumiphol became appalled by the toll and summoned Suchinda and Chamlong to kneel before him. He chastised them like petulant children and ordered an end to the fighting and sent them both into exile as penance. Having re-established the dominant position and influence of the monarchy, Ananda again found himself in the PM hot seat. That next election in 1992, established a pattern that would last over a decade. Every aspiring politician with deep-pockets would establish his own regional political party. There were five larger parties that garnered support across regional boundaries and more than a dozen tiny parties that waited in the wings to be courted to form a coalition government and secure a high salaried and high bribe-collecting Ministerial Seat. Every one of these sought to be the big fish in his self-created little pond. Chuan Lekpai was the first to cobble together one of these LEGO-block governments. Even his formerly dominant Democratic Party could not attain enough seats for a Parliamentary majority and so needed the support of these willing (if not exactly able) tiny parties to underpin his efforts. Naturally, a structure built on such a weak foundation was prone to cracks and eventual downfall. As scheduled elections in 1995 approached, others scrambled to lure away his supporting pillars. He was replaced first by Banharm Silpa-archa then Chavalit Yongchaiyudh. Both fell due to economic pressures after only months in office. The culmination of decades of rampant corruption and mis-handling of government funds was wrapped up in the world-wide 1997 economic collapse. Chuan found himself again the captain of a sinking ship until 2001. Riding in on a white horse came Thaksin Shinawatra. He had made a fortune by establishing the first mobile phone company during the 1990s. As one of the richest men in Asia (if not the world). He was also a master manipulator and as accomplished a criminal mind as any who had preceded him. He was after all a former policeman with a degree in Criminal Justice from a US university. He made the rounds of these tiny regional parties and promised that his vast fortune could ensure (read buy) their success in the next election. All they had to do was be absorbed into his Thai Rak Thai (Thais love Thais) Party. Two-bit politicians and aspiring businessmen lined up at his door to pledge their fealty. Once installed in Government House, he immediately honored his pledges to enrich those who supported him and bankrupt those who did not. His populace policies were cheered by the masses who saw little wrong with the taxes paid by the rich city-dwellers building a new bridge to their area. That bridge, however, cost 3x the actual value with 2/3 going into the pockets of the contractor. “We got a new bridge / road / tractor, who cares who paid for it or how much!” He was the first PM since Prem to serve his full term and then get re-elected! He brushed aside his opposition who took him to court time and time again to challenge the legality of his vote buying; but they always lost. He further expanded his sphere of influence by courting the friendship of the soon-to-be king. He underwrote debts and other excesses of the playboy prince. But the true royalist saw through this ploy and established the People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD) [Harkening back to the name of the 1930s People’s Party that deposed the king]. Thaksin’s populace appeal was read by them as a direct threat to the sitting king and the future of the monarchy itself. The aging and ill king was largely silent and uninvolved except for scheduled ceremonial appearances. This group adopted YELLOW as their rallying color as they massed wearing yellow shirts in support of King Rama IX. The yellow shirts organized a boycott of the 2006 election that Thaksin was sure to win and the court promptly invalidated the result. But before a new election could be held, the opposition waited for Thaksin to attend the annual UN General Assembly and staged another military coup. Thaksin found himself a PM without a country as they cancelled his Diplomatic Passport. Surayud Chulanont took the interim seat as the 2008 election as called. A re-incarnated version of Thaksin’s Thai Rak Thai Party won that election installing a figure-head named Samak Sundarawaj who was little more than a puppet of the exiled Thaksin. Forced out of office on a thin legal pretext, Samak was replaced by Thaksin’s brother-in-law: Somchai Wongsawat. In opposition to all things Thaksin (this might have been a fore-runner of the US ‘never Trumpers’), the PAD-yellow shirts re-emerged and soon there were violent clashes with the red-shirted Thaksin supporters. In 2008, the revitalized and anti-Thaksin Democrat Party prevailed in the election and a ‘new breed’ of politician found himself running the country. Abhisit Vejjajiva, was a UK educated charismatic young man but his time in office was marred by large and sometimes violent protests by the red shirt Thaksin-supporting faction calling themselves the UDD (Democracy Against Dictatorship); this despite the fact that Abhisit (aka Mark) was duly elected. Violence escalated until the military was mobilized to break up the large groups encamped in strategic sites around Bangkok that had disrupted the government functions and businesses for months. The ‘battle’ was reasonably bloody but brief and the red-shirts fled. Officially, 100 deaths was the toll; counting the casualties on both sides. In the next election in 2011, the red-shirts achieved a modicum of revenge when Thaksin’s sister, Yingluck, prevailed. Like Samak, she was sued multiple times in attempts to discredit the legitimacy of her position as the first female PM. The protest cycle reversed with the yellow shirts taking to the streets. Although she enjoyed some successes, her eventual downfall was precipitated by the introduction of a bill that would have granted amnesty to her brother and his cronies and allow him to return. One needs to remember how many ‘disgraced’ politicians were able to rehabilitate themselves over past decades. She was forced to resign by the vehemence of the opposition to this bill. Her interim successor’s term was shorter than his (now forgotten) name! Within two weeks (in 2014), GEN Prayuth Chan-ocha had seized power in a bloodless coup. Needless to say, he faced many challenges to his authority but to date he has successfully, if not always peacefully, weathered them all. Under another ‘new’ Constitution, he stepped down as military dictator but was immediately re-elected as PM in 2019. The death of the beloved King Rama IX (Bhumipol) at aged 88 shocked the nation more than any political shift had done since 1932. October 13, 2016 will long be remembered as a dark day for Thailand. In 2021, students – both the west-side intellectuals and the east-side hooligans — have taken to the streets once again in an effort to have Prayuth step-aside based primarily on his slow and ineffectual handling of the COVID-19 pandemic response. August 2021 protesters hoping to oust the Prime Minister gather at the Democracy Monument to state their grievances. Not an easy read (a bit too pedantic) but an assessment of the role of religion in civil affairs:
Ioan Ciorba, Laura Ardelean, Food Crises and Their Implications on the Emigration Phenomenon in Transylvania (18th Century–First Part of the 19th Century) During the entire 18th century and during the first part of the next one Transylvania was confronted with repeated food crises (shortages due to poor crops and yields, weather conditions, sometimes with intervals of famine, etc.). The difficulties in purchasing food were frequently amplified by the high prices at which food was sold, which made life difficult for the poor people. The reaction of a part of the inhabitants of the Transylvanian area to this situation was that of leaving the province (temporarily or permanently) in search of places that could ensure their livelihood. Most left for Moldavia and the Wallachia, but there were cases of crossings to the hungarian plains, to the russian area, etc. There were situations in which their emigration was determined only by the scarcity or lack of available food. in many others, the triggering factors of the emigration trend were more complex, as religious, social, economic and other factors, along with the food shortages, combined to increase the phenomenon. our study aims to analyse the relationship between the food crises in this area and the emigration trend, making an inventory of them and outlining how the authorities, guided by populist principles, related to this challenge Copyright 2008 Centrul de Studii Transilvane \| Web design: Netlogiq Cluj
how to pronounce transnational how to improve pronunciation of transnational press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound. press Play to play an example pronunciation of transnational. video examples of transnational pronunciation An example use of transnational in a speech by a native speaker of american english: “… articulated work and also having a transnational approach as we face …” meanings of transnational 1. Involving several nations or nationalities. 2. Between or beyond national boundaries. 1. Someone operating in several countries.
Nov 14, 2020 in Politics Seeking Justice The majority of the films shown in cinemas or on TV reflect the larger picture of what happens in society. One of those movies is A Civil Action. It is a story of two companies, Beatrice and Grace, that caused the death of 12 children due to leukemia, and the pursuit of justices proves futile. In this movie, it is evident that people live in a world of tactic and financial muscles in seeking justice rather than truth (Thompson, 2016). This essay aims to discuss the movie in details, showing its relevance in the present, the effect of morality on law as well as the challenges facing judicial actors. There is a difference in how the law works in the books and how it is exercised in real life. The film depicts what happens in todays context where one requires a lawyer who is fully committed to their course and who is willing to defend them, just as Jerome Facher represents his client. He is conversant with everything regarding the case, and he can determine the outcomes. Just like the ways justice is bought, Jerome Facher knows that he has a higher chance of case tilting to his favor but to be certain, he offers the plaintiff $20 million (Rudin & Zaillian, 1998). The changing view of morality comes into play where Jan Schlichtmann first declines the request to represent the parents of the deceased children because they are poor and they cannot offer a great financial deal. However, later, he accepts this request after the realization that two wealthy companies are the source of pollution. Furthermore, it is evident that one would prefer to keep his/her job at the expense of helping in seeking for justice, like in the case of Mr. Granger who fails to testify. This issue shows that morality has changed from doing right to doing what is beneficial to oneself, thus affecting law by denying justice to the poor and weak in society. The film portrays how the law works in the real life situation. One can see how Judge Walter J. Skinner makes a ruling against the plaintiff not based on the facts and evidence but according to the manipulation of the situation by Jerry Facher and his team to their favor. Then, Jan Schlichtmann is seen to gather more evidence from the company hired to dump the pollutants, and this seems to be a breakthrough as the companies are ordered to clean up the polluted environment. 10% word count difference (300 words instead of 270 words per page) 15%ff for a first-time order The legal actors face some challenges as well. First, court proceedings can be expensive, forcing small firms, such as the one for Jan Schlichtmann, to incur losses, which affects their work in seeking justice. The judges are also concerned about their job of delivering justice since some of them see crucial witnesses fail to appear in court (Rudin & Zaillian, 1998). For instance, Mr. Granger, the truck driver that transported the pollutants, did not testify at the trial since he was afraid of losing his job for testifying against his employer. The clients, like the two companies, incur serious expenses when they hire lawyers and clean environment to get rid of the pollutants as directed by the court. Order Your Essay It is evident that there are no morals in the judiciary system, which makes it hard for the poor to have justice (Rudin & Zaillian, 1998). According to the stereotype painted by the lawyers in the movies, judicial system is corrupt because of the temptation of the money offered to them. For instance, Mr. Faber, Beatrice Food defense lawyer, says that court is not a place for seeking truth. At one point, Jan Schlichtmann is offered money to withdraw the case, but he declines not because it is wrong but he sees a greater reward than the money provided by the defendant. In the end, the money ruled is relatively lower than the half of what he had been offered. Conclusively, the movie A Civil Action has clearly brought to light what exactly happens in the real world of justice. Justice is no longer decided based on truth but it is sold to the highest bidder, and the weak and sick in society find it hard to pursue the justice that they deserve so much. The locals, in this case, wanted the concerned companies to value their dignity and ask for forgiveness. It was little to ask for in this money-driven world but too hard to be offered since they never received an apology. Related essays
Does China produce shrimp? China’s total shrimp (Penaeus spp) production exceeded 1.5 million tons in 2018. Farmed seawater shrimp production reached 0.8 million tons. The farmed freshwater shrimp reached 0.5 million tons. The marine catch shrimp production reached peak 0.2 million tons. Is shrimp imported from China? China, ground zero of the COVID-19 virus, was first hit by the crisis, strongly impacting China’s positive trend as a shrimp importer. By 2019,* China had become a promising market and world leader in shrimp imports with 651,618 tonnes of shrimp imported, surpassing its 2018 imports by more than 233%. What country produces the most shrimp? About 75% of the world production of farmed shrimp comes from Asian countries; the two leading nations being China and Thailand, closely followed by Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. The other 25% are produced in the western hemisphere, where Latin American countries (Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico) dominate. Where does China get their shrimp? About half of China’s shrimp imports come from Ecuador, which in recent years has been positioning itself as a sustainable and high-quality shrimp source – despite China imposing a one-week ban in September for hygiene reasons on imports from Omarsa, Ecuador’s second-largest shrimp exporter. IT\'S FUNNING: What chilis are used in Chinese cooking? Does China export shrimp? China is the second-largest importer of shrimp from India after the USA. It accounts for nearly 46.44 per cent of the volume of the shrimp exports. Is Costco shrimp from China? Costco purchases shrimp from Thailand-based company Charoen Pokphand (CP) Foods, the biggest shrimp farmer in the world. … But it’s worth noting that because of the US’s scant regulation around shrimp labeling, consumers have to rely even more on retailers like Costco to purchase ethically farmed shrimp. Why is Chinese shrimp bad? China exports most of the world’s seafood, including shrimp, but it has a huge problem with antibiotic overuse that’s threatening global safety. … But one of the most disturbing and important reasons to avoid shrimp is that of antibiotic resistance. Does the US export shrimp? This statistic shows the distribution of U.S. shrimp exports to major importers in 2019. In that year, about 23 percent of the U.S. shrimp export volume were imported to Canada. What country exports the most shrimp? Globally, Ecuador is the Largest Exporter of Shrimp; besides China and Vietnam. Among consuming countries, the United States is the largest consumer of Shrimp. Why is farmed shrimp bad? Because they are raised in high concentrations and have underdeveloped immune systems, disease risk is high. To try to prevent and control disease, which can result in major losses, farms use chemicals. Those chemicals end up in waterways, where they are destructive to local ecosystems—and in the shrimp itself. What fish do we get from China? Tilapia—China supplies most, followed by Indonesia, Ecuador, and Honduras. Scallops—mainly imported from China, followed by Canada, Mexico, Japan, Argentina, and the Philippines. Mussels—Canada, New Zealand, and Chile supply most. Clams—Asian countries and Canada supply most. IT\'S FUNNING: Question: What is high income in Shanghai? Is it safe to eat seafood from China? Where does restaurant shrimp come from? Ninety percent of the shrimp we eat is imported, and almost all of that comes from farms in Southeast Asia and Central America. An estimated 50 to 60 percent of farmed shrimp from these regions is raised in ponds that were once mangrove forests — a fact that could spell trouble for the climate. What country has the safest shrimp? A recent Consumer Report found Thai shrimp had the lowest presence of bacteria than any other farmed COO. Ecuador produces excellent shrimp using an extensive farming method. Extensive farming means shrimp ponds have lower stocking densities. In other words, less shrimp occupy a pond in Ecuador than in other countries. Where does Pacific white shrimp come from? The two warmwater species known as Pacific whites are Penaeus vannamei, found from Sonora, Mexico, to northern Peru, and P. stylirostris, which ranges from Baja, California to Peru. Where does Censea shrimp come from? 1989. Central Seaway imports its first container of farm-raised shrimp from Southeast Asia, which would go on to become a staple of its business.
Growing Artichokes (Globe) Jan F M A M J J A S O N Dec S P S = Plant undercover in seed trays P = Sow seed • Space plants: 63 - 79 inches apart • Harvest in 42-57 weeks. Your comments and tips 14 Dec 20, (USA - Zone 3a climate) If leaves are rich green colour then they have enough fert, if yellow then apply some general fert. Mulch with anything, have it loose so water can go through it. Only put it on about50-70mm thick. 25 Nov 20, (South Africa - Summer rainfall climate) Check the monthly planting calendar for SA Summer Rainfall climate zone. 28 Oct 20, Anonymous (USA - Zone 10b climate) 12 May 21, Celeste Archer (Canada - Zone 7a Mild Temperate climate) Artichokes are considered very deep rooted - with their tap root extending beyond 36" and generally running around 5' deep. Artichokes tend to be used to quickly (3-4 months) hold soil erosion at the side of a hill - just toss the seeds - this can be done as a temporary measure until perennials take hold or other measures are taken. My point is; they are really meant for areas where their tap roots can run deep. Mind you, I know a lot of veggies that people grow in containers that are really not suited to containers. If you tried to grow the artichoke in a container, expect stunted growth..... somehow it just seems cruel. Try searching the web for "vegetable root depth chart" -- and look at the vegetables that have shallow roots; they are most likely going to be the vegetables that do best in containers. Also in the medium rooted vegetables SOMETIMES their is a variety that is suitable for containers - for example TomatoFest (online seeds) has a project called "The Dwarf Tomato Project" where they have chosen tomatoes specifically for containers. If your buying seeds - most will tell you if they are suitable for containers. Showing 11 - 20 of 106 comments What is the best artichoke species for Tucson Arizona zone 9? - Joseph Thomas Please provide your email address if you are hoping for a reply Gardenate App Planting Reminders We cannot help if you are overrun by giant slugs.
Choosing Toys Choosing Toys Toy selection on its own can be an overwhelming decision and only gets more complicated when considering a child with special needs. Without proper consideration, the well-meaning heap of toys in your home go unused, improperly used, or don’t promote purposeful play. Purposeful play is essential to promote joyful intellectual and social development through exploring, problem-solving, and creating. The following tips offer some guidance when considering your next set of toy purchases Realize what your child finds entertaining and stick with it. Their interests are what matters and failing to adhere to preferences often leaves toys unused. If you are attempting to expand interests or give an item that is more developmentally appropriate, think of items that are subtly different. For example, if an older child is interested in Thomas the Tank Engine, think of other transportation toys that they may enjoy, such as a train set or remote control car. Find items that are different. Find items that offer different experiences and growth to add to your collection. Think of sensory experiences, manipulative play, as well as imaginative exploration. Think of the “just right challenge.” The item should be “just right” in terms of stimulation. Toys should be easy to use but slightly challenging to avoid frustration or over/under-stimulation. Keep in mind that toys may suit a child’s needs over time. To illustrate, an item like a shape sorter may be too complex for a 9-month-old but they may be able to use the shapes to stack into towers and practice putting items in and dumping them out. Rotate what is out. When your child gets a new item, put one away. Limiting access to ~10 items in the play area will promote longer engagement and more creative use. This will also naturally lead to keeping items around that can be used in more than one manner. Relate toys to goals. Think of the goals you have in mind and if the toy could be used to achieve them. Goal areas for children typically include physical activity, cognitive skills, emotional regulation, and socialization. Spending time playing is the easiest and most stress-free way to learn. Use “the real thing.” Appreciate that your child may find “the real thing” more desirable. As a result, purchasing duplicates or items that have a similar feel to household items is recommended. For example, a child may watch a parent clean and become interested, so a second feather duster may become an item they enjoy using for play. Ask for a receipt. Every item out should serve a purpose and be used. If it doesn’t return, store or gift it to someone else. With gifts, be specific if there is an item a child would like or there is an item you wish to try. If appropriate, ask for a receipt and reassure the giver that you will search for an item the child will enjoy. Finally, all items should be safe and provided with time. Showcasing an item will help a child carry through with intended use and allow the parent to see the level of supervision needed. Multiple demonstrations may be required before a child attempts on their own and/or shows any interest in the toy so don’t give up!
Nagpur Junction Railway Station is one of the oldest and busiest stations in Maharashtra.In 1867, Mumbai was connected to Nagpur. In 1881, Nagpur was connected to Kolkata via the Nagpur State Railway of Chhattisgarh. It was officially inaugurated on January 15th, 1925 by the then Governor Sir Frank Sly. Prior to 1924, the Nagpur Railway Junction Station was located east of its current location. TATA, one of the most respected industrial houses in India, started the country's first textile mill at Nagpur, formally known as Central India Spinning and Weaving Company Ltd. The company was popularly known as "Empress Mills" as it was inaugurated on 1st January 1877, the day queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India. Nagpur was a scene of significant political activity during India's freedom struggle. The city hosted two annual sessions of the Indian National Congress and the Non Co-Operation Movement was launched in the Nagpur session of 1920. After Indian Independence in 1947, Central Provinces and Berar became a province of India, and in 1950 became the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, again with Nagpur as its capital. However when the Indian states were reorganized along linguistic lines in 1956, the Nagpur region and Berar were transferred to Bombay state, which in 1960 was split between the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Nagpur is the only Indian city to have lost the status of a state capital during the reorganizaton of states. If the demand for a separate state of Vidarbha is granted in future, the city is set to regain its former status as state capital.
Structure of Indian Money Market Structure of Indian money market What is the Money Market? • The money market is a type of market where lending and borrowing funds for a short period of time. The Money market deals in short-term funds and financial instruments for the period of one day to one year or less. In the money market financial instruments are highly liquid and converted into cash within a short period of time. • In the money market, various instruments used for lending and borrowing such as call money, commercial bills, treasury bills, certificates of deposits, commercial papers, etc. It is a wholesale market for a short term debt instrument. Structure of Indian Money Market Structure of Indian Money Market Structure of Indian Money Market • Money Market divided into the organized sector and unorganized sector. organized money market governed by the Act. the organized market registered the government and follow the rules and regulations. • The unorganized market is not governed by any Act. It is registered with the government; therefore no rules and regulations followed by the unorganized sector. Role of different player and participant in the organized sector: 1. RBI: Reserve Bank of India Plays a very important role in the Money market. The objective of RBI operation in the money market to ensure liquidity and short term interest rate for achieving objectives of monetary policy. RBI Plays the role of a middleman and regulator in the money market. 2. Government: The government is an active player in the money market and, is the biggest borrower in the money market. The government needs to borrow funds in case of a deficit budget when expenditure is more than revenue. government raising funds by issue of securities in the money market. 3. Banks: Banks are very important players in the money market because banks undertake short term lending and borrowing of funds. The collective operation of banks on a day-to-day basis has a major impact on the structure of interest rate and liquidity position. 4. Financial Institutions: The financial institution undertakes lending and borrowing of short term funds. They carry out in large volumes and therefore have an important impact on the money market. 5. Discount and Finance House of India(DFHI): The RBI set up DFHI jointly with public sector banks and all Indian financial institutions with the aim to provide liquidity in short term. The DFHI deals in treasury bills, commercial bills, CDs, CPs, short term deposits, call money market, and government securities. The DFHI also participates in repos operations. 6. Business Corporates: They deal in the money market mostly to raise short term funds for satisfying their working capital requirement. they use both the organized and the unorganized sector of the money market. 7. Non-Banking Financial Intermediaries: NBFI consists of Mutual funds, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), etc. they accept a deposit in different forms and lend or invest in different economic activities. Their level of participation depends on the regulations. For example, the level of participation of FIIs in the Indian money market is restricted to investment in government securities. 8. Primary Dealers(PDs): RBI introduced PDs in 1995 to develop an active secondary market for government securities. They also act as underwriters to the government securities. The main components of the Unorganized Sector of Indian Money Market 1. Indigenous Bankers: They operate as banks, receive deposits, and give loans and deals in hundies. hundi is a short term credit instrument. The rate of interest differs from one market to another market and from one bank to another. They are financial intermediaries who provide loans directly to trade and industry and to agricultures by money lenders and traders. 2. Money Lenders: Moneylenders’ primary business is money lending. They operate mainly in villages but they also operate in urban areas. A large amount of loans are given for unproductive purposes. The borrower is agriculture labourers, small farmers, factory workers, small traders, etc. 3. Financial Brokers: Ficnaicla brokers are middlemen between lenders and borrowers. They are found in all major markets especially in the cloth market, grain markets, and commodity markets. 4. Unregulated non-bank Financial Intermediaries: the Unregulated non-bank Financial Intermediaries consist of Chit Funds, Nidhis, Loan Companies, and others. a) Chit funds: It is a saving institution. The members make contributions of funds regularly. the collected funds are given to some member based on bids or draws. b) Nidhis: The deposit from members are the main source of funds and makes loans to members at a reasonable interest rate for the purpose of house construction or repairs. c) Loan Companies: It is also knowns as Finance companies. The total capital of the loan companies is borrowings, deposits, and owned funds. They offer a higher interest rate. Structure of Indian Money Market, Business Economic Notes Click Here Reference: Smart Notes, Manan Prakashan Post your Comment 1 × one =
Often asked: What Province Is North Sumantra Indonesia? Is North Sumatra a province? North Sumatra (Indonesian: Sumatra Utara) is a province of Indonesia located on the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java, East Java and Central Java. How many provinces are there in Sumatra? The Sumatra region consists of 10 provinces; in this learning exchange, we will visit two — West Sumatra and Riau. The longest axis of the island runs approximately 1,790 km (1,110 mi) northwest–southeast, crossing the equator near the centre. At its widest point, the island spans 435 km (270 mi). What province is Medan in? Is Sumatra dangerous? All Sumatra is safe if you use common sense, respect local cultures and customs, and travel with open mind. Definately dangerous. Is Sumatra a poor country? Due to the dense rural nature of parts of the Java, Bali, Lombok, and parts of Sumatra, poverty can be classified into rural and urban poverty. Urban poverty is prevalent in not only in Jabodetabek, but also in Medan and Surabaya. What is Sumatra called now? Sumatra, Indonesian Sumatera, Indonesian island, the second largest (after Borneo) of the Greater Sunda Islands, in the Malay Archipelago. It is separated in the northeast from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca and in the south from Java by the Sunda Strait. You might be interested: Quick Answer: Why Does Indonesia Dislike Israel? Is Borneo a part of Indonesia? Covering an area of roughly 287,000 square miles, Borneo is the third-largest island in the world. It is divided into four political regions: Kalimantan belongs to Indonesia; Sabah and Sarawak are part of Malaysia; a small remaining region comprises the sultanate of Brunei. What is North Sumatra known for? The province of North Sumatera is home to many of Sumatra’s most popular attractions, including the magnificent Danau Toba, the enchanting Orangutan Rehabilitation Center or the culturally enriching Karo Batak Highlands around Brastagi. What is Sumatra known for? The island has some of Indonesia’s richest oil fields, its finest coalfields, and deposits of gold and silver. Its offshore islands are known for their tin and bauxite. Most of the country’s rubber and coffee is grown in Sumatra; pepper, tea, sugarcane, and oil palms are also grown on plantations. Is there a country called Java? Java, also spelled Djawa or Jawa, island of Indonesia lying southeast of Malaysia and Sumatra, south of Borneo (Kalimantan), and west of Bali. Java is home to roughly half of Indonesia’s population and dominates the country politically and economically. Is Indonesia a safe country? What makes Indonesia unique? Indonesia is located in the ‘Pacific rim of fire’, one of the most active volcanic areas on the planet, and volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active in the area. In terms of quantity, Indonesia alone has around 13% of the world’s volcanoes! Leave a Reply
您现在的位置： Language Tips> Audio & Video> Movie English The Da Vinci Code《达·芬奇密码》（精讲之五） [ 2007-09-21 17:54 ] 文化面面观 Mary Magdalene & Malleus Maleficarum：“女巫”从这里开始？考考你小试牛刀 Sophie: You're saying the Holy Grail is a person? A woman? Leigh: And it turns out, she makes an appearance right there. Sophie: But they are all men. Leigh: Are they? What about that figure on the right hand of our Lord seated in the place of honor? Flowing red hair. Folded feminine hands. Hint of a bosom. No? It’s called scotoma. The mind sees what it chooses to see. Sophie: Who is she? Leigh: My dear, that's Mary Magdalene. Sophie: The prostitute? Leigh: She was no such thing. Smeared by the Church in 591 anno Domini, poor dear. Mary Magdalene was Jesus' wife. Robert: This is an old wives' tale. Leigh: The original one, in fact. Robert: There's virtually no empirical proof. Leigh: He knows as well as I do. Now, my dear, the word in French for Holy Grail. Sophie: Le Sangreal. Leigh: From the Middle English "Sangreal" of the original Arthurian legend. Now, as two words. Can you translate for our friend? Sophie: Sang real, it means "royal blood." Leigh: When the legend speaks of the chalice that held the blood of Christ, it speaks in fact of the female womb that carried Jesus' royal bloodline. Sophie: But how could Christ have a bloodline, unless--? Leigh: Mary was pregnant at the time of the Crucifixion. For her own safety and for that of Christ's unborn child, she fled the Holy Land and came to France. And here, it is said, she gave birth to a daughter, Sarah. Sophie: They know the child's name. Robert: A little girl. Leigh: Yes. Robert: If that were true, it's adding insult to injury. Sophie: Why? Robert: The pagans found transcendence through the joining of male to female. Sophie: People found god through sex? Robert: In paganism, women were worshiped as a route to heaven but the modern Church has a monopoly on that in salvation through Jesus Christ. Leigh: And he who keeps the keys to heaven rules the world. Robert: Women, then, are a huge threat to the Church. The Catholic inquisition soon publishes what may be the most blood-soaked book in human history. Leigh: The Malleus Maleficarum. Robert: The Witches' Hammer. Leigh: It instructed the clergy on how to locate, torture and kill all freethinking women. Robert: In three centuries of witch hunts, 50, 000 women are captured, burned alive at the stake. Leigh: Oh, at least that. Some say millions. Imagine, then, Robert, that Christ's throne might live on in a female child. You asked what would be worth killing for. Witness the greatest cover-up in human history. This is the secret that the Priory of Sion has defended for over 20 centuries. They are the guardians of the royal bloodline. The keepers of the proof of our true past. They are the protectors of the living descendants of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. Remy: Sir Leigh? Leigh: Sometimes I wonder who is serving whom. His sauces are not that fantastic. Yes, can I help you? Remy: Yes. They're on the news now. Sophie: Living descendants? Is it possible? Robert: It’s not impossible. Leigh: You have not been honest with me. Your pictures are on the television. You are wanted for four murders! Robert: That's why Vernet said "killing spree." Leigh: You come into my home, playing on my passions for the Grail. Robert: That's why he needed you. Sophie. Leigh: You will leave my house! 1. The place of honor 2. She was no such thing. 这里的no such thing的意思是“没有的事”，我们来看个例子：There's no such thing as a free lunch. 世上没有免费的午餐。 3. Old wives' tale Old wives’ tale 可以说是个俗语，意思就是“A superstition 迷信，老掉牙的故事/说法”，例如：Toads cause warts? That's an old wives' tale. 4. Holy Land 考考你小试牛刀上一页 1 2 3 下一页相关文章 Related Stories WAGS 太太和女朋友 “天知地知，你知我知” 怎么说女孩的心思谁能猜：Suspended from class 《说点什么吧》：Say something anyway Mountain and cowboy culture meet in Jackson Hole Livestock disease spreads in Britain Working magic in the garden with beans how to translate“三局两胜” 知青农民工怎么翻译 "魅力城市" 英文怎么说? Mountain Story 大山的故事
Famous british essayists Early life[ edit ] Churchill was born in St. At the Naval Academy, he was conspicuous in scholarship and also in general student activities. Famous british essayists Famous british essayists Do you know that famous novelists and great thinkers found writing essays enjoyable? Yet, treasuries of the majority of great authors, including American authors, contain essays. An essay gives a writer the freedom to analyze urgent issues Famous british essayists would not be a good fit for a bigger literary form. Certainly, writers manage to express their life philosophy in novels through their characters, but essays give them an opportunity to leave the characters behind and use their own voice. Famous Essayists from Colonial Times till the 20th Century First American essayists began to write in the early, colonial years. Most of them were clergymen who dedicated their writing to the norms of morality and ethics, etc. The great representatives of the essay writers of this period are John Woolman and Samuel Sewell, who were condemning slave trade in North America. The next period in the history of America was the democratic period which led to the War of Independence and the creation of the Declaration of Independence. Although these years were not quite beneficial for American writers because of the great influence of the British literature and authors, it gave people a number of prominent political activists and thinkers who also expressed their ideas and theories in essays. The War of Independence and the existence of the Declaration gave the entire nation that necessary strength they required to establish its own, national literature. The democratic period with its revolutionary moods was followed by the era of Romanticism. This was an epoch of admiration for nature, revealing feelings and emotions, and expressing the inner self. Romantic moods were replaced by war moods which resulted in the Civil War between the industrial North and the agrarian South. It was the rise of a new era, in which the strongest and the smartest survive. Contemporary American Essayists The 20th and 21st centuries did not leave readers without fantastic essays writers who managed to polish this writing form and make it even more interesting and creative. One of the most outstanding novelists and essayists of the modern period is Joan Didion. Famous british essayists In her works, Didion raised questions about American morals and social fragmentation through her own personality. Through analyzing her inner self and her way of thinking, she tried to comprehend the world. The works of this author are technically and aesthetically brilliant. The next author on our list of greatest American essay writers is Gore Vidal. From interviews with Gore Vidal, we can find out that he began to write at the age of five and created his first novel when he was seven years old. In his works, he discussed the topics of politics, religion, and sex. Themes of democracy, race, and American identity were distinctive in the essays of James Author Baldwin. He was a famous African-American poet, playwright, and social critic. Annie Dillard is another famous American fiction and non-fiction writer known for her distinctive writing technique of giving detailed descriptions and noticing unnoticeable. The winning work was her book Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. The list of brilliant American essayists is, in fact, extremely long. We encourage you to learn more about classic as well as contemporary authors and read their masterpieces.Sir William Walton: Sir William Walton, English composer especially known for his orchestral music. His early work made him one of England’s most important composers between the time of Vaughan Williams and that of Benjamin Britten. Walton, the son of a choirmaster father and a . Irish literature comprises writings in the Irish, Latin, and English (including Ulster Scots) languages on the island of timberdesignmag.com earliest recorded Irish writing dates from the seventh century and was produced by monks writing in both Latin and Early Irish. Famous alumni from Canada's top private schools Why a group of private schools mint so many of Canada's cultural, political, and economic leaders. From the works and musings of Walt Witman to those of Virginia Woolf, some of the cultural heroes and prolific artists of prose are listed below--along with some of the world's greatest essays and speeches ever composed by . Dame Edith Sitwell, (born Sept. 7, , Scarborough, Yorkshire, Eng.—died Dec. Famous People with Asperger Syndrome or SimilarAutistic Traits 9, , London), English poet who first gained fame for her stylistic artifices but who emerged during World War II as a poet of emotional depth and profoundly human concerns. She was equally famed for her formidable personality, Elizabethan dress, and eccentric opinions. If this is the best of possible worlds, what then are the others? Even in those cities which seem to enjoy the blessings of peace, and where the arts florish, the inhabitants are devoured by envy, cares and anxieties, which are greater plagues than any experienced in a town when it is under siege. Famous British Essayists
Homework 6 (due 5/19) CSC 543 We finished talking about MLPQ and began studying computational geometry. The book has an extensive chapter on computational geometry, which I have supplemented with material from de Berg, van Kreveld, Overmars, Schwarzkopf, Computational Geometry, Springer, 2000. 1d range searching and kd-trees are from Sections 5.1/5.2 of that book. Interval trees are covered in Section 10.1, as is the windowing problem we discussed (including the correct final punchline, which is kd-trees (page 217/218), I will go over this again next week). Interval trees are also covered in our textbook (5.2.4). Submission: you can submit the homework by hardcopy in class or by sending it to me as an email. 1. [Interval Trees, 20pt] a) Build an interval tree for the following scientists: b) List the scientists alive in the year 1640. Show the details of how the query proceeds. Note: For the three problems 2-4 below sketch algorithms and data structures you use or build (you do not have to implement any of them or even give pseudocode). The descriptions can be high-level, but should be precise. You can use algorithms/data structures we saw in class. 2. [Far Points on a Line, 10pt] You are given n points X := {x1, …, xn}, on the real line. You want to preprocess them in time O(n log n) so that you can quickly answer queries of the following type: given real number x and distance d, find all points in X that have distance at least d from x. Fast means O(log n + k), where k is the number of points in the output. 3. [Circles in a Rectangle, 15pt] You are given n axis-parallel rectangles in the plane {R1, …, Rn}. You want to preprocess them in time O(n log n) so that you can quickly list all the rectangles that a given circle (given by center p and radius r) is fully contained in. Quickly means time O(log n + k), where k is the number of rectangles in the output. (Why does this problem get much harder if instead of "contained in" we require "intersects"?) 4. [Visibility Problem, 15pt] You have a camera located at the origin of the coordinate system (0,0). The lens has a viewing angle of 45º and can be turned into any direction by specifying a rotation angle between 0º (looking east along the x-axis) and 360º. In the plane there are n points. For any specified rotation angle we want to list all the points that the camera can see. The preprocessing of the n input points in time should take time O(n log n) and each resetting of the camera angle O(log n + k), where k is the number of points that are visible at the new angle. 5. [Extra Credit] In the 4-intersection model for arcs on a circle (from the midterm), there is at least one scenario which has two essentially different realizations by arcs (different in how the exterior of the arcs intersect arc boundary/interior/exterior). Find such a case and show the different realizations. Marcus Schaefer Last updated: May 13th, 2009.
Does the flu jab make you immune to flu? The flu vaccine became available around September this year, and is usually offered to those in 'at risk' groups, such as those who are elderly or those with underlying health conditions. However, rumours abound about its effectiveness and every year some of those recommended for a vaccine fail to take up the offer. We look at the facts. Flu is a particularly nasty virus that flares up during the winter months. Each year, the virus mutates slightly, meaning that vulnerable groups need to be vaccinated each year to protect against new strains. Scientists around the world work hard to predict the particular strains that may abound each winter and create a vaccine purpose-built for the flu season. While some of us may suffer a milder illness if we contract the flu, others - particularly older people and those with underlying health conditions - may well suffer serious side-effects. Each year, thousands of people die from this disease and many deaths could be prevented if the vaccine were more widely used. How does the vaccine work? Like many vaccines, the flu jab works by introducing a deactivated form of the flu virus into your system. Your body will then produce an immune reaction that should help to protect you if and when you are exposed to the genuine virus. This is because your body will recognise the virus and will know how to deal with it. As the flu mutates each year, the particular strains of this virus need to be predicted and the vaccine altered to cope with the particular mutations, the flu jab is not 100% effective. The effectiveness of the vaccine varies from year to year, but in general tends to be around 60%. "The flu jab tends to decrease the risk of illness by about 60% - probably more," explains GP Doctor Jeff Foster. Might the vaccine give me flu? Some people who have received the flu vaccine have complained afterwards of having a 'flu-like' illness. However, although some people do have a mild reaction - such as a low-grade fever, headache or tiredness - it is impossible to genuinely catch flu from the vaccine. "There is a myth that having the flu injection can give you flu, but as it's an inactive virus it's not physically possible," explains Dr Foster. "There are anecdotal reports of people who say they became sick after the flu jab. But that is likely to be because people have a background illness that they either didn't tell their healthcare provider about or didn't realise they had at the time. It's important to speak with your healthcare provider if you're feeling unwell when you go for your vaccine." Do I need the vaccine? If your doctor recommends that you have the vaccine because of underlying health conditions or if you're over 50 the answer is a straightforward 'yes'. This year, those who spend time around vulnerable people, including carers and anyone who lives with someone on the NHS clinically extremely vulnerable (shielded) list, as well as some children, are also being offered a vaccine as there is a possibility of contracting both coronavirus and influenza at the same time. Even if you're not eligible for a free vaccine, you can book one privately at your local pharmacy. Are you eligible for a free NHS flu vaccination? You may be entitled to a free NHS flu vaccination from your GP or local pharmacist. Find out if you are eligible today. Find out more As with all vaccines, the more uptake there is, the more the disease can be suppressed in the general population. "This year we are for the first time encouraging people in lower risk groups to have a vaccine. If you contract both viruses at once, it could be a deadly cocktail," explains Dr Foster. I think I've had flu - am I immune? Even if you've had flu or been vaccinated in recent years, you will not be immune to the virus because there will be new strains each flu season. It's also very possible to think you've had flu when in fact you’ve had an illness that presents in a similar way - this can make people feel complacent when they really shouldn't be. "There are misunderstandings about the flu. A lot of people say they've got the flu, or 'mild flu' or a 'touch of flu'. But often what they're actually talking about is a particularly bad case of the common cold. We've got to really shift our understanding of what is flu and what is a bad cold. Flu is more serious than a cold - it can completely wipe you out," explains Dr Foster. I've never had the flu - am I immune? Sadly, there are no lucky people who have natural immunity to the flu. So if you've never contracted the illness, it is much more likely that you have simply been lucky. "There are people who say they've never had flu, so feel they will never get it," agrees Dr Foster. "But it's similar to saying you've never been hit by a bus. Just because it hasn't happened doesn't mean you can't get sick." So - should I get vaccinated? The answer is, if you have the opportunity to get vaccinated then you should take it up - particularly this year. Not only will it help to reduce your risk of contracting flu and becoming ill, it will also reduce the risk of contracting coronavirus and influenza at the same time. In addition, as with all vaccines, having the vaccine will not only protect you, but will help to protect those around you and the wider society. If you have any concerns about your particular health problems, it's worth having a chat with your pharmacist or GP who can advise. Read next Start survey
Adrenal crisis What is an adrenal crisis? In simple terms, your body goes into an adrenal crisis when your adrenal glands can’t produce enough steroids when needed under stress. Your body then crashes and you may go into shock. What causes an adrenal crisis? To have an adrenal crisis, you need two things: 1. Adrenal Insufficiency or the inability of your adrenal glands to make enough steroids (underlying problem) 2. Stressful situation for your body (trigger) To understand what causes an adrenal crisis, you need to understand what causes adrenal insufficiency and what triggers an adrenal crisis. People whose adrenal glands are healthy enough to produce sufficient amounts of steroids when needed don’t get an adrenal crisis. What causes adrenal insufficiencies? A diagram showing how a defective pituitary or adrenal gland can cause adrenal insufficiency and, along with bodily stress, cause an adrenal crisis. A diagram showing how bodily stress and adrenal insufficiency lead to an adrenal crisis There are two main causes of adrenal insufficiencies: 1. Adrenal glands can’t make the steroids: This is called a primary adrenal deficiency because the problem is in the adrenal glands. 2. Your pituitary gland won’t tell your adrenal gland to make steroids: This is called a secondary adrenal insufficiency because the problem is elsewhere. Why can’t the adrenal gland make steroids in a primary adrenal insufficiency? Because the steroid-making part is destroyed in these patients. What destroys the adrenal glands in people with a primary adrenal insufficiency? Here are the things that can destroy the steroid-making part of your adrenal glands: 1. Your own immune system: This is the most common cause of adrenal insufficiency. When your immune system attacks your organs and destroys them, it is called autoimmune disease. The particular autoimmune disease that destroys the steroid-making part of the adrenal gland is called Addison’s disease. That’s why an adrenal crisis is also called Addison’s crisis. However, that is not exactly accurate. All Addison’s crises are adrenal crises, but not all adrenal crises are Addison’s crises. However, the majority of adrenal crises are still Addison’s crises. 2. Infection of the adrenal glands: This is very uncommon in the United States, but it still happens in third world countries. 3. Bleeding into both adrenal glands: This is an extremely rare event. 4. Rare congenital defects: Some people are born with defective adrenal glands, which is also very rare. How is the pituitary gland involved in a secondary adrenal insufficiency? The pituitary gland sits in your brain. It is also called the master gland because it tells other glands what to do. The adrenal glands need permission from the pituitary glands to make steroids. When there are problems with the pituitary glands, they can’t give the OK signal to the adrenal glands. This “OK signal” is in the form of a hormone called the Adrenocorticotropic hormone, or simply ACTH. When the pituitary gland can’t make ACTH, the adrenal gland can’t make steroids. There are many diseases and conditions that interfere with the pituitary gland and affect ACTH production. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is less common than primary adrenal insufficiency. What triggers an adrenal crisis? Anything and everything that creates significant stress on your body can trigger an adrenal crisis. Your body needs steroids in a time of crisis. When your body is under stress and your adrenal glads can’t produce more steroids, that triggers an adrenal crisis. Here are examples of stress your body can’t handle without the extra steroids: 1. Major trauma: This is physical trauma, as in a car accident, sports accident, being beaten, being shot, etc. 2. Infections: These includes many different kinds of infections caused by various organisms. Infections may be caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. Even a common infection such as a urine infection or pneumonia can trigger an adrenal crisis. 3. Dehydration 4. Surgery 5. Pregnancy and childbirth 6. Food poisoning 7. Very strenuous exercise 8. Heat exhaustion 9. Major bleeding 10. Too much alcohol or drug use The triggers listed here are simple examples of things that can push you towards an adrenal crisis. This list is not supposed to be exclusive. The particular things that push you towards an adrenal crisis may be unique to you and may not exactly match any list. This list is helpful to people who had an adrenal crisis for the first time and don’t know what to expect. What does an adrenal crisis feel like? If you had an adrenal crisis once, you know exactly what it feels like. I have treated hundreds of patients hospitalized for an adrenal crisis, and they know what exactly is happening every time they get one. If you have had an adrenal crisis in the past, trust your instincts. If you feel like you are in an adrenal crisis, you probably are. I can only describe what my patients have told me when they are having an adrenal crisis because it is an experience unlike anything else. You have to experience it to know exactly how it feels. They tell me it feels like their bodies are literally giving up and crashing down; this sensation of all energy being drained out makes them feel very weak, tired, and lethargic. It all happens quickly, and your energy level goes down from 100% to 5% in just a few hours. Why is an adrenal crisis an emergency? How does an adrenal crisis cause death? When your body is in stress, it needs steroids. The particular steroid involved in an adrenal crisis is called cortisol. It is also called the stress hormone. Whenever you have any of the triggers mentioned above, your body has to prepare itself to fight those conditions. Your body has to increase blood flow, raise defenses, redistribute blood flow, increase energy production, and go into protective mode. Cortisol is essential in starting any of those reactions. Without cortisol, your body can’t fight any stress and simply gives up. Your body goes into shock and your blood pressure drops, eventually resulting in death. This is why an adrenal crisis is an emergency. You need to get help before it is too late. How long does an adrenal crisis last? Without treatment, an adrenal crisis can last as long as the trigger exists. In practice, this rarely happens. People with adrenal crises get too sick too quickly and seek medical help. An adrenal crisis resolves quickly with treatment as long as the proper dose is used based on severity of the crisis. With the proper treatment, the average adrenal crisis symptom lasts only a few hours. However, the disease that triggered the crisis can last more or less based the nature and severity of the disease. What are the symptoms of an adrenal crisis? After reading the answers to the questions above, I hope you understood the basic nature of an adrenal crisis. I hope that will help you understand the symptoms of an adrenal crisis. In essence, it is simply the symptoms of your body giving up the fight. Here are the symptoms from mild to severe: 1. Extreme symptoms of an otherwise mild illness 2. Nausea, vomiting, and a decreased appetite 3. Extreme loss of energy 4. Getting dizzy and lightheaded 5. Unable to get up and walk 6. Getting sleepy and confused 7. Feeling cold and clammy 8. Losing consciousness 9. Thready, fast pulse 10. Heart stopping If you are in an adrenal crisis for the first time, it is important to recognize these symptoms and think about an adrenal crisis. You may not even think about it if you were never diagnosed with an adrenal insufficiency in the first place. Unfortunately, many patients only learn about adrenal insufficiencies after they have been in an adrenal crisis. How do you prevent an adrenal crisis? Fortunately, once you have been properly diagnosed with an adrenal insufficiency, it is relatively simple to prevent an adrenal crisis. Take your time and do your research. You can easily learn everything you need to know about an adrenal insufficiency and an adrenal crisis. After that, all you need to do is work with your doctor to identify the best steroid replacement medication that works for you, and stick with it. You have to take your steroid everyday without stopping so that you can enjoy a happy and healthy life. You will also have to have a plan for sick days, which we will talk about in the next section. How do you treat an adrenal crisis at home? The treatment of an adrenal crisis at home is possible if you carefully plan it before you get sick. Anyone that has been diagnosed with an adrenal insufficiency needs a “sick day plan.” Whenever you feel like you are getting sick, you need to start your sick day plan. It is better to start early when you think you are coming down with something rather than after you are sick. Every individual sick day plan is different, but it essentially involves taking a higher dose of steroids for the duration of the sickness. Two to three times the normal dose is usually recommended unless you have a special dose plan recommended by your doctor. If you do it early, you may avoid a trip to the emergency department. However, things don’t always go as planned. You will need a second line of defense at home. The second line of defense is an injectable steroid. It is important to learn how to use the injectable steroid when you need it. You can practice with the syringe by filling it up with sterile saline. Keep practicing and keep yourself well prepared to actually do it when you need it. If you are not feeling better after taking the higher dose pills, you need to give yourself the injectable steroid. If you are having nausea and vomiting, pills are not recommended. Start with the injectable steroid. When do you go to the hospital with an adrenal crisis? What is the emergency treatment for an adrenal crisis? When your condition is not improving after implementing your sick day plan at home, it is time to go to the hospital. The emergency treatment for an adrenal crisis in the hospital consists of two things: 1. V steroid: It is more potent and more reliable than the one you can use at home 2. Proper treatment of the triggering event: This depends on what the event is. What can I do to help other people just diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency? Proper education and good planning are very important in patients diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency. Most patients eventually become experts in their own care, but many learn from experience and mistakes. You can share good reading materials with your friends and family so that they don’t have to experience a bad episode of adrenal crisis to learn from it. The are two main problems with most reading materials available on the internet: 1. Reading materials written in plain English are too superficial and don’t give out important details. 2. Reading materials with an in-depth analysis are written with lots of medical jargon, making them unreadable for the average reader. If you like this article, you can help other people by sharing it with your friends and family.
Real Estate Agency It’s a question that’s plagued many women throughout history, and the answer is not the slightest bit of comfort. The answer is that women’s bodies aren’t really all that small. According to a study conducted in 2006, the average human body measures approximately 3.5 inches wide by 2.4 inches tall, and about 4.5 centimeters deep. These measurements are the largest ever recorded, and they don’t even include the circumference of the breasts themselves. These aren’t big, juicy, or voluptuous breasts; they’re just average, normal sized breasts. But as an aside, you’re probably not aware of this fact, and that’s because you’re either ignorant or just completely oblivious to the fact that most women are smaller than their average height, which is 5 feet, 10 inches. And it’s also because most of us are very aware that this is a big deal. For instance, a 2007 study found that nearly 20 percent of American women have an abnormally small bust size, compared to about 11 percent of men. The same study found nearly two-thirds of American girls are smaller in size than their peers, and roughly two-fifths of American boys have a smaller-than-average waist size. These statistics are hardly news, but they also reflect a very real and very real issue. According the World Health Organization, about 10 percent of women in the world are underweight, and in the United States, it’s a much higher percentage. But it turns out that these numbers are much higher for women of color than for white women. The study found African-American women have the largest proportion of underweight women of any racial or ethnic group, with a median body mass index (BMI) of 27.5, compared with 25.9 for white and 13.3 for Hispanic women. Similarly, Asian women have a higher BMI at 25.4 than white women, and Hispanic women at 23.5. So how do we explain this disparity? And that’s where we get into the meat of the matter. The first thing that we do is examine the relationship between body size and health. The most well-known, and arguably most important, piece of evidence that shows the link between obesity and health is the Body Mass Index (BPI), which measures body fat percentage. Body fat is a measure of your body’s mass, and it’s calculated by taking your waist measurement and subtracting your height measurement. This means that, if your waist is 34 inches and your height is 6 feet, 8 inches, you’d have a BMI of 35.5 (i.e. you’d be overweight). And that is exactly the BMI for a woman of average height (5 feet, 7 inches). However, the BPI also includes a measurement of waist circumference, which, like BMI, is based on your waist size, but also on how fat you are. So a woman who is underweight has a BMI in the mid-20s, and is at risk of having a BMI above 30. So this means that a woman with a BMI that is between 25 and 30 is at a higher risk for obesity, because the lower the BMI, the higher the risk. If we take into account that women are more likely to be overweight than they are to be obese, it means that women who are overweight have a much lower chance of having an unhealthy BMI. And this is because of a very important factor that is very easily overlooked, and therefore the focus of this article. According a 2010 study, women who smoke more are more prone to develop obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. And a 2010 report by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute found that, on average, women smoke more than men. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely to die from cardiovascular disease as men. And in a recent study, researchers found that the women who smoked the most were more likely than men to develop diabetes. So women who spend time in front of the TV or reading magazines, or who are heavy smokers, are more at risk for developing heart disease, and for being obese. And as we all know, obesity is also associated with a wide range of chronic diseases, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and stroke. So while women are much more likely now to have Type 2 diabetes than men, they’re also more likely today to have cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity-associated diseases. It’s important to remember that this isn’t just a women’s issue. Obesity is a very serious issue for men as well, and this study found similar trends for men and women. Women, in particular, have been shown to be at greater risk for coronary artery disease, which can be a devastating disease for the heart, especially in older people. The risk for this disease is also increased by the amount of fat in the body. So if you’re overweight, you’ll be more likely, 스폰서 파트너
Yahoo Web Search 1. About 14 search results 1. 22 hours ago · t. e. The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, themselves a branch of the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century more than 800 million people speak Indo-Aryan languages, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 2. People also ask What languages are spoken by Slavic people? What is the most spoken Slavic language? Where are Baltic Slavic languages spoken? What does Balto-Slavic language mean? 3. Jan 22, 2022 · A total of twenty official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family, represented by the Balto-Slavic, the Italic, the Germanic, the Hellenic, and the Celtic branches. Only four languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian (all three Uralic), and Maltese , are not Indo-European languages. 4. Jan 22, 2022 · search Bullying electronic parser output .hatnote font style italic .mw parser output div.hatnote padding left 1.6em margin bottom 0.5em .mw parser output .hatnote font style normal .mw parser output .hatnote link .hatnote margin top 0.5em... 5. Jan 22, 2022 · Synodalia A Collection Of Articles Of Religion, Canons, And Proceedings Of Convocations In The Province Of Canterbury From 1547 To 1717; Volume 1 1. People also search for
How Does Medical Insurance Billing Work? How Does Medical Insurance Billing Work? Dr Josh December 13, 2021 medical billing Smooth medical insurance billing in healthcare sectors is a prerequisite of prosperity in today’s world. As most people have health insurance and utilize it when visiting a hospital, healthcare providers must process their medical claims meticulously to ensure transparency and efficiency. This article covers what goes on in a medical billing services cycle and how it can be carried out with competence. What is Medical Insurance Billing? Medical insurance billing is the process of submitting a claim and following up on it as a means of the payment of services provided by a healthcare provider. Once a claim is submitted in response to medical services, medical billers in healthcare facilities follow it up to receive remittance for them. What is the Medical Insurance Billing Process? The medical insurance billing process may sound overly complicated, but in reality, it constitutes eight simple steps. These steps include: 1. Registration 2. Establishment of Financial Responsibility for Patient Visit 3. Overview of Patient Check-In and Check Out 4. Monitoring Coding and Billing Compliance 5. Preparation and Transfer of Claims 6. Looking into Payer Adjudication 7. Generation of Patient Bills and Statements 8. Assigning of Patient Payments and Arrangement of Collections Let us look into these steps individually. Registration of Patients The first step in medical insurance billing is patient registration. The registration process begins when a patient expresses inclination to book an appointment by calling a healthcare provider. If the patient is new, basic demographic information including name, birth date, the possible reason for visit, and insurance information is noted down. Insurance information includes the kind of insurance policy, the insurance provider’s name, and the patient’s policy number. This information then goes through a verification process by medical billers, and a file in the patient’s name is set up. If a patient is a regular at a particular healthcare facility, this process is not repeated at every visit. Confirmation of Financial Responsibility Different kinds of insurance provided by various policy plans, companies, and individuals reimburse different medical processes. The process of confirming financial responsibility ascertains which medical practices are covered in a patient’s insurance policy. The patient is made aware of any procedures or services not covered by insurance and that they would have to deal with the medical bills themselves if they decide to avail those services. Overview of Patient Check-In and Check Out Maintaining an overview of patient check-in and check-out is a relatively plain and straightforward procedure carried out by asking a patient to fill out a few forms upon their arrival. Patients visiting a healthcare provider for the first time may have to fill out a few additional forms and examine the medical practitioner’s information on their file to point out any errors. Security checks also call for patients to prove their identity via an insurance card and any official identification, driver’s license, or passport. When a patient checks out, a medical coder receives the patient’s medical report and translates the information to usable medical codes. This comprehensive report containing the medical history of a patient, information regarding the provision of medical services, information of the medical provider, and the demographic information of a patient is known as a “superbill” and is essential in creating a medical insurance claim. It is then transferred via software to a medical biller for the next step. Monitoring Coding and Billing Compliance The superbill is then put into a medical billing software or a paper claim form by a medical biller. A biller also reviews the codes generated by a coder and ensures that the claims meet the standards of compliance. Guidelines provided by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Office of the Inspector General are typically followed. Preparation and Transfer of Claims Standard transaction claims registered under HIPAA are required to be submitted electronically. Although manual claims are possible, this medical insurance billing cycle process has many drawbacks. Claims may also be transferred via a third-party healthcare provider for added efficiency and management of workload. Process of Payer Adjudication Payer adjudication is the process where a payer evaluates the validity of a medical claim and either accepts, rejects (in case of any errors), or denies a claim (in case a medical facility not provided in the insurance is accounted for in the bill). This is done within the rules and regulations pre decided between the patient and payer. To avoid any complications in this process, the development of clean claims by healthcare facilities in the first place is essential. Generation of Patient Bills and Statements Once a claim is approved, the biller receives a report and generates a statement for the patient. A payer pays the agreed-upon amount, and the rest goes to the patient. Assigning of Patient Payments and Arrangement of Collections The last step in medical insurance billing ensures the accurate assigning of patient bills and payments. Billers also monitor and record all payments made by a patient. In case payment is delayed, the biller is held responsible for the reimbursement of a healthcare provider by sending follow-up bills, contacting patients directly, or even enlisting a collection agency. Dr Josh Dr. Josh is a physician who's helping spread the knowledge about Telehealth and its advantages. At SmartClinix, he's providing his expertise and knowledge in the form of engaging articles on various health & tech related topics. Post your comment
Monthly Archives: June 2019 The Woman in White’s Influence on Dracula Similarities between Wilkie Collins’ 1860 novel The Woman in White and Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula have long been noted by critics and readers. Recently, I reread The Woman in White with fellow members of the Trollope and His Contemporaries group online that I have long belonged to. During this read, several similarities between the two novels stood out to me and some of the other members, particularly Ellen Moody, which I will discuss here. Personally, I believe Stoker was influenced in numerous ways by The Woman in White, many of which he may not have realized himself. An 1880 portrait of Wilkie Collins by Rudolph Lehmann The biggest and most often noted similarity between the two novels is their structure. The Woman in White is written as a compilation of various documents and eyewitness testimonies by various people involved in the strange events depicted in the novel. Stoker adopted this same technique for Dracula. While previous novels had claimed to be collections of documents—for example, Samuel Richardson’s novels and all the epistolary fiction that followed—Collins was the first to have multiple characters compile documents for the purpose of sharing them with the public and documenting events to provide evidence of what happened. By comparison, Richardson’s characters’ letters are simply “discovered” by the author who claims to be their editor. Stoker goes a step farther than Collins in Dracula by even employing new technology, such as phonographs, to compile the record, but the results are the same—numerous pieces by different eyewitnesses that are put together to create a complete narrative. Several similarities also exist between Collins and Stoker’s characters beginning with the villains. Our primary villain in both novels is a count and a foreigner. Count Dracula is from Transylvania while Count Fosco is from Italy. Several scholars have written about how Dracula may be a commentary on the concern of Eastern European immigrants coming into England and the need to hold back that threat. (For more details on this theory, see my book The Gothic Wanderer.) Such prejudice or racism directed at foreigners is also apparent in The Woman in White when Laura Fairlie’s aunt marries Count Fosco, thus resulting in her being disinherited and only able to collect her inheritance should her niece Laura die. Of course, Count Fosco is not a desirable husband, but that the foreigner is made into a villain still suggests a note of racism in the text. Another foreigner in The Woman in White is Mr. Fairlie’s servant Louie, whom Mr. Gilmore describes as “miserable”; Louie, far from being a villain, is subservient and mistreated by Mr. Fairlie, but disliked regardless. The primary female character in Dracula is Mina Harker. In The Woman in White, it is Marian Halcombe. Notably, the women have the same initials. Marian is similar to Mina in several ways I will discuss below, but as Ellen Moody noted, Marian also takes on the role of Mina’s husband, Jonathan Harker, when she is seen crawling on the rooftops so that she can overhear conversations in other rooms to learn her enemies’ secrets. Similarly, Jonathan Harker makes explorations of Dracula’s castle, including going out on the ramparts to try to find a means of escape. Hints of homosexuality and fear of it also exist in both novels. In The Woman in White, Mr. Fairlie is a weak and effeminate male who is constantly whining and acting like a hypochondriac. Notably, he is also much impressed by Walter Hartright, complimenting him on how strong he is when he first arrives at Limmeridge House, suggesting a sexual attraction or at least an admiration for men who are stronger and, thus, manlier, than he is. By comparison Marian is very mannish and dresses in mannish ways. Bram Stoker may have had homosexual feelings himself. He liked to play with gender themes in many of his novels, including The Lair of the White Worm and The Man. While there is no overt homosexuality in either novel, there is a definite fear of it in the novels’ subtexts. Most notably, in Dracula, the men all fear the count as the alpha male figure who has the power to defeat and, thus, emasculate them, including by taking their women from them. Dracula succeeds in taking Lucy from the men who love her, and then he attempts to do the same with Mina. The most horrifying moment in the novel is when the men discover the count with Mina. Dracula has broken into Mina and Jonathan’s bedroom and apparently overpowered Jonathan, who lies there unconscious while Dracula forces Mina to drink blood from his breast. While Dracula does not drain Jonathan, that he takes Jonathan’s woman is sufficient to show he has unmanned Jonathan. This fear of a more powerful male draining another male of their manhood is a subtext for homosexuality and specifically fellatio. A similar, though less explicit, event happens in The Woman in White after Walter Hartright falls in love with Laura Fairlie. However, Laura is engaged to Sir Percival, who also is depicted in alpha male terms. Walter leaves Limmeridge House just before Sir Percival arrives. He apparently feels unmanned that the woman he loves could prefer Sir Percival. Consequently, the next time we hear of Walter, he is described by Mr. Gilmore as having been seen walking about London looking “pale and haggard.” In other words, by taking his woman, Sir Percival has drained the manhood out of Walter Hartright. Stoker takes this image of Walter walking about London and reverses it in Dracula. When Jonathan Harker first sees Dracula at his castle, the count is pale. Later, Jonathan sees him walking about in London and notes how he has grown young, which he has done by drinking blood. Jonathan is also weak and pale by the time he leaves Dracula’s castle, having undergone a great shock. The female vampires wish to feed on him, but Dracula tells them “This man belongs to me.” Stoker gives no indication that Dracula has sucked Jonathan’s blood, but perhaps we are to read between the lines. Again, the sense is that one man can drain the life and manhood from another. Later, Dracula warns all the men, “Your girls that you all love are mine already. And through them you and others shall yet be mine, my creatures, to do my bidding and to be my jackals when I want to feed.” In other words, if Dracula comes to control the men, they will be his inferiors and thus be unmanned. They will become beta males whose job is to assist the alpha male in fulfilling his needs—both food-wise and sexually. I will not go so far as to say there is lesbianism in Dracula between Mina and Lucy, although some critics have speculated upon this and Coppola’s 1992 film Bram Stoker’s Dracula shows the two women kissing. However, hints at lesbianism definitely exist in The Woman in White. Marian, as previously stated, is very mannish in her behavior and how she dresses. She is also very protective of Laura, like a man would protect a woman—this is understandable given that they are sisters, yet the subtext is still there. It’s also noticeable that in the end, Marian does not marry. Collins could have easily married her off to one of the lawyers or doctors who are minor characters in the novel if he wanted to end the novel with neatly tied up marriage knots. Instead, that Walter ends up living with two women, Marian and Laura, may be reflective of the fact that Collins himself had two simultaneous mistresses, although they never all lived together. It also suggests that Marian wants to remain close to Laura and also that perhaps she feels some attraction to Walter. Certainly, Marian is more Walter’s equal than Laura. That Marian is mannish suggests a male homosexual bond between Marian and Walter while also suggesting a lesbian connection between Marian and Laura. If Marian is a pseudo-man, it is telling that she admits at one point she would also fold Count Fosco’s cigarettes for him like his wife does—a sign not that she is attracted to him so much as that she would be submissive to him, just as men fear being submissive to a more alpha male. Connections to Dracula also exist in Marian and Count Fosco’s relationship. Although the count has no supernatural powers, he insinuates himself into Marian’s mind so much that she states she can recall his conversation and hear it in her head later as if he’s in the room. Similarly, Dracula and Mina are able to communicate telepathically. Later when Marian is sick, Dr. Dawson accuses Count Fosco of using mesmerism on her. Dracula, of course, does have supernatural powers, including the power of mesmerism through his hypnotic eyes. Dracula also has power over other, weaker animals, including rats and wolves. Fosco has power over, or at least an affinity for, his mice and birds, and he is even capable of taming a great violent dog by telling it that it is a coward. Secret societies also come into play in both novels. Toward the end of The Woman in White, it is revealed that Count Fosco has belonged to a secret society, The Brotherhood, and he has a mark upon him showing that he has been denounced by them—a mark reminiscent of the Mark of Cain that made the biblical Cain an outcast. While Dracula is not a member of a secret society, per se, the vampires are a sort of secret society in themselves. Similarly, the men are part of a “band” in their efforts to defeat Dracula. While it remains questionable whether Stoker was inspired by Vlad Tepes in creating Dracula, we know Vlad belonged to the Order of the Dragon, from which the name Dracula is derived. Vampires are also outcasts, unable to receive heaven’s salvation. At one point, Jonathan strikes Dracula on the forehead, resulting in a mark remaining there, again recalling the mark of Cain. Later, Van Helsing presses a Eucharistic host to Mina’s forehead and it also leaves a mark there, showing she is an outcast now that she has become Dracula’s minion. The latest film of The Woman in White, which aired on PBS’ Masterpiece Theatre in 2018. It’s notable also, although Collins only drops the name, that we learn Fosco has belonged to several secret societies, including the Rosicrucians. The Rosicrucians claimed to have two major secrets: the elixir of life, which provided them with life extension and also the philosopher’s stone which gave them the alchemist skill of turning lead into gold. Fosco does not claim to have either of these secrets, but he does have chemical (if not alchemical) knowledge that allows him to administer drugs to Marian. As a side note, numerous critics have commented upon how Laura ending up in an insane asylum may have been based on Edward Bulwer-Lytton locking up his own wife in such an institution. Notably, Edward Bulwer-Lytton belonged to a Rosicrucian society himself, and the title character of his novel Zanoni (1842) is a Rosicrucian. Finally, early in The Woman in White, Walter meets “the woman in white”—Anne Catherick. Dracula also has its woman in white—Lucy, who as a vampiress preys upon many children before she is put to rest. I don’t think Stoker plagiarized from The Woman in White, but I think too many similarities exist between the novels not to believe he was heavily influenced by Collins’ novel. I am sure Stoker was aware of how he adopted from Collins’ novel a similar narrative structure for Dracula, but I think the way he took Collins’ themes and characters and developed them on a more supernatural level must have been done largely subconsciously. Clearly, The Woman in White had a profound influence upon Stoker beyond his own awareness. Tyler Tichelaar, PhD, is the author of King Arthur’s Children: A Study in Fiction and Tradition, The Gothic Wanderer: From Transgression to Redemption, The Children of Arthur novel series, Haunted Marquette: Ghost Stories from the Queen City, and numerous other books. For more information about Tyler and his books, visit him at,, and Filed under Classic Gothic Novels, Dracula The Female Freke: Crossdressing, the Gothic, and Female Education in Maria Edgeworth’s Belinda Maria Edgeworth’s Belinda (1801) is a curious novel that, despite feeling disjointed in its plot, is perhaps Edgeworth’s greatest, being more fully developed than other works like Castle Rackrent (1800) and The Absentee (1812). It is novel of manners with Gothic elements, much like Fanny Burney’s Camilla (1796) and The Wanderer (1814), and belongs on the same bookshelf as the works of Mrs. Radcliffe, Fanny Burney, Charlotte Smith, and Jane Austen, who refers to the novel in Northanger Abbey. While Belinda is very much a traditional romance novel, detailing how the heroine, Belinda, ends up marrying the hero, Sir Clarence Hervey, after they overcome the obstacles to their relationship, two far more interesting women, Lady Delacour and Harriet Freake, are at its core. Belinda (1801) by Maria Edgeworth Belinda Portman is rather a bore to the reader. Her character is not well developed and she has no real adventures. Her only purposes in the novel are to fall in love with Clarence Hervey and reform Lady Delacour. It is Lady Delacour who first brings life to the novel when Belinda is sent by her aunt to stay with her. Lady Delacour introduces Belinda to the world of fashion, including Clarence Hervey, but she also introduces her to her own dysfunctional life. Lord Delacour is a drunk whom Lady Delacour cannot abide. Her thirteen-year-old daughter, Helena, she ignores and shoves off on friends or relatives. She also associates with the wrong people, most notably Harriet Freake. Harriet thinks nothing of behaving in unruly ways, as seen when she instigates events that lead to Lady Delacour fighting a female duel with her great society rival Mrs. Luttridge. Of course, the women dress as men in the process. Neither woman dies in the duel, but the pistol backfires and hurts Lady Delacour’s breast, causing her to be convinced she has cancer. Ultimately, however, everything will be improved for Lady Delacour because the sweet Belinda will reconcile her to her husband and daughter. Unfortunately, her good behavior also brings upon Belinda the wrath of Harriet Freake. Harriet now befriends Mrs. Luttridge, Lady Delacour’s enemy. She then involves herself in several adventures to harass Belinda and her set. When Belinda learns that Clarence Hervey has another love interest, a young woman named Virginia, she allows Mr. Vincent, a gentleman from the West Indies, to pay court to her. Mr. Vincent has a negro servant, Juba. Harriet shares apartments in the same building as Mr. Vincent, and when a dispute occurs over who has rights to the building’s coach house, Harriet swears she will punish Juba. Juba fears her, referring to her as a “man-woman” and an “obeah-woman” (a West Indian witch). It’s death to mention an obeah-woman so Juba becomes convinced he will die. Soon he is seeing an apparition at night of a woman in flames at the foot of his bed, and he believes this woman will kill him. Belinda, however, realizes the flaming woman is a head drawn in phosphorus by children and that Harriet is playing a trick on him. Because Belinda ruined her fun, Harriet is now out to get revenge on her. Harriet’s behavior suggests she may be a lesbian. She is not above dressing in men’s clothes. In one scene, she is out shooting with the men. In referring to her past, she remarks upon when she was a “schoolboy.” She also states that when a woman likes a man, she should tell him so, although she makes no professions of love to any man. I suspect she’s just not interested in men, although her forwardness and directness are in keeping with that of literary women who throw themselves at men, such as Lady Olivia in Richardson’s Sir Charles Grandison (1753-4), Joanna, Countess of Mar in Jane Porter’s The Scottish Chiefs (1809), and Elinor Joddrel in Fanny Burney’s The Wanderer (1814). (See also my previous blog post “Male Imprisonment and Female Wanderers: Sir Charles Grandison’s Influence on the Gothic Novel.”) Edgeworth is really more daring than these other novels in suggesting Harriet is a lesbian. Not only does Harriet show no interest in men, but she lives with Miss Moreton, a young lady who ran away from home, and who may be Harriet’s lesbian partner; we are told Harriet leads Miss Moreton a rough life, getting her to dress up like a man. Belinda concludes that Harriet is obviously unhappy. However, no analysis is given to the cause of her unhappiness. I suspect it’s because her society has no place for lesbians, and her feelings of rejection by her society result in her anger and meanness. Even Edgeworth is not on Harriet’s side, having given her the name Freke to emphasize to readers what a freak she is. It is hard to feel any sympathy for Harriet, a woman who uses the supernatural to terrify others. Besides frightening Juba, she plays upon Lady Delacour’s fears. Lady Delacour eventually sees a doctor and learns she does not have cancer, but she does need an operation. She is fearful she might die from the operation and turns to religion. At this point, Harriet decides to dress up like a man whom Lady Delacour previously wronged and appear outside her window to haunt her. Fortunately, she is caught in the act, actually having her leg caught in a trap in the yard and being found by the gardener. Later, Harriet and Mrs. Luttridge decide to get revenge on Belinda by ruining her engagement to Mr. Vincent. They lure Mr. Vincent into gambling at the Luttridges’ house where the tables are fixed so that he cannot possibly win. Clarence Hervey tries to step in and save Mr. Vincent from ruin, but Mr. Vincent refuses, seeing Clarence as his rival for Belinda’s hand, even though Clarence is planning by this point to marry Virginia. Ruined by gambling, Mr. Vincent attempts to borrow money in secret from a Jew to pay his gambling debts, but when his gambling addiction is revealed, Belinda decides to break off the engagement. This gambling plot is interesting for several reasons. First, gambling is considered a transgression against God, as I’ve discussed at length in my book The Gothic Wanderer. A long tradition of gamblers appear in Gothic novels, the most notable being Valancourt in Mrs. Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794). His gambling causes Valancourt problems with the novel’s heroine, Emily St. Aubert, but in the end, Emily still marries him. In William Godwin’s St. Leon (1799), the title character also brings his family to ruin through gambling. Edgeworth had Godwin’s novel in mind as evidenced when at the end of Chapter 15 she has Lady Delacour ask Belinda whether she’d rather have rouge or the philosopher’s stone and whether she’s read St. Leon. St. Leon actually acquires the philosopher’s stone in the novel, which is itself a form of gambling since it can turn lead into gold, thus disrupting national economies. Also of interest in Belinda’s gambling plot is how the Jew is a stereotype in the novel, wanting to extort unreasonable interest from Mr. Vincent. This and similar depictions of Jews in Mrs. Edgeworth’s novels resulted in a Jewish-American reader complaining about such depictions, leading to her writing Harrington (1817), perhaps the first novel to contain positive depictions of Jewish characters, predating Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe (1819) by two years. Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849) was an English born author who lived in Ireland and created the first Irish regional novels, which ultimately inspired Sir Walter Scott to write his novels. Although Belinda is now unengaged, her true love, Clarence Hervey, is not. Up to this time, we’ve heard little about his betrothed Virginia, but the end of the novel goes into detail about how Clarence found the orphan Virginia as a child and decided to raise her in the forest and educate her with the view of someday making her his wife. Her name isn’t even really Virginia, but he calls her that as a tribute to Paul et Virginia (1788) by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de St. Pierre. Virginia grows up respecting Clarence and feeling obligated to love him, but she has seen the picture of a young man whom she believes is a hero, and that is what she grows to want—a hero. She has not been allowed to read novels because novel-reading is what caused her mother to lose her virtue; however, she does grow up reading romances, which distort her understanding of the world, especially since she grows up in isolation save for the woman who cares for her and occasional visits by Clarence. (Edgeworth based this story of a man educating a young woman with the intent to marry her on the real-life story of her father’s friend Thomas Day, the author of Sandford and Merton (1788). Day, inspired by Rousseau’s Emile (1762), raised two young ladies, Sabrina and Lucretia, but Lucretia he decided to discard as not suitable for him. Sabrina he eventually also gave up on ever becoming his wife and she ended up marrying another.) Lady Delacour, determined that Belinda shall marry Clarence, now steps in to resolve matters by revealing that Virginia does not love Clarence. She does this by showing Virginia a picture behind a curtain. Virginia faints when the picture is revealed. This scene is a play on the horror behind the veil in Mrs. Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho, but with better, if fanciful results. When Virginia faints, Clarence realizes she does not love him but the imaginary hero pictured in the image. Clarence has just recently discovered Virginia’s father is Mr. Hartley, a man who, like Mr. Vincent, has made his fortune in the West Indies. Mr. Hartley now comes forward to reveal to Virginia that the man in the portrait that she found in the forest is none other than Captain Sunderland. The captain had watched her through a telescope and fallen in love with her. He had left behind his portrait for her to find before going to the West Indies, where he saved Mr. Hartley’s life during a slave rebellion. Consequently, he is a hero and worthy of Virginia’s hand. Clarence is now free to marry Belinda, and everyone lives happily ever after, except Harriet Freake. We are never told what becomes of her, but we are left with the feeling that she will continue to cause trouble. Even though her efforts to appear as an apparition and frighten people in the novel have been unsuccessful, she continues to haunt the reader long after the book is finished. One wishes Edgeworth had written another novel from Harriet’s perspective, but this female Gothic wanderer, even in the eyes of her creator, was unredeemable. Filed under Classic Gothic Novels, Literary Criticism George W. M. Reynolds’ The Seamstress, or The White Slave of England George W. M. Reynolds, author of such fabulous Victorian novels as The Mysteries of London (1844-48) and Wagner the Wehr-Wolf (1846-47) never ceases to be entertaining, and yet, The Seamstress (1850 serialized, 1853 book), despite its rather sensational subtitle, falls into too much of a cliché in parts to be a truly great Victorian novel, although it does have some social criticism and a tragic rather than sentimental conclusion worthy of notice. Edition of The Seamstress that I read. Be forewarned that this is a photo copy of the 1853 edition. The print is excruciatingly small and in many places faded and two pages are missing. However, it is readable with a magnifying glass or if you have very good eyes and use a bookmarker. All the original illustrations are included. Hopefully someone will start reprinting more of Reynolds’ novels in better editions soon. The title character is Virginia Mordaunt, a poor seamstress in London who has never known her father and whose mother died not long ago. She is now eighteen and trying to make her living in England as a seamstress. She knows nothing about her parents’ pasts. She only knows a man used to visit her mother and give her money a few times a year, but those payments apparently ceased after her mother’s death. The novel opens very well, suggesting it will be a biting piece of social criticism. We see Virginia working late into the night to finish sewing a dress. She then sells the dress to Mrs. Jackson for half its value. Mrs. Jackson is a middle woman and an invalid, so she asks Virginia to bring the dress to Miss Pembroke, who in turn pays for the dress, then asks her to resell it to Madame DuPleasy. Madame DuPleasy—an Englishwoman whose real name is Snuggins but who uses a fake name to get patrons, including a female member of the royal family—pays fourteen shillings for the dress, while Mrs. Jackson had only paid Virginia three shillings and sixpence for it. Madame DuPleasy then asks Virginia to bring the dress to the Duchess of Belmont, who must pay cash for it because she is already in debt up to 600 pounds with Madame DuPleasy. The Duchess pays twelve pounds and nine pence for the dress, and even subtracting the four guineas Madame DuPleasy charged for the materials used to make the dress, her profit is extreme compared to the small amount Virginia made. Consequently, Reynolds wants us to see right away how capitalism works against the poor and honest. While Virginia is running the dress about London, she is seen and admired by a young man who will turn out to be Charles, the Marquis of Arden, and the stepson of the Duchess of Belmont. The Marquis immediately tells her she’s beautiful, but Mr. Lavenham, a family friend to the Duke and Duchess, tells him not to insult her and walks Virginia home. Virginia returns home to learn Miss Pembroke is going out of town for a few weeks so she won’t be giving work to Mrs. Jackson, who, therefore, cannot give work to Virginia. Mrs. Jackson suggests Virginia talk to Miss Barnet, who boards in the same building as Mrs. Jackson and Virginia. When Virginia does so, she learns Miss Barnet also once worked as a seamstress, but now she is mistress to a wealthy man named Mr. Osmond. Meanwhile, the Duke and Duchess of Belmont hold a grand ball. During the ball, Mr. Collinson accosts the Duke because he owes him money, and he gets the Duke to agree to marry one of his two daughters if he cannot pay within two years. While Mr. Collinson is not a Jew, he works with an “openhearted” Jew named Mr. Solomon. A violent scene now occurs at the party in which the Duchess ends up stabbed and Mr. Lavenham is seen holding the knife. He is sent to prison, but Virginia, believing he is innocent after his kindness to her, visits him in prison. Meanwhile, the Duchess recovers, but not before, in delirium, revealing a secret that her maid Clementine hears. Meanwhile, the Marquis has continued to pursue Virginia until she believes he loves her. Then she discovers he is Mr. Osmond, the lover of Miss Barnet. However, he convinces her he loves only her and will marry her. Virginia falls in love with him, but she does not realize Clementine has been following the Marquis. Clementine goes to the Duke and warns him that the Marquis is pursuing Virginia. The Duke does not want his son to marry beneath him so he agrees to Clementine doing whatever necessary to destroy the relationship. Clementine deceives Virginia into believing the Marquis is an adulterer who ruined her sister. Clementine now meets Virginia in the street and befriends her. She tells her a story of woe of a fictional sister who was made pregnant and then abandoned by her lover. As Virginia and Clementine are walking together, Clementine points out the Marquis in a carriage with his sister and claims the Marquis is the man who abandoned her sister and that he is already married as evidenced by his wife being in the carriage with him. Virginia is heartbroken from believing the Marquis has deceived her, and she quickly moves to a new location where he can’t find her. Clementine now goes to the Duke and blackmails him by threatening to reveal the Duchess’ secret. She demands that she get to marry the Marquis. The Duke unwillingly agrees, but then he serendipitously meets a young gentleman later known as Mr. Lovel. Mr. Lovel is down on his luck from losing at gambling so he agrees to the Duke’s proposition that he murder Clementine. The plot results in Clementine believing she will rendezvous with the Marquis, and she’s even told to take the Duchess’ jewels with her as part of her wedding ornaments. Then she is murdered in Hyde Park and it’s made to look like a robbery. Clementine’s murdered body found in Hyde Park by the police. Meanwhile, Virginia has found a new place of residence that is even more squalid than the first. We learn that she now works for another middle woman who works for Aaron and Sons, a great house built on the skulls, crossbones, blood, and marrow of the miserable wretches forced to sell themselves in the “Slave-Market of British Labour.” Virginia makes slop-shirts at two pence, farthing a piece. If she works from 6 a.m. to midnight, she can make three a day. She must pay for her thread and for any work she spoils, so if lucky, she can earn at most three shillings a week. Reynolds states that the 30,000 needlewomen of England in such situations should demand an interview with the Queen to improve their situation. The government looks the other way at how these women live because it wants its taxes from Aaron and Sons. (It is notable here that Aaron is a Jewish name.) Reynolds goes on to say that one doesn’t have to look beyond the boundaries of this world for devils and demons—there are humans making it into a terrestrial hell—they are soul-destroying devils and demons, vampyre-like in drinking the blood of men, women, and children, and hideous cannibals. (While the novel is not overt in badmouthing Jews, it does have undertones here of connecting Jews with vampires, a theme quite common in the Gothic and through the figure of the Wandering Jew, who is a source for later vampire figures in British literature. Although this is not a Gothic novel, Reynolds did write three Gothic novels and frequently uses Gothic elements in his other novels.) Virginia finds herself sexually harassed by the foreman at Aaron and Sons, but when she goes to the master of the warehouse, he thinks she’s just trying to manipulate him for her advantage because he can’t believe she or any of the women who work for him are virtuous. Eventually, Virginia threatens the foreman with a knife to keep him away from her; as a result, she loses her job. Here we have a similar situation to Richardson’s Clarissa (1748) where Clarissa threatens to kill herself with a knife to keep Lovelace away from her. The harassment in the factory also predates similar behavior that Fantine experiences in Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables (1862). Virginia now becomes ill and close to death. Meanwhile, two years have passed when the Marquis overhears Collinson threatening his father and comes to realize all the underhanded behavior that has occurred. He has continued to look for Virginia, not understanding until now why she deserted him. He goes to the Duchess and reveals what he knows. She now, for the first time, realizes the girl he loves is Virginia Mordaunt and she reveals that Virginia is her and Mr. Lavenham’s child from a time before she married the Duke. Mr. Lavenham happens to be released from prison right at this time. A chain of events leads the Marquis to learning Virginia is dying, so he and her parents rush to her bedside in time for a death scene worthy of Little Eva in Uncle Tom’s Cabin (serialized 1851-2). If Uncle Tom’s Cabin were not published after The Seamstress, I would suggest Reynolds stole from Stowe, which he was not above doing, and it seems ironic that both novels focus on a type of slavery, despite their vast differences. Virginia’s dies, surrounded by her parents, Mr. Lavenham and the Duchess of Belmont, and her lover, Charles, the Marquis of Arden. Virginia’s death is not surprising given her name. While the surname Mordaunt technically appears to mean “the biter,” I think Reynolds’ intention was a word that sounded more like mort or death. In other words, Virginia Mordaunt means Virgin Death, and to die as a virgin is the fate that awaits Virginia. She must die as a virgin to show her innocence, just as Richardson’s Clarissa had to die after her rape. She also dies like Little Eva and Dickens’ Little Nell (The Old Curiosity Shop, 1841) to show she is too good for this wicked world. The Duchess and the Marquis return home from Virginia’s deathbed only to discover the Duke has committed suicide. Angry, the Marquis now accuses Mr. Collinson of causing the Duke’s death through his behavior, as well as bringing about Virginia’s death (the edition of the novel I read from Scholarly Select is missing two pages so Collinson’s behavior in regards to Virginia is not clear but appears to have something to do with a document Collinson has. Either the missing pages explain this or Reynolds didn’t make this point clear). Charles forces Collinson into a duel in which both are killed. The Duchess dies of grief three days later. In the end, the murderer of Clementine, Mr. Lovel, ends up in jail and his new wife, our old friend Miss Barnet, ends up walking the streets (presumably meaning she becomes a prostitute). The only characters who have any hope of happiness are the Duke’s two daughters, one of whom marries a country squire three times her age, and the other marries the man she loves after four years spent recovering from the shock of all her family’s death. Reynolds tells us that as little as he likes the British Aristocracy, he nevertheless hopes the couple are happy. Finally, we learn that Aaron and Sons, that “Palace of Infamy,” continues to flourish, even though Reynolds wishes the earth would open and swallow it. The Seamstress is not a remarkable novel. It could have been a much stronger piece of social criticism if its overly dramatic plot were toned down to focus on the social problems it depicts. Reynolds loved sensational plots, but while The Mysteries of London works well because of the multiple plots it interweaves, the characters in The Seamstress are largely static and clichés rather than well-developed to the point where we feel anything for them. That said, Reynolds clearly cared about the working class and the novel deserves to be included in studies of the Condition of England novel of the 1840s and 1850s. Reynolds was one of the leading figures of the Chartist movement in his day, founding in 1850 Reynolds’ Weekly Newspaper, the leading radical newspaper of Victorian England. By 1870, it had a circulation of 350,000. However, in The Seamstress, he lets his politics take a back seat to his desire to entertain his readers through his sensational plots. His readership was also likely of the lower and middle classes, so he wrote to a level they would enjoy, making the aristocracy glamorous and yet criminal while upholding the value of hard work and virtue as displayed through his virgin heroine. Regardless, The Seamstress is a novel that deserves more recognition than it has, as do all of Reynolds’ works. Filed under George W.M. Reynolds
The Eyecare Team The traditional eye health care team has changed and continues to develop to meet increasing demands for eye service due to the ageing population and the introduction of new treatments. Aspects of clinical work that were previously the domain of the medically qualified ophthalmologist are now being delivered by a broader multidisciplinary team of optometrists, orthoptists, ophthalmic nurses and ophthalmic clinical scientists. In 2016 the Royal College of Ophthalmologists in partnership with the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), the College of Optometrists (CoO), the British and Irish Orthoptic Society (BIOS), and the Association of Health Professions in Ophthalmology (AHPO) developed the Ophthalmic Common Clinical Competency Framework (OCCCF) to provide standards and guidance for non-medical eye healthcare professionals who undertake expanded roles. In 2019 this was developed into a curriculum, with corresponding work-place based assessments and resources, covering four clinical areas; acute and emergency eye care, cataract assessment, glaucoma and medical retina. You can find more information about this here. Professionals who provide ophthalmic care? There are a number of difference professions that provide eye care. At first glance this can seem confusing but the visual system is complex, and the treatment of eye disease is very much a team effort. Here your will find information about the different professions and the work that they do. There have been many advances in surgeries, laser treatments and new drugs to treat eye diseases, but some of the most remarkable developments have been in the technologies that allow us to visualise, measure and assess the function of the living eye in extraordinary detail. This technology increases our ability to make the right decisions about the diagnosis and management of eye diseases, but the education and training of staff who perform the diagnostic tests has not kept pace with demand. AHPO has worked with Modernising Scientific Careers, the National School of Healthcare Science, and the Academy for Healthcare Science to develop education, training, and a career pathway for healthcare science assistants, associates, practitioners and clinical scientists. There is further information about this on our Careers page. Ophthalmology is the study of normal and abnormal functioning of the visual system – the eye and its supporting structures, the neural pathways from the eye to the brain, and the visual cortex and other parts of the brain responsible for the perception of vision and control of eye movement. The professionals with the major responsibility for the diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment of ophthalmic diseases are ophthalmologists – medical doctors who have specialised in all aspects of eye care including diagnosis and management of ocular diseases and disorders. This includes surgery for cataract, squint, glaucoma, retinal detachment and other conditions, and laser treatment for a number of conditions including glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Some ophthalmologists also perform surgery and/or laser treatments to correct errors of refraction such as myopia (short sightedness). The eyes and visual system are frequently involved in disease processes affecting other parts of the body. An ophthalmologist who taught medical students offered a bottle of whisky to any student who could find a disease that never affected the eye and claimed he had never lost his whisky. Ophthalmic and vision healthcare scientists (vision scientists) are involved in the provision of diagnostic evaluations, primarily in the fields of electrophysiology and psychophysics of vision, ultrasonography of the eye and ocular adnexae, and in the development of new and improved methods of testing. Ophthalmic practitioners and associate practitioners undertake ophthalmic patient assessments, measurements and imaging that aid the ophthalmologist and other ophthalmic professionals in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Ophthalmic assistants undertake a smaller range of tests and investigations, generally under supervision. For further information about the Modernising Scientific Careers programme and careers in healthcare science see: Patients who develop eye diseases need treatment and care, and this is provided by nurses who have specialised in ophthalmic nursing. Ophthalmic-trained nurses may become further specialised as ophthalmic nurse practitioners, ophthalmic surgical care practitioners and ophthalmic nurse specialists. Nurses utilise a range of specialist ophthalmic skills in addition to general nursing skills to provide care for patients with ocular and systemic conditions and have a key role in educating patients and carers about the promotion of ocular health. Skills used by ophthalmic nurses range from the highly technical such as diagnostic measurements and procedures to counselling and rehabilitation and include a whole spectrum of examination, diagnosis and management skills. Advanced practice in ophthalmic nursing is widespread, including nurse led emergency care, the management of pre assessment for surgery and post-operative management, nurse led clinics in areas such as glaucoma and dry eye and in a range of other specialist areas such as nurse led minor surgery. Ophthalmic theatre nurses have for many years acted as the surgeons first assistant and ophthalmic nurses continue to expand the boundaries of traditional nursing practice. The introduction of supplementary prescribing by nurses has increased their scope of practice to initiate and manage medical treatment of ophthalmic conditions. Humans have eyes at the front of their heads that can move in any direction to view the world around them. Because the images from the two eyes overlap, the brain can fuse the two images and give a perception of depth – that is binocular (stereoscopic, or “3D”) vision. The study of the complex processes that keep the eyes in exact alignment is called orthoptics. Orthoptists are allied health professionals who specialise in the investigation, diagnosis, management and treatment of disorders of binocular vision, visual development and the brains’ control of eye movements. These include disorders of the alignment of the eyes (called squint or strabismus), disorders of binocular vision, and conditions where there are restrictions or other abnormalities of the movement of the eyes. In children with squint and other disorders vision may fail to develop properly in one or both eyes, a condition termed amblyopia or lazy eye. This can be fully or partially reversed with early diagnosis and treatment, usually with glasses to correct refractive error (long-sightedness, short-sightedness and astigmatism) and patching of the better-seeing eye to encourage development of vision in the amblyopic eye. The eye is an optical device that, like a camera, bends (refracts) light to form an image on a light-sensitive film (the retina). As an optical device the eye is a wonderful instrument, but not always a perfect one, and errors of refraction such as myopia (short-sightedness), hypermetropia (long-sightedness) and astigmatism can be corrected by spectacles or contact lenses. The study of the optics of the eye is called optometry, and the professions with the major responsibility for the correction of optical errors are optometrists (commonly called opticians) and dispensing opticians. Optometrists examine eyes and prescribe and dispense visual aids (such as contact lenses and spectacles) to maintain or restore maximum visual function. They also examine the eyes and the associated visual system to detect the presence of any abnormality or disease that might require referral to a medical (or other) practitioner. Optometrists may share the care of patients who have chronic ophthalmic conditions with general medical practitioners or ophthalmologists. Optometrists with additional training can have prescribing rights to treat eye diseases. Dispensing opticians advise on, fit and supply the most appropriate spectacles and other optical appliances including low vision aids after considering each patient’s lifestyle and vocational needs. They are also able to fit contact lenses after undergoing further specialist training. Dispensing opticians do not undertake sight tests or issue optical prescriptions. A number of different professions, including optometrists, dispensing opticians and orthoptists specialise in the assessment and rehabilitation of adults and children with sight loss. They assess the vision of patients with vision impairment and provide low vision aids such as spectacles, magnifiers or telescopes that can help them to make the most of their remaining sight. In addition to magnifying aids, there are now many electronic aids that can enlarge text and alter colours and contrast of text and background. For patients with very poor vision text can be converted to speech. Many of these aids are apps that can be downloaded on to smart phones and tablets. Some people with vision impairment may need to learn different skills to enable them to live independent lives such as learning to maximize the use of their remaining vision. They may also need emotional support to come to terms with their sight loss. Specialist rehabilitation workers can help offer this practical and emotional support. The rehabilitation officer is responsible for assisting visually impaired people to lead independent lives and is trained to advise and equip people who have serious sight problems to cope with most aspects of their daily lives. This includes the provision of support to overcome the emotional and practical consequences associated with sight loss. The core of their role is to help people learn new ways of carrying out everyday tasks, such as cooking, making a cup of tea, cleaning and washing, and getting about (mobility). This may involve people having independent living skill training, mobility training, as well general advice and support in the use of special equipment (which may include low vision aids). They may also help individuals acquire new skills by teaching them Braille and Moon and can arrange further training, such as typing or computer lessons. They will also refer people to services where they can get advice about entitlements (such as particular benefits). Some rehabilitation officers work with visually impaired children. This puts a different emphasis upon their work – one of ‘teaching’ or ‘habilitation’ rather than ‘rehabilitation’. Again, the work will often include developing mobility skills and independent living skills. Part of their role in working with children will be to help the child’s family to understand and use these strategies and aids. ECLOs work in hospital eye units at the point of need for patients who have been recently diagnosed with an eye condition, which may lead to a partial or complete loss of sight. At such a vulnerable time, ECLOs provide much needed emotional support for the patient, their families and carers. On a practical level, an ECLO can help patients access social care services and benefits through the certification process (Certificate of Vision Impairment (CVI) form). The ECLO has the time to dedicate to people following their appointment, so they can discuss the impact their condition will have on their life. Orbital prosthetists provide a service for patients who have lost one or both of their natural eyes or have a blind, shrunken, or disfigured natural eye. Services include the provision of an artificial eye or cosmetic shell to match as near as possible the patient’s natural eye in all its characteristics. Other services include the assessment of the socket, polishing of the prosthesis or replacement where necessary, and referral if appropriate to the patient’s ophthalmologist or general practitioner in the case of socket deterioration or infection. Most eye removal today is accompanied by the inclusion of an implant in the socket. An artificial eye is fitted over the implant and the orbital prosthetist needs to work as a team member with the consultant ophthalmologist in the management of the various types of implant in existence. They also need to empathize with their client group some of whom may be recovering from severe trauma or the psychological consequences of cancer. Orbital prosthesis concentrate solely on the fitting of a prosthesis. Those who both manufacture and fit the prosthesis are usually referred to as ocularists. Ocular technicians make the artificial eyes from prescriptions and patterns. For further information see:
Function Int Function Reference Returns the integer (whole number) representation of an expression. Int ( expression [, flag = 0] ) expression An expression to convert into an integer. flag [optional] Defines behavior. Can be one of the following: $NUMBER_AUTO (0) = (default) the result is auto-sized integer. See remarks. $NUMBER_32BIT (1) = string is interpreted as a 32bit integer $NUMBER_64BIT (2) = string is interpreted as a 64bit integer Constants are defined in "AutoItConstants.au3". Return Value Returns an integer. Default behavior is that if the result is within range of 32bit integer then 32bit integer is returned. If not, 64bit integer is returned. Both are signed. Fractional portions are truncated, so Int(1.999999) returns 1 Int(0/0) returns -9223372036854775807, if you were wondering. This function makes minor corrections to floating point numbers to account for the imprecise nature of floating point numbers. For example, the floating point expression 0.7 + 0.2 + 0.1 produces a floating point number that is not quite 1.0. Int() corrects for this anomaly, however, certain extremely rare circumstances may lead to Int() returning an unexpected value (the odds of getting an unexpected value are less than if Int() did not attempt any correction at all). Binary, Ceiling, Floor, HWnd, Mod, Number, Ptr, Round, String #include <MsgBoxConstants.au3> ; Assign a Local variable the int representation of 10.793. Local $iInt = Int(10.793) ; Display the result. MsgBox($MB_SYSTEMMODAL, "", $iInt)
Credit scores are very important in America’s financial system, but maybe not for the reasons you think. Understanding the real value of credit scores may give you a different perspective on them. Why are credit scores important? Credit scores are important to lenders and borrowers. Calculated based on information in credit reports, credit scores can be a useful measure of a borrower’s credit status. For that reason, credit scores help lenders choose who to lend to, how much they can lend, and what they should reasonably charge to balance the risk of a borrower not paying the lender back. Here’s a closer look. Credit scores are used by lenders to objectively evaluate risks in lending decisions Lenders who use credit scoring can get a more precise picture of a borrower’s creditworthiness. And because credit scores assign number ranges to represent credit experience, they help level the playing field for everyone. Credit scores reduce bias when making lending decisions Credit scoring evaluates only certain facts related to credit risk. Five factors — payment history, amounts owed, length of credit history, credit mix and new credit — combine to make up the three-digit FICO® Score number, for example. By law, factors such as gender, race, religion, nationality and marital status can’t be considered when deciding to extend financing and set terms. What’s more, if you’re ever denied credit, you also have a right to know why. Credit scores help lenders to predict how many (but not which) loans will not be repaid It is inevitable that some people will run into issues that will prevent them from repaying their loans and there is no way to know who will face these issues. Therefore, lenders use credit scores to determine how many loans in a given group are likely to go unpaid. Because credit scoring assesses risk, it can give lenders a better understanding of the types of credit and terms they can offer. How does a credit score impact your life? Why does a credit score matter? Credit scoring determines what types of credit you qualify for. Knowing when a credit score may be reviewed can give you a sense of the role it can play in your financial life. Here are four areas that a credit score may influence: Credit scores and credit reports influence the ability to rent an apartment or buy a home. Landlords and property managers may review potential tenants’ credit history as part of a rental application and security deposit. And mortgage lenders will broadly evaluate credit in order to qualify borrowers for a mortgage loan and set an interest rate for the loan term. Securing a competitive interest rate is important because lower interest rates mean you’ll end up paying less over the life of the loan. Just like for mortgages, credit scores and credit reports also guide lender approvals and interest rates for auto loans and leases, as well as personal loans or line of credit. Car dealerships and their bank partners, for example, may use a slightly different form of credit score that’s specific to the auto industry when considering applications for financing. In addition to the car loan approval, interest rate and monthly payment, this information could also influence the down-payment amount or, in the case of leases, the types of vehicles available to you. Credit cards Whenever you apply for a credit card, the credit card issuers will use credit scoring to decide whether or not to approve your application, and the credit limit and interest rate it can offer you. Your credit score may also come into play if you’re trying to upgrade to a new card or requesting a higher credit limit on an existing card. Insurers in many states rely on what’s known as a credit-based insurance score, a similar type of credit reporting that, along with other factors, helps predict an applicant’s likelihood of filing insurance claims. According to the Insurance Information Institute, research has found a relationship between these types of insurance scores and the cost of claims filed for both auto and homeowners policies. So, insurance companies may consider this information in deciding whether to offer you a policy and the insurance premium amount they charge. What are some common misconceptions of credit scores? There are plenty of important situations where credit scores matter. But there also are many instances where they don’t. Here are two misperceptions that you should keep in mind. Credit scores are not a statement about your character It’s not uncommon for some consumers to feel like credit scores reflect whether they’re judged to be “good” or “bad” people based on excellent credit vs. poor credit. This is untrue. Credit scores are relative only to your past financial situation as it may relate to the future; they aren’t a measure of positive or negative personal attributes. In fact, credit scoring models compare the information on your credit reports to the credit behavior of people with similar credit profiles when they assign scores. And these three-digit numbers simply summarize statistical risk for lenders — so that they can focus only on the facts and not on personal judgments. Credit scores do not prevent you from getting hired The terms credit score and credit report are sometimes mistakenly used interchangeably, and that tendency has led to the misconception that employers can reject job applicants because of their credit score. The fact is, credit scores aren’t used for employment screening purposes. Credit reports might be, but in a limited way. If employers ask for your consent to review your credit report, they won’t see the same information that lenders do. Instead, they receive a modified version that doesn’t include your credit score. They may review your debts, payment history, employment history, or other information. Such credit checks are most often used after a hiring decision has been made and if there is anything concerning found, your potential employer could ask you to explain or rescind the offer of employment. Credit scores do not predict your financial future Credit scores are influential tools, which is why they’re important to you. But they don’t have to permanently dictate your financial future. It’s true that having a higher credit score means lenders will see you as less of a financial risk, and that can mean you’re more likely to get better credit and pay less for it. So, striving to maintain or improve your credit status is a wise financial move. But it’s also helpful to think of a credit score as a snapshot in time. After all, it’s based on data in your credit report at the time it’s requested. So, credit scores change when the information in the credit report changes. More importantly, the most recent information on the credit report is usually the most important in your score. How to keep your credit score in perspective A credit score is a financial decision-making tool that’s used during moments in time. And it’s really only one measure of who you are as a borrower. To keep things in perspective, instead of fixating on the score itself, focus on the good habits that help overall financial health — and let the score take care of itself. For example: • Consistently pay bills on time. • Strive to pay off credit card balances each month. • Keep your debt-to-credit ratio manageable. Next steps The bottom line? A record of sound financial habits and time will have the greatest impact on your credit score. And you are in control of your financial future. Now that you’ve gained some perspective on how credit scores are used and when they matter, get more details about how credit scoring works, and take our Score40 Quiz to discover ways to improve your credit score.
Best answer: Creatine is transported by? In humans, Cr is synthesized in the liver, kidney, and pancreas where it is taken up via a sodium- and chloride-dependent Cr transporter (SLC6A8 protein) and ultimately transported via the blood to the muscles, heart, and nervous system, which are rich in creatine kinase. Is creatine transported by plasma? The permeation of creatine from plasma into normal human red blood cells was investigated by means of 1-[14C]-creatine. … The total creatine concentration of the red cells did not change significantly even with high creatine concentration of the plasma during 6 h incubation at 37 degrees C. What are creatine transporters? Creatine and phosphocreatine provide an intracellular, high-energy phosphate buffering system, essential to maintain ATP levels in tissues with high energy demands. A specific plasma membrane creatine transporter (CRT) is required for the cellular uptake of creatine. How does creatine enter muscle cell? Creatine synthesized from the liver is released into the bloodstream and then taken up by muscle fibers predominately by way of a sodium-chloride dependent creatine transporter, CreaT1 [5]. How is creatine formed in the body? Psssssst : Which creatine is best for bulking? How is creatine made? Creatinine is mainly synthesized in the liver. The enzyme glycine transaminidase transfers an amidine group from arginine to glycine, to give guanidinoacetic acid. This acid is then methylated by the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase to form creatine. Where is creatinine synthesized? Creatinine, also a NPN waste product, is produced from the breakdown of creatine and phosphocreatine and can also serve as an indicator of renal function. Creatine is synthesized in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys from the transamination of the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine. What plasma carries? Plasma carries water, salts and enzymes. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into the plasma. … Blood plasma also carries all parts of the blood through your circulatory system. Whats does creatine do? About 95% of creatine is stored in the skeletal muscle of your body and is used during physical activity. Creatine helps to maintain a continuous supply of energy to working muscles by keep production up in working muscles. Small amounts are also found in your heart, brain and other tissues. Is creatine a good supplement? The bottom line. At the end of the day, creatine is an effective supplement with powerful benefits for both athletic performance and health. It may boost brain function, fight certain neurological diseases, improve exercise performance, and accelerate muscle growth. How does creatine benefit? Psssssst : Is creatine addictive metabolism? Is creatine an amino acid? Creatine is an amino acid located mostly in your body’s muscles as well as in the brain. Most people get creatine through seafood and red meat — though at levels far below those found in synthetically made creatine supplements. Does creatine produce ATP? Your body’s ATP energy simply runs out. Creatine supplements increase your body’s stores of phosphocreatine, which is used to produce new ATP during high-intensity exercise ( 5 ). Is creatinine secreted? As evident from Figure 7.4. 5, creatinine is slightly secreted by the kidneys so that at low plasma [creatinine] the clearance of creatinine is about 5–10% greater than the inulin clearance. What is the precursor to creatine? Guanidionoacetic acid, the precursor of creatine, can be synthesised de novo from the amino acids arginine and glycine, whereby one mol of arginine creates one mol of GAA i.e. a weight:weight (w:w) ratio of 1.49:1 (arginine:GAA). Can plasma be transported? FRESH FROZEN PLASMA(FFP) FFP needs to be thawed before transfusion. in the blood centre in a plasma thawing bath. at 30 degree C – 37degree C which takes about 30-45 minutes FFP should be transported in a blood transport box in which the temperature is maintained between +2 degree C to 6 degree C. What are platelets? Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries. Thrombocytopenia might occur as a result of a bone marrow disorder such as leukemia or an immune system problem. What is plasma and platelets? Psssssst : You asked: Does micronized creatine cause water retention? Plasma is the liquid portion of blood; our red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended in plasma as they move throughout our bodies. Back to top button Adblock Detected
Engine Building Fundamentals: Engine Block Preparation Watch This Course $129 USD Or 8 weekly payments of only $16.13 Instant access. Easy checkout. No fees. Learn more Course Access for Life 60 day money back guarantee Engine Block Preparation 00:00 - One of the first steps before we begin the assembly of our freshly machined engine components, is to prepare the engine block. 00:07 Since engine blocks are produced via our casting process, this can result in what's referred to as casting flash along the parting lines of the mould used for the casting. 00:18 Casting flash is essentially excess material that needs to be removed. 00:23 And while some of this casting flash will be removed by the OE manufacturer, often there will still be casting flash left in some areas of the block and also the cylinder head too. 00:34 Under normal operating conditions this casting flash is unlikely to cause any real concern. 00:40 However, if we're developing an engine, for a high power, high RPM application, then the stress and vibration that the engine components will be subjected to, may be enough to break loose some of this casting flash. 00:54 The results of casting flash breaking loose and making its way through the engine could very well be catastrophic engine failure. 01:02 So we need to deal with this early in the block preparation stage. 01:06 Aside from the casting flash, a raw engine block will also have a lot of sharp edges. 01:11 Where for example a machine surface such as the sump rail or decks surface, meets the raw cast finish on the outside of the block. 01:20 As part of the block preparation process we also want to smooth out these sharp edges. 01:26 This is a good practise anytime you are preparing a block as it really takes a minimal amount of time to achieve. 01:32 Removing these sharp edges can help reduce stress raises in the block. 01:37 As well as reducing the chances of you cutting yourself on the sharp edges while handling the engine block. 01:43 The process of removing the casting flash and sharp edges on the block is called deburring and it requires nothing more than a die grinder and a little time. 01:54 Using a relatively course carbide cutter on an air die grinder, we can simply remove any thin sections of casting flash around the parting lines in the engine block. 02:04 Deburring the sharp edges just requires the die grinder to be ran lightly across the edges to break down the sharp edge and leave a slight chamfer in its place. 02:16 It can be tempting once you get started to polish the entire cast surface. 02:22 However, that's really not necessary. 02:24 All we're looking to do is remove any thin sections of casting flash and any debris that could potentially break free when the engine's in operation. 02:34 It's simple enough to inspect the part you are going to be working on and you'll be able to see where the parting line is on the casting. 02:42 If you follow this parting line through the casting you will then be able to see any areas requiring attention. 02:49 An alternative to the die grinder that can be used on more accessible areas is a power file. 02:56 Which uses a thin abrasive belt. 02:59 These tend to produce a smoother finish on the surface of the part. 03:02 However, they aren't suitable in tight spaces. 03:06 Some engine builders will go to the trouble of smoothing all of the rough cast finish off on the inside of the engine block using a die grinder or power file. 03:16 The theory, is that this can promote improved oil drain back from the engine crank case into the sump. 03:22 And hence reduce windage loses that come about because of the suspended oil missed in the crank case. 03:29 I haven't ever been in a position to test this theory back to back, and it's a very time consuming process to do a good job of this. 03:37 So it's up to the individual as to whether this amount of time is justifiable. 03:42 While we have the die grinder out it's also a good idea to spend some time smoothing and deburring the oil galleries. 03:49 Removing sharp edges here and adding radiuses to any sharp directional transitions will promote improved oil flow through the galleries. 03:59 Particularly, where oil galleries are cast as opposed to being drilled. 04:03 This will result in a rough surface finish that can reduce oil flow. 04:08 While we're discussing oil flow, it's also worth spending some time deburring and smoothing the oil return galleries from the deck surface into the engine block. 04:18 Doing this will promote faster oil return into the sump and reduce the chance of oil collecting in the cylinder heads. 04:26 Lastly, I also deburr or chamfer any holes on the deck surface of the block such as the head bolt holes. 04:33 As well as the water jacket and oil galleries. 04:37 This sort of work can still be accomplished with a die grinder. 04:40 However for circular holes you can also use a handheld deburring tool, or alternatively a countersink drill bit.
Albatros D.I Biplane Fighter Aircraft (1916) Aviation / Aerospace 1 / 1 Image from the Public Domain. Jump-to: Specifications The Albatros D.I biplane fighter helped the German Empire in regaining control of the skies from the Allies in early 1917. Authored By: Staff Writer \| Last Edited: 07/31/2019 \| Content ©www.MilitaryFactory.com \| The following text is exclusive to this site. The Albatros Flugzeugwerke firm certainly made a name for itself in World War 1. It was responsible for a series of well-respected airframes that helped to regain control of the skies from the air aces of the Triple Entente. The series began with the excellent D.I and evolved to include the improved forms of the D.II, D.III, D.V and D.Va before the end of the war in 1918. While only 50 of the D.I models were ever produced, it proved a significant addition to the inventory of the Imperial German Army Air Service which needed a counter against the ever-improving enemy scouts. Like other classic mounts debuted in World War 1, the D.I led only a short existence before being replaced by more capable fighters - such was the life of a military aircraft during a war when technology was changing on a seemingly daily basis. The Albatros D.I model was ordered in June of 1916 and introduced into German air service in August of 1916 to counter the successes being made b the British Airco and de Havilland scouts as well as the French Nieuport series of fighters. All three of these firms would earn their own level of respect in their own right by the end of the war - on part with the developments of the German Albatros and Fokker firms. These Airco, de Havilland and Nieuport designs were largely responsible for putting an end to the bloody "Fokker Scourge" covering the early part of 1916 in which air superiority was clearly in the hands of the Germans thanks to the revolutionary Fokker Eindecker. However, with the changing technology forcing newer and better mounts into the air, ground that was captured one day could be lost the next. As such, the D.I was unveiled by Albatros to help stave off even more losses against Triple Entente pilots. The D.I borrowed much of what it had learned in their preceding C-series of biplane aircraft. However, the D.I incorporated a much improved aerodynamically-friendly fuselage design which lent a rather modern appearance to the new fighter type. The design was notable for its rather streamlined forward section and elliptical plywood fuselage beginning with the propeller spinner contouring directly against the lines of the engine compartment. Power was supplied form either a Benz Bz.III (150hp) or Mercedes D.III (160hp) series six-cylinder liquid-cooled engine and represented some of the most powerful engines available to scout fighter types anywhere, allowing for speeds of approximately 110 miles per hour. Such an installation resulted in immediate performance improvement results that would make the D-series legendary throughout the remainder of the war. Armament centered around a pair of 7.92mm Spandau LMG 08/15 series machine guns coupled to the two-bladed propeller system that allowed for synchronization - the ability to fire the machine guns through the spinning propeller blades, a German technological achievement initially reached some time before the Triple Entente was to match. The biplane wing arrangement was a standard design fixture of fighters throughout the war - a war that would see such mounts fit one (monoplane) and as many as three (triplane) wings at a time. The D.I sported these wings with parallel struts and applicable cabling. The undercarriage was fixed in position and consisted of two single-wheeled main landing gear legs and a base tail skid. This allowed for rugged landings wherever aerodromes were set up along the dynamic fronts of the war. The cockpit was fitted just ahead of amidships and behind/under the upper wing assembly. Where the D.I outshone its enemies was in its excellent rate-of-climb. It could reach 3,280 feet in just six minutes which meant it would quickly react to incoming enemy aircraft or balloons and lift off to meet the match. However, the design had an Achilles heel of not being wholly maneuverable for a fighter scout, forcing the pilot to utilize the type's power and armament to gain the advantage. Visibility out of the open-air cockpit was good save for the wing assemblies. This was slightly improved in the upcoming D.II model which saw the upper wing assembly lowered. Regardless, the D.I was the best of its kind upon inception - unseated only by better enemy designs to come online within time. The impressive performance and capabilities of the D-series as a whole eventually led to their use by some of the top German aces of the time including the mythical Manfred von Richthofen. Service Year Imperial Germany national flag graphic Imperial Germany Not in Service. Albatros Werke GmbH - Germany National flag of the German Empire German Empire Air-to-Air Combat, Fighter General ability to actively engage other aircraft of similar form and function, typically through guns, missiles, and/or aerial rockets. 24.0 ft (7.30 m) 28.2 ft (8.60 m) 9.5 ft (2.90 m) Empty Wgt 1,422 lb (645 kg) 1,980 lb (898 kg) Wgt Diff +558 lb (+253 kg) (Showcased structural values pertain to the base Albatros D.I production variant) Installed: 1 x Mercedes D.III liquid-cooled, inline engine developing 160 horsepower driving a two-bladed propeller unit at the nose. Max Speed 109 mph (175 kph \| 94 kts) 16,998 ft (5,181 m \| 3 mi) 180 mi (289 km \| 535 nm) 546 ft/min (166 m/min) ♦ MACH Regime (Sonic) (Showcased performance specifications pertain to the base Albatros D.I production variant. Compare this aircraft entry against any other in our database. View aircraft by powerplant type) 2 x 7.92mm Spandau LMG 08/15 fixed, forward-firing synchronized machine guns. Supported Types Graphical image of an aircraft medium machine gun Hardpoint Mountings: 0 D.I - Base D-series D.II - Lowered top wing; Fundamental and minor aerodynamic changes. 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20Power Converters OBJECTIVES: After studying this chapter, you will be able to • Describe what an inverter is • Make a single-phase square-wave inverter • Understand a three-phase inverter • Define terms such as firing angle and freewheel diode and their purposes • Describe how output of a rectifier is controlled • Describe how output of an inverter is controlled • Explain what a power converter is • Describe the structure of a thyristor-based converter • Explain how a converter can be used as a rectifier or as an inverter • Define pulse width modulation • Define what pulse width modulation can be used for • Understand single-phase and three-phase use of inverters based on PWM • Define amplitude and frequency modulation ratios New terms: Amplitude modulation ratio, ... Get Electricity and Electronics for Renewable Energy Technology now with O’Reilly online learning.
17 计算机组成--高速缓存的写入 1 .Writing into Cache Case 1. Write hit x X x (store X: X is in C) Write through Write back Write into C & M Write into C only. Update M only when discarding the block containing x Q1. Isn’t write-through inefficient? Not all cache accesses are for write. Q2. What about data consistency in write-back cache? If M is not shared, then who cares? Most implementations of Write through use a Write Buffer. How does it work? 2 .Case 2. Write miss x X ? (Store X, X is NOT in C) Write allocate Write around Allocate a C-block to X. Write directly into Load the block containing X bypassing C X from M to C. Then write into X in C. . 3 . A state-of-the-art memory hierarchy: multilevel cache Instruction cache I D L3 M ? L1 L2 Data cache 0.5 ns* 0.75 ns* 50 ns* 1 ms 32kB+32KB 512KB-2 MB 256MB-1GB 160 GB Reading Operation • Hit in L1. • Miss in L1, hit in L2, copy from L2. • Miss in L1, miss in L2, copy from M. Write Hit • Write through: Write in L1, L2, M. • Write back Write in L1 only. Update L2 when discarding an L1 block. Update M when discarding a L2 block. Write Miss Write-allocate or write-around 4 .Inclusion Property P M I D L1 L2 In a consistent state, • Every valid L1 block can also be found in L2. • Every valid L2 block can also be found in M. Average memory access time = (Hit time)L1 + (Miss rate)L1 x (Miss penalty)L1 (Miss penalty)L1 = (Hit time)L2 + (Miss rate) L2 x (Miss penalty)L2 Performance improves with additional level(s) of cache if we can afford the cost. 5 .Optimal Size of Cache Blocks Tav Miss Miss Avg. Penalty Rate Mem Access Time Block size Block size Block size Large block size supports program locality and reduces the miss rate. But the miss penalty grows linearly, since more bytes are copied from M to C after a miss. Tav = Hit time + Miss rate x Miss penalty. The optimal block size is 8-64 bytes. Usually, I- cache has a higher hit ratio than D-cache. Why? 0 点赞 0 收藏
Getting Started Sphinx is a documentation generator or a tool that translates a set of plain text source files into various output formats, automatically producing cross-references, indices, etc. That is, if you have a directory containing a bunch of reStructuredText or Markdown documents, Sphinx can generate a series of HTML files, a PDF file (via LaTeX), man pages and much more. Sphinx focuses on documentation, in particular handwritten documentation, however, Sphinx can also be used to generate blogs, homepages and even books. Much of Sphinx’s power comes from the richness of its default plain-text markup format, reStructuredText, along with its significant extensibility capabilities. The goal of this document is to give you a quick taste of what Sphinx is and how you might use it. When you’re done here, you can check out the installation guide followed by the intro to the default markup format used by Sphinx, reStucturedText. For a great “introduction” to writing docs in general – the whys and hows, see also Write the docs, written by Eric Holscher. Setting up the documentation sources The root directory of a Sphinx collection of plain-text document sources is called the source directory. This directory also contains the Sphinx configuration file, where you can configure all aspects of how Sphinx reads your sources and builds your documentation. 1 Sphinx comes with a script called sphinx-quickstart that sets up a source directory and creates a default with the most useful configuration values from a few questions it asks you. To use this, run: $ sphinx-quickstart Defining document structure Let’s assume you’ve run sphinx-quickstart. It created a source directory with and a root document, index.rst. The main function of the root document is to serve as a welcome page, and to contain the root of the “table of contents tree” (or toctree). This is one of the main things that Sphinx adds to reStructuredText, a way to connect multiple files to a single hierarchy of documents. The toctree directive initially is empty, and looks like so: .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 You add documents listing them in the content of the directive: .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 This is exactly how the toctree for this documentation looks. The documents to include are given as document names, which in short means that you leave off the file name extension and use forward slashes (/) as directory separators. more info Read more about the toctree directive. You can now create the files you listed in the toctree and add content, and their section titles will be inserted (up to the maxdepth level) at the place where the toctree directive is placed. Also, Sphinx now knows about the order and hierarchy of your documents. (They may contain toctree directives themselves, which means you can create deeply nested hierarchies if necessary.) Adding content In Sphinx source files, you can use most features of standard reStructuredText. There are also several features added by Sphinx. For example, you can add cross-file references in a portable way (which works for all output types) using the ref role. For an example, if you are viewing the HTML version, you can look at the source for this document – use the “Show Source” link in the sidebar. Update the below link when we add new guides on these. more info See reStructuredText for a more in-depth introduction to reStructuredText, including markup added by Sphinx. Running the build Now that you have added some files and content, let’s make a first build of the docs. A build is started with the sphinx-build program: $ sphinx-build -b html sourcedir builddir where sourcedir is the source directory, and builddir is the directory in which you want to place the built documentation. The -b option selects a builder; in this example Sphinx will build HTML files. more info Refer to the sphinx-build man page for all options that sphinx-build supports. However, sphinx-quickstart script creates a Makefile and a make.bat which make life even easier for you. These can be executed by running make with the name of the builder. For example. $ make html This will build HTML docs in the build directory you chose. Execute make without an argument to see which targets are available. How do I generate PDF documents? make latexpdf runs the LaTeX builder and readily invokes the pdfTeX toolchain for you. Move this whole section into a guide on rST or directives Documenting objects One of Sphinx’s main objectives is easy documentation of objects (in a very general sense) in any domain. A domain is a collection of object types that belong together, complete with markup to create and reference descriptions of these objects. The most prominent domain is the Python domain. For example, to document Python’s built-in function enumerate(), you would add this to one of your source files. sequence. (And so on.) This is rendered like this: enumerate(sequence[, start=0]) Return an iterator that yields tuples of an index and an item of the sequence. (And so on.) The argument of the directive is the signature of the object you describe, the content is the documentation for it. Multiple signatures can be given, each in its own line. The Python domain also happens to be the default domain, so you don’t need to prefix the markup with the domain name. There are several more directives for documenting other types of Python objects, for example py:class or py:method. There is also a cross-referencing role for each of these object types. This markup will create a link to the documentation of enumerate(). And here is the proof: A link to enumerate(). Again, the py: can be left out if the Python domain is the default one. It doesn’t matter which file contains the actual documentation for enumerate(); Sphinx will find it and create a link to it. Each domain will have special rules for how the signatures can look like, and make the formatted output look pretty, or add specific features like links to parameter types, e.g. in the C/C++ domains. more info See Domains for all the available domains and their directives/roles. Basic configuration Earlier we mentioned that the file controls how Sphinx processes your documents. In that file, which is executed as a Python source file, you assign configuration values. For advanced users: since it is executed by Sphinx, you can do non-trivial tasks in it, like extending sys.path or importing a module to find out the version you are documenting. The config values that you probably want to change are already put into the by sphinx-quickstart and initially commented out (with standard Python syntax: a # comments the rest of the line). To change the default value, remove the hash sign and modify the value. To customize a config value that is not automatically added by sphinx-quickstart, just add an additional assignment. Keep in mind that the file uses Python syntax for strings, numbers, lists and so on. The file is saved in UTF-8 by default, as indicated by the encoding declaration in the first line. more info See Configuration for documentation of all available config values. Move this entire doc to a different section When documenting Python code, it is common to put a lot of documentation in the source files, in documentation strings. Sphinx supports the inclusion of docstrings from your modules with an extension (an extension is a Python module that provides additional features for Sphinx projects) called autodoc. In order to use autodoc, you need to activate it in by putting the string 'sphinx.ext.autodoc' into the list assigned to the extensions config value: extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc'] Then, you have a few additional directives at your disposal. For example, to document the function, reading its signature and docstring from the source file, you’d write this: .. autofunction:: You can also document whole classes or even modules automatically, using member options for the auto directives, like .. automodule:: io autodoc needs to import your modules in order to extract the docstrings. Therefore, you must add the appropriate path to sys.path in your autodoc imports the modules to be documented. If any modules have side effects on import, these will be executed by autodoc when sphinx-build is run. If you document scripts (as opposed to library modules), make sure their main routine is protected by a if __name__ == '__main__' condition. more info See sphinx.ext.autodoc for the complete description of the features of autodoc. Move this doc to another section Many Sphinx documents including the Python documentation are published on the Internet. When you want to make links to such documents from your documentation, you can do it with sphinx.ext.intersphinx. In order to use intersphinx, you need to activate it in by putting the string 'sphinx.ext.intersphinx' into the extensions list and set up the intersphinx_mapping config value. For example, to link to in the Python library manual, you need to setup your intersphinx_mapping like: intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('', None)} And now, you can write a cross-reference like :py:func:``. Any cross-reference that has no matching target in the current documentation set, will be looked up in the documentation sets configured in intersphinx_mapping (this needs access to the URL in order to download the list of valid targets). Intersphinx also works for some other domain's roles including :ref:, however it doesn’t work for :doc: as that is non-domain role. more info See sphinx.ext.intersphinx for the complete description of the features of intersphinx. More topics to be covered This is the usual layout. However, can also live in another directory, the configuration directory. Refer to the sphinx-build man page for more information.
Carcharhinus melanopterus The blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) is a species of the family Carcharhinidae belonging to the order Carcharhiniformes. It is one of the most frequent shark species in the tropical reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, both in coastal waters (generally preferring shallow waters around reefs) and in offshore waters of continental and insular shelves. There are some records of Carcharhinus melanopterus sightings in the waters of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (from Tunisia to Israel), although their presence raises some concerns. Source: FAO The body of the blacktip reef shark is elongated (up to 2 meters in length, although 1.6 meters is common) and hydrodynamic. Its color is light brown to gray on the dorsal side and white on the ventral side. It has a short but wide and rounded snout, with large size horizontally oval eyes. Each of its jaws usually have 11 or 12 rows of teeth. The teeth of the upper jaw have a serrated surface and are slightly tilted back, while the teeth of the lower jaw are straight and also have serrated cusps. The fins of Carcharhinus melanopterus are generally large. It has two separate dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin is born at a height equivalent to the vertical of the end of the pectoral fins. The second is moderately tall, although shorter than the first, and starts at the same height as the anal fin. The caudal fin is heterocercal, that is, its two lobes are of different size, with the upper one being much more developed than the lower one. The contour of the tail fin has a black coloring. Similarly, the apical end of the first dorsal fin and the lower lobe of the tail fin are deep black. Occasionally, the second caudal fin, anal fin, ventral and pectoral fins may have black tips. Carcharhinus melanopterus is a territorial and somewhat aggressive species, although generally not a great danger to humans. This is due in part to its size, but also to its generally shy attitude if we approach them. However, their shy character changes suddenly and radically if we are spearfishing and have just caught a fish. In this situation is where more accidents between the human and this species have occurred, since they try to capture the fish wounded by the harpoon, thing that they will not doubt to do. Despite this, in general it is a solitary species or one that forms small groups. They are active swimmers, which predominantly move in mid-water or near the seabed. The feeding of Carcharhinus melanopterus is mainly based on bony fishes such as jacks, leiognathids and monacanthids, although occasionally they also feed on cephalopods. The specimens reach sexual maturity when they grow to 91-112 cm in length. Carcharhinus melanopterus is a viviparous reproductive species, which is capable of producing between 4 and 14 offspring per litter. Its gestation period is between 12 and 16 months, after which the females migrate to coastal waters, during the late winter to early summer, to give birth to offspring that at birth measure between 33 and 52 cm in length. At present Carcharhinus melanopterus is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as an almost threatened species.
The past, present, and future of immunization in the Americas The implementation of the EPI has helped to catalyze progress in different areas, including: 1. Vaccination laws. Since the first Law on Vaccination was passed in Belize in 1963, lawmakers in every country of the Region have made efforts to ensure that their national budgets include free universal vaccine coverage in national programs, following guidelines of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization Global Advisory Committee, the PAHO TAG regional committee, and national immunization committees made up of independent experts known for their integrity, leadership and achievements. Member States also underscore their commitment to vaccination by continuing to declare it as a public good. 2. Management. Since the creation of the EPI in the Americas, country ownership has been the guiding principle: periodic meetings of national program directors have been held, and countries have boosted innovation and collective creativity by sharing immunization and vaccine-preventable disease surveillance data, along with their immunization experiences including improvement of the cold chain, information systems, supplies, and program financing. 3. Revolving Fund. Demonstrating how countries prioritize immunizations, national immunization programs are in large part, and in the majority of countries, funded by a country’s own resources. The Revolving Fund, an example of comprehensive PAHO technical cooperation for Member States, was created in 1979 and has been one of the pillars for success of self-sustained national immunization programs throughout the Region. The Fund ensures that all vaccine requirements are consolidated (economy of scale) to cover up to 8 million births per year (80% of Latin America and the Caribbean). 4. New vaccines introduction. All of this has helped ensure the sustainability of EPI in the Region of the Americas, and its expansion outward from a child-only vaccination focus, with vaccines that only target 6 diseases to immunization for entire families with vaccines that target more than 15 diseases including Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, mumps, rubella, influenza, yellow fever, pneumococcus, rotavirus and human papilloma virus.
A celebration is a joyful diversion. Your math class might have a celebration when you learn that the midterm has been postponed for a week. A celebration can be a festive party commemorating some joyous occasion, like your grandparents' fiftieth anniversary celebration or your brother's birthday celebration. It can also be a less formal marking of a happy event, like the arrival of your new puppy. Another meaning of celebration is a religious ceremony, such as communion or a bar mitzvah. Definitions of celebration 1. noun a joyful occasion for special festivities to mark some happy event synonyms: jubilation see moresee less type of: affair, function, occasion, social function, social occasion a vaguely specified social event 2. noun any joyous diversion synonyms: festivity see moresee less show 22 types... hide 22 types... a festivity in ancient Greece at which competitors contended for prizes conviviality, jollification, merrymaking a boisterous celebration; a merry festivity (in Spanish speaking regions) a local festival or fair, usually in honor of some patron saint festival, fete blowout, gala, gala affair, jamboree a gay festivity Ludi Saeculares, secular games the centennial rites and games of ancient Rome that marked the commencement of a new generation (100 years representing the longest life in a generation); observances may have begun as early as the 5th century BC and lasted well into the Christian era victory celebration a celebration following a victory in a battle or sports competition high jinks, high jinx, hijinks, jinks noisy and mischievous merrymaking revel, revelry unrestrained merrymaking a festival marked by merrymaking and processions Bacchanalia, Dionysia Isthmian Games the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially on the Isthmus of Corinth in the first and third years of each Olympiad Nemean Games the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially at Nemea in the second and fourth years of each Olympiad Olympian Games, Olympic Games Pythian Games the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Delphi held every four years in the third year of the Olympiad in honor of Apollo any of several annual Welsh festivals involving artistic competitions (especially in singing) film festival a cinematic festival that features films (usually films produced during the past year) jazz festival a festival that features performances by jazz artists Kwanza, Kwanzaa an autumn festival that involves merrymaking and drinking beer an orgiastic festival in ancient Rome in honor of Saturn a festival held at the time sheep are normally sheared type of: diversion, recreation an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates 3. noun the public performance of a sacrament or solemn ceremony with all appropriate ritual “the celebration of marriage” synonyms: solemnisation, solemnization see moresee less type of: the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies Word Family Test prep from the experts Boost your test score with programs developed by Vocabulary.com’s experts. • Number of words: 500+ • Duration: 8 weeks or less • Time: 1 hour / week • Number of words: 500+ • Duration: 10 weeks or less • Time: 1 hour / week
• Lola Oni How is your liver doing? An utterly amazing organ. The human liver is: The largest solid organ in the body. Some literature describe it as being the size of a football. But shaped like a right-angle triangle, with the long side against the diaphragm. So, it sits under the diaphragm and above the stomach. The liver can regenerate itself. The only organ that is capable of doing so! What does the liver do? -Stores vitamins A, D, E, K, iron and B12. -Stores excess glucose as glycogen. So it is involved in blood sugar control (together with the pancreas). -Produces bile for the breakdown of fat. -Certain types of liver cells are involved in immune function. -Makes amino acids and removes the breakdown products such as ammonia. -Converts toxins to less harmful substances and removes them from the body. -Has an important role in blood clotting by producing some of the components required for blood clotting to take place. How the liver becomes overwhelmed. -Excessive alcohol intake. -Not drinking enough water. -Processed foods. -Eating large amounts of food. -Exposure to environmental toxins suck as chemicals and air pollution. -Inadequate nutrition to help the liver to perform. -Not enough sleep. How will you feel if your liver is not 'happy'? Frequent tiredness Frequent cold and infection Foggy brain (Please Note: These symptoms are not only applicable to a struggling liver. Always consult your practitioner for accurate diagnosis). Drink a minimum of 8 glasses (200ml) daily: This is the only vehicle that moves nutrients around the body and waste out of the body. Inadequate fluid intake leaves the liver processing concentrated forms of the breakdown products of foods and drugs. Also, this leaves a backlog of toxins in the body. Exercise daily: This helps with improving circulation, carrying nutrients and oxygen to the liver where they are need for usage or storage or processing. Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Eating a wide variety of fruits and vegetables ensures that the liver has the right micronutrients available. It also provides fibre. Vegetables like cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, fresh ginger, onion, garlic are foods particularly good for the liver. Go for organic foods if you can. Eating only when hungry: When you eat, the liver swings into action by producing some of the enzymes necessary for digestion. It also prepares to store excess glucose until it is needed. You get the feeling of hunger, when your gut sends a message to the brain. It means the last meal you had, the gut has digested and distributed to the body and has been used mainly for energy. When food is eaten without feeling hungry, there is a ‘pile up’, so to say. Because your body did not need the food. This creates overload and over work for the liver. Herbal teas: Green tea and fennel tea are some of the teas that have been found to be good for cleansing. Sleep: A daily 7 to 8 hours of quality sleep is important for good liver function. Without good sleep, the liver is slowed down in its function of regulating glucose level in the blood. For long term liver health and wellbeing: Eat Fresh foods Drink water (minimum 8 of 200ml glasses daily) Sleep well (quality 6 to 8 hours daily) Exercise (at least 30 minutes daily) Herbal teas Eat only on demand 5 views0 comments
Method Hooking 12:00 PM Jan 31, 2017 So you’re writing tweaks for iOS and wanted to understand more what is being done? What you’re about to find is a concise, detailed explanation about what is going on under the hood when hooking into software during runtime. Previous experience with Objective C is required. The Objective C Runtime Objective C is the primary language that Apple uses for application development in the userspace. It is an object oriented language and runtime written in C. It has been used for years ever since the inception of NextStep, later acquired by (you’d never figure this out) Apple, where the standard frameworks originated from. Although Swift is growing more popular, its runtime libraries are still not locally stored on the filesystem and end up having to be packaged into the app bundle (remaining dynamically linked) of an application that depends on code written in Swift. I’m not sure why Apple does this, my original assumption is that the ABI support is not fully complete. In addition, Swift has to rely on the frameworks and libraries that were written in Objective C. So least for now, Objective C remains strong. Anyway, the magical part about Objective C seems to be that it supports something called reflection, which is the ability for computer program to introspect, examine, and even modify the internal structures and behavior during runtime. Although one might feel this is a super large strength of Objective C, a person, given the security mitigations within iOS/macOS, can not take realistically take advantage of such language features effectively outside the scope of an application’s address space without a security flaw in the OS. These vulnerabilities described are for another post. As far as reflection goes, let’s take a look at the runtime headers of the Objective C runtime library, which is dynamically linked into a Mach-O binary everytime an app depends on Objective C code. In objc/runtime.h and objc/objc.h, struct objc_class { #if !__OBJC2__ Class super_class const char name long version OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; long info OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; long instance_size OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_ivar_list ivars OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_method_list *methodLists OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_cache cache OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_protocol_list protocols OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; We find that an objc_class is a structure of many different fields that basically define the abstract concept of a class. From basic programming experience, a Class conceptually should have a super class, a way to identify the type of class (in this case it is by string), instance variables, methods, etc. Protocols may not be familiar to non-objective c developers, but they are just an added language feature that is well documented. /// An opaque type that represents an Objective-C class. typedef struct objc_class Class; /// Represents an instance of a class. If you happen to be confused as to what the predefined type Class was, it is typedef to a pointer to an objc_class type. This would be important since we don’t have to copy data over and over if it happens to change during runtime (which would be the case since objc supports reflection) or when passing objects as parameters to methods/functions. struct objc_object { /// A pointer to an instance of a class. typedef struct objc_object id; / Use `Class` instead of `struct objc_class ` / And astoundingly, the only field of the objc_object structure is just a pointer to an instance of a Class. We also find that id, a widely used keyword, is also defined which is just typedef to a pointer to a objc_object (or nil). Objective C happens to use something called a metaclass system, which, in short, basically defines a mutual relationship between objects and classes. Classes are objects, and objects are instances of classes. This means that we can send messages to both a class and an object. To better explain this, a good example would be the NSString class. [NSString stringWithFormat:] is a class method call that returns a pointer to an NSString. NSString is of type Class, and is an object too because a message can be passed to it (the selector stringWithFormat:). Conversely, the pointer to an NSString* object that is returned from that class method call at a lower level is an instance of a Class. This is the case because a pointer to an id (pointer to any Objective C object) has only one member, what is known as the isa pointer (of type Class or objc_class). struct objc_category { char category_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; char class_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_method_list instance_methods OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_method_list class_methods OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_protocol_list protocols OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; } OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_ivar { char ivar_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; char ivar_type OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; int ivar_offset OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; #ifdef __LP64__ int space OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; } OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; struct objc_method { SEL method_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; char method_types OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; IMP method_imp OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; /// An opaque type that represents a method selector. typedef struct objc_selector SEL; /// A pointer to the function of a method implementation. typedef void (IMP)(void / id, SEL, ... / ); And here we find more definitions of objc_category, objc_ivar, objc_methods, SEL and IMP (implementation [basically a function pointer]). You might ask, “why is knowing this important?”. Well firstly, this sets up your knowledge of the Objective C runtime. After understanding the basic types within the runtime, I can then explain how reflection works. So now you know the underlying data structures that make up the runtime. But how are they used? The runtime includes many functions that create and modify these intrinsic structures. A list is shown below. Adding Classes during Runtime Creating Instances of Classes Classes (cont’d) Message Sending With any of these functions, the runtime is able to perform the underlying behavior that the normal developer doesn’t have to worry about in their process. There are more functions to the runtime not documented in this post, but these are the most relevant to reflection and method hooking. Now let’s talk about some noteworthy functions that are important to us. id objc_msgSend(id self, SEL op, ...) and its counterparts send a message to an instance of a class. Method dispatching works a little differently in Objective C in comparison to other languages such as C++, Java and even Swift, which use virtual function tables to find the right method to jump to. The way that Objective C handles method dispatching is by using the meta-class structure (the isa pointer) to find the right selector and arguments. objc_msgSend starts where self points to (an id.. i.e. a pointer to an objc_object) and looks inside the isa pointer if it contains the right method in the method list. If it doesn’t, it looks within the superclass, which is another type of Class in memory. If it goes through the whole class hierarchy and does not find a method that is dispatchable, the program aborts (usually an EXC_CRASH SIGABRT [unix signal abort]) and the operating system is forced to recover from it via an exception. When I discuss exceptions, traps, and interrupts in XNU, you’d able to know how that works in a much deeper level. But for now, let’s stay on topic. The functions prefixed with class generally perform operations on classes or retrieves data from them. They are self explanatory and will be implemented in code samples in a future portion of this post, and this should clarify in detail about how they work. During runtime, you can even manually create classes and construct instances of them without the formal syntax that Objective C uses. Those are depicted by the sections “Adding Classes during Runtime” and “Creating Instances of Classes”. objc_getClass returns the type of class that you would like during runtime. If the class you’re querying is local to the process you’re trying to use, then this syntax generally isn’t needed. In special cases like writing tweaks and hooking into classes in a separate process via MobileSubstrate, you’ll find a need for these functions. Below is an example of basic retrieval of Classes during runtime. // retrieval of Classes via objc_getClassList int numClasses; Class classes = NULL; // first get the number of classes so we can dynamically allocate a pointer to them numClasses = objc_getClassList(NULL, 0); if (numClasses > 0 ){ // allocate a pointer to all the Classes using the numClasses variable classes = (__unsafe_unretained Class )malloc(sizeof(Class) numClasses); // get them and store them into the classes pointer numClasses = objc_getClassList(classes, numClasses); // print the name of the class via class_getName NSLog(@"Class name: %s", class_getName(classes[i])); As shown in this simple example, this is one of the super flexible things about Objective C. The runtime is composed of fancy functions and data structures that happen to be super useful for developers. As far as the Objective C runtime goes, this is as in detail I’m going to go into for length purposes. Explaining every single crevice and crack of the runtime would be much too long for one post. Most of the intricacies that are outside the scope of this document are most likely on Apple’s developer portal. I managed to hit the high notes of what a person should know if they are interested in reverse engineering iOS. Method Swizzling and Mobile Substrate MobileSubstrate is a framework provided on jailbroken devices that allows developers to provide patches to system functions at the assembly level and to the internal structures of classes and method implementations in Objective C applications. It was written originally by saurik, a familiar member of the jailbreak community that created Cydia, the alternative AppStore which actually happens to be a frontend to apt, a package manager that ships on some Linux distributions. With regards to hooking methods and providing on the fly patches during runtime, MobileSubstrate takes advantage of something that the objective c runtime allows developers to perform, something called method swizzling. Method swizzling is a process of manipulating the implementation of an existing selector in a class. Based on the objc_class structure that we reviewed before, we can see that method swizzling basically modifies the dispatch table (the methodLists field). An example of method swizzling within a class is shown below. @implementation UIViewController (Swizzling) +(void)load { static dispatch_once_t onceToken; dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{ Class class = [self class]; SEL originalSelector = @selector(viewDidLoad:); SEL swizzledSelector = @selector(swizzled_viewDidLoad:); Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class,originalSelector); Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class,swizzledSelector); // This is for swizzling class methods // Class class = object_getClass((id)self); // Method originalMethod = class_getClassMethod(class,originalSelector); // Method swizzledMethod = class_getClassMethod(class,swizzledSelector); BOOL didAddMethod = class_addMethod(class, if (didAddMethod) { } else { -(void)swizzled_viewDidLoad { [self swizzled_viewDidLoad]; NSLog(@"viewDidLoad %@", self); One thing you might notice in swizzled_viewDidLoad is that it seemingly makes a recursive call to itself. Actually, it doesn’t (mind-blown). +[UIViewController load] is called when the class is loaded into the process’ address space, which means that the swizzling happens before the class is even used. What actually happens during the swizzling process is that the swizzled_viewDidLoad becomes added as a new instance method in the class. Then, the implementations of viewDidLoad and swizzled_viewDidLoad get exchanged. This means that the viewDidLoad method contains the implementation of swizzled_viewDidLoad. So when we call [self swizzled_viewDidLoad], what we’re actually doing is calling the original implementation. This is the magic of the Objective C runtime. While this particular implementation works, let’s take a step back and recall the objc_method structure. It contains SEL method_name, which points to the name of the selector and IMP method_imp, which is a pointer to the start of a method implementation. What you probably didn’t realize is that Objective C IMP’s are actually just functions pointers. What we can do instead of internally in the class define the method is use the layout that Objective C uses for functions and perform method swizzling that way as well. Let’s show an example. static IMP _original_viewDidLoad; void _swizzled_viewDidLoad(id self, SEL _cmd){ // calls the original implementation of viewDidLoad ((void(id,SEL))_original_viewDidLoad)(self, _cmd); NSLog(@"This is the swizzled implementation for -[UIView viewDidLoad]"); void swizzleFunctions(){ // gets the original method to swizzle Method method = class_getInstanceMethod([UIViewController class],@selector(viewDidLoad)); // sets the IMP method_imp field of objc_method to the swizzled implementation // this function returns the original implementation // we can use it to call the original if we need its behavior _original_viewDidLoad = method_setImplementation(method,(IMP)_swizzled_viewDidLoad); MobileSubstrate does all the work for you to perform method swizzling during runtime. There are functions within the library that allow you to change the implementation of a class. They will be shown below after I explain how MobileSubstrate works from a bird’s eye view. Firstly, what needs to be done is force a dynamic library to load into an application. The first component to MobileSubstrate is MobileLoader, which loads itself into an application using the DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES variable. The command line equivalent of doing so is DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=/PATH_TO/DYLIB.dylib /Applications/ &;. The dynamic loader for iOS and macOS, stored at /usr/lib/dyld, which happens to manage the loading and linking of dynamic libraries (also known as shared objects .so in Linux, and dynamically linked libraries .dll in Windows). When I explain the Mach O binary format I will explain this more in detail. But once MobileLoader is injected into the application, it looks into a directory named /Library/MobileSubstrate/DynamicLibraries, iterates through every dynamic library in the directory and checks if their respective plist, known as a filter, contains the same bundle/process name as the application. If they match, then MobileLoader performs a dlopen (dynamic library open) on the dynamic library matched. The entry points for the libraries should then perform the swizzling of implementations for Objective C classes or hooking of functions at the assembly level based on whatever the tweak developer decides. MobileHooker is responsible for this because the tweak developers utilize the following functions to achieve hooking. MSHookMessage() replaces the IMP of the SEL passed to the functions, and return the original implementation. In order for a class method to be hooked, the metaclass should be used. It can be retrieved through the runtime function named objc_getMetaClass. MSHookMessageEx() does the same exact thing as MSHookMessage() but a placeholder to the pointer to the original IMP is passed instead of returned. MSHookFunction() works for C/C++ functions. This is performed at the assembly level. It writes instructions that branch to the replacement function. If the original function is called, the hooked function branches to a custom memory location where the instructions for the original function are stored as well as a branch back to the hooked function. Written on January 31, 2017

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