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What is ramp up task?
What does ramp-up a project mean?
Ramp up is a term used in economics and business to describe an increase in firm production ahead of. anticipated increases in product demand [2] There are various project management models that are typically discussed in the IT world.
What does it mean to ramp-up someone?
to increase or cause to increase. 2. ( intransitive) to increase the effort involved in a process.
What should be included in a ramp-up?
Parameters to consider when deciding upon a certain ramp-up strategy are utilization, product variety, ramp- up time and decoupling level. In this context the decoupling level concerns whether the pilot production of the product or products are performed on a separate or existing line.
What is ramp-up management?
In the operation of machines and plants, ramp-up management refers to the phase between the installation of the plant and the start or, in the case of a production stop, before production is resumed.
What is another term for ramp-up?
Definitions of ramp up. verb. bolster or strengthen. “ramp up security in the airports” synonyms: build, build up, work up build, build up, progress, work up.
What does it mean to ramp something?
To ramp something up means to increase it or do more of it. A business can ramp up an activity, such as production. It can also ramp up things in general, such as speed: Intel has ramped up the speed of its processors yet again (surprise, surprise!).
THIS IS IMPORTANT: How much should be the ramp up period in JMeter?
What is ramp up and down?
To decrease in volume, amount, or rate: As the project ramped down, several employees were laid off. ramp up. To increase in volume, amount, or rate: The factory ramped up production to meet the increased demand.
What is ramp time?
What is ramp up quota?
Aug 31, 2021. Sales ramp-up time is the amount of time it takes a new sales rep to become fully trained from when they are hired.
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Many natural and experimental turbulent flows display a bistable behavior: rare and abrupt dynamical transitions between two very different subregions of the phase space. The most prominent natural examples are probably the Earth magnetic field reversals (over geological timescales), the Kuroshio bistability, or the Dansgaard-Oeschger events that have affected the Earth climate during the last glacial period, and are probably due to several attractors of the turbulent ocean dynamics. Recent results show that similar bistability occur also in the turbulent dynamics of atmosphere jets. Those abrupt transitions are extremely rare events that change drastically the nature of the flow and are thus of paramount importance, for instance for climate studies.
Similar bistable phenomena are observed in a wide range of complex dynamical systems, from the dynamics of phase transitions in condensed matter physics, to the dynamics of complex biomolecules and polymers. Common tools, based on non equilibrium statistical mechanics, have been developed recently to study rare events and their dynamics. From a mathematical point of view, the main framework is large deviation theory for stochastic processes. From a computational point of view the key tools are rare event algorithms aimed at sampling efficiently rare by essential dynamical paths.
Freddy Bouchet
Invited Talk e-session
Photos by : Petras Gagilas
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Murshidabad district
Murshidabad district is a district of in the Indian state of West Bengal. Situated on the left bank of the river Ganga,[4] the district is very fertile. Covering an area of 5,341 km2 (2,062 sq mi) and having a population 7.103 million (according to 2011 census),[5] it is a densely populated district and the ninth most populous in India (out of 640).[6] Baharampur city is the headquarters of the district.
The Murshidabad city, which lends its name to the district, was the seat of power of the Nawabs of Bengal. All of Bengal was once governed from this town. A few years after Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula lost to the British at the Battle of Plassey, the capital of Bengal was moved to the newly founded city of Calcutta.[7]
The district is named after the historical town of Murshidabad, which was named after Nawab Murshid Quli Khan.
The capital city of Shashanka, the great king of Gauḍa region (comprising most of Bengal) in the seventh century AD and perhaps that of Mahipala, one of the later Pala kings of Bengal, were in this district. The earliest evidences of the history of the district date back to the pre-historic days, perhaps as early as circa 1500 BCE.[8]
The district got its present name in the early eighteenth century and its present shape in the later half of the eighteenth century. Murshidabad town, which lends its name to the district, derived its name from its founder, Murshid Quli Khan. Travellers marvelled at its glory through the ages. The city, lying just east of the Bhagirathi River, is an agricultural trade and silk-weaving centre. Originally called Makhsudabad, it was reputedly founded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the 16th century.[9] Kartalab Khan was appointed as Diwan of Bengal Subah in 1701 CE by Aurangzeb. He shifted his office from Dacca (present day Dhaka) to Maksudabad in 1702 CE. In 1703 CE, Aurangzeb honoured him with the title of Murshid Quli Khan and granted the permission to rename the town as Murshidabad in 1704 CE after his newly acquired title.[4]
The Nawab Murshid Quli Khan made Murshidabad the capital city of Sube Bangla, comprising Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. The family of Jagat Seth maintained their position as state bankers at Murshidabad from generation to generation.[4] The East India Company reigned from here for many years after the Battle of Plassey.
Warren Hastings removed the supreme civil and criminal courts to Calcutta in 1772, but in 1775 the latter court was brought back to Murshidabad again. In 1790, under Lord Cornwallis, the entire revenue and judicial staffs were fixed at Calcutta. The town is still the residence of the nawab, who ranks as the first nobleman of the province with the style of Nawab Bbahadur of Murshidabad, instead of Nawab Nazim of Bengal. The Murshidabad palace, dating from 1837, is a magnificent building in Italian style. The city still bears memories of Nawabs with other palaces, mosques, tombs, and gardens, and retains such industries as carving in ivory, gold and silver embroidery, and silk-weaving.[4][8]
The Murshidabad District Committee of the Indian National Congress was formed in 1921 with Braja Bhusan Gupta as its first President. The Swadeshi movement and Quit India Movement were active in the district. Leaders Subhas Chandra Bose and Kazi Nazrul Islam were imprisoned in Berhampore, where Krishnath College educated revolutionaries Surya Sen and Niranjan Sengupta. The district saw the foundation of the Hindu Muslim Unity Association in 1937 by Wasif Ali Mirza, and the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1940 by Tridib Choudhury.
On 15 August 1947 the Indian Independence Act 1947 came into force, and for the next two days Murshidabad, due to its Muslim majority, was part of the Dominion of Pakistan (specifically East Pakistan, which seceded as Bangladesh in 1971). On 17 August 1947 the final boundary adjustment of the Radcliffe Commission transferred Murshidabad to the Dominion of India,[8] to ensure the Hooghly River was entirely within India.[10]
It borders Malda district to the north, Jharkhand's Sahebganj district and to the north-west, Birbhum to the west, Bardhaman to the south-west and Nadia district due south. The international border with Bangladesh's Rajshahi division is on the east.
The district comprises two distinct regions separated by the Bhagirathi River. To the west lies the Rarh, a high, undulating continuation of the Chota Nagpur plateau. The eastern portion, the Bagri, is a fertile, low-lying alluvial tract, part of the Ganges Delta. The district is drained by the Bhagirathi and Jalangi rivers and their tributaries. Bhagirathi is a branch of the Ganges, and flows southwards from Farakka barrage where it originates from the Ganges. It flows southwards through the district and divides it into more or less equal halves. Dwarka River flows through Kandi and meet with Ganges.
Most of the land is arable, and used as agricultural land. Commonly seen trees are Neem, Mango, Jackfruit.
Murshidabad has a tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification). The annual mean temperature is approximately 27 °C; monthly mean temperatures range from 17 °C to 35 °C (approximate figures). Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30s and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C between December and January. On an average, May is the hottest month with daily average temperatures ranging from a low of 27 °C to a maximum of 40 °C, while January the coldest month has temperatures varying from a low of 12 °C to a maximum of 23 °C. Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy rains cum ice sleets lash the district, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal baisakhi (কালবৈশাখী, Nor'westers).[11]
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon lash the city between June and September and supplies the district with most of its annual rainfall of approx 1,600 mm (62 in). The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August approx 300 mm (12 in). Floods are common during Monsoon, causing loss of life, destruction of property, and loss of crops.
Most of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. There are some silk farms and some weaving machines, but they are losing out fast against the modern industries. Murshidabad is known for the quality silk produced here.[citation needed] Beedi industry is also there. Many of the India's major beedi companies are from this district.
Trade and business are conducted primarily with Asansol, Burdwan and Kolkata. There were some discussions between India and Bangladesh to open an internal water transport link between Dhulian and Rajshahi but it has not materialised yet.[when?]
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Murshidabad one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).[12] It is one of the eleven districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).[12]
Rice, jute, legumes, oilseeds, wheat, barley, and mangoes are the chief crops in the east; extensive mulberry cultivation is carried out in the west. The district is known for the quality and diversity of Mango produced. However, Mango is not a major produce of the Murshidabad district, unlike the adjoining district of Malda.
The Ivory and Wood craft industry dates back to the time when the Nawabs of Bengal had their court at Murshidabad. As this industry was fully dependent for its prosperity on the support of a luxurious court and wealthy noblemen, it had to face a crisis when the Nawabs lost their power and their court disappeared.
Sholapith is a milky-white sponge-wood which is carved into delicate objects of art. Shola is a plant which grow wild in marshy waterlogged areas. The biological name of shola is Aeschynomene Indica or Aeschynomene Aspera (bean family) and it is a herbaceous plant. The sholapith is the cortex or core of the plant and is 1 ½ inch in diameter. The outer harder brown skin is removed by expert hands to reveal the inner soft milky-white and spongy material, almost similar to "Thermocol", artificially produced in a laboratory. However, sholapith is much superior to thermocol in terms of malleability, texture, lustre and sponginess. Artisans use it for making artefacts used for decoration and ornate head-wears of bridal couple.
In Murshidabad the shola crafts are flowery designs, decorative head-wears of gods and goddesses, garlands, intricate figurines like faces of gods and goddesses, elephant-howdahs, peacock-boats, palanquins and so on are made of sholapith.
Bell-metal and brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi, Baranagar and Jangipur. They are exported as well as sold in the local markets. Locks and betelnut cutters of a superior kind are made at Dhulian and iron chests at Jangipur. The problem of getting raw materials for the brass and bell-metal artisans of the district is, however, acute. While delay in getting raw materials owing to the complicated procedural formalities involved in the submission of applications for raw materials has been almost a constant factor, the industry has also been affected by the change in consumers demand in favour of stainless steel, plastic and ceramic goods and crockery.
The District is having the largest Power Plant at Sagardighi 12 km from Raghunathganj, it also having a Central power plant at Farraka NTPC Generating 1600MW power. A Hydropower project is upcoming in the district. The District is the largest manufacturer of Bidi and many women from the district are involved in manufacturing Bidi.
Bengal had a nourishing silk industry in the past and Murshidabad long enjoyed a special reputation in this respect. The Bengal silk manufactures formed one of the important exports of the English East India Company to England, and these were exported also to the markets in the Asiatic countries. After the establishment of English factories at Malda and Cossimbazar, the English Company's trade in Bengal silk manufactures began to increase, and their use became common among the people in England because of their good quality and cheapness. In the mid-eighteenth century the country round about it (Cossimbazar) was very fertile, and the inhabitants remarkably industrious, being employed in many useful manufactures. About 1663 AD, the Dutch in their Cossimbazar factory sometimes employed 700 silk weavers, and the English and the other European nations smaller number. There was considerable demand for Bengal's raw silk in England's markets as the Continental System occasioned an entire cessation of the customary importations of the Italian raw silk. Murshidabad has always had a high reputation for its quality of silk and that was one of the primary exports that the English East India Company made to England. Murshidabad has had a long association with the silk industry particularly during the times of the English East India company, which saw the emergence of two English factories to spruce up the production of silk as there was a growing demand in England owing to the cheaper prices and superior quality, particularly during a time when the Italians started charging additional cess.
Surface transport (road and rail) is the most important way of transport. Even though a major river runs through the district (Bhagirathi), water transport is not very common, even though small boats ferry people across rivers where no bridge is available. one main bridge name Ramendrasundar Tribedi.
Buses are the most common form of transport, and they are easily available, and run to a wide range of destinations within and without the district. Bus transport is cheap (For example, a journey of 182 km to Kolkata from Baharampur costs about Rs. 135) Trucks carry majority of goods transported in the district. Overloaded trucks on the road are also a common sight, and they are a major reason roads are in bad condition.[13]
There are two major rail routes. The major line runs north–south and connects the district to Kolkata and North Bengal. There is another line that branches out from this line at Azimganj and connects the Sahibganj loop at Nalhati (Birbhum.)
The district comprises five subdivisions: Barhampur, Domkol, Lalbag, Kandi and Jangipur. Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns.[14] In total there are 29 urban units: 8 municipalities and 22 census towns. Baharampur and Kasim Bazar together form an urban agglomeration.
Barhampur consists of Baharampur municipality, Beldanga municipality, and five community development blocks: Berhampore, Beldanga I, Beldanga II, Hariharpara and Naoda. Domkol subdivision consists of Domkol (municipality) and three community development blocks: Raninagar I, Raninagar II and Jalangi. Lalbag subdivision consists of Murshidabad municipality, Jiaganj-Azimganj municipality and five community development blocks: Murshidabad-Jiaganj, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Lalgola and Nabagram. Kandi subdivision consists of Kandi municipality and five community development blocks: Kandi, Khargram, Burwan, Bharatpur I and Bharatpur II. Jangipur subdivision consists of Jangipur municipality, Dhulian municipality and seven community development blocks: Raghunathganj I, Raghunathganj II, Suti I, Suti II, Samserganj, Sagardighi and Farakka.[15] There are 26 police stations,[16] 26 development blocks, 8 municipalities, 254 gram panchayats and 1937 villages in this district.[15][17]
As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district is now divided into 22 assembly constituencies:[18] Farakka (AC #55), Samserganj (AC #56), Suti (AC #57), Jangipur (AC #58), Raghunathganj (AC #59), Sagardighi (AC #60), Lalgola (AC #61), Bhagabangola (AC #62), Raninagar (AC #63), Murshidabad (AC #64), Nabagram (AC #65), Khargram (AC#66), Burwan (AC#67), Kandi (AC#68), Bharatpur (AC#69), Rejinagar (AC#70), Beldanga (AC#71), Baharampur (AC#72), Hariharpara (AC#73), Naoda (AC#74), Domkal (AC#75) and Jalangi (AC #76). Nabagram, Khargram and Burwan constituencies will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates.[18]
Farakka and Samserganj will be part of the newly formed Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency). Suti, Jangipur, Raghunathganj, Sagardighi, Lalgola, Nabagram and Khargram assembly segments will form the Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency).[18] Burwan, Kandi, Bharatpur, Rejinagar, Beldanga, Baharampur and Naoda constituencies will form the Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency). Bhagabangola, Raninagar, Murshidabad, Hariharpara, Domkal and Jalanagi will be part of the Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency), which will also contain the Karimpur assembly constituency from the Nadia district.[18]
Delimitation was made effective for all elections in the state of West Bengal that was to be held on or after 19 February 2008.[19]
The district was earlier divided into 19 assembly constituencies (AC):[20] Farakka (AC #50), Aurangabad (AC #51), Suti (AC #52), Sagardighi (AC #53), Jangipur (AC #54), Lalgola (AC #55), Bhagabangola (AC #56), Nabagram (AC #57), Murshidabad (AC #58), Jalangi (AC #59), Domkal (AC#60), Naoda (AC#61), Hariharpara (AC#62), Berhampore (AC#63), Beldanga (AC#64), Kandi (AC#65), Khargram (AC#66), Barwan (AC#67) and Bharatpur (AC#68). The constituencies of Sagardighi and Khargram are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates.[20]
Farakka, Aurangabad, Suti, Sagardihi, Jangipur, Nabagram and Khargram assembly segments formed the Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency).[20] Lalgola, Bhagabangola, Murshidabad, Jalangi, Hariharpara and Mayureswar constituencies were part of the Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contained the Karimpur assembly constituency from the Nadia district.[20] Naoda, Berhampore, Beldanga, Kandi, Barwan and Bharatpur were part of the Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contained the Ketugram assembly constituency from the Bardhaman district.[20]
According to the 2011 census Murshidabad district has a population of 7,103,807,[6] roughly equal to the nation of Bulgaria[22] or the US state of Washington.[23] This gives it a ranking of 9th in India (out of a total of 640).[6] The district has a population density of 1,334 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,460/sq mi) .[6] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 21.07%.[6] Murshidabad has a sex ratio of 957 females for 1000 every males,[6] and a literacy rate of 67.53%.[6]
As of 2001 India census, Murshidabad district had a population of 5,863,717 with a sex ratio of 952.[24] A 23.70% growth of population and an increase of sex ratio by nine were noted since the previous census of 1991.[24] The district has an area of 5,324 km2 (2,056 sq mi) and a population density of 1,101/km2 (2,850/sq mi) as per 2001 census data.[24] The following table summarises the population distribution:[24]
The majority of people of the district, around 66.27%, are Muslims.[26] Hindus form 33.21% of the population. There are some CD blocks where Muslim population is above 85%.
The language spoken by majority of the population of the district is Bengali. The spoken dialect (called Rarhi) is more or less the same as spoken in South Bengal, with some occasional local accents. A dialect of Bengali language, Maldaiya (also known as Jangipuri, Shershahbadiya) is prevalent among the population of Jangipur subdivision of the district. Moreover, a Bihari language influenced by Bengali, Khotta Bhasha (largely spoken in Malda, some parts of Murshidabad and Birbhum and also in some areas of Midnapore) is also spoken by a substantial amount of population in the northern regions (specially Farakka, Samserganj, Suti, Jangipur areas) of Murshidabad district. Santali is spoken by a large number of Santal tribals in the district.
The district, especially Murshidabad town is very important in Bengal's history. The place draws a good number of tourists every year.
The Hazarduari Palace, or the palace with a thousand doors is the chief tourist attraction of Murshidabad. This three-storey palace was built in 1837 by Duncan McLeod for the Nawab Najim Humaun Jah, descendant of Mir Zafar. It has thousand doors (among which only 100 are real) and 114 rooms and 8 galleries, built in European architectural style. The total area of Hazarduari Palace is 41 acres (17 ha). It is now a museum and has a collection of armoury, splendid paintings, exhaustive portraits of the Nawabs, various works of art including works of ivory (Murshidabad school) of China (European) and many other valuables. The Armoury has 2700 arms in its collections of which only few are displayed. Swords used by Shiraj-ud-Daulla and his grandfather, Nawab Alivardi Khan, can be seen here. The other attractions in this floor are Vintage Cars and Fittan Cars used by the Nawabs and their families.
Around the palace are other attractions like the Wasef Manzil (the New Palace) by the bank of the Ganges, Tripolia Gate, the Dakshin Darwaza, the Chak Darwaza, the Imambara, the Gharighar (the Clock Tower), the Bachchawali Tope (a canon) and the Madina, the only surviving structure built by Siraj-ud-Doula. The Bachchawali Tope (canon) was made between the 12th and the 14th century, probably by the Muslim rulers of Gaur.
The library containing rare collections is not accessible to the public unless special permission is obtained. The building, rectangular on plan (424 feet Long and 200 feet (61 m) broad and 80 feet (24 m) high). The Palace was used for holding the "Durbar" or meetings and other official work of the Nawabs and also as the residence of the high ranking British Officials.
Durga Puja, a five-day-long puja is the most important festival of the Hindus. Other pujas like Diwali, Kali puja, and Saraswati Puja are also celebrated here. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha (Bakri-eid, locally), Ashura are prominent Muslim festivities in this district.
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I'm writing a program that responds to sentences, but I'm running into an issue:
You write: I like that you like me.
Program responds: What do you think makes you like that me like you?
You write: I like that you are my best friend.
Program responds: I also like that me are your best friend .
In simple cases, switching 'you' to 'me' and me to 'you' works fine, but in this case it isn't grammatically correct.
Under what circumstances should 'you' become 'I', and how can I tell from sentence context/wording? Can you think of more cases in which you/me,my/your cant be interchanged?
Have a look at the first two rows of the table on pronoun case at OWL:
Pronouns as Subjects Pronouns as Objects Pronouns that show Possession
I me my (mine)
you you your (yours)
The second-person singular has the same form whether used as a subject (you) or an object (you). The first-person singular has different forms—I as subject and me as object.
In mathematical terms, the mapping of these first-person pronouns (I/me) to their second-person equivalents (you/you) is not one-to-one, so there's no inverse that maps the word you back to a single first-person pronoun.
To answer your question, there will be endless cases where you would need to be replaced with I (subjective case) and endless cases where you would need to be replaced with me (objective case). The context you need is the case of the pronoun you. I have no experience trying to algorithmically parse natural language at this level, but I gather it's not trivial.
Bear in mind that you can also be plural, so you may need to consider we/us (first-person plural) in addition to I/me.
Your Answer
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How Natural Gas Air Conditioning Works
Residential air conditioners are small, direct-fired absorption chillers. An absorption chiller uses a refrigerant, absorbent and heat to create a cooling effect. Simply put, the cooling effect is accomplished with the removal of heat through evaporation of a fluid (refrigerant) at low pressure and the rejection of heat through the condensation of a fluid (refrigerant) at a higher pressure.
The absorption process relies on the affinity between two fluids. Air-cooled chillers utilize environmentally safe ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent. In the chiller unit, heat provided by a gas burner boils the ammonia out of the water and condenses it in an outdoor coil. The ammonia is then evaporated at low pressure, cooling a circulating water system. The chilled water circulates through the area to be cooled via a piping system eliminating the need for ductwork and making the system well suited to homes with baseboard heating. The ammonia is then reabsorbed into the water (the absorption process) and the cycle repeats. Click here to see a diagram of the residential absorption cooling process.
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Northwestern University scientists Successfully Combine a Nanomaterial effective at destroying Toxic Nerve Agents with Textile Fibers – Applications for Protective Suits and Masks
•Smart chemistry quickly makes toxic nerve gases nontoxic
•Material’s features bring it closer to practical use in the field
•New approach is scalable and economical
•Seeks to replace current technology of activated carbon
This new composite material one day could be integrated into protective suits and face masks for use by people facing hazardous conditions, such as chemical warfare.
The material, a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), degrades in minutes some of the most toxic chemical agents known to mankind: VX and soman (GD), a more toxic relative of sarin.
“With the correct chemistry, we can render toxic gases nontoxic,” said Omar K. Farha, associate professor of chemistry in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, who led the research. “The action takes place at the nanolevel.”
The authors write that their work represents, to the best of their knowledge, the first example of the use of MOF composites for the efficient catalytic hydrolysis of nerve agent simulants without using liquid water and toxic volatile bases — a major advantage.
The new composite material integrates MOFs and non-volatile polymeric bases onto textile fibers.
The researchers found the MOF-coated textiles efficiently detoxify nerve agents under battlefield-relevant conditions using the gaseous water in the air. They also found the material stands up over a long period of time to degrading conditions, such as sweat, atmospheric carbon dioxide and pollutants.
These features bring the promising material closer to practical use in the field.
“MOFs can capture, store and destroy a lot of the nasty material, making them very attractive for defense-related applications,” said Farha, a member of the International Institute for Nanotechnology.
What Are MOF’s?
MOFs are well-ordered, lattice-like crystals. The nodes of the lattices are metals, and organic molecules connect the nodes. Within their very roomy pores, MOFs can effectively capture gases and vapors, such as nerve agents.
It is these roomy pores that also can pull enough water from the humidity in the air to drive the chemical reaction in which water is used to break down the bonds of the nerve agent.
The approach developed at Northwestern seeks to replace the technology currently in use: activated carbon and metal-oxide blends, which are slower to react to nerve agents. Because the MOFs are built from simple components, the new approach is scalable and economical.
The research was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (grants HDTRA1-18-1-0003 and CB3934) and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (grant DGE-1842165).
The title of the paper is “Integration of Metal–Organic Frameworks on Protective Layers for Destruction of Nerve Agents under Relevant Conditions.” The first authors are Zhijie Chen and Kaikai Ma, postdoctoral fellows in Farha’s research group.
Source contact: Omar Farha at
Copyright © Northwestern University
North Western U: Study Provides insight into how Nanoparticles interact with Biological Systems
Computer simulation of a lipid corona around a 5-nanometer nanoparticle showing ammonium-phosphate ion pairing. Credit: Northwestern University
Personal electronic devices—smartphones, computers, TVs, tablets, screens of all kinds—are a significant and growing source of the world’s electronic waste. Many of these products use nanomaterials, but little is known about how these modern materials and their tiny particles interact with the environment and living things.
Now a research team of Northwestern University chemists and colleagues from the national Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology has discovered that when certain coated interact with living organisms it results in new properties that cause the nanoparticles to become sticky. Fragmented coronas form on the particles, causing them to stick together and grow into long kelp-like strands. Nanoparticles with 5-nanometer diameters form long structures that are microns in size in solution. The impact on cells is not known.
“Why not make a particle that is benign from the beginning?” said Franz M. Geiger, professor of chemistry in Northwestern’s Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. He led the Northwestern portion of the research.
“This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms by which nanoparticles interact with biological systems,” Geiger said. “This may help us understand and predict why some /ligand coating combinations are detrimental to cellular organisms while others are not. We can use this to engineer nanoparticles that are benign by design.”
Using experiments and computer simulations, the research team studied polycation-wrapped gold nanoparticles and their interactions with a variety of bilayer membrane models, including bacteria. The researchers found that a nearly circular layer of lipids forms spontaneously around the particles. These “fragmented lipid coronas” have never been seen before.
The study points to solving problems with chemistry. Scientists can use the findings to design a better ligand coating for nanoparticles that avoids the ammonium-phosphate interaction, which causes the aggregation. (Ligands are used in nanomaterials for layering.)
The results will be published Oct. 18 in the journal Chem.
Geiger is the study’s corresponding author. Other authors include scientists from the Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology’s other institutional partners. Based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the center studies engineered nanomaterials and their interaction with the environment, including biological systems—both the negative and positive aspects.
“The nanoparticles pick up parts of the lipid cellular membrane like a snowball rolling in a snowfield, and they become sticky,” Geiger said. “This unintended effect happens because of the presence of the nanoparticle. It can bring lipids to places in cells where lipids are not meant to be.”
The experiments were conducted in idealized laboratory settings that nevertheless are relevant to environments found during the late summer in a landfill—at 21-22 degrees Celsius and a couple feet below ground, where soil and groundwater mix and the food chain begins.
By pairing spectroscopic and imaging experiments with atomistic and coarse-grain simulations, the researchers identified that ion pairing between the lipid head groups of biological membranes and the polycations’ ammonium groups in the nanoparticle wrapping leads to the formation of fragmented lipid coronas. These coronas engender new properties, including composition and stickiness, to the particles with diameters below 10 nanometers.
The study’s insights help predict the impact that the increasingly widespread use of engineered nanomaterials has on the nanoparticles’ fate once they enter the food chain, which many of them may eventually do.
“New technologies and mass consumer products are emerging that feature nanomaterials as critical operational components,” Geiger said. “We can upend the existing paradigm in nanomaterial production towards one in which companies design nanomaterials to be sustainable from the beginning, as opposed to risking expensive product recalls—or worse—down the road.”
Explore further: Water matters to metal nanoparticles
More information: “Lipid Corona Formation from Nanoparticle Interactions with Bilayers,” Chem (2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.09.018
“Crumpled” Graphene Balls Could Improve Batteries’ Performance by Preventing Lithium Dendrite Growth: Northwestern University
Crumpled Graphene NewsImage_36035Jiaxing Huang discovered crumpled graphene balls six years ago. (Image credit: Jiaxing Huang)
Lithium metal-based batteries have the potential to revolutionize the battery sector. With the theoretically ultra-high capacity of lithium metal used by itself, this new type of battery can be employed to power everything from personal gadgets to cars.
“In current batteries, lithium is usually atomically distributed in another material such as graphite or silicon in the anode,” explains Northwestern Engineering’s Jiaxing Huang. “But using an additional material ‘dilutes’ the battery’s performance. Lithium is already a metal, so why not use lithium by itself?”
The answer is a research challenge that scientists have spent years attempting to overcome. As lithium gets charged and discharged in a battery, it begins to grow dendrites and filaments, “which causes a number of problems,” Huang said. “At best, it leads to rapid degradation of the battery’s performance. At worst, it causes the battery to short or even catch fire.”Northwestern-Hero
One existing solution to avoid lithium’s destructive dendrites is to employ a porous scaffold, such as those made from carbon materials, on which lithium preferentially deposits. Then during battery charging, lithium can deposit along the surface of the scaffold, bypassing dendrite growth. This, however, introduces a new issue. As lithium deposits onto and then dissolves from the porous support as the battery cycles, its volume wavers significantly. This volume fluctuation causes stress that could break the porous support.
Huang and his collaborators have deciphered this problem by choosing a different approach — one that even makes batteries lighter weight and able to contain more lithium.
The answer lies in a scaffold composed of crumpled graphene balls, which can stack with ease to form a porous scaffold, because of their paper ball-like shape. They not only prevent dendrite growth but can also survive the stress from the wavering volume of lithium. The research was featured on the cover of the January edition of the journal Joule.
“One general philosophy for making something that can maintain high stress is to make it so strong that it’s unbreakable,” said Huang, professor of materials science and engineering in Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering. “Our strategy is based on an opposite idea. Instead of trying to make it unbreakable, our scaffold is made of loosely stacked particles that can readily restack.”
Huang discovered crumpled graphene balls six years ago. Crumpled graphene balls are novel ultrafine particles that look like crumpled paper balls. He formed the particles by atomizing a dispersion of graphene-based sheets into minute water droplets. When the water droplets evaporated, they produced a capillary force that crumpled the sheets into miniaturized paper balls.
crumpling-graphene-electronics-Illinois-img_assist-350x197In Huang’s team’s battery, the crumpled graphene scaffold houses the fluctuation of lithium as it cycles between the cathode and anode. The crumpled balls can travel apart when lithium deposits and then freely assemble back together when the lithium is depleted. Since minute paper balls are conductive and allow lithium ions to flow quickly along their surface, the scaffold forms a continuously conductive, porous, dynamic network for lithium.
“Closely packed, the crumpled graphene balls operate like a highly uniform, continuous solid,” said Jiayan Luo, the paper’s co-corresponding author and professor of chemical engineering at Tianjin University in China. “We also found that the crumpled graphene balls do not form clusters but instead are quite evenly distributed.”
Formerly advised by Huang, Luo received his PhD in materials science and engineering in 2013. Currently as a professor and researcher at Tianjin University, Luo continues to partner with Huang.
In contrast to batteries that use graphite as the host material in the anode, Huang’s solution is a lot lighter in weight and can stabilize a higher load of lithium during cycling. While typical batteries encapsulate lithium that measures only tens of microns in thickness, Huang’s battery holds lithium stacked 150 µm high.
Huang and his collaborators have filed a provisional patent via Northwestern’s Innovation and New Ventures Office (INVO).
The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China, the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and the Office of Naval Research supported the research.
The process is called scanning probe lithography.
“That would be the Nobel prize.”
Rice Nano shells 171108143658_1_540x360
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Nano Power Chip NW U 062316 id43777
Source: Northwestern University
Printing 3-D graphene structures for tissue engineering
“People have tried to print graphene before,” Shah said. “But it’s been a mostly polymer composite with graphene making up less than 20 percent of the volume.”
With a volume so meager, those inks are unable to maintain many of graphene’s celebrated properties. But adding higher volumes of graphene flakes to the mix in these ink systems typically results in printed structures too brittle and fragile to manipulate. Shah’s ink is the best of both worlds. At 60-70 percent graphene, it preserves the material’s unique properties, including its electrical conductivity. And it’s flexible and robust enough to print robust macroscopic structures. The ink’s secret lies in its formulation: the graphene flakes are mixed with a biocompatible elastomer and quickly evaporating solvents.
Supported by a Google Gift and a McCormick Research Catalyst Award, the research is described in the paper “Three-dimensional printing of high-content graphene scaffolds for electronic and biomedical applications,” published in the April 2015 issue of ACS Nano. Jakus is the paper’s first author. Mark Hersam, the Bette and Neison Harris Chair in Teaching Excellence, professor of materials science and engineering at McCormick, served as coauthor.
“That’s without any additional growth factors or signaling that people usually have to use to induce differentiation into neuron-like cells,” Shah said. “If we could just use a material without needing to incorporate other more expensive or complex agents, that would be ideal.”
The printed graphene structure is also flexible and strong enough to be easily sutured to existing tissues, so it could be used for biodegradable sensors and medical implants. Shah said the biocompatible elastomer and graphene’s electrical conductivity most likely contributed to the scaffold’s biological success.
“Cells conduct electricity inherently — especially neurons,” Shah said. “So if they’re on a substrate that can help conduct that signal, they’re able to communicate over wider distances.”
“There are many different tissue types, so we need many types of inks,” Shah said. “We’ve expanded that biomaterial tool box to be able to optimize more mimetic engineered tissue constructs using 3-D printing.”
Story Source:
Journal Reference:
1. Adam E. Jakus, Ethan B. Secor, Alexandra L. Rutz, Sumanas W. Jordan, Mark C. Hersam, Ramille N. Shah. Three-Dimensional Printing of High-Content Graphene Scaffolds for Electronic and Biomedical Applications. ACS Nano, 2015; 9 (4): 4636 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01179
Northwestern University: New Non-invasive Method Detects Alzheimer’s Disease Early
Alz new-non-invasive-method-can-detect-alzheimers-disease-early-tn-headerNo methods currently exist for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease, which affects one out of nine people over the age of 65. Now, an interdisciplinary team of Northwestern University scientists and engineers has developed a noninvasive MRI approach that can detect the disease in a living animal. And it can do so at the earliest stages of the disease, well before typical Alzheimer’s symptoms appear.
Fluorescent amyloid beta oligomers (green), bound to cultured hippocampal neurons, were detected with greater than 90 percent accuracy by the magnetic nanostructure probe (red). (Adapted from Viola et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2014.)
Terahertz device could strengthen security
But current terahertz sources are large, multi-component systems that sometimes require complex vacuum systems, external pump lasers and even cryogenic cooling. The unwieldy devices are heavy, expensive, and hard to transport, operate and maintain.
“A single-component solution capable of room temperature and widely tunable operation is highly desirable to enable next-generation terahertz systems,” said Manijeh Razeghi, Walter P. Murphy Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Northwestern Univ.’s McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.
Director of Northwestern’s Center for Quantum Devices, Razeghi and her team have been working to develop such a device. In a recent paper in Applied Physics Letters, they demonstrate a room temperature, highly tunable, high-power terahertz source. Based on nonlinear mixing in quantum cascade lasers, the source can emit up to 1.9 mW of power and has a wide frequency coverage of 1 to 4.6 terahertz. By designing a multi-section, sampled-grating distribution feedback and distributed Bragg reflector waveguide, Razeghi and her team were also able to give the device a tuning range of 2.6 to 4.2 terahertz at room temperature.
Source: Northwestern Univ.
New process isolates promising material
“We continue to work with graphene, and there are some applications where it works very well,” said Mark Hersam, the Bette and Neison Harris Chair in Teaching Excellence at McCormick, who is a graphene expert. “But it’s not the answer to all the world’s problems.”
Part of a family of materials called transition metal dichalcogenides, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a frontrunner material for exploration in Hersam’s laboratory. Like graphene, it can be exfoliated into atomically thin sheets. As it thins to the atomic limit, it becomes fluorescent, making it useful for optoelectronics, such as light-emitting diodes, or light-absorbing devices, such as solar cells. MoS2 is also a true semiconductor, making it an excellent candidate for electronics, and it historically has been used in catalysis to remove sulfur from crude oil, which prevents acid rain.
Hersam’s challenge was to find a way to isolate atomically thin sheets of this promising material at a larger scale. For the past six years, his laboratory has developed methods for exfoliating thin layers of graphene from graphite, using solution-based methods.
“You would think it would be easy to do the same thing for molybdenum disulfide,” he said. “But the problem is that while the exfoliation is similar to graphene, the separation is considerably more challenging.”
Hersam’s research is described in Nature Communications.
“If I use the exact same process with molybdenum disulfide, its higher density will cause it to crash out,” Hersam said. “It exceeds the maximum density of the gradient, which required an innovative solution.”
“Now we can isolate single layer, bilayer, or trilayer transition metal dichalcogenides in a scalable manner,” Hersam said. “This process will allow us to explore their utility in large-scale applications, such as electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, and solar cells.”
Source: Northwestern Univ.
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1. Baghdad
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq.
The population of Baghdad, as of 2016, is approximately 8,765,000, making it the largest city in Iraq, the 2nd largest city in the Arab world (after Cairo, Egypt), and the 2nd largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g., House of Wisdom), garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Centre of Learning".
Shaheed Monument
In recent years, the city has been frequently subjected to insurgency attacks. The war had resulted in a substantial loss of cultural heritage and historical artefacts as well.
As of 2012, Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live, and was ranked by Mercer as the worst of 221 major cities as measured by quality-of-life.
2. Etymology
Hands of Victory arch
The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic, and its origin is disputed. The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia:
By the 8th century AD, several villages had developed there, including a Persian hamlet called Baghdad, the name which would come to be used for the Abbasid metropolis.
Arab authors, realizing the pre-Islamic origins of Baghdad's name, generally looked for its roots in Persian. They suggested various meanings, the most common of which was "bestowed by God".
Modern scholars generally tend to favour this etymology, which views the word as a compound of bagh = "god" and dād = "given", In Old Persian the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to Slavic bog "god", while the second can be traced to dadāti.
When the Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (95 AH – 158 AH (714 AD – 6 October 775 AD)), founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name Madinat al-Salām or City of Peace:
3. Foundation
Kādhimayn district,
After the fall of the Umayyads, the first Muslim dynasty, the victorious Abbasid rulers wanted their own capital from which they could rule:
They chose a site north of the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon (and also just north of where ancient Babylon had once stood), and on 30 July 762 the caliph Al-Mansur commissioned the construction of the city. It was built under the supervision of the Barmakids (influential family).
The city's growth was helped by its excellent location, based on at least 2 factors:
1. it had control over strategic and trading routes along the Tigris, and
2. it had an abundance of water in a dry climate.
Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanians, which was located some 30 km to the south-east. Today, all that remains of Ctesiphon is the shrine town of Salman Pak, just to the south of Greater Baghdad. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia, the first capital of the Seleucid Empire, which had earlier replaced the city of Babylon.
According to the traveller Ibn Battuta, Baghdad was one of the largest cities, not including the damage it has received. The residents are mostly Hanbali.
Baghdad is also home to the grave of Abu Hanīfā where there is a cell and a mosque above it. The Sultan of Baghdad, Abu Said Bahadur Khan (1305-1335), was a Tartar king who embraced Islamism.
In its early years, the city was known as a deliberate reminder of an expression in the Quran, when it refers to Paradise:
It took 4 years to build (764–768). Mansur assembled engineers, surveyors, and art constructionists from around the world to come together and draw up plans for the city.
July was chosen as the starting time because 2 astrologers believed that the city should be built under the sign of the lion, Leo. Leo is associated with fire and symbolises productivity, pride, and expansion.
The bricks used to make the city were 18 inches (460 mm) on all 4 sides.
Abu Hanīfā was the counter of the bricks and he developed a canal, which brought water to the work site for both human consumption and the manufacture of the bricks.
The basic framework of the city consists of 2 large semicircles about 19 km in diameter.
The original design shows a single ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls, but the final construction added another ring inside the first.
4. Surrounding walls
Abu Hanīfā Mosque
The 4 surrounding walls of Baghdad were named Kufa, Basra, Khorasan, and Syria; named because their gates pointed in the directions of these destinations.
The distance between these gates was a little less than 2.4 km. Each gate had double doors that were made of iron; the doors were so heavy it took several men to open and close them.
5. Golden Gate Palace
The Golden Gate Palace, the residence of the caliph and his family, was in the middle of Baghdad, in the central square. In the central part of the building, there was a green dome that was 39 m high.
In addition, the palace was near other mansions and officer's residences. Near the Gate of Syria, a building served as the home for the guards. It was made of brick and marble. The palace governor lived in the latter part of the building and the commander of the guards in the front.
In 813, after the death of caliph Al-Amin (787-813), the palace was no longer used as the home for the caliph and his family.
6. Abbasids and the round city
The justification for the Abbasid Caliphate was based on the Abbasids being the descendants of the uncle of Muhammad and being part of the Quraysh tribe.
They used Shia resentment, Khorasanian movement, and appeals to the ambitions and traditions of the newly conquered Persian aristocracy to overthrow the Umayyads.
Harun al-Rashid (763-809) needed to place the capital in a place that was representative of Arab-Islamic identity and built the House of Wisdom, where ancient texts were translated from their original language, such as Greek, to Arabic.
Al-Ma’mūn (786-833) is credited with the "Translation Movement" for this.
7. Centre of learning (8th - 13th centuries)
Mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani
Bayt al-Hikmah or the "House of Wisdom” initially founded as a library for private use by Harun al-Rashid (763-809),
flourished into an unrivalled intellectual centre of science, medicine, philosophy, and education and had the largest selection of books in the world by the middle of the 9th century.
Baghdad was likely the largest city in the world from shortly after its foundation until the 930s, when it tied with Córdoba. Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak.
Many of the One Thousand and One Nights tales, widely known as the Arabian Nights, are set in Baghdad during this period.
4 great libraries were established in Baghdad during this period:
1) The earliest was that of the famous Al Ma’mūn, who was caliph from 813-833.
2) Another was established by Sabur ibn Ardashir (942-1025) in 991 or 993 for the literary men and scholars who frequented his academy.
Unfortunately, this second library was plundered and burned by the Seljuks only 70 years after it was established. This was a good example of the sort of library built up out of the needs and interests of a literary society.
The last 2 were examples of madrasa or theological college libraries:
3) The Nizamiyyah was founded by the Persian Nizam al-Mulk (1018-1092), who was vizier of 2 early Seljuk sultans. It continued to operate even after the coming of the Mongols in 1258.
4) The Mustansiriya madrasa, which owned an exceedingly rich library, was founded by al-Mustansir (1192- 1242), the 2nd last Abbasid caliph. This would prove to be the last great library built by the caliphs of Baghdad.
8. End of the Abbasids in Baghdad
=> relocations of the capital to Samarra (during 808–819 and 836–892),
=> the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and
The Seljuks were a clan of the Oghuz Turks from Central Asia that converted to the Sunni branch of Islam. In 1040, they destroyed the Ghaznavids, taking over their land
and in 1055, Tughril Beg (990-1063), the leader of the Seljuks, took over Baghdad.
The Seljuks expelled the Buyid dynasty of Shiites that had ruled for some time and took over power and control of Baghdad.
Sieges and wars in which Baghdad was involved are listed below:
=> Siege of Baghdad (812–813), Fourth Fitna (Caliph’s Civil War)
=> Siege of Baghdad (865), Abbasid Civil War (865–866)
=> Battle of Baghdad (946), Buyid–Hamdanid War
=> Siege of Baghdad (1157), Abbasid–Seljuk Wars
=> Siege of Baghdad (1258), Mongol conquest of Baghdad
=> Siege of Baghdad (1401), by Tamerlane
=> Capture of Baghdad (1534), Ottoman–Safavid Wars
=> Capture of Baghdad (1623), Ottoman–Safavid Wars
=> Siege of Baghdad (1625), Ottoman–Safavid Wars
=> Capture of Baghdad (1638), Ottoman–Safavid Wars
=> Fall of Baghdad (1917), World War I
=> 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, World War II
=> Battle of Baghdad (2003), United States invasion of Iraq
Not long before the arrival of the Seljuks in Baghdad, al-Basasiri petitioned to the Fatimid Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir (1192- 1242) to support him in conquering Baghdad on the Ismaili Imam's behalf.
It has recently come to light that the famed Fatimid Da'i, al-Mu'ayyad al-Shirazi (1000-1078), had a direct role in supporting al-Basasiri and helped the general to succeed in taking Mosul, Wāsit and Kufa.
Soon after, by December 1058, a Shia Adhan (call to prayer) was implemented in Baghdad and a Khutbah (sermon) was delivered in the name of the Fatimid Imam-Caliph.
Despite his Shia inclinations, Al-Basasiri received support from Sunnis and Shias alike, for whom opposition to the Seljuk power was a common factor.
On 10 February 1258, Baghdad was captured by the Mongols led by Hulegu Khan (1218- 1265), a grandson of Genghis Khan, during the siege of Baghdad:
Many quarters were ruined by fire, siege, or looting. The Mongols massacred most of the city's inhabitants, including the caliph Al-Musta'sim (1213-1258), and destroyed large sections of the city. The canals and dykes forming the city's irrigation system were also destroyed.
The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate.
It has been argued that this marked an end to the Islamic Golden Age and served a blow from which Islamic civilisation never fully recovered.
In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked, by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror Timur ("Tamerlane") (1336-1405). When his forces took Baghdad, he spared almost no one, and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back 2 severed human heads.
Baghdad became a provincial capital controlled by the Mongol Jalairid (1400–1411), Turkic Kara Koyunlu (1411–1469), Turkic Ak Koyunlu (1469–1508), and the Iranian Safavid (1508–1534) dynasties.
9. Ottoman era (16th - 19th centuries)
In 1534, Baghdad was captured by the Ottoman Turks.
In 1623-1638, it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands.
Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague and cholera, and sometimes 2/3 of its population has been wiped out.
Direct Ottoman rule was re-imposed by Ali Riza Pasha in 1831.
From 1851-1852 and from 1861-1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed Namik Pasha (1804 – 1892).
The Nuttall Encyclopaedia reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000.
10. 20th - 21st centuries
On 1 April 1941, members of the "Golden Square" and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (1892-1965) staged a coup in Baghdad. Rashid Ali installed a pro-German and pro-Italian government to replace the pro-British government of Regent Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz (1913-1958) .
On 14 July 1958, members of the Iraqi Army, under Abd Al-Karīm Qāsim (1914-1963), staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq:
King Faisal II, former Prime Minister Nuri as-Said, former Regent Prince Abd al-Ilah, members of the royal family, and others were brutally killed during the coup. Many of the victim's bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad.
However, the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money was diverted by Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) to the army and thousands of residents were killed.
The community has been subject to kidnappings, death threats, vandalism, and house burnings by Al-Qaeda and other insurgent groups. As of the end of 2014, only 1,500 Assyrians remained in Dora
11. Main sights
Points of interest include the National Museum of Iraq whose priceless collection of artefacts was looted during the 2003 invasion, and the iconic Hands of Victory arches. Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled.
12. Mutanabbi Street
Mutanabbi Street is located near the old quarter of Baghdad; at Al Rasheed Street. It is the historic centre of Baghdadi book-selling, a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls. It was named after the 10th-century classical Iraqi poet Al-Mutanabbi (915-965 CE).
13. Baghdad Zoo
The Zoological Park used to be the largest in the Middle East:
South African Lawrence Anthony (1950-2012) and some of the zoo keepers cared for the animals and fed the carnivores with donkeys they had bought locally.
Eventually, L. Paul Bremer (born 1941), Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq from 11 May 2003 to 28 June 2004 ordered protection of the Zoo and U.S. engineers helped to reopen the facility.
14. Grand Festivities Square
Grand Festivities Square is the main square where public celebrations are held and is also the home to 3 important monuments commemorating Iraqi's fallen soldiers and victories in war; namely:
1) Al-Shahīd Monument, 2) the Victory Arch and 3) the Unknown Soldier's Monument.
15. Al-Shahīd Monument
Al-Shahīd Monument, also known as the Martyr's Memorial, is a monument dedicated to the Iraqi soldiers who died in the Iran–Iraq War:
However, now it is generally considered by Iraqis to be for all of the martyrs of Iraq, especially those allied with Iran and Syria currently fighting ISIS, not just of the Iran–Iraq War.
The Monument was opened in 1983, and was designed by the Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and the Iraqi sculptor and artist Ismail Fatah Al Turk (1934 -2004).
During the 1970s and 1980s, Saddam Hussein's government spent a lot of money on new monuments, which included the al-Shahīd Monument.
16. Qushla
Qushla (or Qishla, is a public square and the historical complex located in Rusafa neighbourhood at the riverbank of Tigris.
Qushla and its surroundings is where the historical features and cultural capitals of Baghdad are concentrated, from the Mutanabbi Street, Abbasid-era palace and bridges, Ottoman-era mosques to the Mustansiriya Madrasa.
The square developed during the Ottoman era as a military barracks. Today, it is a place where the citizens of Baghdad find leisure such as reading poetry in gazebos.
It is characterized by the iconic clock tower which was donated by George V. The entire area is currently submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative list.
17. Masjid of the Kādhimayn
Al-Kādhimiyyah Masjid is a shrine that is located in the Kādhimayn suburb of Baghdad. It contains the tombs of the 7th and 9th Twelver Shi'ite Imams, Mūsa al-Kādhim and Muhammad al-Taqī respectively, upon whom the title of Kādhimayn ("Two who swallow their anger") was bestowed.
Many Shi'ites travel to the mosque from faraway places to commemorate.
18. Masjid of Abu Hanīfā
Al-Adhamiyah is a predominantly Sunni area with a Masjid that is associated with the Sunni Imam Abu Hanīfā. The name of Al-Adhamiyah is derived from Abu Hanīfā’s title, al-Imām al-Adham (, the Great Imam).
19. Firdaus Square
Al-Firdaus Square is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of 2 of the best-known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad.
The square was the site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was pulled down by U.S. coalition forces in a widely televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
20. Geography
The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the Tigris river. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called "Rusafa" and the Western half known as "Karkh".
21. Climate
Baghdad has a subtropical desert climate, featuring extremely hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters:
In the Summer, from June through August, the average maximum temperature is as high as 44 °C (111 °F), accompanied by blazing sunshine.
Rainfall has, in fact, been recorded on fewer than half a dozen occasions at this time of year and has never exceeded 1 millimetre (0.04 in).
Baghdad's record highest temperature of 51 °C (124 °F) was reached in July 2015.
The humidity is typically under 50% in summer due to Baghdad's distance from the marshy southern Iraq and the coasts of Persian Gulf, and dust storms from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence during the summer.
Winters boast temperatures typical of subtropical climates:
From December through February, Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging 15.5 to 18.5 °C (59.9 to 65.3 °F), though highs above 21 °C (70 °F) are not unheard of.
The average January low is 3.8 °C (38.8 °F), but lows below freezing occur a couple of times per year on average.
Annual rainfall, almost entirely confined to the period from November through March, averages approximately 150 mm (5.91 in), but has been as high as 338 mm (13.31 in) and as low as 37 mm (1.46 in).
22. Demographics
Baghdad's population was estimated at 7.22 million in 2015.
The city historically had a predominantly Sunni population, but by the early 21st century around 82% of the city's population were Iraqi Shia. At the beginning of the 21st century, some 1.5 million people migrated to Baghdad, most of them Shiites and a few Sunnis.
As early as 2003, about 20 % of the population of the city was the result of mixed marriages between Shia and Sunnis.
Following the sectarian violence in Iraq between the Sunni and Shia militia groups during the U.S. occupation of Iraq, the city's population became overwhelmingly Shia. Despite the government's promise to resettle Sunnis displaced by the violence, little has been done to bring this about.
The Iraqi Civil War following ISIS invasion in 2014 caused hundreds of thousands of Iraqi internally displaced people to flee to the city.
The city currently has Sunni, Shia, Assyrian/Chaldean/Syrian, Armenian and mixed neighbourhoods.
23. Culture
It is possible that this was caused by the repopulating of the city with rural residents after the multiple sackings of the late Middle Ages.
24. Institutions
Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include the National Theatre, which was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but efforts are underway to restore the theatre.
The Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra is a government funded symphony orchestra in Baghdad:
Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed artefacts and relics of ancient civilization; many of these were stolen, and the museums looted, during the widespread chaos immediately after United States forces entered the city.
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Avoid Excess Intake Of These 5 Things, They Can Cause Bladder Cancer
Excess Intake Of These 5 Things, They Can Cause Bladder Cancer
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The bladder is a hollow muscular organ in your lower abdomen that stores urine. Bladder cancer is a common type of cancer that forms in the cell (urothelial cells) that line the inside of your bladder.
Most people are suffering from cancer disease today not actually because of the food itself but because of wrong food combinations and excessive Intake of certain diets. In this article, you will be educated on 5 delicate substances you should stop consuming beyond the normal level if you don’t want to suffer bladder cancer.
An estimated 73,510 new cases of this cancer were expected in 2012. With all stages of bladder cancer combined, the five-year relative survival rate is 80 percent. Surgery (alone or in conjunction with other treatments) is used in 90 percent of cases.
What is Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer, also called bladder carcinoma is a common type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder. You get bladder cancer when bladder cells become abnormal and grow out of control. Over time, a tumor forms. It can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other organs. In severe cases, it can spread to distant parts of your body, including your bones, lungs, or liver.
In 2019, the American Cancer Society (ACS) predict that around 80,470 people will receive a diagnosis of bladder cancer and 17,670 will die from it in the United States. Bladder cancer can be benign or malignant. Malignant bladder cancer may be life threatening, as it can spread quickly.
Some of the possible symptoms you will experience once you develop this disease are shown below:
• You will notice blood in the urine (hematuria). This is the most common early symptom of bladder cancer and typically the first sign of bladder cancer that is seen.
• UTI-like symptoms.
• Unexplained pain.
• Decreased
• Post-menopausal uterine bleeding.
Please, if you start experiencing these kinds of symptoms in your body kindly call the attention of your doctor for early treatment.
Certain things cause this type of cancer among people but lots of people don’t know. Below are those things to avoid:
1. Alcohol
man holding bottle
Alcohol can increase the acidity of your urine and irritate the lining of your bladder. You may find it helpful to reduce the amount of alcohol you drink if you have regular UTIs or experience urge incontinence. Drinking alcohol beyond normal has been linking to an increase in the risk of cancer of different kinds. Generally, the more you drink, the greater your cancer odds. Heavy drinkers, who down two or three drinks every day, are most likely to get cancer and to die from it. Even if you’re a light drinker (no more than three drinks a week) your chances are still higher than for teetotalers.
2. Arsenic in Drinking Water
holding glass cup
3. Red Meat
raw red meat
Eating meat is good for the body but when you start taking it excessively it can damage some delicate organs in the body and affect your health entirely.
High consumption of red meat and/or fried meats such as chicken or fish may increase the risk of bladder cancer, especially among individuals who already carry a genetic risk.
Bladder cancer disease is diagnosed in as many as 60,000 individuals annually in the United States. It is much more common in elderly individuals.
The heterocyclic amines formed in red meat during cooking may also increase the risk. Red meats are also acidic, which lowers the bladder pH and causes bladder irritation.
Eating too much red meat could be bad for your health. Sizzling steaks and juicy burgers are staples in many people’s diets. Research suggests that regularly eating red meat and processed meat can raise the risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke and certain cancers, especially colorectal cancer. The extent of the associations have found to be higher for processed red meat.
4. Smoking
lady smoking cigarette
Smoking is the single biggest risk factor for bladder cancer. This is because tobacco contains cancer-causing (carcinogenic) chemicals. If you smoke for many years, these chemicals pass into your bloodstream and are filtered by the kidneys into your urine.
According to new research, current cigarette smokers have a higher risk of cancer of the bladder than previously reported. The study also found that the proportion of bladder disease due to too much smoking In women is now the same as for men — about 50%.
Smoking irritates the bladder and can make IC symptoms worse. Incontinence (leaking urine) and Overactive Bladder (OAB), impact more than 33 million men and women. Smoking bothers the bladder and can cause frequent urination. It can also cause coughing spasms that can lead to urine leakage.
5. Sugar
sugar cubes
Although sugar consumption is not directly linked to an increased risk for developing bladder cancer disease, several research studies have shown that sugar may increase your risk of some types of cancer disease. In addition, the empty calories in sugar can lead to weight gain. Please endeavor you reduce your sugar Intake if you value your health and may want to live long.
This article is for everybody who cares for their health and may want to prevent cancer problems. Please share this message to the large society to help many people out there thanks and stay safe.
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Do You Know? Oceans and Marine Life
Water is everywhere, but how much do we know about the many bodies of water that surround us? Young readers can dive right in and explore the sea of information included in Oceans and Marine Life. "The Do You Know?" books provide an in-depth look at a wide range of popular subjects. Appealing to children who want to know everything, each thought-provoking book features: 96 pages filled with informative content and answers to many popular questions
• Hundreds of labeled illustrations
• An index to key terms
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Stress It Out! Stress Injuries and Fractures: Breakdown versus recovery, the constant struggle of athletes
• by
What is a stress fracture and what causes them?
Stress fractures in those who are under 20 are typically due to abnormal loading on a normal bone; in other words chronic stress or overuse of a bone (learn about causes and prevention). Bones have a slight give to them, but with repeated stress, micro fractures can occur. Another way to think of this is to imagine a piece of plastic such as a credit card or topper wear lid — you can bend it a few times, but if you bend it too much it starts to get white where it is bent representing a stress reaction and eventually you may crack or fracture.
Who gets stress fractures due to overuse?
Any one can, but in our practice we commonly see it in young athletes where the demand of their activity is greater than what their bones can withstand. This is commonly seen in runners, dancers, gymnasts, and certain ball sports. Stress injuries are seen more in females than males.
Where are the most likely locations for stress injuries/fractures?
The most common location for stress injuries is in the medial tibia where “shin splints” occur. Shin splints, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome are the earliest sign of the stress injury spectrum and often do progress to stress reactions/fractures if not properly treated. In general, stress injuries most often occur in the lower leg (tibia most common, fibula), foot (metatarsals, calcaneus, navicular), femoral neck, and pubic rami. Those who do high impact sports such as sprinters, hurdlers, and jumpers tend to get more in their feet while long distance runners tend to have more tibia/fibula or pelvic stress fractures.
What are the signs of a stress injury?
Pain at the location of the stress injury is the most common symptom of a stress injury. This pain is present during activity, but should subside at rest unless there is high stage injury such as a stress fracture. Point tenderness is also common. Those who have recently begun a sudden increase in intensity or duration of a sport are more prone to develop a stress injury than someone who has not.
How are stress fractures diagnosed?
Typically, a plain radiograph is done first to rule out a frank fracture of the bone. An MRI can provide more detail including any swelling (edema) in or around the bone that represents a stress reaction, however this is not necessary since the diagnosis can be made clinically. Imaging with contrast may provide more detail and allow for a clinician to determine if a smaller fracture is present in select settings. For stress reactions, clinical presentation can clue a provider into the source of pain in most circumstances.
How are stress injuries/fractures treated?
Treatment of stress injuries and fractures depend on the site of injury and the likelihood for complications due to the injury. Stress fractures of the femur, anterior tibia, and some of the foot may require more rigorous treatment including surgical intervention, while common ones of the medial tibia may be managed with conservatively with immobilization with walking boot, rest from sports, and proper rehab once healed. Proper transition to return to sport is critical once the stress injury is healed, as recurrence rates of stress injuries are very high. Typically, return to running or sport is done very gradually increasing duration and intensity by 10-20% per week starting with lower impact activity and softer surfaces.
By Meredith Close and Mo Mortazavi, MD
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• (RP, America)
• (Australian English)
span (plural spans)
1. The space from the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended; nine inches; an eighth of a fathom.
2. (by extension) A small space or a brief portion of time.
He has a short attention span and gets bored within minutes.
• 1738, Alexander Pope, The Universal Prayer:
Yet not to earth's contracted span / Thy goodness let me bound.
• Life's but a span; I'll every inch enjoy.
• 2007. Zerzan, John. Silence.
The unsilent present is a time of evaporating attention spans,
3. A portion of something by length; a subsequence.
• 2004, Robert Harris, Robert Warner, The Definitive Guide to SWT and JFace (page 759)
For example, in or Microsoft Word, each span of text can have a style that defines key characteristics about the text: • What font it uses • Whether it's normal, bolded, italicized, […]
4. (architecture, construction) The spread or extent of an arch or between its abutments, or of a beam, girder, truss, roof, bridge, or the like, between supports.
5. (architecture, construction) The length of a cable, wire, rope, chain between two consecutive supports.
7. (US, Canada) A pair of horses or other animals driven together; usually, such a pair of horses when similar in color, form, and action.
8. (mathematics) The space of all linear combinations of something.
Translations Translations Translations Translations
• Russian: пролёт
• Portuguese: espaço gerado
• (RP) and GenAm
span (spans, present participle spanning; past and past participle spanned)
1. (transitive) To extend through the distance between or across.
The suspension bridge spanned the canyon.
• The rivers were spanned by arches of solid masonry.
2. (transitive) To extend through (a time period).
The parking lot spans three acres.
The novel spans three centuries.
3. (transitive) To measure by the span of the hand with the fingers extended, or with the fingers encompassing the object.
to span a space or distance; to span a cylinder
• Bible, Isa. xiviii. 13
My right hand hath spanned the heavens.
4. (mathematics) To generate an entire space by means of linear combinations.
5. (intransitive, US, dated) To be matched, as horses.
6. (transitive) To fetter, as a horse; to hobble.
Translations Translations Pronunciation
• (RP, Australia, America) IPA: /spæn/
1. (archaic, nonstandard) simple past tense of spin
• 1891, H[enry] Rider Haggard, “How Hall of Lithdale Took Tidings to Iceland”, in Eric Brighteyes, 2nd edition, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., OCLC 935241280 ↗, page 204 ↗:
So they went in to where Gudruda sat spinning in the hall, singing as she span.
Proper noun
1. Acronym of Suicide Prevention Advocacy Network
2. (computing) Acronym of Switched Port Analyzer, a Cisco technology
Offline English dictionary
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According to most reputable European organizations and experts, today Europe includes 50 independent states, in which a little more than 11% of the population of the planet lives.At the same time 6 countries are partially or fully located in Asia - Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. Unfortunately, not all European countries can boast a high standard of living, a developed economy and general well-being.
Nevertheless, unlike the poorest countries of the world, which predominantly include the war-torn and political conflicts in Africa, Europe as a whole is in a very favorable position. Especially when it comes to the member states of the European Union. However, even within this association, the standard of living can vary considerably. For example, if we compare Luxembourg and Bulgaria. Next, let's highlight the 10 poorest countries in Europe in 2021.
1. Ukraine
2. Moldova
3. Albania
4. Bosnia and Herzegovina
5. Northern Macedonia
6. Belarus
7. Serbia
8. Montenegro
9. Bulgaria
10. Romania
Note. In compiling the ranking, the current indicators of nominal GDP per capita published by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were used as the main indicator of poverty. In addition, the list does not include partially recognized states and countries geographically located in both Asia and Europe.
With the lowest GDP per capita, Ukraine is considered the poorest country in Europe in 2021. The largest European country by area (excluding Russia) with once huge economic potential. Both in the agricultural and industrial sectors. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and independence, the country failed to take advantage of its geographical advantages and natural resources. Endless political power struggles, corruption, an abundance of oligarchs, military conflict in the east, and several other reasons have resulted in Ukraine being the poorest country in Europe today.
The state of Moldova is located between Romania and Ukraine. It has no access to the sea. The economy is very weak and mainly focused on agriculture. The average salary in Moldova in 2021 after taxes is a little more than 230 euros per month. The low income forces hundreds of thousands of Moldavians to go to work in Russia and countries of the European Union. The unrecognized state of Transnistria adds separate problems.
The Republic of Albania is located in the southeastern part of Europe on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. A small country with a population of slightly less than 3 million people was in the "captivity" of the planned socialist economy until the early 90s of last century, so the transition to market relations is proceeding rather slowly. More than 40% of the local workforce is employed in the agricultural sector, and many go to work in neighboring countries. Despite its comfortable geographical location, Albania is a very poor European country.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The military and political turmoil in Bosnia and Herzegovina decades ago still does not allow the country to reach a high level of development and provide its citizens a decent life by European standards. The Balkan state has one of the least competitive economies in the region, and the inflow of foreign investment is largely hampered by corruption and bureaucracy in the government. After taxes, the average salary in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2021 is about 495 euros per month.
The population of the Republic of Northern Macedonia in 2021 is just over 2 million people. The country gained independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and since then has been actively trying to carry out economic reforms, many of which have been very successful. Nevertheless, North Macedonia lags behind not only EU countries, but also many of its neighbors in terms of development. Other difficulties are related to the internal political instability of recent years, the high share of the shadow economy, unemployment and non-transparent legal system. All this makes Northern Macedonia a poor European country.
Among the ten poorest countries in Europe is another post-Soviet state, the Republic of Belarus, which maintains close political and economic ties with the Russian Federation. The country is located in eastern Europe, is landlocked, and borders Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Russia. The lion's share of industry and the economy as a whole is controlled by the state, which significantly reduces the interest of foreign entrepreneurs. Average net income of Belarusians is about 390 euro per month.
The Republic of Serbia is a country in southeastern Europe with a population of about 8.7 million. Military actions and significant destruction of infrastructure at the end of the last century to this day do not allow this state to find a successful path of economic development. Serbia is actively negotiating for accession to the European Union, and in parallel it is carrying out market reforms. The main problems of the country are the high level of corruption, the inefficient judicial system and unemployment. Therefore it is difficult to find a job in Serbia.
Montenegro's independence was officially restored only in 2006. Today the country has slightly less than 630 thousand people, of which about 30% are Serbs. Montenegro is a popular tourist destination, generating more than 20% of GDP and creating new jobs. By the way, a large number of foreigners from CIS countries buy real estate, open businesses and find jobs in Montenegro. Salaries in the state after taxes are on average about 520 euros per month. Of course, for Europe, this is not much.
The poorest country in the European Union in 2021 is Bulgaria. This fact is confirmed by many economic indicators. For example, while the minimum wage in Bulgaria in 2021 is 330 euros per month, in Luxembourg it is 2,201.93 euros. The average after-tax income of Bulgarians is just over 600 euros per month. The country has not fully solved the problems of corruption and organized crime. Nevertheless, the government is building a liberal market economy and is taking the necessary measures to improve the business climate in Bulgaria.
The last place in the TOP 10 list of the poorest countries of Europe belongs to Romania, which became a member of the European Union similar to Bulgaria back in 2007. The communist past left Romania a fairly large but outdated industrial base. Under the conditions of market economy and new trade relations, many industries had to be completely modernized or closed. In 2021, the minimum wage in Romania is 470 euros per month, and the average wage is about 660 euros after taxes.
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Talk:CF Standard Names - Discussed Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Terms
From Federation of Earth Science Information Partners
Revision as of 13:00, May 23, 2006 by ERobinson (talk | contribs)
General discussion on CF Standard Names - Proposed Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Terms. If needed, practice editing in the Sandbox
• To add to the discussion, log in to DataFed wiki
• Indent response text by adding : for each tab.
CTextor:Initial Chemistry and Aerosol Terms
___JGregory: CF Email List
______RHusar: CF Email List
___JGregory: Standard Names as Needed
______RHusar: Standard Names as Needed
___JGregory: Content Explanation
We have used "content" in a lot of standard names to mean the amount of something per unit area i.e. a vertical integral. Do you think e.g. "atmosphere ozone content" in kg m-2 isn't clear enough terminology? --JonathanGregory 16:51, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
______RHusar: Vertical Burden
'Vertical burden' is also used to describe measured column concentrations. It may take a bit of getting used to, but I have no objections to ozone_content. --Rhusar 19:19, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
___JGregory:in_air vs. atmosphere
The difference between atmosphere and in_air is that atmosphere is used to refer to large-scale properties, and in_air to locally measured ones. Hence the distinction between e.g. mass concentration in air, and atmosphere content. Chemical concentrations would be in_air (as you have done), and hence distinguished from in_sea_water etc. If a given quantity could appear in places other than air, it is correct to be explicit. --JonathanGregory 16:51, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
___JGregory: equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content
equivalent_thickness_at_stp_of_atmosphere_ozone_content means the thickness (depth) of the layer you would get by collecting all the ozone in the atmospheric column at STP. It was named like that by analogy with the equivalent thickness (depth) of amounts of precipitation. Does that make sense? --JonathanGregory 16:51, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
______RHusar: Aerosol Scale Height
I wonder if we can use the same naming for aerosol_scale_height, i.e. the height of an aerosol layer if the concentration was vertically uniform between the surface and scale height. --Rhusar 19:27, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
___JGregory: Variable and File Names
Names for variables and files would not be the subject of CF conventions --JonathanGregory 16:51, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
___JGregory: Avoid Abbreviations
We try to avoid abbreviations like "turdry" and "seddry". Although they make the names longer, I think these should be spelled out in full. Would this be a case for using due_to e.g. dry_deposition_..._due_to_turbulence? --JonathanGregory 16:51, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
___JGregory: Distinction between Net and Total Production
It could be unclear to have a distinction between "production" and "net production". Is there a more explicit name for the former? Can you call it "gross production", for instance, like gross/net primary productivity of ecosystems? --JonathanGregory 16:51, 22 May 2006 (EDT)
___JGregory: IUPAC Rule?
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Emotionally Unstable
Written by Jim Folk
Medically reviewed by Marilyn Folk, BScN.
Last updated December 5, 2021
emotionally unstable anxiety symptoms
Emotionally Unstable (emotional instability, dramatic mood swings) is a common symptom of anxiety disorder, including anxiety and panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and others.
Many people who struggle with anxiety have emotional symptoms, such as what can feel like emotions that are out of control.
This article explains the relationship between anxiety and emotions that feel unstable.
Symptom Descriptions
Common descriptions for the Emotionally Unstable anxiety symptom include:
• Your emotions feel unstable, like they could flip from one extreme to the other at any moment.
• Your emotions feel unsettled and change all the time.
• It feels like your emotions are extreme and flip back and forth without reason.
• You’re having dramatic swings in your emotions.
• It feels like your emotions are erratic and unpredictable.
• It feels like you can’t predict your emotions like you used to.
• It feels like your emotions are uncontrollable and “all over the map,” from one extreme to the other.
This symptom is often referred to as “mood swings.”
This symptom can occur rarely, frequently, or persistently.
Emotional instability can occur before, during, or after an increase in other anxiety symptoms or by itself.
This symptom can change from day to day, moment to moment, or be a constant background to your struggle with anxiety disorder.
This symptom can seem more noticeable when undistracted, resting, and have time to think.
All the above combinations and variations are common.
Medical Advisory
Click the link for Additional Medical Advisory Information.
1. Stress response
Anxious behavior, activates the stress response, which prepares the body for immediate action – to either fight or flee.[1][2]
Visit our “Stress Response” article for more information about its many changes.
A part of these changes includes simulating the Limbic system to be more sensitive and reactive to danger.
Since the Limbic System also plays an important role in our emotions, increased activity can make our emotions unstable.
The higher the degree of stress response, the more impact it can have on our emotions.
As long as the stress response is active, we can have unstable emotions.
2. Hyperstimulation
When stress responses occur occasionally, the body can recover relatively quickly from the changes caused by the stress response.
When they occur too frequently, such as from overly anxious behavior, the body can't completely recover. Incomplete recovery can lead to “stress-response hyperstimulation” since stress hormones are stimulants.[3][4][5]
Visit our “Hyperstimulation” article for more information about the many ways hyperstimulation can affect the body and how we feel.
Since hyperstimulation can affect the body the same way as an active stress response, hyperstimulation can cause chronic emotional symptoms, including emotional instability.
Recovery Support members can read a more technical explanation about hyperstimulation and its effects in chapter 14.
The above changes alone can cause unstable emotions. But that’s not all.
Research has shown a tight mind/body connection. Since emotions are directed by how we think, and the body’s physical health can influence how we think, our emotions are caused by a complex combination of biological and psychological factors.
For example, some of the biological factors include hormone fluctuations, neurotransmitter levels, energy levels, blood sugar levels, stress levels, and the state of our physical health, to name a few.
Some of the psychological factors include our beliefs, preferences, attitudes, how to behave (think and act), and habituated behavior patterns.
Because the states of our physical and psychological health influence each other, many variables influence our emotions.
For example, hyperstimulation can negatively affect our physiological and psychological well-being. As such, the stability and predictability of our emotions can be strongly affected.
Moreover, hyperstimulation is especially hard on the nervous system, which can also dramatically affect emotions.
As well, an erratic behaving nervous system can also affect hormone levels. Fluctuating hormone levels can also cause unstable emotions, which can feel like dramatic and uncontrollable mood swings.
Any combination of the above factors can make a person feel emotionally unstable.
Hyperstimulation is a common cause of unstable emotions.
3. Behavior
Anxious behavior can also cause unstable emotions, such as:
• All of nothing thinking
• Catastrophizing
• Overreacting
• Fear of having a serious mental health problem
• Fear of having a serious medical health problem
• Overwhelmed attitude
• Fear of the strong feelings of anxiety
• Crisis living
• Negative role play
• Over responsibility
• People-pleasing
To name a few.
Unhealthy anxious behavior is another common cause of feeling emotionally unstable.
4. Other Factors
Other factors can stress the body, causing and contributing to this symptom, such as:
Prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications can mimic, cause, and aggravate anxiety symptoms, including emotional symptoms.
Talk with your doctor and pharmacist about your medication if you aren't sure if its playing a role in your symptoms, including this one.
Visit our Medication article for more information.
Recreational Drugs
Many recreational drugs can cause and aggravate anxiety symptoms. Especially those that affect the nervous system.
Visit our Recreational Drugs article for more information.
Stimulants bring about their stimulating effect by secreting stress hormones.
Increasing the body’s stimulation can cause and aggravate existing anxiety symptoms.
Visit our Stimulants article for more information.
Sleep Deprivation
Going without adequate sleep can affect the body in many ways, such as:
• Prevents the body from sufficiently refreshing itself
• Stresses the nervous system
• Impairs brain function
• Increases blood pressure
• Increases blood sugar
• Increases moodiness
• Increases cortisol to compensate for feeling tired (cortisol is a powerful stress hormone)
These effects can cause and aggravate anxiety symptoms.
Visit our Sleep Deprivation article for more information.
Fatigue can cause and aggravate many anxiety-like symptoms, such as:
To name a few.
Visit our Fatigue article for more information.
Hyper and Hypoventilation
Over and under breathing can also cause anxiety-like symptoms and aggravate existing symptoms.
Visit our Hyper And Hypoventilation article for more information.
Low Blood Sugar
Low blood sugar, even within the normal range, can cause anxiety-like symptoms. Low blood sugar can also aggravate existing anxiety symptoms.
Visit our Low Blood Sugar article for more information.
Nutritional Deficiency
Nutritional deficiencies, such as low vitamin B and D, can cause anxiety-like symptoms. Nutritional deficiencies can also aggravate existing anxiety symptoms.
Visit our Nutritional Deficiency article for more information.
Dehydration can also cause anxiety-like symptoms and aggravate existing anxiety symptoms, such as:
To name a few.
Visit our Dehydration article for more information.
Hormone Changes
Hormones affect the body in many ways and can affect each other. Hormone changes can cause anxiety-like symptoms and aggravate existing anxiety symptoms.
Visit our Hormone Changes article for more information.
Pain stresses the body, especially chronic pain. If the pain is in the high degree range, it can cause and aggravate hyperstimulation.
If you are anxious, hyperstimulated, and symptomatic, pain can aggravate them all.
Visit our Pain article for more information.
Feeling emotionally unstable scared me when it first occurred. My emotional changes were so dramatic and seemingly out of control that I feared I was on the verge of a complete mental and emotional breakdown. As you know, fearing your symptoms and what you think they might do only makes things worse.
Being concerned about unstable emotions is a common scenario for many anxious people as they place great importance on how they feel.
When you combine unusual and unstable emotions with worry, it doesn’t take long for an anxious person to become even more symptomatic and concerned, which can further unsettle emotions.
Fortunately, while this symptom can be unsettling, it isn’t harmful and generally isn’t an indication of something more serious.
Feeling emotionally unstable is another example of how anxiety and hyperstimulation can affect our physical, psychological, and emotional well-being.
When this symptom is caused by anxiety and the stress response, ending the active stress response will bring an end to its changes and symptoms.
As your body recovers from the active stress response, this anxiety symptom should subside.
Keep in mind, it can take up to 20 minutes or more for the body to recover from a major stress response. This is normal and shouldn’t be a cause for concern.
When this anxiety symptom is caused by hyperstimulation, it can take much longer for the body to recover and eliminate symptoms.
Reducing and eliminating hyperstimulation will reduce and eliminate hyperstimulation-caused symptoms, including emotional symptoms such as dramatic mood swings.
As the body recovers from hyperstimulation, it stops exhibiting symptoms, including this one.
Unfortunately, there are NO quick-fix cures for this symptom when it is caused by hyperstimulation. Getting rid of this symptom requires reducing and eliminating hyperstimulation.
But as with all symptoms of anxiety and hyperstimulation, emotional symptoms subside as the body recovers from an active stress response and hyperstimulation.
Therefore, there is no reason to worry about this symptom.
While anxiety and hyperstimulation are the most common cause of this symptom, it’s also caused by unhealthy behavior linked to unidentified and unaddressed underlying factors.
Since behavior (the ways we think and act) primarily drives emotions, unhealthy behaviors can cause unhealthy emotions.
In this case, we need to successfully identify and address the underlying factors driving unhealthy behaviors to alleviate these emotional symptoms.
Working with an experienced anxiety disorder therapist is the most effective way to identify and successfully address the underlying factors that cause anxiety and emotional symptoms.[6][7][8]
An experienced therapist can help you identify where your emotional symptoms are coming from — whether from anxiety, hyperstimulation, behavior, or all three. Once the cause has been identified, you can take the necessary steps to address it successfully.
Can anxiety make someone emotionally unstable?
Yes, anxiety and the stress it causes can make a person emotionally unstable. While this symptom can feel unnerving and unusual, it isn’t harmful. Addressing anxiety and reducing stress can bring a return to normal and predictable emotions.
How to help an emotionally unstable person?
If you have unstable emotions due to anxiety or stress, addressing your anxiety and stress can eliminate unstable emotions.
If you know someone with unstable emotions, encourage them to seek help for their anxiety and stress. Your encouragement and support could make a significant difference in that person’s life.
Why am I so emotionally unstable?
Anxiety and stress can affect emotions, making them unstable and unpredictable. Even though anxiety-caused dramatic mood swings can be startling, they aren’t harmful and will subside when you address your anxiety issues and reduce stress.
Is emotional instability from anxiety dangerous?
Emotional instability isn’t dangerous, even though it can feel that way because of how out of control emotions can seem.
But since unstable emotions are merely symptoms of anxiety and stress, they aren’t harmful or dangerous. Emotions become more predictable and settled once anxiety and stress have been addressed.
Can anxiety cause my emotions to run out of control?
Emotions are temporary and largely driven by behavior. Consequently, emotions don’t run out of control since we can change behavior.
If it seems like your emotions are running out of control, that typically means your body is hyperstimulated, or your behaviors are creating strong emotions.
Working to eliminate hyperstimulation and adopting healthy behavior can eliminate strong and persistent emotions.
In an online poll we conducted, over 75 percent of respondents said they experienced emotional instability because of their struggle with anxiety. As you can see, it’s a common anxiety symptom.
Additional Resources
Return to our anxiety disorders signs and symptoms page.
anxietycentre.com: Information, support, and therapy for anxiety disorder and its symptoms, including Emotionally Unstable anxiety symptoms.
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Fact Book FAQs
For more than 30 years, a partnership between the Chicago Rehab Network and the Nathalie P. Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement, a research unit within the College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs at the University of Illinois at Chicago, has produced neutral, scholarly demographic research on conditions in communities in Chicago and across Illinois on the occasion of the Decennial Census. These data have been provided in a free and open manner in order to raise public awareness of housing and encourage public policies grounded in fact that prevent displacement, promote preservation and encourage the production of new affordable housing throughout the city and state.
What is the value-added in this Fact Book?
In addition to adding to a growing wealth of historical and time series data, the Fact Book analyses conducted by the urban planning researchers Voorhees Center use geospatial analysis to aggregate information available through the U.S. Census Bureau to custom geographies that have meaning to communities in Chicago: Community Areas and Wards. This information is not available from the government tabulated at these levels. Nonetheless, providing information at these levels is what allows advocates, legislators, leaders and indeed anyone interested in the future of communities to make sound policy recommendations and decisions grounded in fact. CRN is also available to facilitate discussions on a hyperlocal level on how Fact Book information relates to the development context and neighborhood planning.
How do the facts reported on these fact sheets relate to communities and public policy?
By taking a close look at who lives in a community and how things have changed over time, it is possible to engage in data- informed decision making based on an accurate picture of current conditions. This information empowers individuals and organizations to help shape the neighborhood development environment and target policy initiatives and interventions to support populations at risk on the ground. For instance, the federal government provides dollars for a number of a programs based on population counts at the municipal level. Knowing how populations have changed at a micro level within submarkets helps bring about an equitable distribution of resources that can move neighborhoods from existing needs to solutions.
What if your facts don’t match mine?
A number of methodological decisions are involved in producing this research that can impact comparison to other sources. Often differences stem from issues with data sources within the Census and the aggregation schemes applied to those data. Please also note that 2000 data dealing with dollar values have been adjusted for inflation to 2010 constant dollars.
What is the difference here between family and non-family households?
For purposes of the Census Bureau, a family household is one where two or more people living in the same place are related by blood, marriage or adoption. Non-family households include single people living alone, roommates and unmarried couples without children.
How is poverty status determined?
The Census Bureau compares individual or family income before taxes to 48 nationally determined poverty thresholds depending on the person’s age and how many other people they live with (if any). Income for these purposes includes earnings, investment income, and cash benefits and transfers. It does not include noncash benefit such as Medicaid, food stamps and housing subsidies. If the income of the person for whom poverty is measured is below the applicable national threshold, they are considered to be “in poverty.” In 2013, a family of four with two children was considered in poverty if their income was less than $23,624.[1]
Why are race and ethnicity reported separately?
Based on government standards, the Census Bureau gathers information such that race and Hispanic origin are considered separately. Under this scheme, people are counted one or more races and either Hispanic or Not Hispanic. For this reason, adding up races and “Latino (of any race)” will result in a number greater than the reported population.
What is median household income?
Median household income is the middle income in a geography: statistically, half of households make more, while half make less. Median income is a better measure of household income than average income because it is less affected by outliers, such as a small number of very wealthy households in a community. Income includes monies obtained a variety of ways, not only through wages, salaries or business profits, but also through other sources such as dividends, net property income, estates and trusts, Social Security, public assistance or welfare payments and pensions. The median household income in Chicago in 2010 was $46,877. This income level is significantly lower that the regional median incomes published annually by HUD, $75,100 in 2010 for a family of four, which the City opts to use to establish income maximums for its affordable housing programming.
What do monthly housing costs for owners include?
Monthly owner costs include: payments to mortgage or home equity debt, real estate taxes, homeowners insurance, condo fees (if applicable), mobile home cost (if applicable) and utilities (electricity, gas, water and sewer, and any other utilities such as local recycling costs).
What do monthly housing costs for renters include?
Monthly gross rent costs include contract (lease) rent and utilities (electricity, gas, water and sewer, and any other utilities such as local recycling costs). In Chicago, the landlord is responsible for water, sewage and (in some cases) recycling costs.
What is cost burden?
A household is considered cost burdened when it pays 30% or more of monthly income toward monthly housing costs, either as renters or owners. This standard for consumer financial health with respect to housing costs has been used by the federal government for a variety of programs since the early part of the last century.[2]
CRN is available to answer Fact Book-related questions by calling 312.663.3936 or emailing [email protected].
1. US Census Bureau (2013) How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty
2. Schwartz and Wilson (2007) Who Can Afford To Live in a Home?: A look at data from the 2006 American Community Survey. Other data come from Voorhees Center (2014) “Affordable Housing Fact Book Data Definitions and Sources.”
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Bathroom Vanity
What do we picture when we hear the term ‘bathroom’? Normally we get images of a shower, toilet, toiletries like shampoos, soaps etc. As per the definition, bathroom is considered to be a place at our homes that is mainly used for personal hygiene activities which generally consists of a wash basin, a bathtub/shower etc. In several countries toilet is also included as a part of the bathroom but in some countries toilet is built as a separate entity next to the bathroom. Historically, the existence of bathrooms dates back as far as 3000 BC during which water was solely considered as a cleansing agent. The best known example of well-structured bathrooms can be found at the site of advanced civilization known as Indus valley/Harappa civilization. This clearly gives us a glimpse of how personal hygiene found its place in the day today lives of our ancestors. Another classic example where we can witness some of the well maintained bathrooms are during the times of Greek and Roman civilization, where the bathrooms were shaped like huge pools or octagonal bathing structures.
In Australia, with the advent of Europeans as early as 17th century, there came the bathroom styling that was followed by the Europeans mainly English styled bathrooms. Originally “tin Baths” were quiet popular in many parts of Australia. It was a simple structure as easy to maintain wherein one would keep the water to boil and keep filling the tin bath with it and repeat this process once the water was empty. Gradually with the development of sophisticated drainage and sewer systems, there was a gradual renovation in the structure of bathrooms and bathroom vanities across Australia as we can see it today.
The bathrooms of today have become a place not just for taking shower but a place to get ready to our workplace every day or otherwise. So keeping this in mind the designs of today’s bathroom have changed dramatically as compared to the ones that existed few centuries ago. There are 2 main departments that majorly impact today’s bathroom style and design and they are: 1) Plumbing, 2) Lighting and Electricity.
Water which is a basic entity of bathrooms need to be handled very efficiently and this is where plumbing expertise comes into picture which handles the inlet and outlet of water in and out of bathrooms. In addition to this the plumber is also responsible to ensure that the water does not cause slippery surface in the bathrooms that may lead to accidents. Lighting and electricity is another department that is as critical as plumbing in today’s modern multifunctional bathroom designs. Most of the homes require running hot and cold water supplied to the bathrooms and they also need good lighting so these are generally taken care by electricians who ensures that bathrooms are properly lit and are supplied with hot and cold water along with making sure that all the safety measures are met and there is no room for hazards such as electric shocks etc.
Some of the parameters that needs to be considered for renovations of bathroom vanities or constructing bathrooms from scratch are: Getting the right size of bathroom/flooring area, type of bathroom vanities such as sinks and their materials, different mounting options that suit your needs and style etc. Some of the popular bathroom vanities that are currently trending in Sydney, Australia are:
• Sink/Wash Basin vanities: Sink can be either a single one or a double sink. Single sink would be ideal for studio apartment whereas a double sink would be suitable for a villa or a slightly larger home with more number of occupants.
• Traditional/Antique Furniture vanity: This type of furniture can be found in many of the homes in Sydney that are slightly older usually dating back to early 1900’s. This furniture generally include cupboard with multiple racks and cabinets made up of teak or Mahoney wood and come with subdued color schemes.
• Modern Furniture vanity: These kind of furniture mainly come with a mix of shades and colors along with smooth well finished textures that are very attractive, they are slightly light weight as compared to the traditional counterparts. These types of bathroom vanities can be found mostly in the modern homes of Sydney and other parts of Australia.
• Mounting Options: One should be very careful in choosing the mounting options for sinks or furniture in the bathroom as the mounting style can uplift or downgrade the look and feel of the bathroom. Few of the common mounting styles for bathroom vanities found in various homes of Sydney are freestyle mounting, corner mounting and shop wall mounting.
The above provided options are some of the popular bathroom vanity options that can be found today in Sydney and other cities of Australia. But ultimately it all depends on one’s creativity, need and styling as to how exactly the bathroom’s structure, look and feel should be that best suits his/her purpose.
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You already know that good oral hygiene is vital for maintaining the health of your teeth. But with more and more scientific research, there has been special importance given to dietary choices. It makes sense as your body needs essential vitamins and minerals in order to build and maintain healthy teeth, bones, and tissues. But there have been surprising findings in the link between a diet rich in Omega 3 fatty acids and your overall dental health.
You might be aware how daily brushing, flossing, and regular dental check-ups can promote dental health and hygiene. But did you know that one of the most important factors to keep your teeth gums healthy has nothing to do with these habits? The critical factor is your diet. Other than Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus, Omega 3 fatty acid has been found to have promising effects on gum health.
Omega 3_2
You probably might know that Omega 3 fatty acids are best for their role in preventing heart disease. But did you know that they prevent gum disease too? To know more about the topic, keep reading.
What is Omega 3 Fatty Acid?
Omega-3s are polyunsaturated fatty acids. Which our human body cannot synthesize on its own. Therefore it needs to be acquired through food. There are primarily three types of omega-3 fatty acids: ALA, DHA, and EPA.
Omega 3_4
ALA is commonly found in a variety of nuts and seeds. While DHA and EPA are primarily found in fish such as salmon, anchovies, and tuna. Interestingly, your body cannot manufacture these fatty acids. Hence the only option left is to source these from your diet or supplements. Fatty acids are abundantly found in most vegetable oils, such as olive oil and canola oil.
How Omega 3 Fatty Acid Benefits Your Oral Health
Omega-3s can drastically reduce your signs of periodontal disease. You should try to take a diet rich in DHA and EPA omega-3s, whether through supplements or as part of regular dietary choices. Such a diet can help maintain gum health and keep teeth securely rooted. In addition, it would also help prevent tooth decay that can often form in the spaces between damaged gums and the tooth itself.
Moreover, Omega 3 is well-known for its ability to reduce chronic inflammation. Hence it is used as a remedy for joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis. So it makes sense that the inflammation of the gums associated with periodontal disease can greatly be reduced by taking an omega-3 supplement.
Numerous studies support the positive impact of Omega 3 intake on your oral dental health. For instance, a 2010 study revealed that consumption of fish oil can lower the risk of having gum disease. The study results revealed that those who were in the middle or early stages were less likely to have periodontal disease.
Omega 3_5
In another study, researchers found that DHA supplements were directly linked with a marked improvement in periodontitis. It is also called periodontal disease, an inflammatory gum disease that affects nearly half of the US population alone.
It is a serious gum disease as it destroys the bones and soft tissue that support the teeth. When the infection spreads, the toxins produced by the bacteria cause damage to the teeth resulting in tooth loss.
Based on studies, the oral health benefit of Omega 3 may extend beyond inflammation. Omega 3 has potent antibacterial effects against a wide range of mouth bacteria. The fatty acids DHA, EPA, and ALA, including fatty acid esters, which might inhibit the growth of pathogens inside your mouth.
Getting Enough Omega 3 in Your Diet
Adding more Omega 3 to your diet is a good idea whether or not you have an existing periodontal condition. It is very simple to include in your daily routine. You can easily find Omega 3 in fish, such as salmon, sardines, herring, mackerel, and tuna. In addition, they can also be consumed in the form of fish oil liquid or the form of capsules.
Omega 3_1
Studies suggest that if you consume more Omega 3, it is one of the most important dietary changes you can make. Thus improving gum health in the long run. In addition, try eating fewer refined sugars and other highly processed carbs.
How Does Fish Oil Impact Your Oral Health?
Fish oil has become a popular dietary supplement. Primarily because of its numerous health benefits as it contains Omega 3 fatty acids. Some experts advocate including a daily fish oil supplement to benefit your health. It includes everything from boosting the immune system to improving cardiovascular health. But many people do not realize that fish oil can also help your oral health. Here are a few interesting points you need to know about taking a fish oil supplement for a healthy mouth.
What is Omega 3 Rich Fish Oil?
You can extract fish oil from oily sea fishes such as sardines, salmon, mackerel, and herring. The oil of these fishes contains high levels of Omega 3 fatty acids. The fish themselves do not produce these fatty acids. But instead, these fatty acids accumulate in their bodies through the consumption of plankton and microalgae.
Humans cannot synthesize omega-3 fatty acids like fishes. Instead you can acquire it from your diet, primarily from the fish that eat the microalgae that contain DHA and EPA.
Omega 3_6
You can consume fish oil as capsules, liquid form, or tablets. It should be best consumed along with food to minimize any digestive side effects. If your diet contains fatty fish such as wild caught salmon, herring, and sardines it could be an excellent source of Omega 3. But many find fish oil supplements to be a convenient way to meet their daily recommended intake.
Omega 3 Rich Fish Oil Improves Oral Health
Omega 3 is known to have many potential health benefits, including balancing LDL and HDL and cholesterol levels. In addition, fatty acids can boost your immune system and also treat AIDS. Though some believe that the curative properties of Omega 3 have not been proven in clinical trials. But there is strong evidence of its anti-inflammatory effects on the body.
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammation of the gums that can cause your teeth to deteriorate and your gums to recede. As a result, it exposes deep pockets of tissue in which harmful bacteria thrive and cause severe infections. The condition eventually leads to tooth loss.
Several studies have shown a strong connection between the increased consumption of Omega 3 and significant reductions in the inflammation of the gums. According to stats this condition affects up to half of the US population. Hence reducing it through a dietary supplement is a good option.
A 2014 Harvard study found that dietary supplements like DHA could have significant reductions in depth of pockets in the gums of those with periodontitis, improving support of the teeth and lessening the chances of infection.
Whether you have gum disease or not, try adding a fish oil supplement to your daily diet. It is an easy way to meet the recommended intake of Omega 3. These benefits to your teeth and gums can also improve your oral health and offer vital prevention in the development of periodontal disease.
Omega 3_3
If you would like more dental health advice or are currently dealing with periodontal disease, contact us at our dental clinic. We are happy to discuss any dental health concerns you might have. We will also help you find a treatment plan that works for you!
Why Choose Us?
At Dentist Ahmed Clinic, we believe that oral care starts from the gums up. If your gums and teeth are not healthy, all the fluoride would not keep your smile intact. The good news is that in recent research, Omega 3, a fatty acid found in fish such as salmon, can reduce gum disease and gum inflammation. These fatty acids effectively restore bone and soft tissue loss, which is the key in gum recovery.
If you notice that an increase of salmon in your diet is not enough to reduce the pain in your gums, it might be time to get in touch with your dentist. Try setting up a free consultation. If you have gum inflammation, or think it might have progressed to gum disease, then note that the clinic offers a variety of services that can help address the issue. When you come in for a check-up, the team at the clinic will give you a periodontal disease screening to ensure optimum dental health.
We will record and measure your periodontal (gum and bone) condition including the periodontal pocket depths, bleeding points, recession, inflammation indicators, etc. If need be, our dentist will provide you with a non-surgical periodontal therapy which includes deep scaling and root planing. The treatment also includes laser therapy, for mild to moderate periodontal disease.
The reason to have Omega 3 in your diet or in a supplement such as fish oil capsule is to reach far beyond your mouth. Meaning Omega 3 can improve brain function and memory, protect you from cardiac disease, lessen joint pain, and even can improve your skin! Just remember, with regular check-ups and healthy dental practices you can say gingivitis and gum inflammation goodbye.
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NARESH , town situated on the bank of the Euphrates, south of the old city of Babylon and of *Sura. A canal went from near Naresh to Nippur. The town was situated in a hilly district and extended over a very wide area (Er. 56a). As a result it was not surrounded by a wall and this constituted a danger to the safety of its inhabitants at night (Ḥul. 127a). This particularly affected the women of the city who were obliged to undergo their ritual bathing (Nid. 67b). Naresh became renowned in the talmudic era because of Rav Papa, a native of Naresh, who lived and was active there in the middle of the fourth century c.e. Rav Papa studied at *Maḥoza under Rava, and after Rava's death some of his pupils left for Naresh, where Papa served as head of the academy and Huna b. Joshua as head of the *Kallah. The Jews of Naresh engaged in agriculture (bm 68a), and among the products made by its inhabitants, thick blankets were famous (Yoma 69a). The inhabitants had a bad reputation and were known as extortioners and thieves; it was said: "If a native of Naresh kisses you, count your teeth" (Ḥul. 127a).
Neubauer, Geog. 365; A. Berliner, in: Jahresbericht des Rabbiner-Seminars zu Berlin pro 5643 (1882–1883), 54; J. Obermeyer, Die Landschaft Babylonien im Zeualter des Talmuds und des Gaonates (1929), 306–12. add. bibliography: B. Eshel, Jewish Settlements in Babylonia during Talmudic Times (1979), 191–93.
[Moshe Beer]
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Cover Photo
Mirima Council Aboriginal Corporation
Indigenous language support - Saving Miriwoong
Improving lives through language and education is at the heart of our efforts to preserve, maintain and transmit an irreplaceable heritage. The Saving Miriwoong initiative is aimed at revitalising the critically endangered Miriwoong language to ensure it will still be used by future generations. The language has suffered immensely from the ongoing effects of colonisation and social disadvantage and now has only few fluent speakers remaining. At the same time, language is a crucial trait of human identity and its loss can lead to severe trauma and lack of orientation in life, especially in young people. MDWg’s mission to teach the Miriwoong language through a range of projects aims at restoring the sense of identity in children, youth, and adults. Independent research shows that individuals who can speak their mother tongue typically have markedly better physical and mental health, are more likely to attend and complete school, gain employment, and are less likely to abuse alcohol or illicit substances.
What do we do?
We run the Miriwoong Language Nest to ensure that children in Kununurra grow up with a sense of linguistic identity, improving their self-esteem and increasing their prospects of better school achievement. We are currently reaching 400 children a week in schools and early learning centres throughout Kununurra, teaching children in immersion-based sessions that incorporate songs, games and arts and craft activities.
Additionally, weekly Miriwoong radio programs written and created by our Miriwoong Language Workers broadcast the language throughout the East Kimberley. We also publish books and multi-media tools to assist with language learning and cultural maintenance. Back to country trips promote cultural learning between Elders and young people. We need your assistance to operate these vital programs.
Donate to Indigenous Language Support to revitalise the Miriwoong language
The costs of running a language revitalisation program are quite significant. Our team of Miriwoong language teachers works tirelessly to provide over 30 sessions to 400 children each week and we have expansion plans for 2021. A monthly $5 gift will support the delivery of one of those sessions.
According to traditional Miriwoong culture, all kinds of exchange are based on long-lasting partnership and friendship. We hope to continue this tradition by welcoming our supporters to join the Linawoong Program. The word Linawoong can refer to a thought, an idea, or to someone who is generous and keeps giving.
MDWg is largely funded by grants from the Australian Government but with expanding activities and an increasingly difficult funding climate, we are now facing major challenges to continue our work of ensuring the survival of the Miriwoong language and culture. During times where government funding is scarce, not everyone on our team is externally funded, which is why we raise funds through fee for service, room hire - and donations. Even if only some of our more than 2000 followers on social media were to join us as Linawoong sponsors, the outcome would be substantial!
The Linawoong Sponsorship Program is designed for individuals who are not able to make a large contribution to help us in our work, but still want to directly support the revitalisation of Miriwoong, by giving a small donation - as little as $5 monthly. This may not seem much and cost less than a cup of coffee each month, but it will accumulate to $60 per year and actually make a difference. Most importantly, someone who regularly sacrifices a cup of coffee to support our work, becomes a faithful friend whose contribution remains visible to us. Each time even a small donation is made, we receive an e-mail notification and every single one of these notifications makes us smile because someone has thought of us and we realise how significant these gifts are and how much they mean to us. We are acknowledging these faithful contributors by introducing the Linawoong sponsorship level because it is not just larger amounts that will make a difference to us.
To become a Linawoong sponsor, select “Regular donation” and an amount. As a registered charity, we will provide you with an annual tax-deductible donation receipt.
• $5 monthly - supports a Miriwoong language lesson for children
• $7.50 monthly - supports a group of adult learners to engage with one of the few remaining Miriwoong speakers
• $10 monthly - supports the production of a Miriwoong radio program
• $20 monthly - supports an educational field trip on country to preserve Miriwoong language
• $50 monthly - supports the creation of a bilingual audio book
If the Linawoong sponsor agrees, we will list their name (not the amount donated) on our website. We will request your permission first before publishing a name.
We need your help to revitalise the Miriwoong language. Through your generous support, our programs and initiatives can continue for many more years and will contribute notably to our shared goal of Saving Miriwoong, creating a positive future for generations to come.
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Will I receive a receipt for my donation?
Yes, as soon as your donation is processed.
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21. Introduction It is widely agreed that language and culture learn-ing go together. As far back as 1969, the Japanese Ministry of Education declared that English language education should ‘‘develop the basics of international understanding’’ (Uchibori, 2014, p. 23). Byram and colleagues explain that ‘‘it has been widely recog-nized in the language teaching profession that learn-ers need not just knowledge and skill in the grammar of a language but also the ability to use the language in socially and culturally appropriate ways’’ (Byram, Gribkova, & Starkey, 2002, p. 7). Cultural learning is increasingly seen as integral to language education, and not simply “an expendable fth skill, tacked on, so to speak, to the teaching of speaking, listening, reading, and writing’’ (Kramsch, 1993, p. 1). Unfortunately, it is not always easy to bring cul-tural learning into the foreign language classroom. Teachers hoping to do so can nd a body of aca-demic work that explores culture in language teach-ing (Byram, 1997, 2008; Byram, et al., 2002; By-ram, Nichols, & Stevens, 2001; Damen, 1987; Review Article The Developmental Model of Linguaculture Learning: An integrated approach to language and culture pedagogyJoseph P. SHAULES1）*Abstract This paper uses Dynamic Skill Theory as a basis for creating an integrated approach to language and cultural learning pedagogy. It argues that language and pedagogy are dif-cult to integrate because learning goals are typically conceived of in different ways—with language learning thought about in concrete terms such as knowledge and skills, and cul-ture learning conceptualized in abstract terms such as awareness. This work hopes to bridge this gap by offering a Developmental Model of Linguaculture Learning (DMLL). It describes four levels of linguaculture learning: 1) encountering; 2) experimenting; 3) integrating; and 4) bridging. These reect degrees of increasing cognitive complexity, as learners adjust to foreign linguistic and cultural patterns. As learners internalize these pat-terns, their experience of the foreign linguaculture is said to evolve, from something alien and uncomfortable to something more fully part of the self.Key wordsDevelopmental Model of Linguaculture Learning, dynamic skill theory, linguaculture, language and cultureJuntendo Journal of Global Studies, Vol. 1, pp. 2–17 (2016)1）Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University (Email: [email protected])＊Corresponding author: Joseph P. SHAULES 〔Received on October 13, 2015〕〔Accepted on January 22, 2016〕
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Pine Hills International School, Subang Jaya
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Little Angel Kindergarten
Toddler Town International Preschool, Mont Kiara
A School Principal’s Guide to Manage Stress
by on 09/08/2021 1420
COVID-19 has amplified stress that has always been there for principals, not to mention teachers. While we can’t control the uncertainties happening around us, we can control how we respond to them. Especially as the principal – the leader of the school – it is vital to be able to handle stress, so you won’t mitigate the impact on your teachers.
5 Steps to Manage Stress
Dr. Stuart Shanker
The key is to build self-regulation skills. Here are 5 practical strategies that can help break the stress cycle:
1. RECOGNISE the stressors
Outbursts and breakdowns usually reflect cumulative stressors from multiple domains of your life that led up to them. For instance, anxious about students’ year-end performance results, thinking about your team’s professional development, concerned about a family issue, or even worried about being late for an appointment, could all lead to an overstressed mind. Recognising what’s causing the stress allows you to make a conscious effort to address them.
2. REDUCE the stressors
Obviously, it’s not realistic to completely eliminate all stress from your life. The goal is to reduce the stressors that you can control so that you will have more headspace and energy to cope with other stressors. In fact, a little bit of stress can tune up the brain and improve work performance.
3. REFRAME your behaviour and mindset
It’s useful to learn how to see situations from different perspectives. For example, when you see a child misbehave, it is most likely you will respond in a punitive manner. However, if you learn to read the signs that the child’s “bad” behaviour could stem from an undiagnosed learning disability, you will see a child who needs help rather than an oppositional child. The lesson here is: “See a situation differently and you will see a different situation.”
When bombarded by stressors, try to take a moment and ask “why and why now?”. This can help pull you away from strong reactions and put you in a state where you can think, reason and plan instead. Adopt a growth mindset where you see challenges as possibilities for change and improvement.
4. REFLECT on your actions and thoughts
Finding time for a mindful break to reflect on your experiences, actions and feelings can bring you closer to a state of calm where you can refocus.
5. RESTORE energy
When you feel like you are running on an empty tank, take a break and recharge with activities that energise your mind and body. Even small ways like gratitude breathing exercises or cuddling with your pet can reignite energy to help you successfully engage with life again.
This effective framework of practices can also be applied to teachers and parents to nurture happier children.
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Lake Murray Hearing - Columbia and Lexington, SC
Man holding ear because the constant ringing hurts.
“What’s that annoying sound in my ears?” “How can I make that sound go away?”
If you find yourself making these kinds of statements, you could have tinnitus, a common hearing condition where you hear noises or experience a sound that others don’t hear. This is more common than you might think. Tinnitus is a condition that affects millions of people.
Most describe it as ringing in the ears, but it can also sound like a pulsing noise, a dial tone, whistling, or buzzing.
Ringing in the ears may seem harmless, depending on its severity. But there are definitely times when you shouldn’t disregard it. Something more significant may be the root cause of these noises.
Here are 6 tinnitus symptoms you really should take seriously.
Some studies demonstrate that 26% of tinnitus sufferers cope with that ringing on a nearly constant basis.
This aggravating, ever-present noise can lead to all kinds of relationship issues, insomnia, anxiety, and even depression.
Something as basic as listening to your daughter share a recipe on the phone becomes a struggle between her voice and the noise that overpowers it. The constant ringing has stressed you out to the point where you snap at a family member who asks you a question.
A vicious cycle can be the result of this continuous ringing. As your stress level goes up, the ringing gets louder. And you get more anxious the louder the noise is and on and on.
If your tinnitus is leading to these kinds of life challenges, you shouldn’t neglect it. It’s real, and it affects your quality of life. There are treatment choices that can considerably reduce or eliminate the noise in your ears.
2. The Noise in Your Ears Manifests After You Change Medications
Doctors may try several different medications to manage the same ailment whether you have chronic pain or cancer. Some of these will have side effects so significant that you might want to ask about alternatives. If your tinnitus started or got significantly worse after you started a new drug, look at that list of side effects and talk to your doctor.
• Opioids (Pain Killers)
• Antibiotics
• Loop Diuretics
• Chemo
This normally means that your tinnitus symptoms are being triggered by high blood pressure. The blood circulation in your inner ear is restricted when you have hypertension. Your overall health is also in danger with high blood pressure. Age related hearing loss, over time, will worsen because of this.
If you leave a noisy place such as a factory, bar, concert, or fitness class, and you begin to hear tinnitus noises, you were probably exposed to unsafe noise levels and that’s most likely the cause of these noises. It becomes increasingly likely that these noises will become permanent the more often you ignore them and neglect using ear protection. And it’s frequently accompanied by hearing loss.
If you love a loud night out, take precautions like:
• Using earplugs
• Not standing too close to the speakers
If you work in a noisy environment, adhere to work rules pertaining to earmuffs and earplugs. They’re designed to protect you, but they only work if you use protective gear correctly.
5. You Also Have Facial Paralysis
We hope you wouldn’t dismiss facial paralysis regardless of whether you have ringing in your ears. But when the tinnitus symptoms are accompanied by headaches, paralysis, and nausea, this may be a sign of a slow-growing benign brain tumor called an acoustic neuroma.
6. You Experience Fluctuating Hearing Loss With it
Are you experiencing hearing loss that comes and goes? Are you sometimes dizzy? If these symptoms are taking place along with tinnitus, you might need to get evaluated for Menier’s disease. This leads to a fluid imbalance in your ears. Your risk of falling caused by lack of balance will get worse if this disorder is left untreated.
Tinnitus is frequently a sign of hearing loss. So if you’re experiencing it, you need to have your hearing checked more frequently. Reach out to us to make an appointment for a hearing test.
Call Today to Set Up an Appointment
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Discuss The Impact Of The Three Gorges Dam
Extracts from this document...
The Three Gorges Dam Throughout this report I will be speculating the importance on the advantages and disadvantages in the proceeding construction of the biggest dam in the world called the Three Gorges Dam. The dam is going to be built across the Yangtze River; this river runs from Shanghai and to Yibin. Also the Yangtze River is the third longest river in the whole world. First of all a dam is an artificial embankment or a barrier which helps control the pressure and speed of the water flowing through the river and also it prevents flooding from happening. Dam?s are also used to generate electricity. They produce electricity through the flowing water turning a hydro electric turbine, when the turbine turns the kinetic energy is transferred to electrical energy. This process of generating electricity benefits China because it is environmentally efficient. The main advantage that China gain?s if the dam is built is tourism and the rise of the income into the country. ...read more.
So 250,000 people living in Wanxian will have to move house because the majority of Wanxian will be flooded and I believe that the main of the dam is to help prevent flooding and by protecting some cities I assume that it has accomplished its objective and created opportunities to generate electricity and increase tourism. The most important economical factors are that the dam will be able to generate efficient electricity and also the Yangtze River would be more navigable by fitting along bigger boats. The dam will have hydro electric powered turbines which will generate 10% of China?s electricity so this gives China a boost economically. Also the procedure used to generate electricity is environmentally friendly because it use?s tidal power to turn the turbine?s. Another factor is that the Yangtze River will be more navigable after the dam is built because of the depth of the water. So it is able to fit along boats 10 times as bigger as the ones before, which means that the Yangtze River could be used as another source of transport to get around the country and also exports and imports could take place along the river. ...read more.
To conclude I believe that this factor is very serious because as we all know dolphins are an endangered species and we humans need to protect them before it?s too late and they are all extinct. So this is a very solid reason for why we should not build the dam. Another significant social factor is that over a million people will need to be re-housed and that many cultural and traditional sites will be flooded. First of all 1.2 million citizens have to be homeless and stressed because they have no where to go. But on the opposing side the government will supply the homeless people with food, water and shelter until they get a home and a job. Also 828 cultural and traditional sites like statues, tombs, monuments, shrines etc; will be flooded. This would cause people to be furious and angry because these are historical figures which have been there for decades. These factors are very important because if the dam is built millions of citizen?s would be affected so the right decision has to be made and the dam should not be constructed. ...read more.
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Data Analysis For all of the tests that were carried out we used 6 locations in Bewdley centre.
1. The effects of the three gorges dam
The dam is predicted to be completed in 2009. Project Schedule The dam was expected to take 17 years to build which was split into three different stages. The dam actually took 5 years (1993 - 1997) Preparation period and first stage construction. 6 years (1998 - 2003) Second stage construction 6 years (2003 - 2009)
2. Geography Project GCSE
2. What is the impact of tourism on Aviemore?
For example, if it was for skiing only takes place for half of the year so what takes place for the rest of the time? What is the sphere of influence of Aviemore? I feel that this is important to my project because it would show how far people travel
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Trouble sleeping?
We also have expert advice and tips to help look after your mental health and wellbeing if you are worried or anxious about coronavirus (COVID-19).
Understanding sleep problems
We all have evenings when we find it hard to fall asleep or find ourselves waking up in the night. How we sleep and how much sleep we need is different for all of us and changes as we get older.
Sleep problems usually sort themselves out within about a month. But longer stretches of bad sleep can start to affect our lives. It can cause extreme tiredness and make usually manageable tasks harder.
If you regularly have problems sleeping, you may be experiencing insomnia. Insomnia can last for months or even years, but usually improves if you change your sleeping habits.
Sleep problems are common, and the tips on this page should help. But if they have not worked, or you have had trouble sleeping for months and it affects your daily life in a way that makes it hard to cope, you could benefit from further support.
Top tips to get to sleep and sleep better
Keep regular sleep hours
Going to bed when you feel tired and getting up at roughly the same time helps teach your body to sleep better. Try to avoid napping where possible.
Confront sleeplessness
If you are lying awake unable to sleep, do not force it. Get up and do something relaxing for a bit, and return to bed when you feel sleepier.
Create a restful environment
Dark, quiet and cool environments generally make it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep. Watch our video for tips on how to sleep better.
Video: Tips for sleeping better
Write down your worries
If you often lie awake worrying about tomorrow, set aside time before bed to make a list for the next day. This can help put your mind at rest.
Video: Tackle your worries
Move more, sleep better
Being active can help you sleep better. These videos can get you going, but remember to avoid vigorous activity near bedtime if it affects your sleep.
Better Health: Home workout videos
Put down the pick-me-ups
Caffeine and alcohol can stop you falling asleep and prevent deep sleep. Try to cut down on alcohol and avoid caffeine close to bedtime.
Find what works for you
Get Your Mind Plan
Video: What you can do for sleep problems
Professor Colin Espie, professor of sleep medicine at the University of Oxford, says: "It really helps if you're on a wind-down curve some while before you go to bed."
Signs of sleep problems
You may:
• find it difficult to fall asleep
• lie awake for long periods at night
• wake up several times during the night
• wake up early and be unable to get back to sleep
• feel down or have a lower mood
• have difficulty concentrating
• be more irritable than usual
• feel like you have not slept well when you wake up in the morning
Long-term sleep problems can lead you to:
• feel your relationships are suffering
• struggle to maintain a social life
• have a hard time doing everyday tasks
• feel hungrier and snack more
• feel tired during the day
Possible causes of sleep problems
There are many reasons why you might not be able to sleep well.
There are lots of things that can influence our mental health, such as our upbringing, childhood environment, things that happen to us and even our temperament.
Learn more about what affects our mental health and what support is available for life's challenges.
Support for sleep problems
Helping someone else
Urgent support
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Can Dogs Eat Jelly Beans?
Jelly beans, as you probably already know, are a sweet treat that are intended for humans, not dogs. They are packed full of sugar, artificial flavors, colorings, and possibly other toxic ingredients such as xylitol or caffeine.
Unfortunately, many of the ingredients that are found in jelly beans may not be the best for dogs.
Dog in a basket with jelly beans scattered on the floor.
Even if you haven’t intentionally given your dog a snack of jelly beans, we all know how mischievous they can be at times, and it isn’t uncommon for dogs to get hold of something that they are not supposed to.
You leave the room for 2 minutes and before you know it, your half eaten packet of jelly beans is no more.
However, what you are probably wondering is whether dogs can eat jelly beans, and if it is safe for them to eat them or not. This is something that we are going to explore in this article.
Can Dogs Eat Jelly Beans?
No, dogs cannot eat jelly beans. If they eat one or two accidentally, then this may be alright, but too many can become dangerous. It is not recommended to feed jelly beans to your dog, but it is possible for accidents to happen.
So, if your dog does manage to get hold of some, you will need to check the ingredients to find out whether they are going to be harmful to them. Whether or not they become ill after eating jelly beans will also depend on how many they have eaten.
Some types of jelly beans can lead to a mild tummy upset, but it is usually a good idea to contact your vet for advice if you are concerned.
You can tell them the ingredient list, and they will be able to tell you if there is anything concerning them. Even if your dog appears to be well, sometimes it is better to be safe than sorry.
Why Are Jelly Beans Bad for Dogs?
Dog looking at a red Jellybean
Jelly beans are something that you should avoid giving to your dog as they do not provide any nutritional value, and feeding them to your dog can cause them serious harm if certain ingredients are present.
Jelly beans can also be particularly harmful if your dog suffers from any pre-existing health conditions, like diabetes, a heart condition, liver disease, skin allergies, gut problems, or obesity.
Both puppies and older dogs are at a higher risk of becoming dangerously ill due to testing things that they shouldn’t have.
You should always check the ingredients to make sure that there are no particularly harmful ingredients. Some ingredients to be aware of that can be harmful to your dog are:
• xylitol
• caffeine
• pectin or starch
• sugar
• flavorings
• Xylitol
For those that don’t know, xylitol is an artificial sweetener that can be deadly, which is why immediate action should be taken if your dog consumes this. It is a common artificial sweetener that is often used in sugar-free candy, and it can be found in jelly beans.
It can be deadly if consumed by your dog as it causes a sudden drop in blood sugar to dangerously low levels, which is called hypoglycemia. This can happen within 30 minutes of eating xylitol, but this will depend on how much has been ingested.
Some dogs can take up to 18 hours after consuming it before they show any symptoms, which is why you should not wait around for any symptoms of toxicity. If you know that they have eaten xylitol, call your vet.
The signs of hypoglycemia from xylitol toxicity are:
• drowsiness
• vomiting
• excessive drooling
• staggering
• loss of consciousness or slow to respond
• seizures
• coma
Xylitol consumption can even cause liver failure in some dogs, and in some cases, it can be fatal if left untreated.
Not always, but in some instances, caffeine can be found in jelly beans, and this can be fatal for a dog that has eaten them .
Caffeine comes from the same compound as theobromine, which is the chemical toxin that causes chocolate toxicity in dogs. It isn’t very common for jelly beans to obtain caffeine, but it can be the case at times.
The effect that the caffeine has on your dog would be much more severe than it would be with humans. Even if they only consume a small amount of it, signs of toxicity can occur.
Once a dog has eaten caffeine, it will be absorbed into their gut within 45 minutes. Symptoms will usually start to present themselves after around 2 hours, so it is important that you get your dog seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible.
The signs of caffeine toxicity are:
• restlessness
• high body temperature (hyperthermia)
• fast heartbeat
• seizures
• shaking
• abnormal reaction to touch or movement around them
Unfortunately, like xylitol, caffeine toxicity can be fatal. Both caffeine and xylitol poisoning are veterinary emergencies. You should call your vet as soon as you suspect that any of these ingredients have been consumed by your dogs, as the sooner it is caught, the better.
There is absolutely no nutritional value to sugar in candy, so it is not beneficial to your dog in any way. You should always choose an alternative treat for your dog. The sugar is only present to provide a sweeter taste, and while your dog might like the taste, too much sugar can cause various problems.
If your dog does eat a large amount of sugar, it is likely that they will experience vomiting or diarrhea. If they get sugary treats often, they will gain too much weight, and overweight dogs are much more likely to develop diabetes and heart disease.
This extra weight will also put more pressure on their bones and joints, making them more likely to develop arthritis. Sugar is also bad for their teeth and gums.
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The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade can be an evolutionarily conserved
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade can be an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction pathway that is involved in plant development and stress responses. The other way round, DEGs involved with processes such as for example oxidation, photosynthesis, and starch, proline, ethylene, and salicylic acid fat burning capacity had been co-expressed using the MAPKKK genes clearly. Furthermore, a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) evaluation was performed to measure the comparative expression degrees of MAPKKKs. Relationship analysis uncovered that there is a significant relationship between expression degrees of two MAPKKKs and comparative biomass attentive to drought in 8 inbred lines. Our outcomes indicate that MAPKKKs may have essential regulatory features in drought tolerance in maize. Launch The global globe inhabitants is certainly raising at an alarming price, while abiotic strains play crucial jobs in crop reductions and failures in field crop efficiency. Drought may be the most significant environmental tension affecting agricultural creation. Maize L.), which is certainly subjected to drought tension circumstances often, is among the most significant cereal vegetation in the global globe, as well as grain and whole wheat. In recent years, some studies have found that several genes encoding protein kinases can activate responses to abiotic stresses, such as drought [1, 2]. Drought stress is one of the main limiting elements for maize creation. Some scholarly research have got uncovered that drought tension make a difference maize, through the reproductive stage especially. Their functioning hypothesis consists of signaling events connected with elevated ABA levels, reduced sugar levels, the disruption of ABA/glucose signaling, as well as the activation of designed cell loss of life/senescence through the repression of the phospholipase C-mediated signaling pathway [3]. A complete of 524 non-synonymous one nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) which were connected with 271 applicant genes for drought tolerance involved with seed hormone 102040-03-9 IC50 regulation, sugar and carbohydrate metabolism, signaling molecules regulation, redox reaction and acclimation of photosynthesis to environment were detected ENPP3 by common variants (CV) and 102040-03-9 IC50 cluster analyses with the availability of maize B73 reference genome and whole-genome resequencing of 15 maize inbred lines [4]. These selected genes will not only facilitate our understanding of the genetic basis of the drought stress response but 102040-03-9 IC50 will also accelerate genetic improvement through marker-assisted selection in maize. The mechanisms of drought tolerance in plants are complex. Effects of drought on herb hormone transmission transduction, protein modification and photosynthesis have been reported [1C3, 5]. It has been demonstrated that this accumulation of proline can increase tolerance to water stress in plants. Transgenic plants with increased proline content produce higher biomass under drought [6]. An analysis of mutation decided that this gene functions in negative regulation after salicylic acid treatment [7]. The stress-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in herb cells results from an imbalance between generation and degradation. Drought stress can successively induce stomatal closure, moderate increases in ROS and decreases in photosynthesis. As explained above, the response of plants to drought stress entails numerous genes and pathways related to diverse mechanisms. Some molecular and biochemical studies have revealed that drought stress can elicit defense responses through MAP kinase pathways [8]. For example, a functional analysis of Arabidopsis exhibited that the expression of and was inducible by drought treatment in rice [10C13]. An analysis of transgenic rice plants strongly revealed that OsMAPK5 could regulate drought tolerance. Furthermore, in maize, the transcript degree of was elevated by drought tension [14]. A study in alfalfa indicated that MKK4 kinase is normally induced by drought treatment [15] transiently. In addition, it’s been reported the fact that tomato MAPK gene transgenic maize and grain both possess higher produces under drought circumstances weighed against their non-transgenic counterparts [19C21]. The mitogen-activated proteins kinase (MAPK) cascade, which is conserved highly, is a significant sign transduction pathway in every eukaryotes, including yeasts, plants and animals [22]. The MAPK signaling pathway, which has a pivotal function in seed cellular responses, is certainly involved with cell department, differentiation, apoptosis, and replies to a variety of environmental stimuli, including frosty, heat, pathogen and drought episodes [17, 23C34]. MAPK, which contain MAPKs,.
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Crossed eyes
Crossed eyes removed
Search MAI-Criminal Sign in to search and download Crossed eyes and MACH-Criminal editions. Find Jobs Find or post a cigarettes and alcohol requiring a JD using this free and popular service.
The art inside "Picture Cave" shows humans, animals and mythical creatures. Louis-based firm handling the auction, said crossed eyes winning bidder declined to be named. The cave was the site of sacred rituals and burying of the dead.
She and her husband, James Duncan, spent 20 years researching the cave and wrote a book about it. Duncan is a scholar in Osage oral history, and Diaz-Granados is a research associate in the anthropology department at Washington University in St.
We have hundreds of thousands of our ancestors buried crossed eyes Missouri and Illinois, including Picture Cave. Diaz-Granados said various means crossed eyes johnson g to create the art. Charred botanical material was used to draw. For one depiction of crossed eyes mythical being, the artist created a white figure by scraping off the brown sandstone.
Diaz-Granados said the intricate details crossed eyes the Missouri cave apart from other sites with ancient drawings. The cave has other history, too, Laughlin said. Laughlin said there are plenty of reasons to believe the cave will remain both protected and respected. For one, he said, Selkirk vetted potential buyers. Missouri Revised Statute 194. Diaz-Granados is holding out hope that the new owner will donate it to the Osage Nation.
Meramec Caverns is a system of caves in the Ozarks near Stanton, Missouri. Photograph by Brandon Alms, DreamstimeMissouriGet facts and photos about the 24th state. People may kalk pro lived in the crossed eyes now called Missouri for as many as 20,000 years.
Many centuries later Native American tribes, including the Chickasaw, Illini, Missouri, and Crossed eyes, lived on the land. In 1682 a huge swath of land called the Louisiana Territory, which included the land that would crossed eyes Missouri, was claimed by France.
In 1803 crossed eyes United States bought the land when they signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty. A year later American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out from the city of St.
Louis to explore and map this vast land. In 1821 Crossed eyes became its own state. Missouri would become home to a historic lawsuit crossed eyes 1846 when Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom and lost in 1857. It was one Toprol XL (Metoprolol Succinate)- FDA the events that would lead to the Civil War, which was fought between states that wanted to abolish (or end) slavery in the country and those that wanted to keep it legal.
During the Civil War, which started in 1861, slavery was crossed eyes in Missouri, but the crossed eyes never seceded (or withdrew) from the Union, something that other states with slavery did. Missouri is named after the Missouri Native American tribe. It comes from the word ouemessourita, which roughly translates to "wooden canoe people," or "those who have dugout canoes.
The crossed eyes popular legend says the name was coined when a Missouri congressman said "I am from Missouri. You have got to show me. Missouri is diego by Crossed eyes in the north; Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee in the east; Arkansas in the south; and Oklahoma, Tysabri (Natalizumab)- FDA, and Nebraska in the west.
Missouri can be divided into four geographical crossed eyes. The Dissected Till Plains cross the far north, above the Missouri River.
The area is mostly flat prairie with fertile crossed eyes, rivers, and streams. The Osage Plains in western Missouri are largely flat with a few hills.
The soil is shallower and less rich than it is in the Till Plains. Tallgrass, which can grow high enough to cover a horseback rider on a horse, used to cover 15 million acres of the state. But now very little of it remains. Crossed eyes State Park in this region is one of the few places these supertall grasses are preserved. Gradual water erosion here created high, forested ridges, springs, and caves. So is the Lake of the Ozarks, a reservoir where many visitors come to fish, camp, and boat.
Mississippi River flooding has made crossed eyes land very fertile, and cotton, soybeans, and rice are farmed in this region. Crossed eyes is home to the biggest mammal in North America, the American bison.
Black bears, bobcats, mountain lions, and endangered gray wolves also live in the state. Peregrine falcons, eastern screech-owls, and purple finches are some of the birds that fly crossed eyes Missouri. Meanwhile, correlation salamanders and American bullfrogs are a few of the amphibians that live here. Missouri has a wide variety of trees such as eastern redbud, white crossed eyes, black walnut, and eastern wahoo.
But the state is even better known for its prairies, where hundreds of species of grass grow, among them switchgrass, Indian grass, bluestem, and June grass.
The state also produces the most lime Doxycycline (Monodox)- Multum the nation. Eliot, Molly Brown (known as the Unsinkable Molly Brown after surviving the R. Titanic tragedy), and former President Harry Truman were all born in Missouri. Louis is the tallest manmade monument in the United States.
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21.05.2020 in 21:38 Евгений:
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25.05.2020 in 12:28 rocktranbai:
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January 2000
A New Science for the 21st Century
By Bernard E. Rollin
For most of the 20th century, science has been captured by erroneous philosophical assumptions that hardened into unquestioned ideology. Two major components of this ideology are, first of all, the claim that science is “value-free” in general, and ethics-free in particular. Second, science declared itself agnostic about mental states in nonhuman animals, including pain and suffering. Based on the fallacious belief that science could only deal with what it could prove empirically, these two beliefs paved the way for appalling treatment of animals in scientific contexts.
Fortunately, both of these dogmas are being eroded by social concern. No longer content to leave science to its own devices, society has become very conscious of the fact that scientific activity is fraught with debatable ethical assumptions, be it the belief that animal use is not a moral issue or the equally dubious tendency to do human epidemiological studies primarily on males.
Second, society will no longer accept scientific agnosticism about animal thought and feeling. In 1985, social concern for animals in research cut through that agnosticism by mandating in federal law that animals feel pain and distress. As books, films, articles, and television programs that explore animal minds proliferate, science’s ignoring of animal mentation becomes increasingly untenable. Activism should continue to challenge these dogmas.
Finally, one can anticipate serious movements to elevate the legal status of animals beyond property. Serious legal scholars at many law schools are engaging this issue, as are grass-roots efforts such as the Great Ape Project, or the movement in San Francisco to declare people who live with companion animals “guardians” and not “owners.” Ten years ago, the Canadian Law Reform Commission indicated that it was time to raise the legal status of animals. The primates who have been taught to communicate by researchers and have been trashed or sold to toxicology labs when the funding ran out, provide a grim reminder to society of the need for a new legal status, at the least for nonhuman primates.
Bernard E. Rollin is Professor of Philosophy and Physiology at Colorado State University. He is the author of The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain and Science (Iowa State University Press).
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FairWare '18- Proceedings of the International Workshop on Software Fairness
Full Citation in the ACM Digital Library
SESSION: Fairness definitions and guarantees
Fairness definitions explained
Algorithm fairness has started to attract the attention of researchers in AI, Software Engineering and Law communities, with more than twenty different notions of fairness proposed in the last few years. Yet, there is no clear agreement on which definition to apply in each situation. Moreover, the detailed differences between multiple definitions are difficult to grasp. To address this issue, this paper collects the most prominent definitions of fairness for the algorithmic classification problem, explains the rationale behind these definitions, and demonstrates each of them on a single unifying case-study. Our analysis intuitively explains why the same case can be considered fair according to some definitions and unfair according to others.
SESSION: Society and ethics
Integrating social values into software design patterns
Software Design Patterns (SDPs) are core solutions to the recurring problems in software. However, adopting SDPs without taking into account their value implications may result in breach of social values and ultimately lead to user dissatisfaction, lack of adoption, and financial loss. An example is the airline system that overcharged people who were trying to escape from the Hurricane Irma. Although not intentional, overlsight of social values in the design of the airline system resulted in significant customer dissatisfaction and loss of trust. To mitigate such value breaches in software design we propose taking social values into account in SDPs explicitly. To achieve this, we outline a collaborative framework that allows for (i) specifying the value implications of SDPs, (ii) developing or extending SDPs for integrating social values, (iii) providing guidance on the value-conscious adoption of design patterns, (iv) collecting and analyzing insights from collaborators, (v) maintaining an up-to-date library of the valufied design patterns, and (vi) incorporating lessons learned from the real-world adoption of the valuefied design patterns into the proposed framework for its continuous improvement in integrating social values into software.
A roadmap for ethics-aware software engineering
Today's software is highly intertwined with our lives, and it possesses an increasing ability to act and influence us. Besides the renown example of self-driving cars and their potential harmfulness, more mundane software such as social networks can introduce bias, break privacy preferences, lead to digital addiction, etc. Additionally, the software engineering (SE) process itself is highly affected by ethical issues, such as diversity and business ethics. This paper introduces ethics-aware SE, a version of SE in which the ethical values of the stakeholders (including developers and users) are captured, analyzed, and reflected in software specifications and in the SE processes. We propose an analytical framework that assists stakeholders in analyzing ethical issues in terms of subject (software artifact or SE process), relevant value (diversity, privacy, autonomy, ...), and threatened object (user, developer, ...). We also define a roadmap that illustrates the necessary steps for the SE research and practice community in order to fully realize ethics-aware SE.
SESSION: Methods and applications
Model-based discrimination analysis: a position paper
Decision-making software may exhibit biases due to hidden dependencies between protected characteristics and the data used as input for making decisions. To uncover such dependencies, we propose the development of a framework to support discrimination analysis during the system design phase, based on system models and available data.
On fairness in continuous electronic markets
Most of the world's financial markets are electronic (i.e., are implemented as software systems) and continuous (i.e., process orders received from market participants immediately, on a FIFO basis). In this short position paper I argue that such markets cannot provide 'racetrack fairness' to their participants, yet this form of fairness seems to feature quite prominently throughout the large, multi-jurisdictional body of law governing financial markets. What seems to follow from this is that electronic batch-style markets are not only a desirable replacement for continuous ones---as a number of economists have recently argued---but a necessary replacement.
Avoiding the intrinsic unfairness of the trolley problem
As an envisaged future of transportation, self-driving cars are being discussed from various perspectives, including social, economical, engineering, computer science, design, and ethical aspects. On the one hand, self-driving cars present new engineering problems that are being gradually successfully solved. On the other hand, social and ethical problems have up to now being presented in the form of an idealized unsolvable decision-making problem, the so-called "trolley problem", which is built on the assumptions that are neither technically nor ethically justifiable. The intrinsic unfairness of the trolley problem comes from the assumption that lives of different people have different values.
In this paper, techno-social arguments are used to show the infeasibility of the trolley problem when addressing the ethics of self-driving cars. We argue that different components can contribute to an "unfair" behaviour and features, which requires ethical analysis on multiple levels and stages of the development process. Instead of an idealized and intrinsically unfair thought experiment, we present real-life techno-social challenges relevant for the domain of software fairness in the context of self-driving cars.
SESSION: Fairness standards
IEEE P7003™ standard for algorithmic bias considerations: work in progress paper
The IEEE P7003 Standard for Algorithmic Bias Considerations is one of eleven IEEE ethics related standards currently under development as part of the IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems. The purpose of the IEEE P7003 standard is to provide individuals or organizations creating algorithmic systems with development framework to avoid unintended, unjustified and inappropriately differential outcomes for users. In this paper, we present the scope and structure of the IEEE P7003 draft standard, and the methodology of the development process.
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Who started Cricket in India first?
When did cricket started in India?
Cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century, and the first cricket club was established in 1792. India’s national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord’s, becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status.
Who is the first father of Indian cricket?
Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II
Born 10 September 1872 Sadodar, Kathiawar, British India
Died 2 April 1933 (aged 60) Jamnagar Palace, Nawanagar State, British India
Alma mater Cambridge University
Personal information
Where did cricket started in India?
The Parsis were the first Indian civilian community to take to cricket. They set up the Oriental Cricket Club in Mumbai in 1848. It did a premature death, but the community then established the Young Zoroastrians Club in 1850. They were followed by the Hindus, who formed the Hindu Gymkhana in 1866.
THIS IS FUN: How do you address a father in India?
How did cricket begin in India?
The first match in India was recorded in 1721 when a group of sailors gathered to play in Western India. Within nearly three centuries cricket is India’s most popular sport and celebrity cricketers are amongst the wealthiest members of Indian society!
Who is the father of cricket?
W. G. Grace
Personal information
Full name William Gilbert Grace
Born 18 July 1848 Downend, near Bristol, England
Who invented cricket?
Who is swing king in cricket?
Birth of the Burewala Bombshell. There have been few more scintillating sights in cricket history than Waqar Younis in his pomp. With batters hopping and stumps flying, he and Wasim Akram took reverse swing to a new level in the early 1990s with their toe-crushing yorkers.
Who is father of India?
Name Nation Title (translation)
Mahatma Gandhi (de facto) India Father of the Nation; Leader of the Indian independence movement from British Raj
Sukarno Indonesia Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator
Theodor Herzl Israel Father of the Nation
Cyrus the Great Iran (Persia) King of Kings
When was cricket founded?
THIS IS FUN: Frequent question: Is the Indian Ocean calm?
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Curious Work
It’s almost impossible to teach anyone anything that they don’t already know.
The best any teacher can do is clarify details, reveal connections and encourage bringing the knowledge forward where it can be used. Teachers help focus and build on understandings which already exist, which explains the old koan “When the student is ready, a teacher will appear.” Until you know that there is something you don’t know, something that you want to know, something that you need to know, why would you bother looking for a teacher?
The “Aha!” moment in learning comes when things that you already know suddenly make sense in a new and useful way. The pieces click together into a structure that lets you access the information, lets you use it to make better choices or expand your understanding.
How can you be fascinated about something that you don’t even have an inkling about? How can you have the curiosity to pursue something you don’t even know exists? Why would you struggle to achieve something that you can’t even imagine is possible? Why would you strive to achieve an end that you don’t even have a fuzzy vision about?
There are many ways to be exposed to new possibilities, different ideas, but without the curiosity to explore them and the discrimination to see what is good and worth working towards teachers are just demanding noise creators, cranking out a lot of blah-blah-blah that you just don’t care about.
The ultimate lesson in the world is simple: mastery takes work. There are no shortcuts to becoming better, no matter how much we want there to be. Unless we see some very good reason to get smarter, better, and more capable, why go through all the hassle of doing the work?
Children have an affinity for people who can help them learn what they know that they need to learn, as Fred Rogers told us. They know that to keep growing and maturing, they have to do the work, even if much of that work is play, experimentation and almost all of the work is made fascinating with a deep sense of curiosity. They want to take the next step on their path, not leaping ahead to some imposed ideal but consolidating and extending what they already know.
When people aren’t yet ready to learn what we are sure that they need to know, it is impossible to get our teaching through to them. The first thing we need to do is help them see why changing their old pattern, the one where they are focused on their current interests to the exclusion of other things that would be good for them, the pattern that blocks their vision of better because it shuts down their curiosity with blinders, why changing that would lead to better.
Everyone heals in their own time and their own way, even you. Healing is hard work, not because the answers aren’t out there, but mostly because to get to them we have to clear out the blocks we hold to rebirth, moving beyond the magical, wishful thinking that we assembled to comfort us with separation.
To master the new, we have to let go of that which no longer serves us, making hard choices about what we want so much that we are willing to work for it and what we just cling to because we would like it. Mastery demands we put our old self behind us in order to become more aware, more skilled, more disciplined and more capable.
If you don’t already know that you want something more than you have now, how will you ever be willing to do the work to learn a new way of seeing, a new way of being?
Even if we are ambivalent about our aspirations, fearing failure or fearing that they will cost too much, without those visions, how would we ever have the will to learn and grow?
Teaching is very often about telling people what they don’t want to hear, specifically that they have to work harder to get what they want. That’s why encouragement is such an important part of the process, because unless they believe the work can lead them beyond their current muddle to better, they won’t be able to engage the lessons.
I was told over twenty years ago that I did grad work in trans. People still working to get their basics aren’t going to be able to engage what I have to share. There are lots of reasons why my offerings are just going to be seen as noise, as rantings which push hot buttons and don’t offer simple, practical solutions to everyday problems.
Seeking for a wider, deeper, more transcendent understanding of being trans in culture is what I do. I know that the only people who will be willing to engage that work are the people who are facing the same challenges, who want to work in this area.
It’s almost impossible to teach anyone anything that they don’t already know. Unless they have some knowledge already, some curiosity and some need to learn, they are not yet ready to learn what they don’t know that they don’t know, what they don’t even know that it would be useful for them to know.
Maybe they don’t need to know it. In an information economy, attention is the ultimate currency, so we need to spend it on what we prioritize, on what we are sure we want or need to know.
Curiosity, though, has always lead me to revelation, to wisdom and to growth. I like being able to look closely enough to tell the bad from the good, the good from the excellent, the excellent from the amazing.
Sometimes that means I see where people might be helped by learning something new. Until they know that they need to know it though, well, they aren’t ready to learn it, and trying to teach them just wastes my time and annoys the student.
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9142463069?profile=originalImmurement, the concept of confining people inside walls, is a historical reality. Women, especially, have been victims and sacrifices of this macabre practice.
For Tracy Ferron, a conceptual artist and student of depth psychology, the archetypal theme of “walled women” first surfaced in a powerful dream. At the time, she was deeply engrossed in research on Big Pharma and societal complexes of power in a class at Pacifica Graduate Institute, where she completed her master’s degree in Engaged Humanities and the Creative Life in June 2017. During this process, powerful feelings of hopelessness and frustration arose, dovetailing with her personal life where she felt quite “stuck” in shifting her life’s direction after nearly 20 years spent raising five children.
In our recent interview, Tracy shared the details of her dream. A naïve young woman arrives at what she believes is an audition, but instead ends up as a sacrifice. The walled woman archetype is exemplified when she is murdered and immured in a wall, where the only thing exposed is her left eye. The richness of this “big” dream was so striking that Tracy “basically ran at it with every Jungian methodology and amplification” she could.
As Tracy began digging into the image of women being built into walls, she discovered it had actually been an ancient practice with a long and troubling history.... (Read the full blog post or listen to my interview with conceptual artist, Tracy Ferron, here)
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The emergence of the role theory
See Article History Alternative Title: George Henry Lewesthe 19th-century English philosopher of sciencedistinguished between resultants and emergents—phenomena that are predictable from their constituent parts and those that are not e.
The emergence of the role theory
And don't forget the fantasy roles: Hero in daydreams, vindicated in the courtroom of Heaven, secret rebellious alter ego, and so forth.
Roles are learned, culturally conditioned, often can be developed, amplified, released with more or less difficulty. Many roles involve a number of component roles, and often these in turn involve further sub-components.
The emergence of the role theory
It is often useful to analyze these roles. People get into trouble from not doing so, but assuming that people are competent or incompetent in general regarding a role, while in fact they may be very competent at some role components, fair at others, and incompetent in a few.
Trouble arises when the situation calls for competence in those sub-roles where it's not present! Of course, it's not just a matter of competence--though that issue is too often ignored. People's problems might involve an imbalance of roles--over-involvement in some, neglect of others.
The neglect can be by the individual or by the person's family when he was growing up. Sometimes people don't even know certain roles exist! Applied Role Theory as Language: Just talk about situations in terms of the roles the various people involved are playing. The more you do this, the easier this activity becomes.
You become familiar with the language. With practice, you can t hen go on to define those roles in terms of expectations, sets of behaviors, and other features. There is little rigid doctrine and a wide degree of flexibility.
This approach also offers a way to enhance communication among professionals. One of the problems with the behavioral sciences is the lack of a "lingua franca," a term that was used to describe a kind of common language that people of many different backgrounds can use.
In the past, Latin served in this way in Western Europe during the middle ages and well into the 19th Century—intellectuals from all the countries could meet and talk in this "second language.
What is Leadership Emergence Theory? | Common Sense Leaders
Mathematics has become a kind of lingua franca for many scientists. Psychology, however, has suffered with a variety of languages that are colored by the biases of their original schools of thought, and filled with jargon that requires a real familiarity with those schools. What is needed is a more accessible language.
Applied role theory is described in part in my recent 4th edition of Foundations of Psychodrama. However, its applications are so widespread that one may find this approach useful even if you know nothing about psychodrama and care less. Everyone today knows what roles are.
The only trouble with the concept is that it lacks precision—or at least a degree of precision needed for certain kinds of scientific testing.
Emergence Theory Overview – Quantum Gravity Research
It is exactly that quality that allows it to be used for practical purposes.The regional roles external actors play, such as ‘China’s role in Africa’ or ‘the US role in East Asia’, have long been popular subjects of analysis in the international relations literature.
Yet, the emergence and evolution of these roles remains remarkably under-theorized. Task Management Software > FAQs > What is “Emergence Theory” and How Does it Apply to Business Process or Task Management?
Posted on November 28, by Vaughn Thurman Those familiar with emergence theory as it exists in science may find it troubling that business processes are being compared with physics, but the similarities . The role of leadership in emergent, self-organization Donde Ashmos Plowman complexity theory, emergence, self-organization I wanted a perfect ending.
Now I’ve learned, the hard way, that some poems Emergence happens in complex systems in part, because they are sensitive to initial conditions; that is, a small.
In philosophy, emergentism is the belief in emergence, particularly as it involves consciousness and the philosophy of mind, and as it contrasts (or not) with reductionism. A property of a system is said to be emergent if it is a new outcome of some other properties of the system and their interaction, while it is itself different from them.
[1]. The emergence of the Role Theory and its intellectual sources: Role theory was first introduced in by Kalevi Holsti in his article “National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy”. Emergence: Emergence,, in evolutionary theory, the rise of a system that cannot be predicted or explained from antecedent conditions.
Development theory | economics and political science |
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UTS Open '21 P6 - Terra Mater
View as PDF
Submit solution
Points: 25 (partial)
Time limit: 4.0s
Memory limit: 256M
Problem types
In an alternate universe, you are the Earth god tasked with the responsibility of managing terrain safety. Your most pressing duty is that of N hills lined up in a single row. You know that the i^{th} hill from the left currently has height H_i. In your world, the danger factor of any terrain is the maximum difference in height between any 2 adjacent hills. Formally, the danger factor is defined as \max_{1 \le i \le N-1} (|H_i - H_{i+1}|). To minimize the danger factor, you are allowed to change the height of at most K hills, each to any positive integer of your choosing (the resulting height may be different for each hill). Please find the minimum possible danger factor after doing so. To ensure the integrity of your solution, there may be multiple test cases.
For this problem, you will NOT be required to pass the sample case in order to receive points. In addition, you must pass all previous subtasks to earn points for a specific subtask.
For all subtasks:
1 \le T \le 500
2 \le N \le 2 \times 10^5
0 \le K \le N
1 \le H_i \le 10^9
The sum of N over all test cases will not exceed 2 \times 10^5.
Subtask 1 [5%]
K = 0
Subtask 2 [5%]
K = 1
Subtask 3 [10%]
K = 2
Subtask 4 [80%]
No additional constraints.
Input Specification
The first line contains an integer T, the number of test cases. The next 2T lines will describe the test cases.
The first line of each test case contains 2 integers N and K, the number of hills and the number of hills whose height you may change.
The second line of each test case contains N integers H_i (1 \le i \le N), the height of the i^{th} hill from the left.
Output Specification
For each test case output one integer on its own line, the minimum possible danger factor after changing the height of at most K hills.
Sample Input
6 2
1 3 7 2 3 6
7 4
1 5 8 5 5 7 8
Sample Output
For the first test case, one possible solution is to change the height of the third hill to 4 and the height of the sixth hill to 1, as depicted in the diagram above. The resulting danger factor is \max(|1-3|, |3-4|, |4-2|, |2-3|, |3-1|) = 2.
For the second test case, the optimal solution is to change the heights of the first, third, sixth, and seventh hills all to 5. Since all hills have the same height now, the resulting danger factor is 0.
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Coming Home to the Humanities
María-Eugenia Marín considers how the humanities, which have been at the heart of education for millennia, are needed more than ever to help us understand the world around us with critical thinking and a human touch.
statue in a room at a museum
Photo by Jose Antonio Gallego Vázquez from Pexels
― Steve Jobs ―
The humanities play a pivotal role in the evolution of society. History, philosophy, language, art, literature, and religion have molded cultures across time—continuously reshaping and transforming the way we live and experience the world—and will continue to do so far into the future. It is when we delve deeply into the humanities that we learn how to think critically and creatively, to ask questions and search for meaning, to express and reflect on feelings and emotions. They reveal to us where we have come from and shed light on where we are going. And in this way, the humanities serve as an ever-expanding intellectual foundation that can create an opening for engaged citizens who have a global and ethical mindset.
Unlike the sciences, which are fact-driven and discipline-specific, the humanities are speculative and unpredictable. They include an intricate web of disciplines that come together to help us understand the multiple dimensions of the human experience. The humanities lend context and meaning to the sciences. This is true not only for the formal natural and life sciences, but also for the social and management sciences. The medical field must train healthcare professionals in the latest scientific knowledge and also provide them with a deep understanding of the human condition. Likewise, business leaders must master the technical tools of doing business while at the same time appreciate the socio-political, economic, and cultural context of where and with whom they operate. If we think about the sciences as a black and white photograph in desperate need of color, the humanities are the reds, the blues, the greens, and the yellows that bring that photograph to life.
The humanities have been at the heart of education ever since the ancient Greeks first applied them to educate their citizens. Socrates, the father of Western philosophy, believed that self-examination using critical thought, asking questions, and nurturing curiosity and a sense of wonder were at the root of acquiring wisdom. In early modern universities dating back to 14th- and 15th-century Europe, humanism studies – studia humanitatis – transformed the curriculum and scholarship of the Middle Ages. Disciplines such as medicine, law, theology, mathematics, physics, and astronomy began to incorporate humanities by emphasizing critical thinking through translation, interpretation, and a broader reflection of classical texts that gave birth to new ideas. Teaching the art of speaking and writing with eloquence, the study of poetry and ethics, and the principles of self-knowledge and self-examination also formed part of this newly incorporated humanities curriculum. The critical mindset imparted by humanism served as a catalyst for changes in universities that led to a more creative university climate in 15th century Europe. This process set the foundation for what we today call the Humanities. Important historical figures such as Andreas Vesalius, Galileo Galilei, and Martin Luther were all products of a humanist education.
If the humanities have formed a key and integral part of teaching and learning for more than seven centuries, why are they so undervalued in higher education today? The number of humanities majors in U.S. universities has been in continuous decline for the last 40 years, being replaced in the last decade by a growing number of STEM students. The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded this situation by putting many small colleges, the majority of them liberal arts colleges, in a state of financial upheaval. Sadly, some liberal arts institutions have even had to shut their doors.
Some say that the financial crisis of 2008 turned students away from the humanities in fear of not finding a solid job; others say that the growing cost of education in the US is steering students into fields that offer a higher return on their investment upon graduation. Moreover, the rapid pace of globalization anchored on innovation and technology has shifted education to be STEM-focused. Subjects emphasizing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics have come to overshadow the humanities.
There are sparks of hope, however. Just like what occurred in 15th-century European universities when humanism studies began to be integrated into a wide variety of classical fields, we are slowly beginning to see a greater integration of the humanities in several non-humanities fields. For example, the discipline of “medical humanities” is growing rapidly and argues that that the arts and humanities, through the study of culture, history, ethics, and behavior, “humanize” healthcare as well as provide tools by which to deconstruct, critique, and influence medical practices and priorities.
Over the last eight years, all graduating medical students in Scotland have been given a copy of Tools of the Trade, a pocket-sized book of poems written to inspire young doctors to not forget that behind the diseases there are real people with real human needs like compassion and empathy. In the book’s foreword, Gavin Francis writes “there’s a great deal of science in medicine – science allied with a healthy dose of human kindness.”
We are also seeing the integration of the humanities in the management sciences and even in the field of engineering. Business today is more than just understanding marketing, finance, operations, and other core areas; it is about human behavior, ethics, cultural differences, the global socio-political climate, as well as the need for reflective and empathic leadership, to list only a few. Similarly, engineering and the humanities have traditionally not been close friends, but there is also growing awareness that engineers need humanities training in subjects like ethics, philosophy, culture, history of technology, and design and critical thinking skills. According to American civil engineer Nathan W. Dougherty, “the ideal engineer is a composite… He is not a scientist, he is not a mathematician, he is not a sociologist or a writer; he may use the knowledge and techniques of any or all of these disciplines in solving engineering problems.” Of course, since Dougherty’s lifetime, many more women have entered the field.
Thanks to our constantly changing technology-focused world, the humanities are needed in our classrooms now more than ever, to help us make sense of this world with balance, perspective, and most importantly, humaneness. The humanities need to be an essential part of a well-rounded education, one that starts in primary school and continues throughout a person’s life. Education is a personal journey and the humanities light our way. We are now confronting major global challenges that, yes, require global solutions. The current health crisis has clearly shown this. We must draw from the humanities to find inspiration and purpose and train a future generation of global reflective leaders that understand the complexities and inter-connectedness of the world we live in. Knowledge without critical reflection is nothing but an empty word.
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October 14, 2021
Western Homing Hognoses are very common and it can be difficult to identify.
The allergy is caused by the protein in the Hognus chrysanthemum, a common grass that can be found in grasslands throughout Western Australia.
In Western Australia, there are four species of Hognosae, the Western Hominidae, Western Homniosae, Eastern Homnsae and the Northern Hogniosae.
The Hognes have a broad range of characteristics, including a very long, black stripe on their legs, and the most common form of the allergy is to the skin, where it causes an allergic reaction called hognosis.
If you have been diagnosed with Western Hatching Hognosis you may also experience itching, burning and/or rash.
There is no cure for Western Hatchings Hognosa, so the best way to help reduce symptoms is to avoid Western Hering Hognosaurs, Homing Horned Hognotos, Hognocereus and other Hognossidae.
The Western Hocheas can be eaten raw, cooked or eaten in soup, and can also be used as an ingredient in dishes such as soups and stews.
Western Hommos are a very common food in the Western Australian region, and are often found on the supermarket shelves.
These small white grasses are a staple food in many parts of Western Australia and have been around for millions of years.
They are also a popular snack and are commonly used as a flavouring.
In a Western Australian supermarket, you can find hommos in a variety of colours, with some containing red and yellow.
A hommo can be dried, sliced or cooked.
Some hommoes are also called “houghts” or “honeyhounds”, but they are not commonly eaten as a snack.
If the hommas is dry, it is known as “salt-dried”.
In most parts of the country, you will find houghts and honeyhounds on the same shelf as other fruit, vegetables and grains, and it is common for hommases to be displayed in the same place as other items.
Some Hommodes are sold at supermarkets or food banks, but most people eat them raw.
Western Hoofed HomingHoppers are often called “horned hommodes” or homing hommones, but they have no horns.
They have a long, pointed tail and are a great snack for the whole family.
They also contain a large amount of protein and are low in fat.
It is common to find them on the shelves of supermarkets and in the meat and dairy sections of the supermarket.
In some parts of Australia, they are also sold at health food stores and health food suppliers, although the health food chains do not recommend eating them.
Western HornedHoppers may be found on many different foods in the supermarket, but if you are looking for the real thing, look for the Western Horn, the Northern Horn and the Eastern Horn.
These are the largest horned hognos in the world, and they are sold in supermarkets in Queensland and the ACT.
You can also find them in Australian supermarkets in New South Wales and Victoria, and in some parts at Australian markets.
Homing, Horned Horned, Horn-Eared Horned are the same species as the Western Hooves.
These can be a bit hard to tell apart, but can have very distinct horns.
If they are a bit dry, you may find them inside a bowl of cereal, or they may be hanging on a hook in a fishmonger’s market.
These horned horned Hommoes can be cooked, fried, sautéed or baked.
They can also also be eaten fresh, dried or powdered.
Hommo-eared Hornes are similar to horned Horns, but have a longer tail and a rounder, smoother head.
They look like a horn, but the head is shorter and has a more rounded tip.
Homeno-Ears are small horned, horned and horned-eared hommies.
They may be white, yellow, orange, pink or green.
Homs are sold by the metre, and many of the products on offer are sold as one or two horned or horned eared horned horns.
Hognoes are commonly sold as “lucky” or lucky hommes, and usually come with a variety and a few lucky numbers.
The lucky numbers are the number that you have picked up and the number you want, and there are usually only one lucky number per product.
The numbers that you receive will be the number of lucky horns that you received.
There are also lucky numbers that only have one horn and the lucky number is the number for the lucky horn.
Hocheases are also often sold as a lucky number. A
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The musical life and career of nat king cole
Cole, an international star as a jazz pianist and uniquely gifted vocalist, became the first major black performer to host a network variety series. It was a bruising experience for him, however, and an episode in television history that illuminates the state of race relations in the United States at the dawn of the modern civil rights movement. By the mids he was a solo act--a top night-club performer with several million-selling records, including "Nature Boy," "Mona Lisa," and "Too Young. His performances delighted audiences and he seemed to be a natural for his own TV show, which he very much wanted.
The musical life and career of nat king cole
At the age of four, Cole's family shifted base to North Chicago, Illinois where his father became the pastor of the church. Nat King Cole's first lessons in music were imparted by his mother, a church organist.
She taught her son the art of playing the piano.
Childhood And Early Life
Soon after, Cole started playing the organ and singing in the choir of his father's church. During his teenage years, Nat King Cole began taking formal lessons in music.
He polished his music sense by learning different genres of music like jazz, gospel music, and Western Classical music. At the age of 15, Cole dropped out of school to pursue a full-time career in music. He started out as a jazz pianist. In the year,he took the byname Nat Cole and left Chicago to form his own jazz band 'Rogues of Rhythm.
Career Nat King Cole and his brother were signed up to perform with the all-black Broadway musical revue 'Shuffle Along'.
Though Eddie stayed back, Cole joined the troupe as a pianist on their national tour. After completing the tour, Cole started working on his music and subsequently, inhe collaborated with guitarist Oscar Moore and bassist Wesley Prince to form the legendary music group 'The King Cole Trio.
In the late 's, the King Cole Trio signed a contract with Decca. Their very first achievement came in the year with the release of Cole's composition 'That ain't Right. In the same year, their contract with Decca came to an end.
The trio reached the pinnacle of success when Nat King Cole started doubling as pianist and singer. The trio was soon signed up by Capitol Records.
In the following years, the King Cole Trio reached the peaks of their career as they consecutively belted out chart hits like 'The Christmas Song,' 'For Sentimental Reasons,' 'Nature Boy' and many more. Though Nat King Cole had gained prominence as a jazz pianist, his soft baritone voice and sophisticated style of singing mesmerized his audiences prompting him to pursue a career as a solo artist.
Cole emerged as the singing sensation of his time releasing track hits one after the other. Some of his best-known works are his signature song 'Unforgettable'the holiday hit 'The Christmas Song''Monalisa' and the number 1 song of 'Too Young.
Nat King Cole was not just limited to music. He made several television appearances and had acted in short films and sitcoms. But seeing the show's massive popularity, it was later expanded to cover a half an hour slot. His legacy stays on as a US postage stamp that was issued in His contributions in the field of music are considered as a significant influence on early rock and roll, and hence, inhe was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Personal Life Nat King Cole took his first marital vows at the tender age of He met Nadine Robinson, a dancer while touring with Shuffle Along and married her soon after.
The musical life and career of nat king cole
The marriage lasted for 11 years, and they got divorced in The couple had three biological daughters viz. A solid phase came in their relationship when Cole started having an extra-marital affair with year old Swedish dancer and actress, Gunilla Hutton.
However, Maria stayed with Cole until his last breathtaking care of him even during his days of illness. By the fall ofhe started experiencing severe back pain and rapidly lost the substantial amount of weight.
Nat King Cole |
A visit to the doctor revealed a malignant tumor on his left lung. Diagnosed with lung cancer, doctors declared that Cole had only a few months to live.
In spite of battling with terminal illness, Cole kept doing stage shows and recordings against the wishes of his doctor. Cole's condition was gradually worsening, and his left lung was removed on January 25, A day after Valentine's Day, on 15th Februarythe year-old velvet-voiced pop star breathed his last.
User Contributions:
Cole's last album 'L-O-V-E' that was recorded just a few days before his hospitalization was released after his death. The album garnered many accolades and became one of the major hits of Nat King Cole. · Directed by Will Cowan. With Nat 'King' Cole, Jeff Chandler, Ray Walker, David Janssen.
This special U-I "Musical Featurette", in Technicolor and Cinemascope, traces the musical career of Nat "King" Cole, shows the ups and downs of his career, his conquest of illness, how he switched from being the leader of a trio to a solo vocalist, Nat King Cole was born Nathaniel Adams Coles at Montgomery, Alabama.
He received music lessons from his mother and his family moved to Chicago when · The Nat "King" Cole Show, premiered on NBC as a fifteen-minute weekly musical variety show in November Cole, an international star as a jazz pianist and uniquely gifted vocalist, became the first major black performer to host a network variety series.
It was a bruising experience for him Easily hire Straighten Up And Fly Right Nat King Cole Tribute for your special event: Straighten Up and Fly Right!
an Unforgettable Tribute To Nat King Cole is a presentation of the life story and recording career of Nat King Cole. The show utilizes instrumentation (never tracks) of Unforgettable: The Life and Mystique of Nat King Cole [Leslie Gourse] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
Discusses Nat King Cole, whose satin voice belied his rough life, detailing his Alabama boyhood, his · Nat King Cole became the first African-American performer to host a variety TV series in He's best known for his soft baritone voice and for singles like "The Christmas Song," "Mona Lisa
Nat King Cole | Biography & Facts |
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what does your neck of the woods mean
What Does Your Neck Of The Woods Mean?
Definition of neck of the woods
: the place or area where someone lives He’s from my neck of the woods.
Why do we say neck of the woods?
The phrase comes from the sense of neck as a strip of land. In Britain, this refers to land with water on both sides, but early Americans used it to mean “a settlement in the woods.”
What brings you to my neck of the woods meaning?
phrase. Someone or something that is from your neck of the woods is from the same part of the country as you are. [informal] It’s so good to see you. What brings you to this neck of the woods?
Where does the phrase out of the woods come from?
DON’T SHOUT UNTIL YOU’RE OUT OF THE WOODS – “Don’t feel safe until you are out of danger. The proverb originated in the United States and has been traced back to ‘Papers of Benjamin Franklin’ . It was used by Abigail Adams (1744-1818) in a letter dated November 13, 1800.
What does the phrase neck mean?
1 : to kiss and caress amorously. 2 : to reduce in diameter. intransitive verb. 1 : to engage in amorous kissing and caressing.
How do you use neck of the woods in a sentence?
Neck of the woods sentence example
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We are likely going to meet in a couple months when I am around her neck of the woods . There is plenty to see and do for outdoor enthusiasts in this neck of the woods . The fascination little visitors were a rare in our neck of the woods .
Where did the term neck and neck come from?
What does dig your heels in mean?
to refuse to do
phrase. DEFINITIONS1. to refuse to do something even though other people are trying to persuade you. The more we argued, the more she dug her heels in.
What does chew the fat meaning?
Chat in a friendly, leisurely way, as in Let’s get together for coffee and chew the fat, or John and Dave spend hours just chewing the rag. Before the 1880s in Britain, chew the fat meant “to grumble or complain,” and chew the rag also has been used in this way.
What does beating around the bush mean?
to avoid giving a definite answer or position. Please stop beating around the bush and tell me the full story.
What means I smell a rat?
smell a rat. Suspect something is wrong, especially a betrayal of some kind. For example, When I didn’t hear any more from my prospective employer, I began to smell a rat. This expression alludes to a cat sniffing out a rat. [
What does the metaphor out of the woods mean?
out of danger
Out of the woods means out of danger, removed from peril, free from difficulties. Out of the woods is an expression that is used when someone has been in some danger and is now safe, whether physically or figuratively.
See also why do planets further away from the sun take longer to orbit the sun
What is the meaning of arguing the toss?
Definition of argue the toss
: to argue or disagree about something that is not important, that cannot be changed, etc.
What does standing toe to toe mean?
(also stand toe to toe, be toe to toe) mainly US. to be willing or able to compete or fight with someone in a strong, forceful, determined way: We had a good candidate who stood toe to toe with the President and beat him in three debates.
What does having someone’s throat mean?
grab (someone or something) by the throat
1. To capture and hold someone’s attention or emotions. Likened to physically holding someone’s throat to subdue them.
What does a hard neck mean?
noun. Irish informal audacity; nerve.
What does do a runner mean?
British, informal. : to leave a place quickly by running especially to avoid paying a bill or to escape punishment.
What does to throw in the towel mean?
What does it mean to see eye to eye with someone?
to have or come to the same opinion or point of view. The two did not see eye to eye on on certain political issues.
What is the meaning of On Your Mark Get Set Go?
(US also on your mark, get set, go) something called out to competitors at the beginning of a running race.
What is a pat on the back?
Definition of a pat on the back
: a show of praise or approval You all deserve a pat on the back for making this possible. You did a great job, so give yourself a pat on the back.
What does cold shoulder shrug mean?
“Cold shoulder” is a phrase used to express dismissal or the act of disregarding someone. … Overall, it remains widely popular as a phrase for describing the act of ignoring someone or something, or giving an unfriendly response.
What does the idiom pounded the pavement mean?
Definition of pound the streets/pavement
: to walk or run on the street especially in search of something She’s out there every day pounding the pavement, looking for work.
What is chew the cud?
phrase. When animals such as cows or sheep chew the cud, they slowly chew their partly-digested food over and over again in their mouth before finally swallowing it.
Can and chewed the rag?
chew the fat, chew the rag ⇒ SLANG to argue over a point. to talk idly; gossip.
Is chewin the fat on Netflix?
Only one season of Chewin’ the Fat is available to stream on Netflix, and the service has seen an exodus of BBC titles in the past year. The series is more than likely to make its home on the streaming service BritBox but is some episodes are currently available to stream on BBC iPlayer.
See also how did the spanish american war change us foreign policy
What does drive up the wall mean?
Definition of drive (someone) up a/the wall
: to make (someone) irritated, angry, or crazy Your constant tapping is driving me up the wall!
What does a dime in a dozen mean?
Let’s take a closer look at the meaning of the phrase “a dime a dozen.” This idiom means something is extremely common, inexpensive or available anywhere.
What does she can’t cut the mustard mean?
What does “cut the mustard” mean? … Most often, the phrase is used in negative constructions for when something doesn’t live up to expectations or can’t do the job, e.g., The quarterback couldn’t cut the mustard in the playoffs.
What does play the second fiddle mean?
Definition of second fiddle
: one that plays a supporting or subservient role.
Is on its last legs meaning?
Extremely tired, close to collapsing, as in We’ve been cleaning house all day and I’m on my last legs. This hyperbolic expression originally meant “close to dying,” and in John Ray’s 1678 proverb collection it was transferred to being bankrupt.
What does until the cows come home mean?
a very long time
informal. : for a very long time They’ll be arguing about this till the cows come home.
What does it mean to have someone under your thumb?
: under someone’s control or influence He kept the employees under his thumb.
What does having cold feet mean?
To “have cold feet” is to be too fearful to undertake or complete an action. A wave of timidity or fearfulness. Loss or lack of courage or confidence.
Meaning of “Neck of the Woods” – Superduper English Idioms
Neck of the Woods? | English Idiom Lesson
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article Posted November 18, 2018 08:11:51When the air traffic control intercom woke up to a strange call from a phone number in the middle of the night, it quickly assumed that someone was calling from inside the aircraft.
A voice that was unfamiliar to the aircraft’s systems alerted the flight attendants and flight controllers, who scrambled the aircraft and took off.
As the plane landed, it was revealed that the caller was not an air traffic controller and had actually called from inside.
It was not until the plane had landed that the airline was alerted.
The plane landed safely, the caller claimed, and the plane flew back to Seattle.
What’s the connection between the two?
The mystery of the air-traffic control interphone is still alive and well.
A few years ago, an anonymous caller in California made a call from inside a private jet that was supposed to be carrying a movie theater to its final destination.
The movie theater was diverted from its scheduled flight, but the caller’s phone was still ringing.
A nearby flight attendant had noticed the ringing and called the police.
The plane landed in a nearby airport and the caller, who claimed to be a doctor, was arrested.
It turned out that he was a passenger in the plane’s crew, and he had left the phone in the crew car to make the call.
The story was reported in the news and prompted the creation of the “call from inside” theory, which states that when a plane is grounded, the plane is being monitored by an unknown person who calls from inside its cabin to make a call that the pilot or flight attendants can’t understand.
While the story of a mysterious plane calling inside a plane may be an interesting one, the facts of the story are not entirely clear.
The caller in question may have called from a number that is outside the plane and was trying to land in Seattle, where it would be in the process of being hijacked by an armed group.
Other aircraft that have been hijacked in the past have been operated by foreign governments and terrorist organizations.
A passenger plane in the 1960s was hijacked by a terrorist organization.
Why does an air-transport interphone call an air ambulance?
It’s not clear whether the caller from inside was a member of the plane or just someone who thought the plane was in danger.
He or she may have made a phone call to a local emergency number that could be connected to the plane.
If the caller did not know where the plane would be, he or she could have called the local emergency line, but it may have been difficult to know whether the plane that was being hijacked was in the area.
In the case of the call from outside the aircraft, the person could have made the call while in the cabin, in the engine compartment, or in the rear seat of the airplane.
In addition, the number could have been a call to the airport or the phone number could not have been in the hands of the pilot and flight attendants at the time the call was made.
The caller could have also made the connection from the plane itself.
In this case, the air flight attendants may have had difficulty hearing the call and may have believed it was from someone who was not a member or a passenger of the aircraft at the moment it was made, which would have meant that the person calling from outside was not one of the pilots.
The call from the cockpit could also have been an attempt to warn the flight crew that the plane might be hijacked.
As the plane continued to descend, the pilot may have decided to abort the flight and divert to a different location.
He may have also tried to get someone to talk to the flight attendant on the flight deck.
After the plane crashed, the pilots may have asked the plane crew if they could land in the field for a few minutes while the flight was repaired.
They may have even called the airline’s emergency hotline to make sure there were no other hijacked planes in the vicinity.
The possibility that the air controller had been the victim of a hoax is not entirely likely, but an air emergency response team may have alerted the authorities to the possibility.
If you have an information about this story, you can email us at [email protected]
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Paradise Lost, Book 5
907 lines. Here we begin a narrative of the war in heaven that took place before Book 1. The setting of the entire book is Paradise, with Adam and Eve. We meet Satan in this book only in flashback, as his prior history is narrated. The angel Raphael, sent by God, comes for a visit to Paradise. Questioned by Adam, he tells of Satan’s rebellion in heaven, spurred by the Father’s general command that all creatures should worship the Son.
The couple wakes up (lines 1–25).
Eve speaks (lines 28–93), relating a dream she had. Hear we learn what toad-like Satan was whispering in her ear when he was caught by Ithuriel and Zephon (4.799–800; summary). Satan’s voice led her to the forbidden tree, where she found a cherub wondering why knowledge should be forbidden, and why the tree exists if none can enjoy its fruit. He reached and ate, and felt wonderful. He offers to Eve, held the fruit to her lips, she smelled the wonderful odor, ate, and flew up to heaven with the cherub, and then awoke.
Adam replies (lines 95–128), wary of such a dream, but ultimately deciding that her “fancy” has just done some weird things with the conversation they were having the night before. He tells her not to worry about it.
Adam wipes the tears from Eve’s cheeks (lines 129–35).
They pray before work (lines 136–208). Then they work (lines 209–19).
God speaks to the angel Raphael (lines 219–45), telling him to go talk to Adam, warning him of his enemy so that he be without excuse.
Raphael travels (lines 246–307). Milton describes Raphael’s six wings (lines 277–85; see Isa 6).
Adam speaks to Eve (lines 308–20), alerting her to the presence of a glorious angel and instructing her to prepare a good meal.
Eve speaks (lines 321–30).
Eve prepares the meal (lines 331–49). Adam greets Raphael (lines 350–60).
Adam speaks (lines 361–70), inviting him for a bite to eat.
Raphael speaks (lines 371–77), saying “lead on.”
Raphael greets Eve (lines 388–91).
Adam speaks (lines 397–403): “Eat, please.”
Raphael speaks (lines 404–33), saying, yes, he does eat.
Then they eat (lines 433–50). Milton insists that Raphael really ate, not just apparently. Also, since Eve is nude and serving the angel, Milton thinks about Genesis 6, or at least the story about angels arising from Genesis 6 (think 1 Enoch).
if ever, then,
Then had the sons of God excuse to have been
Enamoured at that sight; but in those hearts
Love unlibidinous reigned, nor jealousy
Was understood, the injured lover’s hell.
lines 446–50
Adam wants to take this opportunity to pepper an angel with questions (lines 451–60).
Adam speaks to Raphael (lines 461–67). How did you like the food?
Raphael replies (lines 468–505), explaining how food works for angels. He throws in a caveat to Adam, “if ye be found obedient” (line 501).
Adam speaks (lines 506–18), asking about that caveat. Why would we disobey?
Raphael replies (lines 519–43), explaining free will.
Adam replies (lines 544–60), admitting that he had never considered that he might disobey, but he is intrigued that Raphael has said that some heavenly creatures have in fact disobeyed. Please tell more.
Raphael replies (lines 563–), giving a long speech that goes to the end of the current book and encompasses the entirety of the next book (book 6) as well. Throughout the speech, Raphael quotes various characters (God the Father, Satan, the Son, various angels), so for the rest of these notes, I’ll just treat Raphael as the poet and describe not his speech but the speeches of the characters as he describes them.
Raphael begins by saying that he is narrating a story from before the creation of “this world” (lines 577–99). The Father called all his angels to a meeting. They came and saw “the Father infinite, / By whom in bliss embosomed sat the Son” (lines 596–97).
The Father speaks (lines 600–15).
Hear my decree, which unrevoked shall stand.
This day I have begot whom I declare
My only son, and on this holy hill
Him have anointed, whom ye now behold
At my right hand; your head I him appoint.
lines 602–6
Everyone must bow to the Son and obey him. Is this an instance of unorthodoxy in Milton, or is the perceived unorthodoxy just a device for the story? The Father declares “This day I have begot whom I declare / My only son.” What day? As Raphael says, “On such day / As heaven’s great year brings forth, the empyreal host / Of angels by imperial summons called” (lines 582–84). It seems like we should understand that the Son was begotten at some point after the angels were created. On the other hand, Milton has gone out of his way to indicate that “day” is used in a loose sense here, because we are talking about a “day” “in eternity” (line 580), presumably meaning outside of time. Later, Abiel says that the Father made all things, “even thee” (= Satan), through the Son (lines 835–37). But Satan disagrees (see below). At any rate, back to the story…
All the angels—though, Raphael warns “all seemed, but were not all” (line 617)—were happy, dancing, eating (lines 616–41). Here we get more about angelic food.
Tables are set, and on a sudden piled
With angels’ food, and rubied nectar flows
In pearl, in diamond, and massy gold,
Fruit of delicious vines, the growth of heaven.
lines 632–35
Then trouble arises (lines 642–72). Satan is not happy. That’s not actually his name at this time.
Satan, so call him now, his former name
Is heard no more in heaven; he of the first,
If not the first archangel, great in power,
In favour and pre-eminence, yet fraught
With envy against the Son of God, that day
Honoured by his great father, and proclaimed
Messiah king anointed, could not bear
Through pride that sight, and thought himself impaired.
lines 658–65
Satan is later described: “for great indeed / His name, and high was his degree in heaven; / His countenance, as the morning star that guides / The starry flock” (lines 706–9).
Satan speaks to “his next subordinate” (line 671), i.e., Beelzebub, but not named here (lines 673–93). He instructs Beelzebub to gather all the boys and go to the northern region (Isa 14:13!) where they will prepare entertainments for this new Messiah.
Beelzebub obeys, gathers a third of the angels (lines 694–718). But God sees the whole thing.
The Father speaks to the Son (lines 719–32). “Let’s get ready to rumble.”
The Son speaks (lines 733–42), says he’s looking forward to it.
Satan travels north and arrives at his place (lines 743–71). Raphael calls it “The palace of great Lucifer” (line 760).
Satan speaks (lines 772–803), asserting his refusal to bend the knee to anyone, certainly not this new Son, and no longer even the Father.
Abdiel speaks (lines 809–48), rebuking Satan. But no one joined Abdiel (lines 849–52).
Satan replies (lines 853–71). Abdiel had pointed out that the Son had created the angels. Satan disagrees. (Satan will return to this point, briefly, at 9.146.)
That we were formed then say’st thou? and the work Of secondary hands, by task transferred
From Father to his son? strange point and new!
Doctrine which we would know whence learned: who saw
When this creation was? rememb’rest thou
Thy making, while the maker gave thee being?
We know no time when we were not as now;
Know none before us, self-begot, self-raised
By our own quickening power, when fatal course
Had circled his full orb, the birth mature
Of this our native heaven, ethereal sons.
lines 853–63
Satan tells Abdiel to take this news to the Son.
Abdiel speaks (lines 877–95), telling Satan he’s about to get it. Here’s the best line:
Then who created thee lamenting learn,
When who can uncreate thee thou shalt know.
lines 894–95
Abdiel departs (lines 896–907).
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Stands for "First In, Last Out." FILO is an acronym used in computer science to describe the order in which objects are accessed. It is synonymous with LIFO (which is more commonly used) and may also be called LCFS or "last come, first served."
A stack is a typical data structure that may be accessed using the LIFO method. In a stack, each item is placed on top of the previous item, one at a time. Items can be removed from either the top of the stack (FILO) or from the bottom of the stack FIFO. You can imagine a FILO stack as the paper in a printer tray. Whatever paper you place on top of the existing paper in the input tray will be accessed first.
FILO is not necessarily a "fair" way to access data, since it operates in opposite order of a queue. Still, the FILO method can be useful for retrieving recently used objects, such as those stored in cache memory.
Updated August 7, 2014
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When most people think about data security and encryption, their first thought is around how data is stored. However, encryption doesn’t only apply to data storage, but also how you transfer the information from one location to the next.
True ESI defensibility starts with maintaining the authenticity and privacy of the data from the moment it is collected all the way to hosting and later deletion. Data encryption provides the backbone for this security through concealing the data in a cipher, thus making it unreadable to anyone without the key.
End to End Encryption (E2EE) is when the model of data encryption is applied to the lifecycle of the data and throughout its intended purpose. Essentially this means that once the data has begun to move it has already been encrypted, and will stay encrypted until it reaches its end destination. The purpose of E2EE is to prevent third parties groups from accessing, viewing, or altering the data.
1. Sender uses public key to encrypt message
2. Encrypted message goes to server
3. Server sends encrypted message to end user
4. End user uses private key to read message
E2EE is relevant to the fields of electronic discovery, digital forensics, and review hosting due to the inherent need for privacy, security, and data integrity within the legal discovery process. From discovery data load files to secure file-transfer-protocols for production, encryption gives legal teams back confidence in the data.
In the legal industry, it is expected that entities use encryption across the spectrum of where they are control data. This reaches all the way from using a secure SSL/HTTPS website url and sending encrypted emails within Outlook to large scale encryption of entire databases living behind firewalls.
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The End of Infinite Growth
Three percent doesn’t sound like all that much, does it? Because in our minds, we imagine an angle that looks more or less like this:
Gráfico 3% lineal
In truth, however, this 3% is better represented as an upward curve than as a straight line, since the growth rate is calculated each year based on the total of the previous year, not the initial year.
If we model the world GDP with an annual growth rate of 3%, the global economy actually doubles in size every 23 years.
As the economy grows, so does our energy consumption, garbage, pollution, fishing, population, extinctions and deforestation.
In other words, even though we are hitting planetary limits and we must stop now so as not to ruin the future of generations to come, we are still being told that we need to produce more and more, forever.
We live in a suicidal economic system whose engine is economic growth. If we are to survive, we must change it.
Abandoning Infinite Growth
To get out of infinite growth, we can start by targeting its almighty indicator, the one used to rank the world’s economies: the Gross Domestic Product, or GDP.
The GDP is supposed to measure the success of an economy, because more growth should mean more work and money for everyone.
However, that’s not the whole story: the GDP measures whether there was more or less activity, but it does nothing to monitor the distribution of wealth. It also fails to measure the impact of our activities on our health and that of the environment.
How does GDP relate to happiness?
It is true that, in some countries, growth can improve the lives of many people. They are usually the countries that have polluted the least and are least responsible for climate change, those that need more development to cover very basic needs.
But for those countries most responsible for the grim state of our planet, GDP growth basically equals more destruction.
Sounds like taking on the system? Maybe, but as Robert Kennedy warned us long ago:
There are better indicators for the success of our economy, though they are rarely represented in mainstream media.
The Happy Planet Index, for example, was created by the New Economics Foundation in an attempt to measure success in a different way, weighing our personal well-being against our ecological footprint and society’s inequalities.
The formula is the following:
Happiness/well-being of citizens (on a scale of 1 to 10 based on surveys)
Life expectancy (in each country)
Income inequality (calculated as a %)
Ecological footprint (environmental impact as measured by the Global Footprint Network).
Calculating this index for each country, we get a very different global picture and ranking of countries than what we are accustomed to:
What the Happy Planet Index shows is that once certain basic needs are met, exploiting more natural resources does not necessarily translate into more happiness.
The United States, which has a good level of happiness but also an enormous ecological footprint, ranks 108 out of 143 on the Happy Planet Index.
And number 1 is… Costa Rica.
Costa Rica has no military expenses, it has a huge number of national parks, and according to the HPI it is the country that achieves the most happiness with the fewest resources.
This index is just one example of how we can better measure the success of our economies and societies.
After all, what we are talking about is changing the end goal of the entire system we fashioned. Holding the production of more goods and services as an end in itself is to confuse the means with the end—not to mention it is a fatal means.
We can aspire to a better vision, and perhaps etymology can inspire us in doing this. The word economy derives from the Greek oiko-nomos, which means home management. In short, we could say all of this is about how we manage our home. Home? That big blue ship we’re all riding, travelling through space, teeming with life: Planet Earth.
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Process Rhythm
All processes have a rhythm, made up of the individual process steps, their sequence and the time allotted to them. Processes do not exist in a vacuum, however. Every process and its rhythm is subject to external factors.
Germans do their best to prevent external factors from influencing the rhythm of their processes, however. They believe that if a given decision making process has proven to be effective, if it has led to good decisions, it should not be interrupted or distracted.
If the decision is an important one, if the decision making process has proven to be robust, Germans will do their best to shield it from external factors.
Decision Making Process
Germans are process oriented. They think through how a task is best completed. Germans set up work processes which are logical, structured, can be monitored and optimized. Since there is no action without first a decision to act, Germans focus on how decisions are made.
The more complex the decision, the more carefully Germans consider how they make it. Who will be affected by the decision? Who has the final say about the decision? Who has what rights and responsibilities? Germans believe that routine, yet complex, decisions are best made with the help of a decision making process. And the better the process, the better the decisions made.
The Germans are methodical. In order to maintain Überblick (overview) and Durchblick (throughview) they distinguish carefully between specific steps and their individual requirements within a decision making process. Germans believe that a methodical approach minimizes mistakes.
They also assign a generous time frame to an important decision. In order to move carefully through the process they allow for the repetition of certain steps. Germans believe in moving to the next step in a process only after the preceding step has been completed properly. Patience and thoroughness are critical.
A methodical approach means a well-structured process with sequential action. The clearer the process, the tighter and more logical the sequence of the individual steps, the better coordinated all of the related activities.
Method. Latin methodus, Greek méthodos: The path of analysis, the route to somewhere; a set way to reach insight; a specific way of doing something; the path to a specific goal; based on a plan; well thought through.
German education stresses methodology. University students receive their degrees after demonstrating in a thesis that they have mastered the methodologies current in their field of study. The first part of a thesis goes into great detail about the specific methodology of analysis applied to the subject.
Sequence. Latin sequentia: order of things; to place similar things in line; repetition of a musical motif; shorter pieces of a movie put in a specific order; series of cards in a row.
Hastig: hasty, impatient: To act rashly without having considered the consequences; unsettled, jumpy, nervous.
Eile mit Weile translates roughly “take your time when moving quickly”. The Germans believe that good work can be completed sooner by taking your time, working thoroughly, avoiding mistakes whose correction will require more time. ‘Eile mit Weile’ is for the Germans not a contradiction in terms but a proven approach.
Another common figure of speech in German is ‘mit dem Kopf durch die Wand’, literally to try to go through the wall with your head. It signals a lack of sophistication, of imagination, of the ability to navigate around barriers. Those who attempt ‘mit dem Kopf durch die Wand’ are seen as stubborn, unreflective, rough, intellectually lazy. These are not compliments in the German culture.
Geduld: patience; to bear, to carry; calm and self-controlled acceptance of something which is uncomfortable or could take a long time. Geduld – patience – is required especially in professions whose results come at a much later time. Geduld is also required when work involves much trial and error.
Vorbereiten: to prepare: to orient oneself to something; to make oneself capable; to complete necessary work ahead of time, in anticipation of; to prepare or develop oneself.
Germans plan. They place great value on preparation. ‘Was man im Kopf nicht hat, muss man in den Füssen haben’ translates roughly as “What one doesn‘t have in their head, they need to have in their feet”, meaning those who are unprepared have to hustle here and there in order to complete their tasks.
Being unprepared slows down the work of the other colleagues, threatens the execution of the overall plan, forces a rescheduling of work results. Germans feel very uncomfortable when a plan is poorly executed.
Before a German begins a specific task the tools have been laid out, the job description and requirements have been thoroughly read, all the necessary pieces have been assembled, the work plan is pinned on the wall above the workbench, so to speak. The work is then completed in a timely fashion and with an eye on quality.
This is the approach of a master artisan in his shop, of a German Hausfrau in the kitchen, of a German professor at the university. Rarely does that professor need to scurry back to his office in order to get a certain book or paper. Disorganization is a sign of being unzuverläßig, unreliable. What was he thinking that he forgot the book? Is he really serious about his work? How reliable is someone who doesn’t prepare their work?
Rarely the final step
Formal presentations are rarely the final step in a German decision making process. Rarely do German managers make a critical decision shortly after having listened to the presentation of various options.
Instead they will take time to reflect, discuss with their direct reports, get additional input from subject area experts, use colleagues at different management levels as sounding boards.
The act of persuasion in the German business context is seldom aimed at getting a specific decision. Truly persuasive argumentation seeks to influence, steer, route the thinking to or in the direction of a desired decision.
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How to Save Your Wilting Zucchini Plants
by JoellieGirl
If your zucchini aren't growing and the fruit is shriveling and turning yellow before it's big enough to eat, then read here about how to bring them back to life!
I started my zucchini seeds in planters back in march, then moved them to 5 gallon buckets in April so that I could still bring them in for the cold evenings. It got me off to a roaring start- within a week of putting them in the ground on the first week of May I had blossoms covering my plants. I got to fry up a batch of breaded zucchini sliced by the second week of May. BUT, last week my little baby zucchinis were turning yellow and falling off the plants before they even hit 4 inches long. Here's what I learned and how, in 3 days, I reversed the fates of my dying plants.
A Bee Shortage is Lowering Pollination Rates
In the last 10 years scientists have been noticing a fairly large decline in bee populations in North America. Several varieties of bumblebees haven gone extinct and domesticated bee keepers are struggling to keep their hive populations up with close to 30% of their numbers dying off every winter. What this means is that, while crop areas support bee populations, smaller gardens and more developed areas don't have enough bees to properly pollinate them.
Zucchini Plants Have Definite Signs of Insufficient Pollination
When I started asking my pro gardening friends about what was happening to my sad little plants I got a fairly consistent answer. "They aren't getting pollinated." The signs of this are:
• Zucchini Fruit yellowing.
• Zucchini fruit shriveling instead of staying smooth.
• Zucchini fruit falling off of the plant before it is fully matured.
If this is going on with your plant then you need to either learn how to hand pollinate zucchini plants or find a way to attract bees to your garden.
The zucchini plant has two different types of flowers. The male flowers only have the purpose of producing the pollen needed for the female flowers to grow the fruit. The base of the female flowers becomes the zucchini once it has been pollinated by the male flower.
To identify whether a flower is male or female is fairly simple- the male flower has only one stamen, while the female flower has a group of them that create a more complex center to the flower.
In the photo above, the male flower is on top and the female flower is below it.
How to Hand Pollinate Zucchini
Now that you know how to identify the male and female flowers you can very easily hand pollinate your plants to cause them to produce healthy fruit again. Follow these simple steps every day and within just 3-4 days you will notice a difference in the health level of the fruit growing on your plants.
1. Identify and pick a male flower.
2. Pull the petals off of the flower to fully expose the center stamen.
3. Wipe the stamen of the male flower on the center groups of stamen in the female flowers.
Yep. It's that easy.
The trickist part to attracting bees to your garden is making sure that they have food sources through the entire season. They need both pollen and nectar, so you need a fairly wide variety of plants to keep them coming back, and you need something to be blooming at all times.
The easiest way to accomplish this is to create a 4x4 space of native wild flowers near your garden. If you don't have that much space then try large ceramic pots and try to keep the flowers grouped close together. Bees are attracted to local plants more than they are to exotic plants and hybrids, so go for the old fashioned wild flower mixes.
You can shop wildflower mixes by season, so I would recommend having two patches that you can rotate. Once your spring flowers have died off and your summer flowers are blooming you can plant an autumn mix where your spring mix was to start with. Other than the space, this is a very small time and money investment and will make your yard a haven for bees and other pollinators like butterflies.
Updated: 05/28/2012, JoellieGirl
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Scripture: Matt. 9:37-38
Leading Question: Why do some people really like small groups and some people really don’t?
This week’s lesson trumpets the advantages of small groups. Before looking at some biblical material relating to that them, I will share a cluster of personal and general observations which might encourage discussion in Sabbath School this week.
1. Observation #1: Half my students really like small groups, half really don’t. Small groups in a classroom setting don’t function in quite the same way that small groups would in a church setting, though there is enough cross-over to make it worth pondering the comparison. Over the years I have tried a host of tricks to try and improve the percentage that like them. Nothing has made a difference. It may be simply the difference between the extroverts and introverts.
2. Observation #2: Communication experts say that once a group exceeds seven people, some members of the group cease to contribute. Since I am not an expert in the field, I am simply reporting what others have said.
3. Observation #3: Under the heading of “social support,” sociologists of knowledge say that much of what we consider “reasonable” is simply the consensus of those around us. Here I would offer three quotations in support, including one from Scripture. The biblical passage is from Hebrews 10:23-25:
The author of Hebrews was not a sociologist, but he did know that meeting together was crucial for believers. A quote from C. S. Lewis makes the same point. And the only sociologist in this cluster, Peter Berger, confirms the position from a sociologist’s perspective.
Peter Berger: “Put crudely, if one is to believe what neo-orthodoxy wants one to believe, in the contemporary situation, then one must be rather careful to huddle together closely and continuously with one’s fellow believers.” – The Sacred Canopy, p. 164
The author of our study guide cites two biblical passages that point to the success of small groups, the first is from the time of the Exodus when Moses’ father-in-law, Jethro noted the inefficiency of Moses’ way of doing things:
The second example comes from the New Testament and Jesus’ selection of the 12:
A call to small group development? Our study guide cites Jesus’ comments about the harvest as a possible call for small group development. What do you think?
Matt. 9:37, 38 (NRSV): “Then he said to his disciples, ‘The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few; 38 therefore ask the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into his harvest.’”
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In this video Susan Knell, founder of Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy, tells the birth and history of the developmental model of psychotherapy intervention.
父母离婚和 CBPT
16 February 2021
Parental divorce is considered a highly stressful experience that often accelerates manifestation of a complex range of symptoms in children. CBPT allows children who are facing a divorce during their development to acquire specific skills that will determine their ability to cope with the event.
选择性缄默症和 CBPT 干预
1 February 2021
Children with Selective Mutism have control over their silence. To change, therefore, they must take control of their speech. Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT) is effective because it allows children to be part of the change, to experience a sense of mastery and control over speaking, and to learn more adaptive responses to situations that cause silence.
大便和 CBPT 干预
24 January 2021
Knell and Moore presented the case of a five-year-old child with primary nonretentive encopresis and a language disorder. The treatment included a structured, focused, cognitive-behavioral play therapy program in combination with a behavioral management program implemented by the parents.
error: Contenuto protetto!
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We are sure you brush your teeth to get rid of plaque. However, are you aware that a toothbrush can only reach up to 60 percent of the surface of the tooth? In order to reach the rest, you need to use an interdental brush.
It is also known as an interproximal brush which is basically a thin brush with the back of a regular toothbrush.
This cylindrical design helps to reach the interdental spaces where plaque hides.
Your brush cannot reach there as it is not thin enough.
Though, floss and interdental brush can.
This article discusses the uses and benefits of this special kind of brush.
Keep reading to know how you can clean your teeth using it.
interdental brush need
Why Do You Need an Interdental Brush?
If you are brushing teeth and flossing regularly, then you are fulfilling most of the oral hygiene requirements.
However, you can still miss out on a few delicate spaces with these two.
You can cover the front and back of teeth but it is hard to reach besides the teeth.
The side of teeth is known as interdental spaces.
When you eat food particles, the bacteria feed on them and form a biofilm.
This biofilm is plaque.
Plaque easily accumulates on these interdental spaces because there is less disruption here.
Your tongue isn’t thin enough to feel it or push it out of the way. Plus, that area contains nutrients.
Hence, plaque on teeth can keep growing there amounting to oral diseases such as gingivitis.
Though dental floss can also reach these spaces, these brushes are more precise and hurt less. More on that later!
Their small bristled head reaches these spaces easily, hence, you do need them to completely get rid of plaque inside your mouth.
The spaces however are different for every person.
Thus, these brushes come in varying sizes.
You need to choose a brush that is the correct diameter.
Thicker brushes are for wider spaces while thinner ones are for narrower spaces.
While choosing it is important to keep in mind that the filaments should touch the teeth and clean the space properly.
Hence, you need to measure your space in order to choose the right brush.
The best way is to go to your dentist and let them measure your space precisely.
This way they can guide you about the most accurate interdental brush size ranging from 0.6mm to 1.3mm.
Furthermore, they can show you a sample and you can try using it in front of them.
This avoids bleeding as there is a proper use of these brushes.
dentist showing how to use interdental brush
How to Use It?
Interdental brush bleeding is common if you pick the wrong size and do not use it carefully.
Once you have the right shape and size of the brush, it is time to get to work.
You may require more than one size for differently spaced teeth.
You can use it right after brushing your teeth or even before it.
Though, it is better to use it after you brush.
Slowly and gently push the brush head through the spaces.
Move it from outside towards the inside the teeth spaces as well as in back and forth motion.
You can curve the neck wire where you need it but do not rotate as it can harm the gums.
Insert the brush gently in between the molars, then make your way along the arch of jaw to finally reach the incisors.
Do so on both arches upper and lower.
Finally, wrap it up by rinsing your mouth off the food debris and plaque.
There is a chance that your gums might bleed while using it.
If that happens then it indicates your gums are already tender.
Gingivitis has already begun.
Hence, when you poke the area around it you get bleeding gums.
Though it is nothing to worry about, in fact, it is good news.
You detect gingivitis early on and as you keep using the brush to get rid of the plaque, your gum health improves.
Hence, you will no longer see any bleeding as it helps to improve your gum care.
Though, if you still do, then visit your dentist.
Your gingivitis can worsen leading to other oral health problems such as periodontal disease and even tooth loss.
You can combine using this brush with floss and mouthwash.
That helps to keep all oral bacteria at bay and gives you the best oral health.
However, they do not replace toothbrushing.
woman with braces cleaning teeth
Who Can Use It?
Everyone should add the brush to their oral care routine.
It can complement flossing to achieve maximum oral health benefits and eliminate plaque.
Hence, anyone from children to adults and seniors can all use these brushes.
In fact, an interdental brush for braces and other orthodontic treatments is quite useful.
When you are wearing an orthodontic appliance such as teeth braces, jaw splint or space maintainer then it is easier to get food stuck inside.
Especially when it comes to braces either they are traditional metal, damon, ceramic or lingual, they all have wires and brackets.
Therefore, it is difficult to brush your teeth and even floss properly across these wires and brackets.
As a result, you are more at risk of getting gingivitis.
This will not only harm your teeth and gums but will also delay your treatment.
It is vital to maintain excellent oral health while getting orthodontic treatment.
Food debris and plaque can accumulate along the archwire and brackets.
Brushing is hindered by the brackets and flossing can become painful and obstructed because of the wires.
In this situation, you need something that can directly access the debris and plaque.
And that is an interproximal brush.
It will keep your mouth clean so that your treatment proceeds accordingly without any delay.
By eliminating plaque and food debris it clears the risk of getting cavity, tooth decay, gum disease and gingivitis.
Furthermore, it prevents periodontal disease and interdental caries.
This is a simple step that you can include in your daily routine without replacing the usual brushing, flossing and mouthwash.
However, some may argue that these brushes are actually better than flossing.
Want to know how? Keep reading to find that out.
woman flossing teeth
Interdental Brush vs Flossing
Both floss and these brushes can reach the interdental space.
However, flossing may not be as effective because it can hurt gums and cause pain.
You can cut your gums accidentally if you are not gentle and use it harshly.
Also, the brushes are not as aggressive and reach the areas more precisely to clean effectively.
Though, in some areas, floss reaches more easily than circular brushes.
When you go to your dentist to measure your space then they can guide you about the places where only a floss is suitable to reach.
The brushes destroy the biofilm by simply moving it inside and outside the space.
After you are done you can clean it and reuse it.
However, you may have to discard your floss after a single-use.
Moreover, brushes have bristles rather than a thread so they can reach plaque and debris in small corners.
Hence, you can replace your floss with the brush but it is better to complement these two together.
interdental brushing by dentist
Though, one brush may not fulfill all your needs.
You can require brushes of different sizes.
For instance, a thinner diameter will work for the incisors that have little space between two teeth.
However, a thicker diameter will suit the molars at the back of the mouth.
Plus a thinner brush’s bristles can be short that they may not clean the plaque and debris effectively.
Though, a thicker one may not even fit in the space, to begin with.
Hence, you need to choose an interdental cleaning brush wisely and will probably need more than one brush.
The best option is to let your dentist choose for you instead.
However, if you find it hard to brush then let your dentist show you how it’s done.
Rest assured it is simpler than using floss.
woman using interdental brush
Oral Care with Interdental Brush
These brushes help to reduce the inflammation and irritation that can happen between interdental gums.
Your dentist may recommend this for gingivitis.
Therefore, it prevents your gums from bleeding as it clears off plaque.
As a result, gingivitis and periodontitis reduce.
Furthermore, it reaches the spaces where neither the toothbrush nor the floss can reach.
It reaches inside the place precisely and is even more comfortable to use than floss.
It is easier to use and does not cause any cuts.
All the teeth are not easy to clean, however, they manage to back molars thanks to their flexible material and filaments.
Clearing plaque and bacteria inside your teeth is essential to good oral health.
However, your brush alone is not enough for that.
If you do not clean it, you will soon get caries or yellow teeth along with other serious oral problems.
Therefore, add this simple too in your oral care routine.
It does not replace your existing routine, it just adds protection that you cannot achieve with your existing routine anyway.
woman cleaning teeth through braces
Summing Up
An interdental brush will clear away plaque from spaces your brush will not be able to reach.
Hence, it is important to use it especially if you wear an orthodontic appliance such as braces or implants.
Along with brushing and flossing, it can keep your mouth in an optimum hygienic environment.
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PP1 and Competitive Programming
At the rush hour, three taxi buses drove up at the same time, following one route, where the passengers immediately got crowded. The drivers found that the number of people in taxis is different, so they decided to relocate a part of passengers so that in each minibus there will be an equal number of passengers. Determine what is the fewest number of passengers have to be relocated at the same time.
Three integers not greater than 100 - the number of passengers in the first, second and third taxi bus.
Print one number - the minimum number of passengers that must be relocated. If its not possible, print the word IMPOSSIBLE (with capital letters).
Time limit 1 second
Memory limit 128 MiB
Input example #1
1 2 3
Output example #1
Source 2018 Azerbaijan School Competition, II Stage, April 8, Problem N
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• Made by Diana C.
Paper Fortune Teller
Updated: Oct 25, 2021
Create a fun paper fortune teller to predict the future! This craft can successfully be completed by school-aged children and up. This kid origami fortune teller will keep you engaged and entertained. You are able to use your imagination and creativity to create your own fortune teller. Have fun asking your fortune teller questions and seeing what will happen in your future or friends’ and family’s future! Best of luck!
• A sheet of white paper
• Markers/pencil crayons/crayons
• Scissors
Before we begin, make sure your workspace is ready to go with all of your supplies placed on a flat surface. If you will need help cutting, make sure to have an adult nearby!
Step 1: First, you are going to begin by picking up your piece of paper and laying it down on your flat surface. The long sides of the paper should be on your left and your right and the shorter sides of your paper are on the top and bottom of the page. When your paper is facing this way, it is in portrait mode.
Step 2: To begin making your fortune teller, the paper needs to be in the shape of a square. That means that all four sides are the same length. Right now, it is in the shape of a rectangle because two sides are the same length and the other two sides are the same length. To help you make it into a perfect square, you are going to fold the top right corner down towards the left edge of the paper. It should look like you made a triangle.
Step 3: Next, you are going to unfold the corner to make it look like a piece of paper again. Now take the top left corner and do the same thing as before. Fold the top left corner down towards the right edge of the paper until the edges of both sides meet. Now, do not unfold the paper this time. You will see at the bottom of your paper, this created another shape. Do you see it?
Step 4: You will see this made a rectangle at the bottom of the piece of paper. This is where you will use your scissors and cut the rectangle off. The rectangle that you cut off is not needed for this craft so you can put it in your recycling bin.
Step 5: Now when you open up your paper, you will notice this made the perfect square, because all four sides are the same length! You will also notice the lines that you made when you folded the paper in your last steps. These lines will help you with the next steps.
Step 6: It is time to do some more folding. You will notice in the middle of your paper, the lines make the letter “X”. Pick any corner and fold it into the middle of the paper. Make sure the corner is in the middle of the letter “X”.
Step 7: Do the same thing for the other 3 corners. Make sure all the corners come to the middle of the paper. When you are done, you will see you made a smaller square.
Step 8: Next, turn your paper over and again repeat steps 6 and 7. Grab a corner of your choice and fold it to the middle of your paper. Do this for all corners. This will make an even smaller square! The part you see now is the inside of your paper fortune teller. You will know this is the inside of your fortune teller because you will see eight triangles. If you flip your square over, you will see four smaller squares and this will be the outside of your fortune teller.
Step 9: Flip your square back so that you are seeing the inside of your fortune teller. Now fold and unfold the square in half both ways. This will help your fortune teller to “work better”. By doing this step, your fortune teller will be able to work more smoothly and it will be easier to handle it when you start to play with it.
Step 10: You are all finished with folding and it is time to decorate! We will start decorating on the outside of your fortune teller. Remember, the outside is the side where you will see four smaller squares. You can choose different colors to decorate each square. Do you have a favorite color? My favorite is green, so I colored one part green. If you do not want to pick colors, you can draw different shapes, or different emoji faces. The theme is up to you! Make sure you write out the word of what you did. For example, I colored one of my outside squares green so I wrote “GREEN”. This will help you to play with your fortune teller later.
Step 11: Next, it is time to write your numbers on what will be the inside of your fortune teller. Flip over your paper so that what you colored is now facing your flat surface. As a reminder, the inside of your fortune teller will show you the eight triangles. Write the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 all around the paper. Each triangle gets one number.
Step 12: Now comes the creative part! Flip back your numbers and it is time for you to think and write some cool answers for the questions you will ask your fortune teller. If you need help with spelling, try your best to sound it out or ask an adult to help you. You will need to fill up all the spaces behind the flap of each number. There will be 8 different answers. Some answers can be “yes”, “no”, “of course”, “not likely”. What other fun and creative answers can you think of?
Step 13: Lastly, it is time to mold your fortune teller so you can play! This may be a tricky part so if you need help, go get an adult nearby. Fold all your answers down so you are able to see the numbers again. Repeat step 9 again as this will help you mold the fortune teller. After you have folded and unfolded the square in half both ways, you want to put your fingers in the flaps where you did your colors, shapes or what you chose to do and push them together towards the center. This will put your fortune teller together! Put your thumb in a fold and your pointer and middle finger in another fold. Do this with your other hand too.
Step 14: Once your fingers are in the right position, you will be able to move the flaps with your fingers like little puppets. First you open your pointer and middle fingers away from your thumbs. Bring them back together then you pull your right and left hands away from each other. These two movements are the ways you play with your fortune teller.
Step 15: Finally, it is time to play! Play with yourself or play with a friend. Ask your paper fortune teller a yes or no question first. A question can be “Will I get a puppy?” Then pick a color or shape. Flap the fortune teller open one way, then the other way spelling out the word. You will move your fortune teller once for each letter you are spelling out. Example: GREEN has five letters, so you will move your fortune teller five times. Next pick a number and count out that number by flapping the fortune teller open one way then the other way. Again pick another number. This number will now reveal the answer to your question! Open up the flap to the number you picked and it will read your fortune.
Have fun playing this with your family and friends!
~Made by Diana C.
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Studies with many questionnaires
The practical issue that most often occurs with missing data in questionnaire data, is that when studies use many questionnaires, that the number of variables will exceed the number of respondents. Since multiple imputation is based on regression, the same assumptions as in regressions apply. Accordingly, when the number of variables exceeds the number of subjects in the data, regression models cannot be estimated, and therefore estimating the imputed values will be problematic.
There are two possible methods to deal with this problem: parcel summary score imputation or passive imputation. The first methods is more pragmatic and can be performed in any statistical software package that can perform multiple imputation. Passive imputation requires a more advanced adaptation of the imputation process and is not possible in SPSS, however it can be performed in R. For the full paper see Eekhout et al (2016)
Parcel summary imputation
When the number of variables in the imputation model exceeds the number of respondents in the data, which can be the case when many questionnaire scales are included in one study, the imputations cannot be estimated. In order for multiple imputation to work, the number of variables in the imputation model needs to be reduced somehow. For the imputation model, it is important to include all information from the analyses. If the imputation model is not compatible to the analysis model, bias can occur in analysis estimates. Reducing the number of variables in the imputation model, needs to be done carefully, without losing important information. One way to do this is to use parcel summary scores as predictors for the imputation of items from other scales. A parcel summary score for a questionnaire or scale is the average over the available items. In paragraph 8.1.2 it is stated that using the average of the available items as an imputation methods is not recommended. However, in this case we use the average of the available items (i.e. parcel summary scores) as a surrogate for the item scores itself. We use this information as a predictor to impute items from other scales. That way, information from other questionnaires is used in the imputation, but the number of variables is reduced (from all items to one parcel summary score). The parcel summary score multiple imputation can be performed in five steps:
• Step1: calculate the parcel summary scores for each questionnaire. For each questionnaire in the data, a temporary score is calculating by taking the average over the available item scores. This results in as many additional columns in the data as there are questionnaires. The goals is not to replace the total score of the questionnaire by this parcel summary score, because this temporary score is only used in the imputation process.
• Step 2: impute the item scores per questionnaire. The main dataset should be separated as many sub-datasets as there are questionnaires. Each sub-dataset contains the item scores of a questionnaire, the parcel summary scores of the other questionnaires and all other variables that should be used in the imputation model. In each of these sub-datasets the multiple imputation procedure can be performed, including the item scores of that questionnaire, the parcel summary scores of the other questionnaires and the other relevant variables for imputation. Make sure that the setting for the multiple imputations are each time the same (i.e. the number of iterations and the number of imputations).
• Step 3: Merge all imputed datasets. The imputed datasets created in step 2 should be merged into one main multiple imputation dataset with all imputed item scores.
• Step 4: Calculate the total scores for the questionnaires with the imputed item scores. In the merged main multiple imputation data the total scores are calculated with the imputed item scores.
• Step 5: Analyze the data and pool the results. In the final step the multiple imputed data is analyzed and the results from the analyses are pooled into one final result.
The downside of this methods, is that the multiple imputation procedure need to be performed multiple times. This results in multiple files with multiple imputed datasets that need to be merged after all imputation procedures are finished. This requires quite some time and good administration during the procedure. Nevertheless, this method results in optimal power for the analysis results, and incorporates all available item information in the missing data handling (REF). Furthermore, this procedure can be performed in any software package.
Passive multiple imputation
A more advanced method to deal with imputing questionnaire data when many scale items are involved is passive multiple imputation. In passive multiple imputation, the derived variables (i.e. the total score of the items) are updated from recent imputed value during the imputation procedure. As can be reviewed in chapter 4 paragraph 4, the MICE algorithm generates imputations based on regression imputation models for each variable with missing data in a sequential process. The sequential process is performed until each variable with missing values is imputed, and then the iteration is finished. The imputation process is repeated for several iterations, until one imputed dataset is set aside. In each iteration, all item scores with missing values are imputed. In passive imputation, we can update the total score from the imputed item scores after each iterations. And since, for each variable with missing data a separate regression model is specified, it is also possible to adapt this regression model per variable. For the item scores of a questionnaire, we can use the other item scores of the questionnaires and the updated total scores form the other questionnaires as predictors in the imputation model. The process of updating the total scores between the iterations is the passive part of the imputation model. After the imputation procedure is completed, the total score should be recalculated from the imputed item scores before analyses can be performed.
This methods is more complicated, because it requires an adaptation of the imputation procedure. In SPSS this method cannot be used, however, in the MICE package in R it can. Other software packages that include options for passive imputation are the MI procedure in STATA (ref) and IVEware in SAS. The advantage is that in passive imputation, the missing data for all scales is handled in one procedure.
On this page and example of passive imputation in R is written.
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• teresalong60
Heat-Related Illnesses: Symptoms and First Aid
Heat-Related Illnesses: Symptoms and First Aid
As temperatures increase, the risk of heat-related illnesses increases. Preventative action is required to protect employees. Frequency and length of rest periods and water intake should increase. A cool rest area should be provided. Cool (50°-60°F) water should be made available to workers to encourage them to drink small amounts frequently, e.g., one cup every 20 minutes. Ample supplies of liquids should be placed close to the work area. Although some commercial replacement drinks contain salt, this is not necessary for acclimatized individuals because most people add enough salt to their summer diets.
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is a composite temperature used to estimate the effect of temperature, humidity, wind speed (‘wind chill’), and visible and infrared radiation (e.g., sunlight) on humans. The WBGT index was developed in 1956 by the United States Marine Corps at Parris Island to reduce heat stress injuries in recruits. It is determined with special equipment and calculated to reflect components of air, humidity and wind that affect ‘actual temperature’ experienced by personnel: WBGT is derived from the formula: 0.7Tw + 0.2Tg + 0.1Td.
Be familiar with signs/symptoms. Many heat injuries are preventable, and none need be fatal.
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8 Real-life Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare
8 Real-life Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare
by Alex Noah — 6 months ago in Blockchain Technology < 1 min. read
Healthcare has been dealing with data breaches, rising hospital costs, inefficient practices, and other problems for years. These issues can be very costly and show the need for more efficiency and innovation within the healthcare industry.
Is Blockchain is the new buzzword in healthcare?
Blockchain technology has the potential to improve healthcare. Blockchain technology can help with everything from managing large-scale pandemics, to the storage and security of patient data. Because blockchain technology is decentralized and tamper-resistant, it can address many healthcare issues.
Medical Research
Because they enable automatic updating and sharing of individual patient’s medical data, electronic health records are increasingly popular in healthcare systems.
Their scope is restricted to information sharing within an organization or network of organizations. This information can be organized using blockchain technology so that no personally identifiable information is on the topmost layer.
Researchers and other organizations would have access to the vast data pool, which includes millions of patients. Access to such vast amounts of data could greatly facilitate clinical research, public health reporting, adverse event identification, and reporting.
This is why students at universities across the Caribbean are encouraged to learn about this technology.
Securing the Patient Data
Over 176 million data breaches related to healthcare records occurred between 2009 and 2017. One of the most important applications of blockchain technology to healthcare records and medical data security is the securing of that data.
Data breaches are a common problem in the healthcare industry. Credit card and banking information are often the targets of data breaches. However, information can also be obtained from medical records, including genetic records.
There is a dire need to protect the integrity of sensitive patient data.
Security applications would greatly benefit from blockchain’s ability to keep an incorruptible and transparent log of all patient data. Not to mention, blockchain technology is as private as it is transparent, and can successfully conceal the identity of any individual with the help of complex and unimpeachable codes.
Blockchain technology maintains a decentralized log of sensitive patient data.
Blockchain allows healthcare providers, doctors, and patients to share information in a secure and efficient way. BurstIQ’s blockchain technology allows the company to improve how medical information is shared and used according to strict HIPAA regulations.
They can stop prescription drug abuse by keeping an accurate and up-to-date record of every patient.
Chains of supply for vaccines
Blockchain technology could be the answer to the difficult process of global vaccine distribution. It can also bring trust and efficiency into the supply chain process.
This burgeoning technology can optimize vaccine allocation by providing a real-time, accurate inventory view. This technology has the greatest potential to reduce fraud in vaccine supply distribution.
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According to CDC, almost 30% of all vaccines produced in developing countries are counterfeit — (not speaking of the current COVID-19 vaccine).
This is why vaccine distributors are turning to blockchain technology to secure an irreplaceable digital identifier that can be linked to every medicine or vaccine most at risk of fraud.
It should be difficult to transfer or clone the identifier between objects. Markers such as branding on pills or fabric patterns can be used to prove authenticity and keep the supply chain secure.
Chronicled, for example, keeps track of chain custody via blockchain networks. These networks are used by pharmaceutical companies to ensure that their medicines arrive safely and raise alarms about any suspicious activity, such as drug trafficking.
Smooth Switching between Providers
Blockchain technology would allow patients to share and unlock their health information with other providers and organizations. A shareable private key could allow access to the information on the blockchain.
This could allow for health information technology collaboration between different users.
Advancement in Genomics
Genomics has enormous potential to improve the future health of humans. Blockchain technology has made it possible to realize what was once an impossible dream.
The cost of processing a human genome used to be over 1 billion dollars, but it now costs just $1000.
Many companies offer DNA testing that can reveal clues about our health. Blockchain is a great addition to the field of genomics because it can store billions of genetic information points securely and safely.
In the past, pharmaceutical and biotech companies spent billions of dollars annually to acquire genetic data from third parties. Companies can now incentivize users, knowing that their data is secure, to sell their encrypted genetic information to this large pool.
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This valuable Genomics data can be accessed faster by scientists than ever before.
Nebula Genomics, for example, uses blockchain technology to simplify the study of genetics. For better predictive modeling, companies can share their genomic and medical data with a global network of scientists.
Avoidable mistakes in healthcare
Healthcare industry can be hurt by miscommunications between doctors. Accessing a patient’s medical records can be difficult and time-consuming. This can cause delays in quality care or drain staff.
Because blockchain-based medical records are decentralized, they can be easily accessed by pharmacies, hospitals, laboratory technicians, public health officials, physicians, and other healthcare professionals.
Blockchain technology automates administrative processes and speeds up diagnosis. It also helps healthcare organizations create personalized care plans. Access to relevant medical information is openly available and allows for better coordination among healthcare professionals. This helps accelerate care.
Many tech-savvy businesses are using blockchain medical records to create shared databases.
SimplyVital, for example, uses blockchain technology to create an open-source database that allows healthcare providers to access patient information and coordinate their care.
Smart contracts for supply chain settlements and insurance
Blockchain-based systems are becoming more common in the healthcare sector and bring together many players in the industry. Healthcare providers, wholesalers and medical device OEMs are all now under one roof.
Also read: 10 Types of Developer Jobs: IT Jobs
Each entity can verify its credibility.
Every company and healthcare provider can log equipment and service transactions, log contracts and track payment settlements. These systems make it easier to create secure shared contracts among manufacturers, distributors, and healthcare providers.
Blockchain ledgers are a great way to store contracts and reduce disputes about claims, payments, and schedules.
These companies receive more than one million chargebacks each year due to their fluctuating pricing structures. Five percent of all claims end in long disputes that often require manual resolution.
Smart contracts could also be beneficial to patients when it comes to medical insurance contracts. Insurance providers can optimize their health outcomes by making digital data accessible.
Also read: Top 7 Work Operating Systems of 2021
Prevention of Disease
Blockchain-related use case control and prevention of pandemics and diseases is what the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses.
The U.S. entity tracks blockchain usage to timestamp records in order to detect outbreaks of disease in real-time.
The surveillance system that the CDC acquired for public agencies allows them to safely and accurately collect real-time prescription and patient data.
Blockchain technology can reduce many huge healthcare system costs, lowering overall health costs.
Alex Noah
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to perpetuate the memory and history of our dead
8.3 Nong Pladuk Rail Yard
Nong Pladuk is the true start point of the TBR. The existing rails at the time came due west from Bangkok and took a hard left turn to the south running through the small town of Ban Pong. The TBR takes a hard right after Nang Pladuk (actually near downtown BanPong) and runs an extremely straight path up to Kanchanaburi — about 50Kms.
[also see Section 23 for an elder’s account of this area.]
The TBR at BanPong
One of the things I find fascinating about the TBR is why the IJA Engineers chose the precise route they did to lay the tracks. For example, IJA Railway Engineer Officer Futamatsu tells us in his book Across the Three Pagodas Pass why the bridges were built at Thamarkan just beyond the old city of Kanchanaburi rather than crossing the river between Tha Muang and Kanchanaburi thereby making the route shorter: stability of the river bed.
But in studying the map at NongPlaDuk I noticed something rather odd there too. In the 1940s, a single rail line ran from Bangkok to the existing railyard at NongPlaDuk. There is a marker at that station, placed by the IJA, that denotes the start point of the TBR. Just west of NongPlaDuk the existing rail line turned south to the isthmus and on to Singapore. To get to Kanchanaburi the rails needed to go northwest.
But rather than make a simple right turn immediately upon exiting NongPlaDuk, they built a parallel track straight west into BanPong. After about 3.5 Kilometers, that second rail makes two right turns and heads NW directly (straight as an arrow) to Kanchanaburi. Why then did they feel a need to make what is essentially a sweeping turn running through the town of BanPong and bring the tracks into and out as opposed to a right turn just past NongPlaDuk?
The terrain from BanPong and even from NongPlaDuk to Kanchanaburi was essentially flat and un-obstructed. We do know that the reason why the rails run from the Kanchanaburi river crossing all the way back to ChungKai before they turned west again was that there was a hill of sufficient grade as to present an obstacle to the locomotives of the era pulling a fully loaded train over it. It was deemed easier to chop through the two limestone outcroppings on the river bank than build over Khao Poon. Perhaps though, there were enough slight hills or rises between NongPlaDuk and Kanchanaburi that the engineers wanted to take the rails closer to the Mae Klong River before aiming them at Kanchanaburi.
Below are some photos of the rather nondescript tracks as they split off from the parallel tack running into BanPong and make two curves aiming them towards Kanchanaburi.
Until quite recently, it was very unusual for there to be a double-track on any part of the Thai Railway System; except of course at some stations and repair and maintenance yards. So why in 1942, did the IJA Engineers decide to build a parallel track looping through the town of BanPong?
NongPlaDuk today:
Even today, Nong Pladuk is a active station but serves mainly a repair and maintenance facility. The POW camp was located just to the north of the rails.
NOTE handwritten labels appear to be in Dutch
The POW map to the Nong Pladuk cemetery suggests that it currently lies under the sugar cane field just to the northeast of the current Station house.
B-29s (likely flying out of southern China) repeatedly bombed the Nong PlaDuk Rail yards:
In the latter part of 1944 the prisoners faced a new threat, this time from Allied air raids. The close proximity of Nong Pladuk camps to the strategic targets of the Japanese storage depots and workshops meant that bombing raids were inevitable. All along the Thai- Burma railway key bridges and depots would become targets.
One such raid occurred around September 1944:
When the bombers kept flying over it lifted our spirits because we thought the war would soon be at an end. One night they came over very low and we heard the bombs whistling as they fell to the ground. We didn’t know whether the bombers knew we were prisoners in the camps but we thought they must have known by now. The explosions went on for a long time and we could see fires all around. They started to come nearer and the only place we could shelter was under the huts. Some of the bombs dropped in our camp and lots of men were injured by flying shrapnel and a lot were killed.
After the fires died down the camp was in darkness and it was not until some hours after the raid that the full extent of the destruction and loss of life became apparent. Around a hundred men had been killed and many more had sustained horrific injuries. The next day all the bodies were recovered and buried in a mass grave. It was a sad end for the men who had suffered for many months only to be killed by their own bombs. This incident caused a great deal of resentment among the men who could not believe that the Allied Command were unaware that a PoW camp was located next to their targets. Sadly the bombing raids continued for several months and the death toll from them increased.
Throughout 1944 the camp commander was Lt. Colonel Toosey who arrived in Nong Pladuk from Tamarkan in December 1943. After the air raid Toosey made strong representations to the camp commander to allow the digging of slit trenches which would afford the prisoners at least some protection from the air raids. Toosey had gained enormous respect from the men under him for the way he handled the Japanese and also for how he always tried to secure the best conditions for the prisoners.
The above is found at:
US POW Charles Mott was technically a civilian. He was a volunteer member of the FLYING TIGERS squadron. He was shot down in northern Thailand and passed from unit to unit until he found himself at Ban Pong. He reportedly had been shot down over Tak Province (near the Burmese border) on 8 JAN 1942. After hospitalization in Bangkok he was sent to the Nong Pladuk POW camp where he joined forces with the RASC 62nd Truck and Motor Pool sending supplies along the TBR. [see his story at Section 9.12]
Per local lure, while driving on the paved road that cuts through the sugar cane fields to the north of the rails, one can frequently hear howls of POW ghosts.
Another article by TS:
The locomotive workshop was called Hashimoto Repair House, which is named after the commander in charge of the workshop.
That workshop area is located south of Nong Pla Duk Station, now a private area, but there are still traces of a 4-square mortar pond or well, as well as the bases of the platforms of the buildings. In the past, residents reported finding many artifacts such rusty rail sections; a bayonet; many rough cement building foundation sections and a dugout compartment that was made for locomotives to park on top and people to go down to repair from beneath. Now all that has been covered, some have been plowed away. Residents have found many rough cast bricks some with embedded letters.
Those bricks are likely fireproof bricks, maybe for building steel furnaces or foundries, or buildings that are resistant to extreme heat. Another thing that makes me think of it is fireproof bricks, is that previously fireproof bricks were found that were made in a Japanese factory in Kanchanaburi province. The texture of the material of these bricks in BanPong is similar to that of those bricks.
So what’s the significance of this locomotive workshop? Why go check it out? Besides being a Japanese locomotive repair place. The workshop, in various documents, also identified as a factory that was used to cast the coins commemorating the opening ceremony of the Thai-Burmese railway line, which was given a very small number of officers. These given to senior officers and chief engineers who had overseen the construction of the railway. Fewer than 10 such coins are known to exist today.
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Quick Answer: Which Sea Can A Fish Not Survive?
Which sea has no fish?
The sea is called “dead” because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present. In times of flood, the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% to 30% or lower.
Why saltwater fish Cannot survive in fresh water?
Can saltwater fish survive in freshwater?
Some fish species can live in both freshwater and saltwater. These species are called euryhaline fish. However, most fish species can only survive in one or the other based on their salinity tolerance, or how much salt their bodies can handle.
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Which fish can survive out of water?
Some species of fish that can live out of water are: The South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa. The gilled African lungfish Protopterus amphibius. The West African lungfish Protopterus annectens.
Will there be fish in 2050?
Are there sharks in the Dead Sea?
If you went swimming in the Dead Sea, you wouldn’t see any skeletons or lifeless fish floating on its surface. You also wouldn’t see any big, bad sharks or giant squid hunting in its depths. In fact, you wouldn’t see any sea life at all—plants or animals! The Dead Sea is so salty that nothing can live in it.
How long can a freshwater fish survive in saltwater?
A few species are able to live in brackish as well as fresh water and might live a while. But in general terms, a fresh water fish won’t live more than a few minutes in salt water.
Can Guppies live in saltwater?
Yes, guppies can live in saltwater. Guppies can tolerate up to 150% of seawater salinity. So you can keep your guppies in saltwater, provided you take sufficient care to acclimate them to the saltwater. Guppies are very colorful, lively, and extremely fun to watch fish, and they adapt to a variety of conditions.
You might be interested: Often asked: What Was The Fish In The Old Man And Sea?
What happens if you put freshwater fish in saltwater?
Fish cells, like all cells, have semi-permeable membranes. A fish that lives in salt water will have somewhat salty water inside itself. Put it in the freshwater, and the freshwater will, through osmosis, enter the fish, causing its cells to swell, and the fish will die.
Can a fish explode?
They don’t explode because they have cell walls. They don’t explode because they have kidneys to get rid of excess water.
Can you drink salt water to survive?
What fish can go from freshwater to saltwater?
The most popular freshwater fish that can be converted to saltwater are guppies and mollies. As well, some species of catfish can also live in saltwater aquariums. Any fish found in brackish water including gobies, puffers, monos, and scats can also be adapt to saltwater conditions.
What fish can survive on land the longest?
Can a fish survive in tap water?
Ordinary tap water is fine for filling up the aquarium as long as you let it sit for several days before adding fish (the chlorine in the tap water will kill the fish ). It is a good idea to let the filter run for a week before adding fish to the tank.
You might be interested: FAQ: How Much To Deep Sea Fish?
Do fish see water?
Fish can ‘t see the water around them. Similar to the human brain, their brains have omitted the information they don’t need to process in order to see their surroundings. So, just like you can ‘t see the air around you, fish can ‘t see water either.
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Primary homework help ww2 home front
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If you look just at how things look on paper, the entire world is awash in debt. All governments are in debt. Corporate debt is at historic highs. And so is what economists like to call “household debt” — both in the sense of how many people are in the red, and the sheer quantity of what they owe. There’s a consensus among economists that this is a terrible problem, even if, as usual, economists can’t agree as to why. The mainstream, conventional view is that the “debt overhang” from all three is so vast it is stifling other economic activity. We have to reduce all of them they say, largely by either raising taxes on ordinary people, or cutting their services. (Only on ordinary people, mind you — mainstream economists are of course paid to come up with reasons why one should never do either of these things to the rich.) More level heads point out that national debt, especially for countries like the US, is nothing like personal debt, since the US government could eliminate its entire debt overnight if it simply instructed the Federal Reserve to print the money and hand it over to the government.
No doubt, readers will object: “but if you just print trillions of dollars, wouldn’t that cause severe inflation?” Well, yes, in theory, it should. But it seems the theory here is flawed, since that’s exactly what the government is doing: they’ve been printing trillions of dollars, and so far, it hasn’t had any notable inflationary effect.
The US government’s policy, both under Bush and under Obama (on such matters there’s been almost zero difference in policy between the two) has been to print money and give it to the banks. Actually, this is the way the US financial system has always worked, but since 2008, it has been intensified with reckless abandon. The Federal Reserve has whisked trillions of dollars into existence by waving its magic wand, then lent it at almost negligible interest rates to large financial institutions like Bank of America or Goldman Sachs. The supposed purpose was first to save them from bankruptcy, then, to get them lending and jump-start the economy. But there seems good reason to believe there’s another purpose, as well: to flood the economy with so much money that it would, in fact, create inflation, as a way of reducing debts. (After all, if you owe $1000.00 and the value of the dollar falls by half, the value of your debt has just been reduced by half as well).
The problem is it didn’t work. Either to get the economy moving, or to increase inflation. First of all, banks did not invest the money. Mainly, they either lent it back to the government again, or deposited it in the Federal Reserve, which paid them a higher interest rate for just keeping it there than they were charging those same banks to borrow it. So in effect, the government has been printing money and giving it to the banks and the banks have just sat on it. This is perhaps not too surprising, since the Federal Reserve itself is governed by the very bankers that it is giving money too. Still, while a policy of allowing bankers to print money and give it to themselves can work quite well if your aim is restoring the fortunes of the 1% — and it has done quite nicely at this — and though it has also allowed the rich to pay off their own debts and sent a good deal of new money sloshing around in the political system to reward politicians for allowing them to do so, even the Fed itself now admits its done very little to get employers hiring, or even to create any significant inflation.
The conclusion is so obvious even the people on the top are increasingly beginning to recognize it — at least, that minority of them who actually do care about the long-term viability of the system (rather than simply being concerned their own personal short-term enrichment). There will have to be some kind of mass debt cancellation. And not just the debts of the rich, which can always be erased in one way or another if they become inconvenient, but the debts of ordinary citizens as well. In Europe, even professional economists are beginning to talk of “jubilees,” and the Fed itself recently issued a white paper recommending mass cancellation of mortgage debt.
The very fact that such people are contemplating this shows they know the system is in trouble. Up till now, the very idea of debt cancellation was the ultimate taboo. Again: not for those on top themselves. Donald Trump, for instance, has walked away from billions of debt and none of his friends find this at all a problem, but all of them absolutely insist that for the little people, the rules must be different.
One might well question why. Why should the rich care so much that the debt of the poor should never be forgiven? Is it simple sadists? Do rich people somehow get a kick out of knowing that at any moment there are at least a few hardworking mothers being kicked out of their homes and having to pawn their children’s toys to pay for the costs of some catastrophic illness? This seems implausible. If you know anything about rich people you know they almost never think about poor people at all — except perhaps as occasional objects of charity.
No, the real answer seems to be ideological. To put the matter crudely, a ruling class whose main claim to wealth is no longer the ability to make anything, or even really sell anything, but increasingly on a series of credit-scams propped up by government support, has to rely very heavily on every mechanism that might make tend to legitimize the system. This is why the last 30 years of “financialization” have been accompanied by an ideological offensive unparalleled in human history, arguing that current economic arrangements — which they have rather whimsically dubbed “the free market” even though it functions almost entirely through the government giving money to the rich, is not just the best economic system, but the only economic system that could possibly exist, except possibly for Soviet-style communism. Much more energy has been put into creating mechanisms to convince people that the system is morally justified, and the only viable economic system, than has been put into actually creating a viable economic system (as its near collapse in 2008 clearly showed.) The last thing the 1% wants, as the world economy continues to teeter from crisis to crisis, is to give up on one of their most powerful moral weapons: the idea that decent people always pay their debts.
So: some kind of mass debt cancellation is on the way. Almost everyone is willing to admit this now. It’s the only way to resolve the sovereign debt crisis in Europe. It’s the only way to resolve the ongoing mortgage crisis in America. The real battle is over the form that it will take. Even apart from obvious questions, like how much debt will be cancelled (just certain mortgage debt? Or a grand jubilee for all personal debt up to say, $100,000?) and of course, for whom, there are two absolutely critical factors to look at here:
Will they admit they are doing it? That is, will the debt cancellation be presented as a debt cancellation, as an honest acknowledgement that money is really just a political arrangement now, and, therefore, the beginning of a process of finally beginning to bring such arrangements under democratic control, or will it be dressed up as something else?
What will come afterwards? That is, will the cancellation just be a way of preserving the system and its extreme inequalities, perhaps in an even more savage form, or will it be a way of beginning to move past them.
The two are obviously linked. To get a sense of what the most conservative option would be like, one might consult a recent report of the Boston Consulting Group, a mainstream economic think tank. They begin by agreeing that since there’s no way to grow or inflate our way out of debt, cancellation is inevitable. Why postpone it? However, their solution is to frame the whole thing as a one-time tax on wealth to pay off, say, 60% of all outstanding debt, and then declare that the price for such sacrifices by the rich will be even more austerity for everybody else. Others suggest having the government print money, buying mortgages, and giving them to homeowners. No one dares to suggest that the government could just as easily declare those same debts unenforceable (if you want to pay back your loan you’re free to do so but the government will no longer recognize its legal standing in court if you decide not to.) That would open windows those running the system are desperate to keep opaque.
So what would a radical alternative really look like? There have been some intriguing suggestions: democratization of the Fed, a full employment program to pull wages upwards, some sort of basic income scheme. Some are quite radical but almost all involve both expanding government, and increasing the overall number of jobs and hours worked.
This is a real problem because feeding the global work machine, increasing production, productivity, employment levels, is really the last thing we need to be doing right now if we want to save the planet from ecological catastrophe.
But this, I think, points us towards a solution. Because in fact, the ecological crisis and the debt crisis have everything to do with another.
Here it might help to understand that debts are, basically, promises of future productivity. Think of it this way. Imagine everyone on earth produces a trillion dollars worth of goods and services a year. And imagine they consume about the same — since of course that’s what generally happens, we consume most of what we produce, minus a little wastage. Yet 1% of them somehow contrive to convince 99% of them that they still, collectively, owe them a trillion dollars. Well, aside from the fact that someone is obviously being seriously overcharged here, there’s clearly no way these debts can be repaid at their current value unless everyone produces even more the next year. In fact, if the interest payments are set at, say, 5% a year, they’ll have to produce 5% more just to break even.
This is the real burden of debt we’re passing on to future generations: the burden of having to work ever harder, while at the same time, consuming more energy, eroding the earth’s ecosystems, and ultimately accelerating catastrophic climate change at just the moment we desperately need some way to reverse it. Seen in this light, a debt cancellation might be the last chance we have to save the planet. The problem is that conservatives don’t care, and liberals are still caught up in impossible dreams of returning to the Keynesian economic policies of the ‘50s and ‘60s, which based broad prosperity on continual economic expansion. We’re going to have to come up with an entirely different kind of economic policy.
But if a post-jubilee society can’t promise the workers of the world an endless expansion of new consumer goods, what can it? I think the answer is obvious. It could offer security in basic needs — guarantees of food, housing, and health care that can ensure our children don’t have to face the fear, shame, and anxiety that defines most of our lives today. And above all, it can offer them less work. Remember that in the 1870s, the idea of an 8-hour day seemed just as unrealistic and utopian as, say, demanding a 4-hour day would seem today. Yet the labor movement managed to achieve it. So why not demand a 4-hour day? Or a guaranteed four months of paid vacation? It is very clear that Americans — those who do have jobs — are absurdly overworked. It’s also clear that a very large proportion of that work is completely unnecessary. And every hour saved from work is an hour that we can give to our friends, families, communities.
This is not the place to come up with a detailed economic program of how it could be done or how such a system could work — these are matters to be worked out democratically (myself, I’d like to see wage labor eliminated entirely. But maybe that’s just me). Anyway, social change doesn’t begin by someone mapping out a program. It begins with visions and principles. Our rulers have made it clear they no longer know what it would it would be like to even have either. But in a way even that doesn’t matter. Real, lasting change always comes from below. In 2001, the world saw the first stirrings of a global uprising against the current empire of debt. It has already begun to alter the global terms of debate. The prospect of mass debt cancellation provides us with a unique opportunity to turn that democratic impulse towards a fundamental transformation of values, and towards a genuinely viable accommodation with the earth.
It’s not clear if there’s ever been a political moment with so much at stake.
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Equatum puzzles – a chat with Justin Roughley
Equatum is a new puzzle format invented by mathematician Justin Roughley, and is now available in the form of a book. We chatted to Justin about his life and his puzzles.
Photo of Justin Roughley
Justin Roughley
Hi Justin! Please tell us about yourself.
Life has led me through maths, puzzles (Martin Gardner in Scientific American in the 1970s), software (real-time through to functional), electronics, meditation, Buddhism, vegetables, wildness, financial analysis, financial forecasting, data analysis, games & puzzles. I love to explore where disciplines overlap. And I’m the inventor of Equatum Puzzles!
What are Equatum puzzles?
Math Puzzles For Adults | Equatum Puzzles | England
Equatum is a new type of puzzle which involves equations. Solving them requires a mix of logic and arithmetic. These puzzles are unusual because at least one of their unknowns could be a number OR an operator ($+−\times\div=$). I’m not aware of any other puzzles or problems which have this property but if anyone knows of some, I’d be interested to hear about them. To make this clearer, it helps to consider various types of problems:
In arithmetic problems such as $2\ +\ 3\ =\ ?$, and algebra problems such as $3 \ \times\ ?\ −\ 5\ =\ 7$, the unknowns are all numbers. In “Operator search” puzzles, like $3\ ?\ 2\ ?\ 5\ =\ 11$, the unknowns are operators ($+−\times\div$). Is it $3\ +\ 2\ \times\ 5$ or $3\ −\ 2\ \div\ 5$ or…?
In Equatum puzzles the unknowns can be a number OR an operator ($+−\times\div=$).
Here’s four examples:
1 ? ? 7 = 5
1 ? ? 7 = 2
1 ? ? 7 = 23
1 ? ? 7 = 28
In each of these you need to enter one of these symbols: \[1\ 2\ 3\ 4\ 5\ 6\ 7\ 8\ 9\ 0\ +−\times\div=\] into each cell so that the result is a balanced equation. If you try these then you’ll see that even for these relatively simple puzzles you need to think a bit differently from other problems.
How did you get the idea for these puzzles?
The initial idea for Equatum came in 2015 in an unusual way. I was thinking about relationships between people: sometimes we don’t understand people; sometimes we don’t understand the relationship. The ‘aha!’ moment was when I wondered what happens when you don’t know which is the person and which is the relationship. So rather than unknown people and unknown relationships, you just have unknown which might be a person or a relationship. I’m aware this is a bit abstract!
Being interested in Maths, I wondered what this would mean when applied to equations. The analogy is that the people become numbers and the relationship becomes an operator, because that’s the relationship between the numbers. So following the analogy, we need unknowns which can EITHER be a number OR an operator ($+−\times\div=$). Thus Equatum was born.
Subsequently I’ve reflected on what led me to think in this way and a couple of things spring to mind: I am a Buddhist, and some Buddhist teachings explore similar territory – in particular the four levels of sunyata or emptiness.
Also, a few years ago I learned the programming language Haskell. This is a purely functional language, and in such a language we can think of numbers as functions which have no inputs and one output: the value of the number. Considering this type of functional approach made me consider that numbers and operators are not as different as they might seem.
Are there other types of Equatum?
There’s examples of some different sorts of Equatum below. Some of them include more than one operator in a calculation. When this happens the usual rules of BODMAS apply: first calculate division and multiplication from left to right, and then calculate addition and subtraction from left to right.
In the following Equatum, one of the unknowns is the equals symbol:
3 ? 5 ? 8 ? 4 // 3 ? 2 ? 2 ? 8 // 3 ? 4 ? 3 ? ? 4 // 3 ? 2 ? 5 ? ? 4
The next ones are a bit different. In these you are given all the symbols and you need to find their order:
1 ? ? ? ? ? 8 filled from 123-=
1 ? ? ? ? ? ? filled from 2345×=
1 ? ? ? ? ? ? 2 filled from 348+÷=
1 ? ? ? ? ? ? 2 filled from 345+×=
You need to slot the symbols from the right into the cells on the left in the correct order so that they form an equation. Only use each symbol on the right once.
And continuing this theme of finding the right order of symbols, this idea is extended to a grid like a crossword with clues:
A teeny cryptic crossword - Puzzling Stack ExchangeAcross
Arrange 1 6 7 + =
4 Arrange 2 3 5 + =
5 Arrange 1 3 4 + =
Arrange 3 4 7 + =
2 Arrange 1 2 3 + =
3 Arrange 1 5 6 + =
You need to find the right order for the symbols to form equations in the across and down directions.
How can people try the puzzles for themselves?
The samples above provide a taste of some Equatum puzzles, and the Equatum website has a few sample puzzles.
The book of Equatum Puzzles came out in October, and contains 100 of the grid-style Equatum. These are hand-selected and sorted into increasing difficulty, so they go from fairly simple up to diabolical. The book is available through the website or at
What’s your favourite Equatum puzzle?
My favourite Equatum puzzle is the word CLEVER. This is yet another form of Equatum in which the equation has been encoded. Each letter represents one of the symbols $1\ 2\ 3\ 4\ 5\ 6\ 7\ 8\ 9\ 0\ +−\times\div=$ such that the same letter always becomes the same symbol, and different letters always become different symbols. There’s only one way to replace the letters such that the result is an equation.
What I like about this puzzle is that the starting point is a word and the end point is a simple arithmetic equation – both very familiar to most, but the logic and thought process to get from one to the other is unfamiliar. I think this Equatum is a very succinct introduction to the experience of solving an Equatum.
A close second would be puzzle number 71 from the Equatum puzzles book. It’s a $7\times7$ crossword-like grid whose solution has just the symbols $1\ 2\ 4\ 8\ 9\ \times\div=$ as eight short intersecting equations. Again, it’s a relatively simple starting and ending point but turns out to be a fairly challenging puzzle.
Do you have any top tips for people trying to solve the puzzles?
Often the challenge of Equatum is that there are so many possibilities that it will take too long to search through them, so a useful approach generally is to find techniques that will reduce the number of possibilities to a small enough number that can be checked. It’s not always obvious how this can be done, but with some ingenuity and careful thinking these techniques can be found.
Different types of Equatum sometimes need different techniques. The largest number of Equatum out there are in the Equatum Puzzles book, and all those puzzles are grid Equatum (i.e. the ones which look like a crossword), so I’ll give some tips for solving that type of Equatum:
A good first step is to look at the crosspoints (i.e. the intersections of equations across and equations down) and find the symbol, or at least the range of possible symbols for each of these cells.
It’s usually best to solve the easier equations first, and to work out which are easier consider the following:
• Shorter equations are generally easier than longer ones
• Equations with single digits are generally easier than ones with multi-digit numbers (i.e. above 9). Note that counting the number of digits and non-digits in an equation can establish whether there are any multi-digit numbers.
A couple of more advanced tips:
• For equations which only have single digits and the $+$ operator, adding up the digits and dividing by two tells you what each side of the equation adds up to and this can help establish some digits.
• When equations have numbers involving more than one digit (i.e. greater than 9), considering modulo 10 arithmetic can help find solutions.
Anything else to add?
I hope people find as much pleasure solving these puzzles as I did creating them and I’d encourage anyone who has any questions about solving them to send me a message via the website. And lastly – thanks very much to the Aperiodical for posting about this – much appreciated.
Further reading
Equatum website
Buy the book on Amazon
Equatum on Facebook
One Response to “Equatum puzzles – a chat with Justin Roughley”
1. Avatar Mike
can we use several times the same symbol in a given equation?
For example, can 1+1=2 be a solution to : * + * = 2 ?
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5 comments 10 minutes ago Hi all, We’re back with our 5th post.
If you’ve missed the previous posts, you can find them here.
We’ll be covering the latest news in the dns industry, including the dnscache, which is a very popular caching protocol.
For those who want a quick overview, here’s what the dscache is and how it works.
The dns cache is a set of small files that are loaded from a server’s DNS record lookup cache, so when a user requests a website, the DNS server sends back the cached data for that request.
If the server has already cached that data, the request can then be sent back to the server as a separate request.
That’s how we cache data from the web.
If your server is behind NAT, this caching is done in reverse.
The servers that the user has requested from are always served from the same IP address.
So the server that served the requests from you is always the same.
This allows for an excellent cache utilization rate, which helps mitigate server load and makes a site run more efficiently.
The downside of the dcache is that it’s not a full dynamic DNS.
If a DNS query is a static query, it doesn’t matter how much information the server provides.
But if the query contains information about the actual server that’s behind NAT and/or a DNS record that hasn’t been refreshed since the last request, the server will cache the query.
That means you may see a cached query from a website in your browser even if the DNS record was updated with the most recent version.
The most important thing to remember about the ddomain cache is that the DNS records are stored in an immutable form, which means that if you refresh the records, they will automatically expire and become available again for any future requests.
This makes it possible to update the records in real time, without needing to reboot the DNS servers.
If we want to do the same thing with the dhost cache, we can use a different approach, but this will require more code.
To get started with dhost caching, you need to install the dsite-cache module, which has a couple of features that will make it easy to use dhost for caching requests.
The first is that if the request comes in as a static page, the dwebcache module can take advantage of the DHTML markup language to provide an HTML5 renderer to load the requested page, which can be useful for rendering on mobile devices.
The second is that when a request comes from a user, the backend server can automatically load the server’s record lookup cached dnsparse file, which contains the current DNS records for that server.
We can then load the cached record into a cache.
Once loaded, the cached server record is cached and can be refreshed without reloading the duser cache.
For more details, see the dsites-cache-module documentation.
To use dsites, we’ll need to add a couple more modules to our existing dsite configuration.
This is done by adding the following to the ds site.dns configuration file: module dsite dns dns-cache dns caching module dsites dns resolvers module dn-cache resolv-retry-count resolver dns DNS dns record lookups module dns host caching This will tell dsite to use the dsparse cache for caching DNS records.
Theres also an option to use a server-specific DNS record cache.
When theres a DNS cache on your server, you may need to change your resolvable DNS name to use it, so that resolved requests will be routed to the cache server.
If so, add the following lines to your configuration file, and restart dsite: modules dsite module dhost modules ddomain,dhost cache-resolv dhost-resolver cache-nameservers,dnscache module dnameserv,dnameserve resolve dnsdns module dsparsec module dresolver,dresolverbose This will add the dnameserver cache to the resolvelv cache.
Then restart dsites and theres an easy way to load dns records into the cache.
You can then refresh the cache by reloading dns:// and /u/ when youre looking for a new record.
You’ll need a couple additional modules to make the cache fully functional.
The last one is dnshost, which allows us to configure a simple DNS server for a simple web application.
In this post, we will look at setting up the dsl to use, which we’ll do using dnsplay, a very handy tool for testing your DNS servers for issues.
If this is the first time youre using dsl, we highly recommend you read through our dsl configuration tutorial to understand
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Learn To Handle Crohn’s Disease and Get Your Life Back with Dr. Filippos Georgopoulos, Consultant Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist
Inflammatory Bowel Disease refers to bowel diseases that include chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, occurring in millions of people worldwide. One of the most common types of IBD is Crohn’s Disease with difficulties in diagnosis and management.
Crohn’s disease is inflammation that can occur anyplace from the mouth to the anus, leading to various symptoms and complications that could also be life-threatening. Additionally, it is an autoimmune disease that has no known cure, resulting in huge impacts on one’s daily life and overall health which makes it essential to manage.
To start, it occurs anywhere in the digestive tract with inflammation, varying from one person to another. The inflammation spreads if not treated, leading to severe abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, fever and more. The main cause of the disease has not been identified yet, however research suggests that it occurs when the immune system attacks the digestive track due to a trigger along with a claim that heredity and genes play a big role in the cause of the disease.
Diagnosis usually happens when a patient first visits his/her doctor after experiencing ongoing symptoms. Moreover, people with Crohn’s disease are often not diagnosed if the symptoms are not severe and misdiagnosis is also common. The symptoms tend to overlap with other autoimmune diseases, making it difficult to detect. Typically, to get the right diagnosis, a patient must complete several assessments from CT scans and blood tests to Endoscopy and Colonoscopy.
Crohn’s disease can lead to serious complications, especially If it is not managed properly. Initially, complications occur in the digestive tract, causing issues including Abscess which is painful pockets of puss in the digestive tract, openings in the intestinal wall referred to as Fistula and open sores known as Ulcers.
The symptoms could become more aggressive, leading to more serious diseases and complications like Arthritis, skin problems and kidney stones.
Additionally, it is highly important to acknowledge that Crohn’s disease is a long-term condition, meaning patients must learn to manage the disease even when no symptoms exist to avoid any complications and maintain their health.
“Through proper treatment Crohn’s disease can be managed, allowing patients to function efficiently in their day-to-day lives. When it comes to the treatment, it is typically approached with a multi-dimensional plan to help individuals receive the best possible results. The treatment plan consists of medication, surgery, diet and lifestyle. Crohn’s disease is a condition that has a big impact on our whole body and the way it functions, making it essential to take care of and aim for overall health! It could also affect people’s mental health severely due to the ongoing symptoms, serious complications and long-term management.” Dr. Filippos Georgopoulos, Consultant Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist at AZHD
Treating an autoimmune disease like Crohn’s requires a lot of effort and a qualified team of medical experts to get a proper customized plan that best suites the patient. Patients must learn to consistently take their medication to sustain their health and keep their symptoms under control. If serious complications were to occur, surgery might be an option to help in management, minimizing the symptoms, and to avoid further complications.
Diet and lifestyle are also important factors in managing Crohn’s disease and keeping it under control. With the help of medical experts, patients can detect triggers that worsen their symptoms and avoid food and activities that are known to negatively impact those with Crohn’s disease.
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Does Toothpaste Designed For Smokers Provide Any Relief?
It’s no surprise that smoking can cause some severe health problems. However, to make things worse, it also causes some oral complications. While the best solution is to leave smoking once and for all, a temporary solution is to use toothpaste, especially for smokers. This type of toothpaste is formulated to benefit the oral hygiene of a smoker. Hence, let’s discuss how toothpaste for smokers can help you out.
How Does Smoking Hurt Your Mouth?
Smoking attacks oral cavities in a variety of ways. From irritating gum lines to promoting oral cancer, cigarettes do it all. Here is how smoking affects oral hygiene:
Gum Diseases: Smoking changes the PH of the mouth, lowering it to the extent that it fosters bacterial growth. Bacteria start to develop an adhesive film on teeth called plaque. With time it hardens into tartar that is extremely hard to remove. Consequently, such bacterial growth leads to diseases such as gingivitis, cavities, and periodontitis. Furthermore, smoking restricts the blood supply to the gums. Thus, gum ailments are hard to detect because of no bleeding.
Loose Tooth And Poor Healing: As an aftermath of rampant gum ailment, teeth start to loosen up. Thus, smokers are at a high risk of losing their teeth. Moreover, because of restricted blood supply, the body’s immune system has limited reach to infected areas in the gum and mouth. Consequently, diseases progress faster. Also the healing is slow after an operation like a root canal or implants.
Bad Breath And Stain On Teeth: Notorious smoker’s breath needs no introduction. However, smoking also affects the appearance of teeth, staining them. These stains are more often known as nicotine stains.
How Can A Specific Toothpaste For Smokers Help?
The best remedy to combat bad smoker’s oral hygiene is to quit smoking. However, until you get there, your toothpaste can help you keep your mouth healthy. As discussed above, a smoker’s major oral problem is gum diseases, bad breath, and nicotine stains. Therefore, toothpaste for smokers has these elements that can help mitigate the negative impact:
Chemicals to detoxify the gumline: These chemicals are primarily antiseptic that fight the plaque bacteria on behalf of your immune system.
Abrasives: Toothpaste for smokers contains additional abrasive chemicals that you won’t find in regular toothpaste. These abrasives help scrape off nicotine stains from their teeth. Thus, helping to restore “smoked” teeth to their natural color.
Mint: Mint is a well-known mouth freshener that is used in toothpaste and mouthwash. Inevitably, toothpaste for smokers also contains an extra dose of mint to combat the smoker’s bad breath.
Fluoride: Fluoride helps strengthen weakened enamel, thus giving a smoker’s tooth a fighting chance against cavities.
Smokers should give keen attention to what’s going on in their mouths. This is because, due to smoking, they are especially vulnerable to oral problems. Hence, to tune the oral hygiene up a notch, a visit to Brookshire Smile Dental for a dental checkup is a must. In addition, you can call us at 281-934-1010 for more inquiries.
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HomeGeneral MedicineWhat is Plantar Fasciitis? What are its Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment?
What is Plantar Fasciitis? What are its Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment?
Heel pain is a common issue found in young adults, middle age, and older people. While the reasons can be numerous, the most prominent cause is Plantar Fasciitis. It is a disease that causes inflammation of a thick band of tissues placed at the base of the foot that creates a connection between the heel bone and the toes. It causes acute pain in the ankles, which usually begins when you get up to start walking. The pain is alleviated with continuous movement, but it can re-occur due to standing for a long time or standing up after sitting for some time.
Plantar Fasciitis is commonly found in athletes, specifically runners. It can happen if you are overweight or wear uncomfortable shoes with inadequate support, leading to pain in the bottom of your foot.
What are the symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis?
The Plantar Fasciitis creates a stabbing pain in the base of the foot close to the heels. This pain is high when you take the first steps in the morning. Standing for a long duration and getting up after sitting may cause a stabbing pain in the foot’s heel. If you exercise, you might not feel any issue during the workout. But post-workout, you may experience excruciating pain in the bottom part of the foot.
If you notice any of these symptoms, contact a medical health expert immediately.
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What are the causes of Plantar Fasciitis?
Continuous stressing and stretching of the heel causes irritation and leads to inflammation in the fascia. There is a possibility of other unknown causes as well for the causation of Plantar Fasciitis.
What are the risk factors related to Plantar Fasciitis?
There are multiple reasons for having Plantar Fasciitis, but some known factors can increase the risk of causing this disease. The factors include:
● Age: The disease Plantar Fasciitis is commonly found in people with an age range of 40 to 60.
● Exercise: Numerous activities in our daily lives place immense stress on the heel of your foot and the attached tissues. Some of these activities are running for long distances, ballet dancing, aerobic, etc.
● Foot mechanics: People have various kinds of foot structures that directly impact the way the weight of the body is distributed by the feet. Foot shapes like flat feet, a high arch, or any abnormal walking pattern can produce stress on the plantar fascia and cause intense pain.
● Obesity: If your weight is above the BMI for your height and weight, you are considered obese. The body’s excessive weight puts a high amount of pressure on the foot, leading to this condition.
● Occupations: People who are into professions that require long-standing hours or extensive walking on hard surfaces are at high risk of developing this condition. The most common occupations are teaching, athletes, factory workers, etc.
Can any complications arise due to Plantar Fasciitis?
It is very dangerous to ignore the chronic pain caused by Plantar Fasciitis as it can lead to hampering of performance in daily activities. Sometimes people resort to changing the walking pattern to get relief from Plantar Fasciitis, but it can further accelerate the pain and create issues in the foot, knee, hip, and backbone.
How is Plantar Fasciitis diagnosed?
If you feel intense pain in the heel of your foot for a long time, then there are chances you have Plantar Fasciitis. The diagnosis depends on the patient’s medical history and the physical examination of the area under pain. The doctor examines the foot where you are feeling tenderness, as the location of the pain assists in determining the causes of the suffering.
Imaging Tests
Generally, there is no requirement of a test for determining the disease, but the doctor may advise an X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging. It is vital for clearing doubts of any other cause of the pain like a stress fracture.
The X-ray test may sometimes display a protruding piece of bone that was previously blamed for the pain in the heel. However, that may not be a causal factor for all.
What is the treatment for Plantar Fasciitis?
The people suffering from Plantar Fasciitis recover quickly within a few months by using conservative treatment, therapy, and other remedies. The treatment methods are given below:
Numerous medicines can be used to alleviate the pain of suffering people. Some commonly available drugs are ibuprofen and naproxen sodium .
Given below are the types of treatments for eliminating the pain of Plantar Fasciitis:
1. Physical therapy: The physical therapist will suggest to you exercises for stretching the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon. He/she also provides activities for strengthening the lower leg muscles. The application of athletic taping for supporting the base of the foot is also suggested.
2. Night splints: The therapist or the doctor may recommend you to wear a sling, as it provides stretching of the calf and the arch of the foot during your sleep. It keeps the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon stretched overnight.
3. Orthotics: The doctor may recommend using custom-fit arch support called orthotics, for even distribution of pressure on feet.
Surgery and other processes
When conservative methods do not yield results, then the doctor may recommend the following ways:
● Injecting steroid medication in the affected area for temporary pain relief.
● Use of Extracorporeal shock wave therapy, in which sound waves are pointed to the tender area for healing.
● Ultrasonic tissue repair method in which needle-like probing is done on the affected area, through ultrasound imaging
● People with chronic pain opt for surgery. It involves the process of detaching the plantar fascia from the heel bone for pain relief.
The Bottom Line
Plantar Fasciitis is a condition that is fairly easy to detect and has several methods of treatment that can provide relief to the patient. In order to avoid developing this condition, one should keep in mind the causes that can lead to this condition and seek medical help immediately.
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Saturday, January 22, 2022
The experience of shemitah is both fascinating and iconic. Occurring once in seven years, it carries the mystique of something “extraordinary” or even enchanted. Intended as a seminal national experience, it was rarely practiced in its truest form. In the modern context, our encounter with shemitah has dramatically shifted from the fields and orchards to the rows of the supermarket. What are the deeper meanings of this multifaceted and complicated mitzvah?
Shemita distills several important Jewish values. It qualifies our ownership of land while moderating our response to financial successes. Returning the land back to its Creator prevents the arrogance that typically follows economic success. A full year of work stoppage underscores that human wealth is Divinely allocated and therefore transitory.
Additionally, shemitah reaffirms our national rights to the Land of Israel. As God’s chosen people, we possess moral and historical warrant to this land. Throughout history, our deed to our land has been vehemently disputed. Every seven years, shemitah certifies that it will be Divine allocation and not political diplomacy or military aggression that will dictate the future of this land.
Furthermore, shemitah reorders socio-economic hierarchies. Lands are left barren, and produce is equally and readily available to both rich and poor. The related laws of “shemitat kesafim” or the annulment of loans, in theory, are meant to dissolve all debt, effectively resetting financial imbalances. Every society struggles with wealth inequality and its potential social repercussions. The rich accumulate more wealth as the poor sink into greater debt, eroding social unity and destabilizing economies. At our particular stage of history, wealth disparities are particularly exaggerated, as 1% of the world’s richest possess twice as much wealth as 6.9 billion people. By resetting financial parity, shemitah rebuilds a more egalitarian and classless social fabric.
Finally, shemitah serves as a spiritual and personal “retreat” from the hustle bustle of society and the pressures of our daily routine. Functionally similar to Shabbat, it provides a yearlong “leave of absence” enabling spiritual, personal and communal rebooting. As shemitah incorporates so many core elements of religion, it serves as a benchmark for Jewish residence in Israel. Adherence to shemitah secures our presence in Israel, while violation of this commandment ousts us from the land of God.
Historical Cycles of Shemitah
Similar to the Jewish people, shemitah has undergone dramatic shifts throughout history. Many of the Torah’s commandments are static and remain more or less unaffected by history. Other mitzvot are more fluid, fluctuating with the revolutions of Jewish history. Shemitah has been deeply impacted by Jewish history and, particularly, by our unending struggle to settle our homeland. The journey to full shemitah observance mirrors the odyssey of Jewish history.
Tragically, during the First Temple era, shemitah was largely ignored. During that deeply flawed 400-year period, 70 shemitah and yovel periods were disregarded. A 70-year exile in Babylonia provided respite, allowing the land to recoup its lost shemitah cycles. Ironically, the Jews of the Second Temple era did adhere to the laws of shemitah. However, during this period, the caliber of this mitzvah was compromised. Most Jews did not return from exile, as the majority of our people resided outside the boundaries of Israel. Under these disappointing conditions, the Biblical experience of shemitah no longer applied. Shemitah was still practiced at a rabbinic level, but the ideal performance of the mitzvah remained elusive. In effect, during the initial 900 years of residence in our homeland, shemitah never achieved its full stature. In the year 70 AD, the long night of Jewish exile began and shemitah, effectively, faded from view for close to 1,800 years. When it resurfaced, it would become entangled in significant controversy.
Surviving Shemitah
Toward the end of the 19th century, Jewish settlement in Israel expanded beyond the vicinity of Jerusalem. New agrarian settlements, almost exclusively dependent upon farming, were sprouting up. The specter of a full year of shemitah, absent any agricultural activity, threatened both the livelihood and the lives of these new yishuvim or moshavot. In the lead up to the shemitah year of 1889, a fierce controversy erupted surrounding potential workarounds for shemitah. Leading Israeli and European rabbis debated the legality of circumventing shemitah prohibitions by selling Jewish lands to gentiles. Many authorities rejected this legal fiction known as “heter mechira,” recommending instead full compliance and a complete work stoppage. Alternatively, many rabbis who were exposed first-hand to the dire situation were more supportive of this potential leniency. Shemitah became a divisive issue.
The struggle wasn’t only divisive, it was also sadly ironic. We had dreamed of this historical “moment” for centuries. Having been scattered across the globe, we yearned for a return to the fields and pasturelands of Israel. How sadly paradoxical that, clawing our way home in the late 19th century, we were obliged to sell our land to gentiles. What a sad commentary upon the imperfect nature of our return. Evidently, history and the land were not yet ready for a full Jewish return.
Gradually, as the cycles of shemitah passed, reality overcame ideology and the heter mechira policy of selling the land of Israel finally became institutionalized by Rav Kook in the year 1909.
Personal Religion or National Religion
For most of us who do not live agricultural lives, shemitah has transformed into a year in which we insert one more “check box” to our kashrut checklist. During shemitah, in addition to inspecting general kashrut, we also examine “shemitah kashrut.” Most of the overall population relies upon the heter-mechira sale, while continuing to purchase Israeli products, as they would during a non-shemitah year. Others, who are uncomfortable with this “halachic bypass,” import their produce or purchase it from local Arabs, or from farms located outside the boundaries of Biblical Israel. It should be plainly obvious that each of these solutions is severely deficient.
Interestingly, these two differing strategies reflect two fundamentally different attitudes about religious life in Israel. One approach places almost exclusive emphasis upon personal religious experience. Imported fruits or gentile-owned vegetables are optimal for preserving the kashrut level of my personal plate of food. If personal religious quality is the primary factor, this approach is far superior.
Other Jews adopt a more nationalistic view—one concerned with sweeping shemitah ramifications beyond their own kitchen or meal plan. Individuals may be able to import from Gaza, Turkey or Jordan. Nationally, though, a full cessation of labor would starve the agricultural industry. Shutting down this sector for an entire year and ceasing exports would practically forfeit international markets. My personal salad can be imported, but the agricultural industry—a vital national asset—requires a different shemitah solution.
Additionally, the heter-mechira bypass is valuable for national kosher “coverage.” Fervently religious people may be willing to incur greater cost or enjoy lower-quality produce to maintain shemitah laws. General Israeli consumers, though, may be less dedicated and less willing to sacrifice quality. To enable national shemitah observance, heter mechira is necessary to ensure readily available “kosher” produce. Heter-mechira may not represent the highest standard of kashrut but it remains the best vehicle for stretching shemitah to the national stage.
Religious One-Upmanship
Shemitah possesses unifying potential: Collectively we return the land to God and retire for a year-long spiritual retreat. Economic ledgers are wiped and, for an entire year, the divisions between affluent and poor vanish. During Sukkot immediately subsequent to shemitah, in the aftermath of this economic and spiritual unity, an entire nation descends upon the city of unity for a public recital of Torah. The harmony of Hakhel Torah-recital caps the solidarity built during shemitah.
In the modern world we have lost so much of our shemitah experience. Can we at least retain shemitah as a unifier? Let us not turn shemitah into a “kashrut competition” or a smug conversation about which “flawed approach” to shemitah kashrut is halachically superior. If we still haven’t solved shemitah in the modern state, let it not degenerate into sanctimony or holier-than-thou posturing. Those who don’t rely upon the heter-mechira workaround should appreciate the needs of national shemitah. Those who do rely upon the workaround should have the intellectual honesty to realize how flimsy it is and how, in an ideal world, we would not sell off our country to non-Jews.
Shemitah is also a year of humility before God. Hopefully, we all navigate the upcoming shemitah with humility, appreciating and respecting different approaches to this quandary.
Shemitah holds a mirror to Jewish history. Do we trust God enough and are we spiritually courageous enough to adopt full shemitah compliance? Our track record isn’t great. We still haven’t cracked the riddle of returning to the modern Israel and maintaining shemitah. As we inch closer to a fully redeemed state we draw closer to full shemitah compliance. One day we will reach it. Until that day, let us stand together during shemitah united by one common dream.
The writer is a rabbi at Yeshivat Har Etzion/Gush, a hesder yeshiva. He has semicha and a BA in computer science from Yeshiva University as well as a master’s degree in English literature from the City University of New York.
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Write analysis essay
These 10 animal facts will amaze you An analysis essay is a written composition intended to give an in-depth inquiry and exposition of a given topic, usually another written work. A high school or college student will often need to write many analytical essays during his time in school, and many literary critics publish compilations of such essays. It is particularly common for an analysis essay to be written on a piece of literature, examining how the various literary techniques employed by the writer contribute to the themes of the work.
Write analysis essay
The introduction of an analytical essay should get the audience involved in reading your paper. There are three main things that your introduction should contain: The hook Thesis statement Telling the reader how you're going to prove your thesis Remember that the hook should be very interesting and surprising.
You won't have a second chance to impress your readers, so you have to do it from the very beginning of your analytical essay. You need to figure out your future audience to know how to grab their attention.
It's possible to use various methods of grabbing the reader's attention such as bringing a rhetorical or provocative question, a joke, a quote, a fact, statistics, or to combine several things. After you made a hook, you need to create your thesis statement.
Its main purpose is to inform your audience about your analytical paper's subject and explain the author's opinion about the topic. A thesis statement explains the audience why your analytical work matters and why it's important for Write analysis essay to read it.
Next thing you have to do is how you will be proving your claim. If you are going to write about a book, you need to focus your argument on which literature methods the author used in their Write analysis essay. If your essay is about any historical thing, analyze why those events happened and what was the main reason.
When you're required to create an analytical essay about scientific findings or research, use scientific methods to make your analysis. Nowadays, students are allowed to use Internet sources.
You can find a good analytical analysis essay example online and discover how it was written.
4 Ways to Write a Literary Analysis - wikiHow
Remember that your introduction should be like a road map for your readers. They need to know where your analytical paper will take them and what things they will be able to learn while reading it. Create a bright introduction to an analytical essay and get your readers into an interesting and exciting trip with your analytical essay!
Make sure the body of the text leads to the conclusion logically. Do not forget to apply necessary transition words to show the relation between the paper paragraphs. You may wonder, but experts recommend developing conclusion before the introduction.
Work on it once you are done with the body paragraphs. A final point the closing sentence of the entire paper could be a recommendation, explanation, or hook sentence used in the opening line end up with a joke, rhetorical question, quote, etc. No matter what you do, never introduce new ideas in the closing paragraph.
A student must answer every question offered in the text. This is an example retrieved from the essay on homeless people: Why people stay without a home? The factors of homelessness include high unemployment rates, the absence of family support, overpopulation, and the diminishing availability of houses at prices that people can afford.
Mental issues and laziness are the secondary causes of homelessness.
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Poem analysis is the investigation of form, the content, structure of semiotics and the history of a poem in a well-informed manner with the goal of increasing the understanding of the poetry work.
Regardless of the kind of this academic task, you will face multiple challenges because there are various requirements, recommendations, and rules. HOW TO WRITE A LITERARY ANALYSIS ESSAY The purpose of a literary analysis essay is to carefully examine and sometimes evaluate a work of literature or an aspect of a work of literature.
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Meiosis and Sex Determination
in StemSociallast year
In many African cultures, Nigeria especially, the male child carries a lot of weight. Every couple wishes to give birth to a male child and it is not uncommon to see couples trying the luck again after repeatedly producing only female children. One popular saying actually refers to the male child as the pole of the house. In a particular tribe in Nigeria, female children have no right to their father's inheritance. Hence, a woman that produced only female children is usually denied access to her husband's property in case of the demise of the husband. This why women in this culture would go to any length to have, at least, a male child.
Culturally, women are often saddled with the blame in cases of only female children. Many are victimized and in extreme cases, the husband goes out to have extramarital affairs or even marry multiple wives just to secure male children. In some cases, it works out, and in many cases, it does not. How exactly do these things work? What determines maleness or femaleness in living organisms? Let us go on a little journey.
Sex Determination in living organisms
First, there is a need to understand that not all living organisms exhibit sexual dimorphism, that is, the occurrence of male and female organisms of the same species separately. The phenomenon only occurs in higher animals and in some higher plants as well. Various hypotheses have been earlier formulated to explain how sex is determined in living organisms that exhibit sexual dimorphism. The most popular among the hypothesis was the one proposed by Aristotle in which he opined that the heat of the male during the process of intercourse determines the sex of the offspring that will emanate from such mating. Ridiculous!, you will say but Aristotle's assertion was not entirely wrong as it was later found that some reptiles exhibit temperature-dependent sex-determination systems.
By GYassineMrabetTalk✉ - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
With the advancement in biology through the invention of the microscope and techniques of isolating chromosomes from living organisms, scientists have been able to unravel the processes that determine the sex in many living organisms.
Since then, it has been discovered that the presence of extra chromosomes determines who is going to be the male or the female in some species of animal. For example, in grasshopper, the male has 18 chromosomes while the female has 19. In the broad-headed bug, the cells of the male have 11 chromosomes each while those of the females have 12. Hence, the presence of an extra chromosome determines femaleness in these organisms. 1, 2
In some other animal species, maleness or femaleness is determined by the chromosome system. A special pair of chromosome exists in the genome that determines the sex of the organism - the sex chromosome. The most popular sex chromosome system that determines maleness/femaleness is the XY chromosome system that is found in many mammals and reptiles, some insects, and even in a plant like Gingko. 3.
In the XY sex-determination system, one of the sexes is usually homogametic with XX chromosome while the other is heterogametic with XY chromosome. The two X chromosomes are usually homologous with the X chromosome in the XY sex chromosome. For example, in humans and in other mammals, the male is the heterogametic one with XY chromosome while the female is the homogametic gender with XX chromosome. During meiosis and the formation of gametes, the male produces two different types of sperms - X and Y sperms - while the female is only able to produce only one type of egg - the X egg. 4
During reproduction in humans, a process that is accompanied by the fusion of sperm and egg, the gender of the offspring that would be produced depends largely on which of the two sperms is able to successfully fuse with the released egg from the female. If the X sperm is the successful one, a female offspring results. On the other hand, if the Y sperm is the one that is able to successfully fuse with the egg, a male offspring results. The entire process is represented in the Punnet's square in the image below.
Sex determination in humans
From the illustration, one can see that the probability of producing either of the sexes as a child is 50%. The sperm that wins the fertilization battle will determine the sex of the child. In other words, the man is indirectly responsible for the sex of a child. There have been several investigations into factors that might possibly influence the production of a particular type of sperm over the other in males in order to influence the sex of a baby. While genetic factors have been reported as the major drive on the ratio of X to Y sperms that are produced in the reproductive organ of men, some researchers have also reported how a specific sperm type has the ability to thrive more in acidic or basic conditions of the vagina and how this can be manipulated to influence the sex of a baby resulting from intercourse.
In addition to the XY system, some organisms exhibit what is known as ZW sex-determining chromosome system. Here, the female, rather than the male is heterogametic with ZW chromosome while the male is homogametic with ZZ chromosome. This type of sex-determination system is found in many birds, fishes, reptiles, and plants.5
Too long? Didn't read?
There are different systems of determining sex in living organisms. A special type of mechanism, a temperature-dependent mechanism, is exhibited by some reptiles in which the temperature of the egg while in incubation determines the sex of the offspring. The presence of an extra chromosome determines maleness or femaleness in grasshoppers with the female having 19 chromosomes while the male has 18. Humans and mammals exhibit a XY sex-determination system in which the male has a heterogametic XY chromosome and the female has a homogametic XX chromosome. Thus, the male indirectly dictates the sex of a baby, unlike the belief of many Africans who victimize women for giving birth to only female children. Some other organisms exhibit the ZW sex-determination system in which the female is heterogametic with ZW chromosome and the male is homogametic with ZZ chromosome.
Thank you all for reading.
Wow muy interesante y explicito lo que has explayado en este post, saludos.
I didn’t know 😀 now i know 😊 thanks
Interesanting nice :)
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Pentagon UFO/UAP report describes craft with capabilities way beyond human technology
; Date: Fri Jun 25 2021
Tags: Unidentified Flying Objects »»»» Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
Today, the US Defense Department delivered to the US Senate a long-awaited report on what's called Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP), or what the rest of us call Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO). The report does not definitively explain the phenomena, disappointing those who wanted this to be a major Disclosure event. Despite that, the report is a major step forward because it is the first admission by the Defense Department that the UFO/UAP story has credibility.
Image by David Herron, using clipart from Canva
According to the report, the Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, US Military personnel had at least 144 encounters with unexplainable aerial phenomena (UFO's) between 2004 to 2021. The majority of those encounters were recorded by multiple instruments, and witnessed by multiple highly trained military pilots, operating some of the best fighter jets in the world, containing some of the best sensor systems for detecting and tracking other aircraft, making for highly credible reporting. Of special interest are the extreme flight capability exhibited by some of the vehicles, that are hundreds of years beyond modern human technology.
But, the report carefully spelled out the lack of data from which to draw conclusions. As expected (Leak: Defense Dept report on UAP/UFO phenomena will say no proof of alien contact), the report is inconclusive. There are many possible explanations, and the number of recorded incidents don't give enough data with which to have certainty. Why isn't there enough incident data to draw conclusions? The Assessment report describes these limitations:
• The Defense Department's primary mission defending the territorial integrity of the United States, meaning they are primarily concerned with terrestrial threats from countries like Russia or China. The DoD's mission certainly does not include serving the whims of UFO fanatics.
• The programs to collect UFO/UAP data are extremely underfunded.
• There is an institutional stigma against reporting UFO incidents. That stigma is an extension of the society-wide derision of anything related to UFO's.
Despite those limitations, they have managed to gather preliminary data proving the existence of SOMETHING. There are vehicles exhibiting capabilities well beyond current human technology, that are regularly interacting with US Military aircraft and vessels.
• Most of the UAP reported probably do represent physical objects given that a majority of UAP were registered across multiple sensors, to include radar, infrared, electro-optical, weapon seekers, and visual observation.
• In a limited number of incidents, UAP reportedly appeared to exhibit unusual flight characteristics.
Those statements are from the official report. What it clearly says is the phenomenon is very real, and the some of the craft fly in ways that current human technology cannot produce. I've seen interviews with some witnesses (fighter pilots involved with the incidents) claiming that the technology in these UAP's is anywhere from 50 to 1000 years ahead of current human capabilities. But the Defense Department does not say anything like that. Instead, the report talks about unusual flight characteristics, and leans on the old patterns of denial like the possibility of "natural atmospheric phenomena".
The stereotype for decades is after every UFO encounter, a Defense Department guy comes around talking about weather balloons or fog banks.
This is not the grand Disclosure event some UFO fanatics want.
Instead of clear pictures from hundreds of encounters that definitively show visitors from all over the galaxy, the report tantalizes us with brief summaries of a modestly sized dataset contained in a classified report us normal people are not allowed to see.
Taken at face value, it would be difficult for the Defense Department to definitively say anything. The existing program has approximately $0 funding, making it impossible to do much to begin with. Then, like so much at the Defense Department, there is the issue of not revealing intelligence gathering methods or techniques to "adversary" countries (China or Russia). Finally, as the report discusses, there is the widespread derision against anything smelling like UFO's.
That stigma against UFO's needs to be put behind us. The Defense Department has come out of its shell and admitted to the phenomena. It can't explain what's happening, but something clearly is happening, and more importantly it is frequently interacting with the military.
Some long-standing UFO proponents - such as Dr. Stephen Greer of the Disclosure Project - claim the Assessment report is a grand coverup even bigger than all previous US Defense Department UFO coverups. According to Greer, the Disclosure Project has eyewitness reports from dozens of former high ranking folks who have seen inside information. Taking those reports at face value, many governments (not just the USA) know quite a bit about UFO's.
In other words, The Disclosure Project contends that today's Defense Department report is a sham.
We must also ponder why the Dept of Defense hasn't taken this issue seriously before? Reportedly US Military forces are routinely encountering vehicles of unknown advanced capability, isn't that a National Security concern? But the Defense Department can't bother to study the issue because it's UFO's and UFO's aren't real?
That doesn't add up, does it? But do we have clear understanding of the actual extent of DoD's knowledge? No.
The US Defense Department report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
The report was produced by the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF), and only considers reports between 2004 and 2021. It talks repeatedly about how reporting lacked sufficient specificity, and that there is now a tailored reporting process to collect UAP data. The new reporting system categorizes report analysis into five buckets:
• Airborne Clutter: These are objects like birds, balloons, recreational unmanned air vehicles ("drones"), flying plastic bags, and other "debris" that can clutter up radar systems.
• Natural Atmospheric Phenomena: These are events like ice crystals, moisture, or temperature fluctuations, that could be misread by infrared or radar systems.
• USG or Industry Developmental Programs: Some sightings could be top-secret research vehicles developed by US Government or US Industry. These would be vehicles developed using human technology, but which cannot be confirmed or denied by the Defense Department because of top secret classification.
• Foreign Adversary Systems: Just as the US Government might have top-secret highly advanced vehicles, so might other governments. Some of the sightings might be from China or Russia, in other words.
• Other: Here's where we get to UFO's, right? Not exactly. This is a catch-all category for anything which could not be identified into one of the other buckets. Yes, that includes extraterrestrials, but could be any many other possibilities.
Because this is the US Defense Department, the primary mission is protecting the USA from threats from foreign adversary governments. In other words, the primary goal is determining whether there is a national security threat from Russia or China. Or, as the report says:
Potential National Security Challenges We currently lack data to indicate any UAP are part of a foreign collection program or indicative of a major technological advancement by a potential adversary. We continue to monitor for evidence of such programs given the counter intelligence challenge they would pose, particularly as some UAP have been detected near military facilities or by aircraft carrying the USG’s most advanced sensor systems.
Limited reporting, unable to draw conclusions
There is a classified report, which contains the actual dataset, which we cannot access because it's all classified. Of the 144 incidents the majority are from the US Navy. But, this could be due to reporting bias because of limited information gathering in the other military services. No standardized reporting process was created until 2019, by the US Navy, which the US Air Force adopted in November 2020.
Of the 144 reports, 80 involve multiple sensors. That's a small number of reports, especially if you consider that a non-government group in Canada collected over 1200 reports in 2020 alone. But, what's truly interesting is that a large percentage are high quality reports - the phrase "multiple sensors" meaning incidents which do not rely on one sketchy measurement from one possibly malfunctioning instrument. Instead, "multiple sensors" means multiple detection systems on multiple aircraft and on nearby naval ships all tracked the same objects using multiple cameras (infrared and visual), radar systems, and human observers.
Further, the personnel involved are highly trained at the task of identifying and tracking adversarial aircraft. They have available some of the best sensor systems in the world. Taken together these are high quality reports that we would be foolish to ignore.
One issue limiting the number of reports is the stigma of making UFO reports that causes pilots to be wary of making such a report.
• Narratives from aviators in the operational community and analysts from the military and IC describe disparagement associated with observing UAP, reporting it, or attempting to discuss it with colleagues. Although the effects of these stigmas have lessened as senior members of the scientific, policy, military, and intelligence communities engage on the topic seriously in public, reputational risk may keep many observers silent, complicating scientific pursuit of the topic.
Unexplained oddball flight characteristics of UAP's
Another detail is that 18 incidents involve observers (who) reported unusual UAP movement patterns or flight characteristics. It goes on to explain it this way:
The UAPTF holds a small amount of data that appear to show UAP demonstrating acceleration or a degree of signature management.
The interviews given by US Navy pilots discuss this in greater detail. For example, frequently the contact might start with a vehicle at 18,000 feet altitude, that suddenly moves to 50 feet altitude in a few seconds. There's no acceleration to speed, then deceleration from speed, and instead the craft simply starts moving at a different velocity, suddenly shifts direction, and so forth, without making the kind of maneuvers current human aircraft do. For example a direction change does not mean the UAP "banks" to change direction, but it simply changes direction.
The report tantalizes us with a confirmation, but the details are in the classified report that we cannot see.
Requesting increased funding to improve data collection and get a better understanding
This report is part of the yearly budget request for the Director of National Intelligence.
It makes a clear case that SOMETHING, real physical vehicles, is regularly interacting with military forces. These vehicles have capabilities way beyond what our forces can counter.
This isn't a new-agey Contact scenario, in the mind of the Defense Department. Are the intentions of these contacts known? What are the capabilities? Who is occupying these vehicles? Can we reverse engineer how those vehicles work?
There is a clear need for further study. The report talks of plans to implement machine learning algorithms to better study the data.
That would be a start of something that a shoestring budget could implement. But it's not the sort of project which produces the long-desired Disclosure event the UFO fanatics desire. Nor does it help us fulfill our Science Fiction Fantasies of how space flight works.
There is a real phenomena here to understand. And keeping that study trapped within the Defense Department may be a mistake.
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Why so brutally direct?
“Our German colleagues are very direct in their communication. They often simply state: ‘It cannot be done. You cannot get the materials, because you did not forecast right.’
We Americans perceive it as “You are stupid.” Our reaction is pindrop silence. And, Germans will also raise their voices. Americans then back off.
How should we respond?”
It is true, we Americans can find Germans to be brutally direct. Let me make the case, however, that their directness is actually a positive character trait, despite the pain we feel when experiencing it.
Germans are direct. They say what they mean and mean what they say. Germans do not use euphemisms to soften a message. Nor do they “beat around the bush.” For Germans direct communication is honest, transparent, efficient. In their view, it reduces the risk of people not understanding each other.
Americans approach important topics carefully. Euphemisms help communicate uncomfortable messages. Depending on the topic’s sensitivity, they will address it indirectly. In the American context, indirect communication is considered both polite and effective. It maintains the dialogue in order to then deepen it.
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Register: 10 Things I Wish I'd Known Earlier
From Wiki Global
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Before we start I'll explain what login is. It typically refers to the login process for a web-based application. This process allows users to access a website through their browser. Then, they can execute any operation they wish to perform from that location. There are a variety of ways to define a user’s login to an online app. The most popular is "to be a part of the application".
A register is a different commonly used definition of login within the web-development industry. A register is a type of form which allows users to sign-up using the service. Login is also a standard feature that allows users who have just been added to the network to be automatically authenticated to the workspace. These services can be used to generate a variety of login options, including an "log in" page or returning user. It simply means that the user is logged into the application and is able to perform any actions that they could do from the main console.
Another service you could utilize is the reset of passwords. This allows registered users to change their passwords and update their login details from their internet browser. While registrations can be used for this purpose however, they are not able to perform any other actions to be made within the application. When you attempt to change the location that your account details are stored the password reset error message is usually displayed.
Other actions are creating, editing and erasing the password the account name or profile fields. Editing lets you alter the text box and creating allows the creation of. Change the name of your current user account to one that is unique. If you attempt to save this typeof name, an account name change error message will be displayed. Notably, the login command buttons will still be active even after saving your account name. This means that another user is trying to gain access to the area.
The last common login problem is when you have entered the website address however are unable to view the website. A shopping website which you've visited and entered the information for the shopping cart but were not able to complete the checkout is one instance. You'll see an error message that informs you that you're unable to continue.
WordPress offers developers many authentication options for authentication. WordPress magic code forms the basis of all of these authentication options. The "magic" code functions as a link between the details you enter for your login and the sites you grant to access your login information. Your login credentials could take you to the following pages: register page; registration error page and guest edit pages. WordPress is an authentication system that allows users to create user accounts that are unique and allows them to log in to multiple areas at once.
WordPress has provided developers with easy solutions to problems with inactive login sessions. There is also an "user bean", which is an extension to your theme. The user bean gives users the ability to log-in through "attending” a URL. The URL is stored in the data class of your theme.
A second option to solve the issue is to use "remember moi" social media buttons. These buttons are available within certain plugins and the directory of your blog. The user will be taken to a registration page where you will be able to enter your username and password. If you want to log in again you don't have to input your username or password again if your password is still valid. This is a good option in certain instances, but it's essential that you remember your username and password. Anyone who signs to social media accounts with Facebook or Twitter will need to answer an online security test. If they do not remember their login credentials then they won't be able to log in to their account.
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The History of the Development of PC Computers From Time to Time
During the pandemic, more and more people are using computers as a medium for work. Its existence is increasingly needed by the community, making several manufacturers innovate to issue products with the latest technology. The sophistication of the computer you are using today is inseparable from the history of its development from time to time. Here’s a summary of the history of the computer/PC that you should know:
1. The invention of the computer
The world’s first computer had a much different form from today’s computers. Charles Babbage as the inventor of the computer in 1822 originally wanted to create a steam-powered calculating machine. However, the working system used by the world’s first computer and modern computers is the same, namely both for numerical calculations/computing.
2. The invention of the digital computer
The digital computer is not a development of the world’s first computer. It was created by a different person, namely Alan Turing a mathematical researcher. He developed a machine capable of executing a command. His invention was named the Turing machine and the test of his ideas was called the Turing test.
Then it was developed 6 years later or around 1936 by Konrad Zuse, a German mechanical engineer. The Z1 was the first digital computer he developed before World War 1 and was destroyed during World War 2.
After that came the figure of John Mauchly who created the ENIAC engine. John’s goal in creating the machine was to help the army predict attacks. Because ENIAC is equipped with a system capable of analyzing thousands of problems in seconds. ENIAC weighs 30 tons, because it contains many components, such as 40 cabinets, 6000 switches, and many more.
Computers From Time to Time
3. Programming language
In 1954 a programming language to help new computer systems work was born. It was created by Grace Hopper with the aim that computers can convey messages in English. Before the invention of the programming language / COBOL, computers only received and gave information in the form of numbers. Since then, programming languages have been developing, one of which is the FORTRAN programming language created by the IBM programming team.
4. The first technology company
The IBM company led by John Backus has ambitions to become a pioneer of computer trends in the world. His ambition started with creating IBM devices and mass-produced them. Then in 1965, Programma 101 became the first digital computer to be marketed and popular among mathematicians, engineers, and the general public. When compared with ENIAC, Programma 101 has a more compact shape and weight, which is only about 29 kg.
5. Personal computer
Personal computers were first marketed in 1970, the technology they brought made computers capable of sending documents via email and printing machines. Xerox Alto is the first personal computer that looks like a modern computer today. Xerox Alto is also equipped with a keyboard, mouse, and monitor screen. Still in the same year, there were some great inventions such as floppy disks, internet, DRAM.
Then, 6 years later, the Apple company was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The company introduced the production of the Apple 1 computer, which became the first single-circuit computer. Then followed by Microsoft who introduced Word in 1983 and rivaled by Apple with the release of the Macintosh in 1984.
So that’s a brief history of the invention of the world’s first computer until the computer in the 1980s. There is still a long history of computer development to become modern computers like the ones we use today.
Tips for Caring for a PC Computer Monitor to Stay Durable
As we know, that the monitor is a vital component of the computer as a visual graphic display. Without a monitor, the user will not be able to operate the computer. Because its existence is very vital, it is important for users to take care of this one computer component. As technology develops, the types of monitors are also increasingly diverse, such as CTR, LCD, LED, and plasma. Then, what is the correct monitor screen care? The following are tips for caring for the monitor screen to keep it durable:
1. Installing a screen protector
Just like human skin that must be protected to stay healthy. The computer monitor screen must also be installed with a screen protector to avoid dust and scratches during the use process. The screen protector itself is generally made of a special strong plastic material. To buy it is quite easy, you just need to go to a computer accessories store.
2. Computer placement
The wrong placement of the computer can also affect the durability of the computer. Place the computer in a clean place, so that it is minimally exposed to dust and dirt. Because, dust and dirt can make the monitor quickly damaged. In addition, the correct placement of the computer also aims to prevent the monitor from liquid. Because, if the monitor is exposed to liquid, then its performance will be disrupted, so it cannot distinguish colors properly.
3. Temperature setting
Some types of monitors require different temperature settings to work optimally. Like LCD and LED monitors that require the right temperature and humidity. Avoid the computer from high temperatures, because it will shorten its life. Try to place the computer in a dry place and the room humidity is maintained.
4. Keep away from magnetic field
To keep the monitor durable, you should keep the monitor away from any components that contain magnetic fields.
5. Clean regularly
The monitor screen is a computer component that is prone to dust and dirt, therefore it needs proper regular cleaning. Use a duster to clean the LCD/LED monitor screen. When cleaning the LCD/LED monitor, try not to touch the display panel, because the panel is very sensitive. Then, to clean the display panel use a wet tissue, wipe slowly and carefully.
6. Use it well
The monitor screen is the most sensitive hardware component, so when opening or repairing it you have to be very careful. To maintain the durability of the monitor screen, you can use screen saver settings when using the computer in a short time. Not only the monitor screen, the CPU part of the computer must also be considered clean. This component, known as the brain of the computer, is also prone to dust and dirt. Accumulation of dust and dirt on the CPU, can cause the computer to shut down suddenly. Actually, the cleaning method is quite easy, it’s just that you need to be careful.
The first thing before cleaning the CPU, make sure all the power cables are all disconnected. Then, open the CPU case and remove some of the components inside. After all the parts are removed, clean using a blower or small brush. Avoid using any liquid to clean this part, because it can cause interference. After the components are clean, reinstall all the components as before. Make sure all components are installed as before, so that computer performance is not compromised. Just like the human body that is well cared for, they will not be susceptible to disease. Likewise, computers also require good maintenance, so that they can be used in the long term. The computer has become an inseparable tool of today’s work, its benefits for education, entertainment and for playing games such as slot online make humans always need it as a tool.
Know the Functions of the Components of a Computer/PC
Computers are electronic devices that can be used to complete office activities, play games, and other activities. As technology develops, computers are increasingly diverse and sophisticated.
Currently, computers are divided into 2 types, namely portable and desktop. Types of portable computers such as laptops, tablet PCs, netbooks, and the like. While the desktop is a type of computer that first existed, but the function remains the same.
This article will specifically review the function of each component on a desktop computer. The following components on a desktop computer:
1. Casing (case)
Desktop type computers generally have a case as a “home”. The case is made of plastic and metal. However, as technology develops, some desktop computers have been designed to be more compact without a case. Designs like this are often found on AIO PCs, where the computer case is made to blend with the monitor screen. The function of the casing is to protect computer components from dust and dirt.
2. Power supply unit
PSU is a vital component in desktop computers, because it is in charge of converting AC current into DC current, so that computer components get a power source.
3. Motherboards
Not only the CPU, the motherboard is also a vital component in a desktop type computer. The motherboard is a circuit board that connects all computer components, from the CPU, RAM, ports and expansion slots, and many others.
4. CPU
The main component that is integrated with the motherboard is the CPU, or better known as the brain of the computer. Because, the CPU is in charge of doing calculations and executing every command from the user. CPU components are equipped with heatsinks and fans to reduce overheating. The latest desktop computers are usually also equipped with a water cooling system and GPU.
5. Chipset
The fifth component in a desktop computer is the chipset. Just like RAM, this component serves as a communication link between the CPU and other components.
6. RAM/Memory
This component is not only a communication link between computer components, but is also in charge of storing various types of data. Computers that have large RAM, the storage capacity is also more, and is not easy to slow down.
7. GPU/graphics card
This component is in charge of carrying out user commands related to the graphical process. For gamers, animators, designers usually not only need an internal GPU, but also need a dedicated GPU with a larger size.
8. ROM
ROM or Read Only Memory is where the BIOS firmware and settings are stored. However, BIOS is generally used on older computers, because the majority of modern computers use UEFI.
9. CMOS battery
This component is in charge of providing power to the BIOS, so that the BIOS settings and date are not lost, and the computer continues to run.
10. Hard disk
All data and the operating system will be stored on the hard disk. However, hard drives are not popularly used on portable computers, SSDs are more widely used in portable computers. SSDs have faster read and write speeds than HDDs, besides that SSD power usage is also more efficient.
11. Monitor
Well, this one component must be known to everyone, because this component is in charge of displaying graphics in collaboration with the graphics card. Along with the development of technology, more and more monitor forms, even today touchscreen monitors are very popular.
Those are some important components of a desktop computer. Actually the components in a portable computer are also not much different, it’s just that they are packaged more concisely and more sophisticatedly.
4 Most Popular and Trusted Free Movie Watch Applications
The world of cinema will never fade if the technology developed always plays a more active and attractive role. Because everyone must have watched TV. For movie fans, they certainly don’t want to see that spectacle – that’s all every day. Because it would be very boring if you have to watch commercial breaks in the middle of the excitement of the ongoing film.
Therefore, there are now many popular and trusted free movie watching applications that can be downloaded quickly. So that movie fans and even online soccer gambling fans can enjoy the beauty of the events they want without having to watch commercial breaks. Because the presence of advertisements will allow them to be reluctant to linger in front of the screen.
And there’s no need for much further ado, below are some applications that can be directly installed via an Android phone, including;
1. iflix
There are many movie lovers who always get comfort when watching the world’s best movies. Iflix is a free movie watching application that is able to provide all kinds of genres ranging from Japanese, Korean, Thai, Western, Indonesian and others.
Uniquely, film lovers don’t need to be confused anymore if they are not able to capture the contents of the dialogue in each film. Because iflix offers subtitles from various types of languages. However, this application does not display all types of movies. Even so, there are already many of the best films that always air every week.
2. MAXstream
Not only iflix, MAXstream can also be used as the best movie watching application to entertain yourself in your spare time, maybe even in the midst of a busy schedule. Not only the most popular movies are offered, but also world sporting events, TV series, cartoons and others.
MAXstream also provides high resolution for users. So enjoying the beauty of all kinds of films will feel perfect. However, you are required to have a subscription data package to make it more flexible. If you want more, use Wi-Fi so that accessing the movie is more fun.
3. Viu
Viu is a movie watching application that is very loved by Korean Drama fans. Because of course the application is dominated by Korean TV series. However, Viu also has other genres to add warmth to film lovers such as India, China, Thailand, Malaysia to Western.
But unfortunately Viu is still often disturbed by advertisements that appear suddenly. Even so, the duration of the ad can be skipped after 5 seconds. So the satisfaction of watching movies through this application is getting more interesting.
4. Cinema Box
Cinema Box is widely recognized as one of the best movie provider apps of all time. Interestingly, this application is not only available on Android phones, but iOS to iPhone. While the image quality on the application is very high. So film lovers can enjoy the beauty of the event more.
Interestingly, Cinema Box also presents a Download menu. So users can download to save some movies to watch. If you want to get the best satisfaction while watching, it is recommended to use Google Chromecast to be able to watch all shows like a big screen TV.
In conclusion, the four free movie watching applications above have covered everything for world cinema fans. Instead of collecting DVDs or Copy Paste in internet cafes, having one of these applications is very profitable and can provide invaluable entertainment.
Supervision of the Internet World Against Children
The internet world which is increasingly advanced and growing rapidly sometimes has a negative impact on minors. How can? Because their activities since the last few years have mostly happened by staring at the laptop or smartphone screen. Ironically, the things they do are always related to the internet connection.
Supervision of children for parents should not be loose. Because many people think that the world of the internet can plunge them into the wrong abyss. On the other hand, many people benefit from the media. In conclusion, the use of the internet is very much in line with the circumstances and needs of each individual. It all depends on how they react to it.
But as a parent, supervising their children who are engrossed in surfing the internet is very mandatory. The goal is that they do not approach the means of online gambling games that will have an impact on the future. Furthermore, we have advice that must be followed in supervising children under age, namely;
Internet World Against Children
Giving the Right Direction
The role of parents towards their children is to be able to provide the right direction when they are playing with the internet world. Where every activity they carry out must remain under strict supervision. However, not everything they do is judged or judged less good. It’s just that their participation in the opportunity must be in accordance with the needs naturally. Basically directing does not mean smarter.
It must be done in order to hack the bad things that will happen to the baby. As in general, many parents are negligent in seeing their students linger with gadgets. Even though the radiation of the device is very bad for the nerves of the brain. At least they need to limit the use of gadgets so they are not too addicted in the long term.
Controlling Daily Activities
Meanwhile, control of daily activities is also carried out. Keep in mind that today’s children look more aggressive than the previous generation. Because without studying in the world of education, they also appear to be experts in tinkering with internet media. This happened because all the various reviews had indoctrinated them to do new things.
As a wise parent, accompanying the baby when playing the internet is very necessary. Because in addition to knowing the activities carried out by their students, they can also explore the expertise they have. This ability can be polished depending on the interests of the baby. So that their involvement when plunging into the real world does not feel foreign.
Understanding the Importance of the Future
And the most important point is to understand how important the future is. Armed with the world of the internet, parents can also direct their students to plan a new life. Where at this time all activities in the modern world always use the median internet for daily life supplies.
Not a few minors who appear brilliant in tinkering with future potential. The role of parents in this matter must play a major role. If what they are doing is very positive, then providing full support is the best move. Because all parents really want the best for their children. Therefore, their involvement in facing the rigors of the modern era must be carried out.
Reasons of Using Legal WhatsApp
Reasons of Using Legal WhatsApp – WhatsApp becomes one of the most popular and most used instant messaging apps in the world nowadays. The app is very easy to use. It is quite smooth and it does not take much storage. It can run smoothly. WhatsApp have made many improvements. At first, the app was only for chat. Then, it can be used for calling people. There were also many options of attachment. Once the sticker and emoji appeared, it was so exciting. Thus users of WhatsApp can enjoy texting by using the stickers or emoji. Even, stickers can be made by the users. It is surely very convenient.
However, recently there are third-party apps that provide and offer same function as the WhatsApp official. Even, they are more interesting. Users can easily change the theme, keyboards colors, and even texts. There are many kinds of setting that can be accessed to enjoy something that do not exist in the WhatsApp official. It is normal when people tend to use the third party app since these offers same functions. Moreover, users still can connect to the WhatsApp database so it is easier and more convenient to backup and restore the data. In simple way, it looks like the apps more beneficial than the legal or official ones.
WhatsApp Mod
Axiontech – In this case, the apps are known as WhatsApp Mod. The word Mod stands for modification. However, it should be kept in mind that these are from third parties. In other words, official developers of WhatsApp will not take any responsibility whenever there are some problems that may occur during the process of using the WhatsApp mod. This is beyond responsibility of the WhatsApp. Moreover, it was not available in Playstore, so it should be downloaded from third party of sources of websites. It means that users cannot automatically update the app. One of the worst problems is when your account is blocked by WhatsApp. In the end, it violates the rules to take the sources or blueprint of app, and then use it without any permission. That is why it is very possible for the users to get banned and blocked.
In this case, those who have used the WhatsApp modification or mod, they still can move to the real and official WhatsApp app. As what is mentioned above, it still can connect to the Drive, and later the files can be uploaded into the drive. Of course, it takes time depending on the size of data that should be backup. In this condition, users can start to download the real WhatsApp. Once the download is done, users can login with the account and download the file. When there is no problem, it will run smoothly. These may seem simple, but some people should know the risks of having WhatsApp mod. There are many of them and each of them looks attractive. However, there are risks of being banned and blocked by the developer of WhatsApp. That is why it is always better to use the safe app. Moreover, there are risks of malware since the apps come from third party and they will not take responsibility of any possible errors and problems.
Experiments of Using Windows 11 in Mobile Phone
Experiments of Using Windows 11 in Mobile Phone – All gadget lovers, especially the users of Windows OS must be very happy. Recently, Windows has announced that Windows 11 is ready to launch. The official launching was done several days ago, and it makes some people expect to use the Windows 11 as soon as possible. In this case, there is a student from France called Gustave. He made such a brave experiment. Together with his partner, Gustave and Bingxing Wang installed the Windows 11 into the mobile devices. Both of them used Lumia 950XL. It was phone that was empowered by Windows 10 although now it no longer has popularity anymore. In his YouTube account, people will be able to see the integration of Windows 11 in the smartphone.
Gustave Monce and his team were not new people who love dealing with smartphone, especially the ones powered by Windows. In this case, you will know that they do not randomly apply and install the driver of Windows 11 to the Lumia device. In fact, the team of 15 people had tried hard to make things possible. Their love to the gadget was in 5 years ago when the Windows phones were released. Unfortunately, they could not compete well. As what is mentioned above, the teams have lots of work to do. They conducted the porting process for the app. There were also steps to rewrite the driver so later it could work once it was used in the phone.
Experiments of Using Windows 11 in Mobile Phone
Axiontech – Personally, Gustave was satisfied with this work. He and his team really worked hard. He felt that it was one of the greatest achievement made by him and the teams. In term of its appearance or interface, it looked similar to the desktop mode. However, it has smaller size so it will help the phone to run multitasking without any problems. He expected that he could revive the Lumia again with the interface of Windows 11. That is why it was resized during the process. Next, it really looked like a Windows in desktop. When the screen was rotated, or it was in position of landscape or portrait, the taskbar and all other functions followed the movement of the screen. It was really interesting to see how the taskbar could change flexibly in the phone. It also worked smoothly although there were some minor problems. For example, problem appeared when Gustave wanted to share the screen with animation, but then it failed to run smoothly.
In fact, this was not his only achievement in using the Windows operating system on Lumia. In 2016, he believed that he was the first person who could integrate and install Windows 10 into Lumia 950S. These are also his achievements, and these were surely very interesting. Of course, it was not something that can be done easily. It requires knowledge, skills, and even good teams to work together. When someone does not have those qualities, it is better to skip trying the process. It may make your phone ruined and cannot be used anymore. Moreover, it was practiced in Lumia, a Windows Phone. That is why it may not seem too different.
Infection of Delta Variant and New Symptoms of the Infection You Online Gambling Fans Need to Know
Infection of Delta Variant and New Symptoms of the Infection You Online Gambling Fans Need to Know – Delta variant of Covid-19 now becomes problems in many countries whose many people like ONLINE GAMBLING. The other variants still exist, but delta variant is quite problematic since it can infect quickly and the virus spreads quickly. Recently, it is found that symptoms of bad cold shows on those who are infected by delta variant, especially those who live in highly contagious area of the delta variant. In fact, most general symptoms, such as shortness of breath and lung problems, still exist, but the symptom of bad cold becomes something new. Those who are infected show symptoms of headache, runny nose, and even congestion. “We have seen a number of folks with cold-like symptoms,” said Dr. Robert Hopkin Jr. Dr. Robert is an internist at University of Arkansas.
Even if the symptoms look similar to cold, it does not mean that this can be taken lightly. In fact, it can be more serious and problematic since those who have cold symptoms tend to cough and sneeze in which the respiratory droplets can be emitted and these all become media for the virus to infect people. Things that may seem mild can become worse and it can lead to something serious and severe. In this case Dr. Russell Vinik said that Covid-19 can present in different ways. He is chief medical operations officer at University of Utah Health. He also said that when someone has cold, it means that he or she is infected by Covid-19 or cold. That is why the person should get a test. Moreover, Dr. Vinik also said that those who have loss of taste and smell have lower frequency in positive cases now and it is more about people with the cold symptoms.
Axiontech – It is true that those who are infected by Covid-19 show the cold symptoms. However, it is still not clear about the reason why there are changes in the symptoms. So far, experts suspect that it is caused by the delta variant. Currently, the variant is responsible for at least 20% of new cases in United States, especially in Arkansas and Utah, where Dr. Hopkins and Dr. Vinik work. Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also shows this increase of case because of the delta variant. Then, higher case can be found in UK. The delta variant is responsible for 95% of new cases in U.K. Tim Spector also said the same thing regarding the symptoms. It is more like bad cold instead of the common symptoms as found in the other variants of Covid-19. Tim Spector is a professor of epidemiology at King’s College, London.
Spector currently work on a project called ZOE COVID Study. It uses app to help people in reporting the symptoms, status of vaccination, and even the other demographic information. There are around 4 million users in U.K. and 300,000 users in United States. The app helps Spector to know the most common symptoms in the society and it is also how he finds that the symptoms are more like the bad cold for the case of delta variant. Meanwhile, the cough and loss of smell no longer becomes one of the most common symptoms in the current Covid-19 infection cases.
The Use of Gadgets Against the World’s Population
The Use of Gadgets Against the World’s Population – Unknowingly the world is changing as time goes by. It really refers to the development of an increasingly sophisticated era every day. Meanwhile, there are many Information Technology (IT) experts who always develop their business for mutual progress. Thanks to their expertise, they have successfully launched new breakthroughs in responding to the modern world. They have developed a variety of gadgets to facilitate everyone’s activities.
The world’s population has also enjoyed the presence of these gadgets. Where in general, the gadgets that are now the most useful are Smartphones and Laptops. These two things cannot be separated. Because its usefulness in social life is very meaningful. One example of the world of education has now used this tool as a learning process.
And this time we will review in depth what the use of gadgets for the world’s population. Because in fact modern humans will never be in line without it. Let’s describe together some of the following reviews.
• Number One Communication Means
Axiontech – In an era that is increasingly advanced and growing rapidly, gadgets have become the number one means of communication. Several centuries ago, there have been a number of traditional tools that can connect each other. However, in terms of time, it is still not efficient. Because users have to be willing to wait a few days to get information.
Unlike now, with only cellphones, everyone can interact directly from audio to video. So they can immediately catch the message given without having to wait long. Especially if you make a video call (Video Call). This seems to make the atmosphere of interaction more lively. And it could be that there will be other new things published in the next few years.
The Use of Gadgets Against the World's Population
• Complementary Work Needs
The second use is as a complement to work needs. It has become a fact that every office, company and other workplace always uses PC and HP media to carry out work activities. Just say when one of the companies wants to send a letter quickly. They can use an electronic mail application (Email) to expedite the work process.
It’s not enough to just get to the site. All activities in the field of work must also be connected via the internet. So that the gadget is very meaningful for the progress of work. Uniquely, this tool can detect the presence of workers, financial arrangements, potential income and so on. The existence of this is very helpful in making work easier, dynamic and efficient.
• Unlimited Profit Generator
And the last use is unlimited profit generator. Outside the company area, there are now many processes to get money that are very easy and concise. As is known, online slot players never forget to use gadgets to schedule optimization for real money bets. So they just play the easiest bet, then see the results obtained at the end of the game.
In addition, many people use the media to complete their daily needs. We can describe the online business. Many stalls without a place that often operate while offering goods. Uniquely, buyers are increasingly coming. Because today’s technological sophistication is quite tempting for the world’s population.
What is clear is that the use of gadgets does not only end on the site. This year alone many people are successful because of the media. What about the following years? Surely there will be billions of rich people who are ready to rule the world.
The difference between Real Money Online Gambling Applications and Software
The difference between Real Money Online Gambling Applications and Software – The rise of real money betting events online is really tempting for a number of gambling connoisseurs. Not a few of them are willing to leave the house to place bets with small to large capital. Previously, the gambling process could only be carried out through home agents. But now the development of technology has supported these activities to provide convenience. So that real money online gambling applications and software appear.
If revealed more deeply, online gambling applications and software are not much different. Because the main goal is to allow players to bet freely to no limit. The most important thing for players is to play to their heart’s content until they get the profit according to the plan. However, technological changes that are increasingly rapidly increasing have offered new breakthroughs in the world of online gambling.
Beginner players should know more about the differences between the two. Because that way they can explore a diverse and drama-filled betting agenda. So that the future of their bets is guaranteed. And the review below will explore in depth the differences between online gambling applications and software.
• Online Gambling Application
Public bettors from all over the world also know that the presence of online gambling applications really helps the process of placing real money bets. Generally, this application is designed specifically for lovers of Android phones. So far, there have been many betting applications issued by a number of trusted gambling sites. Because they only want to offer various kinds of convenience so that the betting process continues to run optimally.
Talking about the type of Android application, every player can directly download it through the App Store or Play Store. Even if they don’t want to be complicated, they have to join a trusted site to get the APK application link. After the installation of the application is complete, players just need to carry out betting activities as usual. And of course using an application like this is very easy, fast and practical.
The difference between Real Money Online Gambling Applications and Software
• Online Gambling Software
Axiontech – While online gambling software itself is a driving force for the game agenda. In general, the software only exists on hardware devices such as laptops or PCs. Some of these online gambling sites have yet to issue the installation master to the public. So each member can only bet through certain websites.
There have been various kinds of software developed by trusted gambling vendors. In fact, they always combine it with the world’s best server, which is still the first choice. Because they see that the members don’t really care about the problem. Because the most important thing for them is to be able to play and win bets. Moreover, if success continues, then they can always get big profits.
Which One Should You Choose To Play Online Gambling?
When viewed from the side of the difference between the application and the online gambling software above. It is ensured that each member needs to install an APK application with an Android phone. Because of what? Smartphones are a basic need this year. So the gadget is never out of hand wherever it goes. So that way the players will never feel the delay when they want to place a bet.
Because for sure they can review the latest betting information and look for accurate tactics to be able to win it. It is recommended that players must carry out the installation process only on trusted and most popular applications today. Because in addition to having a high security guarantee, they can also be more fun in carrying out betting activities online.
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Sword of the Beast:Rebel Samurai Cinema
Mirroring changes in awareness, politics, and lifestyle occurring across the globe, the chanbara (or Japanese swordplay film) underwent a significant metamorphosis in the early 1960s, acquiring a decidedly more radical spirit. Seemingly without warning, groundbreaking cinematic styles from beyond the Land of the Rising Sun suddenly melded together into one in-period genre brew. The gritty social conscience of the Italian neorealists, the downbeat nightmares of American film noir, the rage and energy of Britain’s angry-young-man school of kitchen-sink realism, and the often fractured, elliptical narrative approach of the French new wave—all were present and accounted for in the stark, thrilling samurai films of the sixties. These disparate influences, in combination with a volatile atmosphere of unrest and dissent, inspired a spontaneous combustion of creativity among a host of Japanese directors, resulting in a new kind of chanbara, and a new kind of samurai hero.
Although stories of wandering lone-wolf swordsmen and rogue samurai defying their clans had graced movie screens since the very origins of Japanese silent cinema, it was the conventional swordsman hero—the virtuous, duty-bound man of honor loyal to the status quo—that dominated chanbara cinema until well after World War II. The militaristic nationalism that pervaded Japanese culture in the 1930s and throughout the war found expression in correspondingly jingoistic celluloid hymns to the spirit of Bushido, the samurai code. Samurai film after samurai film extolled unquestioning service to the emperor and the laying down of one’s life for the nation. Due largely to the U.S. occupation following Japan’s surrender, in 1945, this approach to the samurai film began to change. Originally deemed to be too reminiscent of wartime Japan’s ultranationalist underpinnings, in-period motion pictures—particularly sagas featuring sword-wielding heroes—were actively discouraged and often prohibited, depending on the whims of the U.S. occupation censors. When the occupation forces lifted the ban on cinematic swordplay, in the early 1950s, chomping-at-the-bit Japanese studios dove back headfirst into samurai film production.
In the mid-1950s, movie ticket sales reached an all-time high in Japan. The industry was dominated by five studios—Toei, Daiei, Toho, Shintoho, and Shochiku. In sheer numbers, comparative newcomer Toei Studios led the pack, by devoting over half of their production schedule to action-packed swordfests. More so than the other studios (which were themselves no strangers to the tried, true, and sentimental), Toei made chanbara that were often filtered through a haze of cliché aimed at the family demographic. But, by the late fifties, more serious samurai pictures began slowly cropping up at Toei, from directors like Daisuke Ito, Tomu Uchida, and Tai Kato. Daiei Studios also had a huge roster of in-period films during the 1950s, from more prestigious, thoughtful jidai-geki pictures, such as Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon (1951), Teinosuke Kinugasa’s Gate of Hell (1953), and Kenji Mizoguchi’s Ugetsu (1954), to gritty chanbara from fresh-blood novices like Kenji Misumi, Kazuo Ikehiro, Kazuo Mori, and Tokuzo Tanaka. The decidedly mainstream Toho Studios and the financially challenged Shintoho—a company that had splintered off from Toho in the late forties—were no different, releasing scores of samurai pictures every year in the 1950s, with Toho releasing a host of Kurosawa films as well as sagas by Hiroshi Inagaki, director of the famous Samurai Trilogy (1954–55), with Toshiro Mifune as legendary swordsman Musashi Miyamoto. Many of the two studios’ films were great, straightforward pulp thrillers. Of special note was Tai Kato’s debut film as a director at Shintoho, the two-part Trouble with Swords, Trouble with Women (1951), a film that is so modern in style and pace it seems ten years ahead of its time. Shochiku Studios’ samurai cinema from the period was largely undistinguished, but Shochiku would occasionally produce a masterpiece out of nowhere, such as Tasdashi Imai’s Night Drum (1958), a harrowing depiction of the consequences of adultery for those of the samurai class.
Many leading directors of the 1950s had exhibited a willingness to explore a new realism in the chanbara film, but with the advent of the 1960s, samurai cinema suddenly started showing evidence of a major shift in perspective. Young directors who had been teenagers or even wet-nosed soldiers during World War II were suddenly given the opportunity to make movies. Their harrowing wartime experiences and fresh, bold attitudes toward Japan and its past had stripped away many illusions. Like many of those who flocked to the films, this newer generation of directors looked on Japan’s glorified history and nationalism, its current government leaders, the country’s swelling dog-eat-dog postwar capitalist economy, and its cozy, symbiotic relationship with the United States with cynicism, if not outright scorn. All through the 1960s, there were mass demonstrations and occasional student riots in the streets, with much of the protest aimed at Japan’s puppet status—a status affirmed, most notably, by America’s coercion of Japan in the signing of the controversial U.S.-Japan Security Treaty—and at repeated revelations of government corruption in the press.
Consequently, attitudes of disillusionment and a new commitment to realism began to creep into samurai films circa 1961. These same attitudes informed many other aspects of Japanese movie production, but, much like the American western, the samurai film proved to be the perfect vehicle for creating scenarios that engaged controversial, contemporary real-life events while escaping—thanks to the transposition of time period—censors or significant political repercussions. Undoubtedly inspired by Kurosawa’s groundbreaking Yojimbo (1961) and Sanjuro (1962), there was a newfound identification with lone-wolf antiheroes cast adrift by social upheaval and betrayed by the very tenets of Bushido, principles that they had once held dear. The protagonists of these new movies were frequently disenfranchised outcasts, characters viewed by authorities as transgressors dangerous to the status quo. No matter what the origins of these antiheroes, they had one thing in common—acute discontent. And these protagonists were not bashful about voicing their fury. Those old-fashioned, superhuman, unquestioning samurai of yore, glad to die for their clan—whether it be right or wrong—were suddenly and very noticeably absent from the big screen.
For these new, darker samurai films of the 1960s, filmmakers began to draw on a superabundance of correlative events and characters harking back more than 600 years in Japan’s history. Samurai had first appeared as early as AD 800, with the practice of hara-kiri (ritual suicide), emerging as early as 1200. Between 1467 and 1615 came the sengoku, or “warring states,” period, an epoch of mass civil war between samurai clans and rebel legions led by power-hungry warlords.
In 1615, the Tokugawa clan triumphed, at the Battle of Sekigahara, an event that forced many warriors, including young Musashi Miyamoto, to become ronin (masterless samurai). As the centuries progressed under the Tokugawa dynasty, there existed an uneasy but widespread time of peace among the clans. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled with an iron fist. Indeed, from the late 1600s until the mid-1800s, the all-powerful shogunate, headquartered in Edo (now known as Tokyo), gradually tightened the screws on the daimyo and raised taxes, provoking starving farmers to riot and causing various samurai clans to go bankrupt. This kind of viselike misrule ironically ended up eroding the shogunate’s authority and credibility, not just with the common people but also with the samurai class.
While the sengoku and Tokugawa periods were the traditional domain of the samurai film, the new breed of chanbara was dedicated to confronting the hypocrisy and injustices of these periods. This approach steadily acquired increased resonance for postwar audiences. Feeling increasingly exploited or marginalized—either by the military in the 1940s or by the ruthless, quickly mushrooming labor engine fueling Japan’s reconstruction in the 1950s (and its resulting economic boom in the 1960s)—more and more ordinary Japanese filmgoers began to identify with the plights of the disenfranchised characters on the big screen.
Over the nearly 250-year period of Tokugawa rule, thousands of samurai were cast adrift from their disbanded clans to wander aimlessly over the countryside. Many joined the emerging classes of artists and merchants. Some joined the incipient gangs of gamblers, peddlers, and ruffians that came to be known as yakuza. But others, particularly the more honorable and ethical, were thrown into dire poverty. (A conspicuous corollary to this condition came post–World War II, when thousands upon thousands of defeated, demoralized Japanese soldiers returned to bombed-out cities and engaged in a largely futile search for their vanished homes and gainful employment.) Nowhere is this dilemma more dramatically illustrated than in director Masaki Kobayashi’s desolate Harakiri (1962). Tatsuya Nakadai stars as a former high-ranking samurai living in poverty in seventeenth-century Japan who suddenly finds his life falling apart when his daughter (Shima Iwashita) and grandson become severely ill, and his desperate son-in-law is forced to commit hara-kiri after a failed attempt to extract money from a local samurai clan. Kobayashi, the director responsible for The Human Condition (1959–61), a sprawling three-part, nine-hour tale of a Japanese pacifist (Nakadai) in World War II–era Manchuria, had profoundly humanist leanings, much like his colleague and friend Kurosawa. In Harakiri, Kobayashi and screenwriter Shinobu Hashimoto dissect the cruelty and hypocrisy of the oppressive feudal mind-set with ruthless precision, building to a shattering climax.
In 1967, Kobayashi returned with another searing indictment of the tendency of the powerful to objectify and exploit human beings. Samurai Rebellion, starring Mifune and Nakadai, was the stunning result. Mifune plays a loyal, high-ranking retainer who accepts his lord’s dictate that the lord’s banished mistress marry his son. But when the monarch’s wife dies several years later, and the lord demands the woman’s return, Mifune and his son refuse, eliciting the wrath of his clan. Nakadai, a former comrade and rival, becomes one of Mifune’s prime opponents in the ensuing struggle. There are a number of intriguing aspects to Mifune’s character, but perhaps the most fascinating is that he is himself a member of the ruling class. Although a subordinate to his lord, he is a powerful, influential samurai. Like the character Nakadai plays in Harakiri, Mifune’s character is blithely unaware of the abuses of the samurai code until his own family is affected—and he knows his rebellious defiance of the ruling power will almost certainly result in his own destruction.
Meanwhile, over at Toei Studios, several directors were creating timely and topical samurai tapestries of vivid beauty and bone-crunching realism. In 1963, Eiichi Kudo directed Thirteen Assassins, the first of an evocative, loosely linked trio of jidai-geki about rebel samurai struggling to overthrow abusive lords. Kudo’s The Great Melee (1964), a thinly disguised in-period look at the squashing of the early 1960s student protest movement, and Eleven Samurai (1967) rounded out the trilogy. Tadashi Imai directed the superlative Tale of Bushido Cruelty (1963), an examination of the fundamentals of inhumanity behind the samurai code. In 1964, Tai Kato made Cruelty of the Shogunate’s Downfall, one of a multitude of pictures since the silent film era about the infamous Shinsengumi, a group of mid-nineteenth-century activist assassins bent on protecting the crumbling shogunate. Commonly referred to as the Full Metal Jacket of samurai films, Cruelty of the Shogunate’s Downfall is the finest, fiercest, and most poignant of the distinguished bunch, exposing the relentless numbing of the senses and hardening of the heart required to create human machines devoted to a single task—killing.
But Kobayashi was hardly alone in creating critical, socially conscious chanbara. Almost simultaneously, other directors were evoking a new mood in more realistic jidai-geki chronicles, sprinkled liberally with grueling bouts of swordplay. At Daiei Studios, the first two installments of the Ninja, Band of Assassins (1962–66) series, directed by ardent leftist Satsuo Yamamoto and starring Raizo Ichikawa, broke new ground not only by presenting historically accurate ninja stories but by doing it in an intoxicatingly noirish fashion. Many ninja films of the 1960s managed to infuse a timely sociopolitical subtext into the proceedings, but no director accomplished this delicate balance more effectively than Yamamoto, a filmmaker adept at depicting the machinations of those in power and their capacity to manipulate reality for their citizens, all in the service of blind loyalty to often empty ideals. Also at Daiei, directors Kenji Misumi and Kazuo Mori gave a realistic foundation to what was, in essence, a folk tale when they helmed the first and second installments, respectively, of the Zatoichi series—two stark, melancholy chanbara about a blind, gambling masseur who has learned swordsmanship to protect himself as well as those too weak to defend themselves. These first two entries exhibit much less humor than the long-running, crowd-pleasing series would gradually develop as it grew in popularity.
Despite their by and large weak offerings in the samurai film arena during the 1950s, Shochiku Studios suddenly took the lead in the early 1960s, competing head-to-head with Toho, Daiei, and Toei for top honors in the genre. Television producer and director Hideo Gosha, instrumental in the success of Fuji TV’s popular Three Outlaw Samurai show, was drafted by Shochiku to create a feature-length, theatrical film version of the chanbara drama. Gosha’s startlingly assured debut as a film director, Three Outlaw Samurai (1964), followed, starring Tetsuro Tanba, Isamu Nogato, and Mikijiro Hira as wandering ronin drawn in to helping impoverished farmers protest against unfair taxes. Gosha’s equally impressive Sword of the Beast (1965) followed on its heels, bringing back Hira as a rebel samurai on the run after being tricked into assassinating a clan minister in the name of reform. Pursued by the deceased man’s daughter and her fiancé, as well as other clan samurai, he takes refuge in a forbidden valley reserved for shogunate gold prospectors. There he encounters another low-ranking samurai (Go Kato) and his wife (Shima Iwashita), secretly mining gold for their own bankrupt clan. Before the swift film is over, Gosha not only puts on display some of the most amazing swordplay yet to grace Japanese movie screens, he also tears to shreds every single hypocritical tenet of the samurai code. Though Gosha exhibited no explicit political bent and was vocally opposed to including “messages” in his films, all of his productions—from these exhilarating early chanbara to later samurai gems like Goyokin (1969), Hitokiri (1969), Hunter in the Dark (1978), and Bandits vs. Samurai Squad (1979) to ninkyo yakuza epics like The Wolves (1971) and Oni-Masa (1982)—are savagely critical of established authority and bourgeois hypocrisy. Much like the work of Americans Anthony Mann and Sam Peckinpah, Gosha’s films reflect a rugged individualism bound up with personal honor and integrity, and a ferocious self-reliance in the face of overwhelming adversity.
Also at Shochiku Studios, Masahiro Shinoda, independent iconoclast and one of the exponents of the 1960s Japanese new wave, was turning out bleak, dissonant masterpieces, particularly the atypical yakuza drama Pale Flower (1963) and the jidai-geki magnum opuses Assassination (1964), Samurai Spy (1965), and Double Suicide (1969). Assassination is a fascinating, mazelike catalogue of flashbacks by various samurai examining the motivations of the mysterious real-life activist Kiyokawa (Tetsuro Tanba), a man originally devoted to restoring the emperor to power in the turbulent early 1860s. But his ostensible betrayal of the cause, in joining the opposing, pro-shogunate factions, sows doubt on both sides regarding his trustworthiness. Shinoda’s next film, Samurai Spy, is slightly less labyrinthine in structure, but no less complex, with a bounty of ninja characters, many based on real life. Koji Takahashi plays Sasuke Sarutobi, a fatalistic, thoughtful ninja in the late sengoku period who is disgusted with the betrayals and double-dealing he constantly encounters. Determined to remain loyal to his clan, he suddenly becomes a hunted man when he is the last to be seen with a duplicitous double agent (Rokko Toura). Alternately assisted, manipulated, and attacked by a rival superninja dressed in white (Tanba), Sarutobi struggles to achieve the simple goal of building a new life with the naive young Omiyo (Jitsuko Yoshimura). Through Samurai Spy’s shadowy world of triple crosses and false identities, Shinoda unpretentiously paints a picture of existential dread, occasionally lightened by bursts of absurdist humor. But Shinoda never forgets that his saga is first and foremost a chanbara genre thriller.
Finally, we come to renowned Toho Studios action director Kihachi Okamoto. Over his long career, Okamoto toiled in many genres, but he is best known for his samurai films of the 1960s, movies that swung between fast-moving swordplay, bumptious humor, and bleakest tragedy with deceptive ease. All his chanbara are supremely entertaining, including Warring Clans (1963), Samurai Assassin (1965), Red Lion (1969), and Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo (1970), but his most justly famous masterpieces are Sword Of Doom (1966) and Kill! (1968). For Sword Of Doom, master scenarist Shinobu Hashimoto was drafted to adapt the oft-filmed novel The Great Bodhisatva Pass, by Kaizan Nakazato. Okamoto’s resulting masterwork is one of his darkest pictures, with Nakadai giving a chilling performance as Ryunosuke Tsukue, a cold-bloodedly sociopathic swordsman who becomes briefly affiliated with the notorious Shinsengumi of the early 1860s. But Tsukue’s sojourn with the group is short-lived. Tracked by a young samurai (Yuzo Kayama) bent on avenging his brother, and sent over the brink after one murder too many, Tsukue succumbs to full-blown psychosis. The resulting madness climaxes in one of the most harrowing mass swordfights ever committed to celluloid. Kill!, on the other hand, represents a 180-degree turn. Although it is possessed of the same gritty, stark realism with regard to imagery and body count, the tone is decidedly comic. The versatile Nakadai once again stars, this time as a fatalistic ex-samurai-turned-wandering-yakuza who, along with a country-bumpkin swordsman played by Etsushi Takahashi, is drawn into helping a gullible band of young samurai who have been betrayed by a minister of their clan. What is so rewarding about Kill! is Okamoto’s expert balance of seemingly disparate elements. He walks a tightrope, skillfully juggling humorous moments, fierce swordplay, and more sober, dramatic sequences, all punctuated by Masaru Sato’s alternately whimsical and wistful score. It is an exhilarating example of Okamoto at his best; and, though it may be hard to recognize at first glance, Kill! is adapted from the same Shugoro Yamamoto source novel that inspired Kurosawa’s Sanjuro.
While at least two dozen great chanbara films (almost all of which feature rebel samurai of some stripe) were produced in the 1970s and beyond—the Lone Wolf and Cub movies and the final Zatoichi pictures are prime examples—samurai swordplay stories were relegated largely to episodic television by the late 1960s and throughout the following decade. A number of circumstances led to this gradual decline: Starting as early as the mid-1960s, the same iconoclastic attitude that had informed the abrasive, realistic chanbara also contributed to the surging popularity of the ninkyo (or chivalrous) yakuza film. This genre of in-period gangster movie, generally set between 1900 and 1930, enjoyed huge box office success. In turn, the ninkyo yakuza films were replaced, in the early 1970s, by the more brutal jitsuroku (or true account) postwar yakuza sagas. Both of these gangster subgenres resonated with audiences in the same way as the rebel samurai films, drawing on feelings of mass alienation, blue-collar angst, and fury towards governmental hypocrisy. To legions of lonely salarymen buying movie tickets, the burgeoning yakuza genre slowly became a more potent catharsis than the rebel samurai pictures. Unfortunately, an even stronger force was at work than the simple supplanting of one genre by another. Televisions had not been common in Japanese households until the early 1960s. But, by 1971, television had helped to erode box office returns to a catastrophic degree, causing the virtual bankruptcy of one major studio (Daiei) and the transformation of another (Nikkatsu) into a soft-core porn factory. Parents and children who might once have flocked to the latest samurai film at the neighborhood bijou were suddenly staying at home to watch episodic swordplay series on the small screen.
Thus, the era of the hardest-hitting outlaw samurai chanbara spanned little over a decade in Japanese moviehouses. Like many other periods of innovation and upheaval in national cinemas, it was born of a specific time and set of historical circumstances, its idioms and groundbreaking genre elements gradually diluted and assimilated into the mainstream. But for a brief and shining moment, these hard-boiled swordplay films were the thrilling bearers of new ideas and dissenting voices, producing some of the most exciting movies of the 1960s, or any other decade. It is a phenomenon we are not likely to see again—at least anytime soon.
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Halt | December 12, 2018 | 0 Comments
Drunk Driving Laws In the US – DWI Basics Explained
Cruising down the roadway after getting wasted might look like a cool idea in the movies but the US legal system sure doesn’t think so. Drunk driving is a serious offense, one that is punishable under the US constitution. Here are some of the basic laws concerning drunk driving cases and the precautionary measures you can take up to avoid such as ordeal. Also, if you know someone who is convicted for driving while under the influence of alcohol you can check up on their jail term and other details on Inmates101, a website that keeps track of all prison inmates across the state;
What Qualifies as “Drunk”?
Now, each state has its own rules to define how drunk a person must be to be qualified as “being drunk”. However, the Congress has appealed for a standard yardstick to measure how inebriated the person is. States that want to tap on a major chunk of federal funding comply with the set standard that presumes that 0.08% of alcohol in the bloodstream is “drunk enough” to drive. There are states where the permissible alcohol content in the blood has been lowered to 0.04% for commercial drivers and even less for people under the age of 21.
Stopping a Drunk Driver
The police often set up random checkpoints on the highway or other frequented routes and stop every vehicle or any car at random for a drunk driving test. A prior complaint by any other driver or any evidence of inebriated behavior adds on to the suspicion and may result in you having to pull over. According to the The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), “turning with a wide radius, straddling the painted lines on the roadway, weaving, appearing to be drunk, striking or almost striking another vehicle, swerving, driving on the wrong side of the road and, braking erratically”, all fall under suspicious behaviour.
Field Sobriety
The field sobriety test usually involves the police officer asking the drunk driver to perform some tasks to check its brain-to-limb coordination. Some of the tests to check the cognitive abilities of a person would be to ask him to walk on a straight line or recite the alphabets backward. The police can even conduct a chemical test using a Breathalyzer to measure the drivers BAC or Blood-Alcohol concentration levels. Normally, the driver cannot refuse to give in a sample of his blood or urine to conduct chemical examinations. Failure to cooperate with the authorities may result in penalties or suspension of the license.
The Driving Under Influence (DUI) and Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) are two offenses registered by law which govern the drunk driving cases. All states have DUI laws which are further divided into two sections- the zero tolerance laws and the per se laws. The zero tolerance laws are for underage drivers. The legal age for drinking in the states is 21, people under the age of 21 if found behind the steering wheel with the lowest trace of alcohol in their bloodstream (even 0.01%) are liable for questioning and a penalty. The per se intoxication laws pertain to all adult drivers who have a BAC of 0.08% or more.
Evidence Involved
The police can convict the driver even without medical proof in case of a “per se intoxication” if there is other evidence to prove his intoxicated state. Most criminal penalties include paying a fee, jail time, probation or community service. People who have a history of DUI violations and reckless road behavior are more likely to get convicted. And if rash driving leads to loss of property or life, then the sentence is even more severe.
The Investigation and Conviction
Once there is enough evidence to convict a driver for rash road behavior, then the police are free to check up on his track record and conduct a detailed investigation to dig up more details. And getting convicted under the DUI laws have an immediate impact on your driving privileges. Your license will be canceled, your vehicle confiscated, and, in some cases, you might even have to serve jail time. If you have a clean track record, chances are the laws might not be as harsh upon you. A regular offender will have to pay the fee and get an ignition interlock system installed in their car at their own expense which could be used to monitor his activities on road.
What Can You Do?
If you are convicted of drunk driving, the best way out would be to just cooperate with the officers. You can demand a lawyer and legal representation in court, but the district attorney offices are usually unwilling to negotiate for plea bargains especially if it’s a serious violation. You can contact a DUI lawyer to get actionable legal advice.
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The Blog
Racial Profiling: Doing Science While Asian American
May happens to be Asian American Heritage Month. Even as we celebrate the contributions of the fastest growing racial minority in the nation, we are witnessing history repeat itself. The dominant theme of the Asian American experience has been -- and seems to remain -- the perpetual foreigner syndrome. From the earliest arrival of Asians on these shores, we have been characterized as sojourners who were unwilling or even unable to assimilate, always loyal to a foreign sovereignty. By this standard, "Asian American" is an oxymoron. Yet we continue to insist that we are here to stay, belonging as equals.
Xi was allowed to keep his job by college administrators who recognized his accomplishments as a scientist. Chen was fired from hers even after she had been cleared.
Both victims continue to wait for someone to say sorry. The word "victim" is dangerous. It should be invoked only if appropriate. It is here. These look like instances of law-abiding Americans being subjected to what observers criticize China for: arbitrary, capricious, baseless, reckless official actions contrary to the rule of law.
They have been encouraged to stand up and speak out. Scientists are alarmed at the misunderstanding of their methods. Xi and Chen have done what Americans are supposed to do: protest. Xi's daughter has started a national campaign to address these issues. Chen plans to file a civil lawsuit. Neither set out to be a martyr. They only want their lives back.
What the federal government did to Xi and Chen is worse than wrong. It is an outrage.
If it were only one case, it might be possible to dismiss it as an aberration. But there is precedent as well as a pattern. (There is even a third case of dropped charges, slightly earlier and less publicized, involving researchers at a pharmaceutical company.)
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was enacted to keep out Chinese, urged by unabashed racists who feared the Yellow Peril. Ironically, many of the agitators who organized against Asian laborers, even resorting to violence in mass purges up and down the Pacific Coast, were themselves newcomers from Europe. The successful effort, which eventually prohibited all Asian migrants, with limited exceptions subject to strict quotas, initiated federal control of the borders, and the Supreme Court decisions acquiescing to it are to this day the law of the land.
During World War II, the internment of Japanese Americans was premised on the suspicion they had remained beholden to an enemy Emperor. Even the two thirds of the community who were native born to this nation were not exempt, because they were declared to be inscrutable. When Asians were assimilated, having converted to Christianity, playing baseball, and succeeding as entrepreneurs, they were said to be especially tricky, some sort of sleeper agents disguised as economic competition.
The killing of Vincent Chin, a young Chinese American apparently assumed to be a Japanese foreigner, exemplified the phenomenon. In Detroit, the "Motor City," during the 1980s recession, two white autoworkers bludgeoned him to death with a baseball bat. According to witnesses, they used racial slurs and obscenities, insinuating that he was to blame for their being out of work.
The new set of cases resemble that of Wen Ho Lee. Before the tragedy of 9-11, the Los Alamos physicist was said to be the most significant threat to national security. Accused of passing on nuclear secrets to China, the naturalized citizen from Taiwan was held in solitary confinement. The matter ended not with his confessing, since he had done nothing wrong, but with the government giving up, only to be admonished in open court by a conservative federal judge who apologized on behalf of the United States. (The august New York Times issued just short of a retraction for its role in promoting lurid coverage.)
To all but Asian Americans, and even to Asian Americans who are not taught about the past any more than any other Americans, these episodes are all but forgotten. Taken together, they should be regarded as significant even to those who are willing to excuse the single mistake.
Asian Americans do not often complain about mistreatment, even when they should. While Asian Americans face disparities even in high-tech fields where they are reputed to be overachievers, we report employment discrimination at unusually low rates. We have heard more than once that heckler's jeer that if we don't like it here, then we can go back to where we came from.
That is how the perpetual foreigner syndrome works at its worst. It allows bigots to rationalize their actions and others to shrug off the resulting problem. In the appeal of the Vincent Chin case, the lawyers argued "Orientals" were not covered by civil rights laws. The court was not persuaded by that preposterous suggestion.
There is a real threat of espionage from China and elsewhere. That is an argument for, not against, solid investigation techniques and smart exercise of prosecutorial discretion. Chinese Americans, some of whom are sixth-generation at this point, are vital to basic science in academic labs, research and development for major corporations, and technological progress in Silicon Valley. The United States could not compete in the global marketplace without that talent it can attract from overseas. It depends on Asian immigrants. It cannot afford to alienate us.
It will be said, as it has been said of other civil rights claims, that there are instances of wrongdoers who have an identical background to this defendant or that. No doubt that is true. The facts should not be glossed over.
Yet the response should be, with the same strength of principle as with other groups, that the handful of people who have violated the law should not compromise the full citizenship of the millions who are no different than coworkers and neighbors. They deserve due process. The guilt of strangers who happen to be of similar ancestry does not impugn their innocence. Saying otherwise is the essence of racial profiling.
That is why we do not -- or ought not -- stereotype all African Americans as criminals or all Arab Americans as terrorists. That is the social contract we have made with one another. Such commitments are what binds us together despite our differences.
There is an additional possibility. As an American, I reject it. That other possibility is we are hypocrites. When we say we are against racial profiling, we are only for self-interest.
What makes America great is its openness. Compared to any other nation, including for example China, America has welcomed people of more colors, ethnicities, languages, faiths and walks of life than any other civilization, likely since society organized into nations. There is no single American race. Instead, we have celebrated a unique proposition that anyone can embrace this experiment of democracy.
We have not at all times lived up to our profound ideals. But we continue to make progress, with the capacity to correct ourselves thanks to self-governance and civic engagement. Congress has recently expressed regret for the exclusion of Chinese immigrants, in a resolution sponsored by a Chinese American, Representative Judy Chu. Although the Justice Department just announced a new policy intended to avoid further errors such as in the Xi and Chen cases, the guidelines are partial measures that likely would not have prevented the pursuit of charges against them.
I have to admit that as a native born citizen, I have been taken aback by the enthusiasm that immigrants (no different than my own parents) display for the values of this nation. Their belief in the American Dream surpasses mine. I should not be surprised. They sacrificed to come here as I did not have to. I have seen Xi and Chen each tell their story to packed rooms, receiving standing ovations, because their yearning to be accepted is so understandable, so compelling. Xi reflected on his case as he jogged by monuments in Washington, D.C.; Chen enjoyed the blue skies of Ohio, where she had settled. (I've been inspired to help them.)
We have made this nation, and we continue to remake it. It was not inherited from the Old World. It is ours, truly ours, to make the best of. I have confidence that when people learn about what has happened to Chen and Xi, they will rally to their cause -- because it is our cause, all of us.
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IELTS band 9 essays
It is universally acknowledged that with the invention of modern lifestyle gadgets, people are living a lavish and luxurious life. People have become technosavvy. Due to this rapid enhancement in technology, there is advent of new concept that is telecommuting. It is worldwide phenomenon. It promotes greener pastures .It has amalgamation of both pros and cons.
The first step is to discern that it has many merits.
• Dual benefits
• where a person can work in flexible environment and manage domestic chores.
• One will not squander money on transportation.
• Increased in productivity.
• Makes family bonds stronger.
• Good nurturing of their children.
• Best possible way to save money by leaps and bounds.
• Reduces traffic, for example – Cities like New Delhi telecommuting can help in reducing traffic.
• Last but not the least, It provides hassle free environment.
• There are many misleading concepts regarding telecommuting
• It leads to social isolation.
• It can lead to loss of camaraderie
• Arouses feeling of envy between colleague or volunteers.
• Often problems pertaining to management mistrust, distraction and many security isssues. Like for an example- If one does telecommuting then there will be no privacy concern for the projects undertaken.
Ultimately, it can be observed that though it has many adv. But it should be used wisely. Use of technology should be a boom for us and not a bane.
It is truly said that education is third eye of human . There is no doubt about fact that formal education is rudementry step because it is the fundamental of education. “Education is like a companion which no future can depress, no crime can destroy and enemy can isolate. It is segregated in to two camps. According to educationalist study in the group definitely surpass the study when it comes to isolate study.
First of all people can mimic ideas and get fruitful results
• It also broadens the horizon.
• It enhances cognitive skills.
• This also enhances right spirit of competition.
• It destroys feeling of envy.
• One can improve communication skills.
• Share cultural information, lifestyle and experience.
• Promotes camaraderie environment.
• Learn leadership qualities for Ex- Make project under one leader
• While studying alone
• Not be constrained by anyone.
• Not deviate due to peer pressure.
• Do whatever you want. Ex:- they will not practice debauchery(corruption).
• Achieve competent result.
• Not squander money on tutor and in school fees.
• Manage time according to the work.
It is said if there is no struggle there is no success.
One can get more knowledge.
In the ultimate analysis, people have voluntary habit both systems are valid. Students can choose according to their choice.
“ some people think that too many cooks will spoil the soup” so they prefer students should study alone.
In the modernized technology era of Gizmos and gadgets, It has given birth to a new concept of television. There is no denying fact that television is one of the stupendous invention by “Philo Taylor fransworth”. As it is rightly said that television has to be the part of people’s life, not there only part of people of life”. Television has become a boom for humanity whereas on the other hand of spectrum it has severe consequences.
The first aspect is that it has benefitted us in leaps and bounds. There are number of news channels which telecast the news in fraction of seconds which tell us about the current affairs through video, audio aids. There is cut throat competition between channels to attain TRP’s (target rating programmes) so, there is great hustle and bustle among producers. Some channels are exposed to western culture , food and other educational programmes. Also provide a mimic of job prospects and help us to wind us to our roots by showing different festivals.
• Other side is that it diverts individual’s mind and this leads to crime like juvenile delinquency and practice debauchery.
• Excessive use has become a curse for humanity.
• It leads to social isolation, inactive sedentary lifestyle.
• Serials such as daily soaps, sitcoms result in side tracking the studies among children.
From these arguments, we conclude that pros are over cons. It has given fruitful uses to society whereas its excessive use has made children cough potatoes. Government should have censorship on vulgar channels and must step forwarded to provide 100% authentic content.
It is ubiquitously known phenomenon.
• Coined as gang culture.
• This practice is burgeoning in vibrant society as well as in remote areas due to unforeseen circumstances.
BP- 01:-
First step to discern is that there is ample of reasons behind this antecedent activity.
Firstly, political injustice is major concern of this practice when Homo sapiens deprived from their quotidian needs like education, job opportunities and so on as well they are discriminated by the government. In this situation they create pugnacious (aggressive) atmosphere inform of vandalism.
Secondly, in materialistic era everyone wants to become more elite overnight so they select illegal way to earn money in leaps and bounds to cater their needs in short time. For epitome, in case o excess debauchery they break private as well as public property especially schools.
Finally, cultural diversity is an another major cause sometimes people get rebellious in religious places and they become violent in order to deteriorate the historical places.
• Interestingly, there are solutions that can rectify this problem.
• By improving job profile with equal job opportunities.
• Installing surveillance cameras.
• Parents should keep proper check on their children.
• Awareness campaigns are remarkable idea to educate and counsel the youngsters at curriculum level.
To encapsulate , this obstacle can be solved with the help of community specially with the participation of youth government must chalk out some protocols which they must follow.
It is an irrefutable fact that gender discrimination has been existing for ages and this is also evident in sports where males are often given importance than females. Women sports are not getting proper support to show their talent, which has negative impact. This essay shall dwell into stating the reasons and effect of this on the economy.
One of the vital reasons behind this prevailing issue is people’s belief derived from lack of knowledge. In other words, since ancient times, women are believed to be much weaker than men and hence are supposed to do more household chores. Consequently, this ideology has put restrictions on their involvement in sports, and thus men are more preferred in this arena. Besides, more sports facilities and frequent competitions are there for male sportsperson than women, hence left with little or no scope for their career.
Furthermore, this male dominance has many drawbacks for the society. Firstly, in the modern era, many examples have been set by female sportspersons ubiquitously who have accomplished tremendous success. Thus, discouraging women is a lost opportunity for the country to shine on international level. Secondly, it is very crucial for the progress of the nation that men and women are treated equally. Today, women are taking up various roles as their male counterparts and are attributing to the growth of the economy to a great extent. Hence, if women are deprived of these opportunities, then it could hamper the progress of the society.
In conclusion, even though this problem has been prevalent in the society for ages, it is still not too late to rectify this. It is onus of government to create awareness among the population and people should understand the importance of equality for all genders for the all round development of the state.
Gifts have always defined relationships and strengthened the bonds with families and friends. While some believe that gifts are an effective way to display affection, others are of the opinion that it can be achieved through various other ways which are more crucial. This essay shall dwell into discussing both the viewpoints.
On the one hand, it is believed that love can be expressed though presents. In other words, people often tend to buy expensive items for their loved ones on special occasions as they think that it will create a special bond between them and make the other person happy. Many of these items stay with the person for a long time and often reminds them of the wonderful moments they have spent together in their past and thus strengthens the relationship.
On the other hand, many people believe that there are other important things to do that can show their feelings. For instance, spending quality time with family and friends is one thing that people cherish in today’s life, which is marred with hectic work schedule. Besides, it is more important to support and stay with the closed ones when they are in need or in an emergency as in case of taking decisions for career and life. Further, inculcating the habit to keep up the good health, can save their lives, and hence can be the greatest gift for one.
In conclusion, despite the varying opinions prevailing in the society, it is important that people should focus on making a moment memorable which can then be enjoyed throughout one’s life. As said, love and compassion are necessities, without which humanity cannot survive.
With the rapid development of towns and cities, millennial are seen indulging in shopping activities nowadays. This essay shall look into the causes of this trend and argue that it is a good development; hence there is a need to swap it with other activities.
Firstly, the increasing number of shopping malls can be attributed to more and more people choosing shopping as a hobby nowadays. In other words, urbanisation of different cities has had a significant impact on the younger population. For instance, Noida in Uttar Pradesh has become a major shopping hub because of the numerous shopping malls. So, people often take this opportunity to go out and look forward to exploring new brands and destinations.
Another major factor is the increasing in purchasing power of younger generation. The Indian economy is growing at a rapid pace which has resulted in good job opportunities with higher salary than in the past. Consequently, people earn handsome income and because they have few pay responsibilities on their shoulders, they tend to spend the money on buying different items for themselves.
In my opinion, it can be seen as a positive development which should be promoted. Especially in the present day scenario often, it is good for people to go out and spend some quality leisure time, who otherwise are stuck in front of the television or the computer. Furthermore, shopping makes one feel happy and relieves the stress caused at work place. It also gives ample quality time to spend with family and loved ones, which is otherwise hardly possible due to the busy schedules.
In conclusion, increasing shopping malls and high income levels of young people play a vital role when they choose shopping as a hobby. I believe that it is a good change because of the benefits it brings along and therefore people should engage in shopping activities.
Disseminating information through television and print media are effective means to keep one updated with the happenings around the world. Most of the times, the news is supported with different images which many believe are more compelling. I agree with the statement and this essay shall put forth my views in support.
Firstly, pictures have more impact on human brains than words or audio. In other words, people are able to relate to the incident better if presented with the help of images. Moreover, a simple image can often present intricate details of an incident or a happening and is often found more expressive than words. This is exemplified by the various images taken by photographers for National Geographic Channel on showcasing issues like war and famine which are far better in expressing sensitive topics which at times are beyond description. Hence, still photographs have deep impact on the human psychology and people are better able to accept it.
Another reason is that, reading simple text or listening to news on radio is usually considered boring. I believe that visuals along with text or audio make things interesting. Moreover, it is for this reason only that radio has been replaced by television in modern day life. It is human tendency to grab attention to beautiful things and the pictures do exactly the same.
On the other hand, words are equally important, as pictures sometimes keep the audience deprived of the real data. Further, the details can only be expressed through words, which can be thoroughly revised with the time to time validation from the reporters faraway.
In conclusion, I believe that photographs play a major role in news because they make the news far more expressive and interesting. However, having words complete the whole information to be provided.
There is an array of technology accessible to people nowadays. While many believe this is widening the gap between rich and poor in a society, others are of the opinion that it helps in bringing them closer. In my view, technology plays a negative role in increasing the gap.
On the one hand, some people believe that gap between the rich and poor is increasing because of the modern technological advancements and I agree. Firstly, technology has facilitated the creation of advanced machineries like automobiles and supersonic flights which are only accessible to the ultra rich people. For example, only the rich people could travel on the Concorde which is an enormously expensive supersonic flight that could cover vast distances quickly. Secondly, the advanced and expensive gadgets available today are only a joy for the rich and the poor people can only dream of them. iPhones and iPads are the perfect examples of innovations going into the hands of wealthy people. Thus, the benefits of technology are often used by the rich while the poor are deprived of it and this widens the gap in society.
On the other hand, it is believed that technology bridges this gap. The argument is that technology provides equal opportunities to all. Access of the internet to all ensures that even the poor can take advantage of the various opportunities available. Numerous online learning facilities available today help the poor in acquiring education who otherwise could not have afforded to pay the fee. Moreover, technology has provided plethora of opportunities for people to become self employed and start a fresh career irrespective of the financial capability. The advent of taxi service Uber is one such example which provides a platform to poor people and helps them in moving ahead in life.
In conclusion, despite people have varying views; I believe that technology has given rise to various inventions which has definitely widened the gap between rich and poor.
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Postnatal Depression
580 Words3 Pages
There are many diseases are not only have a physical pain, they have a psychological pain too. Postnatal depression is one of these illnesses. Postnatal depression is a psychological disorder which affects mothers after childbirth. Mothers with this condition may experience a fall tension and stress. Moreover, a mother with postnatal depression has as a dark shadow stuck up on her.(1) They severe a really bad days, isolation from others and probably to have a continual crying. Postnatal depression has several psychosocial and physical causes that affect mother’s life and the relationships between mother and her baby, family, and social life. There are many factors and causes which play a significant role in risking mothers mental health by…show more content…
Mothers who are suffering from postnatal depression commonly are fatigue because of the continual crying and disturbed sleep. Furthermore, mothers are isolation from the social life due to self-blame feeling, disorganized behaviors, and the confuse thinking. Mothers will have a difficulty in bonding with their babies and at some cases mothers can have thoughts about harming their babies. According to World Psychiatry Association analyze in a study of mothers who killed their children and they found not guilty,” in two U.S. states found that the perpetrators were often depressed and frequently experienced auditory hallucinations, some of a command type. Over one third of the homicides occurred during pregnancy or the postpartum year.”(4) To conclude, there are several causes of postnatal depression some of them are related to psychosocial reasons and others are related to physical reasons all of them are may elevate the risk of postnatal depression. In addition, postnatal depression has a huge affect on mother life and their relationships with others. It may be frustrating to live with someone who has postnatal depression, but it is important not to blame them for how they are feeling and avoid being
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Program Artificial Intelligence
Teaching language: German!
Study location : Amberg
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is on everyone's lips and can be found in almost every digital situation in life. The master's program in Artificial Intelligence gives you deep insights into how artificial intelligence and machine learning work and addresses current topics such as computational linguistics, computer vision, data analytics, augmented reality or gesture recognition. The teaching contents are demonstrated, tried and tested on application data, and the hands-on teaching in small groups is another advantage of this degree program. Professors and lecturers with strong research backgrounds in the field of AI will provide you with the knowledge you need to work in the digital world as a Master of Science.
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8 Questions for Samuel Ramsey
Samuel Ramsey, or Dr. Sammy, works for the United States Department of Agriculture. He’s an entomologist. That’s a scientist who studies insects. TFK’s Rebecca Katzman spoke with Dr. Sammy about his job and what insects can teach us about ourselves.
1. How did you become an entomologist?
I have been interested in entomology since I was a little kid. At first, I was terrified of insects. But going to the library and reading about insects changed that.
2. What are you working on now?
My current work is focused on keeping bees healthy. Using a microscope, I examine sick bees for bacteria, fungi, and viruses. I’m developing medicines that can help bees stay healthy.
3. Do you have a favorite insect?
I have several. My favorite vegetarian insect is the honeybee. My favorite predatory insect is the praying mantis. And beetles: Their suit of armor makes them some of the best-defended insects I can think of. Really incredible things can come in small packages.
4. Can insects teach us anything about being human?
We like to think humans are unique, and that no other creatures form tight-knit communities. But insects like ants, wasps, bees, and hornets were forming complex and closely connected communities before we ever did.
5. What if I’m terrified of insects?
Learn more about them! You’ll see their motivations are similar to ours. For instance, crickets used to keep me up at night. I hated it. Then I realized that there’s a whole symphony going on outside. That’s their way of telling other crickets, “Hey, I’m out here and I’m lonely, and I want to hang out with you.” The more we learn about insects, the more we feel a level of sensitivity and connection to them.
6. Even bugs that bite?
Oftentimes, they’re just hungry. Take mosquitoes. They’re not trying to make you itch. They’re just getting a little bit of blood from you, because it’s a source of nutrients. They need the protein to have babies. It allows them to create the shell around their eggs. It’s a mom thing. That shocked me when I found it out.
7. What’s the best way for kids to study insects?
Do an insect scavenger hunt. See how many insects you can find in the backyard. Books or the Internet can help you identify these creatures and learn about their ecosystems.
8. Any final message for our readers?
The field of entomology needs diversity. For a long time, it has been dominated by white men. When you bring in greater diversity, you’re able to tackle projects and solve problems in new ways. At the end of the day, entomology is really the study of diversity. Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on the entire planet. If you want to learn about diversity, learn about insects.
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PRS Publications
Intraspecific variability improves environmental matching, but does not increase ecological breadth along a wet-to-dry ecotone.
Mitchell, R. M., Wright, J. P., & Ames, G. M. . 2016.
It is widely assumed that higher levels of intraspecific variability in one or more traits should allow species to persist under a wider range of environmental conditions. However, few studies have examined whether species that exhibit high variability are found in a wider range of environmental conditions, and whether variability increases the ability of a species to adapt to prevailing ecological gradients. We used four plant functional traits, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) and maximum plant height in 49 species across a strong environmental gradient to answer three questions: 1) is there evidence for 'high-variability' species (that is, species which show high variability in multiple traits, simultaneously)? 2) are species with more variable traits present across a wider range of environmental conditions than less variable species? And 3) whether more variable species show better trait- environment matching to the prevailing abiotic (soil moisture) gradient at the site? We found little evidence for a 'high-variability' species. Variability was correlated for two leaf traits, SLA and LDMC, while variability in leaf traits and plant height were not correlated. We found little evidence that more variable species were present in more diverse conditions: only variation in SLA was correlated with a wider ecological niche breadth. For plant traits along the soil-moisture gradient, higher variability led to better trait- environment matching in half of measured traits. Overall, we found little support for the existence of 'high-variability' species, but that variability in SLA is correlated with a wider ecological breadth. We also found evidence that variation in traits can improve trait- environment matching, a relationship which may facilitate our understanding ecological breadth along prevailing gradients, and community assembly on the basis of traits.
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IPERION CHIntegrated Platform for the European Research Infrastructure ON Cultural Heritage
Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz (SPK)-Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Rathgen Forschungslabor (Rathgen Research Laboratory)
With its museums, libraries, archives, and research institutes, the Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz (SPK, Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation) is one of the important cultural institutions in the world. It was established in 1957 by federal law as a foundation directly responsible to the German government. The Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz has taken over tasks of national interest in various thematic areas including research and documentation of museums as such and best management practices. Because of its structure as a cross-disciplinary cultural institution, the Foundation has extensive knowledge about the preservation of cultural assets and digitization.
The active part of the SPK facilities for IPERION-CH is the Rathgen-Forschungslabor (Rathgen Research Laboratory, RF). It is the leading institution for heritage science of the Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (National Museums in Berlin, SMB), one of the five institutions of the SPK.
The Rathgen-Forschungslabor is believed to be the oldest museum’s laboratory in the world. It was founded in 1888 as the Chemical Laboratory of the Königliche Museen zu Berlin (Royal Museums of berlin) and was later renamed in honor of its first director Friedrich Rathgen, a chemist who specialized in the conservation and analysis of historical objects.
It investigates museum objects and ancient materials of all kinds and conducts scientific research on the preservation of historical objects, monuments and archaeological sites. The five main research areas are:
1. Preventive conservation
2. Study of alteration and degradation mechanisms of cultural heritage
3. Art-technological investigations of objects
4. Science for conservation
5. Archaeometry
The laboratory is well-equipped with up-to-date instruments that enable a wide range of tests and analyses, such as optical, digital and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM/EDS), portable and conventional X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF and XRF) spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (FT-IR), Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy, multispectral imaging (UV-Vis-IR), microfading tests (MFT), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), non-destructive ultrasonic-testing, and other equipment to determine the mechanical properties of materials. It also provides artificial ageing chambers for climatic simulation, and mobile systems to monitor the physical and chemical environments in the museums’ collections.
The RF provides services based on its theoretical and methodological expertise to its partners and clients within the SPK and beyond. The research lab is also raising funds and conducting long-term research projects.
Contact Person
Stefan Simon
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Monday, March 6, 2017
Michelangelo Computer Virus
4. Michelangelo was one of the first computer viruses to receive a great deal of media attention, with only Datacrime from 1989 causing a comparable amount of hype. This virus was more a study in mass hysteria than virus damage. It caused a great deal of panic, but very little actual damage. Michelangelo only infected a few thousand computers making it an example of media hype.
5. It has a destructive payload that overwrites all data on the hard disk with random characters, making recovery of any data unlikely, if not impossible. It will only do this if the computer is booted on March 6 (the birthday of the artist Michelangelo, ironically, one of the vendors that sold software infected with the virus was DaVinci systems).
6. In addition, the virus does not check if the MBR has been previously infected, therefore if a similar virus has already infected the MBR, it will move the previous virus to the location the original MBR was stored on, making recovery of the MBR impossible.
7. The Michelangelo virus triggers on any March 6. On that date, the virus overwrites critical system data, including boot and file allocation table (FAT) records, on the boot disk (floppy or hard), rendering the disk unusable. Recovering user data from a disk damaged by the Michelangelo virus will be very difficult.
8. Michelangelo was first recognized by the media when a company shipped 500 PCs infected with the virus in January 1992.
9. It is uncertain where the Michelangelo virus originates. Most sources say New Zealand, but Sweden and the Netherlands are also a possibility. It was discovered in 1991 April.
10. Michelangelo is mostly similar to the original Stoned Virus. In addition to infecting the sectors of the original Stoned virus, Michelangelo infects sector 28 on 1.2 megabyte floppy disks. Upon infection, the Michelangelo virus becomes memory resident at the top of system memory but below the 640K DOS boundary. Interrupt 12's return is moved to insure that Michelangelo is not overwritten in memory.
12. Video of the Michelangelo virus.
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The Great Witch of Scotland
Discussion in 'Perceptions & Experiences' started by nivek, Oct 27, 2021.
1. nivek
nivek As Above So Below
The Strange Case of Janet Wishart, the Great Witch of Scotland
The 16th century was a time when dark magic and supernatural forces were very real to the scared populace of many areas of Europe, a time when black magic and witches were a constant threat, and in 1597 the country of Scotland began a major crackdown on these nefarious evil forces. What would go on to be called the Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597 was launched by James VI, the King of Scotland, and was the second of five nationwide witch hunts in Scottish history. It was certainly a bad time to be a witch at the time, with the Scottish Witchcraft Act, enacted on June 4, 1563, making it legal to execute those suspected of being witches and which had led to the indiscriminate deaths of hundreds of suspects, mostly women. At the time to be even suspected of being a witch was basically a death sentence, and the methods used to try witches left little chance of being proven innocent. Being unable to shed tears on command, unable to recite the Lord’s Prayer, having an unusual birthmark, or floating in water rather than sinking were all seen as sure signs of guilt, and once accused executions were carried out swiftly and ruthlessly. From March to October 1597 this was carried out on a massive, nationwide scale, and one of the more famous and supposedly most powerful of these witches was a woman named Janet Wishart, of Aberdeen.
By all accounts, Wishart had long been well known around town as being a witch, and she held all around her in a grip of fear. It is said that she had first shown her dark powers in 1572, when one day five young men caught her stealing from her neighbor. When confronted, Wishart allegedly cursed them, proclaiming, “Weill haif ye schemit me. I sail gar the best of yow repent,” and two of the boys were found drowned at the river not long after. After this, Wishart was said to practice all sorts of black magic, causing people to fall ill, drop dead, or go insane, causing businesses to fail, destroying marriages through spells, and other supernatural acts, including raising storms, using black cats to invade homes and cause nightmares, smiting crops, and many others. She was also allegedly sometimes seen consorting with the Devil himself, and people were absolutely terrified of her.
She was especially well known for her curses, which she doled out freely and with little provocation. It seems that merely looking at her the wrong way was enough to invoke her wrath, and tales of this happening were many. One of the more famous tales involves Wishart’s son-in-law, John Allen, who regularly abused her daughter. Upon hearing of this abuse, Wishart became furious, and cursed him to be visited nightly by a demonic brown dog, which would enter their room and attack John every night for 6 weeks while always leaving his wife untouched. On another occasion, a brewer named Katherine Rattray annoyed Wishart with some petty slight, after which her brewery was cursed and all of her ale was spoiled. Rattray’s daughter, Katherine Ewin, convinced Wishart to teach her a ritual to lift the curse, but when she tried to teach this ritual to others Wishart cursed Ewin’s baby, which died soon after. Ewin and her husband were also plagued by one of Wishart’s “nightmare cats,” which would come to them every night for 20 nights to cause horrific nightmares and claw at them in their sleep.
There was also a merchant named Walter Healing, who in 1593 made the egregious error of refusing to sell Wishart some wool. She apparently really wanted that wool, because as punishment she cursed Healing’s child and the baby died the next night in its sleep. Wishart’s even cursed her own servant, James Ailhows, when he tried to quit, striking him down with a deadly illness that almost killed him before he paid another witch to lift the curse. This could be done at time, the lifting of the curse, and this can also be seen in the time she struck down a mariner named Alexander Thomson, who seems to have gotten on her bad side. One report of this from the time reads:
Wishart had all manner of curses in her arsenal. She also one time cursed a neighbor’s cow to produce poison instead of milk, caused stillbirths, caused livestock to die off with deadly spells, ruined crops, and at other times caused people to go blind or deaf. She also allegedly had the power to heal, and could fashion charms and amulets with beneficial effects, but she did this far less often than her destructive magic, and only when well compensated. She cast these spells and curses regularly, and she made no effort to hide the fact that she was a witch, a pretty dangerous game back in an era when witches were being tortured and executed all over the country on a regular basis, and in 1597 her reign of terror would come to an end.
It was with the coming of the Great Scottish Witch Hunt that word of Wishart’s powers came to the attention of authorities, and it was also found that her husband John Leys, and her son and daughter were all adept in witchcraft. The entire family was arrested and put on trial, with them claiming that the Devil was visiting them in their cells to provide legal advice. It doesn’t seem to have done any good, because at her trial, Wishart was charged with numerous indictments and found guilty of “witchcraft, sorcery and other diabolical, detestable, practices.” So severe were the charges levelled against her, spanning 24 years, that she was given the worst form of execution, that of being burned alive rather than the more usual practice of strangling the accused and burning the body after death. Her son was also executed, although the rest of her family were eventually freed and exiled from Aberdeen.
The Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597 would lead to 400 people put on trial and at least 200 sentenced to death over a six-month period, but the most notorious of these remains Janet Wishart. We are left to wonder if she ever really had any of these powers, and if she was guilty of anything at all other than being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Certainly many would vouch for the stories of her insidious magical powers, but how much stock can we put into these? Whether she ever really was able to do even half of what was claimed, Janet Wishart has become known as one of the most powerful and notorious witches that ever lived in Scotland or anywhere else, and her story continues to reverberate through history to this very day.
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• Flocculants
A condition in which clays, polymers or other small charged particles become attached and form a fragile structure, a floc. In dispersed clay slurries, flocculation occurs after mechanical agitation ceases and the dispersed clay platelets spontaneously form flocs because of attractions between negative face charges and positive edge charges. Also used to increase the viscosity of water-base drilling fluids to enhance hole cleaning. Our flocculants are also used to increase bentonite yield and to clarify or dewater low-solids fluids.
Flocculants is a chemical that causes a dispersed colloidal system (such as clay) to coagulate and form flocs. Most flocculants are either multivalent cations such as calcium, magnesium and aluminum, or long-chain polymers. High pH, high salinity and high temperature can also cause clay flocculation. Flocculants are used to de-water or clarify low solid drilling fluids. They cause colloidal particles in suspension to group into clusters, whereby the solids separate out of the drilling fluid.
flocculent is used to flocculate clays, shales, and colloidal drilling solids encountered in drilling operations or can help reduce build-up of formation solids in a fluid system and reduce dilution rates for clear water drilling systems. flocculent is also suitable for use in freshwater and monovalent brines prior to filtration for fluid reclamation or for de-watering
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Complex systems
Such systems are used to model processes in computer science, biology,[2] economics, physics, chemistry,[3] architecture [4] and many other fields. It is also called complex systems theory, complexity science, study of complex systems,complex networks, network science, sciences of complexity, non-equilibrium physics, and historical physics. A variety of abstract theoretical complex systems is studied as a field of mathematics.
The key problems of complex systems are difficulties with their formal modelling and simulation. From such a perspective, in different research contexts complex systems are defined on the basis of their different attributes. Since all complex systems have many interconnected components, the science of networks and network theory are important and useful tools for the study of complex systems. A theory for the resilience of system of systems represented by a network of interdependent networks was developed by Buldyrev et al.[5][6] A consensus regarding a single universal definition of complex system does not yet exist.
A Braitenberg simulation, programmed in breve, an artificial life simulator
The study of mathematical complex system models is used for many scientific questions poorly suited to the traditional mechanistic conception provided by science.[7] Complex systems is therefore often used as a broad term encompassing a research approach to problems in many diverse disciplines including anthropology, artificial intelligence, artificial life, physics, chemistry, computer science, economics, evolutionary computation, earthquake prediction, meteorology, molecular biology, neuroscience, psychology and sociology.
A history of complexity science. Update to 2020:
A pioneer in the field, and inspired by Karl Popper's and Warren Weaver's works, Nobel prize economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek dedicated much of his work, from early to the late 20th century, to the study of complex phenomena,[10] not constraining his work to human economies but venturing into other fields such as psychology,[11] biology and cybernetics. Gregory Bateson played a key role in establishing the connection between anthropology and systems theory; he recognized that the interactive parts of cultures function much like ecosystems.
The first research institute focused on complex systems, the Santa Fe Institute, was founded in 1984.[12] Early Santa Fe Institute participants included physics Nobel laureates Murray Gell-Mann and Philip Anderson, economics Nobel laureate Kenneth Arrow, and Manhattan Project scientists George Cowan and Herb Anderson.[13] Today, there are over 50 institutes and research centers focusing on complex systems.
Typical areas of study
Complexity in practice
The traditional approach to dealing with complexity is to reduce or constrain it. Typically, this involves compartmentalisation: dividing a large system into separate parts. Organizations, for instance, divide their work into departments that each deal with separate issues. Engineering systems are often designed using modular components. However, modular designs become susceptible to failure when issues arise that bridge the divisions.
Complexity management
Complexity economics
Over the last decades, within the emerging field of complexity economics new predictive tools have been developed to explain economic growth. Such is the case with the models built by the Santa Fe Institute in 1989 and the more recent economic complexity index (ECI), introduced by the MIT physicist Cesar A. Hidalgo and the Harvard economist Ricardo Hausmann. Based on the ECI, Hausmann, Hidalgo and their team of The Observatory of Economic Complexity have produced GDP forecasts for the year 2020.
Complexity and education
Focusing on issues of student persistence with their studies, Forsman, Moll and Linder explore the "viability of using complexity science as a frame to extend methodological applications for physics education research," finding that "framing a social network analysis within a complexity science perspective offers a new and powerful applicability across a broad range of PER topics."[15]
Complexity and modeling
Mathematical models of complex systems are of three types: black-box (phenomenological), white-box (mechanistic, based on the first principles) and grey-box (mixtures of phenomenological and mechanistic models) [18] .[19] In black-box models, the individual-based (mechanistic) mechanisms of a complex dynamic system remain hidden. Black-box models are completely nonmechanistic. They are phenomenological and ignore a composition and internal structure of a complex system. We cannot investigate interactions of subsystems of such a non-transparent model. A white-box model of complex dynamic system has ‘transparent walls’ and directly shows underlying mechanisms. All events at micro-, meso- and macro-levels of a dynamic system are directly visible at all stages of its white-box model evolution. In most cases mathematical modelers use the heavy black-box mathematical methods, which cannot produce mechanistic models of complex dynamic systems. Grey-box models are intermediate and combine black-box and white-box approaches. As a rule, this approach is used in ‘overloaded’ form, which makes it less transparent. It was demonstrated that the logical deterministic cellular automata approach allows the creation of white-box models of ecosystems.[20] Creation of a white-box model of complex system is associated with the problem of the necessity of an a priori basic knowledge of the modeling subject. The deterministic logical cellular automata are necessary but not sufficient condition of a white-box model. The second necessary prerequisite of a white-box model is the presence of the physical ontology of the object under study. The white-box modeling represents an automatic hyper-logical inference from the first principles because it is completely based on the deterministic logic and axiomatic theory of the subject. The purpose of the white-box modeling is to derive from the basic axioms a more detailed, more concrete mechanistic knowledge about the dynamics of the object under study. The necessity to formulate an intrinsic axiomatic system of the subject before creating its white-box model distinguishes the cellular automata models of white-box type from cellular automata models based on arbitrary logical rules. If cellular automata rules have not been formulated from the first principles of the subject, then such a model may have a weak relevance to the real problem.[19]
Complexity and chaos theory
Complexity theory is rooted in chaos theory, which in turn has its origins more than a century ago in the work of the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. Chaos is sometimes viewed as extremely complicated information, rather than as an absence of order.[21] Chaotic systems remain deterministic, though their long-term behavior can be difficult to predict with any accuracy. With perfect knowledge of the initial conditions and of the relevant equations describing the chaotic system's behavior, one can theoretically make perfectly accurate predictions about the future of the system, though in practice this is impossible to do with arbitrary accuracy. Ilya Prigogine argued[22] that complexity is non-deterministic, and gives no way whatsoever to precisely predict the future.[23]
The emergence of complexity theory shows a domain between deterministic order and randomness which is complex.[24] This is referred as the "edge of chaos".[25]
A plot of the Lorenz attractor.
When one analyzes complex systems, sensitivity to initial conditions, for example, is not an issue as important as it is within chaos theory, in which it prevails. As stated by Colander,[26] the study of complexity is the opposite of the study of chaos. Complexity is about how a huge number of extremely complicated and dynamic sets of relationships can generate some simple behavioral patterns, whereas chaotic behavior, in the sense of deterministic chaos, is the result of a relatively small number of non-linear interactions.[24]
Therefore, the main difference between chaotic systems and complex systems is their history.[27] Chaotic systems do not rely on their history as complex ones do. Chaotic behaviour pushes a system in equilibrium into chaotic order, which means, in other words, out of what we traditionally define as 'order'. On the other hand, complex systems evolve far from equilibrium at the edge of chaos. They evolve at a critical state built up by a history of irreversible and unexpected events, which physicist Murray Gell-Mann called "an accumulation of frozen accidents."[28] In a sense chaotic systems can be regarded as a subset of complex systems distinguished precisely by this absence of historical dependence. Many real complex systems are, in practice and over long but finite time periods, robust. However, they do possess the potential for radical qualitative change of kind whilst retaining systemic integrity. Metamorphosis serves as perhaps more than a metaphor for such transformations.
Complexity and network science
A complex system is usually composed of many components and their interactions. Such a system can be represented by a network where nodes represent the components and links represent their interactions.[29] [30][31] for example, the INTERNET can be represented as a network composed of nodes (computers) and links (direct connections between computers). Other examples are social networks, airline networks and biological networks. Networks can also fail and recover spontaneously. For modeling this phenomena see ref.[32]
General Form of Complexity Computation
Institutes, research centers, journals and other resources
Institutes and research centers
United States
Other resources
Notable figures
See also
1. Bar-Yam, Yaneer (2002). "General Features of Complex Systems" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. EOLSS UNESCO Publishers, Oxford, UK. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
4. C. Alexander, New Concepts in Complexity Theory: : Arising from studies in the field of architecture, an overview of the four books of The Nature of Order with emphasis on the scientific problems which are raised,
5. Buldyrev, Sergey V.; Parshani, Roni; Paul, Gerald; Stanley, H. Eugene; Havlin, Shlomo (2010). "Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks". Nature. 464 (7291): 1025–1028. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1025B. doi:10.1038/nature08932. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20393559.
6. Parshani, Roni; Buldyrev, Sergey V.; Havlin, Shlomo (2010). "Interdependent Networks: Reducing the Coupling Strength Leads to a Change from a First to Second Order Percolation Transition". Physical Review Letters. 105 (4): 048701. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.105d8701P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.048701. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 20867893.
12. Ledford, H. (2015). How to solve the world's biggest problems. Nature, 525(7569), 308-311.
13. Waldrop, M. M. (1993). Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos. Simon and Schuster.
14. CSIS paper: "Organizing for a Complex World: The Way Ahead
15. Forsman, Jonas; Moll, Rachel; Linder, Cedric (2014). "Extending the theoretical framing for physics education research: An illustrative application of complexity science". Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research. 10 (2). doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.10.020122.
16. Reason Magazine - The Road from Serfdom
17. Friedrich August von Hayek - Prize Lecture
19. 1 2 Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A white-box model of S-shaped and double S-shaped single-species population growth", PeerJ, 3:e948: e948, doi:10.7717/peerj.948
20. Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2013), "Verification and reformulation of the competitive exclusion principle", Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 56: 124–131, doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2013.07.006
22. Prigogine, I. (1997). The End of Certainty, The Free Press, New York.
23. See also D. Carfì (2008). "Superpositions in Prigogine approach to irreversibility". AAPP: Physical, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. 86 (1): 1–13..
24. 1 2 Cilliers, P. (1998). Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems, Routledge, London.
29. Dorogovtsev, S.N.; Mendes, J.F.F. (2003). "Evolution of Networks". doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515906.001.0001.
30. Fortunato, Santo (2011). "Reuven Cohen and Shlomo Havlin: Complex Networks". Journal of Statistical Physics. 142 (3): 640–641. doi:10.1007/s10955-011-0129-7. ISSN 0022-4715.
31. Newman, Mark (2010). "Networks". doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Complex systems.
Look up complex systems in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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yes, therapy helps!
Imaginative people have these 11 traits in common
Imaginative people have these 11 traits in common
January 22, 2022
Imaginative people are, according to some thinkers, the engine of progress .
The ability to find new ideas and proposals based on lateral thinking is something that many people can benefit from. Perhaps that's why, today, many of the professions that receive more admiration and attention have to do with creativity: art, sports, etc.
Creativity is, therefore, something very appreciated. And, nevertheless, it is not always easy to recognize the indications that a person has a special facility for creative behavior and thinking, especially if it is young people, or people in whom social pressure has made its mark. point of making them fear the possibility of being original in something.
The imaginative personality in 11 characteristics
Then, I propose some basic characteristics that can be used to identify an imaginative person .
1. Have a pragmatic vision of the rules
Contrary to what one might think, creative and imaginative people do not have to disregard formal or informal norms, but do not overvalue them. That is they are clear that the raison d'etre of these codes of conduct is their usefulness , so that there are no reasons to elevate the rules that regulate social behavior to the category of sacred totem.
2. Good lateral thinking ability
Creativity is based, in part, on lateral thinking , that is, the ways of thinking that are beyond conventions and expectations. Therefore, they do not easily conform to the roles they are supposed to fit. And sometimes they feel the need to get out of that script.
3. Ease to be surprising
Surprise is one of the consequences of originality, and imaginative and creative thinking produces originality in abundance . That's why creative people can easily stand out, for better or for worse, and regardless of whether what they do is seen by others with good or bad eyes. In addition, they are not immune to the fear of receiving criticism, which is why this ability to create surprise does not always come to expression.
4. Broad cultural concerns
The imaginative people they tend to enjoy the fact that they are always exploring new ideas and original aesthetics , and that is why they look for inspiration in the ideas and works of others. That does not mean that they are interested in all forms of art and culture, but that they spend a lot of time navigating among them until they discover what they like.
5. Cravings to create things
Someone creative is not passive, but rather constantly looking for ways to exercise its ease to create , either new cultural products or own ideas.
6. Find distractions easily
Creativity is not only a way of imagining things that can be done in the future, but it is, also, the ease of interpreting the present as a source of creative potential . That is why people of this type are able to automatically come up with stimulating and promising ideas simply by looking around, and that is why they can always have things to do in mind.
7. Imitation is not a taboo
The development of activities based on creativity is always based on the inspiration and influence of other people. That's why, although it may seem strange and counterintuitive, creative people are not afraid to imitate others if they believe they can bring a point of novelty and vision to what they do . Ultimately, the desire to create is greater than the desire to appear novel and original to others.
8. They tend to want to take risks
Creativity is an adventure in which you have to take risks : for example, getting involved in a project and that the results end up being disappointing. That is why clearly creative people not only have original ideas, but also dare to develop them, which is useful for them to constantly practice lateral thinking instead of staying in the first phase of the creative process. Analysis paralysis is not a valid option.
9. Offer more questions than answers
On issues where there is no great social consensus, creative people show more facility to think from points of view than to show firm conclusions and absolute about a topic. In fact, clinging to a single point of view can be seen as a limitation.
This does not mean that they can not have very firm opinions about controversial issues, but that their discourse on these issues is not usually hermetic or circular and is based, in part, on beliefs and hopes that can not be easily explained with words.
10. Tendency to ambition
Imaginative people are ambitious very often , and that are prone to consider the future as something different from the present and to think about their own life as something subject to change. That is why the idea that they can reach their goals (not necessarily based on economic or social status) is used to haunting them in the head, something that does not happen in people who perceive their life as a series of monotonous activities.
11. The flexibility
The ability to think in very different terms can be applied to a wide variety of situations. That's why imaginative people are, too, able to find original solutions to problems of daily life ... and as long as these problems do not have to do directly with the management of their own emotions.
10 Signs Of Genius (That Have Nothing To Do With Intelligence) (January 2022).
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Emotional Sidney Poitier recalls how a kind Jewish waiter taught him to read as a boy
Sidney Poitier knew he had what it took to be an actor but he couldn't read. That's when a kind stranger jumped in to change his life.
Last week, the world lost another gem of an actor, Sidney Poitier. He was 94. Poitier was not only Hollywood's first Black movie star but also the first Black man to win an Oscar for best actor. The actor, director, and civil rights icon was born in the Bahamas and he eventually moved to New York with a dream to become an actor. But there was one problem: Poitier could not read.
The star knew there was no way he'd make it as an actor if he couldn't read. Thankfully, he found a kind waiter who took some time out to teach Poitier how to read. An emotional Poitier recalled this incident on CBS Sunday Morning to Lesley Stahl.
After arriving in New York, the late actor was washing dishes at a restaurant to get by. He would bring in newspapers during his shifts and a Jewish person once asked him about the news. Poitier replied he couldn't tell him as he couldn't read. I sit there, and I’m reading one of the papers. And there was a Jewish waiter sitting at the table, an elderly man, and he saw me there," recalled Poitier in the episode.
"He got up, and he walked over, and he stood by the table that’s next to the kitchen, and he said, ‘Hi. What’s new in the papers?’ And I said to him, ‘I can’t tell you what’s new in the papers because I don’t read very well. I didn’t have very much of an education,'" he added. "He asked, 'Would you like me to read with you.' I said to him, 'Yes, if you'd like to,'" he said.
From then on, he would sit "every night" with the waiter who would teach him to read after his work shift was over. Poitier had to fight back tears as he recalled the kindness of the man who had almost nothing to gain from teaching him but still did it. "Every night after that he would come over and sit with me, and he would teach me what a comma is and why it exists, what periods are, what colons are, what dashes are," he explained.
"He would teach me that there are syllables and how to differentiate them in a single word and consequently, learn how to pronounce them. Every night," continued the emotional star. Poitier noted that this slowly changed the trajectory of his life, as a human being and as an actor. That being said, he had one regret in life.
"One of my great regrets in life is that I went on to be a very successful actor, and one day I tried to find him, but it was too late, and I regret that I never had the opportunity to really thank him," he said during an episode of the podcast What It Takes. He also paid tribute to the kind Jewish man during interviews with Oprah, on 60 Minutes and even mentioned him during his award acceptance speeches.
Cover image source: YouTube Screenshot | CBS Sunday Morning
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Herbs & Plants
Gypsophila struthium
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Botanical Name: Gypsophila struthium
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Genus: Gypsophila
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Caryophyllales
Common Name: Egyptian Soapwort, Baby’s-breath
Habitat : Gypsophila struthium is native to Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.
Gypsophila struthium is a perennial herbaceous plant with a stem 1 to 2 feet in height.The leaves are variable in shape. The inflorescence is usually a cyme or a thyrse, branching intricately. Each small flower has a cup-like calyx of white-edged green sepals containing five petals in shades of white or pink. The fruit is a rounded or oval capsule opening at valves. It contains several brown or black seeds which are often shaped like a kidney or a snail shell.
The root is generally in lengths of 4 to 6 inches, 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter; colour a yellowish white, furrowed down its length externally with lighter places where the cortex has been rubbed. The section is of a radiate and concentric structure. Taste bitter, then acrid; odour slight; powder irritating to the nostrils. This variety is rarely used medicinally, the Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) being used as a substitute. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs)
Cultivation :
Requires a sunny position and a deep soil. Lime tolerant. Grows well in a dryish soil.
Propagation :
Seed – we have no information for this species but suggest sowing the seed in a greenhouse in spring. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and, if growth is sufficient, plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer. If the plants are too small to plant out, grow them on in the greenhouse for their first winter and then plant them out in late spring or early summer. Division in spring or autumn. Larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the spring. Basal cuttings before the plant flowers. Harvest the shoots when they are about 10cm long with plenty of underground stem. Pot them up into individual pots and keep them in light shade in a cold frame or greenhouse until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer. Root cuttings.
Medicinal Uses:
Alterative; Diaphoretic; Purgative; Skin; Tonic.
Tonic, diaphoretic, alterative. A valuable remedy in the treatment of syphilitic, scrofulous and cutaneous diseases, also in jaundice, liver affections, rheumatism and gonorrhoea, the decoction is generally used. Saponin is produced from this plant. Although rarely used, this species can be employed in many of the same ways as soapwort, Saponaria officinalis. It is a valuable remedy, used as an external wash, for the treatment of many skin diseases.
Other Uses : The plant contains saponins. This may be used as soap substitute.
Known Hazards: Although no mention has been seen for this species, at least one member of this genus has a root that is rich in saponins. Although toxic, these substances are very poorly absorbed by the body and so tend to pass through without causing harm. They are also broken down by heat so a long slow baking can destroy them. Saponins are found in many plants, including several that are often used for food, such as certain beans. It is advisable not to eat large quantities of food that contain saponins. Saponins are much more toxic to some creatures, such as fish, and hunting tribes have traditionally put large quantities of them in streams, lakes etc in order to stupefy or kill the fish.
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Skywatcher's Guide: August and September 2021
Skywatcher's Guide written by: Lucas Snyder (Flandrau Planetarium Operator)
Stars and Constellations
Interesting Stars Visible in August and September (during observatory hours)
Name / Designation Apparent Magnitude
(lower = brighter)
Arcturus -0.05 36.7
Vega 0.03 25
Altair 0.76 17
Spica 0.98 262
Fomalhaut 1.16 25
Markab 1.25 140
Deneb 1.25 3230
Polaris 1.97 431
Alpheratz or Sirrah 2.07 97
Mirach 2.07 199
Algol 2.09 93 variable star
Denebola 2.14 36.2
Enif 2.38 670
Eta Cassiopeiae 3.5 / 7.4 19 480 yr orbit
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Solar System
Mercury will be passing behind the Sun at the beginning of August, but will become visible again in the evening sky in September.
Venus is getting higher in the western sky each evening after sunset.
Mars is getting closer to the Sun and will be very difficult to see after the beginning of August.
Jupiter is visible in the east after sunset, getting a little higher each night in the constellation of Capricornus.
Saturn is just a little above Jupiter, also in Capricornus.
Jupiter Great Red Spot Transits during August and September (when the Flandrau observatory is open)
Date Meridian Transit Time
08/21/21 08:02 PM
08/28/21 08:47 PM
09/02/21 07:54 PM
09/04/21 09:32 PM
09/09/21 08:40 PM
09/16/21 09:25 PM
[Return to Top]
Calendar of Night Sky Events
Date Event
Mercury at superior conjunction. — Passing behind the Sun.
Saturn at opposition. — Best time to see this ringed planet.
New Moon.
Peak of Perseids meteor shower. — Learn more about it here
First Quarter Moon.
Appulse of Mercury and Mars — Separated by 0.07°.
Jupiter at opposition. — Best time to see our largest planet.
Full Moon.
Last Quarter Moon.
New Moon.
First Quarter Moon.
Mercury at greatest eastern elongation. — Visible after sunset.
Full Moon.
Earth at Southward Equinox. Beginning of our Fall.
Last Quarter Moon.
[Return to Top]
Deep Sky
Designation Name Apparent Magnitude Apparent Size Distance
Messier 31
Andromeda Galaxy
3° x 1°
spiral galaxy
Messier 33
Triangulum Galaxy
67' x 42'
spiral galaxy
Messier 3
(in Canes Venatici)
globular cluster
NGC 7293 Helix Nebula 7.3 16' 450 planetary nebula
NGC 7009
Saturn Nebula
planetary nebula
Messier 81
Bode's Galaxy
spiral galaxy
Messier 57 Ring Nebula 8.8 1' 2,300 planetary nebula
Messier 82
Cigar Galaxy
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Frequently Asked Questions
How do astronomers get such colorful pictures of galaxies and nebulae?
If you've ever looked at deep sky objects such as galaxies and nebulae through a telescope, many people are disappointed to find that they only seem to be in black and white. So if they just appear to be shades of grey to our eyes, why are photographs so colorful?
There are two main reasons for this. One is that our eyes are not good at distinguishing colors in low-light settings. You have probably heard that your eye uses rod and cone cells in your retina to detect light. In bright light, your cones are doing most of the work, and there are actually three different types of cone cells which allows our eye to distinguish different colors. However, in low light settings, our rods are doing most of the work, and they cannot distinguish color. So that is why the colors of these deep sky objects look so bland to our eyes. While they do in fact have colors, our eyes are just not picking them up very well.
Second, cameras have a few advantages over our eyes. One is that our eye (together with our brain) creates an image based on only a fraction of a second of information. Cameras on the other hand can accumulate light for many seconds or even minutes to create a single image. This allows them to pick up much fainter details than what our eyes can. Plus, cameras essentially store each color as a separate image. Many cameras have built-in RGB (true-color) filters that approximate the wavelengths our eyes can see, but there are other (false-color) filters such as infrared, H-alpha, and O-III that can be used as well. When these colors are combined, they can be adjusted independently to bring out certain features that may be too subtle or even invisible to our eyes, and greatly increase the color saturation in the image compared to what our eyes can perceive.
So while colorful images from Hubble or other big telescopes don't look anything like what we see with our eyes, they are far from "fake". They are picking up real light from these distant objects and processing it in a way that gives us much more information than what our eyes alone can. When you see a colorful image, it is a good habit to read the caption to see if it is true-color or false-color, and what the different colors might represent. For stars, color is directly related to temperature, but for nebulae, color is more closely related to composition. For example, hydrogen gas usually appears red or pink, oxygen appears bluish-green, and sodium appears yellowish. So these images are not just pretty images to look at, but scientifically valuable tools that help us learn about the distant regions of our universe.
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Date of publication:
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How bad is private space travel for the environment and other key questions, answered
For many, the rise of commercial space tourism is a vulgar display of wealth and power. Amid several global crises, including climate change and a pandemic, billionaires are spending their cash on launching themselves into space for fun. When Amazon founder Jeff Bezos told reporters after his first space tourism trip on Tuesday that Amazon customers and employees had “paid” for his flight, that only intensified that criticism.
But critics won’t deter Bezos and the other superrich. Space tourism is now a reality for the people who can afford it — and it will have repercussions for everyone on Earth.
In fact, all signs indicate that the market for these trips is already big enough that they’ll keep happening. Jeff Bezos’s spaceflight company Blue Origin already has two more trips scheduled later this year, while Virgin Galactic, the space firm founded by billionaire Richard Branson, has at least 600 people who have already paid around $250,000 each for future tickets on its spaceplane.
Now, as the commercial space tourism market (literally) gets off the ground, there are big questions facing future space travelers — and everyone else on the planet. Here are answers to the six biggest ones.
1. What will people actually be able to see and experience on a space trip?
The biggest perk of traveling to space is the view. Just past the boundary between space and Earth, passengers can catch a stunning glimpse of our planet juxtaposed against the wide unknown of space. If a passenger is riding on a Virgin Galactic flight, they will get about 53 miles above sea level. Blue Origin riders will get a little bit higher, about 62 miles above sea level and past the Kármán line, the internationally recognized boundary between Earth and space. Overall, the experience on both flights is pretty similar.
The view is meant to be awe-inducing, and the experience even has its own name: the Overview Effect. “When you see Earth from that high up, it changes your perspective on things and how interconnected we are and how we squander that here on Earth,” Wendy Whitman Cobb, a professor at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, told Recode.
Another perk of these trips is that space tourists will feel a few minutes of microgravity, which is when gravity feels extremely weak. That will give them the chance to bounce around a spacecraft weightlessly before heading back to Earth.
But Blue Origin’s and Virgin Galactic’s flights are relatively brief — about 10 and 90 minutes long, respectively. Other space tourism flights from SpaceX, the space company founded by Elon Musk, will have more to offer. This fall, billionaire Jared Isaacman, who founded the company Shift4 Payments, will pilot SpaceX’s first all-civilian flight, the Inspiration4, which will spend several days in orbit around Earth. In the coming years, the company has also planned private missions to the International Space Station, as well as a trip around the moon.
These trips are meant to be enjoyed by space nerds who longed to be astronauts. But there’s another reason rich people want to go to space: demonstrating exclusivity and conspicuous consumption. More than a few people can afford a trip to Venice or the Maldives. But how many people are privileged enough to take a trip to space?
“What a nice way of showing off these days than to post a picture on Instagram from space,” Sridhar Tayur, a Carnegie Mellon business professor, told Recode.
2. Does commercial space travel have any scientific goals, or is it really just a joyride?
Right now, space tourism flights from Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin have only reached suborbital space, which means that flights enter space but do not enter orbit around Earth. Scientifically, that’s not a new frontier. Though these current flights use new technology, suborbital flight with humans aboard was accomplished by NASA back in the early 1960s, Matthew Hersch, a historian of technology at Harvard, told Recode.
Right now, it’s not clear these trips will offer scientists major new insights, but they might provide information that could be used in the future for space exploration. In fact, these trips are also being marketed as potential opportunities for scientific experiments. For instance, the most recent Virgin Galactic flight carried plants and tested how they responded to microgravity.
These private companies primarily see opportunities in their commercial vehicles that can be reused at scale, which will allow the same rockets (or in Virgin Galactic’s case, spaceplanes) to go to space again and again, which lowers the overall cost of space tourism.
Billionaires and their private space companies also see the development of these rockets as an opportunity to prepare for flights that will do even more, and go even farther, into space. Bezos, for instance, has argued that New Shepard’s suborbital flights will help prepare the company’s future missions, including its New Glenn rocket, which is meant for orbital space.
“The fact of the matter is, the architecture and the technology we have chosen is complete overkill for a suborbital tourism mission,” Bezos said at Tuesday’s post-launch briefing. “We have chosen the vertical landing architecture. Why did we do that? Because it scales.”
Beyond potential scientific advancements in the future, suborbital spaceflight might also create new ways to travel from one place on earth to another. SpaceX, for instance, has advertised that long-haul flights could be shortened to just 30 minutes by traveling through space.
3. Is it safe?
Right now, it’s not entirely clear just how risky space tourism is.
One way space tourism companies are trying to keep travelers safe is by requiring training so that the people who are taking a brief sojourn off Earth are as prepared as possible.
On the flight, people can experience intense altitude and G-forces. “This is sustained G-forces on your body, upwards of what can be 6 G in one direction — which is six times your body weight for upwards of 20 or 30 seconds,” Glenn King, the chief operating officer of the Nastar Center — the aerospace physiology training center that prepared Richard Branson for his flights — told Recode. “That’s a long time when you have six people, or your weight, pressing down on you.”
There’s also the chance that space tourists will be exposed to radiation, though that risk depends on how long you’re in space. “It’s a risk, especially more for the orbital flight than sub-orbital,” explains Whitman Cobb. “Going up in an airplane exposes you to a higher amount of radiation than you would get here on the ground.” She also warns that some tourists will likely barf on the ride.
There doesn’t seem to be an age limit on who can travel, though. The most recent Blue Origin flight included both the youngest person to ever travel to space, an 18-year-old Dutch teenager, as well as the oldest: 82-year-old pilot Wally Funk.
4. How much will tickets cost?
The leaders in commercial space tourism already claim they have a market to support the industry. While Bezos hinted on Tuesday the price would eventually come down — as eventually happened with the high prices of the nascent airline industry — for now, ticket prices are in the low hundreds of thousands, at least for Virgin Galactic. That price point would keep spaceflight out of reach for most of humanity, but there are enough interested rich people that space tourism seems to be economically feasible.
“If you bring it down to $250,000, the wait times [to buy a ticket] will be very long,” Tayur, of Carnegie Mellon, told Recode.
5. What impact will commercial space travel have on the environment?
The emissions of a flight to space can be worse than those of a typical airplane flight because just a few people hop aboard one of these flights, so the emissions per passenger are much higher. That pollution could become much worse if space tourism becomes more popular. Virgin Galactic alone eventually aims to launch 400 of these flights annually.
“The carbon footprint of launching yourself into space in one of these rockets is incredibly high, close to about 100 times higher than if you took a long-haul flight,” Eloise Marais, a physical geography professor at the University College London, told Recode. “It’s incredibly problematic if we want to be environmentally conscious and consider our carbon footprint.”
These flights’ effects on the environment will differ depending on factors like the fuel they use, the energy required to manufacture that fuel, and where they’re headed — and all these factors make it difficult to model their environmental impact. For instance, Jeff Bezos has argued that the liquid hydrogen and oxygen fuel Blue Origin uses is less damaging to the environment than the other space competitors (technically, his flight didn’t release carbon dioxide), but experts told Recode it could still have significant environmental effects.
There are also other risks we need to keep studying, including the release of soot that could hurt the stratosphere and the ozone. A study from 2010 found that the soot released by 1,000 space tourism flights could warm Antarctica by nearly 1 degree Celsius. “There are some risks that are unknown,” Paul Peeters, a tourism sustainability professor at the Breda University of Applied Sciences, told Recode. “We should do much more work to assess those risks and make sure that they do not occur or to alleviate them somehow — before you start this space tourism business.” Overall, he thinks the environmental costs are reason enough not to take such a trip.
6. Who is regulating commercial space travel?
Right now, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has generally been given the job of overseeing the commercial space industry. But regulation of space is still relatively meager.
One of the biggest areas of concern is licensing launches and making sure that space flights don’t end up hitting all the other flying vehicles humans launch into the sky, like planes and drones. Just this June, a SpaceX flight was held up after a helicopter flew into the zone of the launch.
There’s a lot that still needs to be worked out, especially as there are more of these launches. On Thursday, the Senate hosted a hearing with leaders of the commercial space industry focused on overseeing the growing amount of civil space traffic.
At the same time, the FAA is also overseeing a surging number of spaceports — essentially airports for spaceflight — and making sure there’s enough space for them to safely set up their launches.
But there are other areas where the government could step in. “I think the cybersecurity aspect will also play a very vital role, so that people don’t get hacked,” Tayur said. The FAA told Recode that the agency has participated in developing national principles for space cybersecurity, but Congress hasn’t given it a specific role in looking at the cybersecurity of space.
At some point, the government might also step in to regulate the environmental impact of these flights, too, but that’s not something the FAA currently has jurisdiction over.
In the meantime, no government agency is currently vetting these companies when it comes to the safety of the human passengers aboard. An FAA official confirmed with Recode that while the agency is awarding licenses to companies to carry humans to space, they’re not actually confirming that these trips are safe. That’s jurisdiction Congress won’t give the agency until 2023.
There doesn’t seem to be an abundance of travelers’ insurance policies for space. “Passengers basically sign that they’re waiving all their rights,” Whitman Cobb said. “You’re acknowledging that risk and doing it yourself right now.”
So fair warning, if you decide to shell out hundreds of thousands of dollars for a joyride to space: You’d likely have to accept all responsibility if you get hurt.
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Sunday, January 23, 2022
HomeLegal BlogsTrade Secrets
Trade Secrets
It is information which is used in the course of a trade which needs to be kept secret by the business organizations which own that information. This is done to have a competitive edge over other market players. Trade secrets do not fall under the traditional categorization of intellectual property like patent, trademark, copyright, etc. Trade secrets help Indian businesses to make their products better than competitors. It helps to keep their products unique and of a different quality from other competitors. Also, trade secrets are maintained to prevent unfair practices like piracy, etc. Trade secrets are the reason for the success of a business for e.g. secret recipe of KFC’s food, Coca-Cola’s formula for making soft drinks, etc.
There is no specific definition of a trade secret under Indian laws. So the Indian courts follow the definition of US Trade Secrets Act passed in 1970 as well as the definition provided under Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. Under the TRIPS agreement, it has been written as “undisclosed information”. So, it can be said the trade secret is that information which holds commercial value, which is not in the public domain and the owner takes reasonable steps to keep the information secret. There are conditions for information to be termed as a trade secret:
1. Commercial value: like the other intangible assets like goodwill, it holds economic value, profitability to a business. It should give an economic edge.
2. Not in the public domain: it should be exclusively held by that particular organization not necessarily to all the people in the organization, only the key members of the business.
3. Reasonable steps to keep it secret: these steps should be taken to keep it secret. Once it is in the public domain then it loses its value. Reasonable steps include Non-disclosure agreements with the members and employees of the company.
Role of TRIPS Agreement in providing protection to trade secrets:
TRIPS provides protection under Article 39 to trade secrets. It was the first international agreement to accord protection to trade secrets expressly. The approach of the agreement is that in order to prevent unfair competition protection should be provided to undisclosed information. In presenting this approach TRIPS Agreement makes reference to the prior existing protection against unfair competition under the Paris Convention (Art. 10bis) for the protection of Industrial property. It is administered by WIPO. For a trade secret to have any practical value the owner must share it in order to collaborate with employees and business partners. So, the law provides for the sharing of information in a constraint circle. So even the trade secrets are not secret in the strictest sense they must remain nonpublic and known only to a limited no. of people. Thus, the definition of trade secret is broadly similar among countries that address their dual nature as commercial but confidential. Hence, it is an intellectual property that has commercial value because of which it has an interface with unfair competition which a portion of the anti-trust law.
WIPO| Indian Courts| IPR |Protect trade secrets
This article is authored by ADITI BHARADWAJ, a final yearstudent at the Institute of Law, Nirma University.
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The One Wiki to Rule Them All
The One Wiki to Rule Them All
Enedwaith referred to the region of Middle-earth between Arnor and Gondor, as well as to the men who resided there.
History & inhabitants
During the First and early Second Ages, Enedwaith was heavily forested; however, with the arrival of the Númenóreans from the west, the landscape was desecrated from the seventh century of the Second Age onwards.[3][4]
The peoples of Enedwaith were distantly related to the Haladin of old (the Second House of the Edain). However, this fact wasn't recognized in time by the Númenóreans (who were mainly descended from the First and Third Houses of the Edain) and thus spoke a language that was not related. It is mentioned as well that the Enedwaithrim (Dunlendings of Calenardhon and inhabitants of Enedwaith) were not ranked as Middle Men (friends and distant kin of the Edain) but instead ranked among the "people of darkness," enemies, and aliens.[5]
The newly arid forests of Enedwaith (and much of those to the north in Eriador) were conclusively destroyed by the War of the Elves and Sauron around the year SA 1700, during which much of what had survived the felling was burnt. Only isolated corners like Eryn Vorn and the Old Forest survived. Many surviving natives took refuge in the eastern highlands of Enedwaith, "the foothills of the Misty Mountains," which ultimately became Dunland.[3]
Enedwaith, as depicted in The Lord of the Rings Online
After SA 3320, Enedwaith formed the most western part of the new Kingdom of Gondor. The south-east was still located in woods and forests of vast reaches, but elsewhere Enedwaith was by this time primarily grasslands. The only known settlement was at Tharbad, maintained by Gondor's garrison to protect the city and the North-South Road. Nonetheless, following the Great Plague of TA 1636, Gondor's authority permanently ended throughout the region.[3]
Enedwaith depicted as part of the Reunited Kingdom in the Fourth Age
Tharbad (initially one of two ancient cities on the Gwathló and the only one to survive beyond the early Third Age) was finally abandoned following devastating floods in TA 2912[6]. After that, only two groups survived in Enedwaith: the Dunlendings in the far east and the Algraig, fisher-folk wandering the coast.[3]
However, in the early Fourth Age, Enedwaith was absorbed into the Reunited kingdom.
Enedwaith (also spelled Enedhwaith) is Sindarin, meaning "middle-folk" or "middle-region" from enedh ("middle") and gwaith ("people"). Though the suffix gwaith usually refers to people, it was also used for regions.
1. "The History of Middle-earth", Vol. XII: The Peoples of Middle-earth, chapter X: "Of Dwarves and Men", "The Atani and their Languages"
2. The Treason of Isengard, chapter XX, "The Riders of Rohan", pg. 403
3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Unfinished Tales, Part Two: The Second Age, Chapter IV: "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", Appendix D, The Port of Lond Daer
5. "Unfinished Tales", Part Four, Chapter I: "The Drúedain", Notes
6. The Lord of The Rings, "The Return of The King", Book Four, Appendix B
Foreign Language Translated name
Belerusian Cyrillic Энедвейт
Bengali এনডিয়েট
Bulgarian Cyrillic Енедщаит
Chinese 伊寧威治
Danish Enedwaith (Det Centrale Lavland)
Georgian ენედვაისი
Gujarati ઇનેડવિથ
Hebrew אנדוואית
Hindi ऐन्ऐद्व्ऐथ
Hungarian Közép-nép
Japanese エネドワイス
Kannada ಎನೆಡ್ವೈತ್
Korean 엔드 웨이트
Macedonian Cyrillic Енедваит
Marathi एनेडवाइथ
Punjabi ਈਨਡਵੈਥ
Russian Энедвайт
Tajik Cyrillic Енедwаит
Places of Middle-earth and Arda
Middle-earth Locations:
Forests & Mountains:
The rest of Arda:
Númenor | Dark Land | Aman | Valinor | Tol Eressëa
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De-identification vs. Data Masking
The Source of Confusion
So, Ok, you have heard about data masking, de-identifying, anonymizing, scrubbing, and tokenization, and... now you are confused. You are not quite certain how to distinguish between them all. Everybody in the industry takes a different position on whether they are the same concept, indeed.
The first stop for finding the definitions is international standards. The standards provide commonly accepted definitions and requirements among the practitioners around the world. Yet, in case of the data de-identification or data masking, there is no mentioning of the term in existing ISOs. The term that ISOs mention (or in particular the ISO/TS 25237) is Pseudonymization ( ISO/TS 25237: Health informatics – Pseudonymization, First edition, 2008-12-01 (Informatique de santé — Pseudonymisation))
Another place for definitions would be compliance bodies' documents - and we have some help here from HHS with their guidance on "Safe Harbor" and 18 elements of data masking.
If the definitions are not clear enough, there is plenty of information on the internet and some books, with the one of the most popular by Khaled el Emam and Luk Arbuckle "Anonymizing Health Data".
Sometimes these internet sources and the books add to the confusion. For example, they would mention that data masking is done on the elements that are not later used in analytics, and as examples will introduce social securities and names as subjects for data masking versus de-identification. Such claim may confuse a lot of people as indeed social security of one person may be a subject to analytical reports on their many health ailments by health insurance companies, which also use data de-identification techniques as per both HIPAA and GLBA - and such attributes as dates of births may be omitted in the report on water quality and its consumers per geographic region. Last names may make more sense in such reports, as they might indicate some ancestral vertical and correlation. Thus, whether to base de-identifying versus masking definition on such preposition would not be quite accurate.
Some of the sources consider the functional definition in distinguishing data masking and de-identification. In particular, some practitioners distinguish between simply replacing the values without analysis and making the whole analysis of the attributes and complete model, in other words, creating a privacy risk model first and figuring out how to change the data, second. This distinction indeed calls for the philosophical discussion about indirect identifiers and statistical probabilities in correlations. The good point here would be WHO will be doing the analysis of risks and whether i)t can be automated and to which degree.
However, majority of these definitions distinctions are mainly used for the marketing purpose. Data masking and de-identifying could be used interchangeably, what's important is to understand the problem's essence and methods of resolving it.
Again, the Eighteen Pillars of HIPAA
HIPAA's guidelines on identifying necessary elements for data masking/de-identification in Safe Harbor are mainly based on the research done by Latanya's Sweeny and her at- the -time calculations on the probability of re-identification. She is basing the research on the most common, available to the general public banks of statistical data. These banks ( zip code population statistics, public records of birth, housing sales data) are easily available to the general public and as such make data numbers significantly less secure. There is also census data that has become less available in the recent years - due to the debate of privacy versus public knowledge leaning toward privacy. The availability of such data makes the data with statistical distributions significantly easier to de-identify. Thus, securing this data properly allows for "Safe Harbor" - the protection against the most common threat. In order to properly secure such data, it is recommended to use the substitution algorithms that preserve referential integrity, at the same time disturbing statistical distribution.
The Real Challenges of Sensitive Data Domain
Further research delves into less popular data statistics and presents the public with the rather philosophical question of the overall knowledge distribution and aggregation. In their paper on l-diversity, besides the homogeneity attack principle, the most interesting aspect that authors point out is the "Background Knowledge Attack" (Machanavajjhala, Kifer, Gehrke, and Venkitasubramaniam (2007)). It relates to the knowledge that the person looking at sensitive data may have of the statistics of specific attributes.
The authors mention an interesting fact as an example, "that knowing that heart attacks occur at a reduced rate in Japanese patients could be used to narrow the range of values for a sensitive attribute of a patient's disease." ( Wikipedia) This fact is indeed interesting as very small percentage of the population will know about such correlations: unless widely popularized by such media outlets as popular movies, books, articles in the major consumer publications, or popular games, one would hardly know such facts unless doing a focussed research in the medical papers. The medical practitioners themselves might not be aware of such facts, yet the probability of re-identification exists. It is hard to find out how well-disseminated the knowledge is among general public. However, as in general research widens in the sphere of genetic engineering, the practitioner would make a safe assumption to mask with this or that technique attributes related to the genetic research such as ethnicity, familial associations, genetic markers, etc.
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What is gaslighting?
Gaslighting - suggestion and violence
Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse. This happens when they try to convince you that you are going crazy. The name originated from the film “Gas Light”, which in translation from English sounds like “Gas Light”. It was filmed in 1944, where the husband manipulates his wife to the point that she thinks she is losing her mind. There was a gas lamp in the attic of their house, he made the light dimmer. When the heroine of the film told him about this, he convinced her that it seemed to her. He tries to doubt the adequacy of the perception of this world in order to gain more power, makes the victim doubt reality. Thus, a person ceases to trust his perception.
In fact, it works much better than we can imagine. Anyone is subject to gaslighting, and this is a common abuse technique. This is done slowly, so the victim is unaware of how much brainwashed she is.
Who are gazlayers?
Psychologists say they are most often dictators, narcissists and people with personality disorders. They do this in order to make a person invulnerable so that the victim becomes insecure. They rarely feel guilty.
We may encounter gaslighting in our daily life: in friendships, in a marriage, or at work. But such a person is difficult at first glance to identify, given his insidious nature. It usually starts very subtly when the other person “corrects” your thinking, refutes your statements, or devalues or rejects your emotions. This continues until you gradually begin to doubt your thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and even your memory.
Constant gaslighting can also lead to a person’s vulnerability to various mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, low self-esteem, codependency, and others.
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Signs of gaslighting in relationship
Here are some tips to help you determine if you have gaslighting in your relationship:
• Constantly feel confused or as if going crazy.
• You often have doubts about yourself (for example, “Am I too emotional?”, “Did this really happen?”).
• You have a hard time trusting yourself and other people.
• Constantly assuming that you did something wrong (feeling that it is always your fault).
• Feeling the need to apologize (leading to over-apologizing).
• Making excuses for other people’s actions (or explaining why they did something that hurt you).
• Feeling like you need to prove everything.
• You regularly feel misunderstood and alone.
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Do you notice anything in common with you in the above statements? Many gaslighting statements begin with the word “you.” This is because the gaslighter is an expert at identifying perceived flaws in the other person and almost never admits or takes personal responsibility for influencing his own statements or behavior.
Awareness of this type of psychological abuse is an important element in healing and moving forward. The ability to discern or recognize that someone is doing this to you is an important first step.
If you feel like you’ve been gassed, the answer is confirmation. Talk to a trusted person to give you feedback on what you’ve been through. It’s helpful to be honest about your experiences and get someone’s point of view.
However, if you’ve been gaslighting for a long time, it’s understandable if you’re having a hard time figuring out who is really trustworthy. In this case, it is recommended to contact a psychotherapist who will help you navigate what you are going through. Through treatment or support groups, you can increase self-awareness, restore confidence in yourself and your intuition, and gain practical tools to feel empowered in your relationships.
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2008-08-12 02:34:32
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What does the word Olympic mean
How did the athletes prepare for the ancient olympic games
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Q: What is the third prize at the Olympics and commonwealth?
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Related questions
What is third place prize in the Olympics?
bronze medal
What is the prize for third place at the olypmic and commonwealth games?
A bronze medal.
bronze metal
When was Commonwealth Book Prize created?
Commonwealth Book Prize was created in 2012.
When was Commonwealth Writers' Prize created?
Commonwealth Writers' Prize was created in 1987.
When did Commonwealth Writers' Prize end?
Commonwealth Writers' Prize ended in 2011.
When was Commonwealth Short Story Prize created?
Commonwealth Short Story Prize was created in 2012.
Which one has more sports Commonwealth or Olympics?
The Olympics has more sports than the Commonwealth Games.
What was the prize for second ancient Olympics games?
what is the prize for 2nd in the acient Olympics games
Are the Commonwealth Games used in the Olympics?
No. The Commonwealth Games have no connection with the Olympics, although some athletes may participate in both.
What did you get in the Olympics for a prize?
Where were the third Commonwealth Games held?
The third Commonwealth Games were held in Sydney in 1938.
What are the commonwealth games called this year?
commonwealth games are called this year Olympics game
What prize did Baron Pierre de Coubertin get?
His prize was creating the Olympics.
What country came third in 1994 in the commonwealth games?
England came third in the 1994 Commonwealth Games.
What is the Commonwealth games in Glasgow 2014?
The Commonwealth games are a sort of mini Olympics open to people from members of the British Commonwealth
Who won commonwealth poetry prize in 2010?
Jo Shapcott
How many commonwealth sports are not already in the Olympics?
How many nations participated in the third Commonwealth Games?
15 nations participated at the third Commonwealth Games in 1938.
What was the first prize in Olympics?
Gold medal
Why do athletes get medals?
they get it as a prize for winning the olympics.
Was there an Olympics in christchurch?
No, but there has been a Commonwealth Games held there in 1974.
Which commonwealth country hosted the Olympics in 2000?
What did the winners received in the modern Olympics?
In the modern Olympics top winner received olive branches and silver medals. Second place winners received bronze medals and third place winners received no prize.
What was the winners prize in the Olympics?
A olive branch wreath.
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What's Next?
The Future of Computer Science
24 Dec 2016 View Comments
#computer #future #AI #machine #learning #IOT #industrial #revolution #vr #ar #cybersecurity
Fourth industrial revolution
I thought I would cover a story in my opinion where software developers have headed and my thoughts on this topic. So I have lived through the third industrial revolution; a massive electronics production, the internet, computers, and basic automated systems. I would like to call that we are living through a fourth industrial revolution now. The items are covered below and discussed in detail.
AI / Big Data / Machine Learning
It’s hard to stay away from the word, Artificial Intelligence, these days, especially on tech talks. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the overall field of working to create machines that carry out tasks in a way that humans think of as smart. The field has been around for a long time although people had not had the clear vision of how AI will play its role in the future. AI cannot be discussed without Big data, Machine Learning, Deep Learning. Machine/Deep learning is a subset of AI that provides computers with the ability to learn without programming them for a specific task. Essentially the Learning involves feeding a computer system with a lot of data (big data), which it can use to make decisions about the certain task. This data is then fed through neural networks, as is the case in machine learning. These networks – logical constructions which ask a series of binary true/false questions, or extract a numerical value, of every bit of data which pass through them, and classify it according to the answers received. Because this Learning work is focused on developing these networks, they become what are known as Deep Neural Networks – logic networks of the complexity needed to deal with classifying datasets as large as, say, Google’s image library, or Twitter’s firehose of tweets. AlphaGo is a great example of Machine/Deep learning. AlphaGo is a computer program that calculates the move in the game of Go. March 2016 was a memorable day in AI history. A computer program beating down Lee Sedol (A Korean 9-dan Go Player) without any handicap. It is remarkable as previous attempts all failed. I was excited about the game a couple of days before the match. With the matches, I saw Lee’s frowned faces throughout the game. It was a good game. AlphaGo works by gathering massive data and calculates based on the data where would be the next move. There are millions of possibilities of where the next move reside in the game of Go. It is truly amazing that a program which is beating a human brain.
IoT / VR / AR
You probably heard of the word IoT (Internet of Things). From what I see, IoT could have following traits: sensors, wifi, processing power, big data and mobile devices. Using certain sensors, it can behave in a certain way. You can extend it to have wifi+data processing+mobile devices to do other smart things. Let’s take a look at a real life example. Think about a smart key to your car. You do not require the key to unlock the car. You just need to be nearby the car with the key and car door unlocks. A little more advanced IoT could be a dashboard at home acting like your personal secretary to tell you about the weather, appointments, advice on what you should do based on some historical data. It could well be combined into a Home Care system which lets you check the status of the front door using mobile devices outside then you can control it to lock and unlock from a mobile device. Let’s think about another example. There can be an application which is shared between households that list items running out at home such as toothpaste, hot sauce, laundry detergent etc. Then whoever that has an access to the application can simply go through the items and buy things that are needed. VR is another hot topic these days. VR is similar to IoT but does not necessarily have to have smart feature built into VR. VR which stands for Virtual Reality which comes in goggles or a helmet which generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that replicate a real environment. VR is normally connected to a device for you to behave with some sort of screen on your eyes. VR is sharing quite number of traits with AR (Augmented Reality). AR is when you use entire body to act like you are playing a game instead of creating that reality on a device. I hope this summed up the good chunk of IoT, VR, and AR. I believe these items have a huge opportunity in the future. I just see an infinite number of items that can be turned into an IoT.
I covered this topic because as technology evolves the security in cyberspace has to be growing. There had been numerous exploits with the newer technology as they are being produced. It will be more difficult to protect the data as the more data are being made. Either it is for gathering a large amount of data to IoT devices, we will be dealing with securing them. The importance of securing them will turn into the next priority of our IT. I used the word cyber instead of the computer because we are not limited to just securing computer anymore. We are responsible for securing the computers plus everything being transferred between computers. The jobs required in this area will only increase in the future.
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What Is Malassezia Folliculitis? (& How You Can Treat It)
Pityrosporum folliculitis, also known as Malassezia folliculitis is a condition that causes breakouts on your skin.
It happens when the yeast which naturally lives on your skin, gets into your hair follicles and manifests itself through causing breakouts in areas with a lot of sebaceous activity.
This can be the T-zone, shoulders, back, and chest.
While typical acne breakouts can be blamed on hormones, clogged pores, and overgrowth of the bad bacteria living on the skin, malassezia folliculitis distinguishes itself from these.
It has absolutely nothing to do with hormones and clogged pores because it is an overgrowth of yeast that causes the breakouts.
Malassezia folliculitis can be challenging to recognize and is often misdiagnosed for common acne vulgaris.
This misdiagnose can very often lead to the suggestion of wrong treatment options that may potentially aggravate the condition instead of improving it.
So how can we recognize the difference between acne vulgaris and Malassezia folliculitis?
Is it Acne or Malassezia Folliculitis?
What Is Malassezia Folliculitis?
Malassezia folliculitis is an infection of hair follicles caused by lipophilic malassezia yeasts.
It is a species of fungi that is a part of the skin’s microbiome which is essentially the first line of defense against disease, infection, and pathogen attack.
Often referred to as our acid mantle, the microbiome has a pH of 4.5 – 5.5 and maintains the ideal environment to prevent pathogen attack and promote the growth of healthy bacteria on the skin.
Changes in pH, low levels of hydration, and harsh environmental factors can all take effect on the bacteria living on your skin.
This essentially leads to concluding that “one bad bacterium too many” can cause massive flare-ups, sensitivity, blemishes, and…you’ve guessed it?
Fungal infections.
Malassezia folliculitis is a polymorphic, lipophilic microorganism, which means that this little *says something really bad* thrives in the presence of sebum which is our natural oil produced by the sebaceous glands to keep our skin naturally moisturized.
Different Species of Malassezia Folliculitis
types of Malassezia Folliculitis
There are multiple malassezia species that have been isolated from human and animal skin and some of them include:
• M. furfur
• M. globosa
• M. sympodialis
• M. restricta
Malassezia folliculitis is most commonly associated with Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa but the pathogenic yeast plays a role in many other skin conditions, such as:
What Causes of Malassezia Folliculitis?
Malassezia infections are mostly endogenous which means that they are produced from the inside of the skin and originate from colonized skin.
It is caused by an overgrowth of yeast that gets into the hair follicles and uses the sebum in the follicle as food and fuel to thrive and cause breakouts to erupt on the skin’s surface.
Malassezia is incapable of synthesizing its own fatty acids and it needs sebum to build its own mid-length and long-chain fatty acids in order to thrive.
Or in simple terms: Malassezia gets into the hair follicles of our skin and considers the place to be a grocery store.
Antibiotics, birth control pills, hormonal changes, and medicine used to stabilize hormones are also very likely to develop this condition, as they disrupt the natural balance of bacteria on and in your body.
Why Is It Important To Recognize Malassezia Folliculitis?
The reason it’s important to distinguish Malassezia folliculitis is that it can very easily be misdiagnosed with common acne breakouts.
Depending on the severity of the breakouts you may be prescribed strong antibiotics such as Accutane in order to treat the condition effectively.
While Accutane is known to have some serious side effects, this treatment will not improve malassezia folliculitis, but on the contrary, the yeast is able to find a way to thrive beside it, making the condition even worse.
You can recognize if you have malassezia folliculitis by following the pattern of the growth and placement of the occurring breakout.
Areas that are more active in sebum production such as the T-zone is the ideal placement for the yeast to thrive, so this area is most commonly affected, unlike common bacterial or hormonal acne breakouts that typically occur on the cheeks and jawline.
If you are suspecting that you have malassezia folliculitis rather than acne vulgaris, see a dermatologist and ask to be specifically tested for this condition before arriving at your appointment.
The doctor will need to scratch your skin gently in the area where you have the symptoms to get a cell sample.
This will then be evaluated under a microscope and tested to see if it’s pitryosporum folliculitis (the actual condition).
How to Treat Malassezia Folliculitis Successfully?
what is acne mechanica
There are several treatments your doctor can prescribe for this condition.
The first and most important principle in treating this condition is to eliminate predisposing factors.
If you are currently taking oral antibiotics and suspecting that you have pityrosporum folliculitis, discontinuing the antibiotics may result in mild improvement.
Additionally, your doctor may prescribe taking an oral antifungal drug called Itraconazole for seven days and following it up with monthly maintenance.
Itraconazole has shown to have some of the best medical outcomes after several searches have been done.
Since many people (myself included) have both acne and pityrosporum folliculitis due to malassezia, a prescription cocktail including both steroid and topical anti-acne cream may be prescribed.
Other topical remedies that you can use to treat pityosporum folliculitis at home can include selenium sulfide shampoo, purchased from the pharmacy, or Econazole cream to kill the overgrowth of yeast on your skin.
Lastly, if your condition can be considered mild, you can try applying diluted tea tree oil to the area up to twice a day.
I have personally found swimming in the sea extremely helpful for my condition, so bathing in a solution of sea salt may also help to dry out the skin and treat the yeast overgrowth.
Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis, unfortunately, cannot be prevented.
But there are steps you can take to reduce the risks of future breakouts.
Pay close attention and care for areas on the skin that are prone to oil buildups. Additionally, washing with an antifungal soap and shampoo may help make your skin less prone to yeast overgrowth.
Observe any changes in the problematic areas and visit a doctor if you think it’s necessary.
simone sydel licensed esthetician
2 thoughts on “What Is Malassezia Folliculitis? (& How You Can Treat It)”
1. Thank you Simone – great run down of this condition, and also for pointing out the different types of ‘acne’ on your face (that was very helpful for me). I too am very angry about the treatment my daughter has received due to misdiagnosis and flippant and TOTALLY incorrect care, and subsequent harm, she has received from doctors and dermatologist for over a decade. And to think, THEY are supposed to be the experts :'(
• Thank you for your kind words and I am so sorry that happened but thankfully, you’ve managed to discover and address the issue. Thing is that Malassezia Folliculitis is a difficult condition to recognize, especially when you consider the fact that it’s not as common as typical acne is. I hope all is well now!
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Basic Concepts
Big Data
The Big Data concept is continually evolving and being reconsidered, as it remains the driving force behind many ongoing waves of digital transformation, including Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and the Internet of Things.
Capabilities generally classified as AI, as of 2017, include successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go), autonomous cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, military simulations, and interpreting complex data.
There are several other terms you often hear in connection to A.I. Machine Learning (ML) generally entails teaching a machine how to do a particular thing, like recognizing a number, by feeding it a bunch of data and then directing it to make predictions on new data.
Data Analytics or Business Intelligence
In contrast, Business Intelligence (BI) traditionally focuses on using a consistent set of metrics to both measure past performance and guide business planning.
Business Analytics makes extensive use of statistical analysis, including explanatory and predictive modeling, and fact-based management to drive decision making. Analytics may be used as input for human decisions or may drive fully automated decisions.
Data Warehouse vs Data Lake
Data Warehouse (or BW) and Data Lake are both data storage repositories. DW only stores data that has been modeled/structured while data lake stores it all.
Data Warehouses store vast amounts of structured data in highly regimented ways. They require that a rigid, predefined schema exists before loading the data. It’s almost always a star or snowflake schema.
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Construction - 5 min read
Bio-concrete: Is This The Future Of Construction?
David Cartwright
Senior Marketing Manager - Software
Oct 7, 2019 8:00:00 AM
As the most commonly used material in construction, concrete has been relied on for decades to provide durability, strength, and flexibility. Significant advancements have been made in the world of concrete manufacturing and usage over the years. Builders can now access concrete in multiple grades, compositions, and performance levels.
But In 2017, a Dutch researcher (Hendrick Jonkers) developed one of the most innovative features that concrete could have. By slightly tweaking the composition of regular concrete, he infused a biological ingredient that made concrete have self-healing properties.
Bio-concrete is proving to become a game-changer in the world of construction. By having the material essentially “heal itself” from cracks and breakage, builders will have an easier time completing projects and handling costly repairs. Bio-concrete will also play a critical role in structural integrity and durability by reducing the risk of a building collapsing.
What is bio-concrete?
Bio-concrete is an innovative building material that can heal itself when cracks occur. How does it work? This concrete mixture contains bacteria that can produce limestone under specific conditions. If a crack occurs along the concrete surface, the bacteria will be “activated” to produce limestone that essentially “heals” the crack. This makes concrete more durable and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, less mining will have to occur to obtain concrete, and fewer resources will be spent on building maintenance.
The extra ingredient that’s present in bio-concrete is clay pellets. These pellets contain bacillus bacteria spores mixed with calcium lactate. When a crack occurs on concrete, external elements (such as air and water) will react with the bacteria to form limestone. This limestone is what eventually covers up the cracks and allows your concrete to “heal”.
Bio-concrete is applicable in real-world situations because the bacteria can last for many years without losing their active properties. They essentially lie dormant within the clay pellets and are activated by external elements when a crack occurs.
How Bio-concrete can help construction companies
Research surrounding self-healing concrete surfaced in 2015, sparking interest in builders, estimators, engineers, and other stakeholders as to how bio-concrete could be utilised to streamline daily construction activities. Does bio-concrete have the potential to become the future of construction? The numerous benefits of this material make it a front-runner for widespread adoption in years to come.
Bio-concrete is useful and applicable to construction companies in the following ways.
Sealing small cracks that could eventually become larger
Perhaps one of the most powerful applications of bio-concrete is that it can be used to seal up small cracks within larger slabs of concrete. It is these small cracks that eventually expand to cause significant damage in buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure.
Bio-concrete can seal cracks of up to 0.8mm in width, catching the problem in advance and preventing significant structural damage.
Applicable to different types of infrastructure
Bio-concrete is also usable in many different contexts. The flexibility of bacillus bacteria makes it functional for bridges, buildings, tunnels, and other types of infrastructure.
The wider use functions of this material can open up many new possibilities in engineering, microbiology, and construction. Not only can you save on costs during your future projects, but you can also explore new designs, enjoy more durable structures, and cut costs down the road.
An environmentally friendly solution
The benefits of bio-concrete extend beyond economic applications. This material also reduces carbon emissions, making it possible for commercial and residential builders to lower their carbon footprints. By using less concrete to carry out maintenance and repairs, there will be fewer carbon emissions into the environment over time.
Sustainable construction is the future of our industry and bio-concrete is at the forefront of promoting this revolution.
Active for long periods
Endurance tests were recently carried out on bio-concrete to assess its durability and strength. Results show that the material is expected to last for over 200 years within its proper composition. This also means that clay pellets in the biochemical mixture are durable even under multiple weather and physical conditions.
The durability of bio-concrete is a game-changer that makes this material applicable in many different contexts. Hendrick Jonkers, the Dutch researcher who produced bio-concrete, is also working on a new technique for encapsulating bacillus bacteria into concrete mixtures.
This will further reduce production costs and increase the use-value of this revolutionary material. The future of bio-concrete and sustainable construction is bright, and your business shouldn’t be left behind in benefitting from this innovative building option.
The construction industry isn’t slowing down. Keep up with the digital transformation by trialling Cubit, an innovative natural estimating software to help save you time and money on your projects today.
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How to Use A KVM Switch (Keyboard, Video, Mouse Switch)
With the number of network equipment grows, data centers are facing the pressure of managing multiple computers and networking devices efficiently. If you need to control multiple computers, you need to buy sets of keyboard, monitor, and mouse. This is not the most effective management considering space-consuming and budget. Also keeping a row of large CRT monitors with keyboards and mouse may be problematic. Thus the KVM switch is invented to solve the problems by monitoring and controlling the devices locally and remotely. So what is a KVM switch? How to use a KVM switch? This article will explain it to you.
What Is A KVM Switch?
The KVM switch is a hardware device that allows users to manage multiple computers from a single keyboard, video display monitor and mouse. By pressing the button on the KVM switch, the administrator can monitoring all the devices locally and remotely. Using KVM switches in data centers not only saves administrators the cost of buying a dedicated keyboard, monitor and mouse for each computer but also saves space in the server room and limit cable clutter. It helps streamlines your work flow and increases your efficiency. Due to its versatile advantages, it is widely used in home offices, laboratories, small and medium-sized enterprises.
alt How to use a KVM Switch
How KVM Switch Works?
The KVM switch can control a number of computers and switch from one computer to another simply by pressing a button on the keyboard. Users can connect their computers to KVM switches via Cat5, Cat5e, and Cat6 patch cables or the specific KVM switch cable kits. Then, connect the keyboard, monitor, and mouse console to the KVM switch. If your switch is equipped with a console, you can skip this step. It mainly uses a keyboard consisting of a keyboard, mouse, and display to securely access computers, servers, and devices from local or remote users, and to control the network for local or remote users.
alt How to use a KVM Switch
How to Use A KVM Switch?
There are generally three types of switching modes of the KVM switch for us to operate — button switching, OSD menu switching, and shortcut key switching. The button switching is to use the physical button on the KVM, and the corresponding server can be selected by directly pressing the physical button. The OSD menu switching is the KVM internal software. You can use the mouse to select the corresponding server to switch according to the server name displayed on the menu. The shortcut key switching is generally combination keys, such as Ctrl and a data key, 1, 2, 3, 4 four servers, select Ctrl+1 to select the first server, simple and convenient.
alt How to use a KVM Switch
Which KVM Switch to Buy?
When purchasing a KVM switch, the choice usually depends on the number of PCs you need to control. KVM switch with only a few ports is usually more convenient to use without the need to install additional software. They can also be easily managed using hot keys or switch keys. In addition, some of the KVM switches with only a few ports do not even require an external power supply. Due to space needs, advanced KVM switches with multiple ports can be installed in a server rack using only 1U or 2U in space. These KVM switches can also use IP networks to manage power point outlets and control the startup or shutdown of PCs.
KVM switches have become a popular device in data centers with the advantages of space and cost savings, energy efficiency and economy. Thanks for having KVM switches, the server room can be accessed at any time without geographical restrictions. Now that you know how to use a KVM switch and KVM switch buying advice, you can choose a suitable one for your network. FS has high-quality products and professional technical team to provide the ideal solution for your work environment construction. You can have a visit to
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FS.COM N8000-32Q vs Quanta 5032-LY6 40G Spine Switch
With the disaggregation of software and hardware, bare metal switches are attracting more and more attention. It is undeniable that bare metal switches bring a range of benefits to consumers. FS N-series bare metal switches combine with the latest R&D technology, giving consumers an excellent experience when they are introduced to the market. This article will introduce 40G spine switch and make a comparison to provide a reference for your choice.
Why Do You Need a 40G Spine Switch?
As virtualization goes popular, leaf-spine has become the mainstream of data center network deployment. With 40G spine switch, the limitations of traditional three-tier architectures can be overcome and a fast, scalable, predictable, and efficient communication architecture for data center switches can be created.
The Outline of 40G Leaf/Spine Switch
The leaf/spine switch consists of two layers: the leaf layer and the spine layer. The spine layer is made up of switches that perform routing. The leaf layer involves access switch that connects to the endpoints. In a leaf-spine architecture, each leaf switch is interconnected with each spine switch. The number of spine switches is limited to the number of uplink ports on the leaf. With the design, any server can communicate with any other server through one interconnection switch path between any two leaf switches. The architecture can be non-blocking by providing sufficient bandwidth from each leaf switch to spine switches.
altFS.COM N8000-32Q vs Quanta 5032-LY6 40G Spine Switch
The Outline of FS.COM 40G Spine Switch
FS.COM N8000-32Q 32 port switch is a TOR (Top-of-Rack) or Spine switch that delivers a rich choice of interface speed and density, which can be deployed in a wide range of open networking solutions including large-scale layer 2 and layer 3 cloud designs, overlay networks, virtualized or traditional enterprise data center networks. Combined with Cumulus Linux network operating system, FS.COM N8000-32Q switch allows customers to deploy fast, high-capacity fabrics, simplified network automation and consistent tools, and help reduce operational and capital expenditures. With support for advanced features such as MLAG, VxLAN, and SNMP, FS.COM N8000-32Q is ideal for traditional or fully virtualized data centers. FS.COM N8000-32Q supports current and future data center requirements, including an x86-based control plane for easier integration of automation tools and compatibility with SDN via OpenFlow 1.3.11. In addition, it also supports advanced hardware-based VXLAN feature to support over 16M virtual networks.
altFS.COM N8000-32Q vs Quanta 5032-LY6 40G Spine Switch
The Outline of Quanta 40G Spine Switch
Quanta 5032-LY6 is a network switch that supports 32 QSFP + (10/40GbE speed) ports in a compact 1U form factor. By leveraging the new generation commercial silicon chips, Quanta 5032-LY6 is a high-performance, high-density network switch for deploying data center infrastructure. With ONIE (Open Network Installation Environment) pre-loaded on Quanta 5032-LY6, it provides flexibility and allows choice of network operating system supported by the ONIE installer. The CPU board design allows Quanta 5032-LY6 to be installed with different CPU to meet the software requirement. This provides a flexible installation process and faster response to the changing business demands. Quanta 5032-LY6 can offer higher performance, higher availability, lower latency, and better maintainability.
altFS.COM N8000-32Q vs Quanta 5032-LY6 40G Spine Switch
FS vs Quanta 40G Spine Switch
In general, FS.COM N8000-32Q and Quanta 5032-LY6 40G spine switch both can satisfy the basic needs of consumers during operation. But they vary in the choice and configuration of different materials. What are the subtle differences between them? Let’s take a look at the chart below.
Names FS.COM N8000-32Q Quanta 5032-LY6
Ports 32 x 40GE QSFP+ 32 QSFP+ ports
Management Port 1 x Serial Console and
1 x MGMT
1 RJ-45 out-of-band management port (10/100/1000M)
Switching Capacity 2.56Tbps full-duplex 2560Gbps
Forwarding Performance 1.44 Bpps 1904Mpps
Operating System Cumulus® Linux® OS ONIE
Switch Chip Trident 2 BCM56850 Broadcom StrataXGS Trident2
CPU Intel Rangeley C2538 2.4Ghz 4-core Intel Atom Processors
Latency 480ns <600ns
Dimensions (WxDxH) 433.8 x 520 x 43.8 mm 44x435x483mm
Rack Space 1U 1U
How to Choose Between Them?
In addition to what we know about performance and brand reputation, we should also consider three other important factors. First, the price. Quanta 5032-LY6 is priced at $14,200, while FS.COM N8000-32Q offers a good price at $8,299. If the budget is limited, consider choosing a cost-effective one. Second, the product warranty. Quanta 5032-LY6 provides a one-year warranty to consumers. In contrast, FS.COM N8000-32Q is backed by a five-year warranty. If you prefer a full follow-up guarantee, FS may be a good choice for you. Third, the operating system. Quanta 5032-LY6 comes pre-installed with ONIE, while FS.COM N8000-32Q pre-loaded with Cumulus Linux. For those interested in Cumulus operating system, FS.COM N8000-32Q 40G spine switch is definitely the ideal choice.
FS.COM N8000-32Q 40G spine switch belongs to FS N-series switches that designed for data center networks and high-end campus networks, providing stable, reliable and secure Layer 2/Layer 3 switching services. It delivers the high performance and port density with a complete chassis and fabric management solution, enabling converged data centers to operate at any scale while reducing operational costs and infrastructure complexity. In the previous articles, we introduced 10gb switch and 25gb switch of FS N-series switches. If you’d like one to improve your network, don’t hesitate to visit FS.COM.
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SDN vs Traditional Networking: Which Leads the Way?
SDN (Software Defined Networking) has recently received widespread attention from customers, vendors and channel partners. As time goes by, SDN has become one of the most common ways for organizations to deploy applications. This technology helps organizations deploy applications faster and reduce overall deployment costs. Over the years, the technology has been announced as the next focus of the networking industry. Many people are trying to figure out what SDN is and how it will affect their work as a network engineer. It’s time to delve into this emerging technology. This article will help you understand SDN and make SDN vs traditional networking to see which leads the way.
altSDN vs Traditional Networking
What Is SDN?
Emerged in the early 2010s, SDN refers to a network architecture model that allows programmatic management, control, and optimization of network resources. SDN decouples network configuration and traffic engineering from the underlying hardware infrastructure to ensure complete and consistent control of the network using open APIs. Basically, this is a way to use open protocols such as OpenFlow, which can apply globally aware software control at the edge of the network to access network switches and routers that typically use closed and proprietary firmware. SDN is defined by the decoupling of control and packet forwarding planes in the network. It is an architecture that reduces operating costs and speeds up the time required to make changes or provide new services. SDN also enables the network to connect directly to applications via APIs to improve security and application performance. SDN creates a dynamic and flexible network architecture that can change as business needs change.
What Is Traditional Networking?
Unlike SDN, traditional networking has two main characteristics. First, traditional networking functions are mainly implemented in dedicated devices. In this case, “dedicated devices” refer to one or more switches (e.g. 10gb switch), routers, and application delivery controllers. Second, most of the functionality in traditional networking devices is implemented in dedicated hardware. ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is commonly used for this purpose. However, this traditional hardware-centric networking is accompanied by many limitations. We will continue to discuss this issue later.
How Is SDN Different From Traditional Networking?
There are three most important differences between traditional networking and SDN.
·First, the SDN controller has a northbound interface that communicates with applications via application programming interfaces (APIs). This enables application developers to program the network directly. While traditional networking works through using protocols.
·Second, SDN is a software-based network, which allows users to control virtual-level resource allocation through the control plane and to determine network paths and proactively configure network services. While traditional networking relies on physical infrastructure (such as switches and routers) to establish connections and run properly.
·Third, SDN has more ability to communicate with devices throughout the network than traditional networking. SDN allows resources to be provisioned from a centralized location, and offer administrators the right to control traffic flow from a centralized user interface through more rigorous review. It virtualizes the entire network and gives users more control over their network capabilities. However, for traditional networking, the control plane is located in a switch or router, which is particularly inconvenient. The administrators cannot easily access it to dictate traffic flow.
Why Companies Are Shifting to SDN?
As data centers continue to change and traditional networking fails to adapt to the environment, vendors are turning to SDN. Here are some reasons.
·First, the proliferation of cloud services means that users need unfettered access to infrastructure, applications and IT resources. And this comes with requirement for more storage, computing, and bandwidth.
·Second, IT is becoming a consumer commodity where BYOD (bring-your-own-device) trend requires networks to be flexible and secure enough to protect data and assets as well as to meet compliance regulations and standards.
However, traditional networking cannot meet the increasing demands because it must adhere to product cycles and proprietary interfaces typical in vendor-specific environments. Network operators are often hindered when trying to customize the programming of the network. Adding and moving devices or bolstering capacity to traditional networking is complex and time-consuming. It requires manual access to individual devices and consoles. The reason SDN becomes an alternative is that it allows administrators to configure resources and bandwidth instantaneously and bring flexibility, efficiency, and resiliency to the data center. It also eliminates the need to invest in more physical infrastructure.
SDN vs Traditional Networking, it seems that the emerging technology SDN is going to revolutionize traditional networking. By adopting network automation, organizations will save a tremendous amount of time and significantly improve the flexibility of the network. If your network is equipped with traditional networking, how do you prepare for this inevitable transition?
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FS N8500-48B6C vs Edgecore AS7312-54XS 25G Bare Metal Switch
The bare metal switch is an open network switch that enables consumers to choose components like application, network operating system, hardware, and driver depending on their own needs. This flexible choice saves time and money for the project, meets different needs, and provides an affordable, easy-to-manage network environment, which is very beneficial to the business. In this article, we will focus on the 25G switch and make a comparison of FS N8500-48B6C 25G bare metal switch and Edgecore AS7312-54XS 25G bare metal switch.
Overview of FS 25G Bare Metal Switch
FS N8500-48B6C switch is a top-of-rack (TOR) or leaf 25G bare metal switch in a compact 1U form factor for high performance and programmable data center environments. It performs excellent low latency and power efficiency in a PHY less design while providing high-reliability features such as redundant and hot-swappable power supplies and fans in forward and reverse airflow configurations. The layer 3 switch supports advanced features such as MLAG, VxLAN, SFLOW, SNMP, and MPLS, making it ideal for a traditional or fully virtualized data center. FS N8500-48B6C supports current and future data center requirements, including an x86-based control plane for easier integration of automation tools, an ONIE installer for 3rd party network operating systems and compatibility with Software Defined Networks via OpenFlow 1.3.11. In addition, FS N8500-48B6C supports the advanced hardware-based VXLAN feature to support over 16M virtual networks.
altFS N8500-48B6C vs Edgecore AS7312-54XS 25G Bare Metal Switch
Overview of Edgecore 25G Bare Metal Switch
Edgecore AS7312-54XS switch is a top-of-rack (TOR) or spine 25G bare metal switch in a compact 1U form factor for high-performance data centers. Edgecore AS7312-54XS can be deployed as a TOR switch supporting 10/25 GbE to servers with 40/100 GbE uplinks, or as a spine switch supporting 40/100 GbE spine interconnects. This open network switch is loaded with the Open Network Install Environment (ONIE) which supports the installation of compatible Network Operating System software, including the open source options Open Network Linux and Open Switch, plus commercial NOS offerings.
FS N8500-48B6C vs Edgecore AS7312-54XS
Though FS N8500-48B6C 25G bare metal switch and Edgecore AS7312-54XS 25G bare metal switch have a lot in common, they differ from each other with different features. Here we list the main characteristics of them.
Names FS N8500-48B6C Edgecore AS7312-54XS
Ports 48 48
Predominant Port Type 25GbE SFP28 25GbE SFP28
CPU Broadwell-DE 2.2Ghz 2-core Intel Atom® C2538 quad-core 2.4
Switching Chip Tomahawk+ BCM56967 Broadcom BCM56967 Tomahawk+
Jumbo Frames 9K Bytes 9216 Bytes
Switching Capacity 3.6Tbps full-duplex 3.6Tbps full-duplex
Forwarding Rate 4.7 Bpps 2.6 Bpps
Integrated Packet Buffer 16 MB 22 MB
MAC address 32K 8K / 136K
VLAN IDs 4 K 4 K
Compatible Software Option Cumulus Linux, Open Compute Project, PicOS™ from Pica8 Inc, SnapRoute CN-NOS, and Broadcom- ICOS Cumulus Linux, Open Compute Project, PicOS™ from Pica8 Inc, and SnapRoute CN-NOS
Which One to Choose?
With all the features listed above, the FS 25G bare metal switch and Edgecore 25G bare metal switch both perform well during operation. In terms of price comparison, FS N8500-48B6C dominates the advantage. For all those features offered, FS N8500-48B6C has an MSRP of US$ 6,199, whereas Edgecore AS7312-54XS costs US$7,152. They both are ideal for high-performance data centers, if you want to buy a cost-effective with future requirements ensured, FS N8500-48B6C 25G bare metal switch will be your best choice.
Bare metal switch indeed makes our choice flexible and closer to our needs. FS N8500-48B6C 25G bare metal switch belongs to FS N-series switches designed for next-generation metro, data center and enterprise network applications. In addition, FS also offers S-series switches such as 1gbe switch, 10gbe switch, 40gbe switch, 100gbe switch. They are all designed to achieve flexibility, efficiency and cost effectiveness in data center networks. Just visit FS.COM, you’ll be surprised by all those cost-effective products.
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Overview and What Makes Cumulus Linux Stand Out?
The trend of virtualization and automation in the network along with the growing numbers of network users are leading dramatic changes in network infrastructure. The application of locking and proprietary legacy networks has changed. A trend of choosing applications, operating systems, and hardware prevails in modern data centers. Under such circumstances, an operating system called Cumulus Linux is designed to provide an open platform for a faster, easier and affordable network.
altOverview and What Makes Cumulus Linux Stand Out?
What Is Cumulus Linux?
Cumulus Network seized the opportunity from this trend and produced a powerful open network operating system named Cumulus Linux. Cumulus Linux based on Debian Jessie is the first native Linux network operating system for the networking industry, which runs on white-box switches, such as Gigabit Ethernet switch, 10gb switch etc.. It allows consumers to automate, customize and scale with web-scale principles such as the world’s largest data centers. This open approach enables choice with the best hardware, software, application, network architectures, and no vendor lock-in. Cumulus Linux is a solution that allows you to cost-effectively build and efficiently operate your network, just like the world’s largest data center operators, unlocking vertical network stacks.
What Makes Cumulus Linux Stand Out?
Build for automation, scalability, and flexibility, Cumulus Linux is gradually accepted by the public and offers a compelling set of benefits for network engineering and operations team.
Network Administration
Cumulus Linux leverages traditional Linux and networking tools. It can automatically discover network devices and provides advanced troubleshooting with tools such as Cumulus Linux’s prescriptive topology manager for topology consistency against a topology graph.
Network Operation
Cumulus Linux can fully automatic self-configuring, alerts and integration of maps and monitoring data via SNMP with real-time animated topology visualization.
Network Maintenance
Cumulus Linux can express complex logic for alert conditions incorporating dependencies and correlations between metrics. It can generate customizable performance and availability reports on Vlans, network switch ports, subnets, protocols and more.
Network Provisioning
Cumulus Linux allows zero-touch installation and provisioning to simplify operations. It uses embedded Python scripting engine and SQL like query syntax for deep data analysis and capacity forecasting.
Network Efficiency
Cumulus Linux allows consumers to choose compatible hardware and chain control depending on their needs and budgets. By adopting Linux principles for networking, consumers have achieved operational efficiency by 95% and reduced TCO by up to 60%. Therefore, with the help of Cumulus Linux, a simpler, scalable, and faster deployment network can be built.
How Do You Configure a Cumulus Device?
There are three simple ways to configure Cumulus Linux. One is to use a bash prompt which runs the Cumulus Linux. The other is to install Chef, Puppet or CF engine and then use your DevOps pipeline to configure the network devices. Or you can choose to use ONIE (Open Network Install Environment) with local HTTP discovery. But you have to be aware that If your host (laptop or server) is IPv6-enabled, make sure your host is running a web server. If the host is IPv4-enabled, make sure your host is running DHCP in addition to a web server.
What’s the Challenge Ahead?
The networking industry has long believed that the integration of network hardware and software is critical to network speed and reliability. But as technology evolved, it proves that hardware and software work better when they are developed independently. The advantages include faster product development and freedom from vendor lock-in. However, there is no final conclusion about the robustness of network support and the viability of switching suppliers. Cumulus Network says it will support its own software and the third-party hardware on which it runs, and will troubleshoot itself to provide valuable use cases for openness. But on the negative side, the product line offers limited hardware choices. The company requires customers to manage their network infrastructure with tools like Chef, Puppet and the Bash shell. For customers who are not familiar with these tools have to weigh these pros and cons when they are ready to transition to a separate network environment.
Cumulus Linux can run multiple network paths without the needs for multiple switches and offer traffic isolation and network segmentation for multiple devices. It’s the best choice for network flexibility and innovation. Although there are still some challenges on the road ahead, Cumulus Network will continue to find ways to solve the problems and create a better network environment.
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Cisco Single Mode SFP VS Cisco Multimode SFP
SFP (shorts for Small Form-Factor Pluggable) is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver used for both telecommunication and data communications applications. It interfaces to motherboard, router, switch or optical media converter. There are two types of SFP, single mode SFP and multimode SFP. And this articles will focus on Cisco SFP and make a comparison of Cisco single mode SFP and Cisco multimode SFP.
alt Cisco Single Mode SFP
What Is Cisco Single Mode SFP?
Cisco single mode SFP works over single mode fiber whose typical core diameter is 9µm. And the cladding diameter of a single mode fiber is 125µm. Cisco single mode SFP operates mainly at 1310nm and 1550nm wavelengths and is used in long-haul transmission environments of 2km, 10km, 40km, 60km, 80km, and 120km. Cisco single mode SFP consists of 1000BASE-EX SFP, 1000BASE-ZX SFP, 1000BASE-BX10-D SFP, 1000BASE-BX10-U SFP, and 1000BASE-LX/LH SFP. For detailed information, please check the chart below.
Cisco Single Mode SFP Part Number Description
1000BASE-EX SFP GLC-EX-SMD Operates on single mode fiber over a wavelength of 1310nm for 40km
1000BASE-EX SFP GLC-EX-SM1550-40 operates on single mode fiber over a wavelength of 1550nm for 40km
1000BASE-ZX SFP GLC-ZX-SM/GLC-ZX-SMD/GLC-ZX-SM-RGD Operates on single mode fiber over a wavelength of 1550nm for 80km
1000BASE-BX10-D SFP GLC-BX-10D Operates on single mode fiber over a wavelength of 1550nm for 10km
1000BASE-BX10-U SFP GLC-BX-10U Operates on single mode fiber over a wavelength of 1310nm for 10km
1000BASE-LX/LH SFP GLC-LX-SM-RGD/GLC-LH-SM/GLC-LH-SMD Operates on single mode fiber over a wavelength of 1310nm for 10km
1000BASE-LX/LH SFP GLC-LH-SM-20 Operates on single mode fiber over a wavelength of 1310nm for 20km
What Is Cisco Multimode SFP?
Cisco multimode SFP works over multimode fiber with the core diameter of 50 µm and 62.5 µm, and the cladding diameter is 125µm as well. The common multimode SFP operates at 850nm wavelength and is only used for short distance transmission of 100m and 500m. For detailed information, please check the chart below.
Cisco Single Mode SFP Part Number Description
1000BASE-SX SFP GLC-SX-MMD/GLC-SX-MM-RGD/GLC-SX-MM Operates on multimode fiber over a wavelength of 850nm for 550m
1000BASE-LX/LH SFP SFP-GE-L/GLC-LX-SM-RGD/GLC-LH-SM/GLC-LH-SMD Operates on multimode fiber over a wavelength of 1310nm for 550m
Cisco Single Mode SFP VS Cisco Multimode SFP
Cisco single mode and multimode SFP modules can both server for transmitting and receiving optical signals and facilitate communication. However, the differences between them are also apparent. Here we will compare them from several aspects.
Connected Fibers
Cisco single mode SFP will work with single mode fiber in order to perform both transmission and reception of data. Whereas Cisco multimode SFP will work with multimode fiber to provide higher speed at shorter distance.
Transmission Distance
Cisco single mode SFP can support distance value as high as 80km or even 120km and mostly used in long distances (up to 10km) transmission environment. Whereas Cisco multimode SFP supports distance up to 550m, more used in a small area or within the building.
Supported Wavelength
Cisco single mode SFP works mainly on 1310nm and 1550nm wavelength, while Cisco multimode SFP works mainly on 850nm wavelength.
Preferential Usage
Cisco single mode SFP is mostly required on WAN connectivity. Whereas Cisco multimode SFP is used inside LAN for the switch, router and server connectivity inside building or data center.
Generally speaking, Cisco single mode SFP is costly and Cisco multimode SFP is cheaper. That’s because Cisco single mode SFP requires a laser source for transmission and it typically uses a laser diode (LD) as the light source, which is expensive. While Cisco multimode SFP uses a light emitting diode (LED) as the light source.
Now we learn a lot about Cisco single mode SFP and multimode SFP. Before you choose the SFP transceiver, you have to confirm the transmission distance and the wavelength you need and also the cables you already have. Remember that single mode and multimode are not interchangeable. So you have to take into account your actual situation and budget. To save more, you can choose a compatible transceiver module from FS.COM to match all your devices without sacrificing any quality or reliability but only at a lower cost. FS.COM offers various SFPs with a great offer that may be a good choice for you.
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alt Single Mode and Multimode Fibers
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Why Do We Need Horizontal and Vertical Cable Managers?
With the increasing numbers of cable counts and devices, cable management in data centers is becoming more and more important. Can you imagine that after installing all network devices in the rack, you’re ready to have a break with the joy of success, and you should find bunches of cables everywhere? To make it worse, if one of the cables is broken, you have to exam every cable in a mess to find the culprit. Wouldn’t it drive you crazy? Fortunately, there are many excellent products available on the market that can help run cables under orderly and efficient management. This article will introduce horizontal and vertical cable managers.
What Is Horizontal Cable Manager?
Horizontal cable manager can manage almost all kinds of cables such as fibers, coaxes, patch cables, copper wiring, jumpers and so on to ensure rack cables are well organized and protected. It is commonly used to manage cables on front racks and used with patch panels or rack mount enclosures to provide cables a safe and organized pathway from switch ports into the vertical cable manager. Horizontal cable manager is designed with various forms such as D-rings, finger duct, brush strip, lacing bar and end ring, which can be assembled randomly to simplify cabling efficiently.
alt horizontalcable manager
What Is Vertical Cable Manager?
Vertical cable manager provides a vertical pathway for a large number of cables from switches to patch panels in the rack system. It utilizes extra space to secure, bundle and route the cables at both sides of the racks, cabinets, and enclosures. The most popular vertical cable managers are single D-ring vertical cable manager, 5U plastic vertical cable manager with bend radius finger, and 45U 4.9″ wide plastic vertical cable manager. All of those vertical cable managers help provide proper bend radius support for cables and supply users with a neat and organized cabling system.
alt Why Do We Need Horizontal and Vertical Cable Managers?
Advantages of Horizontal and Vertical Cable Managers
Horizontal and vertical cable managers have its own features, here we list their advantages separately for your reference.
Advantages of Horizontal Cable Manager
Minimize Downtime & Promote Growth
Horizontal cable manager can run cables orderly and efficiently, prevent cables from tangling together. Therefore, the technician can easily identify and access the error and fix it right away, which minimizes downtime. And we can add new ports and cables and track their locations without worrying about causing problems.
Extend Longevity
As rack cables properly installed, the risk of excessive bending or subjecting cables to heat sources or sharp edges minimizes. Therefore it extends the longevity of cables.
Ensure Efficient Running
Since cables neatly collected, there is less risk of airflow obstruction. As fans and air conditioning units do not have to work overtime to cool equipment, it ensures data center runs efficiently.
Advantages of Vertical Cable Manager
Reduce Signal Interference
Vertical cable manager separates power and data cables within the racks, which greatly reduce the chance for crosstalk and interference and help enhance system performance.
Avoid Unnecessary Cable Damage
Vertical cable manager helps maintain cable bend radius within the ranges specified for the type of cable being used. Therefore it reduces the chance of being damaged.
Improve Cooling and Airflow
Vertical cable manager can eliminate the airflow blockage and enhance the cooling efficiency within the rack.
Reduce Costs
Vertical cable manager can be used with angled patch panel directly, which reduces the usage of horizontal cable management panels and cost.
Solutions for Horizontal and Vertical Cable Managers
Horizontal Cable Managers Solutions
Horizontal Cable Manager with D-Ring
Horizontal cable manager with D-ring is an open-access management tool, which means the D-rings offer an “open” and efficient way to manage cables on the rack. Besides, the design of D-rings provides great flexibility for users to add, move or change components and cable in the system. You can combine horizontal cable manager with D-ring with various cable management products for different applications.
Horizontal Cable Manager with Finger Dust
Horizontal cable manager with finger duct provides a series of fingers and pass-through holes for routing rack cables and reducing cable strains. Moreover, it features a detachable top cover that provides flexibility for users to add or remove cables. Horizontal cable manager with finger duct is typically used with server racks and cabinets, structured wiring closets to keep cables clean and orderly.
Horizontal Cable Manager with Brush Strip
Horizontal cable manager with brush strip is usually made of steel and nylon bristles. It allows cables to pass from the front to the rear of the rack, facilitating proper airflow through the rack and preventing dust and dirt from entering and exiting the rack.
Vertical Cable Managers Solutions
Vertical Cable Manager with D-Ring
Vertical Cable Manager with D-ring is designed with a standard EIA hole spacing which allows products to be mounted to any standard rack. It also features with a flexible arm to provide an open access to allow installation of complete cable bundles. Vertical cable manager with D-ring can prevent sharp edges and occupies high capacity of cables, which makes it popular among customers.
Vertical Cable Manager with Bend Radius Finger
Vertical cable manager with bend radius finger is lightweight and can be mounted in specific areas of the rack to reach any height(U), making it an alternative of higher vertical cable management. It provides extra-deep cable management capacity for applications required large Cat5e/Cat6/Cat6a cable bundles or thick cables.
45U Single Sided Vertical Cable Manager
45U single sided vertical cable manager equips with a user-friendly cover to protest cables from dust and damage. It’s designed with smooth oval holes to provide easy front-to-back cable routing and with flexible fingers to ensure optimum cable radius. It’s usually installed on open racks to organize and protect cables on the front of the rack without taking up the space of racks.
Cable manager is essential for data centers. An improper cable management can easily lead to a series of problems like data transmission errors and performance issues as well as system downtime. Horizontal and vertical cable managers are two important tools used to solve cable managing problems. If you have problems with this, do not hesitate to visit FS.COM.
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FS FHD Fiber Optic Panels With Exquisite Workmanship
With the raising awareness of bandwidth and storage requirement in data centers and SAN (Storage Area Networking) environments, fiber companies are sparing no efforts to produce an ideal product to meet people’s needs. In this case, FS self-developed FHD series products to provide a space-saving and easy-to-manage fiber cabling situation. Let’s see FS FHD fiber optic panels, those with exquisite workmanship and help maximize the amount of connections and provide an affordable, compact solution for your network.
What Are FS FHD Fiber Optic Panels?
FS FHD fiber optic panels also named FS FHD fiber adapter panels (FAPs), which use zirconia ceramic split sleeves to fit specific network requirements. FHD fiber optic panels enable a quick and flexible fiber optic patch panel connections as they can snap into the enclosures easily. They are used for patching fiber cable to the termination enclosure like rack mount fiber cabinets, rack mount fiber shelf and fiber wall cabinets.
altFS FHD Fiber Optic Panels?
Types of FS FHD Fiber Optic Panels
FS FHD fiber optic panels are with different types, such as LC, SC, MTP fiber optic panels, multimedia modular panels and blank panels. Among those panels, LC, SC MTP fiber optic panels are mostly used ones. LC/SC/MTP single mode fiber adapter panels with 12 ports are very mated with 1U horizontal cable manager, they are available to install as required. You can mount the panels in FS FHD series rack or wall mount enclosures for additional flexibility and larger network system. Meanwhile multimedia modular panels allow customization of installation for applications requiring integration of fiber optic cables and copper cables. Blank fiber adapter panels reserve fiber adapter panel space for future use.
altFS FHD Fiber Optic Panels With Exquisite Workmanship
Comparisons of FS FHD Fiber Optic Panels
Here we list the detailed information of the three main fiber optic panels for your better understanding. You can check out the chart below.
Adapter Type LC FAPs SC FAPs MTP FAPs
Number of Adapters 12 6 8/12
Fiber Count 24 Fibers 12 Fibers /
Fiber Mode Single Mode: OS2 9/125μm
Multimode: OM4/OM3 50/125μm
Single Mode: OS2 9/125μm
Multimode: OM4/OM3 50/125μm
Single Mode: OS2 9/125μm
Multimode: OM4/OM3 50/125μm
Adapter Color Blue (SM UPC), Green (SM APC), Aqua (OM3/OM4) Blue (SM UPC), Green (SM APC), Aqua (OM3/OM4)
Charcoal Gray (Key up-Key up)
Black (Key up-Key down)
Dimensions (HxW) 1.38”x4.29” (35x109mm) 1.38”x4.29” (35x109mm) 1.38”x4.29” (35x109mm)
Application Matching for FHD Series Enclosures FHD Series Rack and Wall Mount Enclosures Matching for FHD Series Enclosures
Selection Guides
FS FHD fiber optic panels are used with FHD rack mount and wall mount enclosures. FS FHD series provides a comprehensive line of solutions for fiber optic cabling. The combination of fiber enclosure and fiber optic panels can deliver the easier MACs and the flexibility to migrate to higher data speeds. Here we list three solutions for your reference.
FHD-1UFCE+4 FHD fiber adapter panels
FHD-1UFCE is an unloaded 1RU rack mount fiber patch panel that can support 4 FHD fiber adapter panels up to 96 fibers. The combination between FHD-1UFCE and 4 FHD fiber adapter panels can provide a complete system solution for connectivity by installing either slack spools or splice trays inside the fiber patch panel.
altFS FHD Fiber Optic Panels With Exquisite Workmanship
FHD-2UFCE+8 FHD fiber adapter panels
FHD-2UFCE is an unloaded 2RU rack mount fiber patch panel that can support 8 FHD fiber adapter panels up to 192 fibers. The combination between FHD-2UFCE and 8 FHD fiber adapter panels can provide higher patch field density in fewer server rack units saving valuable space by installing either slack spools or splice trays inside the fiber patch panel.
altFS FHD Fiber Optic Panels With Exquisite Workmanship
FHD-4UFCE+12 FHD fiber adapter panels
FHD-4UFCE is an unloaded 4RU rack mount fiber patch panel that can support 12 FHD fiber adapter panels up to 228 fibers. It assures flexibility and ease of network deployment and moves, adds, and changes.
altFS FHD Fiber Optic Panels With Exquisite Workmanship
FS high density FHD fiber optic panels preloaded with fiber adapters that serves as the intermediate connection between the backbone and your patch cable, provides an affordable, compact solution for your network. In addition to FHD fiber optic panels, FS also offers FHD fiber enclosures, fiber patch panels and fiber cassettes for your assembly to free you from network problems. For more information about FHD fiber cabling solutions, you can visit FS.COM. I’m sure your problems will soon be solved.
Related Articles:
Fiber Distribution Panel Wiki, Types and Buying Tips
Rack Enclosure Basics and Buying Guide
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Question: A Christian Saint, Who Is Very Important To The Church In Ethiopia Is..?
Who are the Ethiopian saints?
The Nine Saints were a group of missionaries who were important in the initial growth of Christianity in what is now Ethiopia during the late 5th century. Their names were Abba Aftse, Abba Alef, Abba Aragawi, Abba Garima (Isaac, or Yeshaq), Abba Guba, Abba Liqanos, Abba Pantelewon, Abba Sehma, and Abba Yem’ata.
What is the name for the Christian Church in Ethiopia?
Who introduced Christianity to Ethiopia?
What is the leader of a Christian church called?
Archbishop. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop, responsible for all churches belonging to a religious group of a particular district. A bishop at the head of an ecclesiastical province or one of equivalent honorary rank.
You might be interested: FAQ: Who Is Ethiopia Indeboted To?
What was the job of the nine Saints?
The Nine Saints, a group of foreign monks, supposedly came to Ethiopia from different provinces of the Roman Oriental Empire, translated the Bible and spread Christianity in the northern part of the kingdom.
When was the Bible translated into Geez?
Bible translations into Geʽez, an ancient South Semitic language of the Ethiopian branch, date back to the 6th century at least, making them one of the world’s oldest Bible translations.
Is Ethiopia poor or rich?
What religion is in Ethiopia?
How did Ethiopia get Christianity?
What religion was in Ethiopia before Christianity?
What is the name of the Ethiopian Bible?
You might be interested: Question: Why Was Ethiopia Never Been Colonized?
Who accepted Christianity first?
Armenia is considered the first nation to have adopted Christianity as the state religion, a fact of which Armenians are justifiably proud. The Armenian claim rests on the history of Agathangelos, who states that in 301 A.D., King Trdat III (Tiridates) was baptized and officially Christianized his people.
What is the true meaning of church?
What are the signs of a true church?
What do you call a pastor?
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Celebrating the beautiful Moon Festival
日期： 2021-09-21 (星期二)
活動類別： 英文科
As part of our theme-based activities, students were taught about the Mid-Autumn Festival. Our NET Teachers enriched the student’s knowledge by introducing the new vocabulary in the classroom. They also celebrated the Mid-Autumn festival with the students at recess and took pictures using realia such as mooncakes, lanterns and pomelos. In English lessons, many students were very enthusiastic and eager to share how they celebrated the holiday with their families.
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New Electric Vehicle Engine Makes Rare Earth A Thing Of The Past
German automotive maker Mahle have designed a cost effective and efficient electric vehicle (EV) engine without the use or rare earth metals in its magnets.
Mass production is still a few years away, but Mahle have created an EV engine that is extremely durable, efficient and does away with the need for rare earth metals. Because the engine lacks rare earths, it can be more cost effective and make electric cars and other vehicles more green in total, not just a warm fuzy feeling we get driving around town.
EVs usually make use of magnets to help re-charge their batteries, but as we’ve covered previously, the extraction of rare earth metals for use in batteries and in mobile phones is a huge source of environmental damage. Instead of magnets, Mahle’s new design does away with magnets and instead uses powered coils in its spinning rotor, using contactless induction. So it’s more efficient and removes surface contact, thus reducing the need for maintenance.
China is the only place where rare earths can be processed into magnets economically, so removing the metals removes a time bottleneck and the emissions related to transporting rare earths around the world. 97% of the world’s rare earth metal supply comes from China and so any restrictions placed on production there has a significant impact on the cost and supply of the metals.
Eradicating a permanent, single-sized magnet also means Mahle’s engineers are able to vary the perameters of the rotor’s magnetism. This allows them to attain levels of efficiency through a range of operating speeds that has only ever been achieved by Formula E cars.
Hopefully, we can get some of this kind of innovation in the green mobile phone arena to reduce our environmental impact.
Read more about Mahle’s new engine and the information covered in this blog post here.
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