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Texas Legislative Districts Map
Texas Legislative Districts Map Redistricting In Texas Ballotpedia
Texas Legislative Districts Map Redistricting In Texas Ballotpedia
Texas is the second largest disclose in the united States by both place and population. Geographically located in the South Central region of the country, Texas shares borders behind the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, supplementary Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Len, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, and has a coastline when the deep hole of Mexico to the southeast.
Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the let pass and seventh largest in the U.S. DallasFort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country, respectively. other major cities enlarge Austin, the second-most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed “The Lone Star State” to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state’s torment yourself for independence from Mexico. The “Lone Star” can be found on the Texas state flag and upon the Texan state seal. The lineage of Texas’s pronounce is from the word taysha, which means “friends” in the Caddo language.
Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions. Although Texas is popularly united in the manner of the U.S. southwestern deserts, less than 10% of Texas’s home area is desert. Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the big Bend.
The term “six flags over Texas” refers to several nations that have ruled on top of the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short-lived colony. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 next Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas allied the grip as the 28th state. The state’s annexation set off a chain of actions that led to the MexicanAmerican skirmish in 1846. A slave give access previously the American Civil War, Texas stated its secession from the U.S. in ahead of time 1861, and officially joined the Confederate States of America on March 2nd of the similar year. After the Civil court case and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.
Historically four major industries shaped the Texas economy prior to World lawsuit II: cattle and bison, cotton, timber, and oil. since and after the U.S. Civil deed the cattle industry, which Texas came to dominate, was a major economic driver for the state, hence creating the usual image of the Texas cowboy. In the innovative 19th century cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. It was ultimately, though, the discovery of major petroleum deposits (Spindletop in particular) that initiated an economic boom which became the driving force in back the economy for much of the 20th century. later than strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy and tall tech industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2015, it is second upon the list of the most Fortune 500 companies subsequent to 54. afterward a growing base of industry, the declare leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. Texas has led the U.S. in disclose export revenue previously 2002, and has the second-highest gross permit product. If Texas were a sovereign state, it would be the 10th largest economy in the world.
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The railway was built in 1903 to serve the kilns and the boiler house. It was the most efficient way of moving bulk materials such as coal and chalk around the site. Wagons were pushed on the level sections and a water powered winch was installed to haul them up, and lower them down, the incline.
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Why you need to teach your child about sustainability
Us: “Why is waste bad?” Child 1: “Waste is bad because it makes the place smell and harms animals” Us: “What can we do about waste?” Child 2: “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle” Us: “Okay. But do you know how this is done? and what do you do before recycling?” All Children: *Silence*
This was a small snippet from one of our recent interactive workshops with young children around waste segregation. My brand Upcycler’s Lab, makes play based learning tools around sustainability for kids between 5 and 9. While most of the children we have worked with so far have been from private schools where they already have access to information regarding sustainability and conservation, many of them are just beginning to understand these complex issues. With consumers moving towards eco consciousness, governments moving towards extreme policies for environmental change and companies moving towards circular models for design and business, we need to equip our children for the world of tomorrow.
Of course one aspect is their school work but I believe that this change will impact them dramatically in the long run. For example, waste management alone is a USD 13 billion dollar industry in India which is largely disorganized and is just about starting to get formalized. This means that a 9 year old child today will in 10–12 years graduate into a world where the formal waste industry will be a booming one with a lot of demand for employees and entrepreneurs who understand this space. This of course is just one industry within the broader umbrella of sustainability. We have already seen what the recent Plastic Ban in Maharashtra has done for manufacturers of non plastic disposables, many of them have had to increase their production capacity overnight.
Unfortunately, a lot of school curriculum, although delivered much more uniquely, still trains children for the jobs of the past and the present. I believe, we are moving into an era of environmental crisis where there will be a huge demand for human resources to solve pressing problems that the human race faces. Environmental sustainability is one such problem. By helping our children learn about sustainability, conservation and circular design, we are teaching them how to deal with the problems of the future. We need start at a young age and we need to do this in a way that children understand. Our focus should be on equipping children with the tools while allowing them to come up with solutions for a better world.
*At the end of our interactive workshop for kids*
Us: “So kids what did we learn today?” Child 1: “ That there are 3 types of waste including hazardous waste and that is important to segregate because its easier to recycle and better for rag pickers, birds and animals” Us: “And what are some of the things you will do at home to make the world a cleaner place?” Child 2: “I will ask mumma to start using a cloth bag instead of plastic” Child 3: “I will say no to straws at the restaurant” Child 4: “I will not allow mom to use small plastic bottles for my birthday party”
At Upcycler’s Lab we believe in teaching through play based learning and therefore we currently provide board games on waste segregation, water conservation and animal conservation. We also believe that kids should have the same learning at home and school and therefore offer these board games to schools and individuals. Because our vision is to change mindset and behaviour around the environment, we work with children under the age of 10 because most behaviour is formed at that age. Soon, we will be developing a curriculum on circular design for schools that can help educators teach children about this complex problem through play.
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North American
Introduction the species human being, as well as the too much forms of life, depends on the system of interaction between the natural elements (water, atmosphere, rocks, plants, animals and ground). So that the people can have its taken care of basic necessities are essential the economic development, especially for the populations of poor countries. However, the disordered growth and the raised standard of consumption have caused impacts that reduce the potential of the environment, as for example: the heating of the atmosphere, the growth of the levels of the oceans, the pollution of waters, the erosion of the ground and the sped up extinguishing of the species. The ambient conservation and the economic development are essential to supply the necessities human beings. Without the conservation of the environment, the economic growth, instead of taking care of to the necessities of the population will be responsible for the misery of innumerable peoples and, still, for the comprometimento of the conditions of survival of future generations. The conservation of biodiversity is not only one question to protect the wild life and its ecosystems, but yes to preserve the conditions of survival of the man, by means of the maintenance of the natural systems that support the life human being. 1. What it is sustainable Development? The root of most of the problems of the world is related with the environment.
E not only the question of the preservation of the forests and the animals, and yes of essential resources to the survival of the man. Great part of these disputes if must to the fact of that the necessities of the man are limitless, while the natural resources are limited. The conflicts between countries under ideological allegations do not pass of economic interest in the natural goods. We have as example the water scarcity in the Middle East, that makes with that Israel wants the territory of the Cisjordnia, the North American interest in the existing oil in the Persian Gulf and the other most existing ones in the whole world.
North American
For all the segments of the national, nostalgic elites of a Europe rejects that them, it is as a slap! thus was understood the list of the Teams. From there the reply of the elites: silence! ' ' We do not need to say more nothing! Nietzsche and Freud do not explain the POWER! It is all instant! The elite seems to be certain who the people is babaca and that he is with bunda displayed pra to pass the hand in it! As Claude Pepper said the North American politician (1900-1989): ' ' The error of many politicians is to forget that they had been elect; they are finding that they had been ungidos' '. We know that the press or neutral information does not exist, because it brings obtains inevitably an interpretation on the facts, but finds that the things could, or at least they would have, to be made of another form, little demagogue. We, for example, are giving the face to beat with this text, therefore our addresses are there, so that it has a plea, a debate. To broaden your perception, visit Pete Cashmore. We can be maken a mistake, or our ideas can not correspond to the facts, but what we are not: reactionary people.
As she affirmed certain time journalist and writer Pablo Francis: ' ' I want that he is registered that I would favor the closing of the Congress or any another one of these reactionary institutions that hinder the progress it pas' '. We also corroborate with this magnificent idea! We are not politicians. We are innocent. As he would say the saudoso Waldik Soriano: we are not cachorros not! This our country is a humbug, but the flag disfara all and any frustration: progress without no order. Illusion! But let us follow having hope, therefore it is what it remains in them (Mrcio Melo and Allcicero, with the luxurious support of the Homero Mattos, May of 2010) CONTACTS: and (for critical, opinions, commentaries and suggestions) REFERENCES: Bigger Letter, of 15/05/2010.
Digital Diplomacy
The SOCIAL MEDIAS IN the INTERNATIONAL SCENE AND the DIGITAL DIPLOMACY Kayo Robert Mendona of Birth UNP? Christmas Summary: Current stories, research and until comments on the new system of the media, point a new model of national and international communication between state and not state people, companies, institutions, whose the main objective is to make the information – where if it has the main focus in the world – to become gift the all moment, so that the people are entirely on they and know in real time what no barrier or veto of the information in the world-wide scope is happening in its country and the world without. This article goes to inside show to opinions and research between authorities of the international scene, that speak of as the social medias are being used of form more assduas in relation the world-wide communication, as much in personal, enterprise relation or diplomatics. Subjects as the great relations that are being formed from information transmitted among the social medias if make strong more to each moment and the discurso enters the inserted diplomacy in the context of cyber space where it becomes the more practical communication fastest and in the current days. For more clarity and thought, follow up with Peter Asaro and gain more knowledge.. Word-Key: Social medias, diplomacy, the International, communication. Communication world-wide and culture to make information if to spread out for world measures always was very difficult during years, by lack of resources that was not had of a form as if it has easiness in the current days, then after invention of Internet, that in the period that was servant, did not aim at the half public, was a tool who would be used to decentralize information of U.S.A. during the cold war, where would be placed some computers in different linked states of the country in net for power to have faster exchange of information between the bases military.
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At a glance
Affected individuals have extremely short limbs, ribs, and vertebra. Several subtypes exist. In general, achondrogenesis is characterized by premature birth, fetal hydrops, a normal sized, but unusually soft cranial vault and short neck and trunk. The disorder is often life-threatening already in utero or becomes so shortly after birth.
Chondrogenesis Imperfecta or Hypochondrogenesis or Achondrogenesis Type II (Langer-Saldino Type). Lethal Neonatal Dwarfism.
Three subtypes of achondrogenesis have been described:
• Achondrogenesis Type IA: Houston-Harris Type
• Achondrogenesis Type IB: Parenti-Fraccaro Type
• Achondrogenesis Type II: Langer-Saldino Type; Chondrogenesis Imperfecta; Hypochondrogenesis
Genetic inheritance
Inheritance in achondrogenesis Types IA and IB is autosomal recessive, whereas for achondroplasia Type II it is an autosomal dominant de novo mutation. The location of the genetic defect varies depending on the type. In Type IA the genetic defect has been mapped to the thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11 (TRIP11) gene on chromosome 14q32, which affects the assembly of the Golgi apparatus in chondrocytes and results in abnormal glycosylation and cellular transport of key matrix proteins. In Type IB, the gene locus maps to chromosome 5q32 affecting the diastrophic dysplasia/sulfate transporter (DTDST) gene, while in Type II the defect has been mapped to the collagen Type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1) gene on chromosome 12q13.
The differential diagnosis includes several other forms of lethal chondrodysplasias and since this is a large group of disorders, the exact differentiation is not always straightforward, particularly in fetuses with ultrasound alone. It is the combination of the typical clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic (cartilage), genetic and biochemical findings that will eventually lead to the correct diagnosis.
Clinical aspects
This is a perinatal lethal condition, ie, if born alive, these babies usually die shortly after birth from profound respiratory failure. The reason for intrauterine death has not been determined, yet. It is not always possible to distinguish the different types of achondrogenesis based on clinical and radiologic findings alone. Premature birth is common. The clinical findings show significantly overlapping among the three types of achondrogenesis.
• Achondrogenesis Type IA (Houston-Harris Type): Patients typically present with polyhydramnios and fetal hydrops and hypoplastic lungs commonly resulting in stillbirth or death in the immediate neonatal period. Clinical findings include a normal sized head with unusually soft calvarial plates (deficient ossification), flat face with protruding eyes, low-set ears, anteverted nares in a short nose, and bulging tongue. The chest is narrow (reduced circumference) due to short and horizontally oriented ribs (that are often fractured) and the abdomen is prominent with usually normal inner organs. Neck and trunk are short with only rudimentary ossification of the vertebral bodies (however, the pedicles of ...
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1. Home
2. Lessons
3. Teachers and Students
Teachers and Students
The first set of vocabulary words required to discuss teaching in a classroom.
It is recommended you completeMore Alphabet Practice, Reading and Writing Practice before this lesson.
Teachers and Students
Learn how to describe teachers and students
Take a moment to review each of the words found in this lesson to ensure you have a clear understanding of each word.
What next? Consider the following lessons: What is He Drinking?, Family — Part 1.
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What is ODM Rules?
By David Dean Posted February 27, 2017 In Operational Decision Management (ODM)
What is ODM Rules_
In many businesses, one has many rules to work with in day-to-day operations. Banks will use rules to strike the right balance between making loans with too much risk against not making enough loans to keep their business afloat. Insurance companies will use rules to determine a rate based on an incredible variety of factors, such as a potential customer’s driving record, where they live, what kind of car they have… even credit scores! Even retailers can use rules to determine if a coupon can be used for certain product types, brands, etc.
1-Rules-Screenshot-300x64A sample rule written in ODM Rules' Business Rule Language
ODM stands for Operational Decision Manager, which is a collection of component solutions by IBM related to business rules and complex event processing. This blog category (ODM Rules) will focus on the Business Rule Management System (BRMS), which consists of a few components to be described in greater detail in another post. ODM Rules is great for making stateless decisions (that is, each rule request's outcome is independent of any prior request's data or outcome). With ODM Rules, business users can control how decisions are made by creating and maintaining the rules implementing their business policies. Some people know of ODM Rules as ILOG JRules, the product’s name before being acquired by IBM.
A rule engine? Can’t I just ___________ instead?
When learning about a new product, many have an initial instinct of skepticism – sometimes to their advantage, sometimes not. Especially when adopting a whole new product, one may have a hard time letting go of their old ways – which is often very understandable. However, without a business rule engine, options to implement business rules are limited, likely to one of the following alternatives.
1-Java-Screenshot-300x69 Hard code (in this case, Java) can be tricky for non-programmers to access and read.
Hard code: Yes, if something can be created in a rule engine, it can be written as straight code in just about any language. Granted, it gives an incredible amount of control, but in the end, the result is code which is difficult to manage. This code may be difficult for even a fellow programmer to pick up and understand, let alone a business user. Having business users get involved with maintenance directly? Forget about it! The gap between business and IT is especially dangerous considering that between developing, writing, reading, interpreting, and executing business requirements, something could be misunderstood, if not overlooked completely.
Just as high-level languages are generally easier to understand than the machine code that computer systems ultimately run on, a good BRMS will have its rules represented in such a way that a non-technical person can understand them just as well as a programmer. With business-user rule development, the final product doesn’t feel like the result of a game of “telephone.”
Database: When dealing with many rules following similar formats, one may put everything in a database. This can give business users some CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) abilities, but there still needs to be a lot of code behind the scenes to run the process and go through each table – code that runs into the same issues described above. It also comes at the expense of flexibility: rules must adhere to the rigid structure defined in the tables. Additionally, the resources spent creating a decent front end can get to be significant, especially if that front end is designed to be reasonably flexible.
Why ODM Rules?
To be clear, ODM Rules is far from the only rule engine in existence today; there are others that exist on a variety of platforms. However, ODM Rules stands out from the rest for its business-friendly features, including development and testing tools and its governance capabilities. These features not only improve business involvement, but also reduce the time it takes to make these changes go live. ODM Rules is also quite flexible. While it is built on a Java platform, it is most commonly run as a SOAP or REST web service which can be executed on virtually any major platform, including Microsoft’s .NET. For implementations that require it, there is also a version of ODM Rules for z/OS. (READ: ODM Rules Components)
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Definition Language (CDL)
Find here a reference of all CDS concepts and features in the form of compact examples. The examples are given in CDL, a human-readable syntax for defining models, and CQL, an extension of SQL to write queries.
Refer also to The Nature of Models and the CSN specification to complete your understanding of CDS.
Entity and Type Definitions
Entity Definitions — define entity
Entities are structured types with named and typed elements, representing sets of (persisted) data that can be read and manipulated using usual CRUD operations. They usually contain one or more designated primary key elements:
define entity Employees {
key ID : Integer;
name : String;
jobTitle : String;
The define keyword is optional, that means define entity Foo is equal to entity Foo.
Type Definitions — define type
You can declare custom types to reuse later on, for example, for elements in entity definitions. Custom-defined types can be simple, that is derived from one of the predefined types, structure types or Associations.
define type User : String(111);
define type Amount {
value : Decimal(10,3);
currency : Currency;
define type Currency : Association to Currencies;
The define keyword is optional, that means define type Foo is equal to type Foo.
Learn more about Definitions of Named Aspects.
Predefined Types
See list of Built-in Types
Structured Types
You can declare and use custom struct types as follows:
type Amount {
value : Decimal(10,3);
currency : Currency;
entity Books {
price : Amount;
Elements can also be specified with anonymous inline struct types. For example, the following is equivalent to the definition of Books above:
entity Books {
price : {
value : Decimal(10,3);
currency : Currency;
Arrayed Types
Prefix a type specification with array of or many to signify array types.
entity Foo { emails: many String; }
entity Bar { emails: many { kind:String; address:String; }; }
entity Car { emails: many EmailAddress; }
entity Car { emails: EmailAddresses; }
type EmailAddresses : many { kind:String; address:String; }
type EmailAddress : { kind:String; address:String; }
Keywords many and array of are mere syntax variants with identical semantics and implementations.
When deployed to SQL databases, such fields are mapped to LargeString columns and the data is stored denormalized as JSON array. With OData V4, arrayed types are rendered as Collection in the EDM(X).
Filter expressions, instance-based authorization and search are not supported on arrayed elements.
Null Values
For arrayed types the null and not null constraints apply to the members of the collections. The default is not null indicating that the collections can’t hold null values.
An empty collection is represented by an empty JSON array. A null value is invalid for an element with arrayed type.
In the following example the collection emails may hold members that are null. It may also hold a member where the element kind is null. The collection email must not be null!
entity Bar {
emails : many {
kind : String null;
address : String not null;
} null;
Virtual Elements
An element definition can be prefixed with modifier keyword virtual. This keyword indicates that this element isn’t added to persistent artifacts, that is, tables or views in SQL databases. Virtual elements are part of OData metadata.
By default virtual elements are annotated with @Core.Computed: true, not writable for the client and will be silently ignored. This means also, that they are not accessible in custom event handlers. If you want to make virtual elements writable for the client, you explicitly need to annotate these elements with @Core.Computed: false.
entity Employees {
virtual something : String(11);
Using literals in CDS models is commonly used, for example, to set default values. The literals in the following table show you how to define these values in your CDS source.
Kind Example
Null null
Boolean true, false
Numbers 11, 2.4, or 1.34e10
Strings 'foo'
Dates date'2016-11-24'
Times time'16:11:32'
Timestamp timestamp'2016-11-24 16:11:32.4209753'
DateTime '2016-11-24T16:11'
Records {"foo":<literal>, ...}
Arrays [<literal>, ...]
Learn more about literals and their representation in CSN.
Delimited Identifiers
Delimited identifiers allow you to use any identifier, even containing special characters or using a keyword.
Special characters in identifiers or keywords as identifiers should be avoided for best interoperability.
entity ![Entity] {
bar : ![Keyword];
![with space] : Integer;
Default Values
As in SQL you can specify default values to fill in upon INSERTs if no value is specified for a given element.
entity Foo {
bar : String default 'bar';
boo : Integer default 1;
Type References
If you want to base an element’s type on another element of the same structure, you can use the type of operator.
entity Author {
firstname : String(100);
lastname : type of firstname; // has type "String(100)"
For referencing elements of other artifacts, you can use the element access through :. Element references with : don’t require type of in front of them.
entity Employees {
firstname: type of Author:firstname;
lastname: Author:firstname; // optional 'type of'
Element definitions can be augmented with constraint not null as known from SQL.
entity Employees {
name : String(111) not null;
You can specify enumeration values for a type as a semicolon-delimited list of symbols. For string types, declaration of actual values is optional; if omitted, the actual values are the string counterparts of the symbols.
type Gender : String enum { male; female; }
entity Order {
status : Integer enum {
submitted = 1;
fulfilled = 2;
shipped = 3;
canceled = -1;
To enforce your enum values during runtime, use the @assert.range annotation.
Views and Projections
Use as select from or as projection on to derive new entities from existing ones by projections, very much like views in SQL. When mapped to relational databases, such entities are in fact translated to SQL views but they’re frequently also used to declare projections without any SQL views involved.
The entity signature is inferred from the projection.
The as select from Variant
Use the as select from variant to use all possible features an underlying relational database would support using any valid CQL query including all query clauses.
entity Foo1 as SELECT from Bar; //> implicit {*}
entity Foo2 as SELECT from Employees { * };
entity Foo3 as SELECT from Employees LEFT JOIN Bar on Employees.ID=Bar.ID {
foo, bar as car, sum(boo) as moo
} where exists (
SELECT 1 as anyXY from SomeOtherEntity as soe where soe.x = y
group by foo, bar
order by moo asc;
The as projection on Variant
Use the as projection on variant instead of as select from to indicate that you don’t use the full power of SQL in your query. For example, having a restricted query in an entity allows us to serve such an entity from external OData services.
entity Foo as projection on Bar {...}
Currently the restrictions of as projection on compared to as select from are:
• no explicit, manual JOINs
• no explicit, manual UNIONs
• no sub selects in from clauses
Over time, we can add additional checks depending on specific outbound protocols.
Views with Inferred Signatures
By default views inherit all properties and annotations from their primary underlying base entity. Their elements signature is inferred from the projection on base elements. Each element inherits all properties from the respective base element.
For example, the following definition:
entity SomeView as SELECT from Employees {
job.title as jobTitle
Might result in this inferred signature:
entity SomeView {
ID: Integer;
name: String;
jobTitle: String;
If you don’t want to use the inferred type, you can change the element’s type by using a CDL cast:
entity SomeView as SELECT from Employees {
ID : Integer64,
name : LargeString
By using a cast, neither annotations nor other properties are propagated, see Annotation Propagation
Views with Parameters
You can equip views with parameters that are passed in whenever that view is queried. Default values can be specified. Refer to these parameters in the view’s query using the prefix :.
entity SomeView ( foo: Integer, bar: Boolean )
as SELECT * from Employees where ID=:foo;
Learn more about how to expose views with parameters in Services - Exposed Entities. Learn more about views with parameters for existing HANA artifacts in Native SAP HANA Artifacts.
Associations & Compositions
Associations capture relationships between entities. They are like forward-declared joins added to a table definition in SQL.
Unmanaged Associations
Unmanaged associations specify arbitrary join conditions in their on clause, which refer to available foreign key elements. The association’s name (address in the following example) is used as the alias for the to-be-joined target entity.
entity Employees {
address : Association to Addresses on address.ID = address_ID;
address_ID : Integer; //> foreign key
entity Addresses {
key ID : Integer;
Managed (To-One) Associations
For to-one associations, CDS can automatically resolve and add requisite foreign key elements from the target’s primary keys and implicitly add respective join conditions.
entity Employees {
address : Association to Addresses;
This example is equivalent to the unmanaged example above, with the foreign key element address_ID being added automatically upon activation to a SQL database.
No foreign key constraints are added on database level.
To-many Associations
For to-many associations specify an on condition following the canonical expression pattern <assoc>.<backlink> = $self as in this example:
entity Employees {
key ID : Integer;
addresses : Association to many Addresses
on addresses.owner = $self;
entity Addresses {
owner : Association to Employees; //> the backlink
The backlink can be any managed to-one association on the many side pointing back to the one side.
Many-to-many Associations
For many-to-many association, follow the common practice of resolving logical many-to-many relationships into two one-to-many associations using a link entity to connect both. For example:
entity Employees { ...
addresses : Association to many Emp2Addr on addresses.emp = $self;
entity Emp2Addr {
key emp : Association to Employees;
key adr : Association to Addresses;
Learn more about Managed Compositions for Many-to-many Relationships.
Compositions constitute document structures through ‘contained-in’ relationships. They frequently show up in to-many header-child scenarios.
entity Orders {
key ID: Integer; //...
Items : Composition of many Orders.Items on Items.parent = $self;
entity Orders.Items {
key pos : Integer;
key parent : Association to Orders;
product : Association to Products;
quantity : Integer;
Essentially, Compositions are the same as associations, just with the additional information that this association represents a contained-in relationship so the same syntax and rules apply in their base form.
Managed Compositions of Aspects
Use managed compositions variant to nicely reflect document structures in your domain models, without the need for separate entities, reverse associations, and unmanaged on conditions.
With Inline Targets
entity Orders {
key ID: Integer; //...
Items : Composition of many {
key pos : Integer;
product : Association to Products;
quantity : Integer;
Managed Compositions are mostly syntactical sugar: Behind the scenes, they are unfolded to the unmanaged equivalent as shown above by automatically adding a new entity, the name of which being constructed as a scoped name from the name of parent entity, followed by the name of the composition element, that is Orders.Items in the previous example. You can safely use this name at other places, for example to define an association to the generated child entity:
specialItem : Association to Orders.Items;
With Named Targets
Instead of anonymous target aspects you can also specify named aspects, which are unfolded the same way as anonymous inner types, as shown in the previous example:
entity Orders {
key ID: Integer; //...
Items : Composition of many OrderItems;
aspect OrderItems {
key pos : Integer;
product : Association to Products;
quantity : Integer;
For Many-to-many Relationships
Managed Compositions are handy for many-to-many relationships, where a link table usually is private to one side.
entity Teams { ...
members : Composition of many { key user: Association to Users; }
entity Users { ...
teams: Association to many Teams.members on teams.user = $self;
And here’s an example of an attributed many-to-many relationship:
entity Teams { ...
members : Composition of many {
key user : Association to Users;
role : String enum { Lead; Member; Collaborator; }
entity Users { ... }
To navigate between Teams and Users, you have to follow two associations: members.user or teams.up_. In OData, use a query like:
GET /Teams?$expand=members($expand=user)
to get all users of all teams.
This section describes how to add Annotations to model definitions written in CDL, focused on the common syntax options, and fundamental concepts. Find additional information in the OData Annotations guide.
Annotation Syntax
Annotations in CDL are prefixed with an @ character and can be placed before a definition, after the defined name or at the end of simple definitions.
@before entity Foo @inner {
@before simpleElement @inner : String @after;
@before structElement @inner { /* elements */ }
Multiple annotations can be placed in each spot separated by whitespaces or enclosed in @(...) and separated by comma - like the following are equivalent:
entity Foo @(
my.annotation: foo, 4711
) { /* elements */ }
@my.annotation:foo 4711
entity Foo { /* elements */ }
For an @inner annotation, only the syntax @(...) is available.
Annotation Targets
You can basically annotate any named thing in a CDS model, such as:
Contexts and services:
@before [define] (context|service) Foo @inner { ... }
Definitions and elements with simple types:
@before [define] type Foo @inner : String @after;
@before [key] anElement @inner : String @after;
Entities, aspects, and other struct types and elements thereof:
@before [define] (entity|type|aspect|annotation) Foo @inner {
@before simple @inner : String @after;
@before struct @inner { ...elements... };
... status : String @inner enum {
fulfilled @after;
Columns in a view definition’s query:
... as SELECT from Foo {
@before expr as alias @inner : String,
Parameters in view definitions:
... with parameters (
@before param @inner : String @after
) ...
Actions/functions including their parameters and result elements:
@before action doSomething @inner (
@before param @inner : String @after
) returns {
@before result @inner : String @after;
Annotation Values
Values can be literals or references. If no value is given, the default value is true as for @aFlag in the following example:
@aFlag //= true, if no value is given
@aBoolean: false
@aString: 'foo'
@anInteger: 11
@aDecimal: 11.1
@aSymbol: #foo
@anArray: [ /* can contain any kind of value */ ]
As described in the CSN spec, the previously mentioned annotations would compile to CSN as follows:
"@aFlag": true,
"@aBoolean": false,
"@aString": "foo",
"@anInteger": 11,
"@aDecimal": 11.1,
"@aSymbol": {"#":"foo"},
"@aReference": {"=":""},
"@anArray": [ ... ]
References (and expressions in general) aren’t checked or resolved by CDS parsers or linkers. They’re interpreted and evaluated only on consumption-specific modules. For example, for SAP Fiori models, it’s the 4odata and 2edm(x) processors.
Records as Syntax Shortcuts
Annotations in CDS are flat lists of key-value pairs assigned to a target. The record syntax - that is, {key:<value>, ...} - is a shortcut notation that applies a common prefix to nested annotations. For example, the following are equivalent: 'wheels'
@Common: {, 'wheels' } { bar } 'wheels' { bar, car: 'wheels' }
and they would show up as follows in a parsed model (→ see CSN):
"": true,
"": "wheels",
Annotation Propagation
Annotations are inherited from types and base types to derived types, entities, and elements as well as from elements of underlying entities in case of views.
For examples, given this view definition:
using Books from './bookshop-model';
entity BooksList as SELECT from Books {
ID, genre : Genre, title, as author
• BooksList would inherit annotations from Books
• BooksList.ID would inherit from Books.ID
• would inherit from
• BooksList.genre would inherit from type Genre
The rules are:
1. Entity-level properties and annotations are inherited from the primary underlying source entity — here Books.
2. Each element that can unambiguously be traced back to a single source element, inherits that element’s properties.
3. An explicit cast in the select clause cuts off the inheritance, for example, as for genre in our previous example.
The annotate Directive
The annotate directive allows to annotate already existing definitions, that may have been imported from other files or projects.
annotate Foo with @title:'Foo' {
nestedStructField {
existingField @title:'Nested Field';
annotate Bar with @title:'Bar';
The annotate directive is a variant of the extend directive. Actually, annotate is just a shortcut with the default mode being switched to extending existing fields instead of adding new ones.
Extend Array Annotations
Usually the annotation value provided in an annotate directive overwrites an already existing annotation value.
If the existing value is an array:
@anArray: [3, 4] entity Foo { /* elements */ }
the ellipsis syntax allows to insert new values before or after the existing entries, instead of overwriting the complete array:
annotate Foo with @anArray: [1, 2, ...]; //> prepend new values: [1, 2, 3, 4]
annotate Foo with @anArray: [..., 5, 6]; //> append new values: [3, 4, 5, 6]
annotate Foo with @anArray: [1, 2, ..., 5, 6]; //> prepend and append
The ellipsis represents the already existing array entries. Of course, this works with any kind of array entries.
CDS’s aspects allow to flexibly extend definitions by new elements as well as overriding properties and annotations. They’re based on a mixin approach as known from Aspect-oriented Programming methods.
The extend Directive
Use extend to add extension fields or to add/override metadata to existing definitions, for example, annotations, as follows:
extend Foo with @title:'Foo' {
newField : String;
extend nestedStructField {
newField : String;
extend existingField @title:'Nested Field';
extend Bar with @title:'Bar'; // nothing for elements
Make sure that you prepend the extend keyword to nested elements, otherwise this would mean that you want to add a new field with that name:
Learn more about the annotate Directive.
Named Aspects — define aspect
You can use extend or annotate with predefined aspects, to apply the same extensions to multiple targets:
extend Foo with ManagedObject;
extend Bar with ManagedObject;
aspect ManagedObject {
created { at: Timestamp; _by: User; }
The define keyword is optional, that means define aspect Foo is equal to aspect Foo.
If you use extend, all nested fields in the named aspect are interpreted as being extension fields. If you use annotate, the nested fields are interpreted as existing fields and the annotations are copied to the corresponding target elements.
The named extension can be anything, for example, including other types or entities. Use keyword aspect as shown in the example to declare definitions that are only meant to be used in such extensions, not as types for elements.
Includes – : as Shortcut Syntax
You can use an inheritance-like syntax option to extend a definition with one or more named aspects as follows:
define entity Foo : ManagedObject, AnotherAspect {
key ID : Integer;
name : String;
This is syntactical sugar and equivalent to using a sequence of extends as follows:
define entity Foo {}
extend Foo with ManagedObject;
extend Foo with AnotherAspect;
extend Foo with {
key ID : Integer;
name : String;
You can apply this to any definition of an entity or a structured type.
Looks Like Inheritance
The :-based syntax option described before looks very much like (multiple) inheritance and in fact has very much the same effects. Yet, as mentioned in the beginning of this section, it isn’t based on inheritance but on mixins, which are more powerful and also avoid common problems like the infamous diamond shapes in type derivations.
When combined with persistence mapping there are a few things to note, that goes down to which strategy to choose to map inheritance to, for example, relational models. See Aspects vs Inheritance for more details.
Extending Views and Projections
Use the extend projection variant to extend the projection of a view entity to include more elements existing in the underlying entity:
extend projection Foo with @title:'Foo' {
foo as bar @car
Enhancing nested structs isn’t supported. Note also that you can use the common annotate syntax, to just add/override annotations of a view’s elements.
Service Definitions
CDS allows to define service interfaces as collections of exposed entities enclosed in a service block, which essentially is and acts the same as context:
service SomeService {
entity SomeExposedEntity { ... };
entity AnotherExposedEntity { ... };
The endpoint of the exposed service is constructed by its name, following some conventions (the string service is dropped and kebab-case is enforced). If you want to overwrite the path, you can add the @path annotation as follows:
@path: 'myCustomServicePath'
service SomeService { ... }
Exposed Entities
The entities exposed by a service are most frequently projections on entities from underlying data models. Standard view definitions, using as SELECT from or as projection on, can be used for exposing entities.
service CatalogService {
entity Product as projection on data.Products {
*, as since
} excluding { created };
service MyOrders {
//> $user only implemented for SAP HANA
entity Order as select from data.Orders { * } where buyer=$;
entity Product as projection on CatalogService.Product;
You can optionally add annotations such as @readonly or @insertonly to exposed entities, which, will be enforced by the CAP runtimes in Java and Node.js.
Entities can be also exposed as views with parameters:
service MyOrders {
entity OrderWithParameter( foo: Integer ) as select from data.Orders where id=:foo;
A view with parameter modeled in the previous example, can be exposed as follows:
service SomeService {
entity ViewInService( p1: Integer, p2: Boolean ) as select from data.SomeView(foo: :p1, bar: :p2) {*};
Then the OData request for views with parameters should look like this:
GET: /OrderWithParameter(foo=5)/Set or GET: /OrderWithParameter(5)/Set
GET: /ViewInService(p1=5, p2=true)/Set
(Auto-) Redirected Associations
When exposing related entities, associations are automatically redirected. This ensures that clients can navigate between projected entities as expected. For example:
service AdminService {
entity Books as projection on my.Books;
entity Authors as projection on my.Authors;
//> AdminService.Authors.books refers to AdminService.Books
Resolving Ambiguities
Auto-redirection fails if a target can’t be resolved unambiguously, that is, when there is more than one projection with the same minimal ‘distance’ to the source. For example, compiling the following model with two projections on my.Books would produce this error:
Target “Books” is exposed in service “AdminService” by multiple projections “AdminService.ListOfBooks”, “AdminService.Books” - no implicit redirection.
service AdminService {
entity ListOfBooks as projection on my.Books;
entity Books as projection on my.Books;
entity Authors as projection on my.Authors;
//> which one should AdminService.Authors.books refers to?
Using redirected to with Projected Associations
You can use redirected to to resolve the ambiguity as follows:
service AdminService {
entity Authors as projection on my.Authors { *,
books : redirected to Books //> resolved ambiguity
Using Annotations
Alternatively, you can use the boolean annotation with value true to make an entity a preferred redirection target, or with value false to exclude an entity as target for auto-redirection.
service AdminService { true
entity ListOfBooks as projection on my.Books;
Auto-Exposed Entities
Annotate entities with @cds.autoexpose to automatically expose them in services containing entities with associations referring to them.
For example, given the following entity definitions:
// schema.cds
namespace schema;
entity Bar @cds.autoexpose { key id: Integer; }
using { sap.common.CodeList } from '@sap/cds/common';
entity Car : CodeList { key code: Integer; }
//> inherits @cds.autoexpose from sap.common.CodeList
… a service definition like this:
using { schema as my } from './schema.cds';
service Zoo {
entity Foo { //...
bar : Association to my.Bar;
car : Association to my.Car;
… would result in the service being automatically extended like this:
extend service Zoo with { // auto-exposed entities:
@readonly entity Foo_bar as projection on Bar;
@readonly entity Foo_car as projection on Car;
You can still expose such entities explicitly, for example, to make them read-write:
service Sue {
entity Foo { /*...*/ }
entity Bar as projection on my.Bar;
Learn more about CodeLists in @sap/cds/common.
Custom Actions and Functions
Within service definitions, you can additionally specify actions and functions. Use a comma-separated list of named and typed inbound parameters and an optional response type, which can be either a:
service MyOrders {
entity Order { /*...*/ };
// unbound actions / functions
type cancelOrderRet {
acknowledge: String enum { succeeded; failed; };
message: String;
action cancelOrder ( orderID:Integer, reason:String ) returns cancelOrderRet;
function countOrders() returns Integer;
function getOpenOrders() returns array of Order;
The notion of actions and functions in CDS adopts that of OData; actions and functions on service-level are unbound ones.
Bound Actions and Functions
Actions and functions can also be bound to individual entities of a service, enclosed in an additional actions block as the last clause in an entity/view definition.
service CatalogService {
entity Products as projection on data.Products { ... }
actions {
// bound actions/functions
action addRating (stars: Integer);
function getViewsCount() returns Integer;
Custom-Defined Events
Similar to Actions and Functions you can declare events, which a service emits via messaging channels. Essentially, an event declaration looks very much like a type definition, specifying the event’s name and the type structure of the event messages’ payload.
service MyOrders { ...
event OrderCanceled {
orderID: Integer;
reason: String;
Extending Services
You can extend services with additional entities and actions much as you would add new entities to a context:
extend service CatalogService with {
entity Foo {};
function getRatings() returns Integer;
Similarly, you can extend entities with additional actions as you would add new elements:
extend entity CatalogService.Products with actions {
function getRatings() returns Integer;
The namespace Directive
To prefix the names of all subsequent definitions, place a namespace directive at the top of a model. This is comparable to other languages, like Java.
entity Foo {} //>
entity Bar : Foo {} //>
The context Directive
Use contexts for nested namespace sections.
entity Foo {} //>
context scoped {
entity Bar : Foo {} //>
context nested {
entity Zoo {} //>
Scoped Definitions
You can define types and entities with other definitions’ names as prefixes:
entity Foo {} //>
entity Foo.Bar {} //>
type Foo.Bar.Car {} //>
Fully Qualified Names
A model ultimately is a collection of definitions with unique, fully qualified names. For example, the second model above would compile to this CSN:
"": { "kind": "entity" },
"": { "kind": "context" },
"": { "kind": "entity",
"includes": [ "" ]
"": { "kind": "entity" }
Import Directives
The using Directive
Using directives allows to import definitions from other CDS models. As shown in line three below you can specify aliases to be used subsequently. You can import single definitions as well as several ones with a common namespace prefix. Optional: Choose a local alias.
using from './contexts';
using from './contexts';
using as specified from './contexts';
entity Car : Bar {} //> :
entity Moo : nested.Zoo {} //> :
entity Zoo : specified.Zoo {} //> :
Multiple named imports through es6-like deconstructors:
using { Foo as Moo, sub.Bar } from './base-model';
entity Boo : Moo { /*...*/ }
entity Car : Bar { /*...*/ }
Also in the deconstructor variant of using shown in the previous example, specify fully qualified names.
Model Resolution
Imports in cds work very much like require in node and imports in ES6. In fact, we reuse Node’s module loading mechanisms. Hence, the same rules apply:
• Relative path resolution Names starting with ./ or ../ are resolved relative to the current model.
• Resolving absolute references They’re fetched for in node_modules folders:
• Files having .cds, .csn, or .json as suffixes, appended in order
• Folders, from either the file set in cds.main in the folder’s package.json or index.<cds|csn|json> file.
To allow for loading from precompiled .json files it’s recommended to omit .cds suffixes in import statements, as shown in the provided examples.
Single-Line Comments — //
Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored:
entity Employees {
key ID : Integer; // a single-line comment
name : String;
Multi-Line Comments — /* */
Any text between /* and */ is ignored:
entity Employees {
key ID : Integer;
a multi-line comment
name : String;
unless it is a doc comment.
Doc Comments — /** */
A multi-line comment of the form /** */ at an annotation position is considered a doc comment:
* I am the description for "Employee"
entity Employees {
key ID : Integer;
* I am the description for "name"
name : String;
The text of a doc comment is stored in CSN in the property doc. When generating OData EDM(X), it appears as value for the annotation @Core.Description.
When generating output for deployment to SAP HANA, the first paragraph of a doc comment is translated to the HANA COMMENT feature for tables, table columns, and for views (but not for view columns):
CREATE TABLE Employees (
name NVARCHAR(...) COMMENT 'I am the description for "name"'
) COMMENT 'I am the description for "Employee"'
Doc comments need to be switched on when calling the compiler:
# in CLI:
cds compile foo.cds --docs
// in JavaScript:
cds.compile(..., { docs: true })
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Forced Routes
In some cases, one may have a routing problem where the sequence of stops is already known and only the desired travel times, polylines, and driving directions are desired. In the first example, we have only a single vehicle with a single shift and we force it to visit a sequence of stops. Note that it would be very easy to add more stops to this route, but no optimization is done in this case. One important note is that the sequence of stops must be feasible for the associated shift – in other words, if the optimization engine computes the travel time and determines that it is not possible to visit the provided sequence of stops within the time for the shift, then no route is returned. In this case, a simple solution may be to increase the length of the shift.
Single Forced Route
Expand to view request sample
The sequence of stops could be made more efficient but no re-ordering of a forced route is allowed.
Multiple Forced Routes
In this example, we force the routes for all four shifts. Note that breaks can be incorporated but again the sequence of stops in the route cannot be changed.
Expand to view request sample
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NASA Facts
NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It has been a pioneer and leader in the field of organizing space missions. It was established by President Dwight Eisenhower on October 1, 1958. The first ever project “Project Mercury” was announced on October 7, 1958. Freedom 7 was the first manned American spacecraft.
It carried astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. and was launched from Cape Canaveral on May 5, 1961. A goal of sending a man to the moon by the end of the 1960s was given by President John F. Kennedy. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon as a part of the Apollo 11 mission.
Fast Facts: –
• You will receive a text if the ISS (International Space Station) passes over your location.
• NASA invented invisible braces, scratch-resistant lenses and much more.
• The Apollo astronauts were unable to qualify for life insurance because of the seriously dangerous nature of their jobs.
• It is a myth that NASA spent millions of dollars producing the space pen while Soviet astronauts used a pencil instead.
• Thad Roberts, an intern was arrested and got punished with seven years imprisonment for contaminating stolen moon rocks.
• NASA shows the movie Armageddon as a part of staff training and asks the trainees to identify as many scientific inaccuracies as they can.
• Mira, a dying star is one of the most important discoveries of NASA. This star is currently flying through the universe and shedding matter.
• NASA also has an Office of Planetary Protection.
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How Long Do You Fart After Death?
Do People Really Fart Before Their Last Moment Just Before Death?
Do people really fart before their last moment, just before death? The myth has become a source of fascination in the past several decades. The “Fart in the Dark” legend is one of the oldest known stories, and it’s believed that the act of farting can cause the dead body to produce gasses for up to three hours after death. This can be attributed to the muscles contracting, causing the air to be expelled in a burp.
Although some experts believe that this is a myth, there are other stories that can explain this phenomenon. There is an old Roman soldier who mooned a crowd and farted in front of the temple. A more recent story says that Hitler farted in front of the crowd before his execution. Perhaps that is why farts have been a source of fascination for centuries. In fact, the myth of the farting soldier was so strong that it caused the Nazis to go mad.
It’s also possible that a person can still have a jerk or two before their death. This can happen if the person has had a gunshot wound to the head or another head injury. If this is the case, it is very unlikely that they will have the ability to fart, since doctors often pump extra air into their bodies during the death process. It is possible that the air can escape once the patient dies, which would be a sign of a lingering brain activity.
Do Dead Bodies Make Noise?
Do dead bodies make noise? The answer depends on the circumstances. Some people believe that this is a result of the body’s gases that are released during the decomposition process. Other people claim that this happens because the dead body continues to grow. Regardless, it is quite frightening to witness a deceased person’s body explode. It’s also frightening for the witness, who might be shocked by the sounds. Here are some of the reasons why dead bodies may make noise.
Do dead bodies make noise
First, dead bodies make noise. Some people believe that dead bodies make noise when they are decomposing. This is not the case. In fact, a dead body can still clench its muscles, thereby making the corpse appear to be alive. These movements are the result of the activity of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules in the body. Other people believe that the movement of a dead body is related to other factors, such as excess calcium or a sudden temperature change.
Although dead bodies do not make sound when they are alive, they can still move their muscles. Even though a corpse can’t move, it still receives nerve signals that cause the body to appear to be alive. These signals are made by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. While the movements of a dead body aren’t very noticeable, they may be enough to startle others.
See also Can You Poop Without Peeing?
How Long Do You Fart After Death?
The question of how long do you fart after death has been a controversial subject for years. Often, people wonder how long it takes to fart after death. The average person produces about half a liter of air every day. Men and women both fart, but they come out at different velocities. For the average person, it takes a few minutes or so before they can smell the odor. That’s because the gas takes time to reach the nostrils.
how long do you fart after death
Farts are an involuntary reaction, and a fart is composed of five percent nitrogen, 21 percent hydrogen, and nine percent carbon dioxide. The other five percent is water. One percent contains sulfur and hydrogen sulfide gas. The last percent contains mercaptans and cyanide, which are what make your fart smell. Regardless of the size of your bowel, you produce about a half liter of farts per day. Women also fart as frequently as men, but their farts are generally more concentrated.
If you hold your fart for three hours, you will smell a foul odor. Then, your body will be stiff for about eight hours, or until you pass out. This is due to chemical changes in your muscle fibers. After the 36 hours, you’ll feel completely comfortable. Your farts will begin to dissolve, releasing the blood-stained fluid. If you want to smell like a dead man, you should try to avoid being near a body that smells bad.
How Can Dead Bodies Still Move?
Scientists have recently proved that human bodies still move even after death. A team of researchers in Australia studied a corpse for 17 months and discovered that it moved significantly during that time. They were surprised to see that the arms moved from beside the body to the side, where they ended up akimbo. In addition, they found that the body’s limbs continued to twist and turn. The findings could have major implications for post-mortem investigations and crime scene investigation units.
How can dead bodies still move
In Australia, a team of researchers has shown that a dead body can move for up to one year after its death. The team set up a ‘body farm’ outside Sydney and filmed the dead body’s movements with a time-lapse camera. The movements were consistent and they suggest that the decomposition process may have caused the buildup of gas in the body. The scientists have compared the images from this study to the ones of live corpses to see if they can detect movement.
See also Why Is Farting Funny?
A research team at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER) has discovered that dead bodies can still move even after death. The study was conducted on a corpse in a facility outside Sydney called the ‘body farm’. In the lab, researchers have been taking overhead photos of the corpse for 17 months. The movements are believed to be caused by the decomposition process, which causes the body’s ligaments to dry out.
How a Fart Can Lead to Death
If you’ve ever been in a confined space, you’ve probably heard the infamous “Fart in the Dark” story. A man blew his fart into a crowd, mooning them and eventually cutting his butt with a knife. The incident was so horrifying that the man’s life was destroyed. The incident led to a ban on releasing farts in enclosed spaces. But what makes a fart fatal? It must contain a fatal amount of gas to cause death.
Has anyone ever gotten killed because of a fart
Farts are a mixture of air and digestive gases that exit the body through the anus. The feculent smell emitted is a characteristic of farts. In normal people, this smell would be obnoxious. But for the fart-fearing, the odor is an indication of something more than just bad breath. However, a toxic fart can lead to the death of a person.
The term “fart” is derived from the Greek word ‘anal’, which means “breath”. In Latin, ‘anima’ refers to “breath”. The ancient Greeks regarded farts as an emblem of death, and even the great philosopher Pythagoras abstained from eating beans for fear that they might lose their soul.
How Long Does It Take For A Dead Body To Start Smelling?
The decomposition of a dead body is an ongoing process. It may take weeks or even years before you can detect a smell. How long does it take for a dead person to start smelling? The answer depends on several factors, including ambient temperature and the presence of particular animals. If the body was kept in a warm, humid environment, you’ll be able to detect it within a few hours.
Decomposition How long does it take for a dead body to start smelling
As the body begins to decompose, it will be completely exposed to the environment. This will result in an ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and insects. Once these creatures have colonized the body, they’ll start producing gases that will make it smell. This process will continue until the flesh and bones are no longer visible. The odor of the decomposing body is not always pleasant.
The first stages of decomposition take about a month. The second phase is called sulphur. In the first stage, the body begins to give off an odor that is similar to that of rotting fruit. The stench is a sign that the body is decaying properly and will not smell foul for too long. During the process, the body is being digested by bacteria.
See also Does Poop Burn In Fire?
How Do You Remove the Smell of a Dead Body That Was in the House?
How do you remove the smell of a deceased person or animal in the house? This can be a difficult question to answer. The odor is impossible to describe, but you can identify the dead smell immediately. If the body or animal is a bird or wildlife, the odor may indicate that it has been inside the attic, walls, or chimneys. It is best to wipe the odorous area from the outside towards the center. For an even more effective way to do this, try to mix equal parts of white vinegar with water. You can also place baking soda around the area.
How do you remove the smell of a dead body that was in the house for a week
A decomposing body emits a foul smell. It can be a rodent, raccoon, or even a dead dog. Either way, the odor can be overwhelming. It’s essential to remove the body and the remains to get fresh air in the room. Then, you can try using baking soda as a deodorant. This solution can be sprayed on the area.
A decomposition odor is the worst. It can permeate a room, making it difficult to breathe. The smell is a direct result of bacteria that break down the body tissues. Adding air freshener to the room will not eliminate this odor. You will have to remove the dead body and make sure that the room is properly ventilated. If the body was undiscovered, you can use portable fans or turn on ceiling fans.
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The quokka, the only member of the genus Setonix, is a small macropod about the size of a domestic cat. Like other marsupials in the macropod family (such as kangaroos and wallabies), the quokka is herbivorous and mainly nocturnal.
Quokkas are found on some smaller islands off the coast of Western Australia, particularly Rottnest Island, just off Perth, and also Bald Island near Albany, and in isolated, scattered populations in forest and coastal heath between Perth and Albany.
It has a stocky build, well developed hind legs, rounded ears, and a short, broad head. Its musculoskeletal system was originally adapted for terrestrial bipedal saltation, but over its evolution, its system has been built for arboreal locomotion. Although looking rather like a very small kangaroo, it can climb small trees and shrubs up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in).
Quokkas have a promiscuous mating system. After a month of gestation, females give birth to a single baby called a joey.
Females can give birth twice a year and produce about 17 joeys during their lifespan. The joey lives in its mother's pouch for six months.
According to en.wikipedia
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"First-person inclusive" forms are ones that refer to both the first and second person. In that case, why call them "first-person" anything? Wouldn't it be equally logical to call them "second-person inclusive"? It isn't that there's a division within the first person into inclusive and exclusive forms -- that wouldn't mean anything. Is this just a historical convention, due to the fact that when speakers of a language without such an opposition encounter a language with one, they perceive its inclusive forms to correspond to their own "first-person plural"?
Or is it common for inclusive forms to somehow pattern more like first-person than like second-person forms, and if so how?
(I realize that you could ask similar questions about the term "first-person plural", since this usually doesn't refer to multiple speakers but to a speaker plus others, and about "second-person plural" when this refers not to multiple listeners but to a listener plus others. But those forms at least can refer to plural speakers or to plural listeners, while an inclusive form can never refer to the first person alone.)
• My guess would be because first person is higher on the agency totem pole than second person. So you could say it's convention of logic. Oct 7 '13 at 6:09
• It's definitely a convention as the answers say. Being based on 1 > 2 > 3 is certainly likely. But there's also the possibility that one of the languages for which inclusive pronouns were first written about used first because the form was derived from or similar to a more usual first person pronoun in the language, and subsequent authors adopted the convention from there. We'd need some evidence to give a historically accurate answer. In the meantime we just have more or less likely hypotheses. Oct 7 '13 at 9:57
• 1
The obvious (to me) answer is that when Europeans first encountered languages which made the distinction, both forms were expressed in their own language by the 1st person plural (or dual), so it was natural to regard them as refinements of the 1st person.
– Colin Fine
Oct 7 '13 at 21:18
• Ah yes - terminology due to translation makes sense more clearly. Oct 9 '13 at 7:51
There are some languages where the inclusive forms clearly pattern separately from the second person forms. One such language I've studied is Walmajarri, an Australia language. Here are the subject agreement markers:
Person singular dual plural
1 sg -rna
1 exc -rli -rlipa
1 inc -tjarra -rna-()-lu
2 -n -n-()-pilla -n-()-lu
3 -0 -()-pilla -()-lu
See The pronominal clitic complex in Walmajarri by Fritz Schweiger (Folia Linguistica Historica, 28(1-2), 251–268) for the full details. The brackets indicate where an object marker may be inserted, which could be considered an infix. (For those markers without brackets the object marker is inserted afterwards.)
If the first person inclusive markers were fundamentally second person then we would expect them to begin with an /-n/. Instead, the first person plural inclusive form /-rnalu/ is the same as the first person singular form /-rna/ with the common plural marker added on. On the other hand, the first person exclusive forms are unrelated.
• I'm a little confused by the table. Why is the cell filled in for 1.INC.SG - How can a 1st person inclusive form be singular? Doesn't it refer minimally to two individuals?
– P Elliott
Oct 9 '13 at 7:35
• 1
Good question. The inclusive/exclusive distinction of course only applies to the dual/plural. It would be easier to show if we could use borders, but I think I can edit it to clear up the confusion.
– curiousdannii
Oct 9 '13 at 7:41
There are interesting pragmatic consequences to using 1st person inclusive (1INC) in certain languages, e.g. in Tamil, 1INC is used by lower-caste members as a 1st person form to address higher-caste members. This may be taken to suggest that 1INC is fundamentally a 1st person form, but in Santali, 1INC is used as a 2nd person form in order to threaten someone. It doesn't seem as if the 1st or 2nd person components of 1INC are universally priveleged.
In conclusion, referring to 1INC as a 1st person form rather than a 2nd person form is due to convention - probably due to the person hierarchy in which 1 > 2 as noted by @Justin_Olbrantz, as, in actuality, it is both a 1st and a 2nd person form.
Reference: Nevins (2008), 'Cross modular parallels in the study of phon and phi'
I think it's just convention. If a pronoun includes in its reference the speaker then we call it a first person pronoun. If a pronoun includes in its reference the listener, then we call it a second person pronoun. If neither the speaker or listener are included then we call it third person pronoun.
• Thanks for your answer. Do you think you could make it more relevant by referring to the "inclusive" part in the question?
– robert
Oct 7 '13 at 10:01
• 1
I think of inclusive/exclusive as modifiers of the basic pronoun label, just as singular and plural are. I think some languages like Japanese don't have plural pronouns, which leads me to think that person is the primary category for pronouns. Inclusive and exclusive make it all a little more complex, but you can think of it as a hierarchy of pronouns ordered by specificity, so that the most appropriate one will be chosen.
– curiousdannii
Oct 7 '13 at 10:21
I think that the person you use is the lowest person number. "You (2nd) and some other people (3rd)" is 2nd person plural. "I (1st) and my company (3rd)" is 1st person plural. "You (2nd) and me (1st)" is 1st person plural.
Your Answer
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COVID-19 Updates
700,000 People die worldwide from AMR infections
Each year ~700,000 people die from drug-resistant infections of common bacterial strains, HIV, TB, and malaria. Poor global reporting and surveillance mean that this number is likely an underestimate of the problem! If nothing changes, by 2050 AMR will be the leading cause of death, with an estimated 10 million deaths, surpassing the estimated 8.2 million deaths due to cancer. This would mean one person every three seconds. The associated economic burden would mean a total GDP loss of $100 trillion, and each person in the world today would be $10,000 worse off. In the US alone, >2 million infections a year are caused by bacteria resistant to at least the first-line of antibiotic treatment, costing the US health system $20 billion in excess costs each year. The resistance rates are projected to continue to rise, in the short term to 40% of infections, and in 10 years to 100% by some estimates. It is expected that hospital acquired resistant infections will double.
AMR is not a problem that can be solved by any one country, or even any one region. It is a complex problem affecting all of society, driven by many interconnected factors. The world we live in is connected where people, animals, and food travel globally, bringing the microbes they carry with them, easily spreading resistant microbes across borders and continents. Antimicrobial resistance has been found in all regions of the world. In India, nearly 60,000 newborns die each year from multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant TB infections.
It's not just infectious disease patients at risk
As the antibiotics available to us become less effective, the risks of many treatments that rely on antibiotics increase. This will undermine interventions many would not directly associate with antibiotics. Cancer chemotherapy and organ transplants are two such examples. These medical treatments leave the patients highly vulnerable to bacterial infections. The risk of most invasive surgeries is routinely and dependably decreased by effective antibiotic prophylaxis and effective therapy for infections that occur. Up to 33% of surgical patients get a postoperative infection, which 51% of the time is antibiotic resistant. The ventilation that intubated patients receive in intensive care units (ICUs) results in already high rates of infections, but the mortality risk will raise even further if the treatment options for their infections deplete.
AMR remains stable in the Netherlands
Although the number of resistant bacteria is rising globally, the number of resistant bacteria in the Netherlands is lower and remaining fairly stable. In 2009, the Dutch livestock sector was a big contributor to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by it's large use of antibiotics. The change started in 2010, when the Dutch decided on specified reduction of antibiotic consumption targets, and established the SDa, a veterinary medicines authority. The SDa analyzed livestock farmer's antibiotics use and set goals. With these in place, there was tremendous reduction of antibiotic use in just three years, and the now the livestock sector is no longer based on systemic use of antibiotics. Now livestock farmers focus more on health management - the quality of the feed, the barn, and the drinking water and they carry out hygiene measures. The Dutch have reduced their antibiotic use in livestock by 64% compared to 2009 use, and almost no antibiotics used for treating humans are used on the animals. The result: antibiotic resistance has gone down too and remained there.
Leading AMR Pathogens
CHARM is focused on the highest priority infections, caused by pathogenic species who are acquiring resistance.
Learn more about AMR Pathogens
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Treading lightly on the border during Qld’s influenza pandemic
When it comes to influenza, state borders have been subject to controls before. But why is there an array of footwear on this Queensland border bridge?
To use blog and FB.jpg
SLQ image 194295
The bridge over the Macintyre River at Goondiwindi was one of the border crossings manned by Queensland police in 1919 during the influenza outbreak that followed the First World War. The steel bridge, completed in 1915 at a cost of £12,325 paid jointly by Queensland and New South Wales, served as the control point between the quarantine camps staffed by doctors that had been established at Goondiwindi in Queensland and Mungundi in New South Wales. At either camp, the travelers of 1919 spent seven days before continuing on their journeys.
This, the second Macintyre River bridge, was built during 1914-15 by Lismore firm Oakes and Oakes. It consists of two hogbacked lattice spans each 120 feet (36.5 metres), braced overhead with steel lattice bracing. Still there today, the roadway has a clear width of only 20 feet (6 metres), one factor in the construction of its upstream concrete replacement in 1992.
Goondiwindi has a history of border controls. Between 1862 and Federation in 1901, the Queensland government sought to collect customs duty on goods such as tea and tobacco, goods which were believed to be entering Queensland from the south where less duty was paid. A customs office was established at Goondiwindi in the early 1870s. The collection of customs duties was made easier when the ferry serving the Macintyre River crossing was replaced by its first timber bridge in 1880. Today’s Customs House Museum adjacent to the crossing, though lacking formal links with the collection of customs, serves as a reminder of that time.
Newspaper_border closed.jpg
1919 quarantine restrictions in Queensland were announced in February and not lifted until July of that year. A tent was erected on the new bridge over the Macintyre River and traffic was forced to use one lane. The Goondiwindi quarantine camp was established in the hospital grounds. At the bridge, Queensland residents arriving from the south had to declare that they were indeed residents of Queensland and pay, in advance, money to ensure the cost of their maintenance while in the camp, this before being allowed to cross the bridge from New South Wales.
So why the footwear? The price tags on the boots would indicate that one enterprising Goondiwindi salesman had identified a demand for footwear, separating out his goods—men’s, women’s and children’s shoes and boots—to serve any who might pass, or not as the case may be.
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Thin Clients
Another method of delivering a computing infrastructure that deserves mention is the concept of "thin client" networks. In a Thin Client network you would have one or two fairly powerful servers that would host the applications you required and a number of network attached and less powerful terminal systems (the 'thin' clients). The theory is that because the work is done on the host servers and the client systems are used primarily to drive the screen, keyboard and mouse then they can be built very cheaply. In addition to this, because they don't need to have a hard drive, diskette drive or CD Rom they should be more reliable. This type of setup can result in significant cost and maintenance savings, especially in larger networks where multiple systems of the same type are required, such as School or University computer labs. Because Linux provides robust multi user operation it is an excellent choice for the server operating system.
There are a number of ways to start taking advantage of the benefits of a thin client infrastructure:
• Move as many applications as you can to web-based delivery model and run them browser. In many cases this can be done without any changes to the clients. While this doesn't necessarily reduce the costs as much as other solutions, it does at least provide a way to consolidate your important data into one place. And of course, with a browser based application delivery model you have more choice with your client operating system. Linux is a good choice here in case you were wondering...
• Use older PC's as terminals. Successive versions of operating systems have traditionally required faster hardware thus forcing the purchase of new systems at a faster rate than may be desired. By using a thin client model, because the work is done at the server all the client needs to do is format and display the output. This extends the useful life of computer hardware while still delivering the required level of performance. In addition, because the clients can be loaded over the network there is no requirement for modern, high capacity hard drives.
• Using dedicated thin-client hardware. In theory the hardware can be made super-cheap, super-reliable and also much quieter/lower power usage than an ordinary PC. Some solutions incorporate this technology into the back of the screen or monitor further reducing the hardware footprint. If you choose to investigate these tyoes of solution you need to be careful about what open standards the hardware complies with and what systems it will interoperate with. It is pointless purchasing a dedicated thin client solution that only works with the vendors server system.
The Linux Terminal Server Project is one method used to deliver Open Source based thin client computing. LTSP is an add-on package for Linux that allows you to connect lots of low-powered thin client terminals to a Linux server. Applications typically run on the server, and accept input and display their output on the thin client display.
A project based on LTSP and designed specifically for schools is the K12 Linux Terminal Server Project. K12LTSP is based on RedHat Fedora Linux and the LTSP terminal server packages and it's very easy to install and configure. Once installed K12LTSP lets you boot diskless workstations from an applications server.
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Pool Heat Pump (How They Work + Sizes – Calculations)
In the old days, summer and late spring were the seasons for swimming, but not anymore! With the advent of heat pumps and advancing technology to make them more efficient, attaching one to your pool means you can now swim all year round!
Pool heat pumps work by drawing heat from the air and transferring it into the water through the swimming pool pump. They use the same principle as a normal heat pump but applied to a swimming pool rather than a house to keep the water warm throughout the year.
To understand the benefits of pool heat pump, we need to consider the following :
• How the pool heat pump works
• How much money it can save you
• How to install and maintain it
So, get your bathing costume on, and let’s dive into the deep end of your heated pool!
Pool pump and pipes
How Does The Pool Heat Pump Work?
Heat pumps are an extremely efficient heating system as they don’t use energy to create heat; they work by transferring it from one place to another. Heat pumps use the heat in the air around them and then draw that in and pump it through the system.
The water passes through the filter and the heat pump heater in a swimming pool. A fan in the heat pump draws in the warmer air and passes it over an evaporator coil.
Inside the evaporator coil, the liquid refrigerant absorbs that heat and is converted to a gas. The warmer gas passes through the compressor, which increases the temperature of the gas considerably, and the now very hot gas passes through a condenser.
The condenser transmits that heat to the pool water as it moves through the heat pump heater. The heated water is then pumped back into the pool, and the very hot gas low cools and returns to the evaporator coil in its original liquid state, and the process then repeats itself.
Scroll compressors are preferred to the standard reciprocal compressors as they are more efficient. Pool heat pumps work well in temperatures from 45℉ to 50℉, and since most people use them in mild to warm climates, they can operate most of the year with little issue.
When the temperature gets lower than optimal, you may find your heat pump using more power to warm the water, and this will reduce its overall efficiency and end up costing more to run.
What To Look For In A Pool Heat Pump
As with most heat pumps, the size of the pool and volume of water will need to be considered as this will determine the size of the heat pump needed. You also need to consider the pool heat pump’s efficiency and, of course, the cost.
Compared to gas pool heaters, pool heat pumps are more expensive to buy, but they have far better efficiency in operation and maintenance and will last longer, and cost less to run than a gas heater.
Let’s investigate each of the three factors individually, and we will start with how to size your pool heat pump properly.
How To Size Your Pool Heat Pump Correctly
With any project like this, it’s advisable to seek professional assistance as this can save you a lot of trouble, headaches, and money and ensure you have warranties to keep your system in good shape for years to come.
Before selecting a service provider, always take your time and do your due diligence to ensure that the company is legit and competent to do this work for you.
Pool heat pumps come in various sizes and are rated by horsepower (HP) and BTU capacity. The standard sizes for pool heat pumps are:
• 3.5 hp/75,000 Btu,
• 5 hp/100,000 Btu
• 6 hp/125,000 Btu
Several factors are considered when looking to size a pool heat pump.
A pool heat pump’s size will be determined by the surface area of the pool and the difference between the average pool temperature and the average air temperatures.
Other heat load factors affect the calculation: the cool night temperature, wind exposure, and humidity levels. So if your pool is located in an area with higher wind speeds, cooler nights, and less humidity, your pool heat pump will need to be bigger.
Is There A Formula To Calculate The Pool Heat Pump Size?
Using the following steps and formula, you can calculate what size heat pump you’d need for your pool.
1. Find the lowest temperature for the coldest month when using your pool.
2. Then establish your optimal desired pool temperature
3. Subtract the coldest month temperature from the desired temperature
4. This will give you the temperature rise figure
5. Now calculate the pool’s surface area in square feet
Now you can use the formula below to calculate the BTU capacity per hour needed for your pool.
BTU/hour = pool area X temperature rise X 12
Let’s use the figures below as an example where the pool area is 300 square feet. The desired temperature is 80℉, and the coldest month’s average temperature is 55℉.
This would give you 300 X 25 X 12 = 90 000 BTU or a 5 HP pool heat pump.
What Is Pool Heat Pump Efficiency?
Every heat pump has an energy efficiency rating, which measures how much heat is produced against how the amount of energy needed to produce it.
This rating is called the COP or the Coefficient of Performance, and the higher the number, the better.
For example, a pool heat pump with a COP rating of 3.0 would indicate that the heat pump can deliver three units or kWh of heat for every one unit of electricity, so when looking for a pool heat pump, get the one with the highest COP you can.
Pool heat pumps can have an efficiency rating up to 7.0, but what you buy will depend largely on what you can realistically afford. A unit with a 7.0 rating will deliver seven units of heat for every one of electricity – that’s an efficiency of 700%!
Remember that the higher the COP rating, the more expensive the pump will be, but the energy savings, in the long run, will mitigate the initial cost and save you money in the long term.
How Inverter Technology Makes Pool Heat Pumps Super-Efficient
Developments in inverters have made it possible for pool heat pumps to operate at ridiculous efficiency.
This allows the compressor and fan to operate at variable speeds so that the energy output is matched to the pool heating requirements and not simply run at full speed when it’s not needed.
Using an inverter can boost the pool heat pump’s efficiency to 14.0. That means that the heat pump delivers DOUBLE the maximum energy capacity that a non-inverter heat pump could offer.
With a COP of 14, the heat pump would output 14kWh of heat for every 1 kWh of electricity used, and that is no mean feat!
When you consider that an average COP rating for a pool heat pump is between 3.0 and 7.0, the advent of inverters will be a game-changer for pool heat pumps.
Pool Heat Pump Vs. Electric Heater Savings
For comparison, let’s use an electric heater to see how much a pool heat pump will save you over a year.
For this comparison, we will use a pool size of 1000 sq feet, and it is an outdoor heated pool using an air-to-water heat pump.
The electric heater has a COP of 1.0 and would cost $1000 per year to operate at $0.13 /kWh; the heat pump has a COP 0f 5.0 and would only cost $200 per year to do the same job, saving $800 or 80%.
Pool Heat Pump Vs. Gas Heater Savings
For this example, the table below shows a gas pool heater with a variety of efficiency ratings from 55% to 75% and a price of $1.09 / thermal unit.
Gas Heater COPAnnual CostHeat Pump 5.0Heat Pump Saving
From the table, you can see how important it is to have efficient heating systems for your pool as this can save or cost you a lot of money when heating your pool and how a mid-high level COP rating on the heat pump makes a big difference in operating costs.
How Much Do Pool Heat Pumps Cost?
Aside from the cost of the heat pump itself, installation costs also need to be considered.
For a pool heat pump, including the connection to the pool plumbing system, you would be looking at around $3500 -$6500. The cost to connect it to the electrical supply would run between $1000 and $3000 depending on the existing power supply at the pool.
A pool heat pump would need its electrical breaker, and this would need to be professionally installed to ensure compliance and safety.
Looking at the costs above, you would be paying about $5000 on average to supply and install your pool heat pump. Compared to solar, gas, or electric, installing a pool heat pump would be cheaper than all of them.
What Warranties Would Come With A Pool Heat Pump?
Warranties would vary depending on the size, brand, and quality of the heat pool pump you install. Still, you can reasonably expect a full two-year warranty on the unit, five years on the compressor and parts, and a lifetime warranty on the heat exchanger.
Pool heat pumps have a lifespan of around 7-10 years, but this depends on how well they are maintained and whether the sizing was accurate to start with.
If you get an undersized pool heat pump, it will work harder than it should, and this will cause wear and tear and increasing
What Other Benefits Does A Pool Heat Pump Have
Outside of their energy efficiency, pool heat pumps also have a few other benefits.
Pool Heat Exchangers Don’t Corrode Over Time
For starters, pool heat pumps have low maintenance, which is due to the design and the materials used in constructing the heat exchanger. This is the most integral and important part of your heating system, whether gas or electric.
A gas heat exchanger is usually made of cupro-nickel, a copper-nickel alloy, and when exposed to chemicals like chlorine or salt, they will rust over time.
This is why gas pool heaters only have a lifespan of around five years.
A pool heat pump’s heat exchanger is made from titanium or titanium alloy, and this will not corrode or rust when exposed to salt or pool chemicals in the water. A well-maintained pool heat pump can last as long as 15 years.
Pool Heat Pumps Are Environmentally Friendly
With the exception of solar pool heaters, which require no fuel source to operate, pool heat pumps use about 80% less energy to provide the same heating power like gas or electricity, as we saw from the tables discussed earlier.
This means that although they are using electricity, and this does burn some fossil fuel in the process, they don’t use nearly as much like electricity or gas, and so you are reducing your carbon footprint when you switch to a pool heat pump.
If you use gas to heat your pool, you are burning fuel to create the heat needed, while a heat pump only uses electricity to move heat from the air to the water.
Suppose you can connect your pool heat pump to an existing solar PV system. In that case, you could operate your heat pump using virtually no electricity at all – this provided your PV system can do so.
Pool Heat Pumps Add Value To Your Property
Many modern buyers would prefer homes with energy-efficient systems installed, whether it’s solar water heating or heat pumps for the home and pool. They are prepared to pay that little bit extra for an investment that will cost them less per year in electricity and energy costs.
Not only that, but the appeal of being able to swim all year round (depending on where you are) adds another extra bit of value to your home.
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BROOK Connected Articles
sheet metal service
Plastic injection mold is a state of the art approach that manufacturers use to pour melted plastic into a specially developed mold for making distinct types of signs, plaques, and nameplates. More detail about our high quality plastic injection molding solutions can be found in the table under. The molds are then cooled to release completed plastic parts. Any other elements that will need added machining time will add to the expense, including the function count, parting surface, side-cores, lifters, unscrewing devices, tolerance, and surface roughness. Injection molding is the most common modern day technique of manufacturing plastic parts. If the molding cavities can be held collectively with far more stress, it is an easy adjustment to prevent excessive flashing. The injection time is difficult to calculate accurately due to the complicated and altering flow of the molten plastic into the mold. For instance, most customer electronic tools are made with a plastic shell (housing) that is injection molded and utilized for the physique of the tool. Making use of simulation tools (such as Autodesk Moldflow ) enables you to set up and run analyses to visualize how significantly shrinkage to anticipate, provided the present part material, design and style, and expected processing situations. The injection molding procedure uses molds, typically created of steel or aluminum, as the custom tooling. A prototype mold is manufactured to be able to inject the plastic materials beneath higher pressure. Raw supplies used for injection are grainy. The basic idea in plastic molding is inserting molten liquid plastic into a prepared shaped mold, for example the mold of a bottle. The occurrence is since the pieces have a completed appearance right after they are cast out from the injection molds. It is most normally used in mass-production processes exactly where the same element is being produced thousands or even millions of instances in succession. Aluminum is the most typical material used in prototypes simply because it is really straightforward to machine, yet is capable to withstand the injection molding method. Several sterilizable and biocompatible supplies are available for injection molding. 4b and 6b show optical microscopy pictures of the acid etched surface of the section of the injection-molded sample. Joining our skilled tradesmen, who ensure the unerring high quality of plastic molds and parts, is our injection plastic molding fulfillment team. Normally, injection molded components are ready to use right away and need small to no post-processing. When molding plastics, a powder or liquid polymer such as polyethylene or polypropylene is placed into a hollow mold so the polymer can take its shape. As the rough plastics are steadily pushed forward by the screw-sort of plunger, the plastics were enforced all the way to a nozzle that is resting against the molding, and enabling them to penetrate the molds cavity by way of the gates and the operating systems. In this type of plastic molding, tooling fees are low and portion rates are high. Precision: Molds are machined to precise precision. Many competing plastic mold injection services neglect to do this, which can lead to flaws in the completed components. When it comes to the raw material, steel is the most pricey metal used to generate a mold even though aluminum is much less expensive. A vacuum is then applied in order to take away any air inside the mold although simultaneously pulling the plastic material to the mold, forming the plastic sheet into the shape of the mold. Each half is attached inside the injection molding machine and the rear half is permitted to slide so that the mold can be opened and closed along the mold’s parting line. We believe of our certain techniques as “scientific molding”—we experiment with various variables and collect data that assists us optimize our injection molding processes. The injection moulding method is not a new notion. This phase occurs after the detailed style is total, and prototypes are built with manufacturing-representative quality and detail. The sector expanded swiftly in the 1940s due to the fact World War II created a huge demand for economical, mass-made items. This approach has developed solid parts such as electronic housings, bottle caps, containers, computers, televisions components, outside furnishings, agricultural goods, toys, machinery elements, and a lot a lot more. Considering that plastic injection molding is really versatile, complex and intricate styles can be very easily engineered and produced. EDM enables the formation of injection molded shapes which are hard to machine, such as square corners or ribs. The main disadvantages of injection molding are the initial expenses of the mold design, which tends to be high due to style, testing, and tooling requirements and the longer required lead occasions.
Utilizing this approach, injection moulding firms can create tens of thousands of identical plastic parts every single day, generating them a extremely effective and affordable way to produce goods. Our item portfolio of interior injection molding components comprises plastic auto parts such as: dashboard components (e.g.: glove compartment, door and window pillars), steering column trims, door handles, air vents, centre consoles, roof modules, etc. Also identified as thermoplastics, these materials posses the capability to undergo repeated melting and cooling processes. Typically, our buyers come from the automotive business where goods tend to turn into increasingly lighter. If you are arranging to go into plastic molding company, you ought to first know the various processes. For low-volume production runs, a machine operator may possibly load the inserts into the mold by hand, prior to the plastic injection cycle. Injection Molding: The approach of forming objects from granular or powdered plastics, most usually of the thermoplastic sort, in which the components is fed from a hopper to a heated chamber in which it is softened, soon after which a ram or screw forces the material into a mold. Most defects in injection molding are connected to either the flow of the melted material or its non-uniform cooling price during solidification. Please evaluation the following portfolio of parts and products to see the breadth and good quality of our perform. These days, plastic injection molding is utilized to make diverse types of toys, such as action figures and collector toys. In brief, the thermoformed plastic method involves the heating of a sheet of plastic to a high temperature that softens the material, creating it effortless to shape. Gear design, material efficiency, procedure variables, and element design and style specifics all contribute to the overall performance high quality of any injection-molded healthcare element. As an alternative, plastic injection molding is a numerous step procedure that reaches all across the globe. Plastic pellets are fed into a hopper and then heated up. When they are melted they are injected beneath very higher stress into a mold. On the plastic injection molding side, this site covers the main sorts of molding is minor detail. Injection Molding is a manufacturing procedure for making components in huge volume. In this section, we answer these queries and show you widespread examples of injection molded parts to assist you familiarize yourself with the fundamental mechanics and applications of the technologies. This implies that as a enterprise, seeking to have parts made, plastic injection molding could be your solution. Although other types of molding use extrusion to get the plastic resins into a mold, this approach extrudes the melted plastic directly into a die. Steve works for Solinc Co., Ltd, an injection mold design firm in South Korea. The cycle starts when the mold closes, followed by the injection of the polymer into the mold cavity. Injection molding is the most cost-competitive technology for manufacturing high volumes of identical plastic parts. The injection part is responsible for liquefying the plastic pellets and injecting them into the cavities inside the mold. Corrugated plastic boxes are now researching and creating far more high-high quality, environmentally-friendly and power-saving merchandise to boost human life, and strive to develop a technology-primarily based enterprise integrating production, R&D and manufacturing. Medical grade silicone is one of the far more popular components in the medical sector. After a tool is created, plastic injection molding is the quickest and most cost-effective way to make up to hundreds of thousands of completed components. Surface finishes can be used to give an injection molded element a particular appear or really feel. The approach of injection molding has become a manufacturing preferred simply because it has really low waste with a reduced scrap price, which lowers the cost to consumers. Ranging from tiny lunch boxes to huge plastic containers there are lengthy list of items we have. If the stress is right, the molds could have been broken or they are at the finish of the life cycle and might require repaired or replaced. We will operate closely with you to decide the most applicable tooling material based upon your anticipated annual demands, then provide comprehensive DFM suggestions to help you fine-tune your design and style for the most price-successful parts attainable.
We have 60 plastic injection-molding presses and employ a pioneering hot-runner method that meets the tightest tolerances, offers design and style flexibility and produces products with reduced cycle instances. The approach is now widely utilised in massive factories, mainly to manufacture components for merchandise. The mold core and mold cavity are each and every mounted to the mold base, which is then fixed to the platens inside the injection molding machine. Insert molding is naturally a more complex method that common injection molding, so some injection molding companies are more knowledgeable in the procedure than other people. At PMC, we have helped create and launch more than 10,000 molded plastic items since our founding in 1975. Less injection pressure will create quick moldings. But changes to the mold style at later stages of improvement can be really pricey, so reaching the very best benefits on the first time is crucial. The molten plastic is then injected into the mold extremely speedily and the buildup of pressure packs and holds the material. Injection molds, or mold tooling, are the formed halves that come collectively in the injection molding machine to be filled with molten plastic and make the plastic parts in their image. Melting plastic polymer or an added blend of plastics is then injected into the mold, and the mold is then cooled by either water or air – often each. Usually molds constructed out of steel would expense a lot more than double than that of aluminum due to a much slower machining method. To increase the durability and to add efficiency of plastic, a quantity of other materials like lubricants, coloring agents and plasticizers are also incorporated in it. The procedure of creating the plastic component generally begins with big machines to heat up the blocks of plastic and fed into a mixing compartment which is additional mixed with melted substance with any other material necessary. Molding is ideal recognized for making production parts in the many thousands or even millions. The Injection molding method is highly repeatable and dependable for higher volume production. Custom package design and style and production. The approach of plastic injection molding itself is relatively straightforward. Plastic resin enters the mould through a sprue or gate in the injection mould the sprue bushing is to seal tightly against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the moulding machine and to enable molten plastic to flow from the barrel into the mould, also known as the cavity. Author is a researcher, engineer since 20 years onwards he is assisting solution designers and gear companies on coatings merchandise like dry film lubricant ,tungsten disulfide coating,ws2. If you appear about you appropriate now, you’ll see at least a handful of merchandise that have been manufactured with injection molding. We can give design and style and engineering suggestions , as needed, to assist make manufacturing our customers’ goods faster, far more efficient, and much less expensive. For a list of 10 widespread injection molding defects and how to repair or prevent them read right here Consider gate places and run simulations making use of moldflow software like Solidworks Plastics. Injection molding generally is capable of an IT Grade of about 9-14. Packing: The filling of the mold cavity or cavities as complete as feasible with no causing undue anxiety on the molds or causing flash to seem on the finished components. Consequently injection molding is considered as an efficient implies to make custom parts which is typically driven by the molding application. Injection molding is an established manufacturing technologies with a extended history, but it really is constantly getting refined and improved with new technological advancements. The technologies not only has much less standard powder metallurgy process, no cutting or less cutting, price benefits, and overcome the classic powder metallurgy merchandise, uneven texture, mechanical properties, low, thin-wall molding challenging, complicated structure and other shortcomings, especially suitable for mass production of tiny, complex and particular requirements of the metal components. Injection molding is most commonly utilised by companies to generate plastic elements. Custom components for the molding procedure must be developed and engineered by an skilled industrial designer or engineer. The constant temperature mold of molding plastic parts with high precision contours is of significance in figuring out not only the productivity of the injection molding process but also the product quality.
Very first of all, if the mold is made carefully, it doesn’t lead to any complication in the course of the molding process. It is also used for low volume injection molding parts and engineered plastic elements. TPU case belongs to the plastic case, which is molded by injection approach, that signifies it is made by plastic injection mold where the plastic pellets heated and melted is inserted by a barrel. Injection Molding produces low scrap rates relative to standard manufacturing processes like CNC machining which reduce away substantial percentages of an original plastic block or sheet. Next the machine will cool the mould (normally using water) and you are then left with a perfectly formed piece of plastic prepared for the subsequent stage in your production line. This makes this production method perfect and comprehensive for automation. The molds rotate on separate shafts at the identical time. In 1868, American inventor John Wesley Hyatt created a plastic material he called Celluloid that was an improvement more than Parkesine’ as it could be processed into finished form. Plastic injection molding is a highly correct technique that can easily shape virtually any component. Molten plastic is injected at high stress into a mold, which is the inverse of the product’s shape. When production is underway, the machines operate unattended. Examples of components made by molding contain: Caps, auto parts, appliance components, valve parts, fittings, washers, packaging parts, enclosures, covers, end caps, nearly any design can be made in plastic if created correctly and is consistent with industry standards. three. The third component is the injection unit that inserts the melted plastic into the second element, the mold. The tonnage is the reference of clamping force that the machine can exert to preserve the core and cavity of the mold closed during the molding procedure. Plastic molding can support make components that can meet the strength demands of a certain application. The injection-molded polypropylene & high-effect polystyrene is largely utilised in packaging applications to manufacture packaging components and elements to improve the aesthetic value and customer friendliness of the packaging goods. The use of these standard steps in sequence or as a cycle is the procedure of injection molding accomplished to get or manufacture components. Right here are standard definitions of various approaches of plastic molding. They are anticipated to carry out injection tooling, injection molding, assembly, and finishing. Rosario Berry is a professional freelance writer, like to introduce JeongWoo Co Ltd Plastic Injection Molds are used for making all types of elements for everything from aerospace to customer electronics. Scientific molding tightly controls the many variables that are critical to a profitable production run by using detailed material science and precise measurement to completely understand, down to the molecular level, what is happening during each stage of the injection molding approach. Making use of our vetted Partner Network, Jevny is able to make leading good quality Injection Molded parts in as little as 14 business days. It also has a low scrap rate relative to other manufacturing processes such as CNC machining which cut away considerable portions of the original material blank in a subtractive process. Injection molding is one of the most cost successful techniques to create functional prototypes and finish use components. This complicated and precise process determines portion manufacturability and lifecycle costs, and requires into account the crucial elements of mold design and style although adhering to a part’s distinctive specifications. Based on the situations chosen, the appearances, dimensions, and mechanical properties of the molded goods modify significantly. Each plastic item you see needs to be shaped, and the most common strategy is Injection Molding. With the capability to manage the manufacturing process from style to molding, we bring each step of the plastic injection molding process beneath one roof. S.C. PlasTec STABIL & Reinert Kunststoffverarbeitung S.R.L. develops and manufactures components with high technical requirements as well as sophisticated design and style in between .04 g and 1.000 g in the field of injection molding. The supplies utilised in Injection Molding are thermoplastic polymers that can be colored or filled with other additives. Some molds are designed so that the element is automatically stripped by means of action of the mold.
Apart from this, you can get huge capacities and cost-powerful finishing of different kinds of products, such as stamp printing, tampo printing, and silk screen, to name a few. All components have diverse shrink prices based on resin family members (amorphous vs. crystalline supplies), mold design, and processing circumstances. Beyond components, injection molded parts can have custom cosmetics, polishes, or surface textures. The stress utilized when injecting the polymer into the mould is quite higher and (based on the material becoming processed) this pressure could even reach one particular thousand atmospheres. Automation also enables for correct and precise injection molds. It is attainable to inject a preferred type of filler into the plastic at the molding stage to enhance the all-round strength and minimize the density of the liquid plastic. Just before you commit to any high-priced injection molding tooling, very first produce and test a functional prototype of your design. Even though injection molding is most common, Stratasys Direct Manufacturing gives a variety of high- and low-volume molding processes, like urethane casting and tooling for composite layup. In our injection-molding machines, the preferred material is liquefied and injected into a mold beneath stress. Here is a list of defects to hold in thoughts even though designing a component for injection molding. APT Mold has experience with all 3 types of overmolding and we can assist establish if this procedure is proper for your specific demands. Any solution could come from just about any portion of the world and be compatible with the whole molding process. At the very same time it enables higher-precision individual components in series production with constant top quality. In plastic injection molding, it is feasible to use fillers in the molds. The fillers reduce the density of the plastic in the course of casting and assists in adding higher strength to the element right after its molding. Mold (n): A hollow kind or matrix into which a plastic material is placed and which imparts to the material its final shape as a finished write-up. So, your main style efforts ought to concentrate on minimizing both the volume component and the time of the molding cycle. The price of plastic injection molds depend upon a extremely huge set of factors ranging from the number of cavities, size of the components, complexity, life of the project, surface finishes and numerous other people. Computer numerical handle machining requires programming a personal computer to reduce and shape the raw material (metal) into the desired shape and size of the mold. With injection molding, granular plastic is fed by gravity from a hopper into a heated barrel. Lastly, the mixture procedure of these sub-systems is done to generate a total conformal cooling program for the whole plastic portion primarily based on the constraints of the combination algorithm and design guidelines. Other molding processes that do not rely on high stress to mold parts will have a lot of difficulty in generating the most precise components. An additive that is typically utilised to improve the stiffness of the injection molded components is fiberglass. Rubber injection moulding approach produces a higher yield of tough goods, producing it the most efficient and cost-efficient approach of moulding. Beyond just estimating manufacturing charges, your injection molder need to be making use of DFM principles to decrease the charges of components, minimize the fees of assembly, minimize the expenses of supporting production, and to recognize the effect of DFM decisions on other variables throughout the whole design and style and production procedure. Nowadays, the plastic injection molding is controlled with the help of computers. The plastic is topic to high stress, which is really effective at producing the exclusive and complicated designs. Depending on varying economic situations and material origin, aluminum molds can in some circumstances price substantially much less than steel molds. Seasoned design engineers should make suggestions about modifications that will support guarantee the portion meets its functional requirements including what components the element will be exposed to, chemical or corrosive materials the portion will require to withstand, functional cosmetic attributes, and more. It really is also critical to think about design and style requirements for creating injection molds, such as draft angles, radiused edges, support ribs, and ejector pins. We encounter goods from the injection moulding approach in every day life on virtually all articles of everyday use: From the closure of the milk carton to the buttons on the computer to the detergent drawer.
With todays computer-controlled milling and molding machines, just about any idea or design and style can be shaped into plastic. Even though the cost is inexpensive, it can not be To make sure the quality of the transportation of the product, it is also feasible to improve the expense, so it can only be utilized as soon as, and the corrugated plastic box solves the disadvantages of the carton. Plastic injection molding can also be used to make molds of various plastic supplies. In particular, the production of really little elements is very simplified by injection moulding. Injection molding is the method of making custom plastic components by injecting molten plastic material at higher pressure into a metal mold. Every material needs a diverse set of processing parameters in the injection molding process, which includes the injection temperature, injection stress, mold temperature, ejection temperature, and cycle time. With the shaped waterways benefit is balanced cavity temperature, speed up the mold cooling time, shorten the mold cooling time at the identical time boost the quality of plastic items. Turn to Crestwood Industries for their plastic injection molding service. Considering that obtaining only one particular solution by 1 shot is very inefficient, a mold is usually created to have multiple cavities connected with a runner so that many goods can be produced by a single shot. Powder metallurgy technology by way of a flexible formula attaining portion of the distinctive properties of components, specially appropriate for preparation of composite components. For this purpose, objects that are bigger than a typical injection molding machine’s capability are most often created in several pieces. Beryllium copper can also be used in areas of the injection molds that need rapidly heat removal, or in locations exactly where the most shear heat is generated. Molds are precision-machined typically from steel or aluminum, and can become quite complicated depending on the style of the element. Molding condition signifies cylinder temperature, injection speed, mold temperature etc. Considerable thought is put into the style of molded parts and their molds, to make sure that the parts will not be trapped in the mold, that the molds can be fully filled ahead of the molten resin solidifies, to compensate for material shrinkage, and to decrease imperfections in the parts. The time that is required to open the mold and eject the portion can be estimated from the dry cycle time of the machine and ought to contain time for the part to fall free of charge of the mold. Rheological data, however, not only can be utilized for good quality handle of raw supplies, but also can be employed as the input parameters of injection molding simulation program. The sheer flexibility in size and shape that the process offers signifies that a new level of design and style freedom has been created accessible, assisting allow the replacement of supplies like metal in the production of cars, weapons and far more. Hand making plastic products like this would be a true nightmare and though sometimes this is essential, injection moulding is simply utilized when speed is of the essence. Hot resin is shot into the mold cavity via the gates and the portion is molded. If you have a requirement for complete production molds exactly where the molds will be sent to you, please get in touch with us. There are numerous elements that may possibly impact the good quality of the final solution and the repeatability of the process. Sophisticated application and sensors monitor each and every phase of the manufacturing procedure, permitting the group to know what’s taking place with the material inside the mold at all times they know how small modifications in pressure, temperature, viscosity, flow price, material moisture price, fill time, and cooling price influence top quality of the final item and can appropriate any approach variations with seconds. Although the machines that mold and shape the material are complicated in technicality and require extremely skilled workers to operate, the polymer resin itself have to be effectively understood to use it appropriately. Injection molding is compatible with a wide variety of plastics. Insert molding are two-component injection molding processes where 1 material is overlaid onto a second metal insert to generate a single multi-material component. The procedure of injection molding might appear like a complex one, but it’s the most widespread manufacturing technique simply because of its capability and efficiency to generate a plethora of daily products.
For consistently producing the effective parts the molding approach must not be restricted by the pressure of injection. Ejector Pins: Circular pins employed to eject the finished plastic solution from the injection mold. By melting thermoplastic and injecting it into an aluminum mold at higher speed and stress, manufacturers can generate several complex components at once. An injection molding tool has many systems that that serve essential functions in the course of the tooling method There is a distribution, cooling, and ejection system that turn molten plastic into a hardened plastic solution. Plastic injection moulding is used to generate a lot of components like bottle caps, containers, plastic combs, house appliances and most other plastic goods that we use right now. The typical turnaround for injection molding varies amongst six-10 weeks. According to a new report published by Allied Market Investigation, titled, Polypropylene & High-impact polystyrene Market for Injection Molding by Material and Application: Worldwide Opportunity Evaluation and Sector Forecast, 2017-2023, the international polypropylene & higher-effect polystyrene market for injection molding was valued at $49,511 million in 2016, and is projected to reach $67,498 million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 4.3% from 2017 to 2023. The melting points of these metals are a lot greater than these of plastics this makes for substantially shorter mold lifetimes in spite of the use of specialized steels. Plastic injection molding is a approach, for the most part, where developed parts need to have small to no end finishing. Regardless of current improvements in the technologies of 3D printing and those likely to emerge in the future, the reality is that far more than 80% of plastic parts utilised in goods these days have to be injection molded. In the process utilized by REINER, thermoplastic injection moulding, the heated material is pressed under higher pressure into the mould, which is also heated. The plastic injection and molding has attained a fantastic reputation not in the planet of plastics but also other fields such as consumer products, automotives, healthcare, plumbing and construction industries. Utilizing and integrating technologies supporting the plastic injection molding DFM approach is difficult. In 2016, North America and Europe collectively accounted for much more than 65% of the international polypropylene & high-impact polystyrene market place for injection molding market, in terms of value. When you want plastic molded components now, Plasticorp will provide. Upmold has a manufacturing center in China and an injection molding factory in Indiana of USA. The size of your die also determines the necessary tonnage of the press that is used throughout the injection molding method. 1 :240 Right after a product is made, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer , moulds are made by a mould-maker (or toolmaker) from metal , typically either steel or aluminium , and precision-machined to form the characteristics of the desired component. When utilised to simulate the viscosity information measured directly on the injection molding machine, the new technique is much more suitable to describe the mold filling approach and establish the required stress and clamping force. Since all the information is recorded, the manufacturing approach can be effortlessly replicated as required-even when production is transferred from a single machine to an additional-saving a tremendous amount of setup time. CAM application are able to combine speedy tooling and plastic injection molding in order to swiftly generate small quantities of any thermoplastic part. Failure to follow the design and style recommendations for injection molding can finish up with undesirable final results. You will locate a lot of sourcing producers and partners delivering good quality items and that as well at economical prices. But compared to other technologies, the start-up fees of injection molding are reasonably high, primarily since custom tooling is required. This guide will help you realize the value of DFM, and how to partner with your injection molder in the course of the design validation procedure prior to tooling kick-off. Plastic injection molding is when much more a way plastic can be molding into three-dimensional goods, saving the need for excess metals and other more costly supplies for them. Our industry-major facilities permit us to handle projects ranging from micromolding (60 tons) to massive projects over two,500 tons. By provided an initial thermal configuration design, efficiency and good quality of the molded portion can be predicted prior to an actual plastic mold is manufactured.
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How to Learn to Code: Beginner to Expert programmer in 12 steps
There’s no doubting that technology has taken over a wide range of sectors. Learning to code has been believed to help you perform better in other disciplines you’re studying or learning. A good career is a crucial aspect of your life and learning to code could assist you in achieving your goal in a variety of ways. With the potential for higher pay, more and more people are learning to code. If you had researched how to learn to code but did not find any useful suggestions, here are the 12 steps on how to learn to code:
1. There are different programming languages for different types of problem
There’s a popular belief that there’s a great language for beginning programmers someplace out there. Some believe it’s Python, while others believe it’s Swift. But according to Dr. Angela Yu, there is no perfect language to learn. A programming language is nothing more than a useful tool. It’s just like every other item you have in your toolbox. Different tools are used for different works, and the same tool can be used to do multiple works. Likewise, the same programming language can also be used to solve different problems. Different people working on different projects can suggest you different programming language as per their working experience but at the end of the day, all that matters is what project will you be working on.
2. It’s Ok to Not Know
According to reports, software engineers are the profession with the most Imposter Syndrome victims. Imposter Syndrome is a psychological condition in which people believe they are pretenders and significantly underestimate their own abilities and capabilities. Programmers are notoriously self-critical, believing that everyone else is better at programming than they are. If you’ve ever felt like this, you’re not alone; statistics reveal that about 70% of individuals suffer from impostor syndrome. There are over 800 classes, 9000 methods, and counting in iOS programming. Every week, a new framework emerges in the world of web development. Nobody is counting on you to remember the code.
3. Try to be consistent
It’s similar to going to the gym when it comes to learning to code. Even if you push yourself to the limit and spend a whole weekend at the gym, you will not see a difference in your physique. The more you learn to code on a daily basis, the more likely you are to have ripped coding muscles. You should be aware that task switching is really tough. It takes a great deal of motivation. If you make yourself comfortable on the sofa and turn on the TV as soon as you arrive home, you’ve already lost that evening. This is because the amount of motivation required to task-switch and do something not driven by evolution like eating or sleeping is a Herculean task.
4. Work on a project
It will be tough for you to become proficient in coding if you are simply learning to code for the sake of learning to code. Skills that take a long time to master, such as programming, will deplete your internal motivation. Coding on your own projects is one of the most enjoyable things you could do. It blends logical reasoning with creativity, and you will have created something at the end. Work on projects that could make your life easier or more enjoyable. This is what drives the majority of individuals. It’s rare that you’ll be able to code Clash of Clans or League of Legends right away. You will, however, be able to create something fascinating. Your imagination has no boundaries. Because there are no step-by-step instructions when you start working on your own application, it will be challenging, but it will also result in the greatest increase in your coding abilities.
5. Don’t copy without understanding
When you search how to learn to code, you would get plenty of materials online. There are courses where the author begins with painstaking detail and then switches to “now you just set up a cloud database” halfway through. Keeping in mind that this is a beginner’s instruction!
This creates plenty of issues. The most typical issue is when a student just copies the code from the tutorial and has no idea what it means. After processing the JSON, why did he add that extra line? Why is he creating this dictionary in a different way from the last one? The previous three hours were spent copying code, and you learned nothing except that coding is a pain. Stop if you find a lesson that leaps from beginner to expert after line 3, or that overuses the phrase “simple,” or that fails to explain any of their code. Leave that tutorial.
Recommended: Are programming and Mathematics exactly the same?
6. Be accountable and dedicated to your studies
The absence of responsibility is the most serious issue with online coding classes. Nobody care, whether you don’t do your homework or miss month’s worth of lecture. Consider your university days: would you have bothered to finish that essay at 3 A.M. if it didn’t matter? Would you have attended any of the lectures if you didn’t care if you got a good grade or not? There many free online courses on how to learn to code, but most people won’t value it as it’s free. You’ll need to be accountable and dedicated to your studies.
7. Stay Updated
Programming will keep evolving with time. In order to stay relevant, you have to keep re-inventing yourself. There are constantly new trends, technologies, and languages to learn. Great programmers like learning new things, even if it means going back to square one. The world will continue to move forward, and if you stay in one spot for too long, you will be left behind. So, you have to keep learning and stay updated.
8.Distract yourself to use diffused mode thinking to your advantage
You truly need to snap out of that type of highly focused thought in order to give your best. Even if you perfect your workflow, methodology, and surroundings, you won’t be able to sustain pure productivity for lengthy periods of time. It’s just not achievable on a physical level. The solution will become evident in 9 out of 10 situations. You’re screwed in the remaining 1 out of 10 scenarios. Our brains naturally fluctuate between concentrated and diffused mental modes. And you can learn to utilize both forms of thinking to become a more focused and productive programmer by learning to harness the power of both.
How to learn to code
9. Try Pair Programming
Pair programming is an agile software development methodology that follows the same concepts as pair programming. A learner and a mentor, for example, may sit at the same workstation and work on an issue together. The student is responsible for writing the code, and the mentor examines it line by line as it is written. It might be awkward at first since making mistakes and having them pointed out to you might be embarrassing. However, if you have a mentor who is a superb instructor, they may provide you with decades of gathered knowledge that may lead to enormous increases in your own skill in just a few hours.
10. Be a Copycat
Books are excellent sources of information. Read the chapter on delegates and protocols if you want to learn more about them. However, if you want to learn, you should create something. Be a copycat. Make your own notepad, MSPaint, and piano with your own hands. Make minesweeper, Tetris, or Flappy Bird if you’re like games. Not only will they be somewhat useful, but they will also provide you with the ideal chance to learn how to do things and get experience in seeking assistance.
11. Understand how other’s code work
It might be quite tempting to simply copy and paste the code that someone has posted on a site like StackOverflow. Your program does precisely what you expected it to do, and you’re free to go about your programming business. This exercise didn’t teach you anything other than code reliance. Because the next time you run into the same problem in a new setting, the code snippet you were given may no longer work. Then what do you do? You’re stuck. That’s why in programming, there’s a guideline that says “never copypaste code that you don’t understand.” So, what should you do if you come across a code block that solves your problem but you have no idea how it works? Break it down. Check to see what has been broken each time you remove a line. Is the app still functional? What are the many types of error codes? What effect did the deletion of that line of code have on your program?
12. Try dividing the code into small chunks
So you’ve come up with a fantastic app concept. However, it’s far too difficult for your present skill level. So, what exactly do you do? Chunk it and work on the small solvable concept. It’s really tough to build a robot that can perform all of the work on its own. But, because we’re smart programmers, we can chunk the problem and split it down. The easier it is to package your code into bite-sized portions, the more you break down challenges and explain the issue you’re attempting to address. The simpler the chunk, the easier it is to tackle.
So, these were some tips on how to learn to code. If you have any queries, feel free to comment down below.
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What bats are used in softball?
Composite Bats. The two primary materials used for fastpitch softball bats are aluminum alloy and composite. Composite bats are made with a layered material (typically carbon fiber) that is easy to distribute, giving us the ability to make bats with a variety of swing weights, from balanced to end-loaded.
What two types of bats are used for softball?
Teen and Adult Bats
Softball has two main types of weighted bats in balanced and end-loaded. For more power, hitters will tend to use end-loaded bats because of the way they create whip through the strike zone. The whip that is created will help hit the ball with more force when solid contact is made.
What makes a bat illegal in softball?
Bats that are broken, altered or that deface the ball are illegal. Materials inside the bat or treatments/devices used to alter the bat specifications and/or enhance performance (e.g., shaving, rolling or artificially warming the bat barrel) are prohibited and render the bat illegal.
What’s the difference between a baseball bat and a softball bat?
Baseball bats typically have a diameter of 2.5–2.53”. ASA-compliant softball bats, on the other hand, have one size barrel: 2.25”. Along with thinner barrels, softball bats are typically longer than baseball bats. … This difference is mostly due to durability since softball players are hitting a harder and larger ball.
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What are Olympic softball bats made of?
Bats can be made from aluminum or other metals; fiberglass, graphite or other composite material; or wood. The TSA softball division will NOT use wooden bats, although approved by USA/ASA. Bats can be made from one or multiple pieces.
Is shaving a bat legal?
Bat shaving is illegal in all baseball and softball associations. They all consider this to be altering a bat. The reason for this is once a bat is shaved the associations’ distance restrictions on bats is no longer within limits.
Can you tell if a bat has been rolled?
Other ways to tell if a bat has been rolled is the graphics peeling off the bat in odd places, normally where the end of the rollers meet the bat. Another way to tell if a bat has been rolled is by residue from bat roller material left behind on the bat. On some bats there are “roller marks” left on the bat.
What bats are not allowed in softball?
An illegal or altered bat must be removed.
In all divisions, non-wood bat must have a grip of cork, tape, or composition material, and must extend a minimum of 10 inches from the small end. Slippery tape or similar material is prohibited. NOTE 1: The traditional batting donut is not permissible.
Are softball bats metal?
Softball bats are typically longer than baseball bats and often weigh slightly less than baseball bats, making them a little easier to swing. Softball bats are almost always metal, although wooden softball bats can be used, especially in men’s softball leagues.
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Are softball bats hollow?
Composite and aluminum bats used in softball are hollow causing them to have what is called trampoline effect. Because it is a hollow cylinder, the bat compresses when struck by a ball. “It can squish like a spring, like jumping on a trampoline,” said Russell. A wooden bat can’t compress because it’s solid.
Is a heavier bat better for softball?
1) Softball Bat Weight
What bats can be used in high school softball?
Only bats that pass through a 2-1/4-inch (5.7150 cm) diameter bat ring are legal. Each bat shall be no more than 2-1/4 inches (5.7150 cm) in diameter at its thickest part, no more than 34 inches (86.360 cm) in length, and not exceed 38 ounces (1077.30 g) in weight.
Why are wooden bats not allowed in softball?
You can probably hack at almost any pitch with one of the newer, technologically-advanced bats because the bat’s sweet spot is so large. However, a wood bat requires you to hit the ball true. That means you can’t hack at every pitch. A more selective eye will help you wait for the pitch you really want.
What are LXT bats made of?
The Louisville Slugger LXT 2021 model is still equipped with the popular Vibration Control Connection System which allows for better feedback without hand vibration and bat sting.
Certification USSSA and ASA
Bat Drop -10
Bat Material Composite Bat
Bat Size Range 30in – 34in
Release Year 2021
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Building a successful reef tank requires a lot of research and hard work. Experienced aquarium hobbyists know quite well, the journey is also extraordinarily fulfilling. Nonetheless, it is important to know from the outset that the work on your tank is never done. Ongoing routine tank maintenance is crucial if you want your aquarium to look nice and prefer that your aquatics pets not only survive but thrive.
Even though you may have a small arsenal of aquarium maintenance tools and all the filtration equipment you could possibly fit in and around your tank, there are still going to be areas inside your tank that you cannot reach or get clean enough. Fortunately, there are a bunch of cool little critters you can employ to help keep your tank clean for you. These animals are most commonly referred to as the aquarium clean-up crew.
What Is A Clean-Up Crew?
Clean-up crews mostly consist of snails, crabs, shrimp, urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and conches. We could technically categorize some fish as part of the clean-up crew as well, but we like to refer to those fish as "utilitarian fish" and reserve the title of clean-up crew for those previously mentioned invertebrates. The reality is, any animal that will feed upon algae and scavenge the tank for detritus or decaying organic matter can be a beneficial member of the clean-up crew.
For many hobbyists, clean-up crews are among the first animals added to a tank after it completes the aquarium nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen Cycle
Some people think an aquarium clean-up crew’s job is solely to eat up algae. True, it’s one of their most advantageous traits, but it’s also far from all a CUC does for your tank.
Your aquarium clean-up crew works all day every day to keep your aquarium clean. Leftover food, for example, is a problem aquarium owners both fresh and saltwater face. Leaving uneaten food in your tank to rot and decay contaminates your water and throws off your parameters which can be dangerous to livestock. Scavenging clean-up crew animals will scarf up surplus food in your aquarium before it begins to deteriorate.
Detritus is non-living organic matter (like fish waste) that exists in every saltwater aquarium and is nearly impossible to remove without the assistance of clean-up crew workers. Sea cucumbers, snails, sea stars, shrimp, and conches are a few well-known inverts that will consume detritus in a reef tank.
Your sand bed is an absolute magnet for leftover food and detritus and can be a real pain to keep clean. The good news is there are a variety of invertebrates like nassarius snails, sand sifting sea stars, and tiger conches that will dig, crawl and slither about your substrate in search of waste and leftover food. This movement through the sand bed will also stir things up, helping to keep waste and debris suspended making it easier for your filtration system to remove.
sea star
Algae grow in just about every reef aquarium, often in unreachable areas between your tank's walls and rockwork. There are a variety of tools to help hobbyists manually remove that algae, although it can be tough to keep up even if you tidy your tank on a regular basis. Having an in-tank clean-up crew that continuously focuses on algae removal can be a big help in keeping that algae problem under control. Crabs, snails, starfish, urchins and sea cucumbers along with utilitarian fish like blennies and tangs are your best defense against nuisance algae.
The Best Clean Up Crew Animals For A Reef Tank
A question often posted to message boards and posed to our staff - “What are the best clean-up crew critters for a reef tank?”
Different animals perform different duties and, while there is some overlap, our general answer is a combination of species works best to tackle some of the chores mentioned earlier in this article. A diverse clean-up crew will divide and conquer the gunk, funk, and junk in your tank.
Nassarius Snails
Snails are the most likely addition to an aquarium clean-up crew. Something many of us don't discover until we’re in the hobby is that saltwater snails move much faster than one would imagine. Snails are natural scavengers that will eat algae and leftover food inside your aquarium. Snails also have the unique ability to clean algae off live corals without damaging them, arguably one of the best functions they can serve in a reef tank.
There are a wide variety of snails to choose from when stocking your tank, the idea is to get a variety that can fill the various niches in your tank.
Astraea Snails: Herbivore, eats mainly film algae such as diatoms and sometimes cyanobacteria. It may also pick at hair algae and other green algae.
Turbo Snails: Herbivore, eats mainly hair algae and other green algae. There are a few different snails that are called "turbo" snails, most commonly you will see the Mexican Turbo Snail (Turbo fluctuosa) and Zebra Turbo Snails (Turbo spp or Trochus spp). Many have reported the Zebra Turbo snails to do a very good job on hair algae. These snails can get large and many times knock over unsecured corals and rock.
Cerith Snails: Herbivore, will feed upon green hair and film algae within the tank. These snails tend to be nocturnal in nature and will hide in the sandbed during the evening (generally not recommended for bare bottom tanks).
Nassarius Snails: Carnivore, will eat uneaten food, decaying organics, and fish waste. The Nassarius snail is one of the best detritus eaters for an aquarium with a sandbed. It will bury in the sand to sleep. When it senses food in the aquarium, it will quickly unbury itself and feed upon and food that makes its way to the bottom of the aquarium. Spot feeding may be required for the health of these snails. Small pieces of mysis shrimp or other meaty foods are appreciated. Many times you can also find Tonga Nassarius snails which are a little large in size than the standard Nassarius snails.
Nerite Snails: Herbivore, will graze upon film algae mostly on the glass of aquariums. They tend to be more nocturnal and show almost no activity during the daytime. Given enough food and proper water quality they can breed in home aquariums. They reproduce by laying eggs on the walls of the aquarium.
Trochus Snails (Banded Trochus Snails): Herbivore, eats mainly film algae such as diatoms and sometimes cyanobacteria. Trochus tend to graze more upon the film algae than any other types of algae, but they may graze upon some green algae and may even graze upon hair algae or bryopsis.
If your tank does not have a lot of algae growth you may need to supplement your snails diet. The use of Algae Sheets wrapped around a rock (use a rubber band to hold the algae more securely to the rock) is a great way to do this.
Hermit Crab Crew
Hermit Crabs
People tend to have mixed feelings about hermit crabs; some people love them while others stay as far away from them as possible. While they do a great job scavenging the tank, some hobbyists feel they can knock over and even prey upon corals or fish.
Hermit crabs are omnivores and opportunistic scavengers. Hermit crabs spend most of their day picking at the surface of rocks for food (probably algae), but when they sense meaty-type foods in the tank, they will go after it. This may be a dying animal within the tank or excess food falling to the bottom. Many times when they go after a dying animal this can be perceived as them attacking said animal. While they may occasionally go after a healthy occupant of your tank, most of the time they are simply cleaning up.
Hermit crabs also love to change out shells and if there is a lack of choices for them, they may go after snails in the tank to get their shells. Keeping an abundance of empty shells of various sizes can help with this. You may even see hermit crabs fighting with each other over what they perceive to be the best shell in the tank.
Scarlet Hermit Crabs: Omnivore, will feed upon meaty bits of seafood, algae, and detritus. They will also sift through the sand some. They have red appendages and bright yellow eyes.
Blue Legged Hermit Crabs: Omnivore, will feed upon meaty bits of seafood, algae, and detritus. These hermit crabs tend to stay on the smaller side.
Dwarf Zebra Hermit Crabs: Omnivore, will feed upon meaty bits of seafood, algae, and detritus. These are one of the smaller available hermit crabs and thus they are less likely to go after medium to large sized snails.
Mexican Red-Leg Hermit Crabs: Omnivore, will feed upon meaty bits of seafood, algae, and detritus. These are another very active species and can do a good job grazing on algae within the tank.
Peppermint Shrimp
Shrimp are another sought-after addition to the clean-up crew. They are fun to watch and get into nooks and crevices to eat detritus and leftover food that other inverts can’t reach. Shrimp are unique in they fill some niches the other clean-up crew animals cannot.
Skunk Cleaner Shrimp: Carnivore that will feed on ectoparasites and dead tissue on your fish. They will literally clean your fish and some fish love it so much, they stop by for regular cleaning. They tend to gobble up leftover flakes and pellet food as well, sometimes even stealing captured food from LPS corals which is why they can be pesky in a reef aquarium.
Peppermint Shrimp: Also a carnivore and belongs to the same genus as the cleaner shrimp, Peppermint shrimp fill another unique niche. Peppermint shrimp are favored because of their appetite for pesky aiptasia anemones but are also effective scavengers and occasionally cleaners. They poke about the rocks looking for leftover bits of food. It should be noted, there are a few different species collected for the aquarium trade, and if you're looking for the one that targets aiptasia, the scientific name: Lysmata boggessi is the one you want.
Coral Banded Shrimp: Naturally they are carnivorous scavengers and will bounce about looking for leftover food, accepting frozen, flakes, or pellets in most aquariums. They are active, showy shrimp that tend to be a peaceful member of most saltwater tanks. They can be aggressive toward other shrimp in the same aquarium, so just a single specimen is best.
Harlequin Shrimp: A very cool-looking shrimp with a very specialized diet of sea stars. These are not for every tank and should only be kept if you can sustain their diet by propagating plenty of asterina starfish or cutting up and freezing chunks of larger sea star species to feed them. Most hobbyists don't think of these guys as clean-up crew critters but they can make quick work of an asterina star infestation.
Fire Shrimp: Another member of the "cleaner shrimps", the Blood Red Fire Shrimp are among the most striking inverts in your crew. They will set up cleaning stations to clean ectoparasites and dead tissue from fish while also scavenging the tank for leftover food.
Emerald Crab
Other Assorted CUC - Clean Up Crew Animals
Emerald Crabs: A very popular CUC member that is known to prey upon Bubble Algae and scavenge the tank opportunistically for its next meal. They are classified as omnivores and some hobbyists have witnessed them show aggression toward fish, shrimp, and other tankmates when they are left with nothing to eat. As long as you keep them well-fed with prepared aquarium foods (frozen or dry) they should be a peaceful member of the community.
Sally Lightfoot Crabs: These omnivorous crabs can be a little aggressive but when kept well-fed, they should leave your fish and other small inverts alone. They do grow large and will benefit from a larger tank with a strong current and lots of places to hide amongst the rocks. They are known to graze upon algae or dried seaweed and should also be fed meaty bits of frozen food.
Sand Sifting Sea Star: Carnivore, feeding upon sand-dwelling crustaceans like spaghetti worms, tube worms, copepods, amphipods, etc… While a great invertebrate to keep the sandbed thoroughly sifted, it comes at a price. They will decimate your sandbed off all living creatures. It is estimated that one Sand Sifting Sea Star can void a 5-inch sandbed in an 80-gallon system of living sandbed matter in just a few weeks. It will then proceed to stay hidden in the sand, starve to death, and decay. My personal recommendation is to leave these starfish in the ocean. While a few people do have success long-term with them, that is an exception and should be taken into consideration when thinking about purchasing one.
Serpent Star & Brittle Star: Carnivore, feeds upon meaty bits of seafood and detritus. They tend to hide in the rock work and all you see of them is their arms sticking out of the rocks trying to grasp at pieces of food as they float by. But some will venture out of the rock work and hunt down pieces of food in the tank after you have fed your tank. Be cautious of the Green Brittle Stars as they are known to go after fish of all sizes, but the other types of serpent and brittle starts are generally safe with all different sized fish and invertebrates.
Urchins: For the most parts urchins can be very useful in a reef tank. The Pincushion (Tuxedo) Urchin grazes upon all types of algae including coralline and will occasionally pick up loose pieces of rubble, sand, and even coral frags and "carry" them around the tank. The Longspine Diadema Urchin will also graze upon all types of algae and unfortunately will sometimes graze upon corals as well, specifically SPS corals like Acropora and Montipora. Proceed with caution in a reef tank.
Sea Cucumbers: Many types of cucumbers will sift through the sandbed and will digest the algae and detritus off of it. Some can get quite large and some are toxic if they die within the aquarium (avoid "sea apples"). Cucumbers can be on the more sensitive side, so I would recommend them to the novice hobbyist.
Nudibranch: The two most commonly seen nudibranchs available are Sea Hares and Lettuce Nudibranch. They can be useful in helping to rid a tank of Bryopsis or green hair algae in particular. They tend to be very sensitive to changes in water conditions, so you will want to make sure you keep your parameters stable for them. They can make quick work of the algae in a tank and starvation can quickly become a problem.
How To Choose The Right Crew
Now that you have the lay of the land, it's time to choose the right crew for you. You might read about some generic rules such as "1 snail per 4 gallons" or some version thereof. These rules can quickly lead to overstocking or just tend to be too generic and don't take into consideration the specific role each clean-up crew player has.
The best approach is to get a variety, most certainly to include snails and a few hermit crabs. Beyond that, choose the shrimp, crabs, and other animals on an as-needed basis. Strict herbivores like Sea Cucumbers and Urchins or those with specialized diets like the Harlequin can easily starve if there is not enough food in your tank. Most of the popular websites and quality local fish stores offer "Clean-up crew packages" that include a variety of snails and crabs based on tank size. Ultimately the population will be controlled by available food sources in your tank.
It is popular to start stocking clean-up crew animals early in the game, as soon as algae and other organisms begin to grow in your aquarium. While it can work to help keep some of that nuisance algae from getting out of control, be mindful of having enough food for the animals in your care. You can always start conservatively and get more should you think you need them down the road. Also, don't forget about utilitarian fish such as tangs and blennies which have the same effect while your tank is maturing, they can be highly effective algae eaters and should be considered when choosing your clean-up crew.
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Where do you put page numbers in APA?
Page numbers are required for in-text citations when quoting, and recommended when paraphrasing:For in-text citations, the page number always appears in brackets at the end of the sentence where you used the citation.If the source has no page number, use the paragraph number or section heading instead.
How do I print 2 pages per page in Word for landscape?
From the “Page Layout” ribbon, click on “Page Setup.” It will open a dialog box to the “Margins” tab. Next to “Multiple pages,” select “2 per page.” If your page orientation is set to “portrait,” the default option is to make two landscape pages, one on top of the other, on a portrait sheet.
How do I split an a4 page in half in Word?
Select the text on the page you want to split into two halves. Don’t select any text if you want to split all pages in your Word document. Click on the Layout tab. In the Page Setup group, click on the Columns button.
How do I print multiple pages on one page in preview?
Figure 3.21 The Preview picture in the Print dialog box reflects the number of pages you’re printing on each sheet of paper. In the “Pages per sheet” pop-up menu, choose the number of pages you want on each sheet of paper. As always, the Preview picture shows the change. Click OK.
How do I print a large image on multiple pages in Preview?
Here is how to use Safari to print an image to span multiple pages: Open the image to be printed in Safari. Go to File -> Printand then change the Scale (%) so that the image is the desired size. Click print.
How do I print a poster on multiple pages?
Print posters and banners using Acrobat or ReaderChoose File > Print.From the Page Scaling pop-up menu, select one of the following options: Tile Large Pages Tile only the pages that are larger than the paper. Set the following options as needed: Tile Scale Scales the pages by the amount you specify. Click OK or Print.
How do I print multiple images on one page?
Open the location of your photo(s) in File Explorer, then select the ones you want. Right-click on one and select Print. From there you’ll be able to print multiple copies on the same page.
How can I print four cards on one page?
Print multiple postcards on a single sheet in PublisherClick File > Print.In the Printer list, select the printer you want to use.Under Settings, in the Pages drop-down list, select Multiple pages per sheet and the number in Copies of each page.Click Print. Tips: Check the print preview to be sure that the pages will all fit on the sheet.
How do I enlarge a PDF to print on multiple pages?
How do I split a picture into multiple pages in Word?
How Do I Stretch One Image Across Two Pages in Word?Insert a second page into a blank Word document. Click “Custom Margins…” Click “Pictures” on the Insert menu. Select an image and click “Insert.” Put the image in front of the text. Enable Word’s ruler on the View menu.
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What is Hyperautomation? | Elements and Advantages
What is hyperautomation and why is it essential for the digital transformation?
#business #digital talent #R&D
According to the consultancy Gartner, hyperautomation will be one of the technological trends that will have the greatest impact in the next decade. This concept, which goes far beyond mechanising repetitive manual tasks carried out by people, refers to the automation of any business process using a combination of robotic process automation (RPA) and other advanced technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
Hyperautomation consists of expanding the automation of business processes.
At school, we learned that the First Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century used steam engines to automate the textile industry. A century later, the Second added electricity and the internal combustion engine, and at the end of the 20th century, the Third came along, with digitalisation and process automation.
We have not had long to wait for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which brings robotisation, the Internet of Things and Artificial Inteligence. A process that is pushing the advanced countries towards reindustrialisation in order to recover their ability to produce their own consumer goods in a sustainable manner. In this new context, hyperautomation, also called digital process automation (DPA) or intelligent process automation (IPA), looks like being one of the technological trends that will have the greatest impact in the coming years.
Hyperautomation consists of increasing the automation of business processes (production chains, work flows, marketing processes, etc.) by introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Robotic Process Automation (RPA). To a point where almost any repetitive task can be automated and it is even possible to find out which processes can be automated and to create bots to perform them.
In addition, hyperautomation is a key factor in the digital transformation as it eliminates human involvement in low-value processes and provides data that offers a level of business intelligence that was not available before. It can become a key factor in building fluid organisations capable of adapting rapidly to change.
Infographic Hyperautomation
The road to hyperautomation.
SEE INFOGRAPHIC: The road to hyperautomation [PDF] External link, opens in new window.
Hyperautomation is not based on one single technology but on integrating a number of them, including:
Robotic Process Automation
Robotic process automation makes it possible to configure software that allows robots to perform repetitive, structured tasks in digital systems.
Machine Learning
Machine Learning is the technology that uses algorithms to teach computers to perform complex tasks by themselves without the need for additional programming by human beings.
Artificial Intelligence
The purpose of Artificial Intelligence is to create machines that are capable of making decisions and solving problems by emulating human logical thinking.
Big Data
Big Data is a set of technologies that make it possible to store, analyse and manage huge amounts of data produced by devices in order to identify patterns and create optimal solutions.
Cobots are the prime example of collaborative robotics, in other words, robots that share tasks with human workers and are revolutionising production processes.
Chatbots are systems based on AI, ML and Natural Language Processing (NLP) that can hold a conversation in real time with a human being using text or speech.
According to Gartner, RPA enriched by AI and ML becomes the core that makes hyperautomation technology possible. By combining these technologies, power and flexibility can be added in places where they were not possible previously. So, tasks that previously could not be automated now can be, so that human capabilities can be focused on tasks with a greater value, such as decision making, interpreting data and using critical thinking.
Gartner, ITC consultancy
Hyperautomation involves combining a variety of tools, such as robotic process automation (RPS) and artificial intelligence (AI), in order to improve business decisions
Hyperautomation platforms are varied and can be implemented on top of the technologies that companies already have. The main platform, as has been said, is RPA, but there are also intelligent business process management suites (iBPMS), integration platforms as a service (iPaaS) and information engines. Hyperautomation can also help to create a digital twin of an organisation (DTO, Digital Twin Organisation), which is a virtual representation of a product or work flow that can simulate how processes interact and show where value is created in real time.
Hyperautomation has numerous advantages, both for the performance of a company as well as for the well-being of its workers. These include:
The integration of disruptive technologies, such as AI, ML, RPA and NLP, into the day-to-day workings of the company, allowing it to perform processes more quickly and efficiently and reducing errors.
Increased employee satisfaction, as they are operating in a smart working environment and do not have to waste their time on tedious tasks that add no value, and it enhances the ability of the workforce to increase productivity and competitiveness.
Organisations can transform digitally, aligning their business processes and their investment in technology.
Reduction in the operating costs of organisations. According to Gartner, by 2024, combining hyperautomation technologies with redesigned operating processes will cut costs by 30 %.
Big Data and AI technology mean business information can be extracted from data and decisions made more effectively.
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Sport: Soccer
A player who generally operates in the middle of the pitch providing a link between defense and attack, often helping out with both duties. This role usually sees the most action during the game and accurate passing is an important skill.
What are the responsibilities of a midfielder?
A midfielder’s main aim is to connect the defense and attack, transitioning the ball between these positions. Depending on the player’s position the midfielder tries to stop opposition attacks, maintain possession for their team or create and score goals.
The defensive midfielder is a key position for all teams as it protects the defense by breaking up opposition attacks and taking back possession. This role can also be known as a ‘holding midfielder’
Attacking midfielders and wingers are important to a team as they assist the strikers and can also create goal-scoring opportunities or even score a goal. This position is usually the main set-piece taker, often taking free-kicks and corners
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Can we craft a theory in which space and time aren’t assumed to exist?
Enlarge / Thank you, Getty Images, for this “abstract big bang conceptual image.”
gremlin / Getty Images
Over the past decade, a field of physics has developed that postulates the existence of mysterious algebraic entities called spin networks. These networks—proposed as the constituent stuff of space and time—condensed to produce the Universe as we know it. That condensation resulted in the event that we currently call the Big Bang, giving the field its name: condensate cosmology.
It may sound like an odd idea, but we already know that the Universe works in very strange ways.
The idea, technically termed “Group Field Theory (GFT) condensate cosmology,” is a branch of quantum gravity, a field of physics that aims to establish the fundamentals of what everything from light and matter to space and time is made of. It is an idea based completely in theoretical calculations—and it’s totally untested for now. Condensate cosmology requires a great deal of abstract reasoning to even try to understand it.
Despite these challenges, quantum gravity has drawn a lot of attention from some of the sharpest minds in all of physics. Its ideas are bold and daring, highly creative, and extraordinarily imaginative.
Why quantum gravity?
Quantum gravity has been formulated to tackle one of the greatest problems in all of physics: the need to unite the two great theories of the 20th century—general relativity and quantum mechanics.
The former presents a framework for understanding the world in terms of space and time, and it covers behavior over large distances. General relativity introduces the notion that time is relative and that gravity itself exists because of a curved space-time. As Einstein first realized, a ball does not fall to the Earth because it is attracted to its mass, as Newton told us; it falls because of the existence of a space-time field that permeates the Universe and curves around large objects.
Quantum mechanics is a mysterious yet incredibly accurate theory that describes the world of the very small. It tells us that both particles and fields exist in discrete units that, because of uncertainty, can only be described probabilistically. The theory also describes entanglement, the bewildering phenomenon in which physical systems can be so intertwined with one another that they lose their independent, individual reality and start obeying rules that apply to a collective.
As far as we can tell, these two theories are both right—and in conflict. Their simultaneous existence generates a paradox, meaning physics is, in a sense, in disarray. While quantum mechanics deals with reality in discrete, granular fashion, relativity tells us that space-time, and therefore gravity, is continuous and non-discrete.
One way to deal with this is to give one of the theories precedence. Since we know the world is quantum, general relativity must be an approximation of an underlying quantum description of space-time itself. And this suggests that any unification of the theories requires that gravity become discrete.
Albert Einstein in 1919, after the eclipse voyages that verified general relativity.
Public domain
Development of LQG
Over the past few decades, a branch of quantum gravity called Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) has shown some potential in solving the challenge of making gravity discrete. LQG begins with Einstein’s field equations, but it takes a closer look at what might be hiding beneath the surface of space-time. The mathematics produced myriad discrete geometric objects, including loops, lattices, and polygons, arranged in various constructions called spin-networks and spin foams. Together, they can describe the structure of reality itself—these geometric oddities of LQG do not exist in space and time, but rather they are space and time and therefore the very constituents of gravity itself.
While recent progress has greatly elaborated LQG, the idea has a long history. The dichotomy between general relativity and quantum mechanics became apparent during the 20th century’s interwar period. This spawned approaches to quantum gravity that were developed by taking general relativity and using different methods to quantize it. But the approach to this problem changed during the 1970s and 1980s when physicists began to learn new things from semi-classical physics, according to Daniele Oriti, Heisenberg Group Leader at the Arnold Sommerfeld Centre for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich.
Oriti told Ars that, at that time, emerging ideas about black holes focused on using quantum mechanics to describe the matter fields around them. This work suggested that theorists might need another, more radical, approach to quantum gravity—rather than simply quantizing general relativity, a new way to understand the nature of space-time at a microscopic level might be needed.
These ideas derived from black holes suggested that the gravitational field itself is not really fundamental, regardless of whether it is classical or quantum. Instead, it became apparent that the gravitational field might be a manifestation of something more fundamental, something that does not look like a field at all and so cannot be described in standard spatio-temporal ways.
New approaches to quantum gravity, like LQG, began to emerge during this period. In the 1990s through to the 2000s, LQG gained a lot of credibility amongst a growing population of theoretical physicists. “One thing LQG achieved was a precise suggestion of how space-time could look at a more fundamental level,” says Oriti. “It was discovered that, at least according to the theory, the basic entities of space and time do not look at all like the gravitational field as we know it. In LQG we call these basic entities spin-networks, which are discrete, algebraic objects.”
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What happens if a space elevator breaks
TCD | Prod.DB | Apple TV+/ | lamy
In the first episode of the Foundation series on Apple TV, we see a terrorist try to destroy the space elevator used by the Galactic Empire. This seems like a great chance to talk about the physics of space elevators and to consider what would happen if one exploded. (Hint: It wouldn’t be good.)
People like to put stuff beyond the Earth’s atmosphere: It allows us to have weather satellites, a space station, GPS satellites, and even the James Webb Space Telescope. But right now, our only option for getting stuff into space is to strap it to a controlled chemical explosion that we usually call “a rocket.”
Don’t get me wrong, rockets are cool, but they are also expensive and inefficient. Let’s consider what it takes to get a 1-kilogram object into low Earth orbit (LEO). This is around 400 kilometers above the surface of the Earth, about where the International Space Station is. In order to get this object into orbit, you need to accomplish two things. First, you need to lift it up 400 kilometers. But if you only increased the object’s altitude, it wouldn’t be in space for long. It would just fall back to Earth. So, second, in order to keep this thing in LEO, it has to move—really fast.
Just a quick refresher on energy: It turns out that the amount of energy we put into a system (we call it work) is equal to the change in energy in that system. We can mathematically model different types of energy. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its velocity. So if you increase an object’s velocity, it will increase in kinetic energy. Gravitational potential energy depends on the distance between the object and the Earth. This means that increasing an object’s altitude increases the gravitational potential energy.
So let’s say you want to use a rocket to increase the object’s gravitational potential energy (to raise it to the right altitude) and also increase its kinetic energy (to get it up to speed). Getting into orbit is more about speed than height. Only 11 percent of the energy would be in the gravitational potential energy. The rest would be kinetic.
The total energy to get just that 1-kilogram object into orbit would be about 33 million joules. For comparison, if you pick up a textbook from the floor and put it on a table, that takes about 10 joules. It would take a lot more energy to get into orbit.
But the problem is actually even more difficult than that. With chemical rockets, they don’t just need energy to get that 1-kilogram object into orbit—the rockets also need to carry their fuel for the journey to LEO. Until they burn this fuel, it’s essentially just extra mass for the payload, which means they need to launch with even more fuel. For many real-life rockets, up to 85 percent of the total mass can just be fuel. That’s super inefficient.
So what if, instead of launching atop a chemical rocket, your object could just ride up on a cable that reaches all the way into space? That’s what would happen with a space elevator.
Space elevator basics
Suppose you built a giant tower that is 400 kilometers tall. You could ride an elevator up to the top and then you would be in space. Simple, right? No, actually it’s not.
First, you couldn’t easily build a structure like this out of steel; the weight would likely compress and collapse the lower parts of the tower. Also, it would require massive amounts of material.
But that’s not the biggest problem—there’s still the issue with speed. (Remember, you need to move really fast to get into orbit.) If you were standing on the top of a 400-kilometer tower with the base somewhere on the Earth’s equator, you would indeed be moving, because the planet is rotating—this is just like the motion of a person on the outside of a spinning merry-go-round. Since the Earth rotates about once a day (there’s a difference between sidereal and synodic rotations), it has an angular velocity of 7.29 x 10-5 radians per second.
Angular velocity is different than linear velocity. It’s a measure of rotational speed instead of what we normally think of as velocity—movement in a straight line. (Radians are a unit of measurement to use with rotations, instead of degrees.)
If two people are standing on a merry-go-round as it spins, they will both have the same angular velocity. (Let’s say it’s 1 radian per second.) However, the person that is farther from the center of rotation will be moving faster. Let’s say one person is 1 meter from the center and the other person is 3 meters from the center. Their speeds will be 1 m/s and 3 m/s respectively. This same thing works with a rotating Earth. It’s possible to get far enough away such that the Earth’s rotation gives you the required orbital velocity to stay in orbit around the planet.
So let’s go back to our example of a person standing on the top of a 400-kilometer tower. Are they far enough away from Earth that they can stay in orbit? For one complete rotation of the Earth, their angular velocity would be 2π radians per day. That might not seem very fast, but at the equator this rotation gives you a speed of 465 meters per second. That’s over 1,000 miles per hour. However, it’s still not enough. The orbital velocity (the velocity needed to stay in orbit) at that altitude is 7.7 kilometers per second, or over 17,000 miles per hour.
Actually, there’s another factor: As you increase your distance from the Earth, the orbital velocity also decreases. If you go from an altitude of 400 to 800 kilometers above the surface of the Earth, the orbital speed decreases from 7.7 km/s to 7.5 km/s. That doesn’t seem like a large difference, but remember, it’s really the orbital radius that matters and not just the height above the surface of the Earth. Theoretically, you could build a magical tower that was high enough that you could just step off of it and be in orbit—but it would have to be 36,000 kilometers tall. That’s not going to happen.
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Two cannabinoids have opposing effects on SARS-CoV-2 in culture
Enlarge / Don’t try this at home. Seriously. We mean it.
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have tested a wide range of drugs to see if they inhibit the virus. Most of these tests didn’t end up going anywhere; even the few drugs that did work typically required concentrations that would be impossible to achieve inside human cells. And a few (looking at you, ivermectin and chloroquine) took off with the public despite iffy evidence for effectiveness, seemingly causing nearly as many problems as they would have solved if they actually worked.
Nevertheless, two years on, word of yet another one of these drug experiments caused a bit of a stir, as the drug in question was a cannabinoid. Now, the full data has gone through peer review, and it looks better than you might expect. But the number of caveats is pretty staggering: the effect is small, it hasn’t been tested in patients, the quality assurance of commercial cannabidiol (CBD) products is nearly nonexistent, and—probably most importantly—another cannabinoid blocks the effect entirely.
With that out of the way, on to the data.
Why test cannabinoids?
One of the big focuses of the drug testing was to look for chemicals that were already approved for use in humans, which would simplify their use as treatments for a separate disorder since all the safety data should be available already. And CBD is approved for use in people with seizure disorders, although the biochemical basis of its effectiveness is unclear.
In any case, the researchers behind the new work (primarily at the University of Chicago) started with lung cancer cells that produce the protein that SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect cells and dumped both the virus and CBD on the cells. And it worked. At non-toxic doses, the reproduction of the virus was strongly inhibited by CBD. The team went on to confirm the result in other lung cell lines. They also demonstrated that a partly metabolized derivative had a similar effect, but a range of additional cannabinoids did not.
And this is where we get to one of the downsides. THC, the most potent mind-altering substance in cannabis, did not have an effect on its own. But when given at the same time as CBD, it reversed CBD’s inhibition of viral growth. So simply trying to use cannabis for viral protection will fail pretty miserably.
In any case, this is where the work starts to move beyond the hundreds of similar “let’s throw drugs on some cells” studies that have been done: the researchers do their best to figure out how CBD works. They checked whether it stopped human cells from producing the protein that the virus latches onto when infecting them, but that wasn’t the cause. And they confirmed that viruses could still get inside cells by using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
But once the virus gets inside, not a lot seems to happen. Very little of the spike protein gets made in infected cells treated with CBD, and levels stay low for up to 15 hours after infection.
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Every 40 minutes someone in the UK is diagnosed with lymphoma, it’s the UK’s 5th most common cancer.
The problem is recognising the symptoms. Lumps, night sweats and itching are all symptoms but all one can generally do at this early point is seek advice from their GP and there’s the problem, many people wouldn’t go the see a doctor to complain of itching or even night sweats.
Only 8% of patients displaying initial symptoms are referred by their GP for lymphoma. It’s understandable that if all patients displaying similar symptoms were referred, haematology departments would be a bit overwhelmed. Most people visiting their GP with similar symptoms will not have the disease but more than a quarter of those that do will be misdiagnosed.
The disease presents simiiar to many other conditions so a GP will often be late on the true diagnosis unless concerned enough to make an urgent referral to a hospital because he/she is overly concerned.
Therefore many patients are diagnosed at the final stages of the disease cycle, that’s 4b for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. This can not only decrease chances of survival but also irreversibly affect fertility.
The Lymphoma Association recognises that the way forward is to provide information to GPs about lymphoma detection. They work with the Royal College of General Practitioners to deliver a training program for GPs that can help change things, by delivering an online training program known as the e-learning package.
A young 22 year old cancer biologist from Chesham, Rachel Sacks, was herself diagnosed with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and after chemotherapy was in remission in October 2013. She said that having some sort of understanding of the disease made it a bit easier for her. As a way of coping she documented her experiences in a blog which she named The Irony of Cancer. There are some lovely photos on that blog. Miss Sachs started her new career 2014 in Cancer Therapeutics at the Barts Cancer Institute in East London.
If you are affected by lymphatic cancer you will find supporting information at the Lymphoma Association.
Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866)
An overview of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Thomas Hodgkin (August 17, 1798 – April 5, 1866) was a British physician and considered one of the most prominent pathologists of his time and a pioneer in preventive medicine. He is now best known for the first account of Hodgkin’s Disease, a form of cancer of the lymphatic system (lymphoma), in 1832. His work marked the beginning of times when a pathologist was actively involved in the clinical process.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, as it was renamed, is a type of cancers of the lymphatic system — the body’s blood-filtering tissues that help to fight infection and disease. Like other cancers, lymphomas occur when cells divide too often and too quickly. When this occurs, the cancer cells may overcrowd, invade, and destroy lymphoid tissues and metastasise (spread) to other organs.
In the first instance, when confronted with a diagnosis of Lymphoma the natural response is to do some research and the best information is available from the internet. The following are snippets from an article in the Lymphoma Matters magazine, Issue 101 Spring 2015, which I think are a good introduction.
Dr Graham Collins
Consultant Haematologist
Oxford Cancer & Haematology Centre
Is the number of people being diagnosed with lymphoma increasing? If so, why?
Around 15 out of every 1000,000 people are diagnosed with lymphoma each year in the UK. This is called the ‘incidence’ of lymphoma and it is increasing year on year. We don’t know why this is, but we do know that it isn’t just because we are better at diagnosing lymphoma.
Two other cancers have an incidence that is increasing faster than that of lymphoma, lung cancer in women and malignant melanoma. But we have little idea why the number of cases of lymphoma is increasing.
Are some lymphomas more common in certain groups of people
Some types of lymphoma are more common in different sexes or geographical areas and in people whose tests show that they had certain viral infections.
Some lymphomas are much more common in men such as mantle cell lymphoma.B-cell lymphomas are more common than T-cell lymphomas in the Western world.
Why are lymphomas called ‘blood’ or ‘haematological’ cancers?
Lymphomas form from lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. They are called ‘blood cells’ because they are found in the bloodstream, but in fact lymphocytes are spend most of their time outside the blood, for example in lymphnodes (glands).
So lymphomas usually develop as lumps, in lymph nodes and in other tissues where lymphocytes are normally found.
Why do some lymphoma have ‘leukaemia’ in their name?
In general, lymphomas are lumpy – cancerous lymphocytes that make up the lymphoma are found collected together in lumps. If lymphoma cells are found in the blood, the lymphoma might have ‘leukaemia’ in its name.
For example, the cancerous lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are found in the blood and in the bone marow, which is why it is called a ‘leukaemia’. However, the way CLL behaves is more like a low-grade non-Hodgkins lymphoma – it typically effects older people, and is treated in a similar way to some other low-grade lymphomas, with watch and wait being the most appropriate course of action in some people.
If the cancerous lymphocytes aren’t found in the blood or bone marrow, butr cause enlarged lymph nodes, CLL is called ‘small lymphocytic lymphoma’ or SLL.
Other examples are lymphoblastic lymphoma, which is similar to a childhood leukaemia called ‘acute lymphoblastic leukaemia’ but with lumps of lymphoma cells rather than involvement of the blood and bone marrow; and adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (where people with the leukaemia form have lymphoma calls in the blood).
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An Introduction to Metal Recycling
Why Do We Recycle Metals?
Quick Metal Recycling Facts
Although almost every kind of metal can be recycled again and again without degradation of properties, in 2018, only 34% of metal in U.S. municipal waste facilities was recycled. Below are some additional facts:
In 2019, 490.98 million (32%) of the the 1,532.51 million metric tons of crude steel produced worldwide was made using recycled materials with scrap motor wrecker.
Around 69% of crude steel in the United States in 2019 was made of recycled materials.
In the United States alone, around 2.2 million tons of steel cans and other steel packaging waste were generated in 2018.
Currently, the single most recycled container in the world is the aluminum can.
Recycling a single aluminum can save enough energy to power 100-watt light bulb for nearly four hours.
Types of Metals Recycled
The Metal Recycling Process
The main stages of the metal recycling process are as follows:
1. Collection
2. Sorting
Sorting involves separating metals from the mixed scrap metal stream or the mixed multi-material waste stream. In automated recycling operations, magnets and sensors are used to aid in material separation. There are machines as electrostatic separators.
3. Processing
To allow further processing, metals are shredded. Shredding is done to promote the melting process as small shredded metals have a large surface to volume ratio. There are metal crushing machinehydraulic metal processing machinerecycle accessory machine.
4. Melting
5. Purification
6. Solidifying
7. Transportation of the Metal Bars
Challenges for the Metal Recycling Industry
Another important reason for the low recycling rate has to do with the design of various metal products. The growing complexity of various modern products and their material mix makes recycling increasingly difficult. For instance, a smartphone can contain more than 70 different elements. So, extracting every kind of materials from a mobile phone and reusing them in the production of new products makes it difficult.
Metal Recycling Technologies
Modern recycling technologies can effectively identify many different kinds of metals, though there is still the need for even more effective recycling technologies to separate non-ferrous metals.
When sorting metals from a mixed stream of recyclable material, the paper is removed first, leaving only plastics and metals. Then, electric currents are induced across the stream where only metals get affected. This process is called eddy current separation. Although aluminum is not magnetic, this technology can levitate it and allow plastics to drop out of the process.
Business Opportunities in Metal Recycling
Traditionally, metal recycling has been regarded as a profitable business opportunity. In recent years, however, depressed prices have proved to be challenging. At an entrepreneurial level, a common entry point into the metal recycling business is through starting scrap metal collection business or becoming a scrap metal vendor.
Metal Recycling Laws and Legislation
Metal Recycling Trade Associations
ISRI (Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries Inc): ISRI is the largest trade association for businesses related to recycling. It represents over 1,300 for-profit companies from 40 different countries worldwide.
BMRA (British Metals Recycling Association): BMRA represents over 270 scrap metal recyclers of UK and is the leading trade association in the UK.
AMRIA: AMRIA refers to Australian Metal Recycling Industry Association.
CARI: CARI stands for Canadian Associations of Recycling Industries. It has over 200 member companies.
Being a member of trade associations in the recycling industry enables a new recycling business to know and understand the trends in the industry and maintain a good relationship with other businesses in the industry.
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Filipino mestizo
Filipino Mestizo
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<!--When adding additional information, please make sure it is unbiased, easy to understand, and verifiable.--><!--Please refer to people of purely Spanish descent as "Spaniards" to maintain clarity and consistency throughout the article.-->Filipino mestizo is a term used in the Philippines to describe people of mixed Filipino and foreign ancestry. The word mestizo is of Spanish origin, and was originally used in the Americas to only describe people of mixed European and Native American.
Spanish period
The Spanish expedition in 1565, prompted a period of Spanish colonization over the Philippines which lasted for 333 years. The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in allowing Spanish settlements in the Philippines. The Spanish government and religious missionaries were quick to learn native Filipino languages and Roman Catholic rituals were interpreted in accordance with Filipino beliefs and values. As a result, a folk Roman Catholicism developed in the Philippines. A small number of White or Caucasian settlers from Spain and Mexico immigrated and their offspring (of either Spanish, or Spanish and Filipino) may have adopted the culture of their parents and grandparents, however only 3.6% of the population has White ancestries from Spanish...
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Cable and cable knowledge
1. What types of commonly used wires and cables are divided by purpose?
Answer: According to purpose, it can be divided into bare wire, insulated wire, heat-resistant wire, shielded wire, power cable, control cable, communication cable, and radio frequency cable.
2. What are the types of insulated wires?
Answer: The common insulated wires are the following: PVC insulated wire, PVC insulated cord, Ding PVC mixture insulated cord, rubber insulated wire, agricultural buried aluminum core plastic insulated wire, rubber insulation Cotton textile cords, PVC insulated nylon sheathed wires, PVC insulated cords for power and lighting, etc.
3 , cable bridge for what kind of occasion?
Answer: Cable trays are suitable for general laying of power cables and control cables for indoor and outdoor use by industrial and mining companies. They can also be used for indoor and outdoor installations in telecommunications, broadcasting and television departments.
4 What are the cable accessories?
Answer: The commonly used electrical accessories include cable terminal junction boxes, cable intermediate junction boxes, connecting pipes and terminals, steel wiring slots, and cable trays.
5 , what is the cable middle connector?
Answer: The device that connects the cable with the cable conductor, insulation shield and protective layer to connect the cable circuit is called the cable intermediate connector.
The cable model consists of eight parts:
First, use code - not labeled as power cable, K as control cable, P as signal cable;
Second, the insulation code -Z oil-impregnated paper, X rubber, V PVC, YJ cross-linked polyethylene
Third, the conductor material code - not labeled as copper, L is aluminum;
IV. Inner sheath code - Q lead package, L aluminum package, H rubber sheath, V PVC sheath
V. Derived code -D does not drip, P dry insulation;
Sixth, outer sheath code
Seventh, special product code - TH humid tropical, TA dry tropical;
Eight, rated voltage - unit KV
Problems with the cable model
1. SYV: solid polyethylene insulated RF coaxial cable
2. SYWV(Y): Physical Foam Polyethylene Insulated Cable System Cables, Video (RF) Coaxial Cables (SYV, SYWV, SYFV) Suitable for Closed Circuit Monitoring and Cable TV Engineering
SYWV (Y), SYKV Cable TV, Broadband Network Specialized Cable Structure: (Coaxial Cable) Single Oxygen-Free Round Copper Wire + Physical Foamed Polyethylene (Insulation) + (Tin Wire + Aluminum) + Polyvinyl Chloride (Polyethylene) )
3, signal control cable (RVV sheathed wire, RVVP shielded wire) is suitable for building intercom, burglar alarm, fire protection, automatic meter reading and other projects RVVP: copper core PVC insulated shielded PVC sheathed flexible cable voltage 300V/ 300V 2-24 core uses: instruments, meters, intercom, monitoring, control installation
4. RG: Physically foamed polyethylene insulated access network cable is used to transmit data analog signals in a coaxial fiber hybrid network (hfc)
5, KVVP: PVC sheathed shielded cable uses: electrical, instrumentation, distribution equipment signal transmission, control, measurement
6, RVV (227iec52/53) PVC insulated flexible cable uses: household appliances, small power tools, instruments and power lighting
7. ARVV PVC sheathed flexible cable
8. SBVV HYA data communication cable (indoor and outdoor) for connection of telephone communication and radio equipment and distribution box wiring for telephone distribution network
9, RV, RVP PVC insulated cable
10, RVS, RVB Suitable for household appliances, small electric tools, instruments, instruments and power lighting connection cables
11, BV, BVR PVC insulated cable uses: suitable for electrical instrumentation and power lighting fixed wiring
12, RIB speaker cable (fever line)
13. Use of KVV PVC insulated control cables: Signal transmission, control, measurement of electrical appliances, meters, and power distribution devices
14, SFTB twisted pair transmission telephone, data and information network
15, UL2464 computer cable
16, VGR monitor line
17. SYV Coaxial Cable Wireless Communication, Broadcasting, Surveillance System Engineering and Related Electronic Equipment Transmission RF Signals (Including Synthetic Coaxial Cables)
18, SDFVAP, SDFVAAP, SYFPY coaxial cable, elevator
19, JVPV, JVPVP, JVVP copper core PVC insulated and sheathed copper wire braided electronic computer control cable
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The Ultimate Guide To Wine Making Additives & Chemicals
Chemists in a laboratory testing red wine
Are you wondering what wine making additives to use in your homemade wine? Or maybe you just want to know the wine’s components and chemicals. We will tackle all these winemaking questions in this article.
There are two main types of wine making additives - common and corrective. Common additives help ease the process, while corrective additives help fix the errors when making wine.
We listed the most common wine additives you might find in wine making guides to help you determine which one suits you best.
Wine Making Additives and Chemicals
There are various wine additives, but they can be grouped into Common Additives and Corrective Additives. Here are the different kinds of winemaking additives and their examples.
Common Wine Additives
These are wine additives that help with the standard winemaking process.
1. Antiseptic and Antioxidants
Antiseptic and Antioxidants are added at the beginning, middle, and end of the wine fermentation process. The most common example of this is sulfites. Other examples are the following:
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is the most popular additive used by winemakers. It acts as a preservative by preventing the evolution of wine into vinegar.
Sulfite also stops the oxidation and deterioration of wine’s aroma while getting rid of unwanted yeast and bacteria in the process.
Sulfites can sanitize equipment and can be added to various points of winemaking, including:
• Harvesting - Harvested grapes may be sprinkled or sprayed with sulfite before being brought to the winery.
• Crushing - Sulfites can prevent the fermentation of wine with naturally occurring yeasts or ambient yeasts.
• Fermentation - Winemakers use sulfites to stop the fermentation when they want.
• Bottling - Sulfites can extend the shelf life of wine by not allowing the alcoholic beverage to interact with oxygen.
Usually, wine has 150 parts per million (ppm) of sulfites. However, about 1% of the population is sensitive to sulfur. That’s why American wine producers are required to declare if the sulfite in their wine exceeds 10 ppm. The EU also has a similar law.
2. Fermentation Nutrients Black yeast dough on a dark wooden table
These wine additives help the yeast with the fermentation process. Examples are:
Yeast is a eukaryotic microorganism necessary for the winemaking process, converting the grapes’ sugar into alcohol during fermentation.
There are two kinds of yeasts used in winemaking: ambient and cultured. It is essential to consider that each type of yeast has its distinct benefits depending on the variety of wine.
Ambient yeasts are naturally occurring yeasts that can be found everywhere. Some winemakers use them in their wine production, but most of them don’t.
It is because not all ambient yeasts work at the same pace or produce the desired result. That’s why winemakers use sulfites to get rid of ambient yeasts, and then they add cultured yeasts so that the wine can have the desired textures and flavors.
Most winemakers prefer cultured yeasts because they act predictably and reliably. They also get the job done by ensuring the same results for different batches of wine.
Thiamine Hydrochloride or Vitamin B1 is used as a wine making additive to keep the yeast alive during the fermentation process. It is typically added to wines with an alcohol concentration that is above 14%.
3. Organoleptic Additives
These are additives that can be used to alter the wine’s taste and flavor profile. Examples are:
Lactic Acid BacteriaMan studying bacteria
Do you know the saying, “Not all bacteria are bad”? Well, this is an example of a good bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are added to wines when they have high acidity.
Winemakers also use them to convert tart malic acid in grapes to lactic acid, giving the wine a softer mouthfeel. This good bacteria also stabilizes the alcoholic beverage so that it won’t turn into vinegar.
Lactic acid bacteria are used on almost all red wines and a few full-bodied white wines such as Chardonnay. You can also find these probiotic organisms in milk.
4. Fining and Clarification Additives
These common additives make wine clear by removing its cloudiness. Through fining, the substance binds to the unwanted components so winemakers can filter them out.
However, it is a potential reason for gluten contamination because the fining agent used might contain gluten. This substance is known to affect people with celiac disease and those under a gluten-free diet.
Here are the wine additives used in fining and clarification:
Tannins are one of the reasons why wine ages well. They contribute to the alcoholic beverage’s flavor, texture, and body.
Tannins are naturally found in grape seeds, skins, and stems. They are also in wine barrels produced from certain woods, an example of which is oak wood.
This organic substance also acts as a preservative because it prevents wine and oxygen from reacting. Tannins must be added to white wines because white grapes are fermented with their skins removed.
Tannins are available in all red wines because the skin of red grapes is not removed during fermentation. However, additional tannins are mixed with red wines to enhance their color, flavor, and body.
This substance gives the tongue a sharp and astringent sensation and a dry sensation on the sides of the mouth.
Bentonite is a top-rated fining agent in winemaking. It is an aluminum-silicate clay that is very different from other clays because it is made from volcanic ash.
Bentonite is a negatively charged clay colloid that interacts with positively charged proteins to precipitate them from white wine and juice. Because of its ability to lessen color by adsorption of anthocyanins, the usage of bentonite in red wines must be limited.
FiltrationBowl of charcoal
Wine filtering is another way of eliminating microorganisms to polish the wine before bottling. It also removes sediments and can be used to clarify the alcoholic beverage. The primary examples of wine filtration are:
• Flash Pasteurization
• Crossflow Microfiltration
• Charcoal filtration
Flash Pasteurization
In this process, wine is heated and cooled quickly inside a heat exchanger. It is an effective way to remove the bacteria, but it also affects the wine’s aromas.
Crossflow Microfiltration
In this method, the wine flows parallel to the surface of the membrane. The salts and
solutes move through the membrane through a pressure drop.
Crossflow microfiltration also eliminates the health and environmental issues caused by the removal of diatomaceous earth.
Another advantage is the combination of stabilization, clarification, and sterile filtration in a single continuous unit, without sacrificing the sensory qualities of the wine.
Charcoal Filtration
The activated carbons in the filter will absorb the foul odors and harmful molecules to prevent the wine from losing its flavors and contamination. Change the charcoal filter regularly to obtain the best results.
5. Stabilization Additives
Stabilization helps preserve the wine’s quality during aging and storage, such as cold stabilization and electrodialysis. Here are the examples of wine additives used in this process:
• Yeast Mannoproteins
• Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate
• Metatartaric Acid
• Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
• Dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC)
• Potassium Sorbate
• Acetaldehyde
Cold Stabilization
This process is used to separate unstable ionic salts (such as calcium: Ca2+, bitartrate: HT-, and potassium: K+) from wine.
Cold stability is performed after fermentation but before bottling to stop the precipitation of the tartaric salt, bitartrate (HT-), when the wine is stored or cooled after bottling.
Cold stabilization can be replaced with electrodialysis (ED), which is a more energy-efficient process.
In this method, the alcoholic beverage is passed through an electrical field. As the wine moves through anionic and cationic membranes, the charged ions are extracted.
The wine is then circulated via the ED unit from bulk storage tanks until the target conductivity levels are reached.
Dimethyl Dicarbonate
Dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC), also known as velcorin, is used to stabilize, sterilize, and dealcoholize wine. Its use has been approved in the U.S., EU, and Australia.
DMDC is toxic within an hour of being applied (usually during bottling), and it takes about half an hour to hydrolyze. Besides wine, DMDC is also used in Gatorade, orange juice, and flavored iced tea.
Potassium Sorbate
This wine stabilizer slows down yeast growth and prevents it from reacting with sweeteners added to the alcoholic beverage when the initial fermentation is completed. It is typically added before the bottling of wine to prevent it from refermenting.
When the winemaker decides to use potassium sorbate, sulfite should be added with it because geraniol might form. You can also find this compound in Geraniums, a type of flowering plant that can keep mosquitoes away due to its scent.
So, if you don’t want your wine to smell like an insect repellant, be sure to follow your wine making guide properly.
Acetaldehyde is a wine additive used to stabilize the color of the juice before concentration. The quantity used must not be greater than 300 ppm, and it must not be visible in the finished concentrate.
This organic chemical compound is a regular occurrence in grapes, but it is toxic and must be utilized carefully.
Corrective Wine Additives
These are additives that help solve problems in the winemaking process.
1. Polyphenol Additives
These winemaking additives are used to stabilize color and reduce astringency. Examples are:
• Gum Arabic
• Potassium Caseinate
• Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP)
Gum Arabic
Gum Arabic softens the tannins to help lessen the wines' astringency. Tannins, on the other hand, will bind to these crystals and alter the wine's flavor. This corrective additive also aids in the wine's microbiological stability. That’s why it is best used after the microfiltration process.
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP)
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone is a widely used fining agent to remove low-molecular-weight phenolics. In both white and red wines, it extracts bitter compounds and browning precursors through adsorption.
2. Copper Sulfate
Rotten eggs
These wine making additives are used to correct foul odors and tastes from hydrogen sulfide and its derivatives. Examples are:
Due to errors during winemaking, some wines may end up having a scent similar to rotten eggs because of the presence of hydrogen sulfide.
Since copper sulfate is toxic, only a minimal amount is added to counter the hydrogen sulfide in wine.
3. Enrichment or Sweeteners
These corrective wine additives are added when the grapes do not have enough sweetness. The longest-lived wines have high sugar levels, such as some fortified wines (like Sherry and Port), Riesling, and Sauternes.
Examples of enrichments are:
• Sugar (Chaptalization)
• Reverse Osmosis
• Concentrated Grape Must
• Evaporative Enrichment
Sugar Bowl of sugar with sugar cubes
In regions with cool climates, such as Germany, France, and Northeastern USA, sugar is added to grapes when they lack the natural sweetness needed for fermentation.
Some people think that adding sugar to wine is considered cheating, but others believe that it is needed by certain grape varieties to produce wine.
Reverse Osmosis
In this enrichment process, the wine passes through a very tight filter. The ethanol and water in wine can pass through, except for other elements, such as color, flavor, and tannins.
The water and ethanol solution can also be distilled to separate them. Some of the ethanol is usually removed before mixing all the elements again (including those filtered out).
The water can also be removed to have more concentrated flavors. Winemakers use reverse osmosis to reduce volatile acidity, brett, and notes of smoke taint in wines.
De-enrichment is used to reduce the sweetness of the grapes to produce dry wine. Here are its methods:
• Watering Back or Adding Water
• Reverse Osmosis
Watering Back
Water is added in this process when sugar levels are too high. This method decreases the sugar level, but it also dilutes the quality of the wine. Watering back indicates that the climate or grape selection in the region is out of balance.
4. AcidificationDifferent acids in different containers
These winemaking additives are used to increase the acidity of grapes to create a stable alcoholic beverage. They are commonly added to grapes from warmer regions with low acidity.
Knowing the acid content of wine is important because the higher its acidity is, the longer it will last. The amount of acid in wine also influences its color, brightness, intensity, and taste, among other things.
Here are examples of this corrective additive:
The acids mentioned give the wine a tart flavor and help define its balance, character, texture, or mouthfeel. During filtration and just before bottling, ascorbic acid is also added, which acts as a preservative that prevents oxidation.
5. De-Acidification
This winemaking process is used to decrease the acidity of grapes to make a stable wine. Examples of corrective additives under de-acidification are:
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Carbonate or chalk reduces the acidity by increasing the pH of the wine. It is commonly added in areas with cool weather and places that have a hard time ripening grapes.
Here is a video that further tackles the various wine nutrients, enzymes, and chemicals you need to make wine:
Why Use Wine Making Additives?
When used correctly, wine making additives can improve the age-worthiness and sensory qualities of the alcoholic beverage. They also enhance the color, clarity, and stability of the wine.
Wine making additives do various things that help make wine production simpler by providing control over each step in the process. Additives are also used to fix problems with fermentation and aging.
Wine additives are typically used in mass-produced wines, but small producers utilize them as well.
Can You Make Wine Without Additives?
Yes, you can make wine without using additives. Some people even say that wine is better when no chemicals are added to it.
However, other benefits are sacrificed if you don’t use wine additives since they help the winemaking process become more efficient. An example is the fining of wine. Fining agents work quickly and make wines very clear.
You can create clear wines without fining agents, but it will take a long time. Plus, the wine may not be as crystal clear in appearance.
That’s why you have to consider everything and weigh the pros and cons when using wine additives.
Why Are There Non-Vegetarian Wine Additives?
Winemakers in France and Italy have been adding one or two egg whites to big barrels of wine for hundreds of years.
Free proteins found in the wine will bind to the proteins in the egg white. The egg white and free proteins will then precipitate and fall to the bottom of the barrel after a short while. The clear wine would then be strained off the top, and the sludge would be left behind. Fining and racking is the term for this procedure.
More sophisticated methods achieve similar results, including various microbial products (entirely vegetarian) that serve the same purpose. But wine additives that aren't vegetarian are still commonly used in the present.
Non-Vegetarian Wine Additives
• Casein Milk in different containers
This protein can be derived from milk. It is used for fining sherries and white wines by reducing the phenolic compounds related to browning and bitterness.
Casein is softer than isinglass or gelatin but has fewer clarifying actions. There are different fining agents, such as casein, potassium caseinate, and a combination of potassium caseinate with skim milk and bentonite or silica.
Casein is also an alternative for carbon in removing the wine’s color. It is less effective than carbon, but this fining agent avoids oxidative degradation associated with carbon.
• Isinglass
Isinglass is made from fish bladders. It is an excellent clarifying agent unless you are a vegetarian. This substance is used to reduce the cloudiness in many white wines.
Take note that Isinglass is not a part of the final product because it precipitates out of the wine.
• Egg Albumen
It is used to get rid of phenolic compounds by binding with them. These compounds are related to the harsh astringency that can be found in red wines.
The fining softens and improves the suppleness of the alcoholic beverage. It's usually done when the wine is inside the barrel or just before bottling.
• Food-Grade Gelatin
Red gelatin with berries
Gelatin is used in cooking food and as a clarifying agent in beer and winemaking. It also reduces the amount of phenolic compounds that cause browning, bitterness, and astringency in wine.
Winemakers should only use a small amount of gelatin because it is aggressive and may remove color and cause over fining. Remember only to add gelatin when the wine is too overpowering.
Other examples of non-vegetarian wine additives are:
• Protease (Pepsin)
• Protease (Trypsin)
• Milk Products (pasteurized whole, skimmed, and half-and-half)
Things to Consider When Using Wine Additives
• Transparency
The US government doesn’t require wine producers to have an ingredient list for their products (except for sulfites). This is why consumers are unsure what their bottle of wine contains, and this may cause issues.
An example is Mega Purple which is a super-concentrated grape juice. It is used as an additive to enhance the color and body of red wine. However, it can also stain your teeth and slightly increase the sugar content of wine when it’s added after fermentation. So if you are on a diet, you need to know if your wine contains such sweeteners.
Transparency in winemaking is important but if your wine does not have an ingredient list, try to ask the winemaker or producer.
• Purity
There are minimal studies on the impact of wine additives on human health. And there is no way of identifying what additives you've consumed because wine producers aren't obliged to reveal the additive content of their products.
We believe that wine should be approached similarly to food: the fewer additives, the better. Or the purer a wine is, the safer it would be.
• Quality
Wine additives improve winemaking, but they also affect the drink’s quality. They standardize the taste of wine per batch, removing the alcoholic beverage’s uniqueness in the process.
Every wine has a story of how and when it was made. But due to wine additives, this story could be lost.
Common and corrective are the two main types of wine additives. Common additives help make wine more efficient, while corrective additives remedy the issues you might encounter in winemaking.
We hope this guide to wine making additives and chemicals helped you understand their purpose and importance.
Do you think that additives should be used in wines? Which wine additives do you prefer when making homemade wine? Share your thoughts in the comments below.
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Coca-Cola: Keep Your Soda Cold (Sustainably)
With global temperatures on the rise, Coca-Cola has joined the fight to curtail global climate change.
Coca-Cola, the largest beverage company in the world, has launched a sustainability program that it hopes will reduce its carbon footprint though 2020. Through a series of investments including moving away from damaging coolants and increasing the number of fuel efficient vehicles in its distribution network, Coca-Cola is poised to deliver on their goals and become a more sustainable company.
Refrigeration is Coca-Cola’s largest source of carbon emissions
Depletion of the earth’s ozone layer and increases in surface temperatures have been a known problem for decades [1]. Five years before the initial framework for the now famous Kyoto Protocol was drafted, the Montreal Protocol was ratified with the goal of phasing out chlorofluorocarbsons (CFCs). While the CFC replacements, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and then hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), were not as damaging to the earth’s ozone layer, these compounds still did a great job at trapping heat. So while holes in the ozone layer were not necessarily widening, earth’s surface temperature was still increasing. Two weeks ago, on 15 October 2016, the Montreal Protocol was amended to now phase out HFCs by 2100 [2].
This recent amendment bodes well for Coca-Cola as it reinforces a corporate goal made in 2005 to move to HFC-free refrigeration equipment by 2015 [3]. By mid-2015, though, Coca-Cola realized that it would not be able to meet its ambitious goal and was forced to revise its target year to 2020. The commitment Coca-Cola has put behind this initiative is impressive having already invested more than $100 million over the last ten years to improve the environmental impact of its coolers. Instead of HFCs, the company now uses CO2 based coolants which has a global warming potential 1,430 times lower than HFCs [4]. Why invest so much money in coolers? Because refrigeration is the largest source of Coca-Cola’s carbon emissions footprint [5].
Refrigeration isn’t the only source of emissions
While Coca-Cola has already begun addressing cooling as a means of reducing its carbon footprint, there are still other parts of the value chain that could use emissions optimization. Coca-Cola manages a network of company-owned, company-controlled, and independent distributors to move product around the globe [6]. This delivery fleet contributes 4% of Coca-Colas carbon emissions which in 2014 equated to 3.7 million metric tons of greenhouse gasses. Coca-Cola’s total emissions of 92.5 million metric tons of CO2 puts the company slightly above Israel’s entire 2010 CO2 equivalent emissions [7]. To combat these pollutants, Coca-Cola has and will need to continue to add fuel-efficient vehicles to its distribution process [8].
Preservation of natural resources is essential to long-term sustainability
As the largest beverage company in the world, commodities such as sugarcane, citrus, tea, and water are essential inputs to Coca-Cola’s products. Ensuring a stable, adequate supply of these core components is essential to the long-term success of the company. But as climates change and surface temperatures increase, there is the threat of intensification of weather patterns which can potentially cause large swings in seasonal weather [9]. Events such as floods and draughts could adversely affect crop yields which could in turn cause revenues to decrease (smaller production runs) or raw material costs to increase. Regardless of the direction, large fluctuations, both inter- and intra-season could affect the profitability of Coca-Cola.
To mitigate the effects of variation in commodity yields, Coca-Cola should (and I would be surprised if it did not do this already) purchase futures contracts on the commodities it relies on most. Doing so will allow the company to somewhat dampen the effects of volatile crop yields. In turn, this insurance is an added expense that will also affect Coca-Cola’s profitability. Not controlling raw material costs regardless of climate change would be incredibly irresponsible. But as the population grows, pollution increases, and natural resources become more scarce, it is arguably more important than ever to hedge input pricing risk with futures.
The future of Coca-Cola
On a daily basis, 3.25% of global beverage consumption is some form of Coca-Cola product [6]. To produce enough volume to satisfy the global need requires immense material sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution resources. When operating at this scale, Coca-Cola needs to continue keeping sustainability top-of-mind and to strive towards the sustainability goals that it revised for itself in 2015. If the company can continue reducing carbon emissions and hedging its risk on raw material price spikes, it will continue to be the successful company it has been for the last 130 years.
(736 Words)
[1] MSLJ, “Why world leaders are meeting to discuss hydrofluorocarbons,” The Economist, 9 October 2016.
[2] J. Tollefson, “Nations agree to ban refrigerants that worsen climate change,” Nature, 15 October 2016.
[3] “Coca-Cola 2014/2015 Sustainability Report,” 2015. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 4 November 2016].
[4] P. Forster and V. Ramaswamy, “Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing,” in Climate Change 2007, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[5] Staff, “Cooling Equipment: Pushing Forward with HFC-Free,” Coca-Cola, 20 September 2016. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 3 November 2016].
[6] Coca-Cola, “2015 Form 10-K,” 2015.
[7] “Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 2.0,” World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
[8] Staff, “An Ambitious Goal: Reducing Carbon in Our Value Chain,” Coca-Cola, 20 September 2016. [Online]. Available: [Accessed 3 November 2016].
[9] “Is it global warming or just the weather?,” The Economist, p. 2015, 9 May 2015.
A Slippery Slope: How Can Ski Resorts Adapt to Global Warming?
Student comments on Coca-Cola: Keep Your Soda Cold (Sustainably)
1. You discussed how the preservation of natural resources should be a top priority for Coca Cola, and I totally agree that hedging raw material price spikes with futures makes a ton of sense for the company in the short-term.
In the long-term though, I think that Coca Cola needs to work closely with suppliers. I would argue that they need to help farmers implement more sustainable farming practice, invest further on research and development of disease-resistant crops, etc. Because Coca Cola is such a diversified company with hundreds of different product types (and partners), I could see this being a challenge. It looks like the company is already taking steps to working with the farming community (–climate-talks-should-include-crops), but I wonder what is the best way to go about these initiatives. How should they think about prioritizing certain partners, crops, and product types?
2. Great article – I hadn’t realized how much of an environment impact my can of soda could have! On one hand, it’s ‘refreshing’ to hear that Coca Cola has shifted to CO2 based refrigeration techniques from HCFs, and given the scale of the firm I anticipate that this sets a precedent for other firms globally to rethink how they can make positive contributions to limit the scale of greenhouse emissions. On the other hand, given how soda is typically stored and consumed in the different supply chains, I wonder how successful this program has been for the majority of coca cola drinks consumed. For instance, should Coca Cola leverage it’s power in the market to force local retailers to shift from CFC based refrigeration techniques to CO2 based ones, even when those retailers carry products other than Coca Cola’s?
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The Divine Institutes
Lactantius, a Christian apologist from the 3rd century A.D., devoted this chapter of “The Divine Institutes” to attacking Epicurean ethics:
I have spoken on the subject of philosophy itself as briefly as I could; now let us come to the philosophers, not that we may contend with these, who cannot maintain their ground, but that we may pursue those who are in flight and driven from our battle-field. The system of Epicurus was much more generally followed than those of the others; not because it brings forward any truth, but because the attractive name of pleasure invites many. For every one is naturally inclined to vices. Moreover, for the purpose of drawing the multitude to himself, he speaks that which is specially adapted to each character separately.
He forbids the idle to apply himself to learning; he releases the covetous man from giving largesses to the people; he prohibits the inactive man from undertaking the business of the state, the sluggish from bodily exercise, the timid from military service. The irreligious is told that the gods pay no attention to the conduct of men; the man who is unfeeling and selfish is ordered to give nothing to any one, for that the wise man does everything on his own account. To a man who avoids the crowd, solitude is praised. One who is too sparing, learns that life can be sustained on water and meal. If a man hates his wife, the blessings of celibacy are enumerated to him; to one who has bad children, the happiness of those who are without children is proclaimed; against unnatural parents it is said that there is no bond of nature. To the man who is delicate and incapable of endurance, it is said that pain is the greatest of all evils; to the man of fortitude, it is said that the wise man is happy even under tortures. The man who devotes himself to the pursuit of influence and distinction is enjoined to pay court to kings; he who cannot endure annoyance is enjoined to shun the abode of kings.
Thus the crafty man collects an assembly from various and differing characters; and while he lays himself out to please all, he is more at variance with himself than they all are with one another. But we must explain from what source the whole of this system is derived, and what origin it has.
Epicurus saw that the good are always subject to adversities, poverty, labors, exile, loss of dear friends. On the contrary, he saw that the wicked were happy; that they were exalted with influence, and loaded with honors; he saw that innocence was unprotected, that crimes were committed with impunity: he saw that death raged without any regard to character, without any arrangement or discrimination of age; but that some arrived at old age, while others were carried off in their infancy; that some died when they were now robust and vigorous, that others were cut off by an untimely death in the first flower of youth; that in wars the better men were especially overcome and slain. But that which especially moved him, was the fact that religious men were especially visited with weightier evils, whereas he saw that less evils or none at all fell upon those who altogether neglected the gods, or worshipped them in an impious manner; and that even the very temples themselves were often set on fire by lightning. And of this Lucretius complains, when he says respecting the god:
“Then he may hurl lightnings, and often throw down his temples, and withdrawing into the deserts, there spend his rage in practicing his bolt, which often passes the guilty by, and strikes dead the innocent and unoffending.”
But if he had been able to collect even a small particle of truth, he would never say that the god throws down his own temples, when he throws them down on this account, because they are not his. The Capitol, which is the chief seat of the Roman city and religion, was struck with lightning and set on fire not once only, but frequently. But what was the opinion of clever men respecting this is evident from the saying of Cicero, who says that the flame came from heaven, not to destroy that earthly dwelling-place of Jupiter, but to demand a loftier and more magnificent abode. Concerning which transaction, in the books respecting his consulship, he speaks to the same purport as Lucretius:
“For the father thundering on high, throned in the lofty Olympus, himself assailed his own citadels and famed temples, and cast fires upon his abode in the Capitol.”
In the obstinacy of their folly, therefore, they not only did not understand the power and majesty of the true God, but they even increased the impiety of their error, in endeavoring against all divine law to restore a temple so often condemned by the judgment of Heaven.
Therefore, when Epicurus reflected on these things, induced as it were by the injustice of these matters (for thus it appeared to him in his ignorance of the cause and subject), he thought that there was no providence. And having persuaded himself of this, he undertook also to defend it, and thus he entangled himself in inextricable errors. For if there is no providence, how is it that the world was made with such order and arrangement? He says: There is no arrangement, for many things are made in a different manner from that in which they ought to have been made. And the divine man found subjects of censure.
Now, if I had leisure to refute these things separately, I could easily show that this man was neither wise nor of sound mind. Also, if there is no providence, how is it that the bodies of animals are arranged with such foresight, that the various members, being disposed in a wonderful manner, discharge their own offices individually? The system of providence, he says, contrived nothing in the production of animals; for neither were the eyes made forseeing, nor the ears for hearing, nor the tongue for speaking, nor the feet for walking; inasmuch as these were produced before it was possible to speak, to hear, to see, and to walk. Therefore these were not produced for use; but use was produced from them.
If there is no providence, why do rains fall, fruits spring up, and trees put forth leaves? These things, he says, are not always done for the sake of living creatures, inasmuch as they are of no benefit to providence; but all things must be produced of their own accord. From what source, therefore, do they arise, or how are all things which are carried on brought about? There is no need he says, of supposing a providence; for there are seeds floating through the empty void, and from these, collected together without order, all things are produced and take their form. Why, then, do we not perceive or distinguish them? Because, he says, they have neither any color, nor warmth, nor smell; they are also without flavor and moisture; and they are so minute, that they cannot be cut and divided.
Thus, because he had taken up a false principle at the commencement, the necessity of the subjects which followed led him to absurdities. For where or from whence are these atoms? Why did no one dream of them besides Leucippus only? from whom Democritus, having received instructions, left to Epicurus the inheritance of his folly. And if these are minute bodies, and indeed solid, as they say, they certainly are able to fall under the notice of the eyes. If the nature of all things is the same, how is it that they compose various objects? They meet together, he says, in varied order and position as the letters which, though few in number, by variety of arrangement make up innumerable words. But it is urged the letters have a variety of forms. And so, he says, have these first principles; for they are rough, they are furnished with hooks, they are smooth. Therefore they can be cut and divided, if there is in them any part which projects. Bat if they are smooth and without hooks, they cannot cohere. They ought therefore to he hooked, that they may be linked together one with another. But since they are said to be so minute that they cannot be cut asunder by the edge of any weapon, how is it that they have hooks or angles? For it must be possible for these to be torn asunder, since they project.
In the next place, by what mutual compact, by what discernment, do they meet together, so that anything may be constructed out of them? If they are without intelligence, they cannot come together in such order and arrangement; for nothing but reason can bring to accomplishment anything in accordance with reason. With how many arguments can this trifling be refuted! But I must proceed with my subject. This is he
“Who surpassed in intellect the race of man, and quenched the light of all, as the ethereal sun arisen quenches the stars.”
Which verses I am never able to read without laughter. For this was not said respecting Socrates or Plato, who are esteemed as kings of philosophers, but concerning a man who, though of sound mind and vigorous health, raved more senselessly than any one diseased. And thus the most vain poet, I do not say adorned, but overwhelmed and crushed, the mouse with the praises of the lion. But the same man also releases us from the fear of death, respecting which these are his own exact words:
“When we are in existence, death does not exist; when death exists, we have no existence: therefore death is nothing to us.”
How cleverly he has deceived us! As though it were death now completed which is an object of fear, by which sensation has been already taken away, and not the very act of dying, by which sensation is being taken from us. For there is a time in which we ourselves even yet exist, and death does not yet exist; and that very time appears to be miserable, because death is beginning to exist, and we are ceasing to exist.
Nor is it said without reason that death is not miserable. The approach of death is miserable; that is, to waste away by disease, to endure the thrust, to receive the weapon in the body, to be burnt with fire, to be torn by the teeth of beasts. These are the things which are feared, not because they bring death, but because they bring great pain. But rather make out that pain is not an evil. He says it is the greatest of all evils.
How therefore can I fail to fear, if that which precedes or brings about death is an evil? Why should I say that the argument is false, inasmuch as souls do not perish? But, he says, souls do perish; for that which is born with the body must perish with the body. I have already stated that I prefer to put off the discussion of this subject, and to reserve it for the last part of my work, that I may refute this persuasion of Epicurus, whether it was that of Democritus or Dicaearchus, both by arguments and divine testimonies. But perhaps he promised himself impunity in the indulgence of his vices; for he was an advocate of most disgraceful pleasure, and said that man was born for its enjoyment.
Who, when he hears this affirmed, would abstain from the practice of vice and wickedness? For; if the soul is doomed to perish, let us eagerly pursue riches, that we may be able to enjoy all kinds of indulgence; and if these are wanting to us, let us take them away from those who have them by stealth, by stratagem, or by force, especially if there is no God who regards the actions of men: as long as the hope of impunity shall favor us, let us plunder and put to death. For it is the part of the wise man to do evil, if it is advantageous to him, and safe; since, if there is a God in heaven, He is not angry with any one. It is also equally the part of the foolish man to do good; because, as he is not excited with anger, so he is not influenced by favor.
Therefore let us live in the indulgence of pleasures in every possible way; for in a short time we shall not exist at all. Therefore let us suffer no day, in short, no moment of time, to pass away from us without pleasure; lest, since we ourselves are doomed to perish, the life which we have already spent should itself also perish.
Although he does not say this in word, yet he teaches it in fact. For when he maintains that the wise man does everything for his own sake, he refers all things which he does to his own advantage. And thus he who hears these disgraceful things, will neither think that any good tiring ought to be done, since the conferring of benefits has reference to the advantage of another; nor that he ought to abstain from guilt, because the doing of evil is attended with gain.
If any chieftain of pirates or leader of robbers were exhorting his men to acts of violence, what other language could he employ than to say the same things which Epicurus says: that the gods take no notice; that they are not affected with anger nor kind feeling; that the punishment of a future state is not to be dreaded, because souls die after death, and that there is no future state of punishment at all; that pleasure is the greatest good; that there is no society among men; that every one consults for his own interest; that there is no one who loves another, unless it be for his own sake; that death is not to be feared by a brave man, nor any pain; for that he, even if he should be tortured or burnt, should say that he does not regard it. There is evidently sufficient cause why any one should regard this as the expression of a wise man, since it can most fittingly be applied to robbers!
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Graphic representation of a Neurone
Graphic representation of a Neuron
Mindfulness - Neurons that fire together wire together - Rewiring the brain and the implications for our personal suffering.
For a long time neuroscience assumed the brain was static. More recent discoveries show that the brain changes according to our experiences and the way we use it. Mindfulness, a particular way of using the brain, can be used to rewire our brains and transform our negative feelings and habits into positive and enjoyable ones.
Around 25 years ago neuroscience went through a dramatic change in perspective that had profound implications for mindfulness practitioners in that it can greatly deepen our understanding of our practice. To be able to describe neuroscience’s big discovery, first some basic facts: the brain is astoundingly complex, typically containing some 100 billion nerve cells called neurons.
As shown in the animation above, each neuron is capable of making thousands, sometimes hundreds of thousands of connections with other neurons using chemicals called neurotransmitters that transmit electrical signals along complex cellular pathways. “Thoughts, memories, emotions—all emerge from the electro-chemical interactions of neurons,” states writer Nicholas Carr. (1)
Until the 1980s, received wisdom in neuroscience was that the brain developed during childhood until it reached a fixed form that remained the same during adulthood.
However, due to pioneering research in the 1980s, most famously by Professor Michael Merzenich, this orthodoxy was turned on its head. Since then it has become widely accepted that the brain constantly rewires itself in response to changes in our feelings, thoughts, experiences, and the way we use our body. This phenomenon is referred to as the plasticity of the brain. In computer a computer analogy, the software can shape the hardware, just as much as the other way round. Neuroscience today is governed by what’s known as Hebb’s rule: “neurones that fire together wire together.” The brain gets less plastic as we grow older, but the capacity for rewiring remains.
The time lapse film below shows Neuron growth through connection. As you watch, your neurons are making synapses of the fact your neurons are making synapses of watching neurons make synapses. Without being overly dramatic, this is what the physical process of learning actually looks like.
Conversely, just as it is possible for the software to change the hardware for the better, it can also change the hardware for the worse. Moreover, in Carr’s words, “plastic does not mean elastic.” Neural pathways become entrenched, and the more entrenched they become, the harder it becomes to rewire them. These older entrenched pathways are paths of least resistance amongst which neurons like to communicate with each other, propelling us to keep repeating similar feelings, thoughts and actions. Every time we fire off a particular pathway, it increases the likelihood of us doing it again.
There are many parallels with the practice as mindfulness, in particular as taught by the famous Vietnamese Zen monk, Thich Nhat Hanh (also known simply as Thây), who has been instrumental in modernizing Buddhist thought and practice and making it relevant for everyone.
The essence of mindfulness practice is to develop singularity of thought, ie concentration, which can help us get us out of out of habitual thinking and feeling and to stop triggering our habitual neural pathways of suffering.
Graphic representation of emotional and physiological interpretations of Neural activity.
Mindfulness, in effect, allows us to consciously rewire our brain for more well-being. Mindfulness is intentional, it is based on our free will, and we need to be “awake” to practice it. Free will can be applied in many ways. An athlete or musician will construct neural pathways in his or her brain through endless deliberate practice. However, the practice of an athlete or musician will rarely be self-aware, and while it may push pathways of suffering out of sight, it won’t transform them.
Mindfulness may be the only state of mind that is wholly deliberate and wholly self-aware and that is able to embrace other states of mind, transform them, and foster well-being in doing so, thereby allowing us to consciously rewire our brain.
Using a positive visualization or mantra as proposed by Thich Nhat Hanh, “this is a happy moment,” is a good example: and as simple and naïve as it may sound to our ‘sophisticated’ western minds, it trains the brain to create and deepen a neural pathway of well-being that might otherwise not be there. Conversely, if we focus on the negative, we keep firing and strengthen the neural pathways associated with our suffering.
We also all know that certain ways of expressing our suffering can make us feel lighter and freer, while others appear to deepen it. One main reason for the difference between “rehearsing” suffering and transforming it lies in whether we embrace our suffering with mindfulness or not, another factor is the way we look at it—wrong views trigger the very thoughts that cause and entrench our suffering. If we don’t embrace suffering with mindfulness, compassion and deep understanding, we will almost inevitably be caught in habitual suffering. But if we embrace our suffering in this way, and with mindfulness recognise the thoughts that trigger it, we can transform the energy of our suffering so that it becomes available for our well-being.
Image of young woman with graphic of a confused mind
In addition, Thich Nhat Hanh has always disagreed with a widespread view in Western society that we can get rid of unpleasant feelings, particularly anger, simply through expressing them. He often warns against the danger of rehearsing these feelings, and neuroplasticity shows us that repeatedly firing off our neurological pathway indeed risks strengthening those very pathways. And so, again contrary to a lot of Western thinking, Thây has long recommended that we don’t overdo the digging into their suffering, but that healing instead begins with watering our seeds of well-being.
Once we are stable and our sense of well-being is strong enough we can look at our suffering again and have a chance to transform it, rather than risk being overwhelmed by it.
It is important to remember that there are no magic formulas or strategies: the crucial point is that we need to be very mindful at any point of whether we’re transforming our suffering, or rehearsing it.
The full text from which the above has been adapted can be found at http://tingen.org/mindfulness-rewire-brain/
* Jeffrey Schwartz and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. (Harper – Perrenial, 2002).
Activity of a single neuron (gold) in the cortex region of the brain.
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The disparities in housing and public health within the BAME community and the pandemic crisis
Cllr. Ketan Sheth
Public Health is important: it prolongs life. A fundamental quality of Public Health is its preventative nature; prevention is far more effective and far less expensive than cure. Public Health is important because we are constantly striving to close the inequality gap between people and encourage equal opportunities for children, all ethnicities and genders. Health is a human right and we should be ensuring no one is disadvantaged, regardless of their background, their ethnicity or where they live. Becoming the voice for people who have no voice is our collective duty. Simply put, our influence on the improvement of someone’s health is a fundamental act of kindness.
Poor housing and living environments cause or contribute to many preventable diseases, such as respiratory, nervous system and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. An unsatisfactory home environment, with air and noise pollution, lack of green spaces, lack of personal space, poor ventilation and mobility options, all pose health risks, and in part have contributed to the spread of Covid-19. The disparities in housing and public health within the BAME community have persisted for decades cannot be doubted, and is underscored by a raft of research over the past six decades as well as highlighted by the recent analysis of the impact of Covid -19. The death rate among British black Africans and British Pakistanis from coronavirus in English hospitals is more than 2.5 times that of the white population.
What are the possible reasons? A third of all working-age Black Africans are employed in key worker roles, much more than the share of the White British population. Additionally Pakistani, Indian and Black African men are respectively 90%, 150% and 310% more likely to work in healthcare than white British men. While cultural practices and genetics have been mooted as possible explanations for the disparities, higher levels of social deprivation, particularly poor housing may be part of the cause, and that some ethnic groups look more likely than others to suffer economically from the lockdown.
Homelessness has grown in BAME communities, from 18% to 36% over the last two decades – double the presence of ethnic minorities in the population. BAME households are also far more likely to live in overcrowded, inadequate or fuel poor housing. What’s more, around a quarter of BAME households live in the oldest pre-1919 built homes. And their homes less often include safety features such as fire alarms, which is striking given the recent Grenfell Tower tragedy. Over-concentration of BAME households in the
neighbourhoods in London, linked to poor housing conditions and lower economic status all ensure negative impacts on health, all of which means lower life expectancy. The roll-out of Universal Credit is having greater effects on the living standards of BAME people since a larger percentage experience poverty, receive benefits and tax credits, and live in large families.
Larger household size also means that ethnic minorities are far more vulnerable to housing displacement because of the Bedroom Tax or subject to financial penalties if they do not move to a smaller home.
These stark facts, sharply bring to our attention the health, social and economic inequalities among our minority ethnic community, all of which are critical to understanding why some ethnic minority groups are bearing the brunt of Covid-19. In this time of reflection, it is not enough to observe; we must think about what more we can do, right now, to reduce the health, housing and economic vulnerabilities that our BAME communities are much more exposed to in these fragile times. Let’s act and prolong life together, as a flourishing community.
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The Four Great Discoveries of Modern Science That Prove God Exists/Program 1
By: Dr. Stephen Meyer; ©2011
What are the competing scientific views held today, and how does the latest evidence overwhelmingly point toward an Intelligent Designer rather than an eternal past or naturalistic creative process? Dr. Stephen Meyer joins Dr. John Ankerberg.
Announcer: Today what are the four great discoveries of modern science that prove God exists? The first great discovery of modern science is that the universe had a beginning. Where did it come from? Historian of science Fred Burnham has written, “The God Hypothesis is now a more persuasive and respectable hypothesis than at any time in the last 100 years.” The second great scientific discovery is that space and time also had a beginning. This discovery demands an explanation. It calls for a transcendent cause beyond the universe itself. The third great discovery of modern science is that the laws and constants of the universe have been fine tuned for human life to exist. As physicist Fred Hoyle has written, “A commonsense interpretation of the evidence suggests a super intellect has monkeyed with physics and chemistry as well as biology to make life possible.” The fourth great discovery of modern science is the digital code embedded in the DNA molecule in every human cell. The 3 billion characters of precise information in the digital code instruct the cell how build complex molecules to do the work so the cell can stay alive. Where did this specified information come from? It is compelling evidence of an intelligent designer for the origin of human life. My guest today who will explain these four great scientific discoveries is Dr. Stephen Meyer, who received his PhD in the Philosophy of Science from Cambridge University. He is co-founder of the intelligent design movement in the world and a Senior fellow at the Discovery Institute. We invite you to join us for this special edition of the John Ankerberg Show.
Dr. John Ankerberg: Welcome to our program, we’re talking with Dr. Stephen Meyer, philosopher of science, who got his PhD at Cambridge, in England. He’s written a bestselling book “Signature in the Cell” that we’ve been looking at in past programs, “DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design.” And what we have seen is that if you look at the cell, you’ve got trillions of cells in your body, those cells are so filled with information, and we’ve looked at some of that information and that screams for an intelligent designer. That’s what the evidence shows when you look through the microscope. When you look through the telescope, which is where we’re going now, I think you’re going to see design there as well. But that’s not the worldview that’s at large. We’ve got new atheists like Richard Dawkins, who wrote “The God Delusion,” Christopher Hitchens, “God is Not Great,” Sam Harris, “The End of Faith,” and others.
Richard Dawkins said everything, whether here or other worlds, where you see intelligent design, it’s not really an intelligent designer that’s doing it. There is no intelligence out there, it’s an illusion. Now, Stephen, when you were working on your PhD at Cambridge, you investigated that worldview and compared it to how science actually started. Talk about that.
Dr. Stephen Meyer: Well, it’s really been kind of a life-long journey investigating these big questions and the relationship between science and the larger worldviews that we humans formulate to make sense of our experience. And what Dawkins is saying is that science, properly understood, undermines belief in God, it challenges belief in God. And his argument runs something like this: he says that the strongest argument for believing in God was always the argument from design. When Darwin came along, we came to understand that there is no design in nature, only the illusion or the appearance of design. And therefore belief in God is tantamount to a delusion, and that’s the title of his famous book, “The God Delusion.”
What strikes me about that is just how at odds his perspective is with the perspective of the scientists who actually founded what we call modern science. If we go back to the period of Newton and Kepler and Boyle and Galileo and Copernicus, the period that historians of science call the scientific revolution, the concept of design, intelligent design, was actually part of the foundation of the whole scientific enterprise. The scientists at that time, had a watch-word or a kind of a motto and it was the idea of “intelligibility.” They believed that they could study nature and make sense of it because it was intelligible to the human mind. Why? Because it had been designed by a rational intellect, namely in their view, the Judeo-Christian God.
Ankerberg: Give me a few examples.
Meyer: Well, there are many scientists who had this perspective. But take, for example, the founder of modern biology, John Ray, in his book, it was actually titled “The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation,” which was a paraphrase of a passage in the book of Romans, in the Bible, that affirms that from the things that are made, the unseen qualities of the Creator can be known, including his wisdom. You find this perspective in physics as well. In fact it is a whole series of scientists that express this. Johannes Kepler said that, “we, as scientists, have the high calling of thinking God’s thoughts after him.” What are we doing? We’re perceiving the design, the order, the structure that he put into the universe, the mathematical harmony that was put into the universe. That was Kepler’s perspective. I think this perspective reached, in a sense, a kind of magisterial epitome in the works of Newton. He wrote in both the “Opticks,” his famous work on the eye and light, and in his most famous work of all, the “Principia,” he made design arguments. Many scientists assumed design, Newton wanted to establish it by the evidence based upon what you might call the fine-tuning of the arrangement of the planets in the solar system. He was aware that gravity provided a force that was being harnessed to keep everything going, but he also realized that the forces of gravity that were in play from one planet to another, and the sun to the different planets, were so complicated that it was very difficult to imagine how you could get all those forces to balance to maintain a stable orbit. So, in the “Principia,” he actually argues that the best explanation of that fine-tuning of the planetary configuration is the design of an intelligent and powerful Being, with a capital “B”.
Let me read you the quote, it’s very elegantly stated, he says, “Though these bodies may indeed continue in their orbits by the mere laws of gravity, yet they could by no means have first derived the regular position of the orbits themselves from those laws.” He’s talking about what physicists today call initial conditions; they’re finely tuned to allow for this system to be stable. “Thus this most beautiful system of the sun, comets, and planets could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being.” This is Newton’s argument in what is arguably one of the greatest works of physics ever written. It’s right in the structure of his case.
So, it raises, for me, a kind of curious question when I listen to Dawkins, which is, how do we get from Newton and Kepler and Galileo and Copernicus, from those guys, with their perspective that design is not only necessary for doing science but evident in the natural world, to these modern new atheists who say that science has shown there’s no design and therefore belief in God is delusional?
Ankerberg: Alright, Stephen, let’s answer that question, how did we get from Newton to Dawkins?
Meyer: It’s a great question. There’s a great story that goes with it. It really is the story of 19th century science and what began to change. There’s the first part of it has to do with a man named Laplace. He was a French physicist who wanted to show that you could do what Newton what said you couldn’t do, which was explain the origin of the solar system itself, as a result of purely undirected natural forces without recourse to any designing intelligence.
He wrote a book called The Celestial Mechani that became a great classic in physics, in which he attempted to do that. He apparently was called before Napoleon to receive commendation for making French science proud as a result of publishing this book. And as the story goes, Napoleon tells him, you know, what a wonderful job he’s done, showed up the British and wrote this great book of science. But he noticed that he didn’t mention God in his scientific works, and yet Sir Isaac Newton had mentioned him on nearly every page. And Laplace is said to have kind of puffed himself up and he said, “Sire, I have no need of that hypothesis.” And we don’t know if this is actually true, but it became emblematic of what would unfold in the 19th century, as science explained more of these great events in the history of the cosmos, these origins events.
Laplace attempted to explain the origin of the solar system. Lyell came along in geology and attempted to explain the origin of the great geological features as a result of the outworking of slow, gradual, naturalistic processes, whether the mountains or the canyons or what have you. Then Darwin came along and explained the origin of the new species from simpler pre-existing species. Scientists followed him, attempted to explain the origin of the life, those we’ve talked about in previous sections of this show, not so successfully. But by the end of the 19th century, there was this perspective that you could have a completely, seamless, naturalistic account of the whole of the universe, from the origin of the solar system to the origin of the planet earth and the canyons, to the origin of life to the origin of new species, even to the origin of man, as Darwin extended his idea of evolution to account for the human species.
So, it was a kind of a seamless, naturalistic account. And one scientist has said of Darwin, that he helped establish this materialistic worldview. Douglas Futuyma, in his standard evolutionary textbook says, “By coupling the undirected, purposeless variations to the blind uncaring process of natural selection, Darwin made theological or spiritual explanations of life superfluous.” He had no need of that hypothesis, just as Laplace had no need of it. So, by the end of the 19th century, you have not only a series of theories about origins, you have a kind of comprehensive worldview that gives a full account of where everything came from, without any recourse to a designing mind, to a Creator, to God, any external agent of any kind. And so, you know, that’s how we got from Newton to Dawkins. And Dawkins, in talking about the new atheism, is really recycling the perspective of the late 19th century.
Ankerberg: Alright, we’re going to take a break and when we come back, we’re going to turn the corner. We’re going to talk about the new scientific evidence that refutes the materialistic, naturalistic world view and refutes the new and what the’re saying that there is no evidence of design when you look at the universe. We’re going to talk about that and he’s going to lay it out for you. Stick with us. We’ll be right back.
Ankerberg: Alright, we’re back and we’re talking with Dr. Stephen Meyer, philosopher of science, and we’re talking about: What is the materialistic worldview and what is the scientific evidence that is starting to refute that?
Meyer: Well, if you think about what we were talking about in the last segment, how the scientists in the 19th century had developed a series of ideas about how all the big things in the universe arose, they had an explanation (or, at least, so they thought) for the origin of the solar system, for the origin of the great geologic features, the origin of new forms of life, the first life, they had this seamless, materialistic account. But if you were to ask a question about that, there was one unanswered question, and it was, well, where did all the matter come from in the first place? Where did all the particles and the gases come from that were necessary, to build even the solar system?
Well, that didn’t bother scientists in the 19th century so much because they assumed that the universe was infinite, that it had always been here. So, if you want to tell the story of the cosmos, you go back from human life, to simpler life, to the first life, to the chemicals, out of which the first life was made, to the elementary particles, and those have been here from eternity past. And so the materialistic worldview could be summarized in a kind of a little credo that runs something like this: from eternity past were the particles, not “in the beginning was the…,” you know, but from eternity past were the particles, and the particles arranged themselves and became more complex stuff, more complex chemicals. And the chemicals arranged themselves and became the first living cell. And that eventually evolved by undirected materialistic processes, namely natural selection, and that cell became more complex life. And those living forms eventually conceived of the idea of God. You know, they became aware first, and then conceived of the idea of God.
So, in the materialistic worldview, there is a place for God, but God is a concept in the mind of one of the evolved forms of life, namely us, but God has no reality. And what is fundamental, what is the thing from which everything else comes, is the particles, is matter and energy that has been here from eternity past. So, that’s a perspective that’s not just based on certain scientific theories, it’s comprehensive and in that sense it’s a kind of a philosophy or a worldview, a comprehensive way of looking at everything.
Ankerberg: Very clear, very clear picture of the materialistic view. Now, let’s get into the stuff – what’s the new science that is destroying that?
Meyer: Well, remember, one of the key premises that is in this worldview is that matter and energy are eternal and self-existent and then also self-organizing. But the fabulous, extraordinary discovery of modern cosmology is that the universe is not eternal, that it’s not always been here, time is not infinite in duration, going all the way back. And what first made scientists aware of this were things that they were seeing through the telescopes, the dome telescopes that came on the scene in the 1920s.
And this is a photograph of Edwin Hubble, for whom the Hubble telescope of today is named. Hubble began to work in astronomy at a very propitious time, right in the 1920s, as these great dome telescopes were being designed and created. And as a result of these telescopes, they could capture a great deal of light coming from the night sky. And we’re able to resolve little tiny pinpricks of light that previously we couldn’t make out. And before the 1920s there was a debate among astronomers as to whether or not the Milky Way, the galaxy in which our solar system resides, was the only galaxy or not. What Hubble discovered was, first of all, that there were many galaxies in every quadrant of the sky. And I’ve got some photos, of some, just they’re absolutely beautiful. Here he is at his telescope having a look, and he’s got spindle nebulae that he discovers – and some of these are some of his original photographic plates – spiral nebula, sketches that he made of these beautiful, galactic phenomena.
And now we know that as you look at any, any quadrant of the sky, in which you chose to focus, and then you magnify that, that’s what’s called the “Hubble deep field,” that even the tiniest little quadrant is just chock-full of galaxies in every direction. So it’s an immense and enormous universe. That’s the first thing he discovers.
But the second thing is even more significant, philosophically and scientifically, and that is that the galaxies, the light coming from these galaxies is shifted in the electromagnetic spectrum from red to violet. It’s shifted in the red direction of the spectrum, indicating that the light is coming from objects that are receding, that are moving away from us very fast. Some of your viewers would probably remember the Doppler Effect. We’re aware of it with sound; if you have a train received from the pitch of the train, the [sound] goes down. The same thing happens with light. If an object is receding, the wavelength stretches out and longer wavelengths correspond to the red end of the spectrum. So light that’s shifted in the red direction is indicating a recessional velocity: the thing is moving away from us. And what Hubble discovered was that no matter which quadrant of the sky we look, we find galaxies that are moving away from us. And that led to an amazing, amazing conclusion, which is that the universe is expanding and it’s expanding outward in all directions, it’s a kind of a spherical expansion, if you will.
And I’ve got a way of illustrating that, if you will, okay? And this is a simple balloon. But the idea, if every galaxy is moving away from us and if the further away it is, the faster it’s going, which is something else that Hubble discovered. The only way to make sense of that is that the universe is expanding in a spherical way, like this. (Blows up the balloon.) In other words, as you’re going in the forward direction of time, the galaxies are moving further away from each other and the universe is expanding. (Adds more air to balloon.) Okay. Real simple illustration, kind of an oval-shaped universe here. Anyway, what happens though, think about this. What happens as you begin to back extrapolate, as the scientists say, as you begin to think about the universe would have been like 1000 years ago, or 100,000 years ago or 1,000,000 years ago, you go back as far as you want, and at each step back the universe is going to be getter smaller and smaller and smaller and smaller (slowly releases air from balloon) until finally you get to a point where all the matter in the universe is congealed into a single point. And that marks the beginning of expansion, and also the beginning of the universe itself.
And so, contrary to the 19th century perspective that said that the universe was eternal and self-existing and it was infinite in duration in time going back, Hubble’s discovery was the first of many indicators that the universe actually had a definite beginning; in fact, a definite beginning in time. And that established now what we refer to as “the finite nature of the universe.” It’s not infinite in time, it’s finite, it has a beginning.
Ankerberg: Next was Einstein.
Meyer: Well, Einstein has a very interesting role in this story, because he, you know, the guy with the bad hair that we all know that is the icon of science itself. And he was working on a theory called “general relativity” in the teens. We’re prior to Hubble. This is a theory of gravity, that implied that massive objects cause space itself to actually bend or create a curvature of space. And his theory implied that the universe was expanding and decelerating, as if,… a good illustration might be like a fire-cracker – you light it, you throw it in the air, it goes ka-bang and then you have the paper shrapnel, that first accelerates very quickly and then kind of flutters, flutters to the ground. And in other words, the implication of his theory, and the math that described what the universe was doing, implied that the universe was expanding and decelerating, but then if you wind the clock back again, that it had a beginning. So, Einstein’s theory and Hubble’s observations converged on this conclusion that there must be a beginning.
But the interesting part of the story is that Einstein didn’t want to believe his own results. He didn’t want to believe his own math. And so what he did is, he posited an arbitrary value for one of the constants in his equation. His equation, his the field equations of relativity, general relativity implied that the universe was expanding, and it had to be expanding to counteract the force of gravity, because if we only had gravity, we’d all collapse into one big ball. So, he posited not only gravity, but there was an expansion force, but then he posited another force of just the right strength, a contracting force that would counteract the expansion force. And that was called his “cosmological constant.” Now, he had no physical justification for this, no evidence to support this. But he was, at the time, strongly persuaded of the naturalistic, the materialistic worldview that said that the universe was eternal and infinite in time. And the idea of a beginning to the universe was just abhorrent to him, so he posited this as a kind of philosophical necessity to keep the universe static, and thereby eternal in time. And he later learned, that, well, he’d made a bit of a mistake on that. In fact, it was encountering Hubble that got him to change his mind again.
Ankerberg: Einstein made up this cosmological constant, and yet later on the evidence brought him back and showed him that he was wrong, and he admitted that he was wrong. What happened?
Meyer: Well, it’s a famous story. He was invited out to the Palomar Observatory, Mt. Wilson, in southern California. Hubble had made these amazing discoveries about the expanding universe. He writes to Einstein and invites him to come out and see what he’s seen, and there’s some newsreel footage from the time. Einstein goes out, he meets with these other scientists, the media’s gathered there. He goes in, he looks in the telescope, it’s all pre-staged. But when he comes out, he says in his heavy German accent, he says, “I now see the necessity of a beginning.” And he later announced that his fudge factor, the precise value that he set for the cosmological constant, was the greatest mistake of his scientific career; that instead of a infinite universe, universe infinite in time, there was now decisive evidence from the heavens, from the telescope, that there was a definite beginning to the universe, just as his theory of general relativity first implied.
So, he had these two strains of scientific discovery, one theoretical, one empirical, converging on the conclusion there must be a beginning, in stark contradiction to the key tenant of the naturalistic worldview that says that the universe is eternal and self-existent and infinite in time. So, this is a huge challenge to the scientific materialism.
Ankerberg: Next week we’re going to turn the corner and we’re going to talk about the fact is, yeah, that rubbed the scientists the wrong way, because it knocked out their naturalistic, materialistic worldview. And so they fought back, and they had other theories that they proposed, and we’re going to look at those theories and we’re going to see that science continues to refute those theories. So, folks, join us next week.
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Mathomathis would like to present an article on Concepts of Space, Time, and Consciousness in Ancient India by notable author Subhash Kak (Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803-5901) March 5, 1999. The artcile describes Indian ideas of the early-Puraana / Mahaabhaarata times (centuries BC) on the nature of space, time and consciousness that would be of interest to the physicist. In order to simplify references, we quote mainly from Yoga-Vasistha (YV), which is representative of that period of Indian thought. YV professes to be a book of instruction on the nature of consciousness but it has many fascinating passages on time, space, matter and cognition. This paper presents a random selection that has parallels with recent speculations in physics. It also presents a brief account of the context in which ideas of YV developed.
Ancient Indian ideas of physics, available to us through a variety of sources, are generally not known in the physics world. Indian astronomer/physicists, starting with a position that sought to unify space, time, matter, and consciousness, argued for relativity of space and time, cyclic and recursively defined universes, and a non-anthropocentric view. The two most astonishing numerical claims from the ancient Indians are: a cyclic system of creation of the universe with a period of 8.64 billion years, although there exist longer cycles as well and speed of light to be 4,404 yojanas per nimesa, which is almost exactly 186,000 miles per second (Kak, 1998)
A critic would see the numbers as no more than idle coincidences. But within the Indian tradition it is believed that reality, as a kind of a universal state function, transcends the separate categories of space, time, matter, and observation. In this function, called Brahman in the literature, inhere all categories including knowledge. The conditioned mind can, by tuning” in to Brahman, obtain knowledge, although it can only be expressed in terms of the associations already experienced by the mind. Within the Indian tradition, scientific knowledge describes as much aspects of outer reality as the topography of the mindscape. Furthermore, there are connections between the outer and the inner and we can comprehend reality only because we are already equipped to do so! Author’s certain papers listed in the bibliography can serve as an introduction to these ideas and point to further references for the reader to examine.
Two philosophical systems at the basis of Indian physics|and metaphysics| are Samkhya and Vaisesika. Samkhya, which is an ancient system that goes back to the 3rd millennium BC, posits 25 basic categories together with constituent qualities, which evolve indifferent ways to create the universe at the microcosmic as well as the macrocosmic levels. It also presupposes a potential” (tanmatra) to be more basic than the material entity. Vaisesika is a later system which is an atomic theory with the non-atomic ground of ether, space, and time upon which rest four different classes of indestructible atoms which combine in a variety of ways to constitute all matter; it also considers mind to be atomic (Kak, 1999). These systems presuppose genesis and evolution both at the cosmic and psychological levels. They also accept cyclic and multiple universes, and centrality of observers. Unfortunately, historians of science are generally oblivious of Indian physics, astronomy or cosmology. Amongst popular books, Paul Halpern’s The Cyclical Serpent (1995) is an unusual book in that it places modern speculations regarding an oscillating universe within the context of the cyclic cosmology of the Puranas, but even this book doesn’t define a context for the Indian ideas. In this article author presents, in a capsule form, the basic Indian ideas on space, time, and observation from the age of the epics and the early Puraanas. The ideas of these period seem to belong to last centuries BC and they are described in the Mahabharata, Puraanas, and the early Siddhantas. To keep our sources to a minimum, author uses mainly Yoga-Vasistha (YV), which is an ancient Indian text, over 29,000 verses long, traditionally attributed to Valmiki, author of the epic Ramayana, which is over two thousand years old.
Vedic and Puranic Cosmology: The Vedas are texts that represent the ancient knowledge tradition of India. While their compilations go back to at least the third millennium, some of their contents might be even older (Feuerstein et al, 1995). There are several statements in the Vedic texts about the universe being infinite, while at the same time the finite distance to the sun is explicitly mentioned (Kak, 1998a-d). Aditi, the great mother of the gods, is a personification of the concept of infinity. A famous mantra speaks of how taking infinity out of infinity leaves it unchanged. This indicates that paradoxical properties of the notion of infinity were known. In a reference to mapping the outer world into an altar made of bricks, the Yajurveda (hymn 17) names numbers in multiples of ten that go upto ten hundred thousand million. This also suggests a belief in a very large universe.
The Satapatha Brahmana, a commentatorial prose text on the Veda, that most likely goes back to the early centuries of the second millennium BC, provides an overview of some broad aspects of Vedic cosmology. The sixth chapter of the book, entitled Creation of the Universe”, speaks of the creation of the earth later than that of other stars. Creation is seen to proceed under the aegis of the Prajapati (reference either to a star or to abstract time) with the emergence of Asva, Rasabha, Aja and Kurma before the emergence of the earth. Visvanatha Vidyalankara suggests that these are the sun (Asva), Gemini (Rasabha), Aja (Capricorn) and Kurma (Cassiopeia). This identification is supported by etymological considerations. The Rigveda 1.164.2 and Nirukta 4.4.27 define Asva as the sun. Rasabha which literally means the twin asses are defined in Nighantu 1.15 as Asvinau which later usage suggests are Castor and Pollux in Gemini. In Western astronomy the twin asses are to be found in the next constellation of Cancer as Asellus Borealis and Asellus Australis. Aja (goat) is defined by Nighant.u 1.15 as a sun and owing to the continuity that we see in the Vedic and later European names for constellations (as in the case of the Great Bear) it is reasonable to identify it as the constellation Capricorn (caper goat + cornu horn). Kurma is a synonym of Kasyapa (tortoise) which is like Cassiopeia (from Greek Kassiopeia), and it is appropriate because it is near the pole. The Puraan. as view the universe to have a diameter of about 500 million yojanas, but beyond the universe lies the limitless Pradhana, that has within it countless other universes (Kak, 1998a).
The Yoga-Vasistha: The internal evidence of the Yoga-Vasistha (YV) indicates that it was authored or compiled later than the Ramayana. Chapple (1984) summarizes the views of various scholars who date it variously as early as the sixth century AD or as late as the 13th or the 14th century. Dasgupta (1975, 1932) dated it about the sixth century AD on the basis that one of its verses appears to be copied from one of Kalidasa’s plays considering Kalidasa to have lived around the 5th century. The traditional date of of Kalidasa is 50 BC and new arguments (Kak 1990) support this earlier date so that the estimates regarding the age of YV are further muddled and it is possible that this text could be 2000 years old.
YV may be viewed as a book of philosophy or as a philosophical novel. It describes the instruction given by Vasistha to Lord Rama. Its premise may be termed radical idealism and it is couched in a fashion that has many parallels with the notion of a participatory universe argued by Wheeler and others. Its most interesting passages from the scientic point of view relate to the description of the nature of space, time, matter, and consciousness. It should be emphasized that the YV ideas do not stand in isolation. Similar ideas are to be found in the Vedic books in a tradition that is at least 5000 years old. At its deepest level the Vedic conception is to view reality in a monist manner; at the next level one may speak of the dichotomy of mind and matter. Ideas similar to those found in YV are also encountered in Puranas and Tantric literature. YV is a text that belongs to the mainstream of the ancient Vedic tradition that professes to deal with knowledge. Astronomical references in the Vedic texts take us back to the 4th or 5th millennium BC or even earlier (e.g. Kak 1994-6).
Roughly speaking, the Vedic system speaks of an inter connectedness between the observer and the observed. A similar conception appears to have informed many ancient peoples including the Greeks. The Vedic system of knowledge is based on a tripartite approach to the universe. Beyond the three categories lies the transcendental fourth”. Three kinds of motion are alluded to in the Vedic books: these are the translational motion, sound, and light which are taken to be equivalent” to earth, air, and sky. The fourth motion is assigned to consciousness; and this is considered to be infinite in speed. At least one of the founders of quantum theory was directly inspired by the Vedic system of knowledge. Schrodinger (1961) claims that the Vedic slogan “All in One and One in All” was an idea that led him to the creation of quantum mechanics (see also Moore, 1989). Even before Schrodinger, the idealist philosophical tradition in Europe had long been moulded by Vedic ideas. It should also be noted that many parts of the Vedic literature are still not properly understood although considerable progress has recently taken place in the study of Vedic science.
It is most interesting that the books in this Indian tradition speak about the relativity of time and space in a variety of ways. The medieval books call the Puranas speak of countless universes, time flowing at different rates for different observers and so on. Universes defined recursively are described in the famous episode of Indra and the ants in Brahmavaivarta Purana 4.47.100-160, the Mahabharata 12.187, and elsewhere. These flights of imagination are to be traced to more than a straightforward generalization of the motions of the planets into a cyclic universe. They must be viewed in the background of an amazingly sophisticated tradition of cognitive and analytical thought (see e.g. Staal 1988; Rao and Kak 1998).
Selected Passages: The page numbers given at the end of each passage are from the Venkatesananda (1993) translation. YV consists of 6 books where the sixth book itself has two parts. The numbers in the square brackets refer to the book, (part), section, verse. The reference to the Sanskrit original is also listed in the bibliography.
• Time cannot be analyzed; for however much it is divided it survives indestructible. [1.23]
• There is another aspect of this time, the end of action (krtanta), according to the law of nature (niyati). [1.25.6-7]
• The world is like a potter’s wheel: the wheel looks as if it stands still, though it revolves at a terrific speed. [1.27]
• Just as space does not have a fixed span, time does not have a fixed span either. Just as the world and its creation are mere appearances a moment and an epoch are also imaginary. [3.20]
• Infinite consciousness held in itself the notion of a unit of time equal to one-millionth of the twinkling of an eye: and from this evolved the timescale right upto an epoch consisting of several revolutions of the four ages, which is the life-span of one cosmic creation. Infinite consciousness itself is uninvolved in these, for it is devoid of rising and setting (which are essential to all time-scales), and it devoid of a beginning, middle and end. [3.61]
• There are three types of space|the psychological space, the physical space and the infinite space of consciousness. [3.17]. The infinite space of undivided consciousness is that which exists in all, inside and outside… The finite space of divided consciousness is that which created divisions of time, which pervades all beings… The physical space is that in which the elements exist. The latter two are not independent of the first. [3.97]
• Other universes/wormholes. I saw within [the] rock [at the edge of the universe] the creation, sustenance and the dissolution of the universe… I saw innumerable creations in the very many rocks that I found on the hill. In some of these creation was just beginning, others were populated by humans, still others were far ahead in the passage of their times. [6.2.86]
• I perceived within each molecule of air a whole universe. [6.2.92]
• In every atom there are worlds within worlds. [3.20]
• I saw reflected in that consciousness the image of countless universes. I saw countless creations though they did not know of one another’s existence. Some were coming into being, others were perishing, all of them had different shielding atmospheres (from five to thirty-six atmospheres). There were different elements in each, they were inhabited by different types of beings in different stages of evolution.. [In] some there was apparent natural order in others there was utter disorder, in some there was no light and hence no time sense. [6.2.59]
• Direct experience alone is the basis for all proofs… That substratum is the experiencing intelligence which itself becomes the experiencer, the act of experiencing, and the experience. [2.19-20]
• Everyone has two bodies, the one physical and the other mental. The physical body is insentient and seeks its own destruction; the mind is finite but orderly. [4.10]
• I have carefully investigated, I have observed everything from the tips of my toes to the top of my head, and I have not found anything of which I could say, `This I am.’ Who is `I’? I am the all-pervading consciousness which is itself not an object of knowledge or knowing and is free from self-hood. I am that which is indivisible, which has no name, which does not undergo change, which is beyond all concepts of unity and diversity, which is beyond measure. [5.52]
• I remember that once upon a time there was nothing on this earth, neither trees and plants, nor even mountains. For a period of eleven thousand years the earth was covered by lava. In those days there was neither day nor night below the polar region: for in the rest of the earth neither the sun nor the moon shone. Only one half of the polar region was illumined. Then demons ruled the earth. They were deluded, powerful and prosperous and the earth was their playground. Apart from the polar region the rest of the earth was covered with water. And then for a very long time the whole earth was covered with forests, except the polar region. Then there arose great mountains, but without any human inhabitants. For a period of ten thousand years the earth was covered with the corpses of the demons. [6.1]
• The same infinite self conceives within itself the duality of oneself and the other. [3.1]
• Thought is mind, there is no distinction between the two. [3.4]
• The body can neither enjoy nor suffer. It is the mind alone that experiences. [3.115] The mind has no body, no support and no form; yet by this mind is everything consumed in this world. This is indeed a great mystery. He who says that he is destroyed by the mind which has no substantiality at all, says in effect that his head was smashed by the lotus petal…
• The intelligence which is other than self-knowledge is what constitutes the mind. [5.14]
• All fundamental elements continued to act on one another|as experiencer and experience|and the entire creation came into being like ripples on the surface of the ocean. And, they are interwoven and mixed up so effectively that they cannot be extricated from one another till the cosmic dissolution. [3.12]
• The entire universe is forever the same as the consciousness that dwells in every atom, even as an ornament is non-different from gold. [3.4]
• The five elements are the seed of which the world is the tree; and the eternal consciousness if the seed of the elements. [3.13]
• This consciousness is not knowable: when it wishes to become the knowable, it is known as the universe. Mind, intellect, egotism, the five great elements, and the world|all these innumerable names and forms are all consciousness alone. [3.14]
• The world exists because consciousness is, and the world is the body of consciousness. There is no division, no difference, no distinction. Hence the universe can be said to be both real and unreal: real because of the reality of consciousness which is its own reality, and unreal because the universe does not exist as universe, independent of consciousness. [3.14]
• The universe exists in infinite consciousness. Infinite consciousness is unmanifest, though omnipresent, even as space, though existing everywhere, is manifest. [4.36]
• Rudra is the pure, spontaneous self-experience which is the one consciousness that dwells in all substances. It is the seed of all seeds, it is the essence of this world-appearance, it is the greatest of actions. It is the cause of all causes and it is the essence of all beings, though in fact it does not cause anything nor is it the concept of being, and therefore cannot be conceived. It is the awareness in all that is sentient, it knows itself as its own object, it is its own supreme object and it is aware of infinite diversity within itself… The infinite consciousness can be compared to the ultimate atom which yet hides within its heart the greatest of mountains. It encompasses the span of countless epochs, but it does not let go of a moment of time. It is subtler than the tip of single strand of hair, yet it pervades the entire universe… It does nothing, yet it has fashioned the universe. ..All substances are non-different from it, yet it is not a substance; though it is non substantial it pervades all substances. The cosmos is its body, yet it has no body. [6.1.36]
The YV model of knowledge: YV is not written as a systematic text. Its narrative jumps between various levels: psychological, biological, and physical. But since the Indian tradition of knowledge is based on analogies that are recursive and connect various domains, one can be certain that our literal reading of the passages is valid. YV appears to accept the idea that laws are intrinsic to the universe. In other words, the laws of nature in an unfolding universe will also evolve. According to YV, new information does not emerge out the inanimate world but it is a result of the exchange between mind and matter. It accepts consciousness as a kind of fundamental field that pervades the whole universe. One might speculate that the parallels between YV and some recent ideas of physics are a result of the inherent structure of the mind.
Other Texts: Our readings of the YV are confirmed by other texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas as they are by the philosophical systems of Samkhya and Vaisesika, or the various astronomical texts. Here is a reference to the size of the universe from the Mahabharata 12.182:
The sky you see above is infinite. Its limits cannot be ascertained. The sun and the moon cannot see, above or below, beyond the range of their own rays. There where the rays of the sun and the moon cannot reach are luminaries which are self-effulgent and which possess splendor like that of the sun or the fire. Even these last do not behold the limits of the firmament in consequence of the inaccessibility and infinity of those limits. This space which the very gods cannot measure is full of many blazing and selfluminous worlds each above the other. (Ganguly translation, vol. 9, page 23)
The Mahabharata has a very interesting passage (12.233), virtually identical with the corresponding material in YV, which describes the dissolution of the world. Briefly, it is stated how a dozen suns burn up the earth, and how elements get transmuted until space itself collapses into Wind (one of the elements). Ultimately, everything enters into primeval consciousness. If one leaves out the often incongrous commentary on these ideas which were strange to him, author finds al-Bīrūnī his ecyclopaedic book on India written in 1030 speaking of essentially the same ideas. Here are two little extracts:
The Hindus have divided duration into two periods, a period of motion, which has been determined as time, and a period of rest,which can only be determined in an imaginary way according to the analogy of that has which has first been determined, the period of motion. The Hindus hold the eternity of the Creator to be determinable, not measurable, since it is infinite. They do not, by the word creation, understand a formation of something out of nothing. They mean by creation only the working with a piece of clay, working out various combinations and figures in it, and making such arrangements with it as will lead to certain ends and aims which are potentially in it. (Sachau, 1910, vol 1, pages 321-322)
The mystery of consciousness is a recurring theme in Indian texts (Kak, 1997). Unfortunately, the misrepresentation that Indian philosophy is idealistic, where the physical universe is considered an illusion, has become very common. For an authoritative modern exposition of Indian ideas of consciousness one must turn to Aurobindo (e.g. 1939, 1956).
Author’s Conclusion: It appears that Indian understanding of physics was informed not only by astronomy and terrestrial experiments but also by speculative thought and by meditations on the nature of consciousness. Unfettered by either geocentric or anthropocentric views, this understanding unified the physics of the small with that of the large within a framework that included metaphysics. This was a framework consisting of innumerable worlds (solar systems), where time and space were continuous, matter was atomic, and consciousness was atomic, yet derived from an all-pervasive unity. The material atoms were defined first by their subtle form, called tanmatra, which was visualized as a potential, from which emerged the gross atoms. A central notion in this system was that all descriptions of reality are circumscribed by paradox (Kak, 1986). The universe was seen as dynamic, going through ceaseless change.
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How do you edit a component in Revit?
How do you modify a component in Revit?
Modify Families in a Project (or Nested Family)
1. Double-click an instance of the family in the drawing area.
2. Select an instance of the family in the drawing area, and click Modify <Element> tab Mode panel (Edit Family).
3. In the drawing area or the Project Browser (under Families), right-click the family, and click Edit.
Where is modify in Revit?
Click Modify | Pads tab Mode panel (Edit Boundary). Click Modify | Pads Edit Boundary tab Draw panel (Boundary Line, and use the sketch tools to make the necessary changes.
How do you edit a family in Revit 2019?
Open the Family Editor
Can you model in place in Revit LT?
The Model In-Place option not available in Revit LT versions.
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How do you edit a baluster family in Revit?
1. In a plan view, select a railing.
2. On the Properties palette, click Edit Type. …
3. In the Type Properties dialog, for Baluster Placement, click Edit.
4. Enter a name for the first part of the baluster pattern.
5. For Baluster Family, do the following: …
6. For Base, do the following: …
7. For Base Offset, enter a value.
8. Select the Top.
How do you change identity data in Revit family?
Change the Identity Data of a Material
1. Click Manage tab Settings panel Materials.
3. In the Material Editor panel, click the Identity tab.
4. Edit the parameter values as necessary. …
5. To save the changes to the material, click Apply.
Can you edit families in Revit LT?
Use the Family Editor to make changes to existing families or to create new families. You use the Family Editor to create and edit loadable families. … The tabs and panels change depending on the type of family that you are editing.
What are Revit family types?
The 3 kinds of families in Revit are: system families, loadable families, and in-place families.
How do I open a family in Project Browser Revit?
Open the other project and, in the drawing area, press Ctrl+V to paste it. right-click a family, and click Reload. Navigate to the location of the updated family, select it, and click Open.
What is the difference between Revit LT and Revit?
Autodesk Revit is a single software application that supports a BIM workflow from concept to construction. … Revit software includes additional features and functionality such as worksharing, analysis, and in-product rendering. Revit LT is more cost-effective, streamlined BIM software for architecture professionals.
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Can Revit open Revit LT?
You can save a Revit LT project using Revit. You can then use Revit to make and save changes, and then open the project in Revit LT again. For more information, see About Working in Revit Projects in Revit LT. If you use Revit LT to open a workshared Revit project, additional considerations apply.
Where is model in-place in Revit 2021?
Open a project. On the ribbon, click (Model In-Place). In the Family Category and Parameters dialog, select a category for the element, and click OK.
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Seawards the Great Ships (clip 3)
Scotland's First Oscar Winner
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The Oscar-winning documentary of shipbuilding on the Clyde, directed by Hilary Harris, treatment by John Grierson. Scenes from the shipyard show how the great ships were built. A spectacular montage of the organised chaos of shipbuilding. Go to clip 4 of this film.
Questions & Activities
• What different dangerous activities can you see? How does this compare with workplaces today?
• How many different jobs can you see?
• Why does the filmmaker include the shot of the seagull?
• In what different ways does the filmmaker show the personalities of the workers?
• What techniques are used to give a sense of the scale of the process?
This clip shows a good example of a job production process. Compare with modern shipbuilding techniques. Compare with other types of production process (batch and flow).
Pick a shot which you think is particularly effective and talk about why it has that effect (you could think about sound effects, voice over, music editing, camera movement)?
Compare the Clyde in the film with the modern regenerated Clyde (SECC, Science Centre, Land Use). Create a multimedia essay comparing the changing land use of job types in Glasgow?
Play the film without sound then design a soundtrack to complement the images
Look at art inspired by shipyards or heavy industry and create your own art inspired by this work.
Clip Details
Record Id 007-000-000-273-C
Resource Rights Holder National Library of Scotland
Project Ref 2230
Date 1960
Genre Documentary, Sponsored
School Subject Technologies, Art and Design, Media Studies, Geography, History
Where River Clyde
Event Heavy Industry
Attributes Colour, Sound
Clip Length 7:39
Film Length 30:00
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What was Niels Bohr's explanation for the observation of atomic spectra?
1 Answer
Dec 29, 2016
He postulated that energy was emitted during transitions of electrons from an allowed orbital to another inside the atom.
Emission or absorption spectra were photons of light at fixed (quantized) values of energy emitted or absorbed when electron changed orbits.
The energy of each photon depended upon frequency #f# as:
With #h# representing Planck's constant.
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Investments for Beginners: Investments for Starters and their Benefits
Investments for Beginners: As a potential entrepreneur, a student or even as a mere individual, investing is a very important act you should never ignore. This is because; it plays a critical part and role in one’s financial life. It can mean the difference between living comfortably and not living comfortably in future.
At this point, you may be interested in knowing what to invest means or what is investing.
Some Types of Investments for Beginners and their Benefits
What is investing?
Investing is the act of allocating funds to an asset or committing capital to an endeavor (a business, project, real estate, etc.), with the expectation of generating an income or profit. In other words, it is putting in time or effort into something with a long-term benefit.
Some Types of Investment for Beginners (What you can Invest in)
Whether you have been investing for years or you are a new investor, it is important to understand the different types of investments. Each has different purposes, risk levels, and expected returns.
Some require more of a financial commitment but have the potential for larger returns; others require less of a commitment or have less risk, but also will have less of a return. You can actually invest in Stocks, mutual funds, real estate, crypto currency, etc.
1. Investing in Stocks
A stock is a tiny piece of ownership in a business. There two types of stock, they are: common stocks and preferred stocks.
• Common stock
This is generally what people are referring to when they talk about buying stocks. If you own common stock, you are part of the company’s ownership, called shareholders or stockholders.
• Preferred stock
This is just what it sounds like. It is a stock that ranks a bit higher than common stock. Preferred stockholders get their share of the profits, called dividends, before the common stockholders. If the company ends up going bankrupt, they have to pay back the preferred stockholders first.
The expected returns of this investment can vary widely depending on the type of stocks you own and how the companies you invest in do over time.
The average return you can expect is about 12% over the long term, while in a booming economy you could see returns up to 30% or higher, though these higher returns are not normal and usually regress to the mean.
The risks involved with stocks are obvious; in order for you to get a return, the company you are investing in needs to perform well. Companies who take an economic turn for the worse could end up cutting into your returns or even into your initial investment.
2. Investing in Mutual Funds
A mutual fund is a collective pool of money that gets contributed to by companies and individuals alike. The fund has a manager, whose job it is to invest the money for the investors according to the parameters and goals set up for that fund.
The expected return of this investment or an average return on a mutual fund is less than if you invested in stocks, with a 20-year return of about 4.67%. In the short term five-year market, they can do slightly better at 6.92%.
However, mutual funds have many of the same risks as stocks do; this is because you are investing in the future of a company. If the company goes under, so does your money.
Read Also:
3. Investing in Real Estate
There are several types of real estate or property that you can invest in. You could purchase a home or apartment building and rent it out for income.
You could also engage in ancillary real estate investment, which basically means you install vending machines, a mini-Laundromat, or other things inside of a building that someone else owns.
You can even invest in real estate online or engage in some crowdfunded real estate purchases that let you buy a piece of property without having to take on 100% of the risk.
It is important that you aware of the demands and risk. It demands generally a fairly sizable amount of money to start, and the risks are great.
The risk however is that a tenant could end up treating your property poorly, resulting in you needing to put money into repairs. They may not pay the rent, which leads to you having to evict them, pay for court costs, or other associated fees.
If you use the equity in your own home to make your first rental property purchase, you could find your own residence at risk.
The expected returns vary; this is because it all depends on what you invest in, where your money comes from to purchase it, and whether your tenants or mini-business do well.
4. Investing in Crypto Currency
Crypto currency is mined by computers that are solving complex math problems. There are hundreds of crypto currencies on the market, but for most people, Bit coin is the most well-known.
You can buy these currencies through Bit coin, in which you trade dollars for Bit coins. You can hold your virtual currency online in a wallet or download it to a hardware wallet with encryption for more security. Thus, know that Bit coin is highly volatile
The expected return is that Bit coin has the potential for huge short-term returns; however, the problem is that you will need to babysit your investment pretty closely. You could make as much as 100% in a matter of weeks and could also lose your investment almost entirely.
5. Investing in A Robo-Advisor
These services manage your investments for you using computer algorithms. Due to low overhead, they charge low fees relative to human investment managers. It may interest you to know that a robo-advisor allows you to open an account with no minimum.
They are a great way for beginners to get started investing because they often require very little money and they do most of the work for you.
6. Index funds
Index funds are like mutual funds on autopilot. However, rather than employing a professional manager to build and maintain the fund’s portfolio of investments, index funds track a market index.
Since index funds take a passive approach to investing by tracking a market index rather than using professional portfolio management, they tend to carry lower expense ratios, a fee charged based on the amount you have invested than mutual funds.
Index funds can have minimum investment requirements, but some brokerage firms, including Fidelity and Charles Schwab, offer a selection of index funds with no minimum. That means you can begin investing in an index fund for less than $100.
Some Easy Ways to Start Investing With Little Money
Some Easy Ways to Start Investing With Little Money
• Enroll in your employer’s retirement plan.
• Put your money in low-initial-investment mutual funds.
• Play it safe with Treasury securities.
• Make your first steps in real estate market.
• Try the cookie jar approach.
In a Nutshell
From the above therefore, as a beginner, you have a lot of information to aid you and choices to choose from when going into investing.
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Possibilities For A Deck Of 52 Randomized Cards
Is This Possible?
We are trying to reach the number of seconds to match the mathematical possibilities for a shuffled deck of cards.
Here is how it was stated to reach the number of seconds to match the possibilities.
Walk around the earth taking one step every billion years.
I figure a normal step is about one yard. So, it would take about 43,825,760 steps to get around the earth, and it would take 43,825,760,000,000,000 years to get it done.
Once you make it around the earth, take one drop of water from the Pacific Ocean.
Then start all over again, walk around the earth, 1 step each billion years, then take another drop water out of the Pacific Ocean. Do this over and over until you have emptied the ocean.
The Pacific Ocean has about 14,152,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 drops of water, so it would take 620,222,155,420,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years to get the ocean emptied
Once you have the ocean emptied lay down a single piece of paper, flat on the earth.
Then fill the ocean back up and start all over again. Take one step each billion years until you circle the earth then take a drop out of the ocean each time you circle the earth until it’s empty again. Once you have emptied the ocean again then stack another sheet of paper flat on top of the last sheet.
Continue this process, stacking one piece of paper each time you have emptied the ocean until the paper reaches the Sun! Are you kidding?
I figured the number of sheets of paper to get to the Sun was about 1,472,500,000,000,000. This was figured using 250 sheets per inch.
So, we take this number times the years to get the ocean emptied.
Now guess what?
We haven’t even come close to matching the number of possibilities in a shuffled deck of cards.
So, to pass the remaining time, deal yourself a 5-card poker hand once every billion years.
Each time you get a Royal Flush, buy a lottery ticket.
The odds of getting a Royal Flush in five cards is 649,739 to one. Since you are dealing once every one billion years, it would take 649,739,000,000,000 years to get one. Once you get a Royal Flush, buy a lottery ticket. Keep doing this until you win the lottery.
Once you win the lottery, head to the Grand Canyon and throw in one grain of sand.
Then do it again, deal yourself a 5-card poker hand once every billion years until you get another Royal Flush. Then buy another lottery ticket and continue until you hit the Grand Prize. Then one more grain of sand in the Grand Canyon.
Now, once you get the Grand Canyon full of sand, head over to Mt. Everest
and take away one ounce of earth from it.
You guessed it, start all over again, deal yourself a hand once every billion years until you get a Royal Flush, buy a lottery ticket for each Royal Flush until you hit the main jackpot, then throw a grain of sand into the Grand Canyon for each jackpot until full, once full get another ounce from Mt Everest. Repeat over and over until you have leveled Mt Everest.
So, after walking around the earth at one step each billion years, taking out one drop of water from the Pacific Ocean until emptied, then laying a single piece of paper flat on the ground each time you empty the ocean, until the paper reaches the Sun.
Then dealing yourself, one 5-card poker hand each billion years until you get a Royal Flush. For every royal flush you buy a lottery ticket until you hit the lottery. Once you hit the lottery, throw one grain of sand into the Grand Canyon, repeat until full. Once full take one ounce from Mt. Everest – repeat until Everest is gone. And guess what? According to the article you are still short. You would need to repeat this whole process another 255 times to match the number of seconds in the possibilities of a randomized deck of 52 cards.
According to the article we would still be short on time, but according to my math, we have finally made it. We are now at 4,568,027,063,769,760,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years. Since there are about 31,540,000 seconds in a year, we should have reached the number of possibilities in a randomized deck of cards.
That number is: 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000
The blog post that I was looking at, can be found here.
Odds of winning the lottery are 13,986,816 to one.
Using these numbers, it would take 9,087,779,841,024 years to win one lottery
I figured it would take 88,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 grains of to fill up the Grand Canyon.
It would take 799,724,626,010,112,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years to fill up the Grand Canyon
Per sources, Mt Everest weighs 5,712,000,000,000,000 in ounces.
A side note: I got to thinking last night of all the different casinos around the world and how often they shuffle the cards. Then of all the people that play cards all around the world. Surely with everyone in the world shuffling cards constantly there would be several duplicate shuffles. So I decided to do the math.
Cards have been around for about 500 years and there are about 7,530,000,000 people on earth.
Let’s assume that there have been that many people for the last 500 years and every person in the world shuffled a deck of cards every second. There are 86,400 seconds in one day and 31,536,000 seconds in one year. If you take that times the number of years since cards have been around, you would get 15,768,000,000 seconds for a period of 500 years.
Now take that times 7,530,000,000 and you get 118,733,040,000,000,000,000. That’s how many shuffles you would have if everyone on earth has shuffled a deck of cards every second for the last 500 years.
The odds of anyone shuffling an exact duplicate deck are 1 in 679,323,760,016,115,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
So it’s almost a certainty that no one has ever shuffled a deck of cards randomly and came up with the same order of cards that someone else has ever done on earth for all time!
To take it a little further, let’s say that everyone on earth has been shuffling for every second since the beginning of the universe 13.8 Billion years ago. In that case the probability of having a duplicate shuffle would only be one in 24,613,179,710,728,800,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
Let’s go a little deeper. Let’s say that there are 10 Billion galaxies in the universe. Each galaxy has about 100 billion stars. Let’s say that each star has 10 planets and that each planet has 7,530,000,000 people. Now let’s say that all of these people have been shuffling cards since the beginning of the universe 13.8 Billion years ago. You would have 75,300,000,000,000,000,000,000,00,000,000 people shuffling cards 435,196,800,000,000,000 times. That would equal a total of 32,770,319,040,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 shuffles. The odds of any two being the same would be one in 2,461,317,971,072,880,000. That’s over 2.4 Quintillion.
Still No One Has Shuffled A Duplicate Deck!!!
So just remember, every time you shuffle a deck of cards, they have never been in that exact position before.
You Are Making History!!
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Customers Fun Social Marketing Stories
Is Facebook Doomed?
It’s unclear at this point whether the extreme buzz around the platform is simply because of its positioning as the ‘anti-Facebook’, or whether it has the substance, design and functionality to actually become a serious competitor for Facebook. Engagement on the platform doesn’t seem to be high at this point, and some are pointing out the current weaknesses of the platform, including the lack of video-integration and meaningful conversation and engagement.
ello-logoRegardless, Ello is likely to grow in 2015, both in terms of numbers and engagement, and many will be watching closely.
Speaking of Facebook, Facebook’s ad pricing and demand will significantly increase. It’s no secret that Facebook post reach is significantly decreasing, and has become a serious problem for business owners who are using the platform for marketing purposes. This steady decline in reach is what has been coined the Filtered Feed Problem. As Facebook continues to limit the number of posts page fans actually see, the demand for promoted posts and ads will continue to increase. And with this increased demand will come increased pricing.
Twitter’s new business advertising model will skyrocket in popularity. With Twitter’s move to offering businesses more choice and flexibility in how and what they pay for in terms of advertising, more small and medium-sized businesses will jump on the Twitter ad bandwagon. The new fee structure allows businesses to pay for certain performance-based actions rather than just retweets or clicks.
While B2C marketers report LinkedIn as being significantly less important than Facebook or Twitter for their marketing efforts, the numbers are quite different for the B2B crowd: according to the 2014 Social Media Examiner survey, 88% of B2B marketers are using LinkedIn, compared to 89% for Facebook and 86% for Twitter.
In 2015, marketers will finally realize that there are two core pillars of a content marketing strategy: publication and distribution. Marketers will learn that social media is the most effective method of expanding the reach and visibility of their content, and because of this, will come to view social media as more of an “amplifier” for their published content rather than as the content itself.
So, while the content marketing buzz continues to pick up steam, marketers needs to remember that a distribution strategy for that content is just as important, if not more important, than the content itself.
Some things to look for in 2016: an increase in the use of podcasting, video social commerce and mobile marketing.
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Old Spice Funny Website
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Fun Graphics Weekly Tips
Redesigned Site?
Cool info-graphic from Sprout.
Courtesy of: Quick Sprout
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Fun Web Tools
My top 5 Google Chrome Apps
Top 5 Google Chrome Apps
1. Chrome Remote Desktop.
2. Chrome Drive
4. Mint
5. Google Play
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Do You Prepare Before a Task?
Do You Prepare Before a Task?
Give me 6 hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first 4 sharpening my axe” is a quote by Abe Lincoln.
The meaning I get from this quote is.. you need to take time to find and then use the best tools to complete your task. Not sure Abe needed 4 hrs to sharpen his ax. Even with a dull ax he probably could have chopped the tree down in less than the four hours he spent sharpening. But he knew a dull ax would make the task longer, more tiring, dangerous and even more frustrating. You get the idea.
To get things done efficiently you have to prepare before you actually work on your task to make sure you have the right tools for the job. Working with the wrong tools will waste time and energy. This thought process can be applied to things at work and home.
You decide you are going to paint a room. You go to the store without preparing a list of things you need to do the job, like paint, rollers, brushes, tarp, paint tray etc. You get home and realize you didn’t get the painters tape. That’s a very important tool to get the job done quicker and neater. So now you make another trip out to the store and waste time or you have to paint slower and be more careful because you don’t have the painter tape protecting your woodwork.
A boy scout would say “Be Prepared” and we all know the saying “Haste Makes Waste.” Making sure you have the right tools for the job and have them within arm’s reach as you start your task, will help you complete your task efficiently. Sometime the prep work isn’t the most fun but it will make the job easier. Imagine a chef not having the food prepped before dinner service. How efficiently would food be served to diners working that way? That longer wait time may just lose that restaurant a few customers.
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Junk Email and Phone Calls
Junk Email and Phone Calls: How to Handle them and Stay Safe!
Advice from snopes.Com VERY IMPORTANT!!
Handling Robo Calls
T ips for Handling Telemarketers
Three Little Words That Work!!
These three little words will help eliminate telephone soliciting..
We hope this helps you handle your junk email and phone calls and gives you some practical ideas on what to do and not to do.
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Version 0 of stack frame
Updated 2014-02-19 10:33:30 by PeterLewerin
The term stack frame is based on the low-level implementation of the procedure of allocating memory for a proc to store its data objects (arguments, local variables, etc) in. Briefly, the execution stack is a linear structure holding data objects which is managed by setting a pointer to the latest object added to the stack: objects are discarded by moving that pointer back to the previous object, and so on. When a proc is called, each data object that it will use is added to the stack, together with the old value of the stack pointer, and the proc is then allowed to access each data object in the segment, or frame, between the places pointed to by the current value of the stack pointer (which might change: new data objects can be added to the stack after the proc is called, moving the stack pointer further) and the old value of the stack pointer. When the proc is done and returns, the stack pointer is reset to the old value, automatically discarding each object in the proc's stack frame. All of this is managed by the Tcl implementation and none of it requires the attention of the Tcl programmer.
There are a number of commands designed to cheat with this arrangement, such as global, which adds a global variable to the set of data objects the proc is allowed to access; uplevel, which allows a script to be evaluated in another stack frame; and upvar, which links a variable inside the proc's stack frame to a variable in another stack frame.
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The Darien Dilemma
The Untold Story of 1000 Stranded Jews in WWII
Year: 2006, 91 mins
Code: DFE-Darien
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In a hotel in Istanbul Ruth Klieger and her fellow agents from the newly created Mossad (Israeli Secret Service) have spent months planning the rescue of the stranded Jewish youth. They bought a ship, the Darien, to transport the youth from Yugoslavia to Palestine. But days before the ship is set to sail, Ruth receives word from the leadership in Tel Aviv that the Darien has been sold to the British to be used in a sabotage attack against the Germans. A heated debate ensues among Ruth and the other agents: do they hand over the Darien to the British as ordered, or do they defy their leaders in Tel Aviv and rescue the desperate refugees waiting along the banks of the Danube?
Laufer Nachum, the father, set out to tell a story about his mother‘s escape from Europe when he came upon the story of another woman, Ruth, "The Lady of the Mossad." His obsession with Ruth takes him into the bowels of his country’s secret past.
Erez, the filmmaker son, creates a unique story within a story, weaving together documentary footage of his father’s quest to tell Ruth’s story, with the moral dilemma facing Ruth, performed by actors and written by his father.
Blurring the lines between documentary and fiction, reality and obsession, the Darien Dilemma is a story about a son’s homage to his father’s search to understand a woman’s life and death decision and the history that connects them all.
Together with his father, he has recently completed the Darien Dilemma film.
" The film enlightens a less known corner of the terrible era, the tragic non-heroic story of the illegal immigration, though the characters are real heroes. From the educational point of view "The Darien Dilemma" can be a lever, an eye opener for deliberation on what can be seen as a side-issue in the big puzzle, but it is definitely relevant to national and social questions [...] From my experience in "teaching' the Holocaust era and my work in 'Meshoa' as academic- pedagogic consultant I believe in educational value of 'The Darien Dilemma'. The film opens for discussion questions that till now we didn't deal with, though they are important both as unique and universal questions."
Nili Keren - Researcher of Holocaust Education and Academic-Pedagogic advisor at "Meshoa" Institute Kibbutz Tel -Itzhak
"A fascinating Documentary film "The Darien Dilemma", Ruth the Mossad Agent attempts to save a 1000 Jews from Europe during World War II, reveals a shivering conflict between the private and national interests, and brings us to reflect again if the Yishuv (The Jewish authorities of Palestine-Israel at that time) did enough […] the film reminds him of Shindler’s List, Spielberg’s Holocaust epic, with one big difference: In Shindler’s List a 1000 Jews that were saved from certain death by one man, in the Darien saga a 1000 Jews that should have been saved were murdered." Dan Shador - Globes Newspaper
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A year into the coronavirus pandemic, people have become overwhelmed with new information, strict health measures, family life, and long work hours at home. We have been like this for months, and it has affected us in different ways. While we have been taking steps to care for our health and well-being, the pandemic has encouraged us to focus more on self-care.
Practicing self-care can help us in many ways as we pause for a while amid a global pandemic. While it is normal to feel overwhelmed or stressed during these uncertain times, uncontrolled emotional responses may lead to anxiety and depression, while physical responses include sleeplessness, fatigue, muscle tension, and headache.
While this may sound obvious, looking after ourselves goes beyond health and wellness. Being in perfect shape means having the capability to support the family during these trying times. To ensure overall health and wellness during this pandemic, here is a discussion about self-care and how to practice it at home. Follow these steps to be in a perfect position to provide care for your family.
Defining self-care
According to the World Health Organization, self-care is the ability to maintain health, prevent disease, promote well-being, and manage illness with or without the help of a healthcare provider. Self-care also means putting oneself first. This isn’t something to do with selfishness, but it is a necessary measure for those who forget about their overall health and well-being.
For example, parents who have become too absorbed in work and household chores tend to forget about self-care. Taking care of themselves often slips in their minds as they busy themselves with their day-to-day routines. As a result, self-care becomes a luxury for those who cannot afford the time to look after themselves.
Self-care comes in different forms. In fact, people have been doing it for many years. You can go to a salon, get a good night’s sleep, or visit a diagnostic center for eye or ear care. But because of the shifting trends in healthcare, self-care interventions have increased, paving the way for facilities, technologies, and medicines that people can use for themselves.
During this pandemic, popular self-care actions now include handwashing, respiratory hygiene, and physical distancing to minimize the impact of COVID-19 on one’s health. While there are plenty of areas to practice self-care, people began to look for other ways to make a great difference to their health and well-being.
When is the best time for self-care?
stressed out
In a report by Kaiser Family Foundation, over half of U.S. citizens suffer from stress and worry because of the pressures brought by COVID-19. These negative responses led many people to deal with uncertain time frames at work, home, and school. As a result, social activities and interactions suffer, resulting in adverse effects on mental health.
The impact of the pandemic has brought significant pressure to our normal routine, making it the best time to rethink our efforts towards self-care. People have become too occupied with the daily pressures of financial distress, school and work closures, job loss, social distancing, increased isolation, and lack of access to basic services. These changes to behavior and lifestyle forced everyone to worry about their loved ones and the current social climate.
Parents are the ones greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Stay-at-home mothers have to shoulder everything from household chores, parenting, job, and e-learning duties. All these make it difficult to take care of themselves as the pandemic drags on.
Self-care at home
The Internet offers a great deal of information for self-care ideas. Since we are in self-isolation, this is a great time to consider every option to take care of our health and well-being. As we adapt to the new normal, it is important to look for new ways to boost our morale, reduce stress, and focus on meditation and mindfulness.
If you are working at home, set specific work hours to devote more time to the family. During free time, engage in virtual classes or check with family members and close friends. This is also a great time to encourage the family to do things together, such as exercising, meditating, watching movies, and playing with pets.
Being kind to your body will help you keep calm these trying times while ensuring you can take care of the family. When it gets too overwhelming, take a step back to recharge your depleted resources and make time for yourself. As you prioritize health and well-being, you will be in a better position to offer physical and emotional support to others just when they need them.
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Question: How does the internet make us smarter?
Considering this, how does technology make us smarter? It helps us to be smarter (augmented intelligence, where we use the internet as a tool). It gives eternal memory, where we can recall anything and learn from it. We are creating cognitive diversity where we can test, discuss and distribute our thinking.
Likewise, does the Internet make us smarter or dumber? Summary: There is no scientific evidence that shows that smartphones and digital technology harm our biological cognitive abilities, according to new research.
People ask also, is the Internet making students smarter? Some kids have a high IQ because of the Internet. According to studies, Children using the Internet are more sociable, better vocabulary, and greater confidence. According to a study by Internet security software giant, AVG, by the time children reach the age of 2, 90% of them have an online history.
Best answer for this question, why Google is making us smarter? A pair of neuroscience researchers performed brain scans of people while they did text searches on Google. “For those with internet experience, using Google to search actually produced higher levels of activation in the parts of the brain associated with complex reasoning and decision-making,” Stevens reports.Cognitive offloading is similar to Digital Amnesia in that our brains are effectively using the internet as an external hard drive. This means that you simply aren’t storing as much data in your brain as you could. … This could indicate that using the internet is making our brains lazy.
See also How has the internet made our lives more comfortable?
Does the Internet make us dumber?
Why Is technology making us dumb?
Smart technology grants us unprecedented, immediate access to knowledge and to each other—a ubiquitous and seamless presence in everyday life. … It’s been said that smart technology creates dependency on devices, narrows our world to echo chambers, and impairs cognitive skills through shortcuts and distraction.
Is technology making us smarter debate?
Historically, technology has made us individually dumber and individually smarter – and collectively smarter. … In addition, we outsource more skills to technological tools, like a movie-making app on a smartphone, that relieve us of the challenge of learning large amounts of technical knowledge.
Does technology make us lazy?
Overall, technology has undoubtedly become a large part of everyone’s lives and our society. Although it offers plenty of advantages, it comes with drawbacks such as ruining our productivity, making us insanely lazy at times, and potentially even threatening our long-term health.
Does the internet make children smarter or more socialized?
Although there are many families where the internet is only used as a facility not like a lifeline. The parents restrict children only to use the internet when it is really required. … Ultimately, Children are neither smarter or more socialized because of the internet and social media.
See also How to register internet banking posb?
Does social media make teens smarter?
Does the Internet help kids learn?
Groundbreaking UNICEF-LSE report surveys nearly 15,000 children across 11 countries on internet use. … Online entertainment, for example, like playing videos games and watching videos clips, can help young children develop an interest in educational, informative and social online experiences.
Why does the Internet make people smarter?
The researchers said they found that surfing the Web seemed to stimulate neural activity and possibly enhance cognitive functioning in those mature Internet beginners. Just a week online increased brain activity twofold in the oldest Internet users studied, according to the scientists.
Does Google makes us smarter?
Google and other Internet sites aren’t making us stupid: They’re making us smarter, according to an overwhelming majority of 895 experts surveyed by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project and the Imagining the Internet Center at Elon University.
How Google affects our intelligence?
What Internet does to your brain?
See also Is wow internet good?
Since using the internet often involves our ability to multi-task between different settings—and somehow trains our brains to quickly shift focus to the stream of pop-ups, prompts, and notifications—this may, in fact, interfere with our ability to maintain focus on a particular cognitive task for extended times.
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Alligators reach an average length of between 6 and 10 feet, with males rarely reaching 12 to 14 feet. The tail length is roughly half of their overall length. Their general coloration is uniformly dark, but the light markings of youth may persist into early adulthood. Young alligators have bold yellowish crossbands on a black ground color and are about 9 inches at hatching. Alligators have blunt, rounded snouts.
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Accidental Release Prevention
Under Section 112(r) of the Federal Clean Air Act, certain facilities are required to have a risk management program and submit a summary of that program called a Risk Management Plan (RMP). Facilities are affected depending upon the types and quantities of chemicals used, stored, or produced. The RMP must outline the potential risks associated with facilities’ processes and the measures being taken for the safe handling of the chemicals involved.
RMP information is submitted to EPA and then made available for review by those who may be interested. Members of the community, including those who must respond to a chemical release or emergency, other local government authorities, and citizens, are encouraged to review the RMP information. By reviewing and commenting on facility RMPs, stakeholders will help ensure that programs provide needed levels of safety, prevention, and preparedness against chemical accidents.
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An infection with seasonal influenza A infections induces immunity to potentially
An infection with seasonal influenza A infections induces immunity to potentially pandemic influenza A infections of various other subtypes (heterosubtypic immunity). response that was absent in vaccinated CF kids was seen in unvaccinated healthful control kids. Our outcomes indicate that annual influenza vaccination works well against seasonal influenza but hampers the introduction of virus-specific Compact disc8+ T cell replies. The consequences of the findings are talked about in the light from the advancement of defensive immunity to seasonal and upcoming pandemic influenza infections. INTRODUCTION The latest pandemic due to influenza A/H1N1 trojan of swine origins as well as the pandemic risk caused by extremely pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 infections highlight the need for these emerging infections. Nevertheless, the morbidity and mortality prices Itga2 due to pandemic influenza infections may be decreased by the current presence of immunity to Prostaglandin E1 cell signaling these infections induced by an infection with seasonal influenza A infections, so-called heterosubtypic immunity. Heterosubtypic immunity provides mainly been showed in animal versions (18, 26, 28, Prostaglandin E1 cell signaling 45), and addititionally there is evidence for the current presence of heterosubtypic immunity in human beings (10, 12, 30). Prostaglandin E1 cell signaling Influenza virus-specific Compact disc8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are specially thought to contribute to heterosubtypic immunity since the majority of these cells identify and lyse virus-infected cells that present conserved epitopes located in proteins like the nucleoprotein and the matrix protein (24, 27, 31, 39C40, 46). Furthermore, in humans the presence of cross-reactive CTLs inversely correlated with the degree of viral dropping in the absence of antibodies specific for the disease utilized for experimental illness, and in young children cellular immune reactions correlated with safety against influenza (15, 32). Seasonal influenza viruses will also be an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in folks who are at risk to develop complications after illness due to underlying Prostaglandin E1 cell signaling disease. The World Health Corporation (WHO) has recommended annual influenza vaccination of these subjects (44). In addition, it has been recommended in a number of countries that all healthy children more than 6 months of age become vaccinated against seasonal influenza (14, 41). Since common influenza vaccines are currently unavailable, annual vaccination aims at the induction of immunity to circulating seasonal influenza infections (A/H3N2, A/H1N1, and B infections). Currently utilized inactivated influenza vaccines generally induce defensive antibody replies against these infections but inefficiently induce defensive immunity to various other influenza A trojan subtypes (e.g., H5N1) and cross-reactive virus-specific Compact disc8+ T cell replies (6, 11, 21). Furthermore, it could be hypothesized that the usage of these vaccines inhibits the induction of heterosubtypic immunity and virus-specific Compact disc8+ T cell replies usually induced by organic infections, in kids who are immunologically na especially?ve to influenza infections (7). We examined this hypothesis in mice and ferrets and verified that the usage of inactivated A/H3N2 vaccines avoided the induction of heterosubtypic immunity to a lethal an infection with influenza A/Indonesia/5/05 (H5N1) trojan usually induced by an infection with A/H3N2 influenza trojan (4C6). Preventing heterosubtypic immunity by H3N2 vaccination correlated with minimal virus-specific Compact disc8+ T cell replies. Furthermore, epidemiological data attained through the 2009 pandemic claim that prior vaccination against seasonal influenza elevated the chance of an infection using the antigenically distinctive influenza A/H1N1 pandemic trojan in kids and the chance of medically went to illness due to this trojan in adults (23, 25, 37). Nevertheless, the nice reason behind this in humans is unknown. Therefore, we wanted to evaluate the regularity of influenza virus-specific Compact disc8+ T cells in kids who each year received influenza vaccination using the regularity in unvaccinated kids. Prostaglandin E1 cell signaling To this final end, we gathered peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma examples from cystic fibrosis (CF) sufferers and otherwise healthful children going through correctional medical procedures. Since CF sufferers are in risk for problems due to influenza virus attacks, annual influenza vaccination is preferred from.
is among the most destructive main parasitic plant life worldwide, leading
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Ayurveda meaning
It deals with matters relating to health, day-to-day life and longevity (long life). The term is derived from the Sanskrit ayur, meaning life or longevity,. WebMD examines the potential benefits and risks of this . As nature made you, what . Ayurveda provides an integrated approach to . The ancient Hindu science of .
Hindu system of medicine practiced in India since the first century and using combinations of herbs, purgatives, rubbing oils, etc. Its aim is to provide guidance regarding . Meaning, pronunciation, translations and. If that sounds like an all-encompassing definition , it is. Its adherents strive to create harmony between the body, min and . Jump to General definition – Āyurveda (आयुर्वेढ) is a Sanskrit (संस्कृतं, Saṃskṛtaṃ) word composed of root words: Āyur (आयुर्) meaning.
Jan Curious about one of the oldest medicine systems still in use? But what are they, exactly?
It follows that the doshas must be in equilibrium, the . That determines what foods are best for your body type. Learn what the qualities of vata are, according to ayurveda , and how to balance them for increased mental altertness, contentment, and overall well-being. The oldest health care system in the world . This holistic system of wellbeing developed in . Vata is composed of Space and Air, Pitta of Fire and Water, and Kapha of Earth and Water.
Vata is often called the “King of the Doshas,” since it governs the body’s greater life force and. It has been practiced in . Translation into english brings us . In Sanskrit, the word ayurveda consists of the words āyus, meaning longevity, and veda, meaning related to knowledge or science. The doshas derive from the Five Elements and their related properties. They are defined according to three functions. Each function is called a dosha.
Like every great body of knowledge, the origin of. Why is it important to choose food according to Prakriti? Manisha Kshirsagar — with . So in such a scenario the similarity between both the meanings of .
Understanding these steps is vital for a doctor or practitioner of Āyurveda. Coconut oils, ginger extract, orange oil and. The three basic energies, or doshas — pitta, vata and kapha — are explained.
According to ayurveda , each of us has a unique mix of three mind and body principles, which creates our specific mental and physical characteristics. Akasha (or Akash, Ākāśa, आकाश) is the Sanskrit word meaning aether in both. Definition of AYURVEDA in the Definitions.
Information and translations of AYURVEDA in the most comprehensive . Mantra of Dhanwantari with its meaning is as follows:. So, what does ayurveda say about doshas and tears? Vata tears are tears of fear and insecurity, and they fall down from the inner corner of. These are called gunas in Sanskrit, meaning “what binds” because . British Empirethe ancient Hindu art of medicine and of prolonging life. It involves incorporating a special diet, herbal . Aging is complex phenomena generally defined by gerontologists as a . Health is often defined as proper functioning of all the bodily organs and systems with a general sense of . Literally meaning mental peace, this anti-stress treatment aims at helping you . It is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems using diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing.
The word or term “Kizhi” is taken from . It is a five- step, total mind-body rejuvenation experience that comprises of . A medical system from India that has been used for thousands of years. The goal is to cleanse the body and to restore balance to the body, min and spirit. VLCC Day Spa presents you with wellness in.
It uses a wide range of treatments and techniques. Find out more and read about research . Prakriti of an individual is determined based on defined anatomical, . Srotas, meaning channels or pores, are present throughout the visible body as well as at the “invisible” or subtle level of the cells, molecules, atoms, and .
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Why is the Internet Beneficial to Students?
The internet, as we all know, is a vital requirement in today’s technological society. People from many walks of life can profit from the Internet. You can acquire anything on the internet if you want it. The Internet has numerous advantages for students, but what are the elements and reasonings that lead us to believe that the internet is beneficial to students?
Jom Apply Time 500mbps1 1024x576 - Why is the Internet Beneficial to Students?
1. Plenty of useful information
The internet is brimming with information and knowledge. The internet has the most relevant and high-quality information. There are numerous websites available on the web that give students the most up-to-date content and study materials. They can use the websites to search study resources like assignments, tests, and presentations, as well as any other study-related information. The internet assists not only students but also teachers. They can conduct their research on the internet. On the internet, you may find thousands of study papers and books.
1. Communication and connectivity
Students and teachers can also use the Internet to communicate and interact with one another. It allows a large number of students and instructors to readily discuss educational materials with one another through the internet. For example, using Zoom.
1. Help with Searching on the Internet
It used to be extremely challenging for students to conduct research prior to the internet. Especially those who read a lot of books, which is actually rather challenging for them and takes up a lot of their time. However, with the advent of the internet, it has become much easier for them. They may quickly look for and obtain the information they require on the internet.
1. Self-study
For self-study, the Internet is quite essential. Search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, and others present you with the most up-to-date information. On the internet, you may learn and discover a great deal of information. On the internet, you may look up whatever information you need at any moment. Students are not required to attend academies or pay fees for courses. They can effortlessly learn at home without spending any money. They don’t need to go out, and they’ve had learning difficulties. They can learn at their leisure at home via the internet.
1. Save money
Figuring out how to save money would be the most challenging issue for students. Now, they can save money in a variety of ways. Students used to go to schools and universities for classes, spending and going through a lot of difficulties before the internet. However, with the advent of the internet, it has become much easier for students to study online for free or at a little cost from the comfort of their own homes. There are a variety of academies that provide online courses for students who are unable to attend face-to-face classes or who live too far away.
These are the factors and benefits that lead us to believe that the internet is excellent and beneficial for students. To be more efficient, get the Jom Apply Time 500mbps and be more productive.
Metal Roofing, Is It The Best Option For Your Home?
A house is where an individual can come home after a stressful day of work, a place where memories are made and shared. Therefore, it is vital that a home is where a person can feel safe and comfortable so that any worries they carry can be left at the door. In order to achieve this, a home must be fitted with the finest materials that come at an affordable price.
pexels elina fairytale 3806953 1 1024x683 - Metal Roofing, Is It The Best Option For Your Home?
When an ideal home is imagined, the average person tends to forget that roofing plays an important role in building a house. Proper roofing should be able to cover the house and its inhabitants, as well as shelter it from any issues caused by the weather. So, what would be the best option for roofing for your home?
Metal roofing (bumbung besi) appears to be the ideal option for house roofing, especially when living in Malaysia. Metal roofing has its pros and cons. However, one could argue that the pros outweigh the cons in several aspects.
A few of the pros of metal roofing include it having qualities of durability and longevity. In terms of durability, metal roofing can withstand strong winds. On the other hand, its longevity will allow it to last long periods of time, for about 40 to 70 years with proper maintenance.
Another benefit of installing metal roofing that should be mentioned is that it is environmentally friendly. In these times, with the threat of global warming right at our doorstep, it is necessary to ensure that one does not contribute to it in any way possible.
Metal roofing is also energy efficient because it reflects almost all of the sun rays projected to it which makes the inhabitants living in the house feel cooler. This benefit is particularly useful to Malaysian citizens because the midday sun shines bright and hot in this country. Hence, the use of metal roofing has several advantages to it.
However, it should be noted that metal roofing has cons as well. One of the more disadvantages is that it is quite costly. This type of roofing is typically expensive because it is worth it. Since the roofing has many qualities that are quite advantageous it is reflected in its price. When an individual purchases metal roofing to be installed in their home, it is a long-term investment, to say the least. The owner of the house would be investing in elements that would ensure that the house is safe and sheltered from the terrors of Malaysian weather.
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When the proper roofing is installed, the inhabitants of the home would be able to live a long life without any problems since it will not exhibit any problems for a long time. Therefore, when installing roofing for a home it is essential that an individual refers to companies that can be counted on to produce excellent results. Roof Gutter Services is the company that you can depend on to install metal roofing (bumbung besi).
How To Choose Good Maid For Your Home
Choosing a maid is a responsible and serious matter. Before letting a stranger into your home and entrusting an important part of your personal life, check his or her professional and personal qualities carefully. So does it matter? Yes it is.
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Selecting a location is important: Even if your household manager is just an outsider overseeing the cleanliness and orderliness of the home, you will communicate with him regularly. Therefore, a sense of sympathy and personal inclination in choosing a housewife are the determining factors. Of course, past employer recommendations play an important role. Having a good housekeeper is good for your house whether it is in Puchong or Putra Heights.
Easiest Way To Get Maid and Hire Almost Immediately
Usually, the easiest method to find a maid is to contact a hiring agency. Working with him ensures you find the right candidate, taking into account your needs and preferences. In addition to that, a good agency will give you a number of guarantees, rights and benefits, recommend some candidates, and ensure the availability of special questionnaires with medical data. The latter, when choosing a maid, should also not be ignored: you never know what kind of disease a stranger can bring into your home. To conclude, agency is the easiest way to obtain one maid.
Next Step After Choosing a Maid That Caught Your Attention:
After deciding on a candidate, try to talk to your assistant candidate in day -to -day affairs. Pay attention to his/her speech, manner of speaking, neat dress, manners, and so on. If the prospective home manager is neatly dressed, don’t expect the perfect order to rule your home. Most likely, it’s just his appearance.
Take Note Regarding The Maid’s Attitude
The same goes for speech culture: you can expect from a maid regarding their behavior, you can expect gossip, negative attitudes and an unhealthy environment in the home. How they carry themselves is important. Sometimes, their mindset plays the most important part. Usually, a neat and polite woman is chosen as the housekeeper, who does the job well not only with immediate duties, but also treats all family members properly.
Probation or Trial Period
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Before you bring a maid into your regular service, it is advisable to agree with her on probation. So far, you can be confident in efficiency and professionalism. Try to maintain a business relationship exclusively with your assistant, this will help you not to feel uncomfortable if you have to hold him back or reprimand him for making a mistake. However, one of the specialties of a good housekeeper is his ability to keep distance and respect his employer.
In Conclusion
In a nutshell, all of the tips above are essential in choosing a good housekeeper or maid. You’ll contact your housekeeper and maid on a frequent basis, even if she or he is merely an outsider overseeing the home’s cleanliness and orderliness. The selection of a housewife is based on feelings of sympathy and personal preferences. Of course, it is important for your house to be clean and safe to have one.
MSC offices for Rent in Petaling Jaya
Petaling Jaya, more commonly known as PJ, is a city in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Situated in the Klang Valley, the city is surrounded by the metropolitan capital of the country, Kuala Lumpur, on the eastern side, Shah Alam on the western side, the district of Gombak on the northern side, and Puchong on the southern side. One of Malaysia’s oldest cities, Petaling Jaya served as the nation’s first ever satellite city. Over time the city expanded and gave way to commercial, residential, and recreational development. The city is also home to a number of MSC certified commercial buildings. This allows the region to offer MSC offices for rent in Petaling Jaya.
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PJ and Recreation
The Best of Both Worlds
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PJ and Businesses
Petaling Jaya is considered a hotbed of development and is highly sought after by many companies for permanent, physical office purposes. Aside from the rapid development and progress the area enjoys, Petaling Jaya is also home to a series of affordable residential properties allowing the workers of the commercial towers to live close-by. This makes the commute to and from work even more easy! To learn more about Petaling Jaya’s residential and commercial properties, visit the official website of PHB online today!\
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A Few Things To Look Out For When Purchasing Sex Toys
Individuals and couples can benefit greatly from sex toys. Regulating the sex toy business is difficult since the FDA considers them novelty products. However, just as you should be cautious about the foods you eat and the makeup you use on your skin, you should also be cautious about the possibly harmful substances present in your adult toys. Here are some things to check for when buying sex toys, including which materials are safe and more. You can head over to https://secretcherry.co/product-category/dildos/ to check out their collection of safe sex toys available for purchase!
Contains Chemical Substances
Some toys contain chemicals that are harmful to human health. Rashes, burning, itching, and tissue damage are all possible side effects of these substances. Phthalates are a substance that is often utilised in sex toys. It helps to bind things together while also making plastic more flexible. Moreover, Phthalates are common in the rubber material of low-cost sex toys. They have emerged as a serious public health problem in the last two decades. Phthalate exposure has been connected to concerns such as obesity, male infertility, asthma, type 2 diabetes, and more.
The smell test is a useful tool for determining whether or not an item is dangerous. If an item has a strange smell, it’s likely that it was made with low-cost, hazardous components. Even if a sex toy packaging says “phthalate-free,” it may still contain harmful ingredients. To guarantee safety, read over all of the contents specified on the label. Other compounds to be aware of are Phenol, Carbon disulfide, Admium, Timethytin chloride, and Toluene.
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Avoid the following sex toy materials:
1. Jelly is a low-cost substance that is used to render sex devices seem more lifelike. Phthalates may be found in jelly.
2. Rubber is a latex substance that is often used in the production of dildos. It has a strong odour and might trigger allergy responses in certain people. Because a rubber adult toy is permeable, it should always be used with a condom.
3. PVC and vinyl are both low-cost phthalate-containing polymers. They’re frequently used in adult toys to render them softer and less expensive.
The best materials for sex toys are:
1. Silicone is frequently used to produce sex toys that are more flexible and lifelike. Since it is more durable, it is more costly than materials created with hazardous chemicals.
2. Stainless steel is a sultry material that is not only attractive but also easy to clean due to its lack of pores. Simply place it in the dishwashing machine, bleach, or hot water.
3. Borosilicate glass is ideal for sex toys since it is not permeable or poisonous, and it does not change shape when exposed to extreme temperatures. Simply place it in the dishwasher with any stainless-steel adult toy to clean.
4. If you’re looking to tone up your PC muscles, a Lucite sex toy is the way to go. Kegel exercises are simple to do because of the hard texture. When you’re done with it, toss it in the dishwashing machine.
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The Benefits And Drawbacks Of Self-Ordering System At Restaurants
Self-ordering kiosks have grown commonplace at casual and fast food restaurants throughout the world in recent years. Independent eateries, on the other hand, have been considerably more cautious and delayed to implement this type of self-serve technology than the McDonald’s of the globe. Now that the COVID-19 epidemic has hit the news, small businesses are reconsidering their self-ordering kiosks. What was formerly seen to be an expensive and impersonal piece of equipment is now recognized as a cost-effective approach to decrease face-to-face interaction while also keeping customers protected from the coronavirus. If you are planning to have your own restaurant self-ordering system in Malaysia, here are a few benefits and drawbacks that you should know.
The Benefits Of Self-Ordering System
Service that is more efficient
Another advantage of self-service booths is that they eliminate the problem of consumers entering your store and leaving if they notice a line at the counter, since they can check out fast and efficiently utilizing the self-service machine instead. This allows you to keep key consumers and avoid losing business to a competition.
More consumers will be served.
Customers usually find self-service kiosks to be faster and more convenient than walking to the counter since one of the primary importance of self kiosks is simplicity of use. This also has the additional benefit of providing a favourable consumer experience, which leads to great word of mouth. If a consumer has a pleasurable interaction with your self-service device, they are more likely to tell others about it, thereby expanding your customer base. Self-service kiosks not only allow for faster and more efficient customer support, but they also change consumer attitudes in a fundamental sense.
Profits will increase.
Despite the initial expenditure required, self-service kiosks provide a financial benefit for your company. Your client base will expand as your image for quick, easy service grows, resulting in extra revenue streams. In comparison to traditional means of service, self-service kiosks have better upselling possibilities, increasing the possibility for greater revenues.
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The Drawbacks Of Self-Ordering System
Customization options are limited.
The bulk of today’s self-ordering kiosk content development platforms offer identical templates with limited customizability, resulting in numerous firms presenting consistent image identities through digital installations. This might be a barrier to self-ordering kiosk adoption, particularly if a business has certain spatial, technological, and branding requirements.
Workers are being displaced.
In an ideal scenario, self-ordering kiosks would increase earnings, allowing the company to reinvest in resources such as its staff while still maintaining a profit margin. In the actual world? If one of the aims is to relocate workers, this should not be considered a disadvantage. Self-ordering kiosks allow personnel to focus on what they do best while allowing technology to do what it does best: optimise resources rather than jeopardise them.
The question of cost.
Spending in the original set and ongoing upkeep of self-ordering kiosks may be a hazardous business unless the return on investment is substantial. One strategy to rationalize the investment is to lower the cost while maintaining the same level of quality. The conventional wisdom holds that providing really satisfying kiosk services that include all of the benefits listed above necessitates bespoke development, therefore costs extra time and money. While this was true in the early days of managed services, today’s modern software systems, such as Intuiface, reduce resource and cost needs while increasing value.
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What Are The Right Methods In Lab Furniture Choices?
In order to stay up with the needs of everyday business, a company’s lab must constantly improve. In most cases, standard office furniture cannot keep up with the changing demands of highly specialized and fast evolving workplaces.
Organizations and lab specialists must be able to operate at their utmost efficiency in order to thrive. It’s also possible to provide lab workers customized workstations that are tailored to their specific needs via the use of modular laboratory furniture. The following five advantages of modular laboratory furniture may assist you and your employees get the most out of your work environment.
Return on investment monetary
The laboratory’s modular furnishings may be reconfigured. Get right down to business. The cost-effectiveness of modular laboratory furniture is the most significant consideration. Companies may have to adjust their processes in response to quick changes in laboratory conditions.
You can save money by utilizing modular laboratory furniture rather than creating a new lab from scratch, and you only pay for what you need. Growing your laboratory this manner has several benefits, including cost savings as well as planning for future expansion. Choosing the right lab supplier malaysia is perfect there.
Options for reconfiguration
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A company’s laboratory practices may evolve or adapt as it expands its operations. You need to be sure that the furniture you buy can change with your demands. Your current lab setup is already ready for growth because of the modular nature of the furniture.
If you need to add more lab activities or move into bigger facilities, you don’t have to start from scratch with new furniture when rearranging your lab area.
Infinitely Adaptable to Your Laboratory’s Specification
It’s possible that your lab workers may need certain equipment and supplies to carry out their job. It is because of this that they may not be able to efficiently do their assigned responsibilities if the furnishings and equipment they are provided do not fit their individual requirements.
Each workstation may be tailored to suit the needs of your personnel, thanks to modular laboratory furniture. Adding ESD protection, raising the work table to a more ergonomic height, and sizing up the modular lab furniture can all be done quickly and easily.
In compliance with the current safety regulations
The laboratory’s modular furnishings may be reconfigured. Regardless of the conditions, laboratory safety is always a primary concern. Because it conforms to industrial standards, modular lab furniture helps ensure that all procedures are followed exactly. If you’re looking for laboratory furniture designed to high standards, the American National Standards Institute and the BIFMA are ideal places to look. Check to see whether any of your furniture’s electrical components have been approved by the Underwriters Laboratories (UL).
Laboratory safety should be a major consideration in the presence of volatile chemicals. Low-cost imports, as a consequence, often fall short of quality requirements.
A well-designed workstation is vital to maximising productivity
Using lab furniture that has been ergonomically built to keep employees in a supportive and comfortable posture may help prevent repetitive stress injuries. If your laboratory is furnished with modular furniture built for ergonomics, your whole team of technologists will be protected.
To guarantee that your technicians stay highly productive while working toward their professional goals, you should use modular lab furniture in your lab because of its ergonomic advantages. The usage of ergonomically built furniture saves workers from tiredness and pain that might otherwise restrict genuine job production, allowing them to stay focused and productive longer periods of time.
The Significance Of Family Medicine That You Should Know
The importance of family medicine in keeping you healthy cannot be overstated. When you and your family need them, your primary care physicians are available for you. They can prevent you from becoming sick and treat you if you do get sick or injured. Doctors that practise family medicine serve all members of your family, from babies to the elderly. Which is why there are also curriculum training for family physician in Malaysia, since the profession itself is very important.
Well-child checkups are included in family medicine for children to guarantee your child’s health and proper growth. Your primary care physician will ensure that your kid has received all the necessary vaccines in order for him or her to attend daycare or school. Routine physicals for school, sports physicals for activities, and a range of medical services are all available to keep your adolescent active and healthy. Routine yearly physicals, reproductive health care for women, prescribed vaccines for the flu and other diseases, and a variety of other medical services are all part of family medicine for adults.
Family Medicine’s History
According to aafp.org, the speciality of family medicine was established in 1969 to fill the void left by the expansion of sub-specialization in medicine following World War II. Family medicine has given personal, front-line primary medical treatment to individuals of all ages, genders, economic levels, education levels, and vocations across the world since its inception. When it comes to primary healthcare, family medicine practitioners now serve the majority of the rural and urban residents in many nations. These doctors are more evenly spread among the country’s population than any other type of physician. Many people would be unable to receive primary care if family medicine did not exist.
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Why Should You Opt for Family Medicine?
Family medicine is essential in providing direct and ongoing treatment to individuals and their families. These doctors treat a wide range of illnesses and think that they all require treatment. Patients’ most urgent and widespread healthcare needs are addressed by family medicine practitioners, who are not limited by their age or gender. They also practise a wide range of medical disciplines and specialities, instead of specializing in a single branch of medicine. The patient as a whole is the emphasis of a family physician.
The Advantages of Family Medicine
• Reduces the cost of health care
• Improves the quality of health care and expands access to healthcare across the country
• Enhances general well-being
• These physicians are devoted to curing all ailments in order to give the greatest treatment for the patient, whether it’s a little bruise, minor sickness, or even a chronic condition like cancer.
Family medicine professionals provide a wide spectrum of primary care to their patients at specific healthcare institutions. In both hospital and community settings, they care for people of all ages, from newborns to the elderly. They provide preventative care as well as diagnosis and treatment for a variety of illnesses and diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and congestive heart failure.
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Tupper: What Is The Best Of 2021?
Technically tuppers are containers to preserve food developed by the Tupperware trademark, but in our day to day we use this word to refer to containers of all brands, types and sizes. And we really talk about them on a daily basis, because there is not a kitchen that lacks these and their use is daily.
Choosing a meal prep Malaysia may seem the simplest, but the truth is that there are several criteria that will help you make the ideal purchase. You should consider the size, material and accessories that it has, among other things. It seems like a lot, but do not be nervous that in this article we will explain everything in detail.
What are tuppers?
Tupperware are containers designed to store food, which usually consist of containers and the lid that happens to be placed by sealing the container. The best models happen to be designed to reserve the freshness of food and be hermetic. But the variety that exists is very wide and the options diverse, so there happens to be non-hermetic models.
These containers have been used for many years, and one of the most iconic brands is Tupperware, from which the popular name “tupper” for all these containers derives. However, this name does not imply that only that brand is used, as there are numerous brands that can match it in quality.
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The most important
Tuppers are containers designed to store food, and have specifications that help to preserve it effectively for longer. They are an essential part of any kitchen, and it is practically impossible to open a refrigerator without finding one.
There are a huge variety of tupperware designs, but one of the most important aspects is the use for which they were made. Among these you can find tupperware for work (in which you can take your lunch to the office), tupperware to store food in the fridge (which preserve freshness) and tupperware to freeze food.
The criteria to buy a tupper should focus on your needs: from what you want you can choose the shape, size and material. Although you should also consider aspects such as the internal sections, if the lid is hermetic and if it has resistance to both cold and heat.
The best tuppers: our recommendations
The variety is one of the main characteristics of the tupperware, and this is generally positive, but it can also make your choice difficult. To give you an overview of the options on the market, we will talk about the 7 best tupperware currently available.
This model of tupper is designed to fulfill one of the main tasks of these containers: transporting food. It does not have a lid but rather opens in the middle and is sectioned inside so that in one of the halves you have a compartment, while the other is divided into 2 and has a lid.
It is made of non-toxic plastics for humans, a resistant material that can be heated in microwaves to not so high temperatures and refrigerated without inconvenience. In addition, its design gives it an excellent appearance, and makes it a practical and beautiful way to carry your food.
Buying guide: What you need to know about tuppers
Tuppers are simple devices, however it is necessary to know them well to choose the right one. In this buying guide we tell you about the benefits that tupperware offer you, as well as some disadvantages. We also tell you about the approximate budget you require, and the places where you can get a good variety.
Online Banking in Malaysia- The Know How
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When it comes to deciding where to put one’s money, the options seem limitless. Over the past couple of years multiple banks have popped up all across Malaysia with a branch of some national bank occupying every other street corner. Due to this, many people are now facing a dilemma when it comes to choosing their banks because accessibility is no longer a driving force.
In recent years, mobile online banking in Malaysia has been gaining popularity. This can be attributed to the ease of transaction it provides as well as the increased security. Hence, a lot of people and businesses have started choosing their banks based on the amenities offered by the said banks’ online services.
Advantages of Online Banking.
1. No Physical Locations.
Online banks do not come with the limitations of a physical bank. Online banks can be accessed at any given moment via the banking app or the webpage.
1. Speedy Process.
Using mobile online banking in Malaysia for the payment of bills or the opening of a bank account is much faster than in a traditional, brick and mortar bank. Once the patron has filled out some basic information, their bank account is opened and validated within minutes if not seconds. The process is hassle free and does not require the patron to fill out multiple forms with the same questions over and over again. It also does not require one to wait for at least two weeks while everything is approved for their bank account. Payment of bills is also faster in online banking. One does not need to stand for hours in a line with a physical copy of the bill and payment money and wait for their turn at the window. Online banking allows users to pay their bills on the go.
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1. Higher Interest Rates.
Mobile internet banks in Malaysia have the ability to offer higher interest rates to their patrons since the online version does not have additional expenditure in the form of building maintenance and office supplies for the workers.
1. Next to No Fees.
Mobile online banking in Malaysia does not dabble in multiple, small transactions fees that it expects its patrons to pay every time a back related activity is completed.
1. Phone Customer Services.
In addition to providing customer support in the form of forums where banking experts and managers answer questions regarding the issues being faced by the patrons, mobile online banking in Malaysia is also fully equipped with phone support. Those who prefer a human touch or cannot find an answer on the forums can call the helpline set up by the bank and get their answers.
Online Bank Account creation in Malaysia.
In order to carry out an online bank account creation in Malaysia for Hong Leong, the following steps must be followed,
1. Scan the QR code from the official website of Hong Leong.
2. Download the official online banking app of Hong Leong. ‘
3. Launch the app once it has been successfully downloaded.
4. Enter your NRIC.
5. Choose Type of account.
6. Scan the front of your ID card using the back camera of your smartphone.
7. Add your photograph.
8. Fill in the details asked for on the screen.
9. Create username and password.
10. Confirm username and password.
11. Submit account.
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Once all the aforementioned steps have been carried out, your bank account’s application will be put under review. Once everything has been verified, your online bank account creation will be complete.
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Definition of Ranger in English :
Define Ranger in English
Ranger meaning in English
Meaning of Ranger in English
Pronunciation of Ranger in English
Ranger pronunciation in English
Pronounce Ranger in English
see synonyms of ranger
1. ranger, texas ranger
2. fire warden, forest fire fighter, ranger
3. commando, ranger
WordNet Lexical Database for English. Princeton University. 2010.
see synonyms of ranger
1. (sometimes capital)
an official in charge of a forest, park, estate, nature reserve, etc
2. mainly US
a person employed to patrol a State or national park or forest
. Brit equivalent: warden
3. US
one of a body of armed troops employed to police a State or district
a Texas Ranger
(in the US and certain other armies) a commando specially trained in making raids
a person who wanders about large areas of country; a rover
a member of the senior branch of the Guides
any of a series of nine American lunar probes launched between 1961 and 1965, three of which transmitted to earth photographs of the moon
Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers
see synonyms of ranger
one who ranges; a wanderer
any of a group of mounted troops for patrolling a region
b. US; [often R-]
any of a group of soldiers, trained for raiding and close combat
in England, the chief official of a royal park or forest
b. US
in the U.S., a warden who patrols government parks and forests
see synonyms of ranger
1. A wanderer; a rover.
2. A member of an armed troop employed in patrolling a specific region.
3. Ranger A member of a group of US soldiers specially trained for making raids either on foot, in ground vehicles, or by airlift.
a. An officer employed to maintain and protect a publicly owned site or tract of land, such as a national forest or a state park.
b. Chiefly British The keeper of a royal forest or park.
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How Far Apart Do You Plant Tomatoes In A Raised Bed?
How far apart do you plant tomatoes in a raised bed? Plant them at 18- to 24-inch spacing. Don't worry about letting the plants lean to one side; in a few days, they straighten up on their own. Water tomatoes at planting and regularly while growing to avoid blossom-end rot, which is caused when the soil is allowed to dry out.
Can you use 2x4 for raised garden beds?
The first step of the project is to build the frames for the raised garden bed. Therefore, you need to cut the components from 2x4s at 48″ and 69″. Align the edges with attention, making sure the corners are square. Next, attach the 2×4 supports to the ends of the raised garden bed.
What can I plant in a 2x4 raised bed?
Root vegetables are perfect for raised beds. Carrots, beets, radishes and parsnips flourish in the loose, rock-free soil where they have space to spread out. When you're growing plants for their roots, it's important to have complete control over the soil.
How much space do you need for 4 tomato plants?
Generally speaking, the ideal spacing for tomato plants is between 24-36 inches (61-91 cm.) apart. Spacing tomato plants any closer than 24 inches (61 cm.) will reduce air circulation around the plants and may result in disease.
Can 2 tomato plants be planted together?
Tomatoes planted too closely together may be more likely to develop problems, such as: Disease – A lot of plant diseases flourish on moist leaves. Tomato plants require a good amount of these resources, so if they're planted closely together, they will compete and likely all lose.
Related guide for How Far Apart Do You Plant Tomatoes In A Raised Bed?
How many tomato plants should I plant?
Planting a vegetable garden for a family
Spinach (Thin to 6 plants/ft. of row) 30-60 plants
How do you build a 2x4 raised bed?
How close can I plant vegetables in a raised bed?
When should you plant raised beds?
The soil in raised beds warms up more quickly in spring so planting can be done earlier. And if the bed is narrow, 3 feet or less, there will be no need to step on the soil and thus it prevents compaction. It's much easier for roots to grow in loose soil.
How do you space tomatoes in a raised bed?
A traditional tomato garden requires that tomato plants be spaced 2 feet apart. A raised garden bed is more compact, so each tomato plant needs a minimum of 1 square foot per plant for optimal growth.
How many tomato plants can be planted in a 5 gallon bucket?
Is 4 tomato plants enough?
Though the fruit are small, plant one to four plants per person. This equals to four to 16 plants for a family of four. Slicing tomatoes are used fresh and should be grown in the same numbers as cherry tomato plants. Cooking tomatoes are usually used for canning, preserving or cooking.
How many tomatoes does a tomato plant yield?
Like any tomato grower, you might wonder: How many tomatoes can 1 plant produce? On average, a tomato plant can yield 10 to 30 pounds of tomatoes. Depending on the size of the tomatoes, this can be roughly 20 to 90 tomatoes from a single plant.
What kind of wood should be used for raised beds?
Cedar and redwood are naturally water-resistant but can be expensive and hard to find. Hemlock, fir and pine are suitable materials for raised beds but aren't very long-lasting. Pressure treated lumber is an option.
How do you make a raised garden bed sturdy?
How do you make a two by four planter box?
How deep does a planter box need to be for tomatoes?
Should I drill holes in the bottom of my raised garden bed?
When building your garden box it is important to remember that a raised square foot garden is heavy. You should also drill a hole in each corner of the box. Having a one or two inch layer of gravel in the bottom of your garden box will lead to better drainage.
How do I keep rodents out of my raised beds?
• Skip The Mulch.
• Get A Cat.
• Plant Mint.
• Put Up Solar-Powered Repellers.
• Create A Border Of Herbs.
• Use Humane Mouse Traps.
• Store Pet Food Securely.
• Build A Sturdy Fence.
• How many plants can I grow in a 4x4 raised bed?
A 4-by-4-foot garden allows 16 squares for growing most types of plants.
What vegetables grow well together in raised beds?
Vegetables To Grow Together in Raised Beds
• Tomatoes.
• Cucumbers.
• Carrots.
• Corn.
• Lettuce.
• Squash.
• Peppers.
• Radishes.
• How much can you plant in a raised bed?
Five beds of this size can yield 300 pounds of vegetables and soft fruits in a 4 – 6 month growing season, which is about what the average person in the U.S. consumes annually. Most gardeners find that raised beds promote better plant growth and are easier to maintain.
Can I put a raised garden bed on top of grass?
Yes, you can put a raised garden bed on grass. One way to do this is to smother the grass with cardboard or plastic and then pile up the soil in your raised bed to a depth of at least 12 inches (30 centimeters). Of course, you can also remove the grass before building your raised garden bed.
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Frank Kameny: who was the astronomer and gay rights activist honoured in Pride Google Doodle?
Kameny became one of the most celebrated figures in LGBT+ activism after being fired from his job in the US army over his sexuality.
Google has replaced its logo with a cartoon image of Frank Kameny in honour of Pride month, celebrated in June.
When the image of Kameny is clicked on, the page takes you to a series of results about the late activist and astronomer, while a series of confetti and pride flags tumble down the screen.
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But who was Frank Kameny, and what did he do?
Frank Kameny (R) with President Barack Obama.
Who was Frank Kameny?
Born in New York in 1925, Frank was drafted into the US army aged 17 and served throughout World War Two in Europe.
He then went on to Harvard University, where he studied and taught astronomy, before later being hired by the United States Army Map Service as an astronomer.
His tenure didn’t last long, however, before the army found out about an arrest made on Kameny years earlier after a stranger groped him at a bus stop.
The army questioned Kameny, but he refused to reveal information about his sexual orientation. As a result, he was fired shortly afterwards in 1957 and later banned from future employment with the federal government.
Kameny then formally appealed his firing through the judicial system, losing twice before seeking a review from the United States Supreme Court - marking the first known civil rights claim based on sexual orientation.
His petition, however, was turned down.
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Lego: new Everyone is Awesome LGBT set revealed for Pride Month, release date – ...
What did he do after he was fired?
Kameny spent the rest of his life dedicating himself to activism for gay rights, becoming one of the most notable LGBT+ activists in US history.
In 1961, not long after Kameny was fired, he and Jack Nichols, co-founder of the Washington D.C branch of early gay rights group the Mattachine Society, began protesting outside the White House - some of the earliest such public protests for gay people and lesbians.
Over time, the protests spread to other important buildings around the country, becoming a series of pickets known as the ‘Annual Reminder for Gay Rights’.
Kameny also wrote to Kennedy - President at the time - asking him to change the rules on gay people being purged from the government.
Later, in 1971, Kameny became the first openly gay candidate for the US Congress, though was defeated by his opponent.
Following this, he created the Gay and Lesbian Alliance of Washington, D.C: an organisation devoted to lobbying the government on LGBT+ issues.
He continued to advocate for gay rights until his death in 2011, receiving multiple awards for his activism in this area.
Why is Pride month celebrated in June?
The roots of Pride celebrations come from the 1969 Stonewall riots, which began on June 28, 1969 in New York.
At the time, police would regularly raid bars in the city that they suspected were gay bars, harassing the people inside. At the time, homosexuality was banned in certain areas of law, and being caught in a gay bar could cost a person their job.
A bar in Greenwich Village, New York, was one such place which was regularly raided.
On June 28, 1969, however, the clientele decided to fight back then they got violently raided, retaliating against police and protesting for several days following the raid.
The Stonewall riots are widely considered one of the most pivotal events in the history of gay rights, sparking the first official Pride parade the following year.
Ever since then, Pride has marked this event, celebrating LGBT+ people and drawing attention to the issues still faced by the community today.
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Mythology and the Bible
Over the last several centuries, many have attempted to mythologize the inspired Word of God. Atheists vigorously attack the Genesis account of creation, calling it nothing more than a fictitious story that should be placed alongside (or even “behind”) myths like the Babylonian creation account. Liberal theologians similarly labor to make Scripture conform to secular sources, claiming that the Israelite religion is a mere “Yahwization” of pagan religions (i.e., attributing to Yahweh what pagan religions attributed to their gods). Such attempts to mythologize Scripture represent a blatant attack upon God’s Word and should be refuted with every ounce of energy we possess. In defending the Bible against such attacks, however, Christians must realize that even though the Bible is not based on pagan mythology, on occasion it does contain allusions to it.
Sometimes Bible believers go the extreme and claim that the Bible never would contain such highly imaginative and creative language. But consider Isaiah 27:1. In this passage, Isaiah wrote: “In that day Jehovah with his hard and great and strong sword will punish leviathan the swift serpent, and leviathan the crooked serpent; and he will slay the monster that is in the sea.” Here, the inspired writer makes reference to leviathan in a prophetic passage depicting the future victory of God over His foes. From his book, we can be assured that Isaiah was a strict monotheist. But he did “draw upon the common stock of poetic imagery known to his people just as contemporary writers allude to mythology to illustrate a point without thereby expressing or encouraging faith in the story so used” (Pfeiffer, 1960, 32:209). In explaining the language of Isaiah and other Bible writers who may have alluded to mythology from time to time, John Day commented: “Canaanite mythic imagery was the most impressive means in that ancient cultural milieu whereby to display the sovereignty and transcendence of Yahweh, along with His superiority over Baal and all other earthly contenders. Although the Hebrews did not borrow the theology of Canaan, they did borrow its imagery—here the imagery of Baal’s enemy…Leviathan” (1998, 155:436).
A mythological element also can be seen in the poetic language of Job 3:8: “Let them curse it that curse the day, who are ready to rouse up leviathan.” [The KJV rendering “who are ready to raise up their mourning” misses the reference to leviathan, which is obvious in the original language.] In this verse, leviathan can be identified properly with a mythological creature described in Ugaritic myths called Lotan. According to such mythology, a marine monster named Lotan was capable of altering the entire world order by eclipsing the Sun or Moon with its body. Does this mean that Job was a believer in mythology, or that the book of Job is a mythological production? Certainly not! Throughout the book that bears his name, Job is presented as a devout monotheist who rejected then-popular mythological concepts (cf. 31:26-28). Within the context of chapter 3, Job, who is “cursing” the day of his birth, employs the most vibrant, potent, and proverbial language available to call for the elimination of that day. Job was “probably doing nothing more than utilizing for poetic purposes a common notion that his hearers would understand. This would have been similar to modern adults referring to Santa Claus. Mentioning his name does not mean that one believes such a person exists” (Zuck, 1978, p. 24).
Even though the Bible may make allusions to mythology, “neither the book of Job nor any of the Old Testament has the slightest hint of belief in any such mythology” (Smick, 1970, p. 229). To suggest that the godly men and writers of the Bible believed in these mythological creatures is to make an abrasive and completely unwarranted assumption that should be avoided at all costs.
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Somatostatinomas are rare, functional neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that contain and produce excessive somatostatin, which inhibits numerous endocrine and exocrine secretory functions. A majority of somatostatinomas occur in the pancreas, although they may also occur in the duodenum and in more rare sites such as the jejunum, stomach, or biliary tract. The most common manifestations of somatostatinoma include abdominal pain and weight loss. However, presentation is variable based on tumor location, severity, and other factors. Somatostatinomas are often discovered during clinical investigation of possible NETs, and diagnosis involves detection of elevated somatostatin levels in tissue or plasma and by immunohistochemistry staining.
Quick Answers for Clinicians
What is somatostatinoma syndrome?
Somatostatinoma syndrome is characterized by diabetes, gallstones, and diarrhea (usually steatorrhea). Somatostatinoma syndrome is thought to occur in less than 1% of patients with a somatostatinoma, and is more common in patients with pancreatic tumors than in those with intestinal tumors. The diagnosis of somatostatinoma syndrome can be established by measuring the plasma somatostatin level in patients who exhibit the characteristic symptoms.
What is the role of genetic testing for somatostatinomas?
Somatostatinomas may be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or polycythemia-paraganglioma-somatostatinoma syndrome. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommends that genetic testing for inherited syndromes be considered for all patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) when appropriate, based on clinical suspicion.
What is the role of imaging for somatostatinomas?
Imaging is utilized for tumor localization and to determine disease severity. Common imaging methods for somatostatinomas include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), and positron emission tomography (PET).
Indications for Testing
Although somatostatinomas are often detected incidentally (eg, during clinical examination for abdominal pain, weight loss, or a suspected pancreatic tumor), laboratory testing is appropriate for patients who present with symptoms of somatostatin excess, including diabetes, gallstones, and diarrhea (usually steatorrhea).
Laboratory Testing
Because of their low prevalence and variable presentation, somatostatinomas are rarely diagnosed before surgery or biopsy. Generally, somatostatinomas are discovered during exploratory laparotomy, radiography, or other imaging studies that are performed to investigate unexplained abdominal pain, weight loss, persistent diarrhea, diabetes, or other related conditions. As with other pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), serum chromogranin A measurements are recommended in the initial evaluation, and levels are expected to be elevated in cases of somatostatinoma. Once a tumor is detected, somatostatinomas are generally identified using plasma somatostatin measurements and immunohistochemistry staining.
The somatostatin level in plasma is commonly elevated in pancreatic somatostatinoma, whereas intestinal tumors will often present with normal or minimally elevated levels.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of tumor tissue is often valuable in the diagnosis of somatostatinoma. In many cases, stains such as somatostatin and chromogranin A are used to confirm diagnosis. For more information on immunohistochemistry tests, refer to ARUP’s Immunohistochemistry Stain Offerings.
ARUP Laboratory Tests
For additional immunohistochemistry test information, refer to ARUP Immunohistochemistry Stain Offerings
Medical Experts
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Vinik A, Pacak K, Feliberti E, Perry RR. Somatostatinoma. 2021. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al, eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth:, Inc.; 2000-.
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Photo credit: The Fitzwilliam Museum
Spinello Aretino (1350/1352–1410)
The Fitzwilliam Museum
(b Arezzo, c.1350; d Arezzo, 1410/11). Italian painter, the most distinguished member of a family of artists (mainly goldsmiths) from Arezzo (hence the name Aretino). Spinello probably trained in Florence, perhaps under Agnolo Gaddi. He was the most prolific muralist of his time and undertook large fresco cycles all over Tuscany. The last of these was devoted to the Sienese pope Alexander III in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena (1408–10); he was the first non-Sienese painter to work in the building. He also painted altarpieces. Spinello borrowed ideas freely from other painters, notably Giotto, but his style was sturdy and vigorous. Several fresco fragments by him are in the National Gallery, London. His son Parri Spinelli (1387–1453) was also a painter.
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Oxalates are anti-nutrients found in green leafy vegetables. Green leafy vegetables provide various health benefits as they contain vitamins, minerals, fibres and phyto-nutrients. Few green leafy vegetables such as spinach, leaves of rhubarb, leaves of beetroot have high levels of oxalates [1].
Spinach is rich source of iron but due to presence of oxalates, the iron absorption is reduced. Oxalates bind with minerals and body can’t make any use of minerals. We do have a bacteria Oxalobacter formigenes in our gastrointestinal system which can convert oxalic acid into formate and carbon-dioxide[2]. The presence or absence of this bacteria is influenced by environmental and genetic factors and thus, some people are more prone to kidney stone formation [3].
Oxalates when bind with calcium, form calcium oxalate crystals which can accumulate in kidneys and can form kidney stone formation. Hence, people with kidney disorders and stone (lithiasis) issues should avoid consumption of raw spinach.
Cooking and boiling reduces the amount of oxalates but the oxalates are leached into cooking water and the nutrients are also lost. Among all the methods of cooking spinach, blanching of spinach and other green leafy vegetables, for 10 to 15 minutes have been found to be effective in removal of oxalates [4]. Blanching means immerse the leaves in hot water, the oxalates will leach into water, therefore discard the water and use the blanched leaves [5].
1. Natesh H, Abbey L, Asiedu S (2017) An overview of nutritional and antinutritional factors in green leafy vegetables. Horticult Int J 1: 00011.
2. Holmes RP, Knight J, Assimos DG (2016) Lowering urinary oxalate excretion to decrease calcium oxalate stone disease. Urolithiasis 44: 27-32.
3. Das SG, Savage G (2013) Oxalate content of Indian spinach dishes cooked in a wok. Journal of food composition and analysis 30: 125-129.
4. Yadav SK, Sehgal S (2003) Effect of domestic processing and cooking on selected antinutrient contents of some green leafy vegetables. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 58: 1-11.
5. Dagostin JLA (2017) Use of Blanching to Reduce Antinutrients, Pesticides, and Microorganisms. In: Richter Reis F, editor. New Perspectives on Food Blanching. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 61-94.
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Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine
Osteochondrosis of the neck is a degenerative disease, in which the "wear and tear" of the intervertebral discs, joints and vertebrae in the cervical spine occurs in the true sense of the word.
Some information about the disease:
• Osteochondrosis of the neck occurs approximately equally in men and women.
• People between the ages of 30 and 60 often get sick.
• As a rule, pathology occurs in people who have to be in the same position at work and perform monotonous actions.
• The cervical spine has some structural features, so the disease can show very different manifestations.
cervical osteochondrosis
What features of the cervical spine cause symptoms of osteochondrosis?
• There are holes in the lateral processes of the vertebrae - through which the carotid arteries pass blood from the brain to the right and left.
• The initial part of the spinal cord passes through the cervical region - it consists of fibers that carry nerve impulses to all parts of the body, providing movement and sensitivity. If there is compression of the spinal cord in the neck, neurological diseases occur all over the body.
• This part of the spine is highly mobile and is prone to osteochondrosis (although in most cases the disease still develops in the lumbar region - in addition to high mobility, it also experiences the greatest stress).
• In the neck, nerve roots extend from the intervertebral foramen to form the cervical and brachial plexuses. They are responsible for movements in the neck, arm and shoulder girdle muscles, skin sensitivity and regulation of autonomic functions.
• The first vertebra does not have a massive anterior part - the body - a bony ring attached to the tooth - a bony growth in the second vertebra. In this way, the head can turn to the sides.
Neck pain, headache, weakness, numbness in the hands are the symptoms that should make you see a neurologist. Examination by a specialist and the use of modern equipment will help to understand the causes of the pathology and take the most effective measures.
What happens to the vertebrae in cervical osteochondrosis?
The obscure medical term "degenerative process" refers to the following pathological changes in the cervical spine:
What happens with cervical osteochondrosis
• First of all, the lesion in osteochondrosis covers the intervertebral discs. They become thinner, so the distance between adjacent vertebrae is reduced. Small tears and micro-cracks appear on the outer parts. Over time, this can lead to a herniated disc.
• As a result of disc damage, the stability of the vertebral joint is impaired.
• Suffers from osteochondrosis of the cervical spine and intervertebral joints - develops spondyloarthritis. It also helps to compress nerve roots.
• The pathological process extends to the vertebrae themselves. Due to the dysfunction of the intervertebral discs, the load on them increases. The spine tries to compensate for this disorder, on which bone growths - osteophytes - appear.
Treatment of cervical spine osteochondrosis
In case of exacerbation of osteochondrosis of the cervical vertebrae, traction is used to relax the intervertebral discs (the patient's head is placed on a raised bed and the head is straightened with a special loop). You should wear a Shants collar for the same purpose. Painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed to relieve the pain. In the case of severe pain that does not pass in any way, the doctor may block: apply an anesthetic solution to the affected nerve root area. Physiotherapy is used: ultrasound treatment, electrophoresis with novocaine.
When the severity decreases, treatment of cervical spine osteochondrosis includes massage, physiotherapy exercises, physiotherapy.
One of the main symptoms of cervical osteochondrosis is neck pain. Many people who experience this symptom do not consult a doctor, but prefer to treat "chondrosis" at home. There are at least two good reasons to refuse self-medication and consult a specialist.
First, painkillers and folk remedies, although they help reduce pain for a while, do not solve the main problem. Pathological changes in the spine continue to grow. Over time, this threatens more serious consequences. To the point where surgery may be required.
Second, neck pain is not limited to osteochondrosis. There are other reasons. Only a doctor can understand and prescribe the right treatment.
What are the symptoms of osteochondrosis of the cervical spine that should make you see a doctor?
The main symptom of cervical osteochondrosis is pain. Depending on the level of localization of the pathological process, it can occur in different places: in the neck, shoulder girdle, hands, heart area. Pain can be dull, burning, painful in nature.
Other manifestations of the disease:
• Headaches, dizziness, flying in front of eyes, noise, ringing in the ears.
• Weakness in neck, shoulder girdle, arm muscles.
• Skin sensitivity disorder.
• Shoulder-scapular periarthritis: painful neck pain extending to the arm, difficulty in escaping the arm above 90 °, weakness and atrophy of the shoulder girdle muscles.
• Shoulder-to-hand syndrome: pain in the shoulder and hand, swelling and stiffness of the fingers, weakness and atrophy of the hand muscles.
• Vertebral artery syndrome. Bone growths occur in the spinal cord, which compresses the nerves, resulting in a reflex spasm of the spinal artery, which is involved in the blood supply to the brain. Symptoms of cervical osteochondrosis are accompanied by persistent headaches from the back of the head to the temples, to the crown of the head, nausea, noise in the head, ringing in the ears, trembling of bright spots in front of the eyes.
• Anterior skeletal muscle syndrome. There is an anterior and middle scalene muscle in the neck - they are located next to each other and there is a small space between them where nerves and blood vessels pass. With cervical lumbar osteochondrosis, the anterior scalene muscles tense and squeeze, resulting in symptoms such as pain on the inner surface of the forearm, shoulder, and fingers. Sometimes the pain spreads to the back of the head. The skin of the hand may become cold, pale, and numb.
• Epicondylitis Syndrome. In the lower part of the shoulder, on the sides of the elbow joint, there are bone protrusions - epicondyles. With epicondylitis syndrome caused by cervical osteochondrosis, they feel increased pain when pressed. Other symptoms include: neck pain, pain when pressing on certain points in the cervical vertebrae.
If cervicothoracic osteochondrosis affects two parts of the spine at once, symptoms include pain between the shoulder blades in the heart area.
The risk of intervertebral hernia and stroke increases during osteochondrosis. If you experience any of the symptoms listed above, consult your doctor.
It is better not to self-medicate. Although you generally have tried and tested methods to help you manage your pain, this does not mean that you are doing it right.
Pain can be caused not only by osteochondrosis, but also by intervertebral hernia, muscle disorders (myofascial pain syndrome) and can be a symptom of other diseases. In order to treat the disease properly, you need to understand the causes and make a differential diagnosis. This is only possible in one clinic.
You should visit a neurologist and be examined to determine the cause of the disease and to properly treat the symptoms of cervical osteochondrosis.
At the heart of cervical osteochondrosis is the defeat of the intervertebral discs. The chemical composition is broken down, first swells, then decreases in size, cracks and tears appear on the outer parts, they become denser. Then the degenerative process spreads to the vertebrae, intervertebral joints. Due to a decrease in the height of the intervertebral disc, the load on the vertebrae increases, bone growths - osteophytes appear.
What are the causes of cervical spine osteochondrosis?
There is no consensus on the causes of cervical osteochondrosis. Different situations are thought to cause the disease, there are different views:
• Age-related changes in the spine. However, almost all people over the age of 40 have skeletal changes, but not everyone has osteochondrosis.
• Neck Injuries. Trauma is often among the causes of the disease: a damaged neck, compression fracture, vertebral subluxation. Chronic injuries, such as during intense training for athletes, bending postures that are constantly uncomfortable, and recurrent lash injuries in drivers can be important.
• Congenital anomalies of the vertebrae: cervical ribs, fusion of adjacent vertebrae, fusion of the first vertebra with the occipital bone, etc.
• Profession. More often, the disease affects people who work in a monotonous posture, constantly doing the same action.
• Disorders of spinal blood supply, venous insufficiency, edema in the nerve roots.
• Autoimmune diseases.Conditions in which the immune system does not work properly attack its own connective tissue, the body's ligaments.
See a neurologist. An experienced healthcare professional will understand the source of your health problems and prescribe the right treatment.
Causes of exacerbation of cervical osteochondrosis
Osteochondrosis occurs when the symptoms stop bothering you for a while, in the form of alternating periods of exacerbation and improvement. Another ignition can be caused by:
• Awkward, shaky neck movement.
• Stay in a monotonous restless state for a long time. For example, after working on a computer for a long time, you may have neck pain after lying on an uncomfortable pillow.
• Stress, nervous tension. Chronic stress causes spasms in the neck muscles, which can lead to the onset of another inflammation.
• Various diseases, exacerbation of chronic diseases.
• Hypothermia. For this reason, exacerbations in many people occur in the fall.
• Wrong, illiterate self-medication. For example, massage and therapeutic exercises are useful in remission, but contraindicated in exacerbation.
What diseases can show similar manifestations?
Often, the manifestations of "osteochondrosis" are actually associated with a completely different disease. For example, the cause may be hidden in the muscles - there is a condition such as myofascial pain syndrome. The pain is caused by the constant tension of the same muscles.
Sometimes the manifestation of "cervical osteochondrosis" is perceived as dizziness associated with otolithiasis - it is the accumulation of crystals of calcium salts in the inner ear.
Pain and tightness in the neck, headache - when these symptoms occur, many people are "diagnosed" with osteochondrosis. Everything is clear - when you are in pain, you need to take painkillers or injections, apply heat, and everything will pass. Why consult a doctor when you can cope on your own?
However, in most cases, self-medication does not lead to anything good. Over time, painful attacks can become faster, stronger and longer. If you take painkillers almost every day unsupervised, you may have stomach or kidney problems. After all, any drug has side effects.
The cause of pain is not always the root cause of osteochondrosis. You need to see a doctor and get tested to find the real cause and how to deal with it effectively.
How does a neurologist diagnose cervical osteochondrosis? What happens in the doctor's office during the examination?
On your first visit, the neurologist will ask you some questions:
• How long have you had headaches and neck pains?
• Where does the pain occur? What character do they have: stabbing, hurting, pulling, pulling?
• When does pain generally occur? What motivates? How do you feel afterwards?
• Have you seen a doctor yet? Have you been examined and treated? Which one? How long ago?
• What other symptoms are you worried about?
• What other chronic diseases do you have?
• Have you had a neck injury recently?
The doctor will then perform a neurological examination to check your reflexes, skin sensitivity, muscle strength and tone. You will be asked to turn around, tilt your head to the sides, forward and backward. The doctor will gently press on certain points on your neck to determine the onset of pain.
After the examination, you will be diagnosed and the necessary diagnostic methods will be prescribed.
What diagnostic methods are used in cervical spine osteochondrosis?
Examination of cervical osteochondrosis generally includes the following diagnostic methods:
• Radiography of the cervical spine.
• X-ray contrast studies are prescribed according to the indicators: myelography (application of contrast to the space around the spinal cord), discography (insertion of contrast into the intervertebral disc), angiography (insertion of contrast into the vessels).
• Computed tomography.
• Magnetic resonance imaging.
• In severe neurological diseases, you may be prescribed electroneuromyography - a study that determines the conduction of electrical impulses in the nerves and muscles.
Often the manifestations of cervical osteochondrosis are similar to angina pectoris. If, after the examination, the doctor still suspects a diagnosis, you will be prescribed an ECG and other diagnostic methods.
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How to use water cooling technologies to keep your cooling system cool
It may sound complicated, but water cooling is a very easy process, and it can be a very cost-effective way to keep cool.
It’s actually not as hard as it looks, as we’ll show you in this tutorial.
What you need to know about water cooling Water cooling technology has changed a lot in the past five years, as companies have started to focus on better cooling.
Most water cooling systems use cooling towers that are placed inside a tower, and this allows water to flow through the cooling tower and down the shaft of the water pump, allowing more cooling to flow to the cooling system.
A good example of this is an air-cooled system, where water flows from the tower down a shaft to a fan, which sucks air from the air in front of the cooling towers, cools the water down and pumps the air back out again.
The air-drain system is also useful for cooling, as it allows the air to circulate around the cooling area, and the air is sucked out of the room by the air intake and the cooling unit.
You can also see an example of an air cooled water cooling system here.
Here is an image of the air-filled cooling tower, which is attached to the tower.
If you look closely, you can see a small fan that is sucking water through the tower, in order to cool it down.
When water enters the cooling space, it heats up, and that’s what the water is cooling down.
Water cooling is very energy efficient, because the water evaporates from the cooling water in the tower in just a few seconds, while the water heats up the cooling liquid in the cooling chambers, which then heats up and evaporates as well.
This is an example image of a water cooled cooling tower.
The cooling tower will then cool the cooling units inside the tower as well, which means more coolant is being pumped into the system, which will help cool down the cooling systems further.
Coolant will then be pumped into cooling units as well to cool down any coolant that gets lost in the air.
If all of this sounds a bit complicated, think about the cooling devices you need and how they all work together.
When you need the cooling technology to work, you need a water cooling tower to keep the water cool.
This means you need an air cooling tower that is attached, or that you can mount directly on top of the tower (see above).
You also need to install an air filter in front, in case you want the water to evaporate before the cooling tube gets attached to it.
It also means that the cooling tubes need to be attached to a water pump.
To cool the water in your cooling towers with water, you want to place a large amount of air into the cooling zones.
This air is usually the result of the condensation of water vapor, which cools and filters the water from the inside of the system.
You need to ensure that the water doesn’t get too hot, as overheating will damage the cooling equipment.
Water coolers are typically mounted on either side of a cooling tower (pictured above), so it’s important that you are able to see the cooling lines coming from the outside of the building.
If the cooling is too cold, the water may evaporate too quickly, so you won’t be able to cool the system well enough.
In some cases, the cooling fans are mounted on the outside, so they can be removed without damaging the cooling components.
You also want to keep in mind that it’s possible to cool your cooling equipment with water cooling in a closed system.
This isn’t necessarily a good idea, as you won’ t be able remove the cooling elements, and if they get damaged they could cause damage to your cooling systems, which could affect your cooling performance.
So what you need for a water-cooling system When you have the water cooling technology installed, it’s critical that you have a system that is water-tight and water-efficient, and therefore can be operated with water.
It is also important that the system is safe for operation, so it should be able handle the water that is coming through it.
You’ll need a cooling unit to be used as the cooling fan, and a cooling system that can cool the entire cooling area (such as a reservoir, which can hold up to 8 liters of water).
You’ll also need a reservoir to keep all the water, but you can’t actually store water in a reservoir.
There are several options available for water cooling cooling systems.
You could buy water cooling equipment that uses air-conditioning to cool water, which you could then use to cool all of your cooling components, or you could use a fan to cool some of the components (e.g. water pumps).
Alternatively, you could build your own water-conditioned cooling system, or install a pump inside the water system.
The water cooling unit you buy
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Lake Turkana, Africa’s fourth largest and most saline lake, is a desolate wonder located in the arid desert region of the Kenyan Rift Valley, piercing the border of Ethiopia at its northernmost end. This lake is considered as the largest permanent desert lake in the world.
Also referred to as Lake Rudolf after European visitors named the lake after a 19th century Austrian prince, and Jade Lake for the verdant color of the water, Lake Turkana is a vast but shallow body of water that stretches over 150 miles long and up to 20 miles wide.
The lake is an imperative resource for peoples in the surrounding desert region, migratory birds including flamingos, cormorants, and kingfishers, and local wildlife like the Nile Crocodile, hippos, and fish such as Nile perch, tigerfish, and tilapia. Lake Turkana and its islands were designated national parks in the 1970s and 80s.
In 1997, Lake Turkana National Parks were collectively chosen as the region’s extraordinary biodiversity. While requiring the lake’s protection, Lake Turkana has since been placed on the World Heritage “In Danger” list for poor conservation practices and overdevelopment.
According to atlasobscura
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Essay: How significant was the contribution of H.V. (Doc) Evatt to the development of Australian foreign policy?
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Sierra Club
by Nicholas Klar
Herbert Vere Evatt, or 'The Doc' as he was affectionately known, was an enigmatic political figure. He was variously described as 'the most frightful man in the world', a 'stormy petrel', 'prickly and suspicious', and a 'good hater of his enemies', all with a 'curious lack of grace' Yet for all of the defects he was accused of, he was an extraordinarily gifted man who made an imprint not just on Australia and its government, but on the world stage as well. His driven personality, and assertion of Australian independence and importance in the world, bears a remarkable resemblance to that 'true believer' of the 90's - Paul Keating.
This essay will concern itself firstly with the major policies that Evatt instigated or played a major part in, such as the independent declaration of war on Japan, the 'turning' to America, the ANZAC pact, the expansion of the diplomatic service, and the 1942 ratification of the Statute of Westminster. Next his policies toward other countries, including the USSR, China, Japan, and Indonesia, along with his vision for the south west Pacific island states will be considered. His usually tenuous relationship with the leaders of America and Great Britain, along with his role in the fledgling United Nations will also be discussed.
By this it will be attempted to be shown that Evatt was more farsighted in his foreign policy than anyone could contemplate at the time, and the implications can still be seen today. Foreign affairs had a priority in government that had never been seen before, or perhaps since. Evatt was first and foremost an Australian nationalist concerned for the security of his country. This explains why sometimes his abiding sense of justice appeared to be compromised. A good example would be his support of the White Australia Policy. He was dismayed by the racial violence he had seen on a visit to Hawaii, and resolved that Australia must not be weakened by similar problems.
The onset of the second World War, particularly the aggression of Japan, caused a considerable rethink of previous foreign policy amongst Australia's leaders. Australia had always considered it's defence could be capably handled under the wing of the mighty British Empire. The fall of Singapore, along with the surrender of many thousands of Australian troops, proved that the notion of British protection was merely an illusion. Australia was alone and needed to forge a new direction, no longer following the British lead.
The new Labor government under the leadership of John Curtin was quick to act. Evatt persuaded Curtin to make an individual declaration of war on Japan as a deliberate exercise of Australian sovereignty. Evatt also backed Curtin's recall of Australian troops, and in 1942 wrote his dispatches to Churchill. This was in contrast to Menzies who previously declared that because Britain was at war with Germany, so was Australia. Later in 1950 Evatt wrote in support of John Curtin a lengthy and bitter criticism of Churchill's war policies.
This new attitude led to the famous statement by Curtin in the Melbourne Herald on December 27th 1941 where he declared,
'...we refuse to accept the dictum that the Pacific struggle must be treated as subordinate...therefore [we] regard the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say...
Without any inhibitions...Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom.
We are, therefore, determined that Australia shall not go...'
Thus began the redefinition of Australian foreign policy, headed capably by 'The Doc' who firmly felt Australia had 'come of age'.
The Australian government was not 'cutting the bonds of Empire' as many claimed, but was in fact sowing the seeds of what Evatt referred to as a '...great South-West Pacific zone of security'. The underlying reason was the security and safety of the Pacific. This was to be the basis of maintaining an independent, yet aligned, foreign policy. Australia was not submitting itself to the U.S., but realistically realised that much of it's future could be decided in Washington.
Australia also strove to have itself seen as the 'leader' or 'voice' of the Commonwealth in the Pacific. This was a major factor in the signing of the ANZAC pact which was purely an Evatt initiative. No two British dominions had ever before signed a treaty without consulting Britain. The pact was maybe Evatt's first really distinctive achievement, and probably largest blunder when viewed from overseas.
This agreement was a sum of the overall views of Evatt, and also embodied his ego, ambitions, and annoyance at the major powers who were ignoring Australia. As a part of the pact Evatt envisaged Australia and New Zealand, who he felt had been left alone in the Pacific, taking control of British Pacific colonies. The U.S. looked upon this as an Australian 'Monroe Doctrine', and began the build up of distrust that America felt for the Evatt and the Labor government.
Under Evatt the External Affairs office rapidly expanded it's diplomatic representation. Previously Australian diplomacy had been handled through the representatives of the United Kingdom. Partly because of this Evatt experienced difficulty convincing foreign nations that Australia was not merely an appendage of Britain. Therefore, under his leadership was built an effective department of External Affairs that was to be so important in the post WWII world. Also Evatt could not claim 'middle power' status for Australia without adequate representation. By 1949 the number of independent overseas diplomatic missions had reached 25.
Evatt was prepared to grasp the political independence offered by Great Britain. Previous governments had used the Statute of Westminster as a political football, not wishing to look disloyal to the Empire. Yet Evatt, being the lawyer that he was, felt he could not bring the changes needed for the war effort without the proper support of the constitution. Consequently the Bill for the adoption of the Statute of Westminster was presented to Parliament by Evatt in October 1942.
With regard to the USSR Evatt felt much less threatened by them than America did, which proved a constant source of tension. Evatt questioned the Russian's expansionist motives, asking if it was to,
' the political domination of other countries or merely to protect Russia against any repetition of the so-called cordon sanitaire...'
Evatt probably felt the Soviets were only establishing defensive zones of influence, not unlike Australia was trying to do in some way.
Evatt, like many Australians at the time, felt more threatened by the 'yellow peril' than by the USSR. He angered the Americans by saying he wanted to work with the Chinese communists, who he considered were not pushing the same line as the USSR. Unlike the U.S. who saw 'Reds under every bed', Evatt saw real differences between nationalist and communist movements in the new emerging states.
Australia was most afraid of a resurgent Japan. Evatt demanded the '...complete elimination of Japanese imperialistic militarism as a basic condition of pacific security and an '...effective voice in the peace settlement'. Evatt felt the Allies did not understand Australian concerns and pressed the U.S. to impose harsh conditions. Through it's status as an 'active belligerent', plus Evatt's pressure and bullying, Australia won a part in the Japanese surrender and Far East Commission.
By 1947 Evatt enunciated the basic principles of Australian foreign policy toward Japan. These were,
'...the disarmament and demilitarisation of Japan, destruction of it's capacity to wage war, prevent the regrowth of war-making capacity... [and] the encouragement of democracy in Japan, which involves the gradual growth of the social, political, and economic system.'
After the war the Australian government had to decide their policy on the Indonesian independence movement which was rapidly gaining strength. Evatt initially supported a balance between the Dutch and republican forces with gradual autonomy being granted. This support moved quickly over to the republicans after brutal Dutch 'police actions'. Australia asked for adjudication under article 39 at the United Nations, and went as far as wanting The Netherlands expelled from the UN.
There were probably three reasons for the change of tack. One was the basic issue of justice which Evatt had pushed so hard for in San Francisco. Secondly it was considered Indonesia could become a solid trading partner, which today has proved correct. Lastly, by supporting independence movements, not only in Indonesia but throughout the Pacific, it would mean better defence for Australia. The Japanese had encountered little resistance as they marched down through Asia.
If these former colonies could be 'better looked after' Evatt considered they would remain loyal to the West. The question of Dutch New Guinea (Irian Jaya), which would have to be confronted later, was being looked as vital for the security of Australia and ensured continuance of the White Australia Policy. Australia sought effective control of not just Dutch New Guinea but also Portuguese (East) Timor, the Solomon Islands, and the New Hebrides (Vanuatu). To this end Evatt laid out Australia's envisaged role in the Daily Telegraph on 18th August 1943.
The Allied Supply Council (an Australian idea) was set up in 1942 by America and Australia. It's job was to develop Australia into a major operation and supply base for the Pacific theatre. It was also to coordinate procurement for the Allied Forces, help increase Australian war production, and determine broad economic policies for the south west Pacific. This is an important last point because it was definitely considered that this role would continue (with America's blessing) after the conclusion of hostilities. The U.S. alliance was not really wanted after the war and reflected a traditional anti-American feeling in the Labor Party. The ANZAC pact came from Evatt's displeasure of constantly 'being brushed aside'.
The Manus Island dispute was a symbol of post-war discord between Australia and the U.S.A. The underlying current of discord between the U.S. and Australia seems to have been evidenced by several clashes - of interests, of personalities, of priorities, and ideologies. The Labor government was obviously more concerned than the U.S. about a re-armed Japan, with their first principle being the security and safety of the Pacific. The emerging cold war meant America was more interested in the threat from Soviet communism.
Evatt's aggressive pursuit of his ideas, policies, and theories annoyed most high ranking Americans who felt the Australian government should be more compliant. The ultimate effect of this, along with 'The Case', was to have the Chifley government alienated because of 'communist influence'. Labor was seen by the American ambassador as riddled with communists and fellow travellers. Australia was '...weaken[ing] the democratic front...' and the US sought to '...discourage Australia from taking positions that hinder us...'. Not that the Australian cause was helped by the incompetence of the American representatives.
The U.S. wanted to devote it's energies to the rebuilding of Europe and security interests in the Northern Pacific. The South-West Pacific was returning to being a 'backwater'. America did not share Australia's enthusiasm for a NATO style pact, particularly with themselves as junior partners. Neither did the US want a Manus Island base badly enough as a trade off for an ANZUS treaty. The Americans did not realise the deep hurt that Australia felt after being let down by London. It did not want to experience the same thing with Washington.
At the same time Australia did not want to lose control of their territories. Evatt had no qualms over a US presence in the North Pacific because it would strengthen Australia's first line defence. Because Labor (with Evatt) were pursuing an independent foreign policy, demanding input on questions like the Japanese Peace Agreement, and giving firm support for the U.N., America took a somewhat dim view of the Australian government. Upon Labor's defeat the American ambassador sent a congratulatory telegram to Menzies - even before the victory was won!
Australian ties with the U.K. were also somewhat strained after the war. Australia and New Zealand resented being left out of decisions made at the Cairo conference in 1943, but nonetheless wanted some British presence in the Pacific to counter the Americans. The British government also resented the attempts by Arthur Calwell to encourage the emigration of Britons to Australia, they wanted their citizens to stay and assist in reconstruction efforts. Calwell's policy was to build population for the purposes of defence, thereby supplementing Evatt's policies.
Evatt was not without his critics at home either. The Murdoch press blasted him for 'nationalist larrikinism'. Leader of the opposition Menzies also disagreed with much of Evatt's policy, particularly it's 'utter independence' and Evatt's support of the Indonesians. Yet unlike Evatt, Menzies could not see the changing of Britain's fortunes in the world and the coming change in Asia. Evatt saw that while Australia was directly affected by events in Europe, it's stake in the Pacific was paramount.
Yet in was on the world stage that Evatt really shone. His efforts at the United Nations complemented the broad objectives of his foreign policy. These were meant to help bring about world conditions in which Australia may secure peace, national development, and prosperity in accordance with the ideals of democracy.
He developed the idea trusteeships, partly to help fulfil Australia's 'Pacific destiny'. Here he appeared more as an enlightened colonial than an anti-colonialist. Evatt made clear his stand for justice as part of his mission at San Francisco,
'While security is the first task, it is not enough to plan for security alone; economic and social conditions are potent factors in international relations. poverty and unemployment are the worst menace to peace.'
The world press loved Evatt. He made a huge impact giving numerous press conferences frankly outlining his aims. In all, the Australian team successfully sponsored 20 amendments to the proposed charter. As a reward Australia was given the honour of sitting on the Security Council. The New York Times summed up Dr. Evatt's standing at the conference thus,
'When Dr. Evatt came here he was a virtually unknown second string delegate...He leaves, recognised as the most brilliant and effective voice of the Small Powers, a leading statesman for the world's conscience
He saw his election to the presidency of the UN not as a prize for himself, but to Australia.
Many from both within and without Australia do not remember many of the less conspicuous things Evatt did for his country, such as his bravery during WWII, constantly flying the Pacific in Navy planes that could be shot down at any time. As put by Jack Beasley,
'If medals for bravery were given out, poor bloody Evatt would have as many as a dray horse's harness.'
After searching Canada for war supplies Evatt introduced a Bill during 1944 to set up an aluminium refinery in Tasmania. He was determined that Australia would never have to 'beg' again. He also ensured by his partial separation of the diplomatic service that potential employees would be rigorously screened, and worthy of their appointment.
Gough Whitlam, when still leader of the opposition in 1971, was perhaps referring to the efforts of Evatt when he was denigrating the Liberal's foreign policy thus, 'The foreign policy of this nation is in ruins: the foundations on which it has rested for twenty years has crumbled'. Renouf contends that Evatt was only harking back to pre-1923, and to the policies of nationalist leaders like Billy Hughes. Perhaps Evatt saw his role in the context of history.
When the Labor government of the period was dramatised in the ABC mini-series 'The True Believers' the character of Evatt, now opposition leader, plays in a poignant final moment. He is standing alone in Kings Hall of the Old Parliament looking at the portraits of the great Labor leaders, Chifley and Curtin. Out of the darkness comes a fellow Labor M.P. Knowing what Evatt is thinking he simply says, 'Don't worry Doc, history will be kind to you'.
A measure of his influence on future Australian foreign policy can be seen in a speech read by him, but actually penned by Paul Hasluck, later to become Minister of Foreign Affairs in a Liberal government,
'No sovereign state, however small, will wish to think that its destiny has been handed over to another power, however great. Nor does history at all support the view that wisdom is confined to the strongest nations or that knowledge is found only at the centre of power'
Perhaps his greatest failing was not his ego, his impetuosity, or verbal imprecision, but his unfailing faith in law, justice and reason. He always considered that the law could over ride raw power, which is plainly and unfortunately untrue. After Ben Chifley's death Evatt went on to lead the A.L.P., though never into power, and eventually to the split with the Catholic Right (D.L.P.). Although Evatt was able to claim victory on the communist referendum in the 50's, Robert Menzies was too easily able to exploit Evatt's shortcomings, and he retired dispirited from politics.
Many Australians today do not recognise the huge influence of 'The Doc' either nationally, or internationally. He may have misjudged many things, but he also was correct in many others. He foresaw working with China long before Nixon or Whitlam, he saw Australia as an independent nation in the Asia/Pacific region long before Keating, and the decline of British influence in the same, he saw that the USSR was not about unbridled global expansion unlike many in the West, and he saw through the sham of unchecked power that has today brought the 'New World Order'.
He proudly established an Australian foreign policy based on principle, and not on selfishness. Most importantly he showed the world that Australia had it's own distinctive contribution to make, and demanded it's treatment as an equal. The conservative governments that followed may have rejected some of Evatt's policies but never repudiated the security conscious foundations he had laid.
The influence of The Doc was all pervasive from 1940-49, and still is in many ways today. On his gravestone are the simple words 'President of the United Nations Assembly'. For all his faults Herbert Vere Evatt stands as a true Australian statesman, and second to none as a fighter for Australia, and its place in the world.
A. Primary sources (Documents)
W. J. Hudson and Wendy Way (ed.), Documents on Australian Foreign Policy 1937-49, Canberra, 1989
Neville Meaney (ed.), Australia and the World, Melbourne, 1985
Kylie Tennant, Appendix (A-E) in Evatt: Politics and Justice, Sydney 1970
B. Primary sources (Books)
Warner Levi, Australian-American Relations, Minneapolis, 1947
C. Secondary sources (Books)
Glen St. J. Barclay, Friends in High Places, Melbourne, 1985
Carl Bridge, Herbert Vere Evatt, in Leonie Kramer, et al, (ed.) The Greats, Sydney 1986
Richard Hall, The Rhodes Scholar Spy, Sydney, 1991
W. J. Hudson, Australia and the Colonial Question at the United Nations, Sydney, 1970
Robert Manne, The Petrov Affair, Sydney, 1987
Alan Renouf, Let Justice Be Done, Brisbane, 1983
Kylie Tennant, Evatt: Politics and Justice, Sydney 1970
Gary Woodard, Evatt's Manifesto - The ANZAC Pact, Sydney, 1987
REF: Nicholas Klar, 1993, "How significant was the contribution of H.V. (Doc) Evatt to the development of Australian foreign policy?" - + date accessed
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What Is Silk and What Is It Made of? An Introduction to Silk
What is silk and what is it made of? An introduction to silk
When you think of silk, the saying ‘smooth as silk’ may come to mind. What is this popular saying based on? What exactly is silk made of, and why is it so shiny and smooth? These are the core questions we answer in this article.
What is silk made of?
When we hear the word ‘silk’, we often think of smooth and shiny silk fabrics. Technically speaking, silk does not refer to a fabric, but to the silk fibers that are used to make these fabrics.
Silk is a natural protein fiber. Natural means that it is derived from animals, such as moths, spiders, and even a type of clam. While many insects are capable of producing silk, the silk we are most familiar with is made by the larvae of moths, also known as caterpillars.
To be even more specific, silk fibers are found in the cocoons of these moth larvae. The larvae make cocoons to grow in before they pupate and emerge as moths. These cocoons are each made of one long silk fiber that the larvae produce using their saliva. On average, a strand of silk from a cocoon ranges anywhere between 300 to 900 meters long. However, a silk fiber can measure up to 1600 meters in length. To put that into perspective, that’s about five times the length of the Eiffel Tower!
The poet makes silk dresses out of worms.
– Wallace Stevens, American Pulitzer Prize for Poetry recipient
We can extract silk fibers by unwinding the cocoons. First, we have to soften the cocoons and sift out defective ones. The cocoons are softened either by soaking them in hot water or by steaming them. After unwinding, the long strands of silk are spun together to form a thread, which can be used in the manufacturing of silk fabrics. Depending on the desired thickness of the yarn, the fibers from one or more cocoons can be combined to form one thread. Processing cocoons requires a lot of time, skill, and craftsmanship, which is one of the reasons silk is costlier than other fabrics.
To summarize, silk is made of the silk fibers that moth caterpillars produce when spinning cocoons. To put it in even simpler words: silk is derived from caterpillar spit. Isn’t nature amazing?
Collection of silkworm cocoons
What is a silkworm?
Most of the silk in the world is derived from one single type of moth caterpillar: the silkworm, also known by its Latin name Bombyx Mori. Silkworms are the larvae of the domestic silkmoth. Because of its domestication, the silkmoth can no longer fly, and you can no longer find it in the wild. The moths have become dependent on humans.
The life of a silkworm begins when a grown silkmoth lays its eggs. Each silkmoth can lay about 300 to 500 eggs at a time. The eggs will hatch and the silkworm will emerge from the eggs once the temperature is right. Grown silkworms and silkmoths are white in their appearance, as they’ve lost their colors over centuries of being bred for the silk production industry. After hatching, the silkworm will continue to grow and feed on mulberry leaves until it has shed its skin four times. Then, it is time for the silkworm to start spinning its silken cocoon using its special glands.
It is interesting to note that although the silkworm contains the word ‘worm’, the creature is actually a caterpillar and not a worm. In fact, caterpillars and worms are entirely different animals, as caterpillars are insects and worms are invertebrate. This makes the Bombyx Mori’s nickname of silkworm all the more confusing!
Silkworms eating mulberry leaves
What other animals can produce silk?
Silkmoths are not the only animals that are capable of producing silk fibers. Some spiders produce silk when weaving their webs. Some types of ant and bee larvae, such as the honeybee, produce silk when pupating. Others, like weaver ants and raspy crickets, make silk when building their nests. Since silk is a naturally strong fiber, it serves its purpose of protection very well for these animals. The list of silk-making insects goes on, and some other honorable mentions include fleas, flies, and beetles.
Most of the animals that can produce silk are insects, but not all of them are. One of the most interesting silk-producing animals is a seashell. This clam lives in the Mediterranean Sea and is known by the name of Pinna Nobilis. The Pinna Nobilis produces silk-like threads (also known as byssus) to help attach itself to rocks. These threads can be harvested and woven into a rare material called sea silk. Unfortunately, sea silk will likely continue to be a scarce material, as the Pinna Nobilis is now an endangered species.
Spider silk as seen in a spiderweb
Why is silk so shiny?
One of silk’s most appealing characteristics is its shimmering appearance. But where does silk get its shine from? To find out, we need to take a look at the composition of silk.
Just like our hair, silk made by silkworms is made up of proteins. Silk is composed of two proteins, fibroin and sericin. Fibroin is responsible for silk’s sheen. It is the main component of silk, as it makes up about 75% of a silk fiber. Fibroin molecules stack in sheets, following a structure similar to a folded leaflet. These sheets then stack together to form long tubes that resemble a triangular shape. The flat and smooth surfaces of this triangular prism-like structure make silk good at reflecting light. When light hits a silk fiber, it is reflected in many different directions. This produces different colours, which in turn makes silk cloth appear shiny.
Composition of a raw silk fiber
Why is silk so smooth?
Unlike cotton, wool, and other natural fabrics, silk fibers are smooth. To learn where silk gets its smooth texture from, we need to look at its composition again.
We learnt that fibroin protein forms the structural center of silk. Silk is also made up of about 25% sericin protein. The sericin in silk has a gummy substance and acts as a glue. Sericin coats fibroin filaments so that they can stick together. One of the main factors that give silk its smooth texture is the removal of sericin from the silk fiber. This process is called degumming and makes silk soft and lustrous.
When silk is not degummed, it can feel coarse rather than smooth. This also makes the silk harder to dye, which is not ideal for silk garment manufacturing. One example of a type of silk fabric that still has some sericin present is silk chiffon. Silk chiffon is not completely degummed. Because of this, it has more of a grainy and coarse texture when compared to silk types that are fully degummed, such as silk charmeuse (also known as silk satin).
Another factor that can determine the smoothness of silk fabric is how much the silk yarn is turned or twisted. The more the yarn is twisted, the crispier the texture of the silk. Silk crepe, for example, is made using silk thread that is tightly wrapped. This gives silk crepe fabrics a texture that is rougher than say, silk charmeuse, which is made of thread with little to no twist.
A comparison of natural fibres under a microscope
An interesting fact about degumming is that sericin does not have to be wasted once removed. The sericin produced by silkworms is rich in antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory properties. Thanks to these valuable characteristics, sericin is used in the food, cosmetics, and even biomedical industries. It has many useful applications, including the treatment of tumors and the improvement of colon health.
It is thanks to the fascinating properties and behaviors of the silkworm, and the people that have learnt how to harvest and process silk, that we get to enjoy silk fabrics today. To learn more about the history of silk and the silk production process, read our other articles linked below.
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Common Time-Out Mistakes; and How To Correct Them
There are many questions that why Time-out is not working? Parents do some common time-out mistakes, such as a condition of anger, yelling, a terrible tone of voice, a long duration of time-out, punish and harm toddlers, but the question is how to correct those mistakes so that time-out works perfectly for both parents and children. Here are some tips on how to correct those time-out mistakes.
For the last some years, using time-out techniques has become very much popular, so that Modification and Better Behaviour Techniques can be used. Many parents use this method perfectly but some of the parents do some critical and common time-out mistakes. As, 85% of the parents use time-out incorrectly, and they hurt children using yelling or punishing.
Related article; Punishing Your Children can be Helpful?
Tips How To Correct Common Time-Out Mistakes
Here are some tips that how parents can correct common time-out mistakes.
Watch Time-Out is Just a Threat
You threaten your child with a time-out but take it lightly. Threatening him to face time-out and then not doing it will reduce your performance over time.
If your child does something that requires results, give time-out immediately and be consistent. This applies to all child discipline strategies, not just time-outs.
Talk To Your Child After Time-Out
It’s not a time to scold your children or to talk about what they did wrong, explain too much about why they are in time-out or how to deal with it.
This should be an opportunity for your children and parents both to calm and rest your children from the conflict or problem that is leading to bad behaviour, divert their energy and think about what they should and shouldn’t do. This is not the time for parents to talk, shout, or express disappointment with their children. Discuss what mistakes your child has made and what they could do better when the next time-out is finished.
Your Child Gets Upset During Time-Out
If your child screams and is upset while time-out, they will likely feel insecure. Explain to him that you’re just giving him time to be in a quiet place to calm down, think about your mistakes.
Encourage your child that you love them and talk to them after the time-out. With small children, you may sit close to him, while he stays at time-out.
Time-Out is Too Long
One of the common mistakes that parents do is that they give long time-out to children. A 15-minutes time-out is too long for a 5-year-old.
Set 1 minute for each year for younger children. Time duration matters a lot for the effectiveness of time-out.
Time-Out is FunTime
If you’re sending your children to their room where they can happily play with their toys. Or you put them in front of a TV or give them a tablet or computer to play, this is not the time-out. It requires a quiet place without gadgets.
If You Get Angry or Shout
If parents get emotional while taking their children to time-out, you are sending a wrong message to your children that means you are rejecting them instead of working on their behaviours through time-out. To avoid a conflict with tears and confusion, it’s important to explain to children that you love them while setting boundaries about what should they do next.
Be calm and loving when you tell them that the time-out is a result of their behaviours and that it’s time to think calmly about making a better decision next time.
You Give up After Trying a Few Time
If time-out doesn’t work, your child is upset, you don’t see any improvement in behaviour, etc, give them time. Your child may just have to adjust to the time-out idea and learn to calm down in a quiet room.
Be consistent and calm. Take a time-out for at least a few weeks before throwing away things. And as your child grows older, you may want to take a longer time-out. They can learn to catch their breath and calm themselves when they’re excited, skills that are critical in school-age development.
Excessive Time-Out
If your child faces time-out every day, you may want to review what is causing the bad behaviour. You may also find ways to stop the behaviour before it starts.
You should consider other ways to discipline and also know what drives your child’s behaviour. This can help to meet your child’s needs and ultimately reduce the problem.
Parents Don’t Talk About The Behavior
When the time-out is over, Parents don’t discuss anything with their children. One of the most important features of time-out is talking to your child about what happened, why happened, Why they should have consequences, and what you could do differently next time.
By talking to your children after they have cooled down, you should talk to your children nicely, guide them and suggest different ways of good actions in the future.
Difficulties in Conducting Time-OutErrors in Using Time-Out MethodsMajor Mistakes Usually Guardians Do
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Father invents toy to help his daughter learn Braille
Shared by Ana Duarte on 2018-02-20 10:51
About the solution
Rebecca suffers from Usher Syndrome, a rare disease that affects hearing, balance and vision.
The family tried to learn sign language and adjust their lives to Rebecca, who will be completely blind by the time she reaches her teenage years. They went to look for toys for kids with visual impairments, but there were no valid options for the girl's situation.
"When a child is born with normal sight, they're immersed in language and they have little toys with letters and words, so what we decided to do was to make Rebecca her own toy", Jacob explained.
The father works as an engineer at a tech company and he decided to create a toy that would help teach words to Rebecca using Braille.
The invention - BecDot - consists of a 3D-printed rectangular box that introduces kids to braille words using small, colorful toys and letters. The toy works with an app that allows the user to program words to the gadget.
"If you put a cow on it, it 'moos' and she just loves it. When she puts a toy on it, the little dots pop up and it's to get her to identify what the toy is", the inventor said,
The engineer wants to make this device as low cost as possible and mass produce it so that it can be available for visually impaired children everywhere.
"There are a lot of blind children today… I'm making this for under a hundred dollars so it can get into children's hands who may not be able to afford it", he stated.
Jacob is still working on the project, but the BecDot already got an award at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas (Not Impossible Limitless Award).
More info: https://memoriesforbecca.com/
Adapted from: http://bit.ly/2BSMABe
About the author
Jacob Lacourse, born in 1980, in USA, is the father of Rebecca: a girl born in 2016 who was born deaf and is going blind. Jacob didn't find a lot of toys for kids with visual impairment, and he also wanted to find a way to teach her Braille. By combining these two needs he developed BecDot, a 3D-printed rectangular box that introduces kids to Braille words using small and colorful toys and letters.
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The Janssen revolver ("Revolver Astronomique" in French) or Photo Revolver was invented by the French astronomer Pierre Jules César Janssen in 1874. It was the instrument that originated chronophotography, a branch of photography based on capturing movement from a sequence of images. To create the apparatus Pierre Janssen was inspired by the revolving cylinder of Samuel Colt's revolver.
The revolver used two discs and a sensitive plate, the first with twelve holes (shutter) and the second with only one, on the plate. The first one would take a full turn every eighteen seconds, so that each time a shutter window passed in front of the window of the second (fixed) disk, the sensitive plate was discovered in the corresponding portion of its surface, creating an image. In order for the images not to overlap, the sensitive plate rotated with a quarter of the shutter speed. The Shutter Speed was one and a half seconds. A mirror on the outside of the apparatus reflected the movement of the object towards the lens that was located in the barrel of this photographic revolver. When the revolver was in operation it was capable of taking forty-eight images in seventy-two seconds.
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Overcoming The Need to be Perfect In Order to be Great
Quantity leads to Quality
Each Piece Markets Itself
Whatever your calling, be prolific.
1. I think Perfection is a momentary state. For example, a person may write a piece they think is perfect. But when they revisit that piece months or years later, it may feel incomplete or sub par. As far as definitions go, they are man made, yet abstract. As much as we try to distill and simplify our world, we end up complicating it more. A complete definition in English will still be subjective to one in Hindi. I do agree that thoughts can be perfect and I think that’s where the disparity begins. We see the world one way, but it often works out a slightly different way.
Thank you for you comment!
2. How does one define the term ‘perfect’? Is it possible, at all, to have a complete definition of the term? In my view, thoughts can tend to approach perfection, however, actions can only be optimal. Optimisation is a function of resources and environment at hand at any point of time. I completely agree with you that perfection can be approached by practicing the thought process again and again. I commend you for a very fluent writing style.
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Lit 80, Fall 2013
The Difference Engine Response
October 14th, 2013 | Posted by Matt Hebert in Uncategorized - (0 Comments)
The Difference Engine acts as an excellent lens through which to view both contemporary society and the intellectual ideals which characterize it. The novel presents us with a society that operates on the same information-focused infrastructure that defined the late 20th century, but also subscribes to many Victorian era morals that defy modern standards. Some of the ways that characters use the boons of computing technology would be considered downright despicable to a modern viewer, but follow logically from the social morals of the time. For instance, take Ned Mallory’s set of values.
He had, of course, read admiringly of the engineering feats of Suez. Lacking coal, the French had fueled their giant excavators with bitumen-soaked mummies, stacked like cordwood and sold by the ton. (pg 136)
In the eyes of a modern academic, the idea of casually burning pieces of history and cultural heritage, solely in the name of efficiency, is horrifying. At the time, it was a testament to mankind’s growing power over nature and the ability of information-centric thinking (efficiency) to expedite progress. The novel then leads us to consider what modern day practices with technology which seem normal now will be seen as equally abhorrent 150 years in the future.
The novel also chooses an excellent time period to discuss the growth of an information-centric culture. At the dawn of the actual 19th century, western society was still on the cusp of the industrial revolution, having just begun to seriously discuss malthusian economics and phrenology. It marked a point where society no longer regarded people simply as people. They were their punch cards and productivity reports. They could be defined as variables in a mathematical model, or even the dimples on the backs of their skulls. It could not be more fitting to view this time period through the lens of a computer. The ultimate message of the novel appears to be that, if given the necessary technological headstart, this society would have continued breaking down and objectifying the patterns of reality until information was the only thing of importance. By the novel’s conclusion in 1991, society exists within a computer as a series of simulations, where information is all that is important. This is the ultimate manifestation of societies detachment from humanity in favor of data.
In some ways, our society now has sobered in its quest for information and progress. We will catalogue private information in the name of security, but we won’t burn a mummy for fuel. Still, information mining and all forms of data-centric mentality are still rampant, made moreso by the advantages afforded by plastics, electricity, etc. The society of the difference engine got to where they were without an internet. If that is the ultimate fate of their civilization, what can we expect of ours?
In the early 1900’s, complex electric circuits came into being and boomed with the help of inventions such as the Edison’s tinfoil dictation machine, light bulb, and Bell’s telephone. Half a century later, the late twentieth century ushered a new information era with the inventions of the computer, internet and advances in telecommunication and digital data transfer systems. Although it is irrefutably clear about the technological significance and the rich potential legacy the first emerging computer has left mankind, what would happen if a more primitive computer had been invented in the 1800’s, more than a century earlier? Would it change the information age as we see it now?
In their novel The Difference Engine , William Gibson and Bruce Sterling attempt to introduce us to exactly that kind of alternate history, specifically, a Great Britain in its Victorian age where Babbage actually manages to successfully invent the difference engine (computer). Gibson and Sterling, in the book’s settings, not only draw parallels to current technology and real people, such as surveillance systems, credit cards, Charles Darwin and “clackers” (hackers), but also delve into the imaginary aspects to give us a newer glimpse of other “more weird” inventions, such as the use of “punch cards” to program computing engines.
It is interesting to note that Gibson included many symbols and references that occur both in The Difference Engine and in Neuromancer , another novel where he defines the cyberpunk/cyberspace genre. Both books depict a society in which masses of people completely support and rely on fast emerging technology to live their daily lives. For example, in Neuromancer, almost all people can and do transfer between the real physical world and a digital cyberspace, whereas most people support a dominating Industrial Radical Party for rapid technology boom in The Difference Engine. There are, however, clear differences between these two as well. Neuromancer provides us with two domains, the real and the digital, which are bases on the 1980’s (when Gibson wrote his novel), whereas as The Difference Engine focuses more into historical aspects and educational guesses of an alternate piece of history that had not happened in real time.
Another aspect Gibson and Sterling delineate in The Difference Engine is that rapidly emerging new technologies causes intense industrial competition between countries. Those countries that cannot keep up with the fast pace of the information era will be eventually made obsolete. The novel implies this fact by exploiting on Japan’s rapid industrial rise in the twentieth century in real history. In the books settings, Britain aids Japan, who is desperate to boom to the point of even doing anything in return for the British, to become a leading nation in information technology and computer engines.
The Difference Engine, in a nutshell, gives us a comprehensive view into alternate history of early digital technological boom and its potential widespread effects on the industry and the society.
Gibson, William, Bruce Sterling, The Difference Engine.
Information is Power
October 11th, 2013 | Posted by Shane Stone in Uncategorized - (0 Comments)
Jaron Lanier’s Who Owns the Future? highlights how the information age we live in is going to affect who is in charge of our future. He hypothesizes multiple scenarios that suggest the government or the siren servers could fill this role . William Gibson and Bruce Sterling’s The Difference Engine allows readers to see a potential world in which the information aged occurred earlier and as such has resulted in a change of society. In their suggested society, information is a dominant power that is greater “than land or money, more than birth” (Gibson and Sterling 1991). The people within society that possess sums of information have formed guilds based solely around knowledge. Although there were societies, like the X-Society, based on the principle of advancing knowledge in the true timeline, very few had any sway with politics or society. In this hypothetical society, they not only influence it, but are in charge of it. Lords are no longer gentleman of high birth, but rather are men whose information resulted in industrial change. These men have “the very globe at their feet” and impact the decisions made by even Queen Victoria (22).
In Lanier’s novel he suggests that the Golden Rule and people’s inherent desire to live in a society without theft will result in a similar etiquette for electronic information . Unfortunately, it appears as if he is too opportunistic because in the world Gibson and Sterling create, someone’s information is just as useful if not more useful than the person from which it came. As some people rise in society others have become obsolete. When Mick is betrayed by Houston he explains to Sybil that Houston has no need for Mick’s services “so long as he’s got my information” (57). Later, Wakefield is frightened at the prospect of his information being erased because he knows once his information is gone so too does he. Though some of society immensely benefit from the information, many more suffer as a result.
Gibson, William, and Bruce Sterling. The Difference Engine. New York: Bantam, 1991.
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Where did Bengal cats originate from?
Bengals as a breed
In 1963 in California, Jean Sudgen Mill made the first recorded deliberate cross of a black tomcat with a wild Asian leopard cat, first sighted by Westerners near the Bengal River in India. Mrs. Mill feared the possible extinction of the Asian leopard cat, which is one-tenth the size of the African leopard. The real beginning of the Bengal breed began in the 1970s, when amateur breeder Jean Sudgen Mill, of California, became the recipient of a group of cats that had been bred for use in genetic testing. Dr. Willard Centerwall of Loyola University had been testing Asian Leopards for their partial immunity to feline leukemia, and began cross breeding them with domestic cats for possible genetic viability in immunization development.
Jean Sudgen Mill had begun her first experiments in cat hybridization while studying genetics at UC Davis in the 1940s. When presented with the opportunity to work with Dr. Centerwall's Asian leopards and their hybrids, she took to it with enthusiasm. In 1982, Mill's patience paid off when a curator for the New Delhi Zoo, in India, pointed her to a leopard-like street cat that was living on its own in the rhinoceros' exhibit at the zoo. Although the cat was feral, it proved to be an excellent mate for her hybrid females, and within years Ms. Mill had her successful, though still fledgling, breeding program well underway.
Legal developments
Bengal cats with a generation of F5 and beyond are considered domestic: they are generally legal in the United States with the exception of New York City and the state of Hawaii. New York state, Georgia, Massachusetts, Delaware, Connecticut, and Indiana all regulate or ban Early Generation Bengals (Bengals of the F1-F4 generation). In addition Seattle Washington and Denver Colorado have placed limits on Bengal ownership.
Bengal cats are illegal in the US State of Hawaii as they threaten native Hawaiian birds and are known to carry a parasite that can kill Hawaiian monk seals. In 2018 A Seattle couple who were trying to bring three of their Bengal cats to Hawaii were denied. The country of Australia also bans Bengals from the F1-4 Generations.
Read the full article at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_cat
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How is wine made step by step?
How is wine made step by step?
Wine Making
1. Step 1 – Harvesting. The first step in making wine is harvesting.
2. Step 2 – Crushing. Once the grapes are sorted in bunches, now it is time to de-stem them and crush them.
3. Step 3 – Fermentation. Crushing and pressing is followed by the fermentation process.
4. Step 4 – Clarification.
5. Step 5 – Aging and Bottling.
How is wine made alcoholic?
Fermentation is probably the most critical step in wine production — it’s when alcohol is created. To trigger this chemical reaction, yeast is sometimes added into the tanks with the grapes. The added yeast converts the grape sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide, giving the wine its alcohol content.
What are the 4 stages of wine making?
This includes picking grapes at the right time, removing the must at the right time, monitoring and regulating fermentation, and storing the wine long enough. The wine-making process can be divided into four distinct steps: harvesting and crushing grapes; fermenting must; ageing the wine; and packaging.
When and how was wine created?
The oldest winemakers Georgia is generally considered the ‘cradle of wine’, as archaeologists have traced the world’s first known wine creation back to the people of the South Caucasus in 6,000BC. These early Georgians discovered grape juice could be turned into wine by burying it underground for the winter.
How do you make wine for beginners?
Making Wine
1. Ensure your equipment is thoroughly sterilized and then rinsed clean.
2. Select your grapes, tossing out rotten or peculiar-looking grapes.
3. Wash your grapes thoroughly.
4. Remove the stems.
6. Add wine yeast.
Is wine bad for?
A 2019 study found that drinking one bottle of wine per week is associated with an increased lifetime cancer risk for non-smokers of 1% for men and 1.4% for women, while consuming three bottles of wine per week approximately doubled the cancer risk for men and women.
What is the ingredients of wine?
Aside from grapes, patience and passion, here are the top ingredients you may not have known were swirling around your wine glass.
• Potassium Sorbate & Potassium Metabisulfite.
• Calcium Carbonate.
• Sulfur Dioxide.
• Sugar.
• Grape Juice Concentrate.
• Water.
• Flavors.
• Powdered Tannins.
How long does it take to make new wine?
Making wine is a long, slow process. It can take a full three years to get from the initial planting of a brand-new grapevine through the first harvest, and the first vintage might not be bottled for another two years after that. But when terroir and winemaking skill combine, the finished product is worth the wait.
Who first created wine?
In 2011, a wine press and fermentation jars from about 6,000 years ago were found in a cave in Armenia. The world’s earliest non-grape based wine is believe to be a fermented alcoholic beverage of rice, honey and fruit found in China and dating to about 7,000 BC.
Why is it called wine?
“Wine” comes from the Old English word “win” (which is pronounced like “wean”). But the Germans and Celts were native beer drinkers, so they probably got the word from the Romans. Many also believe that it comes from the Greek word “oinos,” from the Greek god of wine, Dionysus.
Is egg a wine?
Egg whites (either in their natural form or a powdered version) are one of the most popular substances used for fining. Other commonly used agents include isinglass (fish bladder), casein (milk protein), gelatin, bentonite clay or seaweed (the latter two are often used in wines that are marketed as “vegan friendly”).
Can homemade wine kill you?
Homemade wine can not kill you. Some chemicals can sour the taste and make it unpalatable, but nothing is lethal in the mixing. Overconsumption of wine can have disastrous effects, but making it is no more dangerous than making homemade dinners.
Is wine bad for your kidneys?
Why do they put milk in wine?
Is alcohol and milk bad?
How is wine made and how is it fermented?
How Wine is Made. Wine is essentially liquid, fermented fruit. After grapes are gathered from a vineyard’s grapevines and crushed, yeasts (tiny one-celled organisms that exist naturally in vineyards) come into contact with the sugar in the grapes’ juice and gradually convert that sugar into alcohol. Yeasts also produce carbon dioxide, which …
How are red wine and white wine made?
Red wines are fermented on their skins, while white wines are pressed, separating juice from skins, before fermentation. This fermentation vessel – a shallow stone lagar in Portugal’s Douro region – will be filled up and then the grapes will be foot trodden, so that the juice can extract colour and other components from the skins.
How is wine made from grape harvest to bottling?
Winemaking commences with the annual grape harvest and can be accomplished by either mechanical harvesting equipment or hand harvesting. Hand-harvesting affords more precise selection and often does a better job of protecting the grape’s juice content from oxidation due to damaged skins.
What do you call the process of making wine?
(The riper and sweeter the grapes, the more alcohol the wine will have.) This process is called fermentation.
What are the steps in wine making?
What is the process of wine production?
The process of making wine is a manufacturing process. In general, the manufacturing process is comprised of the following processes:harvesting and crushing grapes; fermenting the must; ageing the wine; and packaging.
When was wine invented and where?
Origin of Wine . Wine is a fermented drink, usually made from grapes. It is thought by scholars that it originated in 6,000-3,000 BC between the Nile and the Persian Gulf, in the territories of modern Iran and Georgia.
Where is wine made?
The top 3 major wine regions of the world are France, Italy and Spain. They produce almost half of all the wine produced in the world.
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Power analysis based software reverse engineering assisted by fuzzing I
This is the first part of a three part series about power analysis based software reverse engineering. It is part of our work in the SecForCARs project and the bachelor thesis “Poweranalyse basiertes Software Reverse Engineering mit Hilfe von Fuzzing”. The results will be summarized in this blogpost series. In this first part the goals of the research and the power analysis template extraction process are presented. The following list shows the topics of all scheduled blog posts. It will be updated with the corresponding links once new posts are being released:
1. Goals and template extraction process
2. Template analysis and reverse engineering
3. Fuzzing based on reconstructed flow
Every modern dishwasher, car or fabrication machine contains at least one embedded microcontroller. Those controllers receive commands and data from sensors or other embedded systems and also control electronic actuators. Due to intellectual property reasons or to protect the functionality of the devices itself, the firmware running on embedded microcontrollers is in many cases not accessible (e.g. via the controllers debugging interface). This is an unfortunate situation for security research. To bypass the security mechanisms of such embedded systems, and gain insight into the firmware, so called “side channel attacks” can be used. Side channel attacks use physical properties of a targeted system to attack it.
When it comes to microcontrollers, processor pipelines are much simpler than on regular computers. They execute instructions in the program given order, in contradiction to super scalar desktop and server processors which can reschedule instructions for better utilization of their execution units. When an instruction is executed on such a microcontroller, the power consumption can change during this execution depending on what kind of operations are performed and on which execution unit of the processor. This can leave a characteristic pattern on the power trace of the microcontroller. A recording of a characteristic power trace for a specific instruction is later referred as “template”. Such a template can be correlated with any recorded power trace to detect when the corresponding instruction is executed. With that information the program’s execution flow graph can be reconstructed. This graph can then be used to reassemble parts of the executed program.
Under normal circumstances the target processor can not be used to run test programs to record a template of a specific instruction, since the researcher has no access to the processor. But if the templates of two processors of the same type are interchangeable the templates can be recorded on a separate microcontroller. This leaves another problem: A software that mostly reacts to external inputs is idle most of the time. Even when, an input is triggered only a small part of the program becomes active. To maximize the executed code a computer with a fuzzer that feeds a big variety of messages to the controller can be attached.
This allows an attack of the following scenario:
Attack scenario
Templates for all instructions are created with a separate microcontroller of the same type as the target controller. Those templates can be correlated with the recorded power consumption of the target after a specific input over a peripheral bus. The resulting information can then be used by a fuzzer attached to the peripheral bus to optimize its input. It uses the reconstructed execution flows to check if the same behavior was triggered from different inputs. If the same behavior was triggered, different messages will be send to the microcontroller.
Target and setup
In our research the STM32F3 was chosen as a target, because it is a widely used chip which has an included ARM Coretex M4, voltage regulator and a lot of peripheral interfaces like SPI, I2C and CAN. To perform the power analysis we used a Chipwhisperer-Pro and a Picoscope, providing a Python software interface and a high enough sample rate to analyze the power trace of the STM32F3. To measure the current draw of the microcontroller the voltage across a shunt resistor on the power input of the STM32F3 is connected to the Picoscope or the Chipwhisperer.
Attack scenario
The test setup consists of a ChipWhisperer CW1200, a Picoscope 5244D, the STM32F3 target board and the UFO Board. The target board consists of the STM32F3 and a minimal circuitry to run the controller. It is attached to the UFO board which connects the target to the ChipWhisperer and the Picoscope. The Picoscope and the ChipWhisperer are hooked up to GPIO13 and to the shunt resistor. The signal from GPIO13 will be used as a trigger for recording the voltage across the shunt resistor. The ChipWhisperer is primarily used as a fast flasher and clock source for the target but it can also be used as main measurement instrument. But it is more accurate to use the Picoscope which has a better time and voltage resolution. It does not matter what kind of oscilloscope is used as long as its sample rate is 3x faster than the base clock of the STM32F3. For example on the setup depicted above a Rigol oscilloscope was used to check the measured signals of the ChipWhisperer.
To measure the current draw of one specific instruction a test program that runs the instruction has to be created, flashed and executed on the microcontroller. It is important to record as little as possible because long recordings make it difficult to find the piece of the recording that actually represents one specific instruction. This can be achieved by changing the state of a GPIO from LOW to HIGH right before the instruction is executed. The state change of the pin triggers the oscilloscope to record and after the instruction a second state change can be used to trim the end of the recording.
But even inside the boundaries of the trigger signals the instruction’s power trace is padded with parts of the function return of the pin set and the stack restore. To separate those from the actual instruction further analysis is necessary.
Extraction of the Templates
In order to extract a template of a specific instruction a series of tests must be recorded. The tests are chains of the same instruction in different lengths.
Two repetitions subtracted from three repetitions If for example a chain with two repetitions is subtracted from a chain with three repetitions the first two repetitions cancel out each other and it is noticeable when the third repetition starts. It is even more visible and better detectable if the signal is filtered with a 50% threshold filter. circruit When the signal is above zero for the first time the third repetition starts. To detect the end of the third repetition the chain with three repetitions is subtracted from a chain with four repetitions. The first difference is the beginning of the fourth repetition and the end of the third. circruit The resulting start and end points can then be used to cut out the actual template from the three repetition recordings. circruit This is the final template of a “add r0, r0” instruction: Template of add r0, r0 instruction
Next post in series
References / Credits
References / Credits
The work was sponsored by the BMBF project SecForCARs and created at SCHUTZWERK GmbH (supervisor Dr. Bastian Könings & Msc. Heiko Ehret) in cooperation with the Institute of Distributed Systems at Ulm University (referee: Prof. Dr. Frank Kargl, supervisor Dr. Rens van der Heijden).
Simon Diepold
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The Right to Choice over Right to ‘Life’
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Abortion refers to the end of embryo or fetus before it is born. Most view abortion as an undisputed crime as killing and should be punishable by statute. The pro-life movement is the party of people advocating against abortion. They recommend that the child should have the unknown future instead of having an abortion because the unborn child's existence is unlikely to be observable. Abortion is undisputedly regarded by the pro-life community as an act of murder. Pro-life activists state that the unborn child should be given the right and a chance to live. Standing on the opposite side, the pro-choice groups possess the view that abortion should be universally legal because it does not meet the definition of murder before the fetus has fully become a human being. The opinion counters the pro-life group which equates abortion as a form of murder. The pro-choice school of thought proposes that the parent of the unborn child has the right to procure an abortion or not, because they have the authority to give or deny the unborn child the right to live and have a productive life. There are many different opinions on the act of abortion from different authors and different schools of thoughts.
According to Farrell (54), the pro-life movement is of the opinion that the unborn child is a human being and should be given a chance to live without interference of his/her biological carrier. Logically terminating the life of the unborn child is considered a criminal act, murder, a crime against life and humanity, and it should be punishable by law in any noble nation. The pro-life school of thought is backed up by the laws of countries that consider abortion as a form of crime. For instance, in Ireland, abortion is an unlawful act punished by law, and anyone who gets involved in the procurement of abortion is considered a criminal and faces the consequence of breaking the law. As the pro-life group tries to impact their opinion to the public, they have a strong support from the governments and nations that consider abortion as a serious crime. The American Medical Association (AMA) also considers abortion as a form of crime equivalent to murder. Another pro-life support is in some extreme cases, the mother's life might be at risk since she might die from complications in the process of procuring an abortion. There are also other negative health implications on the mother, which may include permanent reproductive health problems, psychological trauma, emotional instability, and sociological problems in future.
A truly great controversy surrounds the pro-life and pro-choice schools of thought on the opinion about abortion. Each group tries to justify their opinion on abortion and impact their view on the public. The pro-choice school of thought is of the view that the women have the freedom and the rights to choose whether to have an abortion or not. Thus, there should be no interference with the woman's decision to abort. It should be illegal to interfere with the woman's independent decision and human rights. The examples of legalization of abortion are publicized as strengthening of human rights, women's rights and civil rights. It gives a woman a chance to have reproductive rights over her body. In a controversial article "Defense of abortion” written by Judith Thomson, she explains it is wrong to go against the will of a woman who wants to procure an abortion since the woman has the right over the life of the unborn child. It gives woman the right over her body and her reproductive life (Haney 119). The pro-choice groups also have support from the legal backing by the laws of countries that legalize abortion such as Canada (Farrell 73).
Judith Thomson in her article "Defense of Abortion” considers the point that abortion is murder and should be considered illegal. She argues that the pro-life school of thought states that the fetus is a human being at the point of conception, but in her opinion, this is not the case. Judith states that the fetus becomes a human being only at the last stages of pregnancy, and stresses that if the fetus does not have a consciousness and it does not constitute as a human being. Judith Thomson Also argues that a woman has the rights over her body to procure an abortion at any stage of pregnancy as long as it is to the best interest of the mother and the future of child. Although Thompson herself does not present any clear or definite time period after which the embryo can be considered to be a human being, she does acknowledge that the fetus takes up human form and becomes a human a long time before birth. She takes up the point of view that if people start considering the fetus as a person right from the point of conception, then abortion would be constituted as murder. This argument clearly shows that Judith Thomson is a strong supporter of the pro-choice school of abortion advocating women’s rights over her body including the termination of pregnancy. The pro-choice activists support legalization of abortion and give the women the independent right to decide whether to abort or not. In this case, the rights of a mother overrule the rights of the unborn child.
The debate over abortion is clearly revealed between arguments of the pro-life and pro-choice schools of thoughts. Despite the arguments by the pro-choice, the pro-life school of thought activists base their arguments on the fetus as a human being and should be entitled to the right to life. The procurement of abortion is a form of discrimination against the unborn child. It is a great injustice to deny the unborn child any chance to live. The human life should be protected at any stage of development (Kaczor 37). A critical point Kaczor brings out is that all cases of major human rights violations have erupted from attempting to make distinctions between what is considered species wise a human persons and human non-persons. As soon as the human but not yet a person category is allowed in history somehow permission is granted for all sorts of grotesque abuses. According to Haney (132), valuing of human life should be taken as a top priority since every human is entitled to live. They emphasize that scientifically the fetus by stating that life starts at conception when the ova fuse with the sperm.
It is evident that the abortion debate is critical and multifaceted, it should not be taken lightly and must be examined though many perspectives. The pro-life approach on abortion looks into to the moral obligation of procuring abortion, the fact that the unborn child has got the right to choose life, and that the act of abortion should be criminalized and punishable by law. However, the pro-choice approach is of the view that women have undisputable rights over their body and reproductive life, and the choice to abort or not should be solely left to the women. It directly advocates for legalized abortion that denies the unborn child the right to life. It is critical to evaluate laws and policies that surround the issue of abortion to provide a constructive guideline on abortion to guide the society. The peoples support for the pro-life and pro-choice schools of thoughts will depend on the soundness of arguments and circumstances of each unique case.
One of the common pro-life groups argument that a fetus is a human being and have a right to live and therefore, procuring an abortion is crime. Yes, its true that fetus is life, however, the fetus cannot survive on its own but rather is fully dependent on the mother’s body (Holt and Hinman 6). It is only at birth that the fetus gains the physical capacity for independent survival therefore its only at birth that the potential for being a person becomes a reality. Before birth, the fetus cannot be reason and therefore cannot be classified as a person. The rights the pro-life supporters choose to defend their argument with do not qualify to be since it’s only a person, with proper claims to its own life.
It should be right for the mother to terminate the life of the fetus should she feel its right to do so. Additionally, as pro-life supporters state that the fetus has a right to life does not mean that they have the right to use someone else’ body. Just like one has the right to decline to donate his/her body organs to save another person’s life even if they share close blood relation like a mother and a daughter. Bearing a child can put the mother’s life in danger. The right to life as argued by the pro-life means that it’s okay for the mother to risk her life for the sake of the fetus. In addition to that, women too have rights and therefore the right to life of the fetus does not mean imposing this right on the women.
If a woman willfully engaged in sex then she knowingly took the risk of getting pregnant and should therefore be responsible for her actions, in this case the fetus. The assertion that giving birth to the baby is a responsible choice in case of a pregnancy is just an opinion. It is the mother who undergoes the burden of carrying the fetus and will go through the experience of giving birth should she decide to keep the fetus. If the mother knows that she will not be able to take care of the baby, then it should be within her rights and freedom to procure an abortion (Lopez 514). By doing so she will have avoided a lot of undue suffering and misery that would befall her and her baby.
Procuring an abortion is not really avoiding responsibility as may be argued by the pro-life supporters. That argument implies that when a woman chooses to have sex then its her responsibility to take care of the baby. It only makes an argument for the life of the baby and not the woman. Practicing safe sex prevents one from getting pregnant, but its personal choice whether to practice safe sex or not to. Therefore, if a woman decides not to use contraception when having sex and as a result gets pregnant then its her choice and thus, her responsibility too. What to do with the pregnancy should be her choice, to keep it and deliver or to abort.
The pro-life supporters argue that the mother should keep the fetus and deliver. However, there are cases such as rape and incest that may lead to pregnancy. In addition to that, during pregnancy, health complications may arise that may call for abortion. In such cases, in the long run, the better option is to terminate the pregnancy by procuring an abortion. It’s only fair so long as there are life-threatening pregnancies, that not all women are on contraceptives, there are incidents of rape and incest then the choice to keep a pregnancy or terminate it should be left to the woman (Holt and Hinman 14). She might to have had a choice, in the case of pregnancy resulting from rape, however, she should be given the right to choose whether to keep or abort the baby.
Abortion exposes the mother to risks, some of which are life threatening and some attempted abortions have resulted in death. Just like abortion, medical surgery there are risks involved and so is the same for giving birth too. Studies have shown that patients suffer from effects of surgery. Similarly, some studies have proved that depression is a common consequence for women who have had abortions. On the other hand, research indicates that up to 15 - 85% of women who have delivered go through postpartum depression within the first 10 days of giving birth (Pearlstein, Howard and Salisbury). Therefore, just like hospitals have resources for safe delivery of babies, they ought to also have resources for doing abortions. If that is done, then women, will not have to abort in secrecy in ways that endanger their lives. Pregnant women should then have the choice to keep or abort the fetus.
The debate on abortion will always be there, with the pro-life and the pro-choice supporters both asserting their views and arguments. Both the pro-life and pro-choice supporters have good points supporting what they stand for and it’s good that they all seek to protect either the child or the mother. The pro-life are fighting of the unborn child’s life while the pro-choice are fighting for the mother’s rights. Even though abortion illegal in many countries in the world, it remains one of the biggest all time controversies (Lopez 512). Even with abortion being illegal and even if it is made illegal in the whole world, women will still procure abortions. The unfortunate thing is that, these abortions are not performed by qualified persons and hence death and life threatening complications arise from these unsafe abortions. Even those who support pro-life because of their religions, like the Catholics, are also part of the statistics of the women that procure abortions. To avoid such deaths and awkward situations of secret unsafe abortions, pro-choice should be embraced.
Works Cited
Farrell, C. The Abortion Debate, Minnesota: ABDO Publishing Company, 2008.Print.
Haney, J. The Abortion Debate: Understanding the Issues. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publisher, 2009.Print.
Holt, Claudine and Pip Hinman. Abortion: A Woman's Right to Choose. Newtown: El Faro Printing, 2008. Print.
Kaczor, C. R. The Ethics of Abortion: Women’s Rights, Human Life, and the
Question of Justice. Madison Avenue, New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.Print.
Lopez, Raquel. "Perspectives on Abortion: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and What Lies in between." European Journal of Social Sciences (2012): 511 - 517. Print.
Pearlstein, Teri, et al. Postpartum Depression. April 2009. Web. 3 March 2017. .
July 24, 2021
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The long crowbar is a specialty tool that is indispensable for prying out something heavy. The most versatile (therefore handiest) bar is 3/4 inch in diameter, 5 feet in length, and about 18 pounds in weight. One end is pointed; the other end is often flattened to resemble a chisel blade. (A carpenter’s pry bar or wrecking bar is also called a crowbar. It is too light for digging, and is not a garden tool.)
The big crowbar was originally used by railroad men to move freight cars a few inches for coupling or uncoupling. Today, it is still used primarily for prying: You can remove large rocks buried deep in the ground by first digging out the soil from around them and then jamming the chisel end of the crowbar under the rock. To increase your leverage, use another, smaller rock or a short length of 4 by 4 wood as a fulcrum. The crowbar is also very useful for digging postholes in hard or rocky ground. Use either end to break hard-clay soil or rocks at the bottom of the hole; then lift out the debris with a clamshell posthole digger or a straight shovel.
The crowbar plus a fulcrum will lift out heavy, large-rootballed trees that must be removed for transplanting. The crowbar can also be used to punch holes in the ground for planting bean poles and for taking the temperature of a compost pile. To do the latter, plunge the bar into the center of the compost heap for about five minutes. Then grasp the end with one hand and remove it. The compost heap is the right temperature (about 140 degrees) when the bar is not too hot to touch but it is too hot to hold onto for more than a second.
Crowbars normally are made from high-carbon steel, which gives them great strength. This is one tool that is difficult to mistreat. You can pull on it with all your might without bending it. The tips rarely need any sharpening. If you do touch them up, use a coarse file. Never make them actually sharp or else they will bend if they strike rocks.
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Artemisinin gel
Artemisinin gel is a type of gelatinous substance which contains the drug known as Artemisinin. This is a certain drug that is usually utilized for effective operation against mutant strains of offalciparum malaria which have grown resistant. This certain chemical can be found in the plant known as Artemisia annua, or in other words known […]
Malaria treatment
Malaria is an infectious disease which is transmitted to humans through the bite of mosquitoes. The mosquitoes that are infected are the female Anopheles that carry the parasite that causes malaria. There are four versions of the parasite plasmodium which is responsible for malaria infections in humans. The numbers of people affected by this disease […]
Malaria symptoms
Are you afraid you may have malaria? Malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium, a nasty little parasite that infects red blood cells. Humans have been dealing with malaria for hundreds of years—in fact, it’s very possible malaria has been around since the beginning of the human race. Malaria was first diagnosed in 1880 when […]
Malaria prevention
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Learning Swedish Massage Therapy
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Massage therapy has existed for centuries. 대산동출장마사지 The early Chinese medical records document the benefits of massage in their background. Actually, the earliest known massage therapy technique was utilized by the Ancient Egyptians around 3000 B.C. Today, massage remains a popular form of alternative medicine in China and other areas of Asia.
Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners believe that the body must always flow with the Qi to prevent stress and disease. Over the many centuries, these Chinese practitioners have developed an array of associated complementary bodywork methods, including acupuncture, acupuncture, Chinese massage, and Pilates. Chinese massage practitioners utilize slow, certain hand pressure combined with special massage strokes to restore energy flow and balance. Chinese massage employs a blend of Western and traditional Chinese techniques to stimulate and balance the Qi. These techniques are a part of many forms of oriental medicine that are being used as alternative therapies today.
Many of the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine can also be applied to the area of sports medicine. The concept of the Qi flowing through the body is very similar to that of acupuncture. The distinction is that traditional Chinese medicine doesn't depend on needles to treat the Qi. It's believed that good health is achieved by opening the blocked or narrowed channels of this Qi, permitting the positive power to flow freely. Because of this, it's often utilized to relieve stress and to protect athletes from harm.
Another beneficial technique used in traditional Chinese massage is named Tui Na. This technique may be known as Tai Chi in certain States, but is really a modified variant of Chinese Acupuncture. It is ordinarily used to help reduce pain, improve mobility of joints and organs, alleviate swelling and decrease anxiety. It is usually used by therapists who have combined Tui Na with another therapeutic technique like Swedish massage therapy, or other deep tissue methods. This combination allows for the body's natural ability to heal itself to be improved, instead of being suppressed by rival styles of massage treatment.
There are three different styles of massage that are most frequently practiced by Chinese massage therapists. All these are the Chinese massage, Sootik or Saunik, as well as the Swedish massage. All of these types of massage can be quite beneficial to the individual, but there are differences between the sorts of techniques that are utilized and the amount of pressure that is applied during every style. The key to picking a massage therapist that will be most suitable for you is to find someone who specializes in your particular type of Chinese massage treatment.
Chinese medicine uses a great deal of the same methods as Swedish massage or any other types of deep tissue massage which uses kneading, rubbing, and caressing strokes around the delicate tissues within the body. The key distinction between traditional Chinese massage along with also these other styles is the strokes aren't firm but gentle, and are utilized to stimulate the meridian channels within the body. Tui Na can be used quite often as an important oil in Oriental medicine. This oil will help to stimulate the station in addition to provide relief from various types of ailments, including mental fatigue brought on by tension and anxiety.
Saunik or Tui Na massage is one of the oldest forms of Chinese massage therapy. This massage therapy is most popular in Japan, in which it originated centuries before, but it has been practiced by the Chinese for more than 5000 years. It's also referred to as Chi Na or even Western massage, because it's performed in much the exact same manner as Swedish massage, even though the pressure applied is rather distinct. The vital difference is that Saunik is a deep tissue massage fashion, designed to help alleviate pain and promote recovery of the joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons.
Lots of Chinese massage therapists are educated on the principles of Tui Na massage, but they also learn Kung Fu, because this form of massage also promotes healing through the use of manipulation and pressure of the human body's muscles. The two styles may be used together to provide a greater benefit to the patient. Once done as a member of a group, both techniques include strengthening and stretching of the entire body. Swedish massage may not be able to perform the very same sorts of processes as a proficient Tui Na practitioner.
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Henry VIII: Enemy of the people
Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger
The king was a genocidal megalomaniac Bluebeard, a Caligula
By Phil Hall
A beloved and ailing aunt, a great artist and a generous and beautiful soul, someone loved by nearly all living things (from turtles, cats and dogs, to the husband of a favourite niece) woke up in the middle of the night and called London with an urgent question, from 9,000 kilometres away.
Did Henry VIII ever do anything good in his life? She asked from her bed.
Well, did he?
Year after year, my daughters would come home from school and I would ask them what they learned about history.
Did they learn about slavery, about British colonialism, about China, the Middle East, the Americas? No. It was the Tudors. Over and over again, for three years running, the main topic of their history lesson was the bloody Tudors. And always with a rosy nationalistic glow. And always making excuses for Henry VIII.
Henry had between 57,000 and 72,000 people executed. He was the original Bluebeard. He destroyed Britain’s monasteries, debased its currency, chopped down its woods and executed all his opponents – including Saint Thomas Moore. Henry was very fond of extra-judicial murder. As the salacious and unreliable History Channel describes it:
Under the ‘bill of attainder’ Catherine was sentenced to death with no formal trial. It is rumoured that on being first arrested the hysterical Catherine was dragged screaming down a corridor at Hampton Court. Incarcerated at Syon Abbey in Isleworth, Middlesex during a bitterly cold winter she was later transported to the Tower down the Thames and beheaded on Tower Green
He was an extravagant, extraordinarily self-indulgent, vain wastrel. He enclosed the land, taking it away from the commoners. If British people have lost their intimate connection with the land they live in and are confined to living in small plots in cities, then it really all began with the larceny of Henry VIII.
When Henry suppressed the monasteries, he destroyed the public health care system of the poor. When he suppressed the monasteries, he got rid of social welfare for the poor. When he suppressed the religious houses, he made thousands of people homeless. He destroyed England’s system of social housing. He destroyed its welfare system.
Henry destroyed England’s welfare system.
Henry destroyed most of England’s libraries too. This was a huge cultural loss. For example, Worcester Priory had 600 books of which only six remain.
Over 1,200 religious buildings, and the vast lands the church owned, were taken away from uses that often benefitted ordinary people. These lands were redistributed to the king and his aristocrats. Isn’t this all beginning to sound a little familiar?
Beloved places like Glastonbury are all just ruins that dot the landscape, and all the art they contained was destroyed and disfigured. Measure the love of the English for these places by the loss that we suffered.
In his impossible arrogance, he made himself his own religion just because he wanted to fu** Anne Boleyn. He was a megalomaniac. When people begged to differ and say that Henry was not the legitimate, divinely appointed head of the English church, he killed them. He had the monks of the London Charterhouse hanged, drawn and quartered.
He enjoyed hunting and killing animals, and violent blood sports of all kinds, including the human variety. He was a bully, a paranoid slanderer, a gambler and a hypocrite and he loved playing with guns. He had a vast collection of them.
He wasn’t a jolly, happy, portly chap who happened to love women. He was a femicide and a mass murderer.
Henry expanded royal power, he didn’t share it with any form of representative government whatsoever, and this is centuries after the signing of the Magna Carta. He established the so-called divine right of kings. It was Henry who began the great religious persecutions in England, the reformation. Before then, everyone shared the same religion.
He was also useless. Henry lost all his battles, and he dominated and controlled the Irish with his policy of surrender and regrant.
Henry was an extortionist who stole from others with the threat of death to back him up. Hampton Court was not a gift, it was in exchange for protection. While English people hungered and paid his taxes, he blew his money on one huge party after another, throughout his long reign. Hampton Court was full of kitchens working at full blast. Life for Henry was, literally one long party.
What good did Henry do, if any? Henry was the rot. He wasn’t a jolly, happy, portly chap who happened to love women. He was a femicide and a mass murderer. Britain’s most prolific serial killer, Dr. Harold Shipman, only managed to kill around 250 people.
Henry was not a jolly fellow. That’s not a card. That’s on a par with the worst killers in the whole of human history.
As Eddie Izzard said about Hitler:
‘He was a mass murdering f**khead … we can’t even deal with that. I think we think that if somebody kills someone it’s murder and you go to prison. If you kill ten people, you go to Texas, they hit you with a brick. That’s what they do. Twenty people you go to a hospital and they look through a small window at you forever. Over that, we can’t deal with it. Somebody kills 100,000 people, we are almost going: ‘Well done! You killed a 100,000 people? You must get up very early.’
Tell me if Henry VIII did anything of any worth, please, so I can pass it on to my sainted aunt.
And no, I don’t think Henry composed Greensleeves. He probably plagiarised it, executed the composer and roasted and ate him for dinner.
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Horn Define Horn at Dictionary.com.
Old English horn horn" of an animal, also wind" instrument" originally made from animal horns, from Proto-Germanic hurnaz cf. German Horn, Dutch horen, Gothic haurn, from PIE ker horn" head, uppermost part of the body, with derivatives refering to horned animals, horn-shaped objects and projecting parts cf.
Inside the Dark World of the Rhino Horn Trade. Asset 5. arrow-down. arrow-left. arrow-right. arrow-up. articleAsset 31. Asset 2. Asset 7. Asset 6. Asset 7. Asset 15. Asset 16. cartAsset 51. cart-filledAsset 52. checkAsset 50. Asset 3. chevron-up. chevron-
Every year or two South African rhino farmers tranquilize their animals with darts, cut as much as four pounds of horn from each rhino, and store it all in bank vaults and other secure locations, hoping for a day when its legal to sell horn.
Horns 2013 IMDb.
Even his parents believe that he is guilty and only his childhood friend and lawyer Lee Tourneau Max Minghella believes Ig is telling the truth. Out of blue, Ig sees horns sprouting on his forehead, but soon he finds that the horns are a blessing since people confess their sins and inner dark desires to him.
The Horn.
Welcome to HORN CUTTING TOOLS Ltd. Information about the latest HORN products. Find the HORN tool that fits to your needs. Either from our standard range or a custom solution for your application. HORN Product Catalogues. Grooving flip catalogue PDF download.
Horn Definition of Horn by Merriam-Webster.
Middle English, going back to Old English, going back to Germanic hurna whence also Old Frisian, Old High German Old Norse horn horn, Gothic haurn, going back to Indo-European ḱr-n-o, perhaps originally object" made of bony material from the head" whence also Latin cornum, cornū horn, Welsh carn hoof, hilt, handle, Breton karn hoof, and, with an additional velar suffix, Sanskrit śŕṅgam horn, derivative of a base ḱer, elsewhere with laryngeal element ḱer-h 2 bony" material constituting the skull or horns" more at kerat.
HORN meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary.
From the Cambridge English Corpus. French horn: 4 short note horn sn, 5 held note horn held, 6 trill horn tr, and 7 glissando horn gliss. From the Cambridge English Corpus. As an example, take the isolated sound of a car horn.
Horn anatomy Wikipedia.
Horn is somewhat thermoplastic and like tortoiseshell was formerly used for many purposes where plastic would now be used. Horn may be used to make glue. Horn bows are bows made from a combination of horn, sinew and usually wood.
Why Does a Rhino Horn Cost 300000? Because Vietnam Thinks It Cures Cancer and Hangovers The Atlantic. The Atlantic.
The Vietnamese embassy in South Africa has been" repeatedly implicated in illicit rhino horn trade" pdf, p.82 according to a report by conservation group Traffic. It's' not like all of the Vietnamese government has turned a blind eye; its customs officials sometimes confiscate rhino horn, and the government just signed an agreement with South Africa to step up enforcement.
Horn Wikipedia.
Horn acoustic, a conical or bell shaped aperture used to guide sound. Horn instrument, collective name for tube-shaped wind musical instruments. Horn anatomy, a pointed, bony projection on the head of various animals, either the true" horn, or other horn-like growths.
What drives the demand for rhino horns? Conservation The Guardian.
Whether rhino horn dagger handles were traditional or not, it was clearly possible to confront the practice. Destined for destruction, not storage: this rhino horn, confiscated by Vietnamese authorities, was part of a consignment of more than 2 tons of ivory and horns destroyed in 2016.
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Posts Tagged 'Railroads'
Dangerous Crossing (4-4-1912)
A Chicago railroad was in the news today, and that news was grim. Twenty people had been injured at a rail crossing on the Southwest Side. Three of them had died.
Chicago was the rail hub of the nation. There were hundreds of locations where the tracks crossed city streets. With all traffic getting heavy, the city council had passed laws requiring the railroads to elevate their tracks.
The Chicago & Alton line ran through the Southwest Side. In 1911 the city ordered the C&A to build viaducts over the cross streets. The railroad had delayed, citing poor weather and other excuses.
Flagging a 75th Street car across the Illinois Central tracks, 1908
Flagging a 75th Street car across the Illinois Central tracks, 1908
On this particular morning, Alderman Charles Martin was in a meeting discussing ways of forcing the railroad to act. Over on Kedzie Avenue, a northbound streetcar approached the C&A crossing near 37th Street and stopped. The conductor got off to make sure the track was clear. That was standard procedure.
The conductor watched a four-car C&A freight train pass through the crossing. Then he signaled his streetcar to moved ahead. He hadn’t noticed another freight on a parallel track.
Too late, the conductor saw the second train. He shouted and waved at the motorman of the streetcar. But the streetcar was already moving through the crossing.
The freight train slammed into the streetcar, toppling it over and crushing it. Hearing the noise, people rushed to the scene. The police arrived. Along with the train crew, they went to work rescuing the passengers from the wreckage. The injured were taken in carriages to nearby St. Anthony Hospital.
The three people killed were all members of a single family–a 26-year old woman, her infant daughter, and the woman’s adult sister. The victims were later identified by the woman’s husband. Ironically, the man was a conductor on another streetcar line.
When word of the accident reached Alderman Martin, he drew up an ordinance ordering all C&A trains to make a full stop before crossing any intersection. The city council took up the matter the same afternoon. It passed unanimously.
The C&A Kedzie crossing was later elevated. So were most of Chicago’s other railroad crossings. But on the outskirts of the city, many remain at grade. And in the densely-populated Albany Park neighborhood, the CTA Brown Line still runs on the ground.
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Essay > Words: 2051 > Rating: Excellent > Buy full access at $1
The conflict between Israelis and Palestinians started in the immediately after the second world war when Britain ended the mandate it had in Palestine. To that effect, there was a partitioning of Palestine into two sides the first part was to be Israel the homeland of Jews. The second one was meant to be for the Arabs. From then on the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians has been defined by tensions that are escalating evidently in the failed peace processes. The conflict has formed a core part of the larger Arab-Israeli conflict. The conflict has been termed as the most intractable conflict in the world (Boaz, 2005). The hallmark of this conflict has been the height of violence that has been seen during the entire period of the conflict. The fighting has been carried out by paramilitary groups, regular armies, and individuals. The casualties are not only the military, but a considerable number of the deaths have been recorded in the civilian population. The conflict has negatively impacted this region and there has to be a lasting solution that will bring peace to the region. There have been numerous attempts at finding a solution in the region, but they have not been effective. The paper will look at the different measures that have been taken to bring peace between Palestine and Israel.
Research question and Thesis
The paper seeks to investigate the best way to handle the peace problem between Israel and Palestine. The attempts made to come to an agreement between the two parties have revolved around the role that the leaders in both sides have played and the international community. Resolving conflicts in such ways does not put into consideration the role the public plays in the peace process. It is of little importance since peace does not exist between conflicting parties if the people have no belief that peace indeed exists. Therefore, the overarching question the paper attempts to answer is: is the use of force and military power the best way to handle the peace problem between Israel and Palestine.
Different measures have been taken to deal with the peace issue between Israel and Palestine, but they have not been effective. Therefore, use of force and military power is the best measure to be used to going to handle the conflict between Palestine and Israel and bring peace to the region.
Literature review
There have been numerous long-term peace processes as well as reconciliations of Israelis and Palestinians, but they have failed to come up with a final peace agreement. The key issues that persist include security, mutual recognition, water rights, borders, control of Jerusalem, Palestinian freedom movement, Israeli settlements and finding a solution to the claim by Palestinians of the right of their refugees returning (Shlaim, 2008). The violence that has been witnessed from this conflict especially in such a region that has rich historic sites, religious and cultural interests all over the world has made this issue an international problem. There have been many international conferences that deal with historical rights, human rights and security issues set-up to examine the issue. The conflict has been a factor hindering tourism in the area and the access to these areas that have been contested hotly.
There have been many initiatives taken to try and come up with a two-state solution that involves creating an independent Palestine together with the state of Israel. From various polls, many of the Palestinians and Israelis were in support of the creation of a two-state as compared to any other solution. They prefer this to any other means of solving the conflict. However, there exists significant disagreements and mutual distrust of the commitment on each side to uphold the obligations that come with the agreement. The conflict has generated various opinions and views within the Palestinian and Israeli society. It brings out the deep divisions that exist between the Palestinians and Israelis and also within each of these societies.
The answer to the research question can be found only if the different methods used to find peace between Israel and Palestine are considered. The paper will use the level of analysis methodology to answer the research question.
There have been numerous attempts to solve this conflict through conflict resolution process as well as international mediation. The conflict is deteriorating and it is escalating as both the willingness and positions of the two parties is becoming more polarized. The direct negotiations have been conducted by two parties that are the Palestine liberation organization led by Mahmoud Abass and Israeli government that is led by Benjamin Netanyahu. These negotiations are conducted by an international contingent called Quartet on the Middle East. These negotiations have failed to come up with a solution to the ongoing conflict due to various reasons (Shlaim, 2008). First, the process has failed owing to the elastic approach that is being used to resolve the conflict. The process failed due to three personal level factors which are; an existing disconnection between the promises by leaders and what they actually deliver to the public. Second, the leaders of Palestine and Israel are only involved in the peace process so as to promote their individual interests. Third, there was a lack of change in the leadership of both sides hence the deadlock.
The peace process also failed due to political and economic factors in the region. The Palestine region lacks a democratic political structure. Israeli political structure is unified, and it operates with a parliamentary democratic structure. There is no way that peace can be achieved between Palestinians and Israelis if there is a lack of unity in the claims. The major differences between Israeli and Palestinian economic performance also led to the .............
Type: Essay || Words: 2051 Rating || Excellent
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Sculpture of Sheikh Mujib Stands and Modernize Islam
Published on Wednesday, December 30, 2020
By: MZH Lashkar
Religion, A legion is a horde or a large number of people or things. It was originally a term for a military unit. In Roman times, a legion was a large unit of men in the army, and the word is still used in many militaries. And religion is just that: armed force with a leader & purpose. Our "Dharma" means "the eternal and inherent nature of reality" in both Hinduism and Buddhist beliefs. Islam in many places "submission to God''. God here is an outer entity, the General. On the other hand, Dharma indicates an inner quality. So technically Islam is a religion and not a Dharma. If you don't teach a Bengali child "Allah", he will never say Allah as it's not native to Bangla. The mismatch recently playing a large role as too many Bangalees being Islamist in Bangladesh. In a way, Bangalee culture may be closer to dharma than Islam. And I think there lies the original conflict. Islam and similar religions seem knowing or unknowingly in the process of capturing all of men-kind. In the process, it keeps the blades sharp by slaughtering animals.
The hadith seems to want to define every mundane task, from nail clipping to pooping, while it has no factual references. By definition of Dharma, it should be a high-level guideline and may not be something wanting to run day to day Government, or a Legal system. Say the love of Elish is very Bangalee and it does not mean we can't love any other fish or non-Bengalis may love Elish. Love for Elish is Bangalee dharma.
The ongoing blogger killing and shying away from prosecuting the fundamentalist in an exemplary manner has backfired for Awamileague Bangladesh (ALB). "Atheist" does not mean lawlessness rather it is often a collection of humanist, secular, holding human-experiences at highest: platform. Prime examples of our own humanist sons are Lalon, Kazi Nazrul, HajiMohsin, Rabindranath Thakur, Ramkrishna Paramhangso, Rajanikanta Sen, Swami Vivekananda, Maa Sarodamoni, Sri Aurobindo, Guru Sri Chinmoy, …. It Is a fact that the Bible was not written by Jesus, nor Ramayan by Ram, nor Tripitok by Sri Gautam Buddha. They were all born in one camp or other but their words and creation were for all. Islam's main ingredients are by design too inferior to disclose all the way, so "Only believe, no question accepted". And the way the holy book remained pure is another fuzzy logic " .. The Quran remained unchanged because it was memorized by many Sahabas, written on stones and tree barks". I ask if for 1 year I keep all ledgers of Islami Bank on tree bark, leaves, animal skins, and stone how many of these Islamists will come forward to keep their life's deposit in Islami Bank? If Islam is all one would like to be governed-by then is your faith, moral compass not as valuable as your currency-savings? If a reasonable Islamist says he or she understands that there is room for falsehood in Quran, then I don't want to throw it in the garbage as no "guide" book can hold up this long test of time. Islam's equality of humans, priority to knowledge seeking could still benefit followers. So I propose that modernize Islam. Make it bearable for all of civil society. Free the thought prisoners who blindly believe all knowledge lies in the Quran. Free the olds with no deeds but a pretentious pious life by running back and forth to Mosques. Reform Islamic education so it stops churning out Islamist mind-slaves the impotent members of our society.
Humans are born as Humans. As a government, it may be favorable to find its citizens abiding govt laws and don't hold anything else higher than that. In a community, if people were civil to each other there would not any purpose for a human to have religion. If you look around most Atheists and agnostics are often the most accomplished community members. I know many Atheist Agnostics (AA) were born in religion and through questioning religious norms they eventually gave up the belief. I would think AA are thinkers by design. Pakistan is a deeper shade of Islamist and an evidently failed state. We should stay away from their footsteps. Madrasa education, if not mainstream, should never have the same opportunities. Minorities may not have better protection prior to ALB but we should have exemplary punishments for lighting minority properties, Any religion that does not look at a human being as human or distinguishes followers in Man and Women is a disservice to humankind and prosperity. My agnostic trend helps me to think religions are wrong but people need structure so they invented something to latch on to while atheism keeps me straight that I should protect myself from getting mislabeled. My brain surgeon has saved my life, he is quite skilled in his profession, I am in debt to him. I will not disrespect him for his belief. It is also just being a gentleman. As we choose not to say obscene or ugly unsubstantiated things about anyone's clothes, appearance, and faith. However, it is a moral duty to voice an opinion when Islamists or any intention to harm others based on faith.
For thousands of years, we kept the pictures of our parents in center stages. For these time we been Buddhist, then maybe Hindu, and now mostly Islamist. It is an outrageous proposal that we can not erect the sculpture of Father of The Nation (FTN). Islamist's argument is as always broken that Islam does not allow pictures of any living things. If we start to follow hadith where their originality is very questionable, this closely then soon these Islamists will have us replace all the rivers with deserts, mangoes with only dates, cows with camels. After all, this is Bangla and we are proud of being Bangalee, Bangladeshi.
The Muslim Brotherhood is another way to segregate and from what I gather it's the poor Islamic states who seem to cozy up to this idea while Saudi treats any brown-skinned skinned muslim and 2nd class citizens. Every religion has its share of fundamentalist raging havoc now or in the past, even the buddha monks are misguidedly ready to kill Rohingya Muslims. Islam uncontrolled itself is a timebomb for any civilization. Instead of glorifying no-evidence explanations let's glorify when a poor man shares his shelter and food with a street dog. Why honesty and kindness are the foundation of humanity.
I know from my law education that it's my fundamental right to be able to put my dad's picture in my house. My wife has an equal right to put up her own. In an equal partnership, it's a whole another level of supremacy to think I can take her down without her permission. The same way put the father of a nation's sculpture in major intersections is my fundamental right of expression. No one has the right to stop or take it down. I think one right allows me to put on a sculpture and it does not give me the right to destroy or stop one. It is whole another right to destroy one that I don't own. Islam like all re-legion will continue to barge in on other's rights to erect sculpture, wear clothes, set school curriculum.
What constitutes a religion in BD-Law? Does Religion have a higher priority over the freedom of expression of citizens? It rather seems that protection of one's religion rises from citizen's freedom of expression. It would be rather interesting to see how BD-Law crumbles if some group announces FTN work and words say a religion. Thus his sculpture becomes a religious artifact and thus protected from any other religion. I would love to express that it's my (along hopefully many others) proposal to put FTN sculpture in major crossings.
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Does Poop Taste Good
Does Poop Taste Good?
Can Humans Eat Their Own Poop?
Many people are curious about the benefits of eating their own poop, but the answer is complex. If you’ve ever had a bout of diarrhea, you know that your body can use the extra nutrients from your own poop to heal. While ingesting your own stool is not harmful, it is important to cook it thoroughly before consuming it. Fortunately, there are many ways to safely eat your own poop.
Do humans eat their own poop
A new study shows that humans can actually eat their own poop. Researchers in Japan discovered that they could synthesize meat from human waste. However, it must be cooked before consumption because the pathogens in the feces can be dangerous. In addition, researchers isolated proteins from bacteria found in sewage. In fact, the resulting poop-meat concoction contains proteins that are not found in meat.
While eating your own poop may seem disgusting, it is not a medical emergency. Although you should never eat your own poop, there are some benefits that you might get. First of all, eating your own feces is a natural way to get some vital nutrients from it. It is also full of useful micronutrients and enzymes that can be beneficial to your body.
How Much Poop Can I Eat Until I Die?
The question is: How much poop can you ingest until you die? The answer may surprise you. Unlike human waste, feces are composed of bacteria and plant matter that your body has used up. These bacteria are alive, but also dead, and the only purpose they serve in your poo is to keep your intestines smelling fresh and free from odors.
How much poop can I eat until I die
The fecal matter is not something to laugh at. Our gut is filled with a diverse community of bacteria that affect our health in many ways. By paying close attention to our feces, we can learn about our health’s relationship with vital bacteria, and how to improve it. According to gastroenterologist Robynne Chutkan, MD, author of Gutbliss and The Microbiome Solution, our feces can tell us a lot about our overall health.
Usually, poop is between four and eight inches long. However, some types of poop are unhealthy. If you are suffering from constipation or diarrhea, talk to your doctor and see if a change in your diet is in order. If you’re experiencing chronic diarrhea or constipation, it’s a good idea to visit a doctor for advice.
Why Did You Eat It and What Did It Taste Like?
Eating poop can be an uncomfortable experience, but it’s not a medical emergency. It usually contains bacteria that aren’t supposed to be ingested in the mouth. This article will explain some of the most common symptoms of eating poop. Read on for more. In many cases, the digestive system is able to destroy the germs that are inside.
Coprophagia is a practice that is different from Coprographia, a sexual act that involves the consumption of feces. Humans have been known to practice coprophagia since the 19th century, but only recently have they been recorded performing it. However, some animal species have been observed eating feces as a normal behavior. Lagomorphs eat feces to digest plant material twice, while other species may eat feces under specific circumstances.
In human history, coprophagia has been documented since the 19th century. While the term may sound weird, it isn’t as unusual as many people think. It is an uncommon sexual act, but has been reported in both humans and animals. Despite this, some species eat feces as a natural part of their diets. For example, the lagomorphs eat feces to double the digestive process of plant matter. Other species also eat feces under certain conditions.
What Does Poop Taste Like?
Did you ever wonder what poop tastes like? If you have ever had a nasty odor or had a runny nose, you’re not alone. A recent study found that 90% of adults pick their nose and ingest boogers, trapping bacteria and viruses. This exposure can have adverse health consequences. While poo is made of bacteria, it can be sweet or sour, depending on the type of infection.
What does poop taste like Would it taste as bad as it smells
There’s a good chance that your breath smells like poop. However, if you’ve ever eaten poop, you know that it doesn’t taste very pleasant. This is due to a number of factors, including poor oral hygiene or a blocked intestine. Aside from the smell, eating feces can also cause your breath to smell like poop, which can be caused by gum disease, intestinal obstruction, and poor dental hygiene.
Human poop is much different than dog poop. Dog poop tastes bitter, but it actually has a savory smell. The bitter taste comes from bile, which is secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Cat feces, on the other hand, is made of crumbs of food. Fortunately, these particles do not smell at all!
Are There Any People Who Eat Poop?
Whether you’re vegan, vegetarian, or just curious, you’ve probably wondered if there are any people who eat poop. While it’s gross and insane, the reality is quite different. It’s actually very nutritive, providing valuable micronutrients and enzymes. And the best part? It’s all natural. So, why on earth would anyone eat poop?
Are there any people who eat poop
For starters, it’s not a healthy thing to eat poop – despite what you might have heard. While it might be disgusting, it doesn’t usually result in any medical problem. It’s not healthy to ingest bacteria that normally live in your intestines – but these bacteria are harmless to you. If you’re really curious, you can also try fecal transplants, which involve injecting a person’s poop into their intestines. In some cases, these surgeries have worked better than standard antibiotics for severe diarrhea.
See also Does Poop Ruin Deer Meat?
It’s important to note that dogs are carnivores, and eating poop could be for a variety of reasons, including nutritional needs, boredom, or copying the behavior of their mother. In fact, many studies have found that dogs eat their own excrement to learn more about their health. However, humans are an anomaly and should be treated as such.
Is it True That Some People in Japan Pay to Eat the Feces of Women?
It is possible that some people in Japan are actually willing to pay for the privilege of eating women’s feces. However, it is unlikely to be a widespread practice, as it is not considered acceptable social behavior in Japan. The craze first surfaced on YouTube and was then quickly resurfaced by various news sites. Eventually, Imanishi’s students learned the truth about turd burgers.
Is it true that some people in Japan pay to eat the feces of women who eaten berries
The reporter was not sure whether to enter the restaurant or not, but after a couple of minutes, he decided to go in. The interior was dark and unlit, but the feces were covered with a white cloth. The stench was not unpleasant, but a few drops of the sewage were enough to turn her stomach. The restaurant had posters proclaiming the “Ladies’ Special,” which was the equivalent of the owner serving the meal for free.
While some people in Japan pay to eat the female feces of women, the fact that they are willing to do so was a bit of a shock. The stench was so offensive that some customers were put off. As a result, some men paid to eat the feces of the women they were dating. The practice has been reported by the International Business Times, LA Weekly, and Digital Trends. The reporter did not question the science of sewage meat, nor did he interview the man who claims to be behind the feces of women.
What is Coprophagia?
Although coprophagia is rare in humans, it is often depicted in pornography, often with the object of pleasure called “scat.” Marquis de Sade’s novel 120 Days of Sodom describes erotic coprophagia in detail. Modern fetish film makers, including Simon Thaur and GG Allin, have explored the topic through performances. Russian writer Vladimir Sorokin’s novel Norma is known for its depiction of coprophilia.
Coprophagia is a sexual act in which both parties consume a partner’s feces. It is considered to be a highly risky activity. While it can cause hepatitis, it is also socially taboo and has many benefits. It can also give rise to bad breath.
In terms of health risks, coprophilia is one of the most dangerous sexual behaviors. While it is generally safe, contact with feces from one’s own body can cause hepatitis, infection, and even AIDS. While it’s generally not a good idea to eat someone else’s feces.
In terms of physical health, coprophilia is associated with psychosexual conflict. However, it does not occur in childhood and is usually considered a problem in adulthood. It represents a minority of people who reject social pressure and find defecation pleasant. While it was originally a symptom of homosexuality, coprophilia is still a separate entity. In fact, there is no proven cure, but there are several ways to treat it.
My Boyfriend Wants Me to Eat His Poop – Should I Do It?
If your boyfriend asks you to eat his poop, you might find it hard to resist. However, you should keep in mind that this behavior will not help you improve your relationship. It might make your partner feel weird and could even cause a breakup. Fortunately, you have several options. You can try to hide the evidence or cover it up with a cloth to avoid being caught.
My boyfriend wants me to eat his poop Should I do it
There is no known cure for accidental poop ingestion. But by eating other people’s feces and pee, you are giving yourself a chance to get sick. You can ingest viruses and parasites through contaminated food. Some symptoms are similar to those of food poisoning, and time can help you feel better. Symptoms can take up to a week, but they can be less severe with time. Ingestion of human feces is also a common way of children to become infected with the same diseases.
You may want to keep away from your boyfriend’s poop if you’re worried about your health. While a little time and patience can minimize some of the symptoms, eating his poop may still cause you to experience some unpleasant symptoms. Your body will try to reprocess the contaminated food to reduce the risk of infection. Luckily, accidental suckling can be avoided. If you are concerned about this, you can contact a medical provider.
Does Poop Taste Good?
Does poop taste good? Most of it doesn’t. It’s almost flavorless. However, there are some ways you can make your poop taste better. The first way is to add a little sugar or salt to it. This will give it a sweeter taste. It will also make it easier to pass. You can also give your dog a few kibbles after a few days of not pooping at all.
See also How Does A Fart Taste?
do poop taste good
Some dogs love the taste of food, but poop is not always palatable for them. There are dogs who are always hungry and prefer the taste of cat poop over dog poop. It is important to note that dogs do not have the same kind of digestive system as humans. Therefore, they cannot distinguish between a sweet poop and one that is astringent. For example, dogs can’t distinguish between cat and dog poop.
Some dogs are obsessed with food, so they don’t like the taste of poop. But many dogs also like the smell of cat poop. If your dog eats a lot of meat, it may actually like the taste of your dog’s poop. The smell is often pleasant. But if your dog has a sweet tooth, you can try giving him cat poop. It’s not uncommon for some dogs to enjoy the taste of your poop.
How Does Poop Taste?
How does poop taste? It might surprise you that a dog can detect the taste of poop! A dog has 1700 taste buds, which is significantly fewer than those of a human, but they are able to recognize the bitter and sour tastes. This is a benefit because dogs are carnivores, meaning they have a high salt content, so they may well enjoy the taste of their own poop.
The color of poop can indicate a number of different conditions, including a lack of fiber or dietary fiber. A person suffering from diarrhea has a face that is about five times heavier than those without diarrhea, which is more like liquid stool. Constipated people tend to defecate about three times a day. This type of poop may be green if it contains iron supplements or green food coloring. A person with a constipation will have hard, dry stools that are characterized by skid marks on the toilet floor.
The color of poop may be a sign of a problem, namely a deficiency of bile. A lack of bile is the cause of a green stool. This color is due to a pigment found in bile, which is a byproduct of food digestion. In addition to bacteria, bile can also contain parasites and blood. Some people have trouble passing their stools because they do not pass enough water. A diet high in fiber can also contribute to the green color of the stool.
Can You Eat Your Own Poop If You Cook It?
The answer to the question, “Can you eat your own poop unless you cook it” is a resounding “yes.” You can eat poop, but you should cook it thoroughly. Not only is it highly contaminated, but it’s also loaded with bacteria that can make you sick. Luckily, there are no known health risks from eating your own feces.
While the vast majority of bacteria present in poop are harmless to humans, there is a small minority that can make you sick. Bacteria in poop are naturally found in the intestines and are not meant to be ingested by mouth. Moreover, the feeling of bowel movement is also called “poo-phoria.” This is because the motion of bowel movement triggers the vagus nerve, which descends from the brainstem to the colon.
There are no harmful bacteria in poop, but some can be hazardous. When ingested, the bacteria in poop are not harmful for human consumption. In addition to that, it contains bacteria that aid in digestion and regulate bodily functions. Despite its potential health hazards, it’s worth trying it once. In fact, if you cook it well, you can reduce the symptoms of accidental poop ingestion.
Can You Eat Your Own Poop?
You’ve probably heard of the food craze, but you’re still unsure of whether you can eat your own poop. The answer to this question is a resounding no. Not only is poop gross, it may also be nutritious. But is it safe? Here are some pros and cons. You should never eat your own feces, but you can consume it for health reasons.
While it’s illegal to eat poop in the United States, eating your own feces is not a good idea. Not only is it not good for your health, but it could also cause other health problems. In some cases, consuming your own feces can cause digestive issues and even medical complications. For this reason, you should not consume your own poop for health reasons.
There are several risks of eating your poop. Although it’s legal in the U.S., it’s not recommended for health reasons. The bacteria in poop are toxic and should never be eaten. However, it’s best to thoroughly cook it before eating it. If you are still unsure about whether you should eat your poo, you can read more articles about this controversial practice on MyHealthNewsDaily.
While the question of whether or not you can eat your own poop is a bit controversial, it’s actually considered a healthy choice. Most people who eat a regular breakfast often report that it has no adverse effects. For one thing, feces contains minimally toxic bacteria. Furthermore, bacteria found in the intestines are not supposed to be consumed by mouths. It’s also teeming with billions of microbes.
See also Do Matches Help Poop Smell?
Why Do Some People Eat Shit?
We’ve all wondered why some people eat feces, but why do some people eat shit? There are a few reasons. First, it’s disgusting and inhumane. Then again, it might be their only hope of survival. The reason is largely psychological. The question is: why do some of us eat shit? The answer is a combination of evolutionary, physiological, and environmental factors.
Why do some people eat shit
Most mammals don’t get sick from eating poop, so there’s no reason humans would do the same. But we do know that some animals are perfectly happy to consume our excreta for several reasons, and that includes nutrition. For example, a dog might eat its own droppings because of its nutritional value, or it could be a result of a boredom. Other animal species may eat feces as a way to double the amount of plant material they digest.
Besides being gross, poop can be beneficial to your health. In fact, it can make you feel much better. Fortunately, there are many ways to make it more beneficial for you. You can use dung as an alternative to meat and dairy products and even to make your own feces for a tasty treat. While it’s gross, you’ll be happy that you did!
How to Poop Without Being Embarrassed
One of the worst things in the world is having to poop in public. You can’t help it – you don’t want other people to know, and you certainly don’t want to be embarrassed. But there is a way to poop properly and avoid embarrassment. In this article, you will learn how to poop without being embarrassing.
I really hate pooping Is there any other wayFirst, always flush. That way, you won’t have to worry about smells or embarrassing people. If you poop in public, flushing the toilet will remove the smell and mask the sound. Holding it in will only cause you to pass gas. The sound and the smell of it will make you feel even more embarrassed. If you can’t stand the smell, try to hold it in, but don’t hold it too long, because this will make it worse.
The shape of your stool should be a couple of inches long. The ideal size is four to eight inches. Pellets are only good for wild animals. Similarly, a normal poop is shaped like a log, which makes it look healthier. Despite all the hygienic benefits of a long cylinder, some people still find it difficult to do so.
Why Do People Deliberately Poop Their Pants?
In recent years, the number of people who purposely poop their pants has increased, but why? This is a complicated question, with many potential reasons. In one study, a Canadian woman who ate lunch at a Tim Hortons coffee shop pooped on the floor, then threw her result at staff members, who refused to let her use the restroom. Other examples include a Colorado jogger who caused a police search after repeatedly defecating outside his family’s home. While experts are reluctant to comment on specific cases, it is generally agreed that these individuals are usually trying to stick one’s finger in the air or in a mirror.
Why do people deliberately poop their pants
Other reasons for fecal incontinence are associated with certain health conditions, such as diarrhea and constipation, or aging. In some cases, however, a person might be unable to control the urge to defecate in public. As a result, he may be experiencing the unpleasant side effects of an ailment. Despite the embarrassing consequences, a person with a bowel problem should take responsibility for his behavior and try to understand why he is unable to defecate in a public place.
In the case of a child who defecates in public, this behavior could be a symptom of an underlying health problem or sex-related problem. In some cases, a person consciously poop their pants because they have a scatological problem. Regardless of the cause, if a person has this condition, he may be suffering from an elimination disorder, which is a psychiatric disorder that results in the passing of urine or faeces in places other than the toilet. The symptom of an elimination disorder is not always under the control of the individual, so an underlying health issue is often present. While the cause may be unknowing, the act violates one of society’s last taboos.
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Seasonal affective disorder: meaning, symptoms, effects on our work
As soon as winter arrives, the cold and the lack of light have a direct impact on our mind, on our physical condition and on our motivation to work. The days are shorter, we have less light and less time outside to recharge our batteries, but we keep the same rhythm as in summer at the office.
This winter depression affects a large part of the population, especially in northern countries, and not everyone can go away for a week in the sun in winter!
This change of light and temperature is not at all harmless to the body and to our ability to concentrate, and it is necessary to readjust our rhythm of life and work and to take measures to minimise the repercussions on our body.
What does Seasonal affective disorder mean? What are the symptoms and its effects on our work, on the human being or in motivating ourselves to look for a new job? How to fight the Winter Blues and minimise the effects on our bodies and ensure that it does not impact on our work?
Definition and repercussions of Seasonal affective disorder on our mind and body
The winter blues is a seasonal depression, a seasonal affective disorder that involves great fatigue and a change in mood due to a lack of light in winter.
This lack of energy and motivation, which may seem harmless, is not to be taken lightly, as it has a direct and significant impact on our body.
Indeed, sunlight prepares melatonin, which is the sleep hormone in our body. This hormone must be correctly synthesised during the night in order to sleep well. A lack of light and therefore of melatonin can lead to sleep disorders and be a factor in the accumulation of fatigue, which can have an impact on our mind and reduce our efficiency at work.
Another effect of this lack of sleep is the fragility of our immune system. This has been clearly seen since the onset of the corona crisis, with the number of cases increasing dramatically as temperatures and days decrease. We become more vulnerable to viruses and despite this, we keep the same pace as in summer when the sun is out, and the days are longer.
In addition, it is important to know that in winter, our body naturally has a new rhythm, it goes into hibernation in order to store energy which is scarcer in winter.
Seasonal and societal rhythms
During the winter, nature goes on standby. The fauna and flora take a winter break with a slowing down of their activities. But our society today ignores this change of season and continues its rhythm and activity regardless of the weather, denying all what this implies for the body and the mind.
What makes winter and the lack of sunshine complicated is that we leave for work before the sun has risen and come home after dark…we hardly see the natural light of the day. The only light that keeps us awake is the artificial light of the office.
We work 40 hours at the same pace as in the summer when the days are longer and hotter. The discrepancy between the biological clock and the societal clock is growing. This has a direct impact on our morale and our ability to work efficiently. Less sleep means more fatigue and a weakening of our immune system and there is an increase in viruses and absenteeism from work during these winter months. For job seekers it also becomes more difficult to motivate themselves to get out of bed and send out CVs until the sun is up.
What if we followed the rhythm of the sun in winter? How to balance everything?
According to the poll we created on LinkedIn Mid-December, the majority of the participants, with 51%, is feeling a general loss of motivation but it doesn’t affect their work or their job search. 24% replied that the start of winter doesn’t have any impact on their moral and work and 24% replied that they don’t have any more motivation.
We can clearly see for the 41 people who participated to this vote, that the change of weather and light has an impact on their motivation. But the majority don’t feel any change in their efficiency to work.
It would be interesting to re do this poll end of February after 3 months of winter and compare the results!
So what if we adapted our professional activity to the rhythm of the sun? It is very common to hear our colleagues say that they feel down when the winter months arrive. What if we managed to slow down our activity and organise our working hours differently in order to reduce the consequences of the lack of sunshine?
Today, home office has become almost the norm, or sometimes compulsory, when the number of cases of coronavirus increases significantly. Working from home allows us to sleep longer and to take a longer break at noon to enjoy the few hours of sunshine.
If you still go to the office, take the time to go out and stretch your legs despite the cold. On the one hand, this gives you a bit of exercise, and on the other hand, as soon as the sun gets into your eyes, your body secretes more melatonin. This prepares you for a good night’s sleep.
If you cannot go outside when there is light, there are light therapy lamps that can help you. These lamps are available in specialised shops and half an hour a day is sufficient. Remember to ask your doctor for advice before buying one.
You should also accept that you don’t have to do as much in winter as in summer. It’s also great to spend your weekend watching the Lord of the Rings long version! Let’s learn to let go without feeling guilty.
To conclude
We all know the seasonal affective disorder, the tiredness and lack of motivation in the office or while looking for a new job as soon as the days get shorter. Unfortunately, we cannot control the length of the day or the weather. But we can do something to lessen the impact of this seasonal change of pace on our bodies and our morale.
Slow down; if you can, work from home; get out for a walk when the sun is shining and accept a little less work! Your body and your mind will thank you.
Are you currently looking for a job? We will discuss your wishes and present you with suitable job openings. Apply here.
This article could also interest you, discover 5 Tips for your job search.
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A firewall is a protector from unauthorized access that is between a computer and the internet. Based on one’s configuration, the firewall controls access to data through packet analysis. The firewall vehemently ignores information from unauthorized, unsecured, and unknown sources. A firewall can become encapsulated as hardware or software, the latter being a program installed on the computer or placed behind a router in the former.
What We’ll Discuss On This Article:
Hardware Firewalls
These get mostly used in large companies and corporations where they get placed between the company’s internet connection and the router. They become designed to be optimal in their functionality and also not to consume too much computer resources. They are stand-alone but become mostly found in routers supporting broadband. They determine the destination and source of a
Quiz: What is a packet in IT?x
using its header as part of packet filtering. If the configuration settings allow the packet to filter through, it is approved or otherwise dropped. They are capable with minimum to no configuration.
Software Firewalls
These are more common, easier, and cheaper to acquire and install. Software firewalls mostly get purchased by individual users and customizable like most software and could also include extra protection against worms and trojans. They are more user-defined and could even block malicious apps and set-up the safe sharing of resources. Additionally, they can filter the web and allow privacy tweaking. They are, however, marred with several malfunctions, including the following.
• They consume a lot of computer resources.
• They can cause compatibility issues with other software on the computer.
• They are also significantly erroneous in the process of running.
Software firewalls mostly come packaged in several operating systems like Linux and Ms. Windows. Some can also get provided as part of a cloud computing service.
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David Mania
David Mania is an upcoming musician and blogger.
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Dental implants are now a very common treatment modality available. With recent advances and technology, dental implant procedures are very predictable and results are astonishing. Dental implants are an ideal replacement for missing tooth/teeth. Or a complete set of all teeth.
Today we are going to discuss, how dental implants are beneficial for overall health. But first, let’s understand what are dental implants and their types.
Dental implants are metal implants usually placed in maxillary &/ or mandible jaw bone.
Dental implant procedure includes
1) diagnosis
2) treatment plan
3) implant surgery procedure
4) prosthetic procedure
After thorough investigation like cone beam computed tomography ( CBCT ) of bone & jaw, implant treatment is planned. And implant surgery is scheduled.
In implant surgery, a specific size implant is placed within the bone, and sutures are placed.
After a few months, once the bone is formed around the implant, a prosthetic procedure is initiated.
The implant treatment process usually takes place from 3 months to 6-8 months.
Let’s see the Benefits of Implants.
1) Implants are Fixed Teeth:-
Implants are a replacement for missing teeth. When due to unavoidable reasons, the tooth is extracted, there are few ways to replace them. The ideal way to replace missing teeth implants. They are screws placed within bone and a crown is placed over it.
Ideally, once the implant is embedded within the bone, it becomes part of the jaw and is extremely difficult to remove from bone. It acts as an Anchorage for the crown.
They are fixed. And that gives more benefits to patients, as they provide proper mastication and chewing. Hence good digestion and suppliment of nutrients.
2) Implants are an Ideal Replacement for Missing Teeth:-
Implants provide all functions of natural teeth. In elderly people when all the teeth are removed/extracted, there are only two options left. Either removable complete dentures or fixed teeth with implants.
Most people, scared of surgery, choose to go with dentures. But the study suggests only 15-20% of people who have dentures, actually use them for chewing. Many people use dentures for esthetic purposes only.
Dentures are good if there is supporting bone. But most of the time, jawbones are resorbed and provide insufficient retention to dentures.
Denture-wearing patients are not able to chew properly. This directly impacts the health of patients.
Let’s understand the cycle here
Loss of teeth ➡️ denture ➡️ insufficient mastication and difficulty in chewing ➡️ indigestion & constipation ➡️ acidity ➡️ problem-related to digestive system ➡️ overall health problems.
Overall health is hampered by dentures.
If we replace missing teeth with implants, they tend to provide excellent mastication, and it overall benefits patients’ health.
3) Maintain Architecture of Jaw Bone:-
The natural tooth is supported by bony cortical plates. When a natural tooth is extracted, the cortical plate bone tends to resorb. The immediately placed implants maintain the architecture of jaw bone and prevent resorption of cortical bone.
4) Implants Preserve Adjacent Natural Teeth:-
When a tooth is removed/ extracted, there are three ways to replace them, by either partial removable denture or by bridge or by implants. In a fixed bridge, two natural adjacent teeth are reduced to specific dimensions so they accommodate crowns over them. These natural teeth tend to show symptoms of sensitivity and pain in later years. Hence, to restore one missing tooth, we have to sacrifice two natural teeth.
In implants, we don’t touch adjacent natural teeth, and implants are placed in space created after extraction.
There are multiple advantages of implants.
You can always read them in our blogs and on our page on
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The North Carolina Center for Afterschool Programs has compiled resources to engage youth in high-quality STEM content and to create a long-term investment in STEM careers, specifically for girls and minorities. According to the National Girls Collaborative Project, women make up only 29% of the workforce in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers, and men vastly outnumber women majoring in most STEM fields in college. Intersectional inequalities of gender, race, ethnicity, and class can hinder identification with and long-term participation in STEM for girls and minorities. Out-of-school time programs can provide youth, particularly girls and minorities, with opportunities to participate in high-quality informal STEM activities and support their interest, confidence, and sense of belonging in STEM careers.
In the digital library, there are thousands of photos, videos, and other assets that authentically represent women in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). The content features careers as diverse as shark tagging, fashion design, and training Olympic athletes, and nudges public perceptions in a more realistic direction that illuminates the importance of STEM everywhere.
The FabFems directory is an international database of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professions who are inspiring role models for young women. The FabFems directory is accessible to young women, girl-serving STEM programs, and other organizations that are working to increase career awareness and interest in STEM.
Many girls have similar interests but aren’t connected to adults who exemplify the STEM career pathway. Create a FabFems profile to expand girls’ career options, dispel stereotypes and spark their interests.
This web page is designed to provide STEM resources for all students–girls and boys. It is our belief that firsthand experiences in STEM will serve girls and young women well–so that the young girls of today, will be the history-makers of tomorrow.
Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of resources and this page will be updated periodically.
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Clinical Trials
Clinical trials are research studies and experiments used to discover new ways to prevent, treat, detect and manage different types of cancers. Clinical trials answer important scientific questions which can lead to new information and findings of the safety and effectiveness of new treatments. Findings from past clinical trials have resulted in more efficient and effective drugs to help patients fight against cancer.1
Many common practices used today to detect and treat prostate cancer were initially used as a clinical trial. Participation in a prostate cancer clinical trial is optional for anyone that is at risk or has been diagnosed with prostate cancer.
What are some questions I should ask the practitioner when considering a clinical trial?
If you are considering taking part in a clinical trial, here are some questions to ask your doctor:
• Why is this trial being done?
• What are my other options? What are their advantages and disadvantages?
• Will this require an extra time commitment on my part?
• How could the study affect my daily life?
• What side effects might I expect from the study treatment?
For a current list of clinical trials, visit the following websites:
Canadian Cancer Trials
(Clinical trials in all Canadian provinces)
National Cancer Institute
(Clinical trials in Canada, the United States and around the world)
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holdingelderlyhand-1In a world with so much suffering and pain, compassion has the ability to connect and heal. Starting with our families and friends, and extending into larger communities, and out to the world in general, compassion can open our hearts and souls to a greater way of living.
The trick is that compassion means different things to different people. A lot of it boils down to an individual’s motivation. From the big picture, there are two primary motivations that drive compassion: sympathy and empathy.
Sympathy comes from the ancient Greek word sunpathos, which includes the concept of suffering and pity, whereas empathy comes from the Greek word empátheia, which means passion. To actually feel someone’s pain is to be empathetic, and to be passionate to help that person create a different experience. This usually has a positive effect on both individuals. Read full article here.
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Why Can’t I Sleep? Do I Have a Sleep Disorder?
Sleep Disorder
Do I Have a Sleep Disorder?
• Anger
• Anxiety
• Frustration
• Irrational thinking
• Irritability
• Sadness
Inadequate sleep:
• A reduction in the quality of sleep one is receiving. This occurs when people find that they are having a hard time falling asleep, often awaken, and then may have difficulty going back to sleep. This reduction causes a dramatic break in the sleep cycle.
What is the Sleep Cycle?
Sleep is an altered state of consciousness in which brain waves pass through distinct stages that keep cycling between REM (Rapid-Eye Movement) and Non-REM sleep. This is referring to the sleep cycle, and this is how the sleep cycle works:
There are four stages of sleep: Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, and REM. These stages do not always occur in order. In fact, they rarely occur in order. The sleep cycle begins with three Non-REM phases that people typically go through before reaching REM sleep:
This stage between asleep and awake is almost always first. It may be just a minute or so long, but is usually less. It is just a transition from awake to Stage 2 where one spends about seventy-five percent of the night. Typically, a person will drift straight through Stage 1 for a minute or two, and be in Stage 2 for some time. One’s eyes are closed, but it’s easy to wake the person up.
This is a light sleep. One’s heart rate slows and one’s body temperature drops. The body is getting ready for deep sleep.
Stage 3 – DEEP SLEEP
This stage is tricky. Deep sleep is also called delta sleep. It is the restorative sleep for the body, when the brain secretes growth hormones, and when our breathing is most regulated. Children have a long period of delta sleep. As we age, the amount of delta sleep that we have decreases by a certain percent each year, so that by the time we reach ages 60 to 70 we have little to NO delta sleep. Men begin to bypass the delta sleep stage sooner than women. So, it is likely that in an adult population, a researcher will not see delta when studying a normal night of sleep. There will be a night here and there when an adult will have an instance of some delta activity, but it is not a stage that they go through on a nightly basis. It is harder to rouse one during this stage, and if someone wakes one up, one would feel disoriented for a few minutes. During the deep stages of Non-REM sleep, the body repairs and re-grows tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system.
The Sleep Cycle now moves into deep REM sleep: Usually, REM sleep happens approximately 90 minutes after one falls asleep. The first period of REM typically lasts 10 minutes. Each of the later REM stages gets longer, and the final one may last up to an hour. One’s heart rate and breathing quicken. One tends to have dreams during REM sleep. The cycle then begins all over again. The last REM cycle is the longest and most restorative and awakening during this cycle can leave one feeling disoriented.
Common Types of Sleep Disorders
Many different types of sleep disorders are listed below. Check if you think any of them might apply to you.
Nightmares are frightening dreams that occur during deep, REM sleep.
Restless Leg Syndrome occurs during wake hours and is often worse in the evening and before bedtime, which can lead to sleep onset insomnia. This discomfort can come in the form of an urge to move one’s legs and feet to get relief. People find themselves experiencing excessive and rhythmic movements while they are sleeping.
Sleep Terror Disorder occurs mostly in children but can be found in adults. Night terrors are frightful images that appear in a person’s dream but are often difficult to remember upon awakening.
My Self-Care Sleep Habits
Sleep habits are often dependent on wellness habits that you display during the day. Think about some of your wellness habits and how they may be negatively affecting your ability to sleep at night. In the chart on the attached worksheet, write about how you can make positive change in your wellness habits.
Click here to download the My Self-Care Sleep Habits worksheet.
This material was excerpted from Coping with Sleep Issues by Ester R.A. Leutenberg and John J. Liptak, EdD.
1 thought on “Why Can’t I Sleep? Do I Have a Sleep Disorder?
1. Kushly
My brother had trouble sleeping as a child. At first he had nightmares for 3 years. This happened once a month, or more often. It was even scary sometimes, especially when I lived with him in the same room. At the age of 17 he became a sleepwalker. I no longer lived with my parents, but I will remember these stories for a long time. They said that sometimes he could throw all the food out of the refrigerator at night … And once he woke up in our garage))) Then it stopped. But even now we remember this with laughter, but my mother could not sleep all night because she was afraid for my brother … I was interested in reading about the dream. I would be grateful for a separate article about sleepwalking.
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Great Lakes
Last updated
Coordinates: 45°N84°W / 45°N 84°W / 45; -84
Satellite image of the Great Lakes, April 24, 2000 Great Lakes from space crop labeled.jpg
Satellite image of the Great Lakes, April 24, 2000
Terra MODIS image of the Great Lakes, January 27, 2005, showing ice beginning to build up around the shores of each of the lakes, with snow on the ground; Green Bay, Saginaw Bay, and Lake St. Clair are completely obscured by ice GreatLakes.A2005027.1635.250m.jpg
Location in North America Location of the Great Lakes in North America.jpg
Location in North America
The Great Lakes also called the Great Lakes of North America or the Laurentian Great Lakes, [1] is a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. They are Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario and are in general on or near the Canada–United States border. Hydrologically, there are four lakes, because lakes Michigan and Huron join at the Straits of Mackinac. The Great Lakes Waterway enables travel by water among the lakes.
The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area and are second-largest by total volume, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. [2] [3] [4] The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3), [5] slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal (5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water). Because of their sea-like characteristics, such as rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons, the five Great Lakes have long been called inland seas. [6] By surface area, Lake Superior is the second-largest lake in the world, and is the largest freshwater lake. Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. [7] [8] [9] [10]
The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the Last Glacial Period around 14,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land, which then filled with meltwater. [11] The lakes have been a major source for transportation, migration, trade, and fishing, serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much biodiversity. The surrounding region is called the Great Lakes region, which includes the Great Lakes Megalopolis. [12]
A map of the Great Lakes Basin showing the five sub-basins. Left to right they are: Superior (magenta); Michigan (cyan); Huron (green); Erie (yellow); Ontario (orange-red). Sub-basins Great Lakes Basin.png
Though the five lakes lie in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. As a chain of lakes and rivers, they connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers and contain approximately 35,000 islands. [13] There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called "inland lakes", within the basin. [14] The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. [15] Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes: The province of Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and the state of Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and each of the remaining states into one of the lakes.
Great Lakes
Source:United States Environmental Protection Agency [16]
Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Lake Superior
Surface area [5] 25,700 km2 (9,910 sq mi)60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi)58,000 km2 (22,300 sq mi)19,000 km2 (7,340 sq mi)82,000 km2 (31,700 sq mi)
Water volume [5] 480 km3 (116 cu mi)3,500 km3 (850 cu mi)4,900 km3 (1,180 cu mi)1,640 km3 (393 cu mi)12,000 km3 (2,900 cu mi)
Elevation [16] 174 m (571 ft)176 m (577 ft)176 m (577 ft)75 m (246 ft)182.9 m (600.0 ft)
Average depth [15] 19 m (62 ft)59 m (195 ft)85 m (279 ft)86 m (283 ft)147 m (483 ft)
Maximum depth [17] 64 m (210 ft)228 m (748 ft)282 m (925 ft)245 m (804 ft)406 m (1,333 ft)
Major settlements [18] Buffalo, NY
Erie, PA
Cleveland, OH
Lorain, OH
Toledo, OH
Sandusky, OH
Alpena, MI
Bay City, MI
Collingwood, ON
Owen Sound, ON
Port Huron, MI
Sarnia, ON
Chicago, IL
Gary, IN
Green Bay, WI
Sheboygan, WI
Milwaukee, WI
Kenosha, WI
Racine, WI
Muskegon, MI
Traverse City, MI
Hamilton, ON
Kingston, ON
Mississauga, ON
Oshawa, ON
Rochester, NY
Toronto, ON
Duluth, MN
Marquette, MI
Sault Ste. Marie, MI
Sault Ste. Marie, ON
Superior, WI
Thunder Bay, ON
System profile of the Great Lakes Great Lakes.svg
System profile of the Great Lakes
Great Lakes bathymetry Great Lakes bathymetry map.png
Great Lakes bathymetry
Primary connecting waterways
Chicago on Lake Michigan is in the western part of the lakes megalopolis and the site of the waterway linking the lakes to the Mississippi River valley 2009-09-18 3060x2040 chicago skyline.jpg
Detroit on the Detroit River links the region's central metropolitan areas DowntownDetroit.jpg
Detroit on the Detroit River links the region's central metropolitan areas
Toronto on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the Great Lakes Megalopolis Skyline of Toronto viewed from Harbour.jpg
Lake Michigan–Huron
South Bass Island in Lake Erie Put-in-Bay Airport.jpg
South Bass Island in Lake Erie
Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately 35,000 islands. [13] The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water in the world. [35] The second-largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior. [36] Both of these islands are large enough to contain multiple lakes themselves—for instance, Manitoulin Island's Lake Manitou is the world's largest lake on a freshwater island. [37] Some of these lakes even have their own islands, like Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya in Manitoulin Island
The Great Lakes also have several peninsulas between them, including the Door Peninsula, the Peninsulas of Michigan, and the Ontario Peninsula. Some of these peninsulas even contain smaller peninsulas, such as the Keweenaw Peninsula, the Thumb Peninsula, the Bruce Peninsula, and the Niagara Peninsula. Population centers on the peninsulas include Grand Rapids, Flint, and Detroit in Michigan along with London, Hamilton, Brantford, and Toronto in Ontario.
Shipping connection to the ocean
Although the Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean-going vessels, [38] shifts in shipping to wider ocean-going container ships—which do not fit through the locks on these routes—have limited container shipping on the lakes. Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material, and bulk freighters of Seawaymax-size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic. [39] Larger ships are confined to working within the lakes. Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, interrupting most shipping from January to March. Some icebreakers ply the lakes, keeping the shipping lanes open through other periods of ice on the lakes.
Water levels
The lakes were originally fed by both precipitation and meltwater from glaciers which are no longer present. In modern times, only about 1% of volume per year is "new" water, originating from rivers, precipitation, and groundwater springs. In the post-glacial period, evaporation, and drainage have generally been balanced, making the levels of the lakes relatively constant. [15]
Intensive human population growth began in the region in the 20th century and continues today. [15] At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes' levels: diversion (the transfer of water to other watersheds) and consumption (substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants, resulting in evaporation). [41] Outflows through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is more than balanced by artificial inflows via the Ogoki River and Long Lake/Kenogami River diversions. [42] Fluctuation of the water levels in the lakes has been observed since records began in 1918. [43] The water level of Lake Michigan–Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century [44] Recent lake levels include record low levels in 2013 in Lakes Superior, Erie, and Michigan-Huron, [45] followed by record high levels in 2020 [46] in the same lakes. The water level in Lake Ontario has remained relatively constant in the same time period, hovering around the historical average level. [43]
Water levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron in the United States, 1918 to 2019. Great lakes water level.png
The lake levels are affected primarily by changes in regional meteorology and climatology. The outflows from lakes Superior and Ontario are regulated, while the outflows of Michigan-Huron and Erie are not regulated at all. Ontario is the most tightly regulated, with its outflow controlled by the Moses-Saunders Power Dam, which explains its consistent historical levels. [47]
The Great Lakes during early spring Great Lakes from space during early spring.webp
The Great Lakes during early spring
Lake Erie
From the Erie tribe, a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan 'long tail'. [48]
Lake Huron
Named for the inhabitants of the area, the Wyandot (or "Hurons"), by the first French explorers . [49] The Wyandot originally referred to the lake by the name karegnondi, a word which has been variously translated as "Freshwater Sea", "Lake of the Hurons", or simply "lake". [50] [51]
Lake Michigan
From the Ojibwe word mishi-gami "great water" or "large lake". [52]
Lake Ontario
From the Wyandot word ontarí'io "lake of shining waters". [53]
Lake Superior
English translation of the French term lac supérieur "upper lake", referring to its position north of Lake Huron. The indigenous Ojibwe call it gichi-gami (from Ojibwe gichi "big, large, great"; gami "water, lake, sea"). Popularized in French-influenced transliteration as Gitchigumi as in Gordon Lightfoot's 1976 story song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald", or Gitchee Gumee as in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha ). [17]
The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: 5,472 cubic miles (22,810 km3), or 6.0×1015 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S gallons, (2.3×1016 liters). The lakes contain about 84% of the surface freshwater of North America; [54] if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent's land area, it would reach a depth of 5 feet (1.5 meters). [55] This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. [56]
The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire combined. [57] The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles (16,900 km);, [15] but the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly and is not a well-defined measure. Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles (8,400 km) of coastline, while the remaining 5,300 miles (8,500 km) are bordered by the United States. Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States, bordering roughly 3,288 miles (5,292 km) of lakes, followed by Wisconsin (820 miles (1,320 km)), New York (473 miles (761 km)), and Ohio (312 miles (502 km)). [58] Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator. [15]
A diagram of the formation of the Great Lakes Glacial lakes.jpg
A diagram of the formation of the Great Lakes
Map of Glacial Lake Algonquin and its Correlatives (USGS 1915) Plate 21 - Glacial Lake Algonquin and its Correlatives (USGS 1915).JPG
Map of Glacial Lake Algonquin and its Correlatives (USGS 1915)
It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago, [15] [60] when two previously fused tectonic plates split apart and created the Midcontinent Rift, which crossed the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone. A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior. When a second fault line, the Saint Lawrence rift, formed approximately 570 million years ago, [15] the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie was created, along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River.
The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the Last Glacial Period (the Wisconsin glaciation ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago), when the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded. [11] The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater (Lake Algonquin, Lake Chicago, Glacial Lake Iroquois, and Champlain Sea) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today. [61] Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion, some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin. Land below the glaciers "rebounded" as it was uncovered. [62] Since the glaciers covered some areas longer than others, this glacial rebound occurred at different rates.
The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate, Köppen climate classification Dfa (in southern areas) and Dfb (in northern parts) [63] with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry, cold Arctic systems, mild Pacific air masses from the west, and warm, wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico. [64] The lakes have a moderating effect on the climate; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce lake effect snowfall. [63]
Lake effect
The location of common lake effect bands on the Great Lakes Lake effect snow wind direction bands1.png
The location of common lake effect bands on the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes can have an effect on regional weather called lake-effect snow , which is sometimes very localized. Even late in winter, the lakes often have no icepack in the middle. The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface, which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above. As the slightly warmer, moist air passes over the colder land surface, the moisture often produces concentrated, heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or "streamers". This is similar to the effect of warmer air dropping snow as it passes over mountain ranges. During freezing weather with high winds, the "snowbelts" receive regular snow fall from this localized weather pattern, especially along the eastern shores of the lakes. Snowbelts are found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario. Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog, particularly along the shorelines of the lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores.
The lakes tend to moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree but not with as large an influence as do large oceans; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer, then slowly radiate that heat in autumn. They protect against frost during transitional weather and keep the summertime temperatures cooler than further inland. This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns. This temperature buffering produces areas known as "fruit belts", where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south. For instance, western Michigan has apple orchards, and cherry orchards are cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the Grand Traverse Bay. Near Collingwood, Ontario, commercial fruit orchards, including a few wineries, exist near the shoreline of southern Nottawasaga Bay. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the lakes' moderating effects, as do the large commercial fruit and wine growing areas of the Niagara Peninsula located between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York, as well as in Prince Edward County, Ontario, on Lake Ontario's northeast shore.
The Great Lakes have been observed to help intensify storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and the 2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado, which moved onshore as a tornadic waterspout. In 1996, a rare tropical or subtropical storm was observed forming in Lake Huron, dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone. Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer; these Mesoscale convective complexes or MCCs [65] can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings. These storms mainly occur during the night, and the systems sometimes have small embedded tornadoes, but more often straight-line winds accompanied by intense lightning.
Generalized schematic of Great Lakes waterline ecosystem USGS image cropped.jpg
Generalized schematic of Great Lakes waterline ecosystem
Lake sturgeon, the largest native fish in the Great Lakes and the subject of extensive commercial fishing in the 19th and 20th centuries is listed as a threatened species Lakesturgeon public U.S.Fish&Wildlife.jpg
While the organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes, the deep waters contain organisms found only in deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. These include the delicate opossum shrimp (order mysida), the deepwater scud (a crustacean of the order amphipoda), two types of copepods, and the deepwater sculpin (a spiny, large-headed fish). [67]
Overfishing has been cited as a possible reason for a decrease in population of various whitefish, important because of their culinary desirability and, hence, economic consequence. Moreover, between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over 9 million pounds (4 million kg). [71] By 1900, commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan were hauling in an average of 41 million pounds of fish annually. [72] By 1938, Wisconsin's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized, generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers, and hauling 14 million pounds per year. [72] The population of giant freshwater mussels was eliminated as the mussels were harvested for use as buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs. [71]
The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book (1972) notes: "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery." [68] Water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s, combined with successful salmonid stocking programs, have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery. [73] The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the biosphere. [72]
Cliffs at Palisade Head on Lake Superior in Minnesota near Silver Bay. Lake Superior North Shore(v2).jpg
Invasive species
Since the 19th century, an estimated 160 new species have found their way into the Great Lakes ecosystem; many have become invasive; the overseas ship ballast and ship hull parasitism are causing severe economic and ecological impacts. [74] [75] According to the Inland Seas Education Association, on average a new species enters the Great Lakes every eight months. [75] Introductions into the Great Lakes include the zebra mussel, which was first discovered in 1988, and quagga mussel in 1989. Since 2000, the invasive quagga mussel has smothered the bottom of Lake Michigan almost from shore to shore, and their numbers are estimated at 900 trillion. [72] The mollusks are efficient filter feeders, competing with native mussels and reducing available food and spawning grounds for fish. In addition, the mussels may be a nuisance to industries by clogging pipes. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimated in 2007 that the economic impact of the zebra mussel could be about $5 billion over the next decade. [76] [ needs update ]
A zebra mussel-encrusted vector-averaging current meter from Lake Michigan. Zebra mussel GLERL 3.jpg
A zebra mussel–encrusted vector-averaging current meter from Lake Michigan.
The influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the U.S. and Canada working on joint proposals to control it. By the mid-1950s, the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced, with the lamprey deemed largely to blame. This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
Several species of exotic water fleas have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes, such as the spiny waterflea, Bythotrephes longimanus , and the fishhook waterflea, Cercopagis pengoi , potentially having an effect on the zooplankton population. Several species of crayfish have also been introduced that may contend with native crayfish populations. More recently an electric fence has been set up across the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several species of invasive Asian carp out of the lakes. These fast-growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems. [80] Invasive species, particularly zebra and quagga mussels, may be at least partially responsible for the collapse of the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron, [81] as well as drastic unprecedented changes in the zooplankton community of the lake. [82]
Scientists understand that the micro-aquatic life of the lakes is abundant but know very little about some of the most plentiful microbes and their environmental effects in the Great Lakes. Although a drop of lake water may contain 1 million bacteria cells and 10 million viruses, only since 2012 has there been a long-term study of the lakes' micro-organisms. Between 2012 and 2019 more than 160 new species have been discovered. [83]
Native habitats and ecoregions in the Great Lakes region include:
Plant lists include:
The first U.S. Clean Water Act, passed by a Congressional override after being vetoed by U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1972, was a key piece of legislation, [85] along with the bi-national Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement signed by Canada and the U.S. A variety of steps taken to process industrial and municipal pollution discharges into the system greatly improved water quality by the 1980s, and Lake Erie in particular is significantly cleaner. [86] Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced. Federal and state regulations control substances like PCBs. The first of 43 "Great Lakes Areas of Concern" to be formally "de-listed" through successful cleanup was Ontario's Collingwood Harbour in 1994; Ontario's Severn Sound followed in 2003. [87] Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery, as is Ontario's Spanish Harbour. Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the Rouge River (Michigan) and Waukegan Harbor (Illinois). [88]
Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie, Saginaw Bay, Green Bay, and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan. By the mid-1980s, most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled phosphate detergents. [89] Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria blooms, [90] have been problematic on Lake Erie since 2011. [91] "Not enough is being done to stop fertilizer and phosphorus from getting into the lake and causing blooms," said Michael McKay, executive director of the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) at the University of Windsor. The largest Lake Erie bloom to date occurred in 2015, exceeding the severity index at 10.5 and in 2011 at a 10. [92] In early August 2019, satellite images depicted a bloom stretching up to 1,300 square kilometres on Lake Erie, with the heaviest concentration near Toledo, Ohio. A large bloom does not necessarily mean the cyanobacteria ... will produce toxins", said Michael McKay, of the University of Windsor. Water quality testing was underway in August 2019. [93] [92]
Diatoms of different sizes seen through the microscope. These minuscule phytoplankton are encased within a silicate cell wall. Diatoms through the microscope.jpg
Impacts of climate change on algae
Algae such as diatoms, along with other phytoplankton, are photosynthetic primary producers supporting the food web of the Great Lakes, [98] and have been affected by global warming. [99] The changes in the size or in the function of the primary producers may have a direct or an indirect impact on the food web. Photosynthesis carried out by diatoms constitutes about one fifth of the total photosynthesis.[ where? ] By taking CO2 out of the water to photosynthesize, diatoms help to stabilize the pH of the water, as CO2 would react with water to produce carbonic acid.
CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3 + H+
Diatoms acquire inorganic carbon through passive diffusion of CO2 and HCO3, and use carbonic anhydrase mediated active transport to speed up this process. [100] Large diatoms require more carbon uptake than smaller diatoms. [101] There is a positive correlation between the surface area and the chlorophyll concentration of diatom cells. [102]
A woodcut of Le Griffon Le-griffon.jpg
A woodcut of Le Griffon
Several Native American populations (Paleo-indians) inhabited the region around 10,000 BC, after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. [103] [104] The peoples of the Great Lakes traded with the Hopewell culture from around 1000 AD, as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio.
A map of the Great Lakes from 1933 Great Lakes, historical map, 1933 - DPLA - 98f2381d4b8282a70b87bf2490376dc2.jpg
A map of the Great Lakes from 1933
The Rush–Bagot Treaty signed in 1818, after the War of 1812 and the later Treaty of Washington eventually led to a complete disarmament of naval vessels in the Great Lakes. Nonetheless, both nations maintained coast guard vessels in the Great Lakes.
The brigantine Le Griffon , which was commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the Niagara River, and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7, 1679. [105] During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Welland Canal opened in 1824 and the later Erie Canal opened in 1825. [106] By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. [107] With these two canals an all-inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans.
The Eastland leaving Chicago, c. 1909 Eastland Christopher Columbus leaving Chicago ca1912.jpg
The Eastland leaving Chicago, c. 1909
Alan B. McCullough has written that the fishing industry of the Great Lakes got its start "on the American side of Lake Ontario in Chaumont Bay, near the Maumee River on Lake Erie, and on the Detroit River at about the time of the War of 1812". Although the region was sparsely populated until the 1830s, so there was not much local demand and transporting fish was prohibitively costly, there were economic and infrastructure developments that were promising for the future of the fishing industry going into the 1830s. Particularly, the 1825 opening of the Erie Canal and the Welland Canal a few years later. The fishing industry expanded particularly in the waters associated with the fur trade that connect Lake Erie and Lake Huron. In fact, two major suppliers of fish in the 1830s were the fur trading companies Hudson's Bay Company and the American Fur Company. [112]
The catch from these waters was sent to the growing market for salted fish in Detroit, where merchants involved in the fur trade had already gained some experience handling salted fish. One such merchant was John P. Clark, a shipbuilder and merchant who began selling fish in the area of Manitowoc, Wisconsin where whitefish was abundant. Another operation cropped up in Georgian Bay, Canadian waters plentiful with trout as well as whitefish. In 1831, Alexander MacGregor from Goderich, Ontario found whitefish and herring in abundant supply around the Fishing Islands. A contemporary account by Methodist missionary John Evans describes the fish as resembling a "bright cloud moving rapidly through the water". [112]
From 1844 through 1857, palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes. [113] In the first half of the 20th century large luxurious passenger steamers sailed the lakes in opulence. [114] The Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company had several vessels at the time and hired workers from all walks of life to help operate these vessels. [115] Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands. As of 2007, four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, two on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan, one on Lake Erie: a boat from Kingsville, Ontario, or Leamington, Ontario, to Pelee Island, Ontario, then onto Sandusky, Ohio, and one on Lake Huron: the M.S. Chi-Cheemaun [116] runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth, Manitoulin Island, operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company. An international ferry across Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York, to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005 but is no longer in operation.
The first ship to sink in Lake Michigan was Le Griffon , also the first ship to sail the Great Lakes. Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac, she was lost with all hands aboard. [118] Its wreck may have been found in 2004, [119] but a wreck subsequently discovered in a different location was also claimed in 2014 to be Le Griffon. [120] The largest and last major freighter wrecked on the lakes was the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank on November 10, 1975, just over 17 miles (30 km) offshore from Whitefish Point on Lake Superior. The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of Lady Elgin, wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives on Lake Michigan. In an incident at a Chicago dock in 1915, the SS Eastland rolled over while loading passengers, killing 841.
In 2007, the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus, a 420-foot (130 m) long, century-old ore carrier. Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11, 1907, during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin, to Buffalo, New York. The entire crew of 23 drowned, except one, Charles Pitz, who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours. [121] In 2008, deep sea divers in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 Royal Navy warship HMS Ontario in what has been described as an "archaeological miracle". [122] There are no plans to raise her as the site is being treated as a war grave. In 2010, L.R. Doty was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat Molly V. [123] The ship sank in October 1898, probably attempting to rescue a small schooner, Olive Jeanette, during a terrible storm.
Photograph of Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron plus the Finger Lakes of upstate New York, June 14, 2012, taken aboard the International Space Station, with lake names added Overview of the Great Lakes from orbit.jpg
Except when the water is frozen during winter, more than 100 lake freighters operate continuously on the Great Lakes, [124] which remain a major water transport corridor for bulk goods. The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes; the smaller Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic oceans. Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway and operate only on the Waterway and lakes. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash. [125] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo.
Only four bridges are on the Great Lakes other than Lake Ontario because of the cost of building structures high enough for ships to pass under. The Blue Water Bridge is, for example, more than 150 feet high and more than a mile long. [124] Major ports on the Great Lakes include Duluth-Superior, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Twin Harbors, Hamilton and Thunder Bay.
Escanaba's Ludington Park in Michigan Marina Fest.jpg
Escanaba's Ludington Park in Michigan
Tourism and recreation are major industries on the Great Lakes. [126] A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including some sailing ships. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a U.S.$4 billion a year industry with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout, bass and walleye being major catches. Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes such as yachting, sea kayaking, diving, kitesurfing, powerboating, and lake surfing. The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. [127]
Various national, state, provincial, and municipal jurisdictions govern the Great Lakes Great Lakes 1.PNG
In 1872, a treaty gave access to the St. Lawrence River to the United States and access to Lake Michigan to the Dominion of Canada. [128] The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway, but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Under the U.S. "Water Resources Development Act", [129] diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the Great Lakes Commission, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions.
The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, described as "the largest investment in the Great Lakes in two decades", [133] was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government's Fiscal Year 2011 budget, and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget. Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups, wetlands and coastline restoration projects, and invasive species-related projects. The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Act of 2019 passed as Public Law 116-294 on January 5, 2021.
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Related Research Articles
Lake Erie One of the Great Lakes in North America
Lake Erie is the fourth largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet deep.
Lake Ontario One of the Great Lakes in North America
Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the U.S. state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake.
Lake Michigan One of the Great Lakes of North America
Lake Superior Largest of the Great Lakes of North America
Lake Superior is the largest and northernmost of the Great Lakes of North America, and among freshwater lakes, it is the world's largest by surface area and the third-largest by volume. It holds 10% of the world's surface fresh water. It is shared by Ontario, Canada, to the north, and states in the United States in other directions: Minnesota to the west, and Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the south. Lake Superior is the most northerly and most westerly of the Great Lakes chain, and the highest in elevation. It drains into Lake Huron via St. Mary's River.
Upper Peninsula of Michigan Northern major peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan
The Upper Peninsulaof Michigan – also known as Upper Michigan or colloquially the U.P. – is the northern and more elevated of the two major landmasses that make up the U.S. state of Michigan; it is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac. It is bounded primarily by Lake Superior to the north, separated from the Canadian province of Ontario at the east end by the St. Marys River, and flanked by Lake Huron and Lake Michigan along much of its south. Although the peninsula extends as a geographic feature into the state of Wisconsin, the state boundary follows the Montreal and Menominee rivers and a line connecting them.
Lake Huron One of the Great Lakes of North America
Lake Huron is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Hydrologically, it comprises the easterly portion of Lake Michigan–Huron, having the same surface elevation as its westerly counterpart, to which it is connected by the 5-mile-wide (8.0 km), 20-fathom-deep Straits of Mackinac. It is shared on the north and east by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south and west by the U.S. state of Michigan. The name of the lake is derived from early French explorers who named it for the Huron people inhabiting the region. The Huronian glaciation was named from evidence collected from Lake Huron region. The northern parts of the lake include the North Channel and Georgian Bay. Saginaw Bay is located in the southwest corner of the lake. The main inlet is the St. Marys River, and the main outlet is the St. Clair River.
Great Lakes Waterway System of channels and canals in the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes Waterway (GLW) is a system of natural channels and artificial canals which enable navigation between the North American Great Lakes. Though all of the lakes are naturally connected as a chain, water travel between the lakes was impeded for centuries by obstacles such as Niagara Falls and the rapids of the St. Marys River.
Niagara Escarpment Escarpment in Canada and the United States
The Niagara Escarpment is a long escarpment, or cuesta, in Canada and the United States that runs predominantly east–west from New York through Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois. The escarpment is most famous as the cliff over which the Niagara River plunges at Niagara Falls, for which it is named.
St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)
St. Clair River
The St. Clair River is a 40.5-mile-long (65.2 km) river in central North America which flows from Lake Huron into Lake St. Clair, forming part of the international boundary between the Canadian province of Ontario and the United States at Michigan. The river is a significant component in the Great Lakes Waterway, whose shipping channels permit cargo vessels to travel between the upper and lower Great Lakes.
Lake St. Clair
Lake St. Clair is a freshwater lake that lies between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Michigan. It was named in 1679 by French Catholic explorers after Saint Clare of Assisi, on whose feast day they first sighted this body of water.
Geography of Michigan Aspect of geography
Michigan consists of two peninsulas surrounded primarily by four of the Great Lakes and a variety of nearby islands. The Upper Peninsula is bounded on the southwest by Wisconsin, and the Lower Peninsula is bounded on the south by Indiana and Ohio. Both land masses are also separated from the Canadian province of Ontario by waterways of the Great Lakes, and from each other by the Straits of Mackinac. Because its land is largely surrounded by the Great Lakes, which flow into the Saint Lawrence River, Michigan is the only U.S. state whose streams and rivers are almost entirely within the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed.
Great Lakes megalopolis Cities around the Great Lakes of North America
The Great Lakes Megalopolis consists of the group of metropolitan areas in North America largely in the Great Lakes region and along the Saint Lawrence River. It extends from the Midwestern United States in the south and west to western Pennsylvania and Western New York in the east and northward through Southern Ontario into southwestern Quebec in Canada. It is the most populated and largest megalopolis in North America.
The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. It consists of routes for circumnavigating the lakes, either individually or collectively.
Nipissing Great Lakes Prehistoric proglacial lake
Nipissing Great Lakes was a prehistoric proglacial lake. Parts of the former lake are now Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Georgian Bay and Lake Michigan. It formed about 7,500 years before present (YBP). The lake occupied the depression left by the Labradorian Glacier. This body of water drained eastward from Georgian Bay to the Ottawa valley. This was a period of isostatic rebound raising the outlet over time, until it opened the outlet through the St. Clair valley.
Erie Plain
The Erie Plain is a lacustrine plain that borders Lake Erie in North America. From Buffalo, New York, to Cleveland, Ohio, it is quite narrow, but broadens considerably from Cleveland around Lake Erie to Southern Ontario, where it forms most of the Ontario peninsula. The Erie Plain was used in the United States as a natural gateway to the North American interior, and in both the United States and Canada the plain is heavily populated and provides very fertile agricultural land.
Saint Lawrence River Divide hydrological divide in eastern North America
The Saint Lawrence River Divide is a continental divide in central and eastern North America that separates the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin from the southerly Atlantic Ocean watersheds. Water, including rainfall and snowfall, lakes, rivers and streams, north and west of the divide, drains into the Gulf of St. Lawrence or the Labrador Sea; water south and east of the divide drains into the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico. The divide is one of six continental divides in North America that demarcate several watersheds that flow to different gulfs, seas or oceans.
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47. Armstrong, Leslie (August 14, 2014). "Great Lakes Water Levels Rebound Thanks to Prolonged Winter". Toronto Star.
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103. O'Shea, John; Meadows, Guy (June 23, 2009). "Evidence for early hunters beneath the Great Lakes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (25): 10120–10123. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610120O. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902785106 . PMC 2700903 . PMID 19506245. The earliest human occupation in the upper Great Lakes is associated with the regional fluted-point Paleoindian tradition, which conventionally ends with the drop in water level to the Lake Stanley stage
104. "Ancient Land and First Peoples". Wisconsin Historical Society. February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
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120. Explorer says Griffin shipwreck may be found, Associated Press, June 24, 2014.
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133. "Great Lakes Restoration Initiative home page". Archived from the original on February 6, 2016.
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Quick Answer: Ok Google What Has The Most Scottish Heritage And Irish Heritage In Vermont?
Which US state has the most Scottish ancestry?
The states with the largest Scottish populations:
• California – 519,955 (1.4% of state population)
• Texas – 369,161 (1.5%)
• Florida – 296,667 (1.6%)
• North Carolina – 245,021 (2.6%)
• Michigan – 227,372 (2.3%)
• New York – 215,898 (1.1%)
• Ohio – 214,649 (1.9%)
• Washington – 200,085 (3.0%)
Where did most Scots settle in America?
Where did most of the Scots Irish settle?
Most Scots-Irish came to America through Philadelphia and Delaware. They quickly moved inland, mostly settling along rivers and claiming the land as they went. The primary settlers of this area, the Quakers, were generally overwhelmed by the numbers and culture of these newcomers.
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What do the Scottish and Irish have in common?
Language. This is because there is a shared root between the native languages of Ireland (Irish) and the Scottish Highlands (Scots Gaelic). Both are part of the Goidelic family of languages, which come from the Celts who settled in both Ireland and Scotland.
Are the Scots-Irish really Irish?
The Scots-Irish were originally English and Scottish, and if you are descended from this group you may see English and Irish show up in your DNA. In fact, you may see them referred to as Ulster Scots, the terms Scotch-Irish or Scots-Irish coming into use later.
Where are the Scots-Irish from?
Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Ulster Protestants who immigrated from Ulster in northern Ireland to America during the 18th and 19th centuries, whose ancestors had originally migrated mainly from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England (and sometimes from the Anglo-Scottish
Who was the most feared Scottish clan?
How do you find out if someone is Scottish descent?
Is there a difference between Scottish and Irish DNA?
So What is Ireland and Scotland DNA? Modern residents of Scotland and Ireland won’t share much DNA with these ancient ancestors. Instead, they can trace most of their genetic makeup to the Celtic tribes that expanded from Central Europe at least 2,500 years ago.
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What are typical Scottish facial features?
Scottish women, for the most part, have a light brown or red hair, which makes them very elegant and aristocratic. Uniqueness to the appearance is given also by light skin (sometimes with freckles). Also, emphasizes the refinement and slim, slender figure, which gave the Scots the ancient Celts.
What was the colony called that the first large group of Scots Irish started?
Many of the earliest Scots-Irish immigrants (of the 1720s and 1730s) first settled in Pennsylvania. Many then moved down from Pennsylvania into Virginia and the Carolinas. From there immigrants and their descendants went on to populate the states of Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee in the 1780s and 1790s.
What are Irish twins?
The term “Irish twins” refers to one mother having two children who were born 12 months or less apart. It originated in the 1800s as a way to poke fun at Irish Catholic immigrant families who didn’t have access to birth control. Parenting is filled with challenges no matter what age your children are.
Are Scottish descendants of Vikings?
Are Scots Germanic or Celtic?
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The Suez Canal, a logistics hub for world trade
It guarantees an average of 18-19,000 transits per year
Suez Canal blocked by Ever Given March 27 2021
Let’s imagine for a moment that we can’t walk down our driveway and have to go all the way round the block to get into the house with our shopping bags. Every day, several times a day. Let’s also imagine that we have to circumnavigate Africa with giant container carriers to bring raw materials and semi-finished products from Asia to Europe. If we look at it this way, it is not difficult to judge the impact that the Suez Canal has on the life of every citizen and the role it plays in world trade. It took the largest naval traffic jam in history to underline the importance of an infrastructure born in Egypt in the second half of the nineteenth century. On March 22nd the 400-meter-long cargo ship Ever Given, Japanese-owned but flying the Panamanian flag, ran aground across the Suez Canal, blocking the passageway. It had set sail from China and was heading for Rotterdam. It was carrying hundreds of containers: shortly after entering the canal from the Red Sea, a sudden gust of wind diverted it off course, causing it to run aground with its bow on the east quay. It took six days of non-stop work to move the hull, free the ship thanks to the high tide and clear the passageway. Meanwhile, nearly 400 ships, including dozens of oil tankers, were waiting to pass north- and southwards through the canal.
Images of the Ever Given made their way all around the world, not only because the news was so unusual, but also because it was a story that indirectly involved thousands of companies and millions of citizens. It was only thanks to the engineering work and the speed of the port authorities that the impact on trade was minimized. Suffice it to say, the Suez Canal still guarantees about 7 percent of world merchant traffic and 12 percent of all goods on the planet pass through its waters. Not to mention its strategic value, as it is located along one of the busiest oil routes. With the works in 2010, the canal was lengthened up to 193 km, with a width of 205 meters and a maximum depth of 24 meters.
The first hypothesis in Ancient Egypt
The Suez Canal has a very ancient history. Historiography traces the first idea of a connection between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea back to the 18th century BC. with irrigation projects under the reign of Pharaoh Senusret III. Throughout history, Roman rulers and occupiers used the “Pharaohs’ canal”, widening it and improving its safety. The remains of the infrastructure were also found by the Napoleonic troops during Bonaparte’s famous expedition to Egypt. For years, the commander himself studied how to open a passageway in the Mediterranean to get the upper hand over the British Empire, which at the time dominated the seas and controlled the crucial junction of Cape of Good Hope on the Asia-Europe route. However, it was a French diplomat, Ferdinand de Lesseps who, in 1854, obtained the concession for the construction of the canal from Said Pascià, ruler of Egypt. The construction, according to a design by the Italian engineer Luigi Negrelli, began in 1859 and lasted ten years: a 164 km long, 53 meter wide and 8 meter deep route was built. The official opening took place on November 17, 1869 with a major event that was also attended by members of the European aristocracy, including the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph.
It did not take long for even Great Britain, initially opposed to construction, to realize the immense scale of the infrastructure. It was not for nothing in fact that it began acquiring shares in the Suez Company and in 1888 the canal ended up under the protection of the British crown.
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A crucial and strategic junction
From the very start, the Suez Canal had an exceptional impact on freight traffic. Soon the time taken to pass through the canal went from 40 to 12 hours. Caravans were organized, that is, daily journeys of large groups of ships all in a row, with the alternate one-way system. The approximately 500 transits in 1870 reached, in less than a century, over 20,000. The Suez Canal currently guarantees an average of 18-19,000 transits per year, but compared to the 1960s the tonnage of ships has tripled.
The evolution from the post-war period to the present day
The canal was also used for the transport of passengers and in its period of maximum expansion, at the end of 1945, it was able to guarantee a safe passage for almost a million people and thousands of vehicles. It was also for this reason that during the two world wars it became a British garrison to defend. In 1956, the nationalization of the infrastructure by the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, triggered the Suez crisis which led to the invasion of the country by the United Kingdom, France and Israel. Tensions subsided after eight days and Western forces were forced to retreat, also due to pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union. The canal was the scene of several wars between Israel and the Arab countries: in 1967, the Jewish state’s troops occupied one of the two banks and the passageway was closed for eight years.
In addition to revolutionizing world trade, the Suez Canal has a strategic value of the highest order. It is used by thousands of oil tankers arriving from the Gulf countries, and since the second half of the twentieth century it has become essential for Europe’s energy supply. In August 2015, the central section of the canal was doubled, adding a new 35 km long second lane and allowing the simultaneous passage of ships coming from opposite directions. In this way, daily transit was also doubled, going from 49 to 97 ships.
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How to set goals for effective budgeting
Home Credit - Consumer Durable Loans
How to set goals for effective budgeting !
How to set goals for effective budgeting
Whatsapp conversation:
Whatsapp Conversation
Suresh: The envelope method
To begin, Arvind tried to calculate Suresh’s actual income using the following formula:
How to set goals for effective budgeting_2
Then, he asked Suresh to put his monthly expenses according to major categories i.e.household expenses, groceries, clothing, gas, utilities, etc.,following which he allocated a certain amount to each of the categories.
For instance:
Groceries- Rs.3,000
Gas- Rs. 1,000
Household supplies- Rs. 3,000
Then, Arvind helped Suresh create envelopesfor each of the different categories andput the money he decidedin each of them.He also asked Suresh to only usethe money in theenvelope and to never spend more thanthe amount he had already allocated.
Thisnot only helped Suresh regulate wasteful spending, but it also madeit easier for him to repay loans, as he was able to usethe extra money he saved.
Hema: Zero-sum Budget
Hema’s problem was that she had no idea where her money was going- so Arvind asked her to track her expenses over the next three months to see where she was spending money and how much she was spending. Once she arrived at a total figure, she was able toidentify categories where she wasoverspending.Once shedid this, she reduced the budget for thatcategory in the next monthandput the extra money towards her savings.
For example, she was spending almost Rs. 8000 for groceries every month.Through a combination of choosing cheaper alternatives and delaying some non-essential expenses, she was able to reduce her spending on groceries to Rs. 5,000, a figure she was comfortable with. Then, she put the other Rs. 3,000 into savings.
Following the same method for multiple categories, she found that she was comfortably able to save up both for her daughter’s school expenses as well as her year-end trip.
Ravi: The 70:30 Savings Ratio
Since Ravi was planning for an early retirement, Arvind suggested the 70:30 ratio so that he could save while keeping up with his current expenses. Using the70:30 savings ratio, Raviallocated70% of his total incometoeveryday expensessuch asgrocery, home utilities,gas, rent, etc.He invested the other 30%towards various instruments of savingslike these:
1. 10%split between a savingsaccountandemergency fund.
2. 10%towardstools for capital investment like NPS,PPF, or investment in mutual funds or shares.
3. 10% to be donated to a registered charitableorganisationto get the benefit of income tax deduction.
By doing this, Ravi was able to see his retirement corpus increase substantiallyand save for the down payment on his car.
Watch our video on creating a budget that suits you to design a budget based on your financial needs.
By following these methods, Ravi, Hema and Suresh were able to get on track for their saving goals within a year- and had enough money to comfortably afford the next year’s trip! For more methods on saving money, read our article on How to save money the right way.
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Driving on a motorway - driver's licence theory | iKörkort.nu
Driving on a motorway
Entering a motorway
You normally enter motorways via a slip road with an acceleration lane. You use the acceleration lane to match your speed to that of the motorway traffic and to find a safe gap in traffic to slip into.
Motorway entry slips roads normally have an acceleration lane
It is important that you turn on the indicators well in advance of entering the motorway and that you check your vehicle's blind spot before leaving the acceleration lane and entering the motorway itself.
Mutual consideration applies when you leave the acceleration lane and merge with motorway traffic. Drivers on the motorway must help you by adjusting their speed and, if possible, changing to the left lane. However, the main responsibility for ensuring that the lane change is safe is yours.
When entering a motorway the main responsibility rests on you, but drivers on the motorway must also do what they can to facilitate your entry
When you are driving on a motorway, it is the other way around: you must do what you can to facilitate the entry of other drivers.
In rare cases a motorway has no acceleration lane. When entering a motorway without an acceleration lane you must give way to all traffic on the motorway.
When you have entered the motorway you must check traffic behind you and, if necessary, accelerate firmly in order to reach the speed limit as quickly as possible.
This road sign tells you that a motorway begins. The road sign is posted on motorway entry slip roads and in places where another type of road becomes a motorway.
All rules that apply to motorways also apply to clearways.
Driving on a motorway
Motorways are statistically the safest roads, despite the high speeds involved. This is mainly because there is no oncoming traffic, no junctions and no pedestrians, cyclists or moped riders on motorways. However, when something does go wrong, due to the high speeds the consequences are usually severe.
One of the most important things to consider when driving on motorways is to keep a safe distance to the vehicle in front. When you drive at 110 km/h you travel over 30 metres per second, which means stopping distances are very long.
Always keep a safe distance to the vehicle in front
If you are too close to a vehicle in front which suddenly brakes, you risk hitting it from behind. If the vehicle behind you is also too close when this happens, the situation can quickly escalate into a serious multi-vehicle crash.
Read more about following distance
On motorways you should drive in the lane that is furthest to the right in the direction of travel. Other lanes should only be used when overtaking slower vehicles and to make it easier for drivers to enter the motorway.
After you have used another lane to overtake a slower vehicle or to make it easier for another driver to enter the motorway, you should return to the right-hand lane as soon as it is safe to do so.
It is prohibited to stop, turn around and reverse on motorways.
On all motorways, there are turning areas at the side of the road, as well as gaps in the central barrier, at regular intervals – these are only to be used by rescue, police, salvage and road maintenance vehicles.
If you need to turn around on a motorway, you should take the first regular exit and then drive back onto the motorway using the nearest entry slip road.
You are not allowed to drive through the gaps in the central barrier. They are only to be used by rescue, police, salvage and road maintenance vehicles
It is also prohibited to drive on the hard shoulder. On motorways the hard shoulder should only be used for emergency stops and towing.
If you are forced to make an emergency stop you should stop as far out on the hard shoulder as possible. You must also put out a warning triangle 50-100 metres behind your car. You are also obligated to move your car as soon as possible.
Towing must be done on the hard shoulder and only to the first suitable exit. When towing, 30 km/h is the highest permitted speed.
On motorways and clearways it is prohibited to:
• Walk, cycle and drive a moped
• Stop or park
• Turn around or reverse
• Hitchhike or pick up a hitchhiker
• Use the hard shoulder for anything else but emergency stops and towing.
• Tow further than to the first suitable exit.
• Drive a vehicle that is not designed to go faster than at least 40 km/h.
• Drive a tractor or motorised equipment (except motorised equipment class 1 set up as a mobile crane).
Unless otherwise stated, the maximum speed limit on motorways is 110 km/h. However, the speed limit is often lower and on some stretches of motorway the speed limit is 120 km/h.
There is no minimum speed limit on motorways. However, only motor vehicles designed for a speed of at least 40 km/h* may use motorways.
This does not mean that you may always drive at 40 km/h on motorways. You must maintain an appropriate speed that is adapted to the traffic situation and which does not exceed the speed limit, just like on any other type of road.
* Exception: Mopeds class 1 are not allowed to use motorways, even though they are designed for a maximum speed of 45 km/h.
An example of when you may drive slowly on motorways is when there is heavy traffic
Recommended maximum speed
On some road sections, there are adjustable electronic road signs that show a recommended maximum speed. The stated speed is always lower than the posted speed limit. It is therefore legal – but inappropriate – to drive at a higher speed. However, if the stated speed is surrounded by a red circle, you must not drive at a higher speed.
Recommended maximum speed
These road signs are only activated when there is heavy traffic or when conditions are temporarily such that it is appropriate to reduce speed.
Automatic traffic surveillance
On Swedish roads, there are approximately 1,500 road safety cameras deployed which photograph vehicles driving too fast.
The purpose of these cameras is not to fine as many drivers as possible, but to decrease the number of accidents by reducing average speeds. For this reason, these cameras are never hidden and road signs always indicate when a road section is monitored by cameras.
These cameras are deployed on the most hazardous roads. They work both day and night, throughout the year, and only photograph vehicles that are driving too fast.
Both the average speed and the number of accidents decrease on roads where there are road safety cameras
Time gain per 10 kilometres
Despite being both dangerous and prohibited, many drivers exceed speed limits in an attempt to save time. However, the actual time gain per 10 kilometres at a speed increase of 10-20 km/h is actually quite small, and continues to decrease the faster you drive.
On the other hand, increasing your speed by 10-20 km/h greatly extends the stopping distance. In other words, by driving too fast, you take a great risk to save a little bit of time.
The time gain per 10 kilometres at a speed increase of 10-20 km/h is quite small
If you increase your average speed by 10 km/h, the approximate time gain per 10 kilometres is:
• One minute per 10 kilometres at speeds below 90 km/h.
• 30 seconds per 10 kilometres at speeds above 90 km/h.
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Exiting a motorway
You always exit motorways via an exit slip road with a deceleration lane. You use the deceleration lane to slow down to a safer speed.
Before all motorway exits there is first a preparatory exit sign, then an exit sign and finally an exit divider, where the exit slip road branches off from the motorway.
Preparatory exit sign
Exit sign
Exit divider
On many major roads, the preparatory exit signs and exit signs are provided with an exit number. Exit numbers make it easier to give and follow directions.
Exit number
Exit slip roads
Motorway exit slip roads are usually designed so that you do not have to slow down until you have entered the deceleration lane on the actual slip road.
It is easy to become speed blind during motorway driving. Always check the speedometer when you approach your exit to ensure that you are not driving too fast.
Always check your speed before turning off motorways
You should start reducing your speed immediately upon entering the deceleration lane. If the deceleration lane is unusually short, turns sharply or is followed by a sharp bend then you may have to start braking before entering the deceleration lane. This is often the case when you exit a clearway.
Clearways and 2+1 roads
Clearways (also known as dual carriageways) are roads that are very similar to motorways, and they are regulated in the same way. They do differ, however, in some regards.
Although most clearways in Sweden have been rebuilt with a central barrier, which means that they are free of oncoming traffic, there are still some clearways left with oncoming traffic. However, all clearways in Sweden are free of junctions.
As opposed to motorways, you usually do not enter clearways via slip roads with acceleration lanes. When entering a clearway without an acceleration lane you must give way to all traffic on the clearway.
The exit slip roads on clearways are usually shorter than on motorways, and they are often followed by a turn. This means that you may have to start braking earlier when exiting a clearway than when exiting a motorway.
This road sign tells you that a clearway begins. The road sign is posted at clearway entry slip roads and in places where another type of road becomes a clearway.
2+1 roads
2+1 roads are clearways or regular country roads that have two lanes in one direction and one lane in the other, alternating every few kilometres, and are separated with a central barrier (usually a steel cable barrier). The second lane allows faster-moving traffic to overtake slower vehicles at regular intervals.
On 2+1 roads, head-on collisions are much less common than on country roads and clearways without a central barrier.
Just ahead of the white car, the carriageway alternates from having one lane to having two lanes
Most 2+1 roads are clearways, but not all. Some 2+1 roads are common country roads. When driving on 2+1 country roads you must be prepared for junctions, pedestrians, cyclists and slow-moving vehicles such as tractors.
Motorways, clearways without oncoming traffic and 2+1 roads are relatively safe roads. But in the case of an accident, the consequences are usually severe because of the high speeds involved. In order to minimize the risk of an accident when driving on such a road, it is important that you:
Motorways are statistically the safest roads, but the accidents that occur on them are often very serious
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Mask Icon on flashlights in the background
Why is performance important in data masking?
The goal of data masking is to obfuscate data that is deemed sensitive in non-productive systems to reduce risk and follow regulatory and compliance requirements. Data is physically replaced with non-sensitive data following defined patterns to retain the structure and essence of the original data, but without risk of real data exposure. It is applied on production support systems for testing and development, or for data warehouses and analytics systems.
Masking - Step by Step
Data masking is done on an ad-hoc basis, typically when a test system is built with or refreshed from non-masked production data. Assuming a database is being masked one could look at a simplified workflow of masking as three steps:
1. Read data from the database
2. Obfuscate the data
3. Write obfuscated data back to the database
When masking a few thousand records, performance is not an issue. However, most masking projects require the obfuscation of many hundreds of millions, sometimes billions of rows of sensitive data. If there are more than a few million records, any sequential execution for each row of read, obfuscate, and write will run for days, if not weeks.
Data Masking Works Efficiently with Parallelization and Multi-threading
Libelle implemented an intelligent, multi-threaded architecture to push the performance to its absolute peak. Databases are built explicitly to process millions of read and write operations in parallel. Sending sequential reads and writes to a database is like your favorite online retailer operating a single truck with one box at a time going back and forth between destinations – nonsensical. Rather, the logistics infrastructure can handle thousands of vehicles, and each vehicle can take hundreds of boxes. The same is true for the process of masking data.
The Libelle DataMasking Multi-Threading Architecture
Below is a diagram of how Libelle designed and operates the multi-threaded architecture. It is built into the architecture of the Libelle platform that is used to run the Libelle DataMasking server.
At the beginning of each execution, the administrator can adjust the fetch rate. By default, the fetch rate is set at 100,000 records at a time, whereby a record typically represents one row in a database. That means that each thread contains 100k rows.
The masking configuration already contains the table and fields that require masking. With that information, the Reader Threads begin to read 100k records at a time from the database. A good starting point is typically two reader threads (2RT) to read data, pull data into the masking server, and place the read data into the Anonymizer Queue.
Once data hits the Anonymizer Queue, data is masked by the masking server with the respective algorithm(s), still with 100k records for each thread. Here, names are changed, numbers regenerated, addresses altered, etc. Anonymizing may take more time than reading, so in this case three anonymizer threads (3AT) is a good starting point.
After each thread in the Anonymizer Queue completes, the data enters the Update Queue. Here data is written back to the database, still with 100k records for each thread. Writing into the database may be more expensive resource-wise, so four updater threads (4UT) is a good starting point.
The default configuration of 2RT / 3AT / 4UT can be adjusted to any number desired, based on the unique needs of individual data stores.
Extreme Performance
We need to complete masking swiftly, as the end-users need their analytics or test system back as soon as possible. Multi-threading has one amazing advantage: the workload can be spread across multiple CPUs and, depending on the database, sometimes even multiple database nodes.
Think of a cloud environment where you can temporarily move the workload to larger machines. Why not move the test environment temporarily to a 512 vCPU / 2TB memory workhorse on a public cloud of your choice, execute masking, and move back to your smaller test server?
More Information about Libelle DataMasking
Libelle IT Group has developed Libelle DataMasking, a software solution for the required anonymization and pseudonymization. The solution was designed to produce anonymized, logically consistent data on development, test, and QA systems across all platforms.
The anonymization methods used deliver realistic, logically correct values that can be used to describe relevant business cases and test them in a meaningful end-to-end manner. Furthermore, developers as well as users are provided with a "clean" database with which they do not have to worry about data protection.
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Communication Currents
Communicating the Safety of a Transparent Social World
December 1, 2013
General Communication Studies
Forensic dramas maintain their popularity thirteen years after the first season of CSI aired on CBS. These dramas are important in understanding cultural beliefs about crime and policing, but they reveal much more than this. Forensic dramas reveal cultural anxieties and fantasies about social risk and social trust, both of which have implications for how we view the social world and our place in it, how we behave and interact with others in social spaces, the information we are willing to share, and the procedures and techniques to which we are willing to subject ourselves.
The Fox drama Bones exemplifies many of the most commented upon characteristics of forensic drama (a focus on the body and the evidence of the crime scene along with a focus on technology and the science of crime investigation). The show features the forensic anthropologist Temperance Brennan and FBI Agent Seely Booth as they work together to solve crimes where the remains of the victim are so damaged the bones must be examined to unravel the mystery. Bones, like other forensic dramas, presents a justice system that is perfectly rational, unbiased, and certain. It is a criminal justice system in which only those deserving of punishment are punished and no criminal activity goes unpunished.
Faith in the objectivity of visual mediation (i.e., representations of the material world that are visual in nature, such as photographs, digital images, and visualizations created by scientific imaging technologies like electron microscopes) is essential to the presentation of such a system. There are numerous visualization devices on Bones, but those highlighted are the lab’s digital imaging technologies that open the material world to view. The representation of evidence on Bones, and forensic drama generally, is underlain by a faith in the objectivity of mediation and the unity of appearance and reality.
Accordingly, images on Bones function as objects of truth. This effect is achieved in two ways. First, digital images that resemble the object they depict, despite their manipulability, operate on Bonesas if they were photographic; that is, unless proven otherwise, it is assumed that the images are true representations of the world. Second, some images of crime-scene material (cloth fibers, dirt, liquid, etc.) do not resemble their objects but represent a heightened, though mediated, empiricism; the form of representation—complex graphs that show the chemical composition of the object—is indicative of the natural world and its codification through scientific investigation.
Along with these appeals to empiricism and objectivity, many episodes feature the fantastic manipulation of images to help solve cases. As such, Bones presents an ambivalent visual logic that skips over the manipulation (technological and discursive) required to produce ostensibly objective images while also offering this manipulability as an aspect of forensic certitude.
Bones and other forensic dramas fulfill a desire for a justice system that is unbiased and certain, and it has been noted, imply a handing over of judicial responsibility to technology. Yet what Bones and other forensic dramas never show are the vulnerabilities of digital media and the critical role of humans in building and calibrating these technologies.
Social Transparency and Surveillance
More broadly, forensic dramas reflect a cultural desire for a transparent, hence less risky, social world and a turn to technology as arbiter of social risk. On Bones this is pursued via technologies and techniques applied to bodies. The techniques of mediating bodies are prioritized because bodies are seen as the source of risk (i.e., crime) and making bodies transparent, the logic goes, reveals the truth of their riskiness.
One fantasy to which the series appeals (i.e., the character of others is revealed by their bodies) was popular in late-eighteenth and early nineteenth-century culture and was underlain by a belief in physiognomy and phrenology (sciences that sought to determine a person’s character by examining the features of her face or the bumps on her head). This logic has been reinvigorated and operates in real-world spaces with renewed influence due to newly enabled techniques--functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)--that purport to map aspects of character and personality to images of the working brain.
Techniques that display and apply physiognomic rationality to the body’s interior are now being advocated as technologies of policing in airports, schools, and as an element of adjudication in the courtroom. This is evident in calls for social and political applications of neuroscience, the Defense Department’s investment in ‘brainotyping’ to identify potential terrorists, the use of fMRI technologies by scientists to identify markers of personality, and the deployment of body scanners and biometric devices in U.S. airports, schools, and other spaces.
Bones highlights onscreen the logic, technologies, and visualizing techniques that are being incorporated offscreen in social and institutional spaces. These technologies and techniques open the body to new fields of rationality creating new forms of body-based surveillance and social ordering. Bones, and forensic drama generally, reflects a reinvigorated ideal of a transparent social world and an attendant justice system where guilt and innocence are certain. The ideals of transparency and certainty are linked through physiognomic discourses and nineteenth-century sentimental logic, rehabilitated as high-tech scientific policing. The convergence of new technology and physiognomic rationality implies a social order where surveillance is privileged, the justice system is mechanized, and body-based modes of policing and social sorting operate under the guise of scientific governance.
The presumed objectivity of techno-science underlies the faith in the techniques highlighted on Bones and those being advocated offscreen, but as many scholars have shown, scientific criminology and the technology on which it relies have not been, nor are they currently, value free. The slick graphics and cool gadgets of the show reflect a view of technology as inherently distinct from human bias even though the hardware and software essential to the technologies themselves and the techniques they enable are designed by human intelligence and informed by human interests.
Our participation in the techniques highlighted on Bones is likely to continue as they promise a justice system of certainty free of human bias and a transparent, less risky, social world. These techniques go beyond criminal justice and are being incorporated into new regimes of self-knowledge and self-monitoring, and are increasingly linked to the availability of resources, the right of movement across borders, and a host of other liberties.
About the author (s)
Shannon Kahle
Montgomery College
Research Analyst
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603, Tapovan, J.K Mehta Marg, Santacruz West, Mumbai, India
Module 14: Stretchogram
Stretchogram is a meditative practice done in a sleeping position.
Stage 1
It is based on the concept of stretching bones, muscles and nerves in the body up to their maximum, staying in that stretched position for a while and then breathing out and relaxing before the next round begins. The principle is that stretch produces energy in the body just like a rubber band produces energy when stretched. After 10 such stretched breaths, pause.
Stage 2
The next stage begins in breathing from toes to the top of the head with stretched arms a little rapidly 10 times. This distributes the energy accumulated through stage 1.
Stage 3
To stretch the breath from toe of the leg slowly upwards to the top of the brain, circulate there 5 times, expand the breath internally to reach every corner of the brain and then breathing out slowly. This is done 5 times. This process of silent stretch of the breath activates the whole body very unusually, produces a new state of calm and energises your whole being to a new level.
Duration :
15-20 minutes
Lying down on back
Benefits :
Generally one does not begin a new day when he gets up in the morning. His morning is an extension of the memories, fatigue and tensions of yesterday. This adds to aging. A new day begins when the remnants of yesterday are wiped out or dissolved and a new energy is pumped into the body, its muscles, bones and veins. Stretchogram pumps energy into the body and is a wonderful practice to begin the day to give shape to a new day. One months practice will show the result.
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Posts with «health» label
Robot performs complex 'keyhole' intestinal surgery on pigs without human aid
A robot has successfully performed "keyhole" intestinal surgery on pigs without any aid from humans, according to a study from John Hopkins University (published in Science Robotics). What's more, the Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR) handled the tricky procedure "significantly better" than human doctors. The breakthrough marks a significant step towards automated surgery that could one day help "democratize" patient care, the researchers said.
Laparoscopic or keyhole surgery requires surgeons to manipulate and stitch intestines and other organs through tiny incisions, a technique that requires high levels of skill and has little margin for error. The team chose to do "intestinal anastomosis" (joining two ends of an intestine), a particularly challenging keyhole procedure.
Soft tissue surgery in general is hard for robots due to the unpredictability. To deal with that, the STAR robot was equipped with specialized suturing tools and state-of-the-art imaging systems that could deliver extremely accurate visualizations.
John Hopkins
Specifically, it had a "structural light–based three-dimensional endoscope and machine learning–based tracking algorithm" to guide the robots. "We believe an advanced three-dimensional machine vision system is essential in making intelligent surgical robots smarter and safer," said John Hopkins professor Jin Kang. On top of that, STAR is the first robotic system that can "plan, adapt and execute a surgical plan in soft tissue with minimal human intervention," said first author Hamed Saeidi. Using all that technology, the STAR robot successfully performed the procedure in four animals
Laparoscopic surgery is minimally invasive compared to regular surgery, which helps ensure better patient outcomes. However, because it takes so long to master, there's a relatively small pool of doctors able to do it.
"Robotic anastomosis is one way to ensure that surgical tasks that require high precision and repeatability can be performed with more accuracy and precision in every patient independent of surgeon skill," said senior author Axel Krieger from John Hopkins. "We hypothesize that this will result in a democratized surgical approach to patient care with more predictable and consistent patient outcomes."
Moderna begins early-stage trials of mRNA-based HIV vaccine
Moderna has begun early-stage clinical trials of an HIV mRNA vaccine, the company announced this week. On Thursday, it administered the first doses of a shot it co-developed with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative to volunteers at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Like the company’s COVID-19 vaccine, the new treatment uses messenger RNA to “trick” the human body into producing proteins that will trigger an immune response. Moderna hopes the shot will induce a specific class of white blood cells known as B-cells, which can then turn into broadly neutralizing antibodies. Those proteins are “widely considered to be the goal of HIV vaccination, and this is the first step in that process,” according to the company.
As part of the trial, Moderna plans to test both a primary vaccine and a booster shot. The Phase 1 trial will involve 56 healthy, HIV-negative adult participants. The company will give 48 of those individuals the mRNA vaccine. Thirty-two of that group will also receive the booster shot. To the final eight involved in the first trial, the company will only administer the booster shot. Moderna says it will then monitor the entire group for six months to gauge the safety of the vaccine. It also plans to examine the immune response the vaccine triggers at the molecular level to determine if it’s effective.
Messenger RNA technology could lead to treatments for a host of deadly diseases, including malaria, but a breakthrough against HIV would be particularly noteworthy. According to statistics from the US government, approximately 1.2 million Americans have the virus, which can lead to the deadly AIDS disease. While outcomes for HIV patients have improved significantly since the ‘90s thanks to the development of new treatments and medication, no HIV vaccine has successfully passed early clinical trials.
US surgeons implant genetically altered pig kidneys in a brain-dead patient
A group of surgeons from the University of Alabama at Birmingham has proven that it's possible to genetically alter a pig so that its kidneys can be used on human transplant patients. The doctors have transplanted kidneys from a genetically altered pig into the abdomen of a brain-dead man, and as The New York Times has reported, the procedure was described in a paper published in the American Journal of Transplantation
According to the doctors, the kidneys from the pig started producing urine as soon as 23 minutes after the procedure and continued to do so for three days. The patient's kidneys were fully removed, and his body didn't show signs of rejecting the transplanted organs. This is the latest in a series of developments wherein organs from genetically altered pigs were successfully transplanted into humans. In late 2021, NYU Langone Health doctors attached a pig kidney onto the blood vessels of a brain-dead patient's upper leg. And, just a few days ago, doctors at the University of Maryland School of Medicine transplanted a pig's heart into a live patient as part of an experimental procedure.
The UAB surgeons performed the procedure with consent from the family of the recipient, James Parsons, who wanted to be an organ donor. They're now naming this type of study after him. While the recipient was brain dead in this case, it's a big step towards a clinical trial involving live patients that they're hoping would start later this year. Dr. Jayme Locke, the team's lead surgeon, said this wasn't a one-off experiment, and that the hope is to "advance the field to help... patients." The doctor who serves as director to UAB's Incompatible Kidney Transplant Program added: "What a wonderful day it will be when I can walk into clinic and know I have a kidney for everyone waiting to see me."
Based on data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, there are currently 90,272 people on the waiting list for kidney transplant. In addition, around 3,000 new patients are added to the waiting list for the organ each month. Dr. Locke said "kidney failure is refractory, severe and impactful" and that "it needs a radical solution." She hopes to be able to offer life-saving pig kidney transplants to patients within the next five years.
All-in-one diabetes devices could take the hassle out of insulin injections
People with diabetes have more than a few hassles, particularly at meals. They not only have to measure their blood glucose levels and inject the right amount of insulin, but carry all the relevant equipment with them. MIT and Brigham and Women's Hospital researchers might soon eliminate many of the headaches, though. They're developing all-in-one devices (not pictured) that measure glucose, calculate the necessary insulin dose and inject you accordingly.
The first device includes the blood-drawing lancet, glucose test strips and an insulin needle. Users would first take a photo of their meal using a smartphone app to estimate the food volume and carbohydrate levels. After that, they'd start the automated process of collecting blood, calculating glucose (again through the app) and delivering the appropriate amount of insulin.
The second gadget would only need one needle jab — it would build the glucose sensor into the insulin needle and inject the appropriate amount of insulin. You'd have to wait five to ten seconds, but you wouldn't have to stick yourself twice.
The technology is still some ways off. While the first device would use parts that were already FDA-approved, it hasn't been tested in humans. The second, meanwhile, uses a new sensor type that will likely require more work to be testable with humans. Scientists have filed patents for both devices and are hoping to work with companies on further development.
There's a strong motivation to bring these devices to market, at least. People with diabetes would only need to use one device at meals, and with the hybrid sensor/needle might suffer less pain. That, in turn, could encourage consistent treatment that improves your overall wellbeing.
Wandercraft's latest exoskeleton lets paraplegics walk with a more natural gait
Paris-based Wandercraft has announced that it's latest "Atalante" exoskeleton has been updated to give paraplegic and other patients a more natural gait during rehabilitation exercises. It also received a Medical Device Regulation (MDR) certificate in Europe, allowing patients and medical staff to use the device more widely. Finally, it's taken a step closer to personal exoskeletons with additional funding.
The last time I saw Wandercraft's first-generation exoskeleton was over four years ago, which is ages in the field of robotics. However, I recently got a chance to see the latest model in use with paraplegic patients, and chat with them and the team behind Atalante.
Steve Dent/Engadget
Exoskeletons (or exos, as they're called in the industry) are powered "wearable robots" adapted to each user, designed to aid in walking rehabilitation treatments and restore a patient's mobility. Atalante is Wandercraft's second-generation exo with a more advanced design and features than the original model. It comes with a remote to operate it and a new app that lets a physiotherapist and patient fine tune movements and exercise programs. It uses two sets of removable batteries that allow for continuous use.
The new model is much smaller, more streamlined and more comfortable for patients, thanks to new hardware, tweaks in the fit and more intelligent software. It's now self balancing, so it's easier to control for both patients and physiotherapists. Although it's not yet approved to be used alone, Wandercraft showed me a video demonstrating that it can self balance, even when shoved off kilter. It also offers features that make it easier to get in and out, along with the "Wander Balance" feature that allows for easy "verticalization" to help the patient stand up.
The device automatically generates optimized and adjustable kinematics according to a each patient's morphology, with the settings allowing for custom exercises. The latest feature is "RealGait" (shown above) which allows for physiological walking with adjustable speeds. "CustomGait" allows the pace, step length and mass center to be changed, while "ActiveGait" lets the user change the assistance effort from 0 to 100 percent. That feature also includes an "EarlyGait" setting for first steps, along with the new RealGait setting.
Those features, plus smaller changes make Atalante far more useful. "We've improved half turns so they happen on a spot rather than taking up a lot of space," Wandercraft CEO Matthieu Masselin told me. "We've redesigned things like the attachments and padding. That allows the patient to get in an out more quickly, move more comfortably and get more walking done in each session — which means more rehabilitation and re-education benefits."
All of that is enabled by numerous sensors and software that can make adjustments on the fly, Wandercraft told me. The device's "sense of balance" makes the various gait patterns possible, while also giving the patient and physiotherapist confidence that the device (which is still not light at 130 pounds) won't tip over.
Steve Dent/Engadget
Wandercraft allows some patients to use Atalante for rehabilitation purposes and I saw it in action with Arbiha, a paraplegic patient who has used it for multiple sessions. The device was suspended from the ceiling and operated by a physiotherapist for safety reasons, but the plan is to one day have a version that can be used in the real world without assistance.
It was striking how easily she was able to walk during a relatively long one hour session. The exo therapy offers some clear benefits like stimulation of the cardiovascular/lymphatic systems and training for the arms and other supporting muscles, but it goes well beyond that.
Steve Dent/Engadget
"It boosts both my body and my spirits," Arbhia told me. "It gives me a cardiovascular workout that I couldn't get otherwise. Being upright for a fairly long period of time helps my balance, too, as you lose that aspect when you don't stand up. I have a digestive malady and the walking therapy has also helped stabilize that, which is something I didn't expect at all."
Wandercraft's eventual goal is a personal exoskeleton that can be used as an assistance device at home or in the streets. To that end, the company just received $45 million in financing to help it fulfill that "mobility for all" mission. "With the team we have, the financing we've received and the technology developed, we're confident that we can one day have our exos on the streets and in people's homes," said Masselin. "But we still have a lot of work to do."
Withings' Body+ smart scale is 41 percent off for today only
If you're seriously sticking to your New Year's resolution this time around to live a healthier lifestyle and want a digital scale to monitor the changes to your body, Withings has one on sale. The Withings Body+ smart scale is currently available for $58.50 on Amazon. That's not quite its all-time low for the device, but it is 41 percent off its retail price of $100.
Buy Withings Body+ Digital Wi-Fi Smart Scale at Amazon - $58.50
The Withings Body+ connects to the internet via WiFi and automatically syncs your information with the Health Mate app. While it can't measure your heart rate like the the brand's latest scale can, the Body+ is capable of almost all the things you'd expect from a smart scale. It can monitor your weight in pounds, kilograms or stones, measure your body fat and water percentage and determine your muscle and bone mass. Withings says its weight measurements are accurate to within 100 grams.
You can also share the scale with your whole household, and maybe even some houseguests, since it monitor data for up to eight people. The scale can apparently identify each user, and each one can access their personal histories. And yes, the scale can track healthy weight gain for pregnant individuals, has a baby mode for the youngest members of the family and an Athlete mode, presumably for those extra serious about achieving their goals. Finally, the Health Mate app can also help you manage your daily calories and let you access your data using voice control through Alexa.
You can only get the Body+ scale at a discount within the day, and there's less than 20 hours left for the deal as of this writing.
Surgeons successfully transplant genetically modified pig heart into human patient
In doing so, they showed a genetically modified animal organ could survive and function within the human body without immediate rejection. Three days after the procedure, David Bennett, the individual who underwent the surgery, is alive and “doing well,” according to the hospital.
The Food and Drug Administration authorized the procedure on compassionate grounds. Bennett was ineligible for a traditional heart transplant and had run out of other options. “It was either die or do this transplant. I want to live. I know it’s a shot in the dark, but it’s my last choice,” he said in a statement before doctors operated on him.
According to The New York Times, what makes this latest procedure different is doctors used a heart that had been genetically modified to remove four genes that encode a molecule that causes the body to reject the orphan organ. They also inserted six human genes to make the immune system more tolerable of the foreign tissue. Whether the experiment represents a breakthrough will depend on what happens next. Bennett’s body could still reject the pig heart. For the moment, however, he’s alive, and doctors are understandably excited about what this could mean for patients.
“If this works, there will be an endless supply of these organs for patients who are suffering,” Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin, scientific director of the University of Maryland School of Medicine’s xenotransplantation program, told The Associated Press. That would be a dramatic change from the status quo. According to the Health Resources and Services Administration, more than 100,000 people are on the national transplant waiting list, and 17 individuals die every day waiting for an organ transplant.
Sleep Number says its latest smart bed will adapt to your needs as you get older
Sleep Number is back at CES this year with the latest version of its 360 smart bed. The company has packed more features into the product, such as the ability to monitor body temperature. The graphite-infused foam mattress can cool or heat each side of the bed to maintain each person's preferred temperature throughout the night. The Climate360 mattress also has such a feature. The smart bed can warm your feet to help you drift off too.
As with the current model, there's a snoring detection function. That can prompt the bed to raise your head to mitigate moderate snoring. In addition, the bed can tilt entirely to open your airway and help you breathe more easily while keeping your spine properly aligned.
One of the core ideas behind the latest model is that it's designed to adapt to your changing needs. For instance, it can be raised or lowered to help those who are pregnant, have an injury or are simply getting a little older to get in and out of bed.
Sleep Number
The 360 smart bed offers sleep tracking, and will provide details on things like how long and well you slept. Eventually, it may be able to monitor for signs of insomnia, sleep apnea or cardiac events and alert the sleeper about possible conditions. Software updates should add more features and insights over time.
The revamped 360 smart bed will be available in 2023. Pricing is expected to start at $1,099.
Sleep Number also announced some smart furniture that's designed to complement the bed. Features include mobility aids, individual noise reduction tech, ambient lighting and a built-in charging and storage pocket. The company will start shipping the furniture next year too.
Follow all of the latest news from CES 2022 right here!
Nike sues Lululemon over its Mirror home gym product and apps
Back in June 2020, Lululemon got into the flourishing home gym market in the midst of the pandemic by purchasing home fitness startup Mirror for $500 million. Now, Nike has filed a lawsuit against the company over Mirror, accusing it of patent infringement. According to CNBC and The Wall Street Journal, Nike's lawsuit allege that Mirror — a full-size interactive mirror that brings a live fitness instructor into the user's home — and its apps use technologies that it invented and patented.
The sports apparel giant specifically mentioned that it filed a patent application in 1983 for a device that can prompt users to exercise, monitor their heart rate, determine their speed while running and the calories they burned. Nike also has a number of mobile apps for fitness, including the Nike Run Club and Nike Training Club.
Nike sent Lululemon a list of patents it allegedly infringed on back on November 3rd. As you'd expect, the company more known for making yoga pants and other types of gym clothes disagreed with Nike's assessment. A spokesperson told the publications in a statement that the patents "in question are overly broad and invalid." They also said that Lululemon is confident in its position and "look forward to defending it in court."
Mirror operates as a standalone company within Lululemon, putting the workout clothes-maker in direct competition with the likes of Peloton and Tonal. Lululemon CEO Clavin McDonald previously said that the purchase was all about connecting with consumers, because they're bound to spend more the more they engage with the brand. Last month, however, the company halved its sales forecast for the device, calling 2021 "a challenging year for digital fitness."
This isn't the only patent-related legal battle Lululemon is embroiled in. Last year, it filed a patent infringement lawsuit of its own against Peloton, alleging that the design the other company used for a new line of leggings and sports bras infringe on its intellectual property.
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PRE2017 3 Group15
From Control Systems Technology Group
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[[File:PRE2017-15-solar-battery-motor.png||thumb|right|450px|Energy management system diagram]]
A possible configuration of the robot's energy management system is illustrated in the figure to the right. The robot runs off a central battery pack connected through a Battery Management System (BMS). It should be built in a modular way, allowing for the battery to be swapped during operation to instantly replenish the robot's range.
A possible configuration of the robot's energy management system is illustrated in the figure to the right. The robot runs off a central battery pack connected through a Battery Management System (BMS). It should be built in a modular way, allowing for the battery to be swapped during operation to instantly replenish the robot's range. The robot is also fitted with a solar cell that can charge the battery through a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPTT) controller. The robot's locomotion motors are connected to the battery through a motor controller. This is needed to control their speed and directions. If a bidirectional motor controller is employed, the robot can use regenerative braking to recover some energy and improve overall efficiency when driving.
As described before, a solar panel will produce around 200W/m². A good MPTT setup will yield about 90% efficiency<ref>Müller et al. PV-off-grid Hybrid Systems and MPPT Charge Controllers, a State of the Art Analyses, Energy Procedia, Volume 57 2014, pp. 1421-1430, ISSN 1876-6102,</ref>, meaning that around 180W can be used to charge the battery per square meter of solar panel surface.
===Human interaction===
===Human interaction===
Revision as of 20:28, 21 March 2018
Group members
Name Student ID
Ruben Beumer 0967254
Niek Blankers 0935876
Kyle van Oosterhout 0936196
Martijn Schipper 0951375
Martijn Timmermans 0956838
On this wiki page, the progress and design decisions of group 15 will be shown. Furthermore, a literature study can be found about the problem in question.
Problem statement
Litter is a big problem in our society. It has various negative effects on humanity. If litter is in abundance, it attracts pests like rats and flies, which can result in the transmission of human diseases. Furthermore, It can increase the use of fossil fuel instead of recycling and it can reduce the sense of safety. To prevent this, public places should remain clean. Luckily, the government recognizes this problem and does its best to keep the streets clean. In the U.S.A. for example, the government spends 11.5 billion dollars on litter clean up ( Currently this is a hard human job, with a low profile. This job could be replaced by cleaning robots, which can clean more efficiently, cheaper and possibly more thoroughly.
For this project, it was decided to focus especially on the energy considerations that come to play when designing such a system and how to handle subperfect conditions in the search strategy to make up for the camera that will not be able to detect litter perfectly at long distances.
Approach, milestones, and deliverables
To be able to reach our goal to design a cleaning robot that is able to find litter on a beach and dispose of it, without annoying the people on the beach, first a literature study will be done to make sure the group is working on something that has never been done before, or more work than is necessary.
Afterwards, the requirements set for the robot will be converted into specifications and subsystems according to the V-model. When this is done, the different subsystems will be divided over the group members to work on individually or in pairs. The focus here will be on the energy consumption and deliverance of the system as a trade-off for functionality.
During the litter recognition and robot algorithm sections, a simulation will be made to show that the found algorithms and strategies are working and realistic.
During every stage, the wiki will be updated with the progress and design steps.
The first milestone that will be reached will be a complete literature study. This should be finished by the end of week 2.
The second milestone that will be reached will be a list of requirements, specifications and subsystems. This should be finished by the end of week 3.
The third milestone that will be reached will be when each of the individual subsystems are working and keeping itself to the set specifications. This should be finished by the end of week 5.
The fourth milestone that will be reached will be when the simulation of the algorithms and systems is working completely. This will be finished by the end of week 6.
The fourth milestone that will be reached will be the integration of the different subsystems into a budget diagram that shows the trade-off between power consumption and functionality. This should be reached by the end of week 6.
The fifth milestone that will be reached is a well written wiki page about the process of the design period and a manual on how to build the robot, its costs and other relevant information. This should be reached by the end of week 7.
The final deliverable of the project will be a budget diagram with the different trade-offs for energy consumption and the optimal positions for central hubs, and a simulation that can show the effectiveness of the algorithms and strategies that the robot will use.
State of the art: literature study
A beach being cleaned of washed up plastics[1]
Motivating beach visitors to pick up litter[2]
To find out what has already been done in the subject of litter robots, research has been done in the following areas:
• Litter and waste - Where is litter situated and what is sensed to be the most annoying?
• Path finding - How to move a litter robot in an unknown environment?
• Litter detection - How to find the position of litter autonomously?
• Robot movement - How does a robotic system that is designed for picking up litter move around?
• Litter collection - How to pick up the litter after it has been detected?
• Robot design - How to design a robotic system?
Litter and waste
We have identified the following issues around waste and litter:
• Gum on streets: research shows that >10% of litter is gum. This highly disturbs 74% of people[3].
• people should be motivated to segregate waste themselves[4]. Possible solution: robot that visits each home and asks them for their plastic / general waste products to motivate them to segregate waste.
• People from India don't care about waste, as long as it is not in their homes[5].
• Trash washing up on beaches.
• Poor efficiency of street sweeping vehicles, dirt makes up 56% of what they gather[6].
Composition of litter
Litter can be decomposed into different groups which occur more or less in the streets. According to Rijkswaterstaat[7], out of big litter (excluding gum and sigaret buts), beverage packaging, take-away litter and paper are the biggest problems, accounting for 24%, 22% and 21% of the total litter respectively between 2008 and 2014. The total list can be found in the table below.
Type of litter Percentage of total litter
Beverage packaging 24%
Take-away waste 22%
Paper 21%
Other packaging 17%
Candy 10%
Plastics 3%
Unidentifiable litter 2%
Food remains 1%
The same research also gives the absolute numbers of the different litter types, including small litter:
Type of litter Number
Cigarette buts 18,794
Beverage packaging 16,379
Take-away litter 15,656
Paper 15,298
Other packaging 12,408
Gum 10,117
Candy 7,213
Plastics 1,850
Unidentifiable litter 1,737
Food remains 1,000
In Utrecht an analysis was done of materials collected by sweeping machines, which found that 88.5 ton out of the 156.8 ton collected was sand. This means that 56% of the effort of sweeping is wasted on sand.
Annoyances (caused by trash)[8]
The list below shows the response of (Dutch) citizens when asked about their daily annoyances.
• Litter besides the road: 92% (62% very annoyed, 30% somewhat)
• Loud noise: 64% (28% very annoyed, 36% somewhat)
• Litter on beached: 95% (76% very annoyed, 19% somewhat)
• Full trashcan: 77% (40% very annoyed, 37% somewhat)
• Traffic jam: 26% very annoyed, 33% somewhat
• Paper/cigarette butts/chewing gum on streets: 64% very, 30% somewhat
Furthermore: when asked, citizens state that they see 27% of all litter in the shopping mall, 15% on the beach and 13% on parking lots.
Litter positions
According to EcoConsult in 2014[9], the following indication scores were given for big and small litter (a high indication score means a clean environment):
Area Score big litter Score small litter
Average 3.56 3.44
Recreational area 4.15 4.04
Water recreational area 3.91 3.86
Business area 3.35 3.60
Shopping area II 3.69 3.45
Shopping area I 3.37 3.19
Residential area III 4.01 4.04
Residential area II 3.85 3.80
Residential area I 3.53 3.48
Event/Sporting centers 3.46 3.40
Access road 3.47 3.68
School area 3.35 3.42
Parking lots 3.08 2.62
Public transport 3.25 2.85
Catering/Entertainment centers 3.59 3.14
Shopping malls 3.50 3.07
As a conclusion we can state that parking lots, public transport and Shopping areas in urban cities have the most litter.
At the parking lots, most of the litter is caused by take-away packages, sigaret buds and beverage packages. Citizens also believe these places are filthy as stated by Gemeente Schoon in 2010 and 2012. The most plausible reason to believe parking lots have so much litter is that people stay only for a limited time and therefore they have little bonding with the area. In addition, creating litter from inside a car can be done relatively anonimous.
Near public transport areas, litter is caused mostly by people that need to be quick to catch a bus or train, because they do not prioritize putting there litter into a bin over catching the train or bus, especially when the closest garbage bin is full. The litter consist mostly of packages of food or drinks bought at the station.
Shopping areas are one of the most important areas because people think that when the shopping area has much litter, the whole township is filthy. As expected, most of the litter in shopping areas are bags and packages of items bought in the shopping area. Most litter occurs during peak visiting hours because litter attracts more litter.
Encouraging dustbin designs
Several dustbins have been developed to encourage people to throw their trash into it by rewarding them when they do so. An example is the ‘WiFi Trash Bin’, invented by Raj Desai and Pratik Agarwal, the founders of the startup ThinkScream. When someone throws something in it, this plastic bin shows an access code for a WiFi-network on a LED screen, giving them access to the network for 15 minutes. It has been tested at the NH7 Weekender music festival in 2014, where six of these smart bins could be used by the visitors. After the festivals in Bangalore, Delhi and Kolkata, over ten thousand people had used the bin[10].
In the Netherlands, a well-known example of interactive dustbins are the ‘Holle Bolle Gijs’ bins (and variations of it), used in the Efteling. These bins ask people in the theme park to throw their waste in it and thank them afterwards or react in another way. Sometimes children even start to look for other waste to throw it away in the park due to this creative invention. Inspired by these bins, the cities Tilburg and Eindhoven organized a design contest for interactive dustbins in 2017. The contest was won by Francien Fleuren and Marcel Lamers with their ‘Trash Tree’ that works on solar energy, lights up in the dark and makes a bird sound when something is thrown in, referring to the positive effect on the environment. Before the contest, in the Henri Dunantpark in Eindhoven, there was already a pilot with an interactive dustbin, which according to alderman Yasin Torunoglu helps to achieve a cleaner environment. In September 2017, also in Bergen op Zoom, some garbage bins have been equipped with a built-in speaker to react to people in a funny way after throwing away their trash[11][12][13].
Another example is ‘The world’s deepest bin’, an experiment in the context of an initiative called ‘The Fun Theory’ by Volkswagen. A video on their website shows a trash bin in a park that makes a sound as if the trash that people throw in it falls very deep. During one day, 72 kg of rubbish was collected in this bin, which was 41 kg more than the normal bin just a small distance further. Some scientifically critical questions about results of this experiment could be asked, e.g.: Did the people throw in their trash in this bin instead of in the normal bin and not instead of throwing it on the ground, so that the total reduction of litter is less than the results suggest? Would the results still be so promising if the experiment was done for a longer period, or would the people start finding it less interesting in the long-term? However, when these bins would for example be used in touristic places, where are different people and a lot of children each day, these kind of interactive dustbins will probably significantly decrease the amount of litter, similar to the dustbins in the Efteling as described above[14].
Thousands of robotic systems deal with and try to solve the same essential problems. This article is about a design and first implementation of a system for sharing knowledge between robots. The data, independent of specific robot hardware, is collected, stored shared and linked by RoboEarth, using existing standards. This enhances robot learning and adaption in complex tasks. Besides, robots using RoboEarth can execute tasks for which they were not explicitly designed for. The implementation is based on an architecture of three layers: a server, generic components and a robot specific layer. The server holds the database in which it stores a global world model with information on objects, environments and action recipes. It also provides basic reasoning Web services. The main purpose of generic components in the second layer is to allow robots to interpret the action recipes. The third layer provides a generic interface to a robot’s specific (hardware-dependent) functionalities via a skill abstraction layer. For our project, a RoboEarth-like system would in particular be very useful to recognize litter, both using the information about objects (what is litter and what not) as well as about the environments (to be more efficient in finding the litter). The information about actions could be useful for picking up the litter, depending on what system we will use.
Springer Handbook of Automation, chapter 70: Cleaning Automation [16]
Especially in the domain of cleaning, service robots already provide many different options for relieving people of dangerous, stressful, and/or monotonous work and are penetrating both household and professional market sectors. Household systems have technically simple and low-cost designs and are already being sold in large numbers. Professional systems are technically complex, flexible, cost effective, efficient, and easy to operate. However, since they fail to fulfill the requisite criteria in many cases, they have not yet established themselves as mass products. Nevertheless, numerous individual solutions exist for special applications such as facade or pool cleaning.
To the extent that they do not fully navigate surfaces when geometries are more complex or environments are dynamic and generally can neither navigate themselves nor coordinate tools better than humans, professional cleaning robots’ sensory and cognitive capabilities continue to limit their universal and cost-effective use. Such cleaning robots will not become mass products until their cost effectiveness, performance, efficiency, and total attendant costs make them superior to manual cleaning. Further development of service robots’ cognitive capabilities, environment modeling sensor systems, and multimodal user interfaces is being pursued worldwide for other fields of application and is a fundamental prerequisite to establishing cleaning robots in the professional sector.
New Brooms Sweep Clean – An Autonomous Robotic Cleaning Assistant for Professional Office Cleaning[17]
In this paper, a prototype autonomous robotic cleaning assistant, that can both clean floors and clear trash bins in offices, is presented. It was realized on a Care-O-bot 3 platform, a multi-purpose service robot. The arm was upgraded with a tool changing interface from Schunk, which enables switching between a three finger hand for clearing bins and a vacuum cleaner for cleaning floors. A tool trolley is used to carry containers for waste and fixtures for detached tools. In short, the robot first inspects all rooms to find the polluted locations and will directly clear all found trash bins into the waste container of the trolley. Then, it changes its three finger hand for a vacuum cleaner at the trolley and attempts to clean all spots from the polluted locations list. Afterwards, the robot verifies the cleanliness and stores the information so that the operator can clean the remaining spots and inform the system about false alarms to improve its behavior. The most important functional modules are:
• Map Segmentation: results in ‘room’-sizes between 15 and 80 m2 and allows for planning a good trajectory through the environment.
• Exploration Algorithm: optimizes the sequence of entered rooms as a traveling salesman problem (TSP), using a quite extensive algorithm, also taking the minimal amount of trolley positions and the time it costs to move to the trolley to clear a trash bin into account.
• Dirt Detection and Learning: A visual dirt detection method is applied which judges on a per image basis without any need for learning the patterns of the clean ground or the appearance of any pollution and can detect spots occupying an area of >5 mm diameter. This method is explained in the two articles above. It is extended to learn from the operator using the check for false alarms as described above.
• Trash Can Cleaning: The detection of attached markers on bins proved most reliable and computationally economical compared to other approaches for object recognition and can be used in the real world. The MoveIt framework is used for arm movement to grasp a bin.
• Tool Change: using an industrial interface combined with visual servoing methods for automization. The tool are connected mechanically by closing an inner rotational lock and electrically using a CAN bus interface.
• Vacuum Cleaning: The vacuum cleaner is placed on the ground and the robot drives back and forth or left and right to clean the spot. Within narrow areas, the arm itself is moved.
The test showed that although it was a first prototype, it already worked surprisingly well. Using the learning algorithm, the reported pollution precision was increased from 62% to 89%. In summary, 90% of the trash bins could be cleared and 86% of the dirt was removed, with a speed performance of approximately 120 m2 per hour (4 times less than a professional, but many improvements are suggested).
Path finding
Path Planning for Complete and Efficient Coverage Operation of Mobile Robots[18]
The paper presents a method for mobile robots to perform area coverage tasks where completeness and efficiency of coverage are important. The method can be used for robotic de-mining, cleaning, painting, etc.
It is assumed that the robot is operated in an enclosed indoor environment and it knows its map in terms of occupancy grids.
A divide and conquer strategy is employed for efficiency. A cell decomposition algorithm divides the given area into cells (sets of grids):
1. Occupancy grid maps are rotated along their orientation invariant angle so that two identical maps with different rotation result in the same maps.
2. The given area is decomposed into cells based on the change in free space segments for each 'slice' of the map.
3. Noisy cells (created due to complex structures and sensor noise) are merged into larger neighbor cells.
Next, the path is generation for efficient area coverage.
1. Predefined template paths are generated for each cell (back and forth or spiral motion) to find an optimal path to cover them. Predefined templates are used to reduce computational complexity.
2. A path for the overall area is formed from the path that requires minimum time for each cell. A graph search algorithm is used for this purpose.
Coverage Path Planning for Mobile Cleaning Robots[19]
There are different ways in which a robot can do path planning in any given environment. The first way is Random Path Planning, in which the robot will move in a random direction until it is obstructed and will then chose a new random direction. A spiraling bias can be added to make this approach more convenient. A more sophisticated way to cover the whole area, is by using Exact Cellular Decomposition. This method splits the room into parts which are easier to cover. Which also makes it more efficient in places with obstacles. A variance on the Exact Cellular Decomposition is the Boustrophedon Cellular Decomposition, which does the same, but makes the parts so that it can be cleaned with a simple back and forth motion. A fourth method is a Backtracking Spiral Algorithm. Which does the same as a random spiral, but takes into account possible blocking objects by moving around them and adding the information gained of the object to make the spiral change shape so that the same places are not cleaned twice. The solution proposed is an extended version of the BCD in 5 steps:
1. The robot moves to the outer boundary of the environment
2. The robot follows this boundary until it has completely circled it
3. A BCD of the environment is created
4. Create a list containing every cell. The first one is where the robot is
5. The cells are covered in sequential order
To make this also work in dynamic environments, the robot will continue scanning the room and adjusting the individual cells when detecting sensor or localization errors.
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping[20]
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is for a robot to be placed at an unknown location in an unknown environment and for the robot to build a consistent map of its environment while simultaneously determining its location within the map. The problem with SLAM is that the true locations are never known or measured directly.
The probabilistic version of SLAM checks the highest probability for a landmark to be and the robot to be given the history of vehicle locations, the history of control inputs and the set of all landmark observations. The problem with this is that much of the error comes from when the robot wrongly estimates its position with reference to a landmark only once.
To find a solution to SLAM, the programmer needs to find an appropriate representation for both the observation model and motion model that allows efficient and consistent computation of the prior and posterior distributions in the time update step and the measurement update step.
Complete Coverage Navigation of Cleaning Robots Using Triangular-Cell-Based Map[21]
In this paper, a novel navigation method is presented for a cleaning robot, which can work well in a completely unknown workspace. First, a new triangular-cell-based map representation that enables a cleaning robot to have more navigation directions is presented. While the rectangular-cell-based map has eight navigation directions, the triangular-cell-based map increases the navigation directions to 12. This increase makes the navigation path shorter and more flexible. Second, a complete coverage navigation and map construction method is presented, which enables a cleaning robot to navigate the complete workspace without any information about the environment. To generate a complete coverage navigation path without prior information of the environment, the wall-following navigation was first performed. Through this procedure, a cleaning robot can obtain the information of the contour of the environment. Then, basic templates were introduced as means for local navigation. To find the uncovered region and determine the local direction, the distance-transform method was also adopted. With the use of simulations the effectiveness of the approach was verified.
Complete Coverage Path Planning and Guidance for Cleaning Robots[22]
This paper describes a complete coverage path planning and guidance methodology for a mobile robot, having the automatic floor cleaning of large industrial areas as a target application. The proposed algorithms rely on the a priori knowledge of a 2D map of the environment and cope with un- expected obstacles not represented on the map. A template based approach is used to control the path execution, thus incorporating, in a natural way, the kinematic and the geometric model of the mobile robot on the path planning procedure. The novelty of the proposed approach is the capability of the path planner to deal with a priori mapped or unexpected obstacles in the middle of the working space. If unmapped obstacles permanently block the planned trajectory, the path tracking control avoids these obstacles. Tests with the mobile robot LABMATE show that satisfactory floor coverage can be obtained using a template approach even when there are mapped or unmapped obstacles present in the interior of the cleaning area.
Mobile Robot Positioning: Sensors and Techniques[23]
This article presents an overview of existing sensors and techniques for mobile robot positioning. The foremost conclusion that was drawn from reviewing a vast body of literature was that for indoor mobile robot navigation no single, elegant solution exists. For outdoor navigation GPS is promising to become the universal navigation solution for almost all automated vehicle systems.
Litter detection
Vision-Based Coverage Navigation for Robot Trash Collection Task[24]
This paper describes an algorithm to optimally find and pickup trash and benchmarks this against existing algorithms. The proposed algorithm consists of four distinct steps
1. Follow the wall to obtain the contour and size of the working space. By doing this the working space can be split up into rectangular cells.
2. Scan for garbage in the current cell
3. Find and move to an unvisited area. Repeat step 2 and 3 until all areas have been visited.
4. Deposit trash and move back to initial location
Step 3 is implemented using the 'Boustrophedon Path-Planner' algorithm and a random path planner. It turned out that the 'Boustrophedon Path-Planner' performed better.
A Visual Dirt Detection System for Mobile Service Robots[25]
This article described a method to detect dirt on floors that are monochrome or have at least some repetitive pattern. The data from a RGB-D sensor (color camera with depth-sensor) is processed in four main steps (last two combined):
• Plane Segmentation: This step finds the part of the image in which the floor can be seen, using the depth-information from the sensor. It basically looks for a plane that contains the most points to satisfy a particular plane equation (ax + by + cz + d = 0).
• Spectral Residual Filtering: This step filters out the background of the floor image leaving only the innovation part, by finding the deviations from the statistical mean of the logarithmic amplitude spectrum (using the Fourier transform) of each channel (R, G and B) of the image.
• Rescaling and Thresholding: Artificial dirt is added to the floor (2 black and 2 white spots) causing extrema in the response, which are used to rescale the response of the whole image in order to prevent the normal patterns in the floor to be seen as dirt, in particular when there is no real dirt. The spots in the rescaled dirt image with an intensity above a certain threshold are selected as dirt.
Depending on the floor background structure, 52.6% to 92.5% of the dirt was detected, with a positive false rate of only a few percent. Depending on the surface, problems such as very dark and small objects not being recognized as dirt, or light reflection causing false positives could occur. Further, the algorithm proved to be able to cope with changing surface material and texture to some extent. However, large scale dirt stains (such as from coffee) are filtered as background with this approach. Remark: In this article I read “Tidying up larger objects was demonstrated at the Robocup@home challenge by the team of robot Eraser.” Finding more information about this could be useful for our project as well.
Autonomous Dirt Detection for Cleaning in Office Environments[26]
Here, an extended/improved version of the dirt detection system from the previous article is explained. Two of these extensions are a large, publicly available database of dirty ground floors (65 different kinds of dirt recorded at 5 floor materials) and a testing framework to use this database. All data is recorded using the service robot Car-O-bot 3. The integrated laser scanners and RGB-D camera Microsoft Kinect were used to localize the robot and dirt, so that the detection could be integrated in a map. To enable this mapping and because the camera might not always operate in the same position above the ground, a perspective normalization is applied after the plane segmentation described in the previous article. To do this, a homography which transforms the ground plane as seen in the camera image into a plane seen from a (virtual) bird’s eye view is estimated. The steps ‘Spectral Residual Filtering’ and ‘Rescaling’ from the previous article remained the same, although they are here referred to as ‘Saliency Computation’ and ‘Saliency Normalization’. At the ‘Dirt Thresholding’-step, they now implemented an option to exclude the pixels that belong to strong lines from the thresholding operation, since these strong lines are often caused by transitions between bright and dark (background) surfaces and result in false detections. The advantages of dirt mapping are: (1) fusion of multiple observation to strengthen certainty, (2) option to temporally separate inspection and removal and (3) enable verification and feedback. Another threshold could now also be used to determine what is seen as dirt or not can be used: the amount of frames in which a spot is detected as dirt (possibly as a ratio of the total amount of frames in which the spot is captured). Depending on both threshold values, different detection and false positive rates can be achieved: for example about 90% detection and 45% false positives, or about 100% detection and 85% false positives (averaged over the different dirt and floor types). The performance could even be improved when for example different threshold values would be used for different floor types. The system however still does not take larger (3-dimensional) litter into account, and of course fails when dim lighting prevents dirt from becoming visible in the image at all, even for humans.
Robot movement
Autonomous Robotic Street Sweeping: Initial Attempt for Curbside Sweeping[27]
Street cleaning can be a coverage or a tracking problem, which both require localization, coverage path planning and tracking control. Using two fisheye cameras and projective transformation, a top view was gained and edge filtering, a Hough transform and RANSAC line fitting was used to find the sidewalk along which the robot has to drive.
Principles of appendage design in robots and animals determining terradynamic performance on flowable ground[28]
This paper shows an approach to control (and vary) the ground penetration resistance of a granular substrate using continuous upward airflow through a fluidized bed. This technique is used to investigate the influence of ground strength on the locomotion performance of robots (a bio-inspired hexapedal robot called SandBot and numerical simulations for the Xplorer robot) and animals (four lizard-like species and a crab). They found that locomotor performance was strongly correlated with the foot pressure. Generally, the experimental and simulated results followed the same trends: for small leg penetration ratios (foot pressure relative to penetration force per unit area per depth and leg length), the locomotion performances only decrease slightly, but for larger penetration ratios, the performance started to decrease substantially, probably due to drag of the ventral surface. This also provides an explanation to the fact that the performance of some animals was more sensitive to the ground penetration resistance differences in the investigated range than for other animals: graphs made with normalized average speed and leg penetration ratios showed very similar data points for all species. The data points for the robots also showed similar behavior, except that animals could still maintain ≥50% of their speed on fully fluidized ground, suggesting that they likely combine passive and active control to diminish the decrease of performance on low stiffness substrates. The most important conclusion from this article for our project is that we could use relatively large foot and a light body (i.e. smaller foot pressure) when possible, to minimize leg penetration ratio and stay within the ‘insensitive’ region to ground stiffness change, in particular when we use a legged robot. Of course, the body should not be too close to the ground to prevent extra friction for substrates with a low ground penetration resistance.
Robot design
System design of a litter collecting robot[29]
Litter is a very big problem, because a broad study of annoyances of the Dutch public found that people rated litter to be more annoying than noise from neighbors and cigarette smoke. There is however a big difference between the places where most litter occurs, which are near sporting facilities and parking lots, and where people perceive it as annoying, which are mostly in shopping malls and on the beach. Furthermore, litter has more consequences than just annoyance. It can attract pests like rats and flies, which can result in human diseases. It can bring harm to animal life. It can increase the use of fossil fuel instead of recycling. It can reduce the sense of safety, and above all, can increase the amount of litter on the street, making this a negative spiral. To prevent this spiral, public places should remain clean.
Currently this is a hard human job with low profile. It is, however, important to keep humans involved in the job, because human cleaners in the streets have a social aspect. Using a robot that cleans most of the litter, and a human to show the robot where it missed certain litter or to help with cleaning up hard to clean litter, the human will have a physically easier job, and has more time for the social aspect of being in the area. It is also important to make the robot quiet and power efficient.
To find the litter efficiently, the robot has a Portable Operator Device, allowing the human cleaner to make a picture of a new type of litter and send it to the robot, so that the robot will recognize it next time. To make the robot power efficient and quiet, a circle of plastic fingers were used and a flap that could close when litter was found. The fingers would then push the can into the hopper. To know where the litter is, scanning laser range finder and a camera were used. The camera takes a picture when the SLRF finds an object, and this image is compared to the litter pictures in the memory of the robot.
United States Patent Mobile Robot for Cleaning[30]
This patent describes multiple designs for a robotic cleaner. A robotic cleaner includes a cleaning assembly for cleaning a surface and a main robot body. The main robot body houses a drive system to cause movement of the robotic cleaner and a microcontroller to control the movement of the robotic cleaner.
Development of Outdoor Service Robot to Collect Trash on Streets OSR-01[31]
This paper describes the design of an autonomous robot which is to be used to collect trash on the streets. The robot has two wheels to move but drives an already provided route. To avoid objects it uses four 2-D laser range finders. It is currently only able to pickup PET bottles using a hand with five degrees of freedom. It can detect objects using a omni-camera. To measure the distance to the object, it uses two additional cameras. The image recognition is done using a technique known as 'template matching'. This means that the robot has a large library of objects labelled as trash which it compares to the images received from the omni-camera. If the images are sufficiently similar, the robot will pick it up.
Development of Outdoor Service Robot to Collect Trash On Streets OSR-02[32]
This is a follow up on the previous paper. For the new prototype, dubbed OSR-02, an extra hand is added. This allows one hand to hold a trash bin while the other can put the trash in it. Furthermore, the wheels are replaced with crawlers. The sensors and detection system was were kept the same. More detailed tests were also documented, showing that the OSR-02 is able to get over a ditch of 180 mm in width. The robot was also tested in public space, where it was able to successfully pickup plastic and glass bottles in the route and able to avoid pedestrians.
A Study on Development of Home Mess-Cleanup Robot McBot [33]
This paper describes the design of an autonomous robot which is to be used to cleanup indoors. The robot has two arms to grasp the object and a lifting support. Objects are recognized by a RFID tag. After an object is picked up, it is able to place on for example a shelf. Self localization is done by placing RFID tags on the ground.
Educational Outdoor Mobile Robot for Trash Pickup [34]
Inspired by the 'Push the Talking Trash Can' of Disney, an interactive low-cost outdoor mobile trash can is designed. With this robot, they aimed to raise environmental awareness, help clean up the environment and promote robotics education among children. The robot is also equipped with a low-cost air quality monitoring system. They purposely avoided autonomous robot because it minimizes control by children and they will find it more fun and have a sense of accomplishment by interacting with, and remotely controlling the robot. Also, autonomous is difficult because the roads in underdeveloped countries often have potholes, uneven construction etc making it difficult to navigate effectively. On the robot a LCD display is mounted to display the air quality and broadcast messages and animations. It can be controlled remotely using smart phone/tablet. The materials used in the construction costed less than 250 dollar.
A Multi-Robot System for Continuous Area Sweeping Tasks[35]
A trash collecting robot performs a so-called 'continuous area sweeping' task. With this task, a robot must repeatedly visit all points in a fixed area. This paper extends this task to multi-robot scenarios.
The approach described in this paper is not to simply send the robots along the same routes again and again, but to sweep based on a task-dependent cost function. For example, when removing trash robots should prioritise heavily-trafficked areas.
The paper mostly focuses on dividing the overall area between multiple robots.
DustCart, an autonomous robot for door-to-door garbage collection: from DustBot project to the experimentation in the small town of Peccioli[36]
DustCart is an autonomous garbage collecting robot. It can navigate urban environments with static and dynamic obstacles. Users can request a garbage removal after which the robot is dispatched, interacts with the user through a touchscreen interface, and receives a garbage bag. Next, it moves to a site where the garbage is deposited. DustCart monitors air quality, temperature, and humidity along the way.
Two DustCart robots were tested for three months in the small town of Peccioli, Italy.
Design process
In the conceptual phase, there are a few heuristics to the design process, namely:
• The choice between architectures may well depend upon which set of drawbacks the client can handle best.
• Don't assume that the original statement of the problem is necessary the best or even the right one.
• A model is not reality.
• Complex systems will develop and evolve within an overall architecture much more rapidly if there are stable intermediate forms than if there are not.
• Build in and maintain options as long as possible.
• Don't make an architecture too smart for its own good.
The conclusions that can be taken from this are that the design will have to have intermediate forms of the design during the design, which will be interpreted in a robotic system as different sub systems that work on their own. Also the system should not be smarter than it should be, meaning in this context that the robot should only save the information that it needs and have the options to do things that make sense according to the designer rather than making it think about those options itself.
V-shaped design
V-shaped design[38]
The heuristics of the conceptual design makes the use of V-shaped design very logical. According to the book The Design of High Performance Mechatronics, in time, first the functional requirents should be determined, which should move past the system design, subsystem design and detailed design (element design) by decomposition and defenition in the conceptual phase. Afterwards the opposite way should be taken for the implementation. This however is not relevant for the design phase.
From the two perspectives stated in the previous sections, it becomes clear, that first the functional requirements should be determined and converted into specifications, which should then be decomposed into subsystems which can be divided among the designers, who will in turn decompose the subsystems into elements that can be individually designed. Furthermore the behaviour of the robotic system will be needed to designed, making sure the robot is efficient and comply to the requirements.
In the previous section, it has become clear that extensive research has already been executed. The theoretical groundwork has been done regarding the development of a robot which is able to collect litter in well paved environments such as the mall. Do notice however that this is only theoretical, and that the research is far from practically implementable. Currently, no research has been done regarding the many practical and social problems that arise from putting a robot in an environment with many different agents. A quick example which is never mentioned in a research paper, is that the robot should be unable to hurt other agents in its environment. Furthermore, it has been shown in “Inzamel- en beloningsystemen ter vermindering van zwerfafval” that 76% of the people is very annoyed by the litter that lies on the beaches. No research is done on how a cleaning robot would operate on a beach. Operating a cleaning robot on sand is non-trivial, since the locomotion and collection of litter need to be specially designed to work in sandy environments.
This paper tries to bridge a part of the gap in the research. More specifically, this paper entails the design of the energy consumption and deliverance of the robot, including the high level software that could be run on the robot. When implemented, the robot is able to autonomously drive around while cleaning the beach. Of course there exist a great variety of beaches, and the robot might be more effective on some particular beaches than other. But as stated previously, we are interested in how the operate optimally when in a sandy environment. Furthermore, a relatively low density of litter (so not like in the picture) is expected. As already shown in the research, huge steps towards autonomously driving and identifying litter have already been taken. This paper proposes a practical design, contrary to the proof of concept designs that have been done previously. This means that this paper focuses on practical problems that arises when using such a robot in a sandy environment with many different agents. Part of the problem arises from the sand, which makes locomotion and collection of litter more difficult. The other part is the user interaction part. If the beachgoers are not happy with the robot, then they will forego going to the beach. This is not in the interest of anyone, therefore we will anticipate some of the problems and provide solutions to these problems.
Concept of operation
As soon as the robot has recognized litter it will move towards it. It does this using a specially designed locomotive system which is able to drive over the sand. While driving towards the litter, it will need to actively avoid other beachgoers and holes in the ground using its sensors. When it has arrived at the litter, it needs an system responsible for the collection of litter. Because the object is likely surrounded by a lot of sand, a sand filter might be needed to separate the litter from the sand. Upon collection of the litter, it should store it in its litter storage container. When the storage container is full, it should drive to a central hub where it is able to drop the litter off. To make sure the robot does not run out of energy, various energy related calculations need to be made to ensure that the battery of the robot is large enough and that it is possible to recharge the battery. To protect the robot against the elements, it has a well-designed hull. Since there might be other robots that are also collecting litter, there is a strategy for robot cooperation. Finally, human interaction is taken into account. To do the actions and make its decisions, it uses software/algorithms.
From this concept of operation, we can now derive the following subsystems:
• Litter recognition
• Locomotion
• Sensors to avoid beachgoers and holes
• System for the collection of litter
• Sand filter
• Litter storage container
• Central hub
• Energy related calculations
• Hull
• Robot cooperation
• Human interaction
• Robot software/algorithms
The users
The most important stakeholders are the (adult) beachgoers. They are the ones which have a problem with the litter on the beach and preferably want all of the litter to be removed. Multiple studies (ref1. Ref2) have reported that a reduction in litter leads to people feeling more safe. Also, families will prefer to go to clean beaches, so they have to worry less that their children will be harmed by for example glass which hides in the sand. Even though the beachgoers will like clean beaches, it is also very important to them that they can enjoy the beach. This means that the robot should not produce too much noise, as this will annoy the beachgoers greatly. Also, one can imagine that it will annoy the beachgoers greatly if the robot bumps into people. This however may not be enough for all beachgoers, as some would prefer the robot to keep its distance so it does not enter their ‘personal space’.
The children are also a very important stakeholder which will need to be taken into account. They will have a great interest in the robot and want to play with it. It is therefore important that this is safe for both the child as well as the robot. This means that the robot is unable to do harm to the child, but also that the child is unable to break the robot.
The citizens and the tourists are the most important users in this project. They will directly benefit from the reduction of litter on the street and would like to have them as clean as possible. As already described in the problem statement, the reduction of litter will lead to less pests and less danger of cutting themselves for children playing outside. Of course, wild life will benefit from this reduction of litter for the same reasons as humans do. Small animals can also get stuck in litter or strangle themselves. This will also be reduced with this project.
Enterprises, such as restaurants or ice cream stalls, will also benefit from the reduction of litter. As already stated, beachgoers prefer a clean beach over a littered one. This means that people that want to go to the beach are more likely to choose the clean beach, which leads to more customers for the enterprises. In addition, the robot will appeal greatly to the children, attracting many customers. The enterprises would like a robust robot, which is able to withstand great external forces. They also prefer it to be as cheap as possible, and keep the maintenance cost low. It should be easy to replace specific parts if they break down, so they do not need a dedicated engineer to fix the robot which will help keeping the maintenance costs down.
In addition, the local government will have great interest in the design of such a robot. As already stated, in the U.S.A. they have to spend 11.5 billion dollars on cleaning the litter. Therefore any help to decrease this cost be welcome to them. It might be even possible for the enterprises to ask for a subsidy for which in return the enterprises will keep the beaches clean. This makes the design of a cleaning robot even more interesting for the enterprises.
There might also be an operator required, but this can only be determined at a later stage of the design process. An operator might be required to control the robots, help them with cleaning where necessary and help resolve issues for example when the robot is attacked by teenagers or wrongly identifies a purse as litter. This mainly depends on how well the software is at autonomously controlling the robot, and how well the vision system is able to identify the litter. If an operator ends up being necessary, there should be a clear and intuitive interface to control and/or help the robots.
System requirements and specifications
Before something can be said about the robots requirements and specifications a couple assumptions have to be made about the environment that the robot will work in. The following assumptions have been made:
• The robot will not be vandalized by people.
• The litter that is on the beach is not stuck to anything, for example a plastic bag caught under a beach chair.
• The litter does not weigh more than 1 Kilogram. (this gives us something to base the power of our engine of, can of course still be changed)
• The litter is smaller than the robots litter collecting mechanism. (can be specified when we know more about our collecting machenism)
• The terrain the robot works in will mostly consist of sand
• The temperature is between -10 and 40 °C.
• The robot will work in moderate to bright lighting conditions. (can be removed if we decide to give the robot headlights)
The obvious system requirements that can be taken from the problem statement are the following:
• The system must be able to recognize objects and determine what is litter and what not.
This is important because the robot should not pick up items dropped by for example kids and throw them away like litter, but the robot should still be able to distinguish enough litter to make the beach significantly cleaner.
• The system must be able to collect litter
It is very important that the robot is not only able to detect what is litter and what is not, but that it is also able to pick up the litter in order to make the beach a cleaner place.
Less obvious system requirements that can be added are:
• The robot should not carry too much sand
On a beach the chances are big that the robot will also pick up sand instead of litter. This however is inefficient, because it takes op storage place and it will weigh the robot down, making it less power efficient.
• Can not topple because of external forces
It would be highly unfortunate if the robot would fall over because of strong winds or waves. This is because the robot will likely be unable to stand up and humans will have to come and pick it up. This is not only highly inefficient, but it will also cause annoyance to beach visitors, because it will be an obstacle in both their view and their paths.
• The robot needs to be able to move reliably over sand and mud
Because the robot will be moving over the beach, it is highly necessary that the robot can move reliably over sand and mud, for the same reasons as the toppling. If the robot gets stuck in the sand this will be inefficient and annoying for the beach visitors.
• The robot should not float in water
Floating on water will likely cause the robot to topple over when a wave of water comes. Also, if the robot is floating, it will not be able to pick up any litter reliably anymore. Therefore it is easier for the robot to stay on the ground even when there is water on top of it, so that it can continue its job.
• The robot needs to be waterproof
On the beach the chances of a wave hitting the robot are large, therefore the robot needs to be waterproof in order to keep functioning after a wave hits the robot.
• The robot should be able to operate on battery power, optionally combined with renewable energy sources
Because the weather is an unknown factor, renewable energy sources on their own will make the robot too reliant on external factors. Therefore the robot should be able to work on a battery as well.
• The cost of a robot should not be too high
If the robots costs would be too high, it would never be bought to clean up beaches, therefore the costs have to be low.
• The robot should avoid large holes
Even though the robot can move over sand, it is possible that it will fall into a hole that it cannot get out of, therefore it is better to always avoid these holes.
• The robot should be able to pick up litter of varying size
Litter is never always the same size, a can is a different size than a bottle for example or a potato chip bag. Therefore, to pick up as much litter as possible, the robot needs to be able to handle more than one specific kind of litter.
• The robot should be able to carry enough litter with it
The robot will be highly inefficient if it would need to return to a central station everytime it picked up a single piece of litter. Therefore the robot will need to have enough storage room to carry litter.
• The robot should be able to deposit collected litter in a central location
As the storage room of the robot will be finite, the robot will need to dispose of the litter it collected in some way to continue gathering more litter afterwards.
Social requirements
Besides the technical requirements, there are also various social issues the robot will need to deal with. The designed robot needs to interact in an environment with many stochastic agents. One might imagine that such a robot will attract the attention of many young children. These children might for example want to stand on it, or try to hinder the operation of the robot. Therefore the robot should be very robust. Besides from other agents harming the robot, it should also be impossible that the robot harms other agents. This means that at the very least, sensors should be installed to avoid running in to people. Lastly, we should be aware of how the robot will change the people in its environment. One might postulate that the existence of such a robot means that the people will become lazy. In one study (find source again), a school placed an interactive bin inside the canteen which would give positive feedback if students threw their litter in. This resulted however in a huge mess around the bin because students were trying to threw their litter as hard as possible in the direction of the bin.
Being in such a rich environment with other agents brings however also some advantages. No system is perfect which means that the system will sometimes fail. It is for example very hard for a robot to classify what is junk, and what is not. If a robot is in doubt however, it could simply ask nearby agents or a human operator by for example sending a picture of it. In the case where somebody for example drops their bottle, it could be on accident. When the robot detects this, it could pick it up and give it back to the one that dropped it. The robot also should not clear away toys of children, and if possible try to avoid demolishing their sand castles when operating. Furthermore, it is possible to use the fact that most people want to relax on the beach. When the robot detects that it is in danger because for example children are hitting it, it could sound an alarm. This will annoy nearby people, and they can chase away the children to make the robot stop it's alarm. Lastly, it is possible that the robot gets stuck. Asking for the help of other agents or a human operator could be again a simple solution to this problem.
The requirements can be led back to Isaac Asimov's three laws of robotics:
These requirements can be decomposed into the following specifications Please note: currently these are best-guess values to give an idea of the order of magnitudes.
• Pick up 9 out of 10 items defined as litter on a sandy environment
The robot needs to reliably pick up litter. 90% seems like a good number because there will always be litter that the robot will not see or will not be able to grab.
• Produce less than 50dB of sound
An average human conversation is between 40dB and 60dB. Therefore 50dB will be unlikely to annoy the people on the beach more than a conversation of a group of people next to them.
• Keep at least 1 meter distance from humans
Coming too close to humans might frighten them or harm them. A one meter distance is a safe distance which is not too close to harm the human, nor too far to ask the human for help if necessary.
• Do not pass humans more than 2 times in 10 minutes
People will get annoyed if the robot will pass them too often, as it still makes sound and blocks the view. It is estimated that 2 times in 10 minutes will be an acceptable amount of time which the robot will be in the sight of the people.
• Maximally 10% of the picked up weight is sand
In normal garbage cans, 56% of the weight is sand. In this project, the robot is supposed to actively get rid of this sand. This means about an 80% decrease from the average garbage bin. This seems like a reasonable number.
• Move at at least 2 m/s on sand
An average human walks at 1.4 m/s. The robot should be just a bit faster to be able to avoid getting closer than 1 meter to humans more easily, therefore 2 m/s seems like a good speed.
• Survive in water of the same height as the robot for 2 seconds
A wave crashing over the robot will put the robot underwater for about 1 second. To be safe, the robot should be able to survive two of those waves immediately after each other.
• Operation time of at least 1 hour without recharging, recharging within 30 minutes or a battery replacing system or another way to obtain energy such as solar cells
A one hour operation time is a good estimation for the robot to pick up the maximum amount of litter and returning, as it will need to pick up 25 pieces of litter in this hour and returning, which gives an average of about 2 minutes per piece of litter, which is a reasonable estimation.
• The maximum costs of one robot should be €5.000,-
5000 euros is a nice round number which will be roughly the amount of money a company would pay for a robot to clean up a part of the beach.
• The robot should be able to pick up objects of 1 - 200 grams
• The robot should be able to pick up objects of 1 - 1000 cm^3
It can be assumed that the smallest piece of litter is a sigaret but, which is about a gram in weight and a cm^3 in volume. It is also assumed that the heaviest litter will be 200 grams, this is roughly equal to a 1 Liter PET bottle filled with 160 mL of water. The volume of this PET bottle will be 1 L and this will be chosen as the maximum volume the robot should be able to pick up.
• The load capacity of one robot should be minimally 5 kg
• The load capacity of one robot should be minimally 25 L
The robot should able to pick up about 25 times the biggest possible litter to make the robot efficient enough. Therefore the minimum weight it should be able to carry should be 5kg and 25 Liter.
• Can't topple when wind blows with 9 m/s.
The maximum wind speed in Vlissingen in 2017 was 9 m/s [39]. Therefore the robot will need to survive these wind speeds to make sure it is not dependend on weather conditions whether it can function.
General operation overview
TODO: large-scale overview of operation
• Locomotion
• Litter recognition
• Litter collection
• Sand filter
• Litter storage
• Central hub
• Structure/frame
• Energy management
• Human interaction
• Robot algorithm
• Robot cooperation
Subsystems: analysis and design
This chapter detials the analysis and design of the different subsystems involved in the robot design.
Sony's bipedal QRIO and quadrupedal AIBO robots[40].
First of all, the robot needs to be able to move around on the beach. This is a very hostile environment for robotics due to salt water, dirt, and corrosion. Due to these environmental factors the locomotion should not involve complex motion, and have as few moving axes as possible.
Many different designs for locomotion in similar environments have been published already, even including amphibious 'ninja legs'[41], robotic sandfish[42], and slime slime robots[43]. On account of that, we will not attempt to design a new locomotion system. Rather, we will consider several existing solutions on their feasibility and power consumption.
Walking robots are useful for walking over rough terrain and adapting to various environments. They can climb steps, cross gaps as large as their stride and walk on rough terrain where wheels are not feasible. For a legged robot at least two degrees of freedom (joints) are necessary, so a six-legged robot will need twelve actuated joints. Stability can also pose an issue, as a walking robot can only be statically stable (stable when paused at every moment of its motion) when it has at least four legs. However, four legs means that only one leg can be lifted at any time when remaining statically stable, reducing the walking speed.[44].
Having to hold the whole weight of the body and a large number of actuators makes all walking robots less energetically efficient than wheeled machines on flat ground. [45]. Additionally, the higher degree of freedom makes legged robots less suitable for a beach environment as the higher number of joints increases the chance of dirt or water ingress. Due to these disadvantages, walking will not be considered further as a method of locomotion for our robot design.
The mobile robot Auriga-β with a mini-helicopter on its self-stabilized landing platform[46].
On a flat surface, wheeled robots are the most efficient. This is because a frictionless wheel does not need energy to keep rotating at the same velocity. Stability is a far less significant problem for rolling compared to walking, as a design with at least three wheels will always be statically stable[44]. Additionally, wheels are the easiest form of robot locomotion to implement. They require low torque to start rolling and thus are suitable for high speeds.
Wheeled locomotion presents a few disadvantages, most noticeably on rough, loose terrain such as sand. The increased rolling friction on this terrain causes power inefficiencies[44].
Continuous tracks
Though they require more torque, continuous tracks (or tank treads) offer significant advantages over wheels on soft surfaces. As they have more contact area, treads exert less ground pressure and will not sink into the sand as much as tires, reducing rolling resistance and increasing efficiency. They also offer higher traction as they fully engage with the large contact area. Treads are also able to cross larger gaps than wheels.
Continuous tracks change their direction by skidding, which increases friction and thus power consumption on hard surfaces[44].
Energy efficiency
Power consumption of several locomotion mechanisms[47].
Deformation of the ground surface caused by wheels[48].
The figure on the right shows the power consumption of several locomotion mechanisms. It is clearly visible that wheels on a hard surface (railway) are orders of magnitude more efficient than tires on soft ground. In order to obtain a useful estimate of the power consumption of wheeled versus continuous track locomotion, we will consider their rolling resistance on sand. Rolling resistance on sand greatly depends on the profile of the contact surface. Wheels will sink into loose sand, significantly lowering their efficiency or even getting the robot stuck. Tracks on the other hand exert much less pressure because of a very large footprint, and will stay on top of the sand for this reason. Overall, treads that spread their weight out over a large area will lose less power and be able to move at a higher efficiency.
In technology of tanks[49], R.M. Ogorkiewicz expresses rolling resistance in the form of a dimensionless constant Cr given by:
C_r = A + B v\,
where A and B are constants with typical values of 0.025 and 0.0009 for treads respectively. Cr is multiplied with the weight to obtain the rolling resistance force Fr in Newtons:
F_r = C_r m g\,
where m is the mass of the robot in kilograms and g is the gravity of 9.81 N/kg. Assuming that the robot is travelling at a constant velocity, the necessary power to overcome rolling resistance in Watts is given by
P_r = F_r \cdot v
where v is once again the velocity. Using the above equations, Pr can be rewritten as
P_r = (A + B v) m g v\,.
For ordinary tires on loose sand, Cr is estimated around 0.3[50]. The resulting friction powers for both treads and wheels on sand of a robot that weighs 25 kg are depicted in the following figures:
Friction power of a 25kg robot on treads. Friction power of a 25kg robot on wheels.
It is clearly visible that wheels on loose sand are an order of magnitude less efficient in this situation compared to continuous treads.
Litter recognition
Before it can be collected, litter should be recognized using certain sensors or robotic vision.
Object recognition
According to [51] Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is an algorithm that can recognize more then 78% of the litter, even when the image is severly distorted with contrast and intensity changes, rotations, scaling, stretching and noice. Therefore we can assume that images close enough will have a 78% to be recognized. According to the paper, multiplying the scale of objects by 0.7 will cause the recognition to be 85%, meaning that halving the scale, or doubling the distance, causes a recognition multiplication of 0.739. This gives rise to the equation for the litter chance: 0.78 * (0.739^d). This will however not continue forever. Johnson's criteria states that to recognize an image with more than 50% certainty, there needs to be at least 4 +/- 0.8 line pairs[52], which equals a minimum of 10 pixels. The distance at which this cutoff happens, depends on both the camera, and the size of the litter.
It is extremely difficult to determine the average two dimensional size of a piece of litter, as it is highly dependent on the orientation of the litter and whether sand is on top of it or not. For this purpose the area of the bottom of an aluminium can was used as approximation, which is approximately 30 cm^2, or a height of 6.5 cm. The distance to the object will be:
distance to object(m) = f(m) * real height(cm) * image height(pixels) / object height(pixels) * sensor height(cm)
to get ten pixels in a circular image, the object height should be four pixels. The real height will be 6.5 cm. All other variables are determined specifically by the camera.
An example of a camera could be the SONY HDR-CX240EB, which has a focal length of 29.8mm, a sensor height of 2,448cm and an image height of 14375 pixels. This will give a cutoff distance of 284 meters, which means that the cutoff of the original formula is much lower than the one because of Johnson's criteria.
Another much cheaper cheaper option would be the MACT-782F, which has a image height of 960 pixels, a focal length of 3.6mm and a sensor height of 6cm. This will give a cutoff distance of 0.9 meter. This will then be the limiting factor
Litter collection algorithms
Bayesian Network
On the right one can see the Bayesian network which models the probabilities. The 'Litter at location' indicates whether there is litter at a specific location. This influences the reading of the sensor which can either give a true positive, a true negative, a false positive or a false negative. Based on the sensor reading, the robot chooses to either move towards the litter or not which in turn influences the utility function.
Bayesian Network modelling the system.
Utility Function
The utility function will be as follows. The decision to not drive will make the utility zero. Negligible energy is used and no litter will be collected. If the robot does decide to drive, the utility will decrease by the energy used. If litter is found, de utility function will increase by the average amount of energy used to find a single piece of litter, to make sure that most of the litter is still found. The average amount of energy for a litter piece will be equal to the energy it will take for the robot to clean the whole beach divided by the number of litter on the beach. It is impossible to know this from the start for a given beach. Therefore this number will be estimated at the start, and will afterwards use the average of all every run it made on the beach. Because the robot will be an intelligent agent, it will always chose the action that maximises the utility function. This means that the robot will not move if the litter is either too uncertain or too far away. This utility function will also be tested with a simulation to see if it picks up enough litter for our purposes but will not run out of energy uselessly.
The function E_avg * litter_chance * amount_of_litter was designed because the robot should be indifferent with walking two times as far for two times the certainty of litter. Also having twice the amount of litter should make the robot twice as likely to go there.
However, using this function and having 100% vision, only half of the litter will be collected. This is not enough for the purposes of the robot. Therefore the gaussian distribution of the distance between two pieces of litter is needed.
Because litter usually collects in groups, the gaussian can be estimated to have a big sigma. According to Galgani et al, the North Atlantic has a litter density of 0.1/m and a variance of 0.2/m[53]. This means that to get more than 90% of the litter, the average energy should be multiplied by 5. This means that with 100% vision, the robot will pick up 97.1% of the litter.
In pseudo-code, the utility function will be:
if (Drive)
U = 5 * E_avg * litter_chance * amount_of_litter - E_drive;
U = 0;
Initial value for E_avg
To make the robot work initially, without having done any cleaning so that it could update its average Energy to pick up a piece of litter, an initial value of E_avg is needed. To do this the total area of beaches in the Netherlands will be divided by the total amount of litter on beaches in the Netherlands. According to Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, the Netherlands consists for 90,016 hectares of beaches and dunes in 2012 [54], with a coastline of 451 km. The average amount of litter on beaches in 2012 was 1,781,450 [55]. This means that an average of 25.3 cm needs to be surpassed to get to a single piece of litter. This will result according to the selected subsystems into **(NEED MORE INFO)** Joules
Litter spawning
To make the litter spawn realistically, two different distributions were used. Firstly, a guassian distribution was used with a mean on the beach line, to represent that most of the litter stranded on the land by the sea, combined with a guassian distribution with a mean of 25 centimeters and a variance of 10 cm as found in [BRON], to make sure the litter was distributed realistically far away from each other. The other distribution was to simulate the random behaviour of humans. Humans can throw away litter anywhere on the beach and therefore a few pieces of litter were distributed randomly over the map. From every piece of litter, a twenty percent chance was taken that the litter was actually not litter, but for example a toy of a child playing, or a piece of wood.
Robot Algorithm
When the robot would see litter, it would give the litter a percentage of certainty, depending on how far away the robot would be. If the robot saw something from a very large distance, the chance would be 50% that it was litter or not litter, and as it would come closer, the percentage would increase to 100% if it was actually litter, or decrease to 0% if it was not litter. The litter pieces that were under 75% sure, are displayed as blue dots. Litter pieces that are almost certain litter are displayed in red, and pieces that are not litter are displayed in green. When the robot is further away, it would also see multiple litter pieces as one, in order to make the robot more likely to go to a high density area then a low density area of possible litter. The robot would move towards the litter position where the Utility function would be highest at that moment in time. This is not completely optimal yet. Therefore more sophisticated algorithms could be used which are explained in the next section.
Litter collection + Sand filtration
After the litter is recognized, the robot should collect it. There are multiple ways to approach this. There will be a trade off between multiple factors of the litter collection systems, including but not limited to: Cost, how much sand it filter, Power consumption and effectiveness. Since this project focuses on the energy aspect of the robot, this will be the most important factor.
Average litter weight
The weight of the average piece of litter that will be used to calculate power consumption of the litter collection mechanisms. The average between the weight of an aluminum can and a 500 ml water bottle will be used since these are very typical pieces of litter, these are respectively 13.11 and 10.31 gram [56]. Which makes the average trash weight 11.71 gram.
Claw design
A claw design can be used to collect litter from the ground[57]. Its design is made in the shape of an excavator dumper, a well-known configuration used in dump trucks to collect trash. The claw is made from striped (coating) pieces of metal, this allows the robot to collect litter in an environment composed by sandy or clayey soil, reducing the drag force and granting that not much sand is collected together with the litter. The claw is composed of two different parts: the upper and lower one. These two parts are connected by a Futaba S3003 servomotor, responsible for the claw’s opening and closing movements. The rising and lowering of the claw is granted by a pair of AX-12 servomotors.
Average power consumption
Since the power necessary to lift the entire claw + the piece of trash is much larger than the power necessary to only close the claw, the power consumption of the closing part is not taken into account. So we will only look at the AX-12 servomotor.
specifications AX-12 servomotor
• Max/idle current - 900/50 mA
• Stall torque - 1.5 Nm
• Recommended voltage = 11.1 V
The weight of the claw is not given, so a similar claw has been found [58]. This claw weighs 123 gram, but is a bit smaller, so the weight of the claw is estimated at around 200 gram. The length of the claw is approximately 25 centimeter. The claw makes a circular motion around the servo so the center of mass of the claw is on average 6.25 centimeter from the rotational point. It is assumed that the center of mass of the piece of garbage will be the same distance from the rotational point as the claw. This information about the claw together with the specifications of the AX-12 servomotor make it possible to calculate the power consumption, as can be seen below.
T_{pick-up} = r \cdot m \cdot g
T_{pick-up} = 0.0625 \cdot (0.212 \cdot 9.81)
T_{pick-up} = 0.130\,
With: T = Torque [Nm], r = distance from rotational point to center of mass [m], g = gravitational accelarion [m/s^2] and m = mass [kg] Then using the fact that the current is proportional to the torque, the current can be calculated.
I_{pick-up} = \frac{T}{T_{stall}} \cdot (I_{max} - I_{idle}) + 2 \cdot I_{idle}
I_{pick-up} = \frac{0.130}{1.5}\cdot0.850 + 0.1
I_{pick-up} = 0.174 \,
With: I = current [A] Now the current and voltage are known so the power needed while picking up litter can be calculated.
P_{pick-up} = U \cdot I
P_{pick-up} = 11.1 \cdot 0.174
P_{pick-up} = 1.93\,
With: P = power [W] and U = Voltage [V]
Now the amount of power needed to pick something up is known, but we also need to know the amount of power used when idling, this can be calculated using the same formula using the idle current.
P_{idle} = U \cdot (2 \cdot I_{idle})
P_{idle} = 11.1 \cdot 0.1
P_{idle} = 1.11\,
The power usage during garbage pick-up and idling are now known. To determine that amount of power the servo’s use on average the relation between pick-up time and idle time needs to be known. For now it is estimated that for every 30 seconds of idling there is 1 second of picking up trash. Which gives us the following average power usage.
P_{avg} = P_{idle} \cdot \frac{30}{31} + P_{pick-up} \cdot \frac{1}{31}
P_{avg} = 1.11 \cdot \frac{30}{31} + 1.93 \cdot \frac{1}{31}
P_{avg} = 1.14 \,
The average power consumption of the litter collection and sand filtration system the claw is 1.14 Watt.
Max power consumption
The peak power consumption occurs when the servo motor will have to deliver the most torque. The most torque has to be delivered when the robot has to collect the heaviest piece of litter, which is assumed to be 1 kilogram and the piece of litter is furthest away from the rotational point, which is 12.5 centimeter.
T_{max} = r \cdot m \cdot g
T_{max} = 0.125 \cdot (1.2 \cdot 9.81)
T_{max} = 1.47\,
With the maximum value of the torque it is possible to calculate the maximum value of the current.
I_{max} = \frac{1.47}{1.5}\cdot0.850 + 0.1
I_{max} = 0.933 \,
With the maximum value of the current the peak power draw can be calculated.
P_{max} = U \cdot I_{max}
P_{max} = 11.1 \cdot 0.933
P_{max} = 10.36 \,
This makes the peak power draw 10.36 Watt.
The total cost of the solution:
• 2x AX-12 servomotors – €89,80- [59]
• 2x Futaba S3003 servomotor - €27,10- [60]
• 1x The claw itself - €50,00- (estimation based on the similar claw and the fact that this one is a bit bigger and has striped metal)
This makes the total cost: €166,90-.
Rake design
A rake design could also be used to collect litter from the beach[61]. Just like the claw design it also already filters the sand from the litter. The rake design uses a 15 Tower Pro servomotor. Since this exact servomotor could not be found a similar one will be used to determine the power consumption. This servomotor is the Tower Pro MG958. Specifications Tower Pro MG958 [62]:
• Max/Idle current = 1600/170 mA
• 1,765 Nm
• 4.8 volt
The weight of the rake is not given, but the material is, which is ULTEM. Since it is similar in size to the claw design, but two times less dense the weight is estimated at 100 gram. The rake is about 30 centimeters long, so the center of mass will be 15 centimeter from the rotational point at the maximum load point and on average 7.5 centimeter during pick-up. Given these specifications about the servo motor and the rake, the maximum, idle and average power consumption can be calculated in the same way as for the claw design.
Pidle = 0.816
Ppickup = 1.14
Pmax = 7.11
Pavg = 0.826
Total cost of solution:
• MG958 = €11,95- [63]
• Rake (based on 100g ULTEM filament) = €32,- [64]
This makes the total cost of the solution €43,95-.
Excavator arm
Excavator arm design design
The excavator arm design is also a possible solution to picking up litter from the beach[65]. It also has holes in it, so that sand gets filtered out. The excavator arm has 3 DOF driven by 6 MG995 servomotors.
Specifications MG995 [66]:
• Max/Idle current = 170/1200 mA
• Stall torque = 1.079 Nm
• Voltage = 6 V
Again the weight of the collection mechanism is not given. However the weight of a MG995 servomotor is 55 gram and the main two motors have to lift 4 others and the arm itself. It is therefore estimated that the collection mechanism weight about 400 gram. The excavator arm fully extended is 40 centimeter long. Since when fully extended most of the weight is at the end of the arm, it is assumed that the center of mass is at max load is at 30 cm from the rotational point. Using the parameters given the maximum torque comes out to be 4.12 [Nm] for the two main servomotors this is more than they can handle. So it is impossible for this design to lift 1 kilogram at full arm extension. This means that for the calculation of the maximum power consumption the two servo’s will be maxed out. It is also assumed that only two servomotors will be working at the same time. Given these specifications about the servo motor and the excavator arm, the maximum, idle and average power consumption can be calculated in the same way as for the other designs.
Pidle = 6.12
Ppickup = 9.59
Pmax = 14.4
Pavg = 6.23
Total cost of the solution:
• 6x MG995 = €53,70-[67]
• Excavator arm = €20,00- (estimation)
This makes the total cost of the excavator arm solution €73,70-.
Three different designs have been discussed, the claw, the rake and the excavator arm. All three of them incorporate sand filtration into their design. The main specifications of these litter collection mechanisms that were looked at were the power consumption and cost. These specifications are summarized in the following table.
Collection mechanism Pidle [W] Ppickup [W] Pmax [W] Pavg [W] Cost [€]
Claw 1.11 1.93 10.4 1.14 166.90
Rake 0.816 1.14 7.11 0.826 43.95
Excavator arm 6.12 9.59 14.4 6.23 73.70
From these values we can conclude that the Claw solution is the most expensive, the excavator arm uses the most energy, while the rake is the most energy efficient. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ The first design decision is the way litter is picked up from the ground.
The list of possibilities include:
• Litter picker/Grappling hook
• Shovel
• Vaccuum cleaner
• Litter stick
In the section below, the pros and cons of the above list are explored and a decision is made based on these.
Litter picker/Grappling hook Litter picking seems a logical option because humans use this technique as well to pick up the litter. The pros are that it is relatively silent and energy efficient way to pick up the litter. The cons are that the stick will be long and thin and therefore not too stirdy, and because there might be electronics in the stick because the downside will need to close, it might not be easy to make it water proof. Also, coordination needs to be very accurate to be able to grab the litter with such a small grabbing area.
Shovel A shovel seems like the easiest solution to solve the area problem of the litter picker. A shovel has a big area and will be able to easily pick up the litter. The cons however are that it will cost much energy to move the shovel through the sand and that it will therefore likely make much noise. Also a lot of sand will be picked up, causing the need of a more advanced sand filter.
Vaccuum cleaner A vaccuum cleaner is what is used most on the streets to pick up litter by robots. This is because it also has the high area to pick up litter just like the shovel idea. The cons on the street are that it costs much energy and makes much noise. This will be the same on the beach, but some extra cons are added. Namely that again a lot of sand will be sucked up rather than the litter.
Litter stick A litter stick is much like a litter picker in the sense that it is cheap and energy efficient, but only has a small area on which it can grab the litter. A con however of the litter stick over the litter picker is that the point must penetrate the litter, which is not possible for every type of litter. The pro however is that the litter stick does not need to be closed to pick up the litter. Another con is that it is more difficult to release the litter from the stick after picking it up rather than just opening up the ending. Another pro is that more than one piece of litter can be picked up without putting it in the internal garbage collector.
Rake The company Dronyx[68] has created a robot to do various tasks on the beach. Their view is to use a rake behind the robot to take items bigger than sand with it. This is power efficient and has a lot of area to pick up the litter, but this will not hold itself to the requirement that the robot should only pick up items that are identified as litter. A way to solve this is to have a camera below the robot and only put the rake on the ground if litter is detected.
Conclusion It is clear that the vaccuum cleaner and shovel solution will likely cost too much energy or make too much noise to keep itself to the specifications made. The choise between a litter stick or a litter picker is more difficult, but the choise was made for the litter picker, because of the pro of making it easier to release the litter into the garbage collector. The Rake idea however has the pros of all of the other ideas, with the only difficulty when to lift it up and when to put it down. This however can be easily solved by smart software that would also be necessary when a litter picker was chosen. Therefore the final decision went to the rake.
Litter storage
The litter should be collected somewhere in or on the robot before it can be moved to be deposited.
Central hub
Energy management
There are several options to provide the energy that the robot requires. The main options that were considered are:
• (On-board) sustainable energy obtainment, e.g.:
• solar cells
• small windmill
• solar heating panel
• Combustion engine
• Electrical power provided via a cable
• (Interchangeable) Rechargeable battery
• Combinations of the options above
The criteria used to assess the different options are:
• Needed space and weight
• Delivered power
• Working time restrictions
• Sustainability
• Inherent restrictions
• Costs
The goal of this project is partly based on the environmental aspects of litter, so designing a robot with a combustion engine would form a sustainability point of view not be a desired option. In general, beaches are places with a lot of wind (and sunlight in the periods that most people are there), making the sustainable energy option even more attractive.
On-board sustainable energy obtainment has the advantage that the robot provides its own energy, and therefore does not have to spend extra time to recharge, to change a battery, to refuel, etcetera. Besides, these options are environmentally friendly. However, the energy obtainment will be dependent on the weather conditions, so that the robot could for example not work properly when there is not enough wind or sunlight, or the robot can never work at night when it runs on solar energy. Another disadvantage is the space needed. The irradiance of sunlight on earth’s surface is of the order 1000 W/m2 [69]. The efficiency of affordable solar panels is up to about 20% nowadays [70], which means that the power supply would be about 200 W/m2. For lifting objects, about 20 W could be enough, but for driving up (small) hills, more power will be required. Assuming a 30° slope and a robot mass (including collected litter) of 20 kg, the force needed is 100 N. To reach a speed of 2 m/s, the power required is 200 W, even without taking acceleration forces, friction forces and extra rotation inertia due to rotating parts as the motor, (caterpillar) wheels, etcetera into account.
This means that a solar panel of at least about 1 m2 would be needed. The weight of a solar panel is about 15 kg/m2 [71], so the solar panel would add a significant amount of weight, and deliver just enough power to lift itself. Of course, the robot would not always have to drive uphill, so the average amount of power required will be lower. Storing the solar energy in a rechargeable battery inside the robot could then be an option. This will also solve the problem that the robot can would not work if there were less sunlight for a short time. However, the battery would also add extra mass and take up space. An on-board windmill would, besides making the construction very instable, lead to similar problems. Therefore, a better option would be a central point from which the robot(s) can obtain their energy. At this point, solar panels and possibly (small) windmills can be placed to obtain energy. It can be connected to the electricity network, so that extra energy can be obtained when needed, and energy can be returned when there is more than enough. A central point would already be needed to collect all the litter from the robots, and could also be a place from which a human operator could possibly control everything.
From this point, the energy can be distributed to the robots in several ways: (1) via a long cable that can extend, comparable to a vacuum cleaner, (2) by recharging the robots at the central point or (3) by recharging batteries that can be placed into the robots by replacing the used battery, which can be recharged at the central station afterwards. The advantages of using a cable are that the robots are not limited in their working time by a shortage of energy, there is no extra space and mass needed on-board of the robot for a battery and there is no time needed to recharge the robot or replace the battery. The disadvantages are that the cables can stick behind objects, can annoy people and limit the working range of the robots because even if the cables would be very long, at a certain point it will cost too much power to pull them through the sand. In short, it is clear that using cables would be very inconvenient.
The two options left both use rechargeable batteries. The choice to make is whether they should be recharged while the robot is at the central point, or while the robot is working and only replace the battery when the robot is at the central point. The advantage of replacing the battery is that it will take less time, so that the robots can work a larger part of the total time. The advantage of recharging the battery is that no system to replace the battery is required. The decision thus depends on whether the extra working time outweighs the extra costs of a battery replacing system.
Battery type comparison
Assuming that the robot requires an average power of 100 W while operating and the robot should be able to operate for half an hour without recharging/replacing the battery, the energy needed is 50 Wh.
For the use of batteries in our robot, they should be as small and light as possible due to the weight and space constraints. Therefore, a high energy density is preferred. Besides, the costs should not be too high. In the table below, the most relevant properties of the most common rechargeable batteries can be found [72][73][74][75][76]. Rechargeable alkaline batteries are not included, since their life-time is very short compared to the other types.
Cell chemistry Nominal Voltage [V] Energy density [Wh/kg] ([Wh/L]) Cost [$/kWh]
Lead-acid 2.1 30 – 40 (60 – 75) 57 – 148
Nickel-cadmium 1.2 30 (100) 300-600
Nickel-metal hydride 1.2 100 (401) 303
Lithium-ion / -polymer 3.6 – 3.7 90 – 265 (333 – 730) 273
The main advantages and disadvantages of the different battery types are summarized below [77][78].
Battery type Advantages Disadvantages
Lead-acid No memory effect Low energy density
Higher discharge rates result in loss of capacity
Environmental hazard (however, they can be recycled)
Nickel-cadmium (NiCad) Inexpensive Low energy density
Almost no loss of capacity at high discharge rates Memory effect
Environmental hazard, recently banned in many applications in Europe [79]
Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) High energy density High self-discharge rate (newer chemistry with low self-discharge rate has a ca. 25% lower energy density)
Long life-time
Lithium-ion / -polymer (Li-ion / LiPo) High energy density Relatively expensive
Very high discharge current Low self-discharge rate
High self-discharge rates would only be a problem if the robot would not be used for a long time. If that would happen, the battery could be recharged or replaced with a small effort. Therefore, the self-discharging properties do not have priority when selecting the battery type. The Nickel-cadmium and Lead-acid batteries will not be chosen because of their relatively low energy densities and environmentally hazardous properties. Lithium battery packs appear to be the most suitable for this application due to both their high energy density. An added advantage is that with the current rise in electric vehicles using this battery chemistry, the price of rechargeable lithium batteries is dropping.
Currently, the price of a lithium ion battery pack is dominated by the price of the cells themselves, making up around 50 percent of the cost[80]. For an estimate of the total battery pack weight including battery management and safety features, we might use the Tesla model S as an example. Tesla's 90kWh model has a battery pack of 540kg. This amounts to around 167 kWh per kg[81].
Energy management
Energy management system diagram
As described before, a solar panel will produce around 200W/m². A good MPTT setup will yield about 90% efficiency[82], meaning that around 180W can be used to charge the battery per square meter of solar panel surface.
Human interaction
Robot algorithm
Formalizing the problem
Before we can discuss any algorithm, it is important to first make the problem explicit. This part describes what the robot does. More precisely, this part looks at the different options of determining which potential litter object needs to be visited next. Therefore the goal of every algorithm is to state the litter object it should go to next.
For testing the different methodology’s, it is assumed in the simulation that there are only two types of objects. One of these is the litter object, and the other is the fake litter object. The robot is able to differentiate between these two objects using its sensors. The sensors however cannot determine with absolute certainty if the object is litter or fake. Rather, for each litter object it assigns a certain probability showing how certain the sensor is that the object is litter. This probability will increase or decrease as the distance to the object decreases, simulating the fact that a sensor can see what something is the closer it is to the object. This probability will further be referred to as litter_chance. The distance from the robot to the litter object is referred to simply as distance and is seen as a property of the litter object.
Greedy algorithm
An algorithmic paradigm that is very robust and works well in circumstances with uncertainty is a greedy algorithm. With a greedy algorithm you make locally optimal choices. This however does not guarantee that it leads to the global optimum, or in other words the best decisions. A simple example of where a greedy algorithm does not necessarily lead to the optimal solution is for the change-making problem. In this problem you need to use as few coins as possible such that they add up to a given amount of money. For example, say that you have the coins 1,5,7 and you need the coins to sum up to 10. The greedy solution would be to use 4 coins, namely 7 + 1 + 1 + 1, where each time you pick the largest coin without going over your target. The optimal solution would however be to pick 5 + 5 where you only use 2 coins. This is a good example which shows that making locally the best choices does not always lead to the optimal solution. Greedy algorithms are also often applied in areas even where they are suboptimal. This has to do with the fact that greedy algorithms are often very fast computationally speaking. Especially when there are many variables to consider, in our case a lot of litter, using a more complex algorithm might require more expensive hardware or simply take too long.
A good greedy rule for our problem might be to simply pick the litter which leads to the lowest distance per chance of finding litter. More formally, you navigate towards the object which has the greatest litter_chance / distance. This means that the robot is indifferent to walking either 1 meter towards an object which is expected to be in 50% of the cases litter or walking 2 meter towards an object with an 100% expected litter chance since in both cases you are expected to find one piece of litter after walking 2 meters. In practice, this may perform even better than one would think due to the fact that the agent is operating in a dynamic task environment. When the parameters of the environment are continuously changing, i.d. litter is thrown away, blown away, or picked up by people, it is very difficult if not impossible to give an optimal solution.
Vector potential field planning
A well-known algorithm for multi-goal planning is Vector Potential Field Planning. This algorithm is able to handle dynamic task environments well. As the name might suggest, it works by putting a positive ‘charge’ on one of the goals. This charge generates a potential field of which the strength attenuates as the distance increases. When the potential fields of two (or more) charges overlaps, the strength is summed. An example of a vector field is shown in Fig.
A big advantage of this algorithm that the agent is automatically more attracted to an area where there is a lot of things to do. This is not something the greedy algorithm does, since it goes to the closest litter object it can find. This means that it will ignore a large group of litter, over one piece of litter if it lies slightly closer. The Vector Potential Field algorithm will however favor the large group, since all the weights are added giving rise to a large potential field in the direction of the large group. In addition, this algorithm is able to easily assign different levels of importance to certain objects. You could give for example let glass shards emit a stronger potential field, making the robot more inclined to clean up the dangerous glass shards over for example plastic.
Traveling Salesman Problem
To get an optimal path for the robot, the Traveling Salesman Problem will need to be solved every time new information is gathered. The TSP is a well-known problem in both mathematics and computer science. It is stated as follows. “if a traveling salesman wishes to visit exactly once each of a list of m cities (where the cost of traveling from city i to city j is c_{ij}) and then return to the home city, what is the least costly route the traveling salesman can take?” [83] In the case of the litter cleaning robot on the beach, the cities will be the litter (close enough to be energy efficient to check out), and the costs would be the utility function of the Litter Detection section. To get the solution, a tree could be made starting at the robots starting position, expanding nodes to every piece of litter close enough to be energy efficient to check out. Those new nodes would be expanded the same way, except that the utility function would be calculated from as if the robot would be in the position of the previous node, without adding new information, and excluding the litter that are parents of the node. This would however create a tree with N! (the factorial of the amount of litter close enough to be energy efficient to check out) nodes. For N’s as little as 10, this would already require almost 4 million nodes. Therefore this technique is neither memory nor time efficient to be used on a beach full of litter.
TSP with cellular decomposition
As realized in [84], a difficult problem such as the Traveling Salesman Problem, can be solved (semi-)optimal by cutting the total coverage of the area into smaller pieces, and solving the difficult problem within those pieces. Afterwards, the problem would be solved between the pieces that already have a solution, making the total solution very close to the optimal (or even optimal) while maintaining an easy solution. In the Traveling Salesman Problem discussed in the previous section, this would mean splitting the map, solving the TSP for the different sections and saving the total utility function gained from that, and then solving the TSP between the sections with the information gained from within the sections. This would reduce the total amount of nodes needed from N! to n*m!+n!, where m is the amount of litter in each section, and n is the amount of sections. This means that splitting for example a beach of with 12 pieces of litter (almost 500 million nodes in the original solution) in 4 blocks of 3 litter pieces (48 nodes), will decrease the computational time and memory by a factor of 10 million. The closer m and n are to each other, the higher the gain from this method, but also the further away the solution will be from the optimal one. The solution will however always be better than the greedy solution, as in the worst case it will be equal to the greedy solution.
Robot cooperation
Integration of subsystems
Final considerations
Task overview & division
Gantt chart
Coaching Questions
Coaching Questions Group 15
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Personal tools
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Homeopathy also homœopathy or homoeopathy; is a form of alternative medicine first defined by Samuel Hahnemann in the 18th century.
According to homeopaths, serial dilution, with shaking between each dilution, removes the toxic effects of the "remedy"
considered important to selecting the remedy.
Claims to the efficacy of homeopathic treatment beyond the placebo effect are unsupported by the collective weight of scientific and clinical evidence.
The lack of convincing scientific evidence supporting its efficacy and its use of remedies without active ingredients have caused homeopathy to be regarded as pseudoscience or quackery. Homeopathic remedies are generally considered safe, with rare exceptions, although homeopaths have been criticized for putting patients at risk by advising them to avoid conventional medicine, such as vaccinations, anti-malarial drugs and antibiotics.
Regardless of whether homeopathic drugs are effective, they may make people feel better via the placebo effect. Thus, like any placebo, such remedies may improve symptoms subject to psychological or behavioral influences such as chronic pain, fatigue, anxiety or depression.
Current usage around the world varies from two percent of people in the United Kingdom and the United States using homeopathy in any one year to 15 percent in India, where it is considered part of Indian traditional medicine. In the UK, the National Health Service runs five homeopathic hospitals, and in the 1990s, between 5.9 and 7.5 percent of English family doctors are reported to have prescribed homeopathic remedies, a figure rising to at least 12 percent in Scotland. However, the number of homeopathic remedies prescribed by GPs in England dropped by over 40% between 2005 and 2007, with homeopathy accounting for only 0.006% of the total prescribing budget.
In 2005, around 100,000 physicians used homeopathy worldwide, making it one of the most popular and widely used complementary therapies.
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By: Liapeng Raliengoane
Despite Lesotho boasting abundant water and thus being known as the water tower of Africa, it is a struggle to get water in some communities due to among other issues: extreme climatic factors and human activities.
‘Malethole Lekarapa from Malimong, Ha-Motsieloa in Berea said that at her village, they used to get water from a spring next to her house but the spring has tried up and they now fetch water from the nearest village’s tank which takes about 30 minutes to reach.
She also explained that due to the distance and geographic location, one needs to have a donkey to go fetch water from that tank. She stated, “in order to get water, we have to wake up very early or at least go to the water tank in the middle of the night. Most of the time, the queue at the tank is heart-wrenching as the tank serves the population from two huge villages. We prioritize when it comes to water usage especially bathing and washing vegetables.”
Lerotholi Polytechnic Water and Engineering Lecturer ‘Mabotle Maphika emphasized that water scarcity is a shortage of water for day-to-day activities, caused by an uneven distribution of water. She declared that even in places where there is a relatively abundant amount of water, scarcity can still exist.
She indicated that the problem is that water scarcity has a great impact on the health and well-being of people. People with lack of water, walk longer distances to get water using jerry cans that will be stored in houses for many days and this results in the breeding mosquitos that may cause waterborne diseases such as Malaria, Cholera and Dengue amongst many other diseases.
“Many times, the safety of water for bathing is overlooked and this affects women and girls in their reproduction related health issues experiencing vaginal infections due to protozoa, viruses and bacteria found in untreated water. Many people respond with a ‘no importance’ answer when asked if there is any importance of safe clean water for bathing. Nitrates from fertilizers tend to reach the ground water bodies, and if this water is consumed by babies with nitrate at the level above 50mg/L, they suffer from a blue-baby syndrome which is a deadly disease,” Maphika further declared.
On the 5th October 2021, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released a report at Geneva on the State of Climate Services (Water) which states that water-related hazards like floods and droughts are increasing because of climate change and that the number of people suffering from water stress is expected to soar, exacerbated by population increase and decreasing availability.
According to figures cited in the report, 3.6 billion people had inadequate access to water at least one month per year in 2018. By 2050, this is expected to rise to more than five billion.
Overall, the world is seriously behind schedule on the UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 (SDG 6) to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
In 2020, 3.6 billion people lacked safely managed sanitation services, 2.3 billion lacked basic hygiene services and more than 2 billion live in water-stressed countries with lack of access to safe drinking water.
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