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The Mountain Boy Range is a mountain range in Eureka County, Nevada.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
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"Nevada"
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Janet E. Petro is an American engineer and civil servant currently serving as the 11th director of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center. She was appointed by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson on June 30, 2021, making her the first woman to serve as director. Petro previously served as deputy director at the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
Education and early life
Born in Michigan, Janet Petro's father moved the family to the Florida space coast when he received a job from NASA to work on the Kennedy Space Center's Mercury and Gemini Programs. She grew up in Satellite Beach and attended Surfside Elementary, DeLaura Middle and Satellite High School. Janet Petro graduated in 1981 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, with a Bachelor of Science in engineering and was in the second class of graduates at West Point to include women. She also has a Master of Science in business administration from Boston University.
Early career
Janet Petro began her career as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army, upon graduation from the US Military Academy. While serving in the Army, she was assigned to the U.S Army's Aviation Branch, where she piloted helicopters and lead troop assignments in Germany. she went on to work for Science Applications International Corporation in various management positions and McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corporation, where she worked as a mechanical engineer and payload specialist before starting at NASA.
Deputy director
As Deputy Director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Janet Petro led in the transition of the center into a multi-user spaceport. For 12-months, she served an appointment at NASA's headquarters in Washington, D.C., as the deputy associate administrator and acting director for the Office of Evaluation where she was responsible for managing cross agency initiatives, assisting in managing the center's 9,000 civil service and contractor employees, and executing NASA space mission operations. Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle Program in 2011, she has aided in helping NASA establish the center's direction as the an efficient multiuser spaceport in the United States. She was also the first woman to hold the position as deputy director.
Awards
In 2018, Janet Petro was selected by the Florida Governor to be inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. In 2019 she was awarded the Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Sammies Management Excellence Medal. She is also the recipient of the President's Distinguished executive award, and the Silver Snoopy Award.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
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30
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"text": [
"engineer"
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|
Janet E. Petro is an American engineer and civil servant currently serving as the 11th director of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center. She was appointed by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson on June 30, 2021, making her the first woman to serve as director. Petro previously served as deputy director at the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
Education and early life
Born in Michigan, Janet Petro's father moved the family to the Florida space coast when he received a job from NASA to work on the Kennedy Space Center's Mercury and Gemini Programs. She grew up in Satellite Beach and attended Surfside Elementary, DeLaura Middle and Satellite High School. Janet Petro graduated in 1981 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, with a Bachelor of Science in engineering and was in the second class of graduates at West Point to include women. She also has a Master of Science in business administration from Boston University.
Early career
Janet Petro began her career as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army, upon graduation from the US Military Academy. While serving in the Army, she was assigned to the U.S Army's Aviation Branch, where she piloted helicopters and lead troop assignments in Germany. she went on to work for Science Applications International Corporation in various management positions and McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corporation, where she worked as a mechanical engineer and payload specialist before starting at NASA.
Deputy director
As Deputy Director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Janet Petro led in the transition of the center into a multi-user spaceport. For 12-months, she served an appointment at NASA's headquarters in Washington, D.C., as the deputy associate administrator and acting director for the Office of Evaluation where she was responsible for managing cross agency initiatives, assisting in managing the center's 9,000 civil service and contractor employees, and executing NASA space mission operations. Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle Program in 2011, she has aided in helping NASA establish the center's direction as the an efficient multiuser spaceport in the United States. She was also the first woman to hold the position as deputy director.
Awards
In 2018, Janet Petro was selected by the Florida Governor to be inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. In 2019 she was awarded the Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Sammies Management Excellence Medal. She is also the recipient of the President's Distinguished executive award, and the Silver Snoopy Award.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
379
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"text": [
"Janet Petro"
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Janet E. Petro is an American engineer and civil servant currently serving as the 11th director of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center. She was appointed by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson on June 30, 2021, making her the first woman to serve as director. Petro previously served as deputy director at the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
Education and early life
Born in Michigan, Janet Petro's father moved the family to the Florida space coast when he received a job from NASA to work on the Kennedy Space Center's Mercury and Gemini Programs. She grew up in Satellite Beach and attended Surfside Elementary, DeLaura Middle and Satellite High School. Janet Petro graduated in 1981 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, with a Bachelor of Science in engineering and was in the second class of graduates at West Point to include women. She also has a Master of Science in business administration from Boston University.
Early career
Janet Petro began her career as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army, upon graduation from the US Military Academy. While serving in the Army, she was assigned to the U.S Army's Aviation Branch, where she piloted helicopters and lead troop assignments in Germany. she went on to work for Science Applications International Corporation in various management positions and McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corporation, where she worked as a mechanical engineer and payload specialist before starting at NASA.
Deputy director
As Deputy Director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Janet Petro led in the transition of the center into a multi-user spaceport. For 12-months, she served an appointment at NASA's headquarters in Washington, D.C., as the deputy associate administrator and acting director for the Office of Evaluation where she was responsible for managing cross agency initiatives, assisting in managing the center's 9,000 civil service and contractor employees, and executing NASA space mission operations. Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle Program in 2011, she has aided in helping NASA establish the center's direction as the an efficient multiuser spaceport in the United States. She was also the first woman to hold the position as deputy director.
Awards
In 2018, Janet Petro was selected by the Florida Governor to be inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. In 2019 she was awarded the Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Sammies Management Excellence Medal. She is also the recipient of the President's Distinguished executive award, and the Silver Snoopy Award.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
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"text": [
"Petro"
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|
Janet E. Petro is an American engineer and civil servant currently serving as the 11th director of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center. She was appointed by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson on June 30, 2021, making her the first woman to serve as director. Petro previously served as deputy director at the John F. Kennedy Space Center.
Education and early life
Born in Michigan, Janet Petro's father moved the family to the Florida space coast when he received a job from NASA to work on the Kennedy Space Center's Mercury and Gemini Programs. She grew up in Satellite Beach and attended Surfside Elementary, DeLaura Middle and Satellite High School. Janet Petro graduated in 1981 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, with a Bachelor of Science in engineering and was in the second class of graduates at West Point to include women. She also has a Master of Science in business administration from Boston University.
Early career
Janet Petro began her career as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army, upon graduation from the US Military Academy. While serving in the Army, she was assigned to the U.S Army's Aviation Branch, where she piloted helicopters and lead troop assignments in Germany. she went on to work for Science Applications International Corporation in various management positions and McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corporation, where she worked as a mechanical engineer and payload specialist before starting at NASA.
Deputy director
As Deputy Director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Janet Petro led in the transition of the center into a multi-user spaceport. For 12-months, she served an appointment at NASA's headquarters in Washington, D.C., as the deputy associate administrator and acting director for the Office of Evaluation where she was responsible for managing cross agency initiatives, assisting in managing the center's 9,000 civil service and contractor employees, and executing NASA space mission operations. Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle Program in 2011, she has aided in helping NASA establish the center's direction as the an efficient multiuser spaceport in the United States. She was also the first woman to hold the position as deputy director.
Awards
In 2018, Janet Petro was selected by the Florida Governor to be inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. In 2019 she was awarded the Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Sammies Management Excellence Medal. She is also the recipient of the President's Distinguished executive award, and the Silver Snoopy Award.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
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0
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"text": [
"Janet"
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|
Paula Irvine (born June 22, 1968) is an American actress. Irvine began acting in 1976 by making guest appearances. In 1988 she starred in Phantasm II playing Liz Reynolds, and in 1990 she also appeared on Beverly Hills, 90210 during the first season as Sheryl and on Growing Pains as Lori McNeil. She is best known for her portrayal of the second Lily Blake Capwell on the NBC daytime drama Santa Barbara from 1991 to 1993.
References
External links
Paula Irvine at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Irvine"
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|
Paula Irvine (born June 22, 1968) is an American actress. Irvine began acting in 1976 by making guest appearances. In 1988 she starred in Phantasm II playing Liz Reynolds, and in 1990 she also appeared on Beverly Hills, 90210 during the first season as Sheryl and on Growing Pains as Lori McNeil. She is best known for her portrayal of the second Lily Blake Capwell on the NBC daytime drama Santa Barbara from 1991 to 1993.
References
External links
Paula Irvine at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Paula"
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|
Susan Estelle Sloan (born April 5, 1958), later known by her married name Susan Kelsey, is a former Canadian competitive swimmer. Sloan won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, by swimming the butterfly leg for the third-place Canadian team in the women's 4x100-metre medley relay, together with teammates Wendy Hogg (backstroke), Robin Corsiglia (breaststroke), and Anne Jardin (freestyle). At the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, she and her Canadian teammates won a bronze medal in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay.
In 2014, Sloan was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
122
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"text": [
"swimmer"
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|
Susan Estelle Sloan (born April 5, 1958), later known by her married name Susan Kelsey, is a former Canadian competitive swimmer. Sloan won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, by swimming the butterfly leg for the third-place Canadian team in the women's 4x100-metre medley relay, together with teammates Wendy Hogg (backstroke), Robin Corsiglia (breaststroke), and Anne Jardin (freestyle). At the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, she and her Canadian teammates won a bronze medal in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay.
In 2014, Sloan was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
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201
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|
Susan Estelle Sloan (born April 5, 1958), later known by her married name Susan Kelsey, is a former Canadian competitive swimmer. Sloan won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, by swimming the butterfly leg for the third-place Canadian team in the women's 4x100-metre medley relay, together with teammates Wendy Hogg (backstroke), Robin Corsiglia (breaststroke), and Anne Jardin (freestyle). At the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, she and her Canadian teammates won a bronze medal in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay.
In 2014, Sloan was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Sloan"
]
}
|
Susan Estelle Sloan (born April 5, 1958), later known by her married name Susan Kelsey, is a former Canadian competitive swimmer. Sloan won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, by swimming the butterfly leg for the third-place Canadian team in the women's 4x100-metre medley relay, together with teammates Wendy Hogg (backstroke), Robin Corsiglia (breaststroke), and Anne Jardin (freestyle). At the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, she and her Canadian teammates won a bronze medal in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay.
In 2014, Sloan was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Estelle"
]
}
|
Susan Estelle Sloan (born April 5, 1958), later known by her married name Susan Kelsey, is a former Canadian competitive swimmer. Sloan won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, by swimming the butterfly leg for the third-place Canadian team in the women's 4x100-metre medley relay, together with teammates Wendy Hogg (backstroke), Robin Corsiglia (breaststroke), and Anne Jardin (freestyle). At the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, she and her Canadian teammates won a bronze medal in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay.
In 2014, Sloan was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"1976 Summer Olympics"
]
}
|
Susan Estelle Sloan (born April 5, 1958), later known by her married name Susan Kelsey, is a former Canadian competitive swimmer. Sloan won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, by swimming the butterfly leg for the third-place Canadian team in the women's 4x100-metre medley relay, together with teammates Wendy Hogg (backstroke), Robin Corsiglia (breaststroke), and Anne Jardin (freestyle). At the 1978 World Championships in Berlin, she and her Canadian teammates won a bronze medal in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay.
In 2014, Sloan was inducted into the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
== References ==
|
birth name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Susan Estelle Sloan"
]
}
|
The 1958 Pacific typhoon season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season had no official bounds, but tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific Ocean normally develop between May and October. The season was below average in storms, with only twenty-three, but there were a high 21 typhoons. In addition to these, there were also nine tropical storms tracked only by the JMA. The season began very early, with a very rare super typhoon in January, Ophelia, and ended in early December with Typhoon Olga.
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1958 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Fleet Weather Center on Guam.
Systems
Typhoon Ophelia
At noon on December 31, a vortex was noted along the Intertropical Convergence Zone about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) south of Hawaii. On January 7, the relatively small tropical storm struck Jaluit Atoll within the southern Marshall Islands, killing 14 people. It rapidly intensified, and reached winds of 140 miles per hour (230 km/h) the next day. Conditions became unfavorable, and steadily weakened to 105 miles per hour (169 km/h) winds. Ponape was struck on January 10, where Ophelia tore off the roof of the United States Weather Bureau office. On January 11, Truk was struck. The Weather Bureau's inflation shelter was destroyed, with other buildings on site severely damaged. On the 12th, favorable conditions allowed Ophelia to reintensify, reaching a peak of 160 miles per hour (260 km/h) on the 13th. Ophelia severely impacted Yap, removing the Weather Bureau office's sheet metal roof and damaging the inflation building, theodolite, and radio antenna. After maintaining that intensity for 18 hours, it quickly weakened as it drifted northward, and dissipated on the 17th. Typhoon Ophelia caused widespread damage on several islands of the Western Pacific. Ophelia also killed nine people when a USAF WB-50 crashed during a recon flight into the storm on January 15.
JMA Tropical Storm Two
Tropical Storm 02 developed on April 29. It struck Philippines before dissipating on the following day.
Typhoon Phyllis
On May 29, Super Typhoon Phyllis attained a peak of 185 miles per hour (298 km/h), the strongest typhoon on record in May at the time. Phyllis remained over open waters, and dissipated on June 2, southeast of Japan.
JMA Tropical Storm Four
Tropical Storm 04 developed in the South China Sea on May 26. It struck the Chinese province of Guangdong and Hainan, before dissipating on June 6.
Typhoon Rita
Typhoon Rita existed from June 7 to June 13 in which it didn't bring any significant damage to land.
JMA Tropical Storm Six
Tropical Storm 06 developed on June 8. It crossed the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, before dissipating on June 13.
Typhoon Susan
Typhoon Susan existed from June 13 to June 17.
Typhoon Tess
Typhoon Tess developed in the vicinity of the Federated States of Micronesia on June 28. The storm moved generally west-northwestward and northwestward, reaching the Ryukyu Islands before dissipating on July 6.
Typhoon Viola
Typhoon Viola existed from July 8 to July 14.
Typhoon Winnie
Tropical Storm Winnie formed on July 12 to the east of Luzon. It moved northwestward, rapidly intensifying to a Category 4 typhoon within 12 hours. The typhoon weakened slightly, but rapidly strengthened to a 175-mile-per-hour (282 km/h) super typhoon just before hitting eastern Taiwan on the 15th. Winnie rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain, and after crossing the Formosa Strait Winnie hit southeastern China. It continued to weaken over land, and dissipated on the 17th. Winnie caused 31 casualties and 53 injuries in Taiwan while crossing.
Typhoon Betty
Typhoon Betty existed in the South China Sea from July 13 to July 16.
Typhoon Alice
Tropical Storm Alice developed on July 14 in the open western Pacific Ocean. It moved to the northwest and attained typhoon status on the 16th. Alice rapidly intensified on the 19th to a 150-mile-per-hour (240 km/h) super typhoon, and after turning to the northeast it weakened. Alice hit southeastern Japan on the 22nd, and became extratropical on the 24th near the Kamchatka Peninsula.Shortly after Typhoon Alice made landfall, storm surges occurred in Tokyo Bay, causing floods in Kōtō and Edogawa on Shitamachi region. In the area of Kameido (now a station), storm surge in Tokyo Bay reached 2.89 meters in height. Storm surges caused flooding of rivers around Tokyo Bay that damaged 21 ships, damaged 27,673 hectare of crops, destroyed 1,089 and inundated 46,243 houses. Alice caused the deaths of 26 people in total, injuring 64 people and 14 people went missing.
JMA Tropical Storm Fourteen
Tropical Storm Fourteen developed in the South China Sea on July 19. It struck Fujian before dissipating on July 25.
Typhoon Doris
Typhoon Doris existed from July 22 to July 29.
JMA Tropical Storm Sixteen
Typhoon 16 developed in the South China Sea on August 5. It struck China before dissipating on August 11.
Typhoon Elsie
Typhoon Elsie existed from August 4 to August 9.
Typhoon Flossie
On August 21, a tropical depression formed in the open ocean and moved northward. It reached tropical storm status later that day, and attained typhoon strength on the 22nd. Flossie peaked at 105 miles per hour (169 km/h) on the 22nd, and weakened to a 70-mile-per-hour (110 km/h) tropical storm just before hitting the southeastern coast of Japan on the 25th. Flossie turned to the east, and after becoming extratropical on the 26th the storm dissipated on the 27th. The storm caused 15 casualties (with 30 missing) and 39 injuries in Tokyo.
JMA Tropical Storm Eighteen
Tropical Storm 18 existed from August 25 to August 31.
Typhoon Grace
Another typhoon developed in the vicinity of the Federated States of Micronesia on August 29. The system moved northwestward and eventually strengthened into a super typhoon. Grace peaked with a minimum barometric pressure of 905 mbar (26.7 inHg). It later struck Zhejiang before becoming extratropical on September 5.
JMA Tropical Storm Twenty
Tropical Storm 24 existed from September 2 to September 13.
Typhoon Helen
Typhoon Helen, which formed on September 9, rapidly intensified to a 175-mile-per-hour (282 km/h) super typhoon on the 14th. It moved to the northeast, and steadily weakened until hitting southeastern Japan as a 105-mile-per-hour (169 km/h) typhoon on the 17th. It paralleled the Japanese coastline, and after turning northward it became extratropical on the 19th in the Sea of Okhotsk. Helen's effects caused 24 fatalities (with 44 missing) and 108 injuries.
Typhoon Ida
On September 20, Tropical Storm Ida formed in the central Western Pacific. It moved to the west, rapidly strengthening to a 115-mile-per-hour (185 km/h) typhoon by the next day. On the 22nd Ida turned to the north and quickly intensified, reaching super typhoon status on the 23rd and peak winds of 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) on the 24th. Such winds are speculative, due to the lack of satellite or quality in measurements, but Ida was likely a formidable typhoon with a record low pressure (at the time) of 877 mbar. Ida weakened as it continued to the north-northeast, and made landfall on southeastern Honshū with winds of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) on the 26th. It became extratropical the next day, and dissipated on the 28th to the east of the country. Ida caused torrential flooding to southeastern Japan, resulting in over 1,900 mudslides. Damage along the coastline was extensive, including two small villages that were washed away completely. Nearly 500,000 were left homeless, 888 were killed, 496 were injured, and 381 were missing from the storm.
Typhoon June
Typhoon June existed from September 20 to September 22. It briefly crossed the dateline similar to hurricane Patsy in the 1959 pacific hurricane season.
JMA Tropical Storm Twenty-four
Tropical Storm 24 existed from September 24 to September 29.
Typhoon Kathy
Typhoon Kathy developed just east of the Philippines on October 21. It moved across the islands and entered the South China Sea. There, the system strengthened, and subsequently dissipated on October 27.
Typhoon Lorna
Typhoon Lorna existed from October 23 to November 3.
Typhoon Marie
Typhoon Marie existed from October 26 to November 3.
Typhoon Nancy
Typhoon Nancy developed near Palau on November 21. The system strengthened into a super typhoon, peaking with a minimum barometric pressure of 920 mbar (27 inHg). Nancy dissipated on November 26.
Tropical Storm Pamela
Tropical Storm Pamela existed from November 30 to December 4.
Typhoon Olga
Typhoon Olga existed from December 2 to December 8.
JMA Tropical Storm Thirty-one
Typhoon 31 existed from December 9 to December 12.
Storm names
See also
List of Pacific typhoon seasons
1950s South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
1950s Australian region cyclone seasons
South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1957–58 1958–59
References
External links
[1]
Japan Meteorological Agency
Joint Typhoon Warning Center Archived 2010-03-01 at the Wayback Machine.
China Meteorological Agency
National Weather Service Guam
Hong Kong Observatory
Macau Meteorological Geophysical Services
Korea Meteorological Agency
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
Digital Typhoon - Typhoon Images and Information
Typhoon2000 Philippine typhoon website
|
Commons category
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Arkansas High School is a public secondary school in Texarkana in Miller County in southwestern Arkansas. The school serves students from ninth through twelve grade and is administered by the Texarkana Arkansas School District.
Academics
The assumed course of study is the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). Students may complete regular courses and exams and may select Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams that provide an opportunity for college credit. Arkansas High School maintains a partnership with University of Arkansas Community College at Hope (UACCH) for students to complete college coursework and receive concurrent credit.
Athletics
The Arkansas High School mascot and athletic emblem is the Razorback with red and white serving as the school colors. The high school mascot of the Razorback was selected in 1910 to replace the Cardinal as the University of Arkansas mascot. In exchange for its use, the university provided used athletic gear; the practice is no longer continued.
As of 2018, the Arkansas High Razorbacks participate in interscholastic sports within class 5A, administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Razorbacks compete in football, volleyball (girls only), basketball (boys/girls), bowling (boys/girls), cross country (boys/girls), golf (boys only), soccer (boys/girls), softball, competitive cheer and dance, tennis (boys/girls), track & field (boys/girls), baseball, and fastpitch softball.
Football
The Razorback football teams have seen success throughout the years, including winning three consecutive state championships in 1973, 1974 and 1975, then winning the first two 6A state championships in 2006 and 2007 and in 2010 made a surprise run with a 4-6 regular season record, went on the play El Dorado in the championship game only to fall short 31-21 ending the season 7-7. Currently, the Razorbacks are coached by Barry Norton, who most recently coached at archrival Texas High School.
Baseball
The Razorback baseball team is one of the state's most successful with 13 state championship title game appearances and five state championships (1976, 1982, 1994, 2000, 2007). As of 2011–12, the Razorbacks have been to 33 state tournaments, 20 state semifinals, and winners of 58 state tournament games.
Track and field
The Razorback boys track and field squads have lifted the state championship trophy on thirteen occasions (1959, 1978–80, 1993–94, 1996,2013-2017, 2021). The Lady Razorback girls track and field teams have led the school to six state championships (1996–97, 2008–10, 2012–14.)
Gymnastics
Prior to gymnastics ending as an Arkansas high school sport in 2006–07, the gymnastics team won four consecutive state championships (1975–78).
Notable alumni
The following are notable people associated with Arkansas High School. If the person was an Arkansas High School student, the number in parentheses indicates the year of graduation; if the person was a faculty or staff member, that person's title and years of association are included:
Billy Bock (Educator/coach) — Late college and high school coach; led Razorbacks to 1982 state baseball title.
Mike Cherry—Drafted by the New York Giants in the 6th round (171st overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft.
Hayes McClerkin - Member of Arkansas House of Representatives (1960-1970), law professor.
Carol Dalby - member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 2017 to present
Dennis Johnson (running back) (2008)— Former NFL running back with the Houston Texans and Cleveland Browns.
George Lavender (1973)—Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Texarkana, Texas.
Tony McKnight - (MLB Player)
Dustin Moseley - (MLB Player) Drafted by the Reds, in the 2000 mlb draft played for the Angels, Yankees and Padres before retiring
Rod Smith—Retired professional football player who won two Super Bowls as a member of the Denver Broncos.
Eric Warfield (American Football) Drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 7th round (216th overall) of the 1998 NFL Draft.
Dennis Woodberry (American Football) Drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the 3rd round of the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players.
References
External links
Official website
|
instance of
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Arkansas High School is a public secondary school in Texarkana in Miller County in southwestern Arkansas. The school serves students from ninth through twelve grade and is administered by the Texarkana Arkansas School District.
Academics
The assumed course of study is the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). Students may complete regular courses and exams and may select Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams that provide an opportunity for college credit. Arkansas High School maintains a partnership with University of Arkansas Community College at Hope (UACCH) for students to complete college coursework and receive concurrent credit.
Athletics
The Arkansas High School mascot and athletic emblem is the Razorback with red and white serving as the school colors. The high school mascot of the Razorback was selected in 1910 to replace the Cardinal as the University of Arkansas mascot. In exchange for its use, the university provided used athletic gear; the practice is no longer continued.
As of 2018, the Arkansas High Razorbacks participate in interscholastic sports within class 5A, administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Razorbacks compete in football, volleyball (girls only), basketball (boys/girls), bowling (boys/girls), cross country (boys/girls), golf (boys only), soccer (boys/girls), softball, competitive cheer and dance, tennis (boys/girls), track & field (boys/girls), baseball, and fastpitch softball.
Football
The Razorback football teams have seen success throughout the years, including winning three consecutive state championships in 1973, 1974 and 1975, then winning the first two 6A state championships in 2006 and 2007 and in 2010 made a surprise run with a 4-6 regular season record, went on the play El Dorado in the championship game only to fall short 31-21 ending the season 7-7. Currently, the Razorbacks are coached by Barry Norton, who most recently coached at archrival Texas High School.
Baseball
The Razorback baseball team is one of the state's most successful with 13 state championship title game appearances and five state championships (1976, 1982, 1994, 2000, 2007). As of 2011–12, the Razorbacks have been to 33 state tournaments, 20 state semifinals, and winners of 58 state tournament games.
Track and field
The Razorback boys track and field squads have lifted the state championship trophy on thirteen occasions (1959, 1978–80, 1993–94, 1996,2013-2017, 2021). The Lady Razorback girls track and field teams have led the school to six state championships (1996–97, 2008–10, 2012–14.)
Gymnastics
Prior to gymnastics ending as an Arkansas high school sport in 2006–07, the gymnastics team won four consecutive state championships (1975–78).
Notable alumni
The following are notable people associated with Arkansas High School. If the person was an Arkansas High School student, the number in parentheses indicates the year of graduation; if the person was a faculty or staff member, that person's title and years of association are included:
Billy Bock (Educator/coach) — Late college and high school coach; led Razorbacks to 1982 state baseball title.
Mike Cherry—Drafted by the New York Giants in the 6th round (171st overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft.
Hayes McClerkin - Member of Arkansas House of Representatives (1960-1970), law professor.
Carol Dalby - member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 2017 to present
Dennis Johnson (running back) (2008)— Former NFL running back with the Houston Texans and Cleveland Browns.
George Lavender (1973)—Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Texarkana, Texas.
Tony McKnight - (MLB Player)
Dustin Moseley - (MLB Player) Drafted by the Reds, in the 2000 mlb draft played for the Angels, Yankees and Padres before retiring
Rod Smith—Retired professional football player who won two Super Bowls as a member of the Denver Broncos.
Eric Warfield (American Football) Drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 7th round (216th overall) of the 1998 NFL Draft.
Dennis Woodberry (American Football) Drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the 3rd round of the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players.
References
External links
Official website
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
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Arkansas High School is a public secondary school in Texarkana in Miller County in southwestern Arkansas. The school serves students from ninth through twelve grade and is administered by the Texarkana Arkansas School District.
Academics
The assumed course of study is the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). Students may complete regular courses and exams and may select Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams that provide an opportunity for college credit. Arkansas High School maintains a partnership with University of Arkansas Community College at Hope (UACCH) for students to complete college coursework and receive concurrent credit.
Athletics
The Arkansas High School mascot and athletic emblem is the Razorback with red and white serving as the school colors. The high school mascot of the Razorback was selected in 1910 to replace the Cardinal as the University of Arkansas mascot. In exchange for its use, the university provided used athletic gear; the practice is no longer continued.
As of 2018, the Arkansas High Razorbacks participate in interscholastic sports within class 5A, administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Razorbacks compete in football, volleyball (girls only), basketball (boys/girls), bowling (boys/girls), cross country (boys/girls), golf (boys only), soccer (boys/girls), softball, competitive cheer and dance, tennis (boys/girls), track & field (boys/girls), baseball, and fastpitch softball.
Football
The Razorback football teams have seen success throughout the years, including winning three consecutive state championships in 1973, 1974 and 1975, then winning the first two 6A state championships in 2006 and 2007 and in 2010 made a surprise run with a 4-6 regular season record, went on the play El Dorado in the championship game only to fall short 31-21 ending the season 7-7. Currently, the Razorbacks are coached by Barry Norton, who most recently coached at archrival Texas High School.
Baseball
The Razorback baseball team is one of the state's most successful with 13 state championship title game appearances and five state championships (1976, 1982, 1994, 2000, 2007). As of 2011–12, the Razorbacks have been to 33 state tournaments, 20 state semifinals, and winners of 58 state tournament games.
Track and field
The Razorback boys track and field squads have lifted the state championship trophy on thirteen occasions (1959, 1978–80, 1993–94, 1996,2013-2017, 2021). The Lady Razorback girls track and field teams have led the school to six state championships (1996–97, 2008–10, 2012–14.)
Gymnastics
Prior to gymnastics ending as an Arkansas high school sport in 2006–07, the gymnastics team won four consecutive state championships (1975–78).
Notable alumni
The following are notable people associated with Arkansas High School. If the person was an Arkansas High School student, the number in parentheses indicates the year of graduation; if the person was a faculty or staff member, that person's title and years of association are included:
Billy Bock (Educator/coach) — Late college and high school coach; led Razorbacks to 1982 state baseball title.
Mike Cherry—Drafted by the New York Giants in the 6th round (171st overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft.
Hayes McClerkin - Member of Arkansas House of Representatives (1960-1970), law professor.
Carol Dalby - member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 2017 to present
Dennis Johnson (running back) (2008)— Former NFL running back with the Houston Texans and Cleveland Browns.
George Lavender (1973)—Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Texarkana, Texas.
Tony McKnight - (MLB Player)
Dustin Moseley - (MLB Player) Drafted by the Reds, in the 2000 mlb draft played for the Angels, Yankees and Padres before retiring
Rod Smith—Retired professional football player who won two Super Bowls as a member of the Denver Broncos.
Eric Warfield (American Football) Drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 7th round (216th overall) of the 1998 NFL Draft.
Dennis Woodberry (American Football) Drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the 3rd round of the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players.
References
External links
Official website
|
school district
|
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The Dime Savings and Trust Company, also known as the First Valley Bank, is an historic bank building located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1925, and is a "T"-shaped, five-story red brick building.
The base is sheathed in limestone, and the distinctive brick and limestone attic level is reflective of the Art Deco style.It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
History
Drawing on the name of a bank from the 1840s, the Dime Savings and Trust Company was founded in 1921 as the fifth largest bank in Allentown. Dime Savings building was one of three principal buildings in Allentown's central business district; the other two were Americus Hotel and the PPL Building, all which were all built in the same two-year span and reflected the Art Deco design trends then popular in Allentown and the New York City regions.
The interior main banking room is one of the best-preserved monumental banking rooms of its day in the Allentown region. Occupying the full width of the front wing, it extends back beyond the elevator core. At the rear, it is spanned by a balcony that marks the full two stories of the room, which is accented by a blind niche framed by engaged piers and consoles. The room itself is surrounded by a deep, dentelle cornice, similar to that of the exterior, which, with the arcaded walls, completes the sense of a monumental masonry space that was common to major banks of the era. In addition, a pair of handsome Art Deco bronze chandeliers with fluted sides are suspended from the ceiling at each end of the room.
At the start of the 1930 Depression, the bank was one of the largest in the city; by 1932, however, it had failed, leaving only its building as a reminder of its former success. After the bank's failure, the Dime Savings and Trust Company building spent most of its existence vacant while a series of owners tried and failed to find ways to use it.
Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, the monumental first floor room was renovated in 1991 by a private owner, who was subsequently recognized by city leaders for his restoration efforts. It housed an antique market for a few years and survived the catastrophic sinkhole-caused collapse of its adjacent neighbor Corporate Plaza (22 North Seventh Street) on February 23, 1994.
Since then, ownership has changed hands several times, but the building remains vacant. Owned for a time by developer Abe Atiyeh, it was put it up for auction on eBay in 2001. A Philadelphia-based creator of upscale furniture then purchased it in 2004, planning a combination restaurant/furniture showroom, only to abandon that plan in 2007.
Redevelopment
The building was renovated as part of the PPL Center project that began construction in 2012. The structure was incorporated into the Arena complex. The Dime Bank Building is used as the lobby for the 170-room Marriott Renaissance Hotel that is attached to the arena. Its two-story foyer, once the main banking area, houses the front desk and upper floors include offices and meeting space for the arena operators.During the construction of the arena, the foundation was underpinned, and the building received additional stabilization. The facade was repaired with appropriate control joints, masonry supports and drainage that replaced systems failing in the current structure. New roofing and windows were installed, adding energy efficiency but designed to match the existing look.However, because of leaking bricks, the arena owners decided to strip the exterior above the first floor off the building, down to its steel structural skeleton. The building's existing columns and beams were reinforced with steel plates to support new uses as the Dime Bank was incorporated into the arena. Lost was the iconic attic story, in classic art deco style. Also lost was the beautiful ornate ceiling in the monumental banking chamber.The remaining parts of the building were incorporated into the Renaissance hotel, which opened in the summer of 2015. The on-site restaurant is named "The Dime" in recognition of the bank.
See also
Allentown National Bank
List of historic places in Allentown, Pennsylvania
References
External links
Media related to Dime Savings and Trust (Allentown, Pennsylvania) at Wikimedia Commons
|
instance of
|
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The Dime Savings and Trust Company, also known as the First Valley Bank, is an historic bank building located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1925, and is a "T"-shaped, five-story red brick building.
The base is sheathed in limestone, and the distinctive brick and limestone attic level is reflective of the Art Deco style.It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
History
Drawing on the name of a bank from the 1840s, the Dime Savings and Trust Company was founded in 1921 as the fifth largest bank in Allentown. Dime Savings building was one of three principal buildings in Allentown's central business district; the other two were Americus Hotel and the PPL Building, all which were all built in the same two-year span and reflected the Art Deco design trends then popular in Allentown and the New York City regions.
The interior main banking room is one of the best-preserved monumental banking rooms of its day in the Allentown region. Occupying the full width of the front wing, it extends back beyond the elevator core. At the rear, it is spanned by a balcony that marks the full two stories of the room, which is accented by a blind niche framed by engaged piers and consoles. The room itself is surrounded by a deep, dentelle cornice, similar to that of the exterior, which, with the arcaded walls, completes the sense of a monumental masonry space that was common to major banks of the era. In addition, a pair of handsome Art Deco bronze chandeliers with fluted sides are suspended from the ceiling at each end of the room.
At the start of the 1930 Depression, the bank was one of the largest in the city; by 1932, however, it had failed, leaving only its building as a reminder of its former success. After the bank's failure, the Dime Savings and Trust Company building spent most of its existence vacant while a series of owners tried and failed to find ways to use it.
Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, the monumental first floor room was renovated in 1991 by a private owner, who was subsequently recognized by city leaders for his restoration efforts. It housed an antique market for a few years and survived the catastrophic sinkhole-caused collapse of its adjacent neighbor Corporate Plaza (22 North Seventh Street) on February 23, 1994.
Since then, ownership has changed hands several times, but the building remains vacant. Owned for a time by developer Abe Atiyeh, it was put it up for auction on eBay in 2001. A Philadelphia-based creator of upscale furniture then purchased it in 2004, planning a combination restaurant/furniture showroom, only to abandon that plan in 2007.
Redevelopment
The building was renovated as part of the PPL Center project that began construction in 2012. The structure was incorporated into the Arena complex. The Dime Bank Building is used as the lobby for the 170-room Marriott Renaissance Hotel that is attached to the arena. Its two-story foyer, once the main banking area, houses the front desk and upper floors include offices and meeting space for the arena operators.During the construction of the arena, the foundation was underpinned, and the building received additional stabilization. The facade was repaired with appropriate control joints, masonry supports and drainage that replaced systems failing in the current structure. New roofing and windows were installed, adding energy efficiency but designed to match the existing look.However, because of leaking bricks, the arena owners decided to strip the exterior above the first floor off the building, down to its steel structural skeleton. The building's existing columns and beams were reinforced with steel plates to support new uses as the Dime Bank was incorporated into the arena. Lost was the iconic attic story, in classic art deco style. Also lost was the beautiful ornate ceiling in the monumental banking chamber.The remaining parts of the building were incorporated into the Renaissance hotel, which opened in the summer of 2015. The on-site restaurant is named "The Dime" in recognition of the bank.
See also
Allentown National Bank
List of historic places in Allentown, Pennsylvania
References
External links
Media related to Dime Savings and Trust (Allentown, Pennsylvania) at Wikimedia Commons
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
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124
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|
The Dime Savings and Trust Company, also known as the First Valley Bank, is an historic bank building located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1925, and is a "T"-shaped, five-story red brick building.
The base is sheathed in limestone, and the distinctive brick and limestone attic level is reflective of the Art Deco style.It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
History
Drawing on the name of a bank from the 1840s, the Dime Savings and Trust Company was founded in 1921 as the fifth largest bank in Allentown. Dime Savings building was one of three principal buildings in Allentown's central business district; the other two were Americus Hotel and the PPL Building, all which were all built in the same two-year span and reflected the Art Deco design trends then popular in Allentown and the New York City regions.
The interior main banking room is one of the best-preserved monumental banking rooms of its day in the Allentown region. Occupying the full width of the front wing, it extends back beyond the elevator core. At the rear, it is spanned by a balcony that marks the full two stories of the room, which is accented by a blind niche framed by engaged piers and consoles. The room itself is surrounded by a deep, dentelle cornice, similar to that of the exterior, which, with the arcaded walls, completes the sense of a monumental masonry space that was common to major banks of the era. In addition, a pair of handsome Art Deco bronze chandeliers with fluted sides are suspended from the ceiling at each end of the room.
At the start of the 1930 Depression, the bank was one of the largest in the city; by 1932, however, it had failed, leaving only its building as a reminder of its former success. After the bank's failure, the Dime Savings and Trust Company building spent most of its existence vacant while a series of owners tried and failed to find ways to use it.
Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, the monumental first floor room was renovated in 1991 by a private owner, who was subsequently recognized by city leaders for his restoration efforts. It housed an antique market for a few years and survived the catastrophic sinkhole-caused collapse of its adjacent neighbor Corporate Plaza (22 North Seventh Street) on February 23, 1994.
Since then, ownership has changed hands several times, but the building remains vacant. Owned for a time by developer Abe Atiyeh, it was put it up for auction on eBay in 2001. A Philadelphia-based creator of upscale furniture then purchased it in 2004, planning a combination restaurant/furniture showroom, only to abandon that plan in 2007.
Redevelopment
The building was renovated as part of the PPL Center project that began construction in 2012. The structure was incorporated into the Arena complex. The Dime Bank Building is used as the lobby for the 170-room Marriott Renaissance Hotel that is attached to the arena. Its two-story foyer, once the main banking area, houses the front desk and upper floors include offices and meeting space for the arena operators.During the construction of the arena, the foundation was underpinned, and the building received additional stabilization. The facade was repaired with appropriate control joints, masonry supports and drainage that replaced systems failing in the current structure. New roofing and windows were installed, adding energy efficiency but designed to match the existing look.However, because of leaking bricks, the arena owners decided to strip the exterior above the first floor off the building, down to its steel structural skeleton. The building's existing columns and beams were reinforced with steel plates to support new uses as the Dime Bank was incorporated into the arena. Lost was the iconic attic story, in classic art deco style. Also lost was the beautiful ornate ceiling in the monumental banking chamber.The remaining parts of the building were incorporated into the Renaissance hotel, which opened in the summer of 2015. The on-site restaurant is named "The Dime" in recognition of the bank.
See also
Allentown National Bank
List of historic places in Allentown, Pennsylvania
References
External links
Media related to Dime Savings and Trust (Allentown, Pennsylvania) at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
|
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Yintian Town (simplified Chinese: 银田镇; traditional Chinese: 銀田鎮; pinyin: Yíntián Zhèn) is a rural town in Shaoshan City, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China. As of the 2000 census it had a population of 19,560 and an area of 28 square kilometres (11 sq mi).
Administrative division
The town is divided into eleven villages and a community: Yintianzhen Community (银田镇社区), Qingshi Village (青石村), South Village (南村), Chayuan Village (茶园村), Aoshi Village (鳌石村), Fengjia Village (凤家村), Changtian Village (长田村), Nanhu Village (南湖村), Sanhua Village (三华村), Xifeng Village (夕丰村), Beituo Village (北托村), and Huaixing Village (槐星村).
Geography
The Longgu Mountain (龙骨岭) is a scenic spot in the town, the highest point of the mountain, measures 158.2 metres (519 ft).
Economy
The region abounds with coal, limestone, and sepiolite.
Transportation
Expressway
The Shaoshan Expressway, which runs east through to Nanzhushan Town of Xiangtan County and the west through Qingxi Town to Ningxiang. Its eastern terminus is at G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway and its northern terminus is at Changsha-Shaoshan-Loudi Expressway.
Provincial Highway
The S208 Provincial Highway (S208省道) runs through the town.
Railway
The Shaoshan railway, from Xiangshao station of Xiangtan County to Shaoshan station in the town.
Attractions
Yintian Temple (银田寺), built in 1459, in the third year of the age of Tianshun of Emperor Yingzong, is a Buddhism temple and scenic spot.
References
== External links ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
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"Shaoshan"
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|
Yintian Town (simplified Chinese: 银田镇; traditional Chinese: 銀田鎮; pinyin: Yíntián Zhèn) is a rural town in Shaoshan City, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China. As of the 2000 census it had a population of 19,560 and an area of 28 square kilometres (11 sq mi).
Administrative division
The town is divided into eleven villages and a community: Yintianzhen Community (银田镇社区), Qingshi Village (青石村), South Village (南村), Chayuan Village (茶园村), Aoshi Village (鳌石村), Fengjia Village (凤家村), Changtian Village (长田村), Nanhu Village (南湖村), Sanhua Village (三华村), Xifeng Village (夕丰村), Beituo Village (北托村), and Huaixing Village (槐星村).
Geography
The Longgu Mountain (龙骨岭) is a scenic spot in the town, the highest point of the mountain, measures 158.2 metres (519 ft).
Economy
The region abounds with coal, limestone, and sepiolite.
Transportation
Expressway
The Shaoshan Expressway, which runs east through to Nanzhushan Town of Xiangtan County and the west through Qingxi Town to Ningxiang. Its eastern terminus is at G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway and its northern terminus is at Changsha-Shaoshan-Loudi Expressway.
Provincial Highway
The S208 Provincial Highway (S208省道) runs through the town.
Railway
The Shaoshan railway, from Xiangshao station of Xiangtan County to Shaoshan station in the town.
Attractions
Yintian Temple (银田寺), built in 1459, in the third year of the age of Tianshun of Emperor Yingzong, is a Buddhism temple and scenic spot.
References
== External links ==
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"银田镇"
]
}
|
Yintian Town (simplified Chinese: 银田镇; traditional Chinese: 銀田鎮; pinyin: Yíntián Zhèn) is a rural town in Shaoshan City, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China. As of the 2000 census it had a population of 19,560 and an area of 28 square kilometres (11 sq mi).
Administrative division
The town is divided into eleven villages and a community: Yintianzhen Community (银田镇社区), Qingshi Village (青石村), South Village (南村), Chayuan Village (茶园村), Aoshi Village (鳌石村), Fengjia Village (凤家村), Changtian Village (长田村), Nanhu Village (南湖村), Sanhua Village (三华村), Xifeng Village (夕丰村), Beituo Village (北托村), and Huaixing Village (槐星村).
Geography
The Longgu Mountain (龙骨岭) is a scenic spot in the town, the highest point of the mountain, measures 158.2 metres (519 ft).
Economy
The region abounds with coal, limestone, and sepiolite.
Transportation
Expressway
The Shaoshan Expressway, which runs east through to Nanzhushan Town of Xiangtan County and the west through Qingxi Town to Ningxiang. Its eastern terminus is at G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway and its northern terminus is at Changsha-Shaoshan-Loudi Expressway.
Provincial Highway
The S208 Provincial Highway (S208省道) runs through the town.
Railway
The Shaoshan railway, from Xiangshao station of Xiangtan County to Shaoshan station in the town.
Attractions
Yintian Temple (银田寺), built in 1459, in the third year of the age of Tianshun of Emperor Yingzong, is a Buddhism temple and scenic spot.
References
== External links ==
|
area
|
{
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|
Big Sur Station is a multiagency visitor center and ranger station operated by Caltrans, the Los Padres National Forest, and California State Parks. It is approximately 26 miles south of Carmel, California near Big Sur, California.
It serves as the western terminus of the 23 mile Pine Ridge Trail.
Services
Trailhead
Visitor Center - open 9:30 AM to 4:30 PM 831.667.2315
Restrooms
Overnight Parking ($5/day)36.24772°N 121.78191°W / 36.24772; -121.78191
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
125
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"text": [
"California"
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|
Muhammad Taufiq bin Ghani (born 19 November 1989) is a Singaporean football player who plays for Geylang International in the S.League.
Club career
In 2013, Taufiq played for Geylang International. In 2014, he played for Woodlands Wellington. After playing for Hougang for the 2015 season, Taufiq has since returned to Geylang International in 2016.
References
External links
Singapore - T. Ghani - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway
|
place of birth
|
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Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
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"text": [
"year"
]
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|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
followed by
|
{
"answer_start": [
3507
],
"text": [
"637"
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}
|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"636"
]
}
|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
numeric value
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"636"
]
}
|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
code
|
{
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"DCXXXVI"
]
}
|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
KIT Linked Open Numbers ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"636"
]
}
|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
prime factor
|
{
"answer_start": [
1077
],
"text": [
"2"
]
}
|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
number of decimal digits
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"3"
]
}
|
Year 636 (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, ‘Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy’.
Central America
April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.
Europe
Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.
Arabia
August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).
Asia
The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
By topic
Literature
The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang Dynasty.
Religion
Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.
Births
Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
Deaths
April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
Arioald, king of the Lombards
Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
References
=== Sources ===
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"636"
]
}
|
The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and quality of life, including positive and negative affects, well-being, life satisfaction and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other social sciences, like sociology and psychology, as well as physical health. It typically treats subjective happiness-related measures, as well as more objective quality of life indices, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized.
The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure happiness and related concepts, as well as quality of life. Happiness findings have been described as a challenge to the theory and practice of economics. Nevertheless, furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified Index to measure it, has been adopted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan in 2008, to guide its economic governance.
Subject classifications
The subject may be categorized in various ways, depending on specificity, intersection, and cross-classification. For example, within the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes, it has been categorized under:
Welfare economics at JEL: D63 – Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
Health, education, and welfare at JEL: I31 – General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness
Demographic economics at JEL:J18 – Public policy.
Metrology
Given its very nature, reported happiness is subjective. It is difficult to compare one person's happiness with another's. It can be especially difficult to compare happiness across cultures. However, many happiness economists believe they have solved this comparison problem. Cross-sections of large data samples across nations and time demonstrate consistent patterns in the determinants of happiness.Happiness is typically measured using subjective measures – e.g. self-reported surveys – and/or objective measures. One concern has always been the accuracy and reliability of people's responses to happiness surveys. Objective measures such as lifespan, income, and education are often used as well as or instead of subjectively reported happiness, though this assumes that they generally produce happiness, which while plausible may not necessarily be the case. The terms quality of life or well-being are often used to encompass these more objective measures.
Micro-econometric happiness equations have the standard form:
W
i
t
=
α
+
β
x
i
t
+
ϵ
i
t
{\displaystyle W_{it}=\alpha +\beta {x_{it}}+\epsilon _{it}}
. In this equation
W
{\displaystyle W}
is the reported well-being of individual
i
{\displaystyle i}
at time
t
{\displaystyle t}
, and
x
{\displaystyle x}
is a vector of known variables, which include socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.Macro-econometric happiness has been gauged by some as Gross National Happiness, following Sicco Mansholt's 1972 introduction of the measure, and by others as a Genuine Wealth index. Anielski in 2008 wrote a reference definition on how to measure five types of capital: (1) human; (2) social; (3) natural; (4) built; and (5) financial.Happiness, well-being, or satisfaction with life, was seen as unmeasurable in classical and neo-classical economics. Van Praag was the first person who organized large surveys in order to explicitly measure welfare derived from income. He did this with the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ). This approach is called the Leyden School. It is named after the Dutch university where this approach was developed. Other researchers included Arie Kapteyn and Aldi Hagenaars.Some scientists claim that happiness can be measured both subjectively and objectively by observing the joy center of the brain lit up with advanced imaging, although this raises philosophical issues, for example about whether this can be treated as more reliable than reported subjective happiness.
Determinants
GDP and GNP
Typically national financial measures, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), have been used as a measure of successful policy. There is a significant association between GDP and happiness, with citizens in wealthier nations being happier than those in poorer nations. In 2002, researchers argued that this relationship extends only to an average GDP per capita of about $15,000. In the 2000s, several studies have obtained the opposite result, so this Easterlin paradox is controversial.
Individual income
Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has been found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox.In 2010, Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual household pre-tax income of $75,000.Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. A short term course of psychological therapy is 32 times more cost effective at increasing happiness than simply increasing income.Scholars at the University of Virginia, University of British Columbia and Harvard University released a study in 2011 after examining numerous academic paper in response to an apparent contradiction: "When asked to take stock of their lives, people with more money report being a good deal more satisfied. But when asked how happy they are at the moment, people with more money are barely different than those with less." Published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, the study is entitled "If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right" and included the following eight general recommendations:
Spend money on "experiences" rather than goods.
Donate money to others, including charities, rather than spending it solely on oneself.
Spend small amounts of money on many small, temporary pleasures rather than less often on larger ones.
Don't spend money on "extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance."
Adjust one's mindset to "pay now, consume later," instead of "consume now, pay later."
Exercise circumspection about the day-to-day consequences of a purchase beforehand.
Rather than buying products that provide the "best deal," make purchases based on what will facilitate well-being.
Seek out the opinions of other people who have prior experience of a product before purchasing it.In their "Unhappy Cities" paper, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Oren Ziv examined the self-reported subjective well-being of people living in American metropolitan areas, particularly in relation to the notion that "individuals make trade-offs among competing objectives, including but not limited to happiness." The researchers findings revealed that people living in metropolitan areas where lower levels of happiness are reported are receiving higher real wages, and they suggest in their conclusion that "humans are quite understandably willing to sacrifice both happiness and life satisfaction if the price is right."
Social security
Ruut Veenhoven claimed that social security payments do not seem to add to happiness. This may be due to the fact that non-self-earned income (e.g., from a lottery) does not add to happiness in general either. Happiness may be the mind's reward for a useful action. However, Johan Norberg of CIS, a free enterprise economy think tank, presents a hypothesis that as people who think that they themselves control their lives are happier, paternalist institutions may decrease happiness.An alternative perspective focuses on the role of the welfare state as an institution that improves quality of life not only by increasing the extent to which basic human needs are met, but also by promoting greater control of one's life by limiting the degree to which individuals find themselves at the mercy of impersonal market forces that are indifferent to the fate of individuals. This is the argument suggested by the U.S. political scientist Benjamin Radcliff, who has presented a series of papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals demonstrating that a more generous welfare state contributes to higher levels of life satisfaction, and does so to rich and poor alike.
Employment
Generally, the well-being of those who are employed is higher than those who are unemployed. Employment itself may not increase subjective well-being, but facilitates activities that do (such as supporting a family, philanthropy, and education). While work does increase well-being through providing income, income level is not as indicative of subjective well-being as other benefits related to employment. Feelings of autonomy and mastery, found in higher levels in the employed than unemployed, are stronger predictors of subjective well-being than wealth.When personal preference and the amount of time spent working do not align, both men and women experience a decrease in subjective well-being. The negative effect of working more or working less than preferred has been found across multiple studies, most finding that working more than preferred (over-employed) is more detrimental, but some found that working less (under-employed) is more detrimental. Most individuals' levels of subjective well-being returned to "normal" (level previous to time mismatch) within one year. Levels remained lower only when individuals worked more hours than preferred for a period of two years or more, which may indicate that it is more detrimental to be over-employed than under-employed in the long-term.Employment status effects are not confined to the individual. Being unemployed can have detrimental effects on a spouse's subjective well-being, compared to being employed or not working (and not looking for work). Partner life satisfaction is inversely related to the number of hours their partner is underemployed. When both partners are underemployed, the life-satisfaction of men is more greatly diminished than women. However, just being in a relationship reduces the impact unemployment has on the subjective well-being of an individual. On a broad scale, high rates of unemployment negatively affect the subjective well-being of the employed.Becoming self-employed can increase subjective well-being, given the right conditions. Those who leave work to become self-employed report greater life satisfaction than those who work for others or become self-employed after unemployment; this effect increases over time. Those who are self-employed and have employees of their own report higher life-satisfaction than those who are self-employed without employees, and women who are self-employed without employees report a higher life satisfaction than men in the same condition.The effects of retirement on subjective well-being vary depending on personal and cultural factors. Subjective well-being can remain stable for those who retire from work voluntarily, but declines for those who are involuntarily retired. In countries with an average social norm to work, the well-being of men increases after retirement, and the well-being of retired women is at the same level as women who are homemakers or work outside the home. In countries with a strong social norm to work, retirement negatively impacts the well-being of men and women.
Relationships and children
In the 1970s, women typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. By 2009, declines in reported female happiness had eroded a gender gap.In rich societies, where a rise in income doesn't equate to an increase in levels of subjective well-being, personal relationships are the determining factors of happiness.Glaeser, Gottlieb and Ziv suggest in their conclusion that the happiness trade-offs that individuals seem willing to make aligns with the tendency of parents to report less happiness, as they sacrifice their personal well-being for the "price" of having children.
Freedom and control
There is a significant correlation between feeling in control of one's own life and happiness levels.
A study conducted at the University of Zurich suggested that democracy and federalism bring well-being to individuals. It concluded that the more direct political participation possibilities available to citizens raises their subjective well-being. Two reasons were given for this finding. First, a more active role for citizens enables better monitoring of professional politicians by citizens, which leads to greater satisfaction with government output. Second, the ability for citizens to get involved in and have control over the political process, independently increases well-being.American psychologist Barry Schwartz argues in his book The Paradox of Choice that too many consumer and lifestyle choices can produce anxiety and unhappiness due to analysis paralysis and raised expectations of satisfaction.
Religious diversity
National cross-sectional data suggest an inverse relationship between religious diversity and happiness, possibly by facilitating more bonding (and less bridging) social capital.
Happiness and leisure
Much of the research regarding happiness and leisure relies on subjective well-being (SWB) as an appropriate measure of happiness. Research has demonstrated a wide variety of contributing and resulting factors in the relationship between leisure and happiness. These include psychological mechanisms, and the types and characteristics of leisure activities that result in the greatest levels of subjective happiness. Specifically, leisure may trigger five core psychological mechanisms including detachment-recovery from work, autonomy in leisure, mastery of leisure activities, meaning-making in leisure activities, and social affiliation in leisure (DRAMMA). Leisure activities that are physical, relational, and performed outdoors are correlated with greater feelings of satisfaction with free time. Research across 33 different countries shows that individuals who feel they strengthen social relationships and work on personal development during leisure time are happier than others. Furthermore, shopping, reading books, attending cultural events, getting together with relatives, listening to music and attending sporting events is associated with higher levels of happiness. Spending time on the internet or watching TV is not associated with higher levels of happiness as compared to these other activities.Research has shown that culture influences how we measure happiness and leisure. While SWB is a commonly used measure of happiness in North America and Europe, this may not be the case internationally. Quality of life (QOL) may be a better measure of happiness and leisure in Asian countries, especially Korea. Countries such as China and Japan may require a different measurement of happiness, as societal differences may influence the concept of happiness (i.e. economic variables, cultural practices, and social networks) beyond what QOL is able to measure. There seem to be some differences in leisure preference cross-culturally. Within the Croatian culture, family related leisure activities may enhance SWB across a large spectrum of ages ranging from adolescent to older adults, in both women and men. Active socializing and visiting cultural events are also associated with high levels of SWB across varying age and gender. Italians seem to prefer social conceptions of leisure as opposed to individualistic conceptions. Although different groups of individuals may prefer varying types and amount of leisure activity, this variability is likely due to the differing motivations and goals that an individual intends to fulfill with their leisure time.Research suggests that specific leisure interventions enhance feelings of SWB. This is both a top-down and bottom-up effect, in that leisure satisfaction causally affects SWB, and SWB causally affects leisure satisfaction. This bi-directional effect is stronger in retired individuals than in working individuals. Furthermore, it appears that satisfaction with our leisure at least partially explains the relationship between our engagement in leisure and our SWB. Broadly speaking, researchers classify leisure into active (e.g. volunteering, socializing, sports and fitness) and passive leisure (e.g. watching television and listening to the radio). Among older adults, passive leisure activities and personal leisure activities (e.g. sleeping, eating, and bathing) correlate with higher levels of SWB and feelings of relaxation than active leisure activities. Thus, although significant evidence has demonstrated that active leisure is associated with higher levels of SWB, or happiness, this may not be the case with older populations.Both regular and irregular involvement in sports leisure can result in heightened SWB. Serious, or systematic involvement in certain leisure activities, such as taekwondo, correlates with personal growth and a sense of happiness. Additionally, more irregular (e.g. seasonal) sports activities, such as skiing, are also correlated with high SWB. Furthermore, the relationship between pleasure and skiing is thought to be caused in part by a sense of flow and involvement with the activity. Leisure activities, such as meeting with friends, participating in sports, and going on vacation trips, positively correlate with life satisfaction. It may also be true that going on a vacation makes our lives seem better, but does not necessarily make us happier in the long term. Research regarding vacationing or taking a holiday trip is mixed. Although the reported effects are mostly small, some evidence points to higher levels of SWB, or happiness, after taking a holiday.
Economic security
Poverty alleviation are associated with happier populations. According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on life satisfaction: Volatile or high inflation is bad for a population's well-being, particularly those with a right-wing political orientation. That suggests the impact of disruptions to economic security are in part mediated or modified by beliefs about economic security.
Political stability
The Voxeu analysis of the economic determinants of happiness found that life satisfaction explains the largest share of an existing government's vote share, followed by economic growth, which itself explains six times as much as employment and twice as much as inflation.
Economic freedom
Individualistic societies have happier populations. Institutes of economic freedom are associated with increases wealth inequality but does not necessarily contribute to decreases in aggregate well-being or subjective well-being at the population level. In fact, income inequality enhances global well-being.
There is some debate over whether living in poor neighbours make one happier. And, living among rich neighbours can dull the happiness that comes from wealth. This is purported to work by way of an upward or downward comparison effect (Keeping up with the Joneses). The balance of evidence is trending in favour of the hypothesis that living in poor neighbourhoods makes one less happy, and living in rich neighbourhoods actually makes one happier, in the United States. While social status matters, a balance of factors like amenities, safe areas, well maintained housing, turn the tide in favour of the argument that richer neighbours are happier neighbours.
Democracy
"The right to participate in the political process, measured by the extent of direct democratic rights across regions, is strongly correlated with subjective well-being (Frey and Stutzer, 2002) ... a potential mechanism that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility." Institutions and well-being, democracy and federalism are associated with a happier population. Correspondingly, political engagement and activism have associated health benefits.
On the other hand, some non-democratic countries such as China and Saudi Arabia top the Ipsos list of countries where the citizenry is most happy with their government's direction. That suggests that voting preferences may not translate well into overall satisfaction with the government's direction. In any case, both of these factors revealed preference and domain specific satisfaction rather than overall subjective well being.
Economic development
Historically, economists thought economic growth was unrelated to population level well-being, a phenomenon labelled the Easterlin paradox. More robust research has identified that there is a link between economic development and the wellbeing of the population.
A <2017 meta-analysis shows that the impact of infrastructure expenditure on economic growth varies considerably. So, one cannot assume an infrastructure project will yield welfare benefits. The paper doesn't investigate or elaborate on any modifiable variables that might predict the value of a project. However, government spending on roads and primary industries is the best value target for transport spending, according to a 2013 meta-analysis.
7%+/−3% per annum discount rates are typically applied as the discount rate on public infrastructure projects in Australia. Smaller real discount rates are used internationally to calculate the social return on investment by governments.
Alternative approach: economic consequences of happiness
While the mainstream happiness economics has focused on identifying the determinants of happiness, an alternative approach in the discipline examines instead what are the economic consequences of happiness. Happiness may act as a determinant of economic outcomes: it increases productivity, predicts one's future income and affects labour market performance. There is a growing number of studies justifying the so-called "happy-productive worker" thesis. The positive and causal impact of happiness on an individual's productivity has been established in experimental studies.
Timeline of developments
The idea that happiness is important to a society is not new. Many other prominent intellectuals, philosophers and political leaders throughout history, including Aristotle, Confucius, and Plato, incorporated happiness into their work.350 B.C. – "Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence." -Aristotle
Thomas Jefferson put the "pursuit of happiness" on the same level as life and liberty in the United States' Declaration of Independence. Jeremy Bentham believed that public policy should attempt to maximize happiness, and he even attempted to estimate a "hedonic calculus". In the United States, there is no explicit policy that requires the rulers to develop the physical and mental well-being of the citizens or hold the government agencies accountable for their performance against specific measures or metrics of well-being. Until 1972 there was no formal government policy, anywhere in the world, that placed happiness and well-being as a main criterion for public policy decision making.
1789 – France adopts the Declaration: It emphasizes happiness as a fundamental right and universal goal.
The following is a chronological list of happiness economics and well-being indices:
1972 – Bhutan's former king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, introduced the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy and its four development pillars at an international conference.2005 – Med Jones of the International Institute of Management introduced the first GNH Index and Global GNH Index Survey. The GNH Index, also known as Gross National Well-being (GNW) Index framework served as the first integrated objective (economic) and subjective (happiness) socioeconomic development framework. Prior to the GNH Index, there were few development indices that improved upon the gross domestic product (GDP), but did not measure happiness. For example, the Genuine Progress Indicator was focused on the environmental cost of economic development, then later (in 2006) it was updated to include similar measures to the GNH Index. Another development index is the Human Development Index (HDI) that originally focused on literacy and education but also did not measure happiness. The HDI now measures three basic dimensions of human development, health (as measured by life expectancy at birth), overall knowledge level (as measured by the literacy rate), and standard of living (as measured by GDP per capita for a given year). Among the criticisms of the HDI is the complaint that it is a mixture of stock measures (life expectancy at birth and literacy rate) and a flow measure (GDP per capita for a given year). To overcome this criticism, Hou, Walsh, and Zhang (2015) proposed a new index called HDIF (Human Development Index Flow), in which they replaced life expectancy at birth by the under-five mortality rate (for a given year), and they also replaced the literacy rate by the gross primary school enrollment ratio for a given year). They calculated both the HDI and the HDIF for many countries and found that "the HDIF and the HDI tend to converge for wealthy countries and diverge for poor countries, especially those with low HDI rankings". The development performance of poor countries improved using the HDIF while the performance of the wealthy countries declined.2006 – The Genuine Progress Indicator was updated from a green measurement system to a broader concept that included quantitative measurement of well-being and happiness. The new measure is motivated by the philosophy of the GNH and the same notion of that subjective measures like well-being are more relevant and important than more objective measures like consumption. It is not measured directly, but only by means of the factors which are believed to lead to it.
2007 – Thailand releases Green and Happiness Index (GHI).2008 – French President Nicolas Sarkozy launched a Happiness Initiative similar to GNH, calling for the inclusion of happiness and well-being among the criteria for national governance policies. He commissioned three prominent economists, Joseph Stiglitz (USA), Amartya Sen (India), Jean-Paul Fitoussi (France), to publish a report calling for a global "statistical system which goes beyond commercial activity to measure personal well-being." Later it was described as gross domestic happiness (GDH). The GDH Index is similar to the GNH Index of 2005.
2008 – The goal of furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified GNH Index to measure this, are instituted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan, to guide its government, on 18 July 2008. The included index is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of the population.
2009 – In the United States, the Gallup poll system launched the happiness survey collecting data on national scale. The Gallup Well-Being Index was modeled after the GNH Index framework of 2005. The Well-Being Index score is an average of six sub-indexes which measure life evaluation, emotional health, work environment, physical health, healthy behaviors, and access to basic necessities. In October 2009, the US scored 66.1/100.
2010 – The concept was taken seriously, as the Centre for Bhutan Studies, under the leadership of Karma Ura, developed a sophisticated survey instrument to measure the population's general level of well-being. Two Canadians, Michael and Martha Pennock played a major role in developing the Bhutanese survey, which took a six- to seven-hour interview to complete. They developed a shorter international version of the survey which has been used in their home region of Victoria, BC, as well as in Brazil. The Pennocks also collaborated with Ura in the production of a policy lens which is used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of gross national happiness in Bhutan.2010 – The Center for Bhutan Studies further defined the original four pillars with greater specificity into eight general contributors to happiness, which make up the Bhutan GNH Index: 1) physical, mental and spiritual health; 2) time-balance; 3) social and community vitality; 4) cultural vitality; 5) education; 6) living standards; 7) good governance; and 8) ecological vitality.2010 – The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative OPHI at the University of Oxford in UK, launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP). Similar to the GNH Index of 2005, OPHI promotes collection and analysis of data on five dimensions including Quality of work, Empowerment, Physical safety, Ability to go about without shame, Psychological wellbeing.2011 – UN General Assembly Resolution 65/309, titled "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development"2011 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched "Better Life Index" (BLI).2011 – The United Nations released its first edition of the now annual World Happiness Report.
2011 – Canadian Index of Wellbeing Network (CIW Network) released The Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW).2011 – The Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an article suggesting that western GDP economics is an incomplete development model and called for the adoption of Bhutan's GNH philosophy and Jones' GNH Index in Israel.2011 – Chuluun Togtokh criticized the HDI in an article published in Nature, calling for a revised HDI, writing that "The revised index should include each nation's per capita carbon emissions, and so become a Human Sustainable Development Index (HSDI)." Bravo (2014) provided details of how the HSDI was computed and proposed an amended HSDI by including the proportion of forested area in each country. He argued that this proposed indicator "represents an important measure of the capacity of the natural system to provide fundamental ecological services."2012 – In a report prepared for the US Congressman Hansen Clarke, R, researchers Ben Beachy and Juston Zorn, at John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, recommended that "the Congress should prescribe the broad parameters of new, carefully designed supplemental national indicators; it should launch a bipartisan commission of experts to address unresolved methodological issues, and include alternative indicators." They proposed that the government can use the survey results to see which well-being dimensions are least satisfied and which districts and demographic groups are most deficient, so as to allocate resources accordingly. The report list the Gross National Happiness Index and its seven measurement area as one of the main frameworks to consider.2012 – Professor Peter T. Coleman, a director of the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Columbia University, suggested that Jones' GNH Index initiative could inform the Global Peace Index Initiative GPI.2012 – South Korea launched Happiness Index citing the GNH Index framework.2012 – The government of Goa, India, published a strategy for socioeconomic development citing the GNH Index as a model for measuring happiness.2012 – The city of Seattle in Washington, launched its own happiness index initiative, emphasizing measures similar to the GNH Index.2013 – The Social Progress Index SPI was launched by Michael Porter
2013 – The president of Singapore, Tony Tan, proposed that in addition to building up substantial financial reserves, Singapore needed to focus on building up its "social reserves", a concept that appears to have parallels to GNH.2013 – Economist Karol Jan Borowiecki motivates that well-being indices can be obtained from the way people communicate, as is established in psychology, and compiles the first well-being indices covering the life-time of a person.2013 – A joint commission led by the Conseil économique et social, the Conseil supérieur pour un développement durable and the Observatoire de la Compétitivité introduces a set of indicators measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The conclusions of the commission are summarised in a document titled "Projet PIBien-être", which identifies 64 indicators belonging to 11 different domains to assess quality of life in Luxembourg.2014 – The government of Dubai launched its localized Happiness Index to measure the public's contentment and satisfaction with different government services.2014 – The United Kingdom launched its own well-being and happiness statistics.2015 – Within the "Projet PIBien-être" launched in 2013, STATEC (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) presents a preliminary analysis of the "Luxembourgish Index of Well-being" (LIW), a first proposal of synthetic indicator measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The presentation entitled "Preliminary Assessment of Quality of Life in Luxembourg" was delivered by Marcin Piekałkiewicz on 16 December 2015.2017 – The Minderoo Foundation launched the Global Slavery Index, providing a map of the estimated prevalence of modern slavery. The information allows an objective comparison and assessment of both the problem and adequacy of the response in 167 countries.
Related studies
The Satisfaction with Life Index is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success such as GDP or GNP. Some studies suggest that happiness can be measured effectively. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), published in November 2008 a major study on happiness economics in Latin America and the Caribbean.There are also several examples of measures that include self-reported happiness as one variable. Happy Life Years, a concept brought by Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with life expectancy. The Happy Planet Index combines it with life expectancy and ecological footprint.
Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a concept introduced by the King of Bhutan in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. Several countries have already developed or are in the process of developing such an index. Bhutan's index has led that country to limit the amount of deforestation it will allow and to require that all tourists to its nation must spend US$200 Allegedly, low-budget tourism and deforestation lead to unhappiness.After the military coup of 2006, Thailand also instituted an index. The stated promise of the new Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont is to make the Thai people not only richer but happier as well. Much like GDP results, Thailand releases monthly GNH data. The Thai GNH index is based on a 1–10 scale with 10 being the happiest. As of 13 May 2007, the Thai GNH measured 5.1 points. The index uses poll data from the population surveying various satisfaction factors such as security, public utilities, good governance, trade, social justice, allocation of resources, education and community problems.Australia, China, France and the United Kingdom are also coming up with indexes to measure national happiness. The UK began to measure national wellbeing in 2012. North Korea also announced an international Happiness Index in 2011 through Korean Central Television. North Korea itself came in second, behind #1 China. Canada released the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) in 2011 to track changes in wellbeing. The CIW has adopted the following working definition of wellbeing: The presence of the highest possible quality of life in its full breadth of expression focused on but not necessarily exclusive to good living standards, robust health, a sustainable environment, vital communities, an educated populace, balanced time use, high levels of democratic participation, and access to and participation in leisure and cultureEcuador's and Bolivia's new constitutions state the indigenous concept of "good life" ("buen vivir" in Spanish, "sumak kawsay" in Quichua, and "suma qamaña" in Aymara) as the goal of sustainable development.
Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical, as well as classical economics, are not subsumed under the term happiness economics although the original goal was to increase the happiness of the people. Classical and neoclassical economics are stages in the development of welfare economics and are characterized by mathematical modeling. Happiness economics represents a radical break with this tradition. The measurement of subjective happiness respectively life satisfaction by means of survey research across nations and time (in addition to objective measures like lifespan, wealth, security etc.) marks the beginning of happiness economics.
Criticism
Some have suggested that establishing happiness as a metric is only meant to serve political goals. Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. As a result, some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals.Even on the individual level, there is discussion on how much effect external forces can have on happiness. Less than 3% of an individual's level of happiness comes from external sources such as employment, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To go along with this, four of the Big Five Personality Traits are substantially associated with life satisfaction, openness to experience is not associated. Having high levels of internal locus of control leads to higher reported levels of happiness.Even when happiness can be affected by external sources, it has high hedonic adaptation, some specific events such as an increase in income, disability, unemployment, and loss (bereavement) only have short-term (about a year) effects on a person's overall happiness and after a while happiness may return to levels similar to unaffected peers.What has the most influence over happiness are internal factors such as genetics, personality traits, and internal locus of control. It is theorized that 50% of the variation in happiness levels is from genetic sources and is known as the genetic set point. The genetic set point is assumed to be stable over time, fixed, and immune to influence or control. This goes along with findings that well-being surveys have a naturally positive baseline.With such strong internal forces on happiness, it is hard to have an effect on a person's happiness externally. This in turn lends itself back to the idea that establishing a happiness metric is only for political gain and has little other use. To support this even further it is believed that a country aggregate level of SWB can account for more variance in government vote share than standard macroeconomic variables, such as income and employment.
Technical issues
According to Bond and Lang (2018), the results are skewed due to the fact that the respondents have to "round" their true happiness to the scale of, e.g., 3 or 7 alternatives (e.g., very happy, pretty happy, not too happy). This "rounding error" may cause a less happy group seem happier, in the average. This would not be the case if the happiness of both groups would be normally distributed with the same variance, but that is usually not the case, based on their results. For some not-implausible log-normal assumptions on the scale, typical results can be reversed to the opposite results.They also show that the "reporting function" seems to be different for different groups and even for the same individual at different times. For example, when a person becomes disabled, they soon start to lower their threshold for a given answer (e.g., "pretty happy"). That is, they give a higher answer than they would have given at the same happiness state before becoming disabled.
See also
Researchers
References and notes
Bibliography
Books
Anielski, Mark (2007). The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth. Canada: New Society Publishers. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-86571-596-7.
Bruni, Luigino; Pier Luigi Porta (2005). Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis. Oxford University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-19-928628-7.
Bruni, Luigino (2008). Pier Luigi Porta (ed.). Handbook On the Economics Of Happiness. Description and full contents links and preview.: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 640. ISBN 978-1-84376-826-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
Gaucher, Renaud (2009). Bonheur et économie. Le capitalisme est-il soluble dans la recherche du bonheur? L'Harmattan, collection L'esprit économique. ISBN 978-2296069169
Van Praag, Bernard; Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2004). Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-19-828654-7.
Kahneman, Daniel; Ed Diener (2003). Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0871544230.
Frey, Bruno S.; Alois Stutzer (2002). Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being. Princeton University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0-69106-998-2.Articles
Clark, Andrew E.; Frijters, Paul; Shields, Michael A. (2008). "Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 46 (1): 95–144. doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95. hdl:10419/34701. S2CID 1744957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert J.; Oswald, Andrew J. (2003). "The Macroeconomics of Happiness" (PDF). Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 809–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.3175. doi:10.1162/003465303772815745. S2CID 1914665.
Easterlin, Richard A. (2004). "The Economics of Happiness". Dædalus. 133 (2): 26–33. doi:10.1162/001152604323049361. JSTOR 20027910. S2CID 57563766. The entire issue of Daedalus is devoted to happiness and may repay exploration.
Frey, Bruno S.; Stutzer, Alois (2002). "What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 40 (2): 402–35. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.8589. doi:10.1257/jel.40.2.402.
MacKerron, George (2012). "Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet". Journal of Economic Surveys. 26 (4): 705–35. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00672.x. S2CID 153523588.
Piekałkiewicz, Marcin (2017). "Why do economists study happiness?". The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 28 (3): 361–77. doi:10.1177/1035304617717130. S2CID 157266981.
External links
Andrew Oswald (December 1999). "A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2007.
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The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and quality of life, including positive and negative affects, well-being, life satisfaction and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other social sciences, like sociology and psychology, as well as physical health. It typically treats subjective happiness-related measures, as well as more objective quality of life indices, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized.
The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure happiness and related concepts, as well as quality of life. Happiness findings have been described as a challenge to the theory and practice of economics. Nevertheless, furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified Index to measure it, has been adopted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan in 2008, to guide its economic governance.
Subject classifications
The subject may be categorized in various ways, depending on specificity, intersection, and cross-classification. For example, within the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes, it has been categorized under:
Welfare economics at JEL: D63 – Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
Health, education, and welfare at JEL: I31 – General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness
Demographic economics at JEL:J18 – Public policy.
Metrology
Given its very nature, reported happiness is subjective. It is difficult to compare one person's happiness with another's. It can be especially difficult to compare happiness across cultures. However, many happiness economists believe they have solved this comparison problem. Cross-sections of large data samples across nations and time demonstrate consistent patterns in the determinants of happiness.Happiness is typically measured using subjective measures – e.g. self-reported surveys – and/or objective measures. One concern has always been the accuracy and reliability of people's responses to happiness surveys. Objective measures such as lifespan, income, and education are often used as well as or instead of subjectively reported happiness, though this assumes that they generally produce happiness, which while plausible may not necessarily be the case. The terms quality of life or well-being are often used to encompass these more objective measures.
Micro-econometric happiness equations have the standard form:
W
i
t
=
α
+
β
x
i
t
+
ϵ
i
t
{\displaystyle W_{it}=\alpha +\beta {x_{it}}+\epsilon _{it}}
. In this equation
W
{\displaystyle W}
is the reported well-being of individual
i
{\displaystyle i}
at time
t
{\displaystyle t}
, and
x
{\displaystyle x}
is a vector of known variables, which include socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.Macro-econometric happiness has been gauged by some as Gross National Happiness, following Sicco Mansholt's 1972 introduction of the measure, and by others as a Genuine Wealth index. Anielski in 2008 wrote a reference definition on how to measure five types of capital: (1) human; (2) social; (3) natural; (4) built; and (5) financial.Happiness, well-being, or satisfaction with life, was seen as unmeasurable in classical and neo-classical economics. Van Praag was the first person who organized large surveys in order to explicitly measure welfare derived from income. He did this with the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ). This approach is called the Leyden School. It is named after the Dutch university where this approach was developed. Other researchers included Arie Kapteyn and Aldi Hagenaars.Some scientists claim that happiness can be measured both subjectively and objectively by observing the joy center of the brain lit up with advanced imaging, although this raises philosophical issues, for example about whether this can be treated as more reliable than reported subjective happiness.
Determinants
GDP and GNP
Typically national financial measures, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), have been used as a measure of successful policy. There is a significant association between GDP and happiness, with citizens in wealthier nations being happier than those in poorer nations. In 2002, researchers argued that this relationship extends only to an average GDP per capita of about $15,000. In the 2000s, several studies have obtained the opposite result, so this Easterlin paradox is controversial.
Individual income
Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has been found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox.In 2010, Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual household pre-tax income of $75,000.Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. A short term course of psychological therapy is 32 times more cost effective at increasing happiness than simply increasing income.Scholars at the University of Virginia, University of British Columbia and Harvard University released a study in 2011 after examining numerous academic paper in response to an apparent contradiction: "When asked to take stock of their lives, people with more money report being a good deal more satisfied. But when asked how happy they are at the moment, people with more money are barely different than those with less." Published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, the study is entitled "If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right" and included the following eight general recommendations:
Spend money on "experiences" rather than goods.
Donate money to others, including charities, rather than spending it solely on oneself.
Spend small amounts of money on many small, temporary pleasures rather than less often on larger ones.
Don't spend money on "extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance."
Adjust one's mindset to "pay now, consume later," instead of "consume now, pay later."
Exercise circumspection about the day-to-day consequences of a purchase beforehand.
Rather than buying products that provide the "best deal," make purchases based on what will facilitate well-being.
Seek out the opinions of other people who have prior experience of a product before purchasing it.In their "Unhappy Cities" paper, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Oren Ziv examined the self-reported subjective well-being of people living in American metropolitan areas, particularly in relation to the notion that "individuals make trade-offs among competing objectives, including but not limited to happiness." The researchers findings revealed that people living in metropolitan areas where lower levels of happiness are reported are receiving higher real wages, and they suggest in their conclusion that "humans are quite understandably willing to sacrifice both happiness and life satisfaction if the price is right."
Social security
Ruut Veenhoven claimed that social security payments do not seem to add to happiness. This may be due to the fact that non-self-earned income (e.g., from a lottery) does not add to happiness in general either. Happiness may be the mind's reward for a useful action. However, Johan Norberg of CIS, a free enterprise economy think tank, presents a hypothesis that as people who think that they themselves control their lives are happier, paternalist institutions may decrease happiness.An alternative perspective focuses on the role of the welfare state as an institution that improves quality of life not only by increasing the extent to which basic human needs are met, but also by promoting greater control of one's life by limiting the degree to which individuals find themselves at the mercy of impersonal market forces that are indifferent to the fate of individuals. This is the argument suggested by the U.S. political scientist Benjamin Radcliff, who has presented a series of papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals demonstrating that a more generous welfare state contributes to higher levels of life satisfaction, and does so to rich and poor alike.
Employment
Generally, the well-being of those who are employed is higher than those who are unemployed. Employment itself may not increase subjective well-being, but facilitates activities that do (such as supporting a family, philanthropy, and education). While work does increase well-being through providing income, income level is not as indicative of subjective well-being as other benefits related to employment. Feelings of autonomy and mastery, found in higher levels in the employed than unemployed, are stronger predictors of subjective well-being than wealth.When personal preference and the amount of time spent working do not align, both men and women experience a decrease in subjective well-being. The negative effect of working more or working less than preferred has been found across multiple studies, most finding that working more than preferred (over-employed) is more detrimental, but some found that working less (under-employed) is more detrimental. Most individuals' levels of subjective well-being returned to "normal" (level previous to time mismatch) within one year. Levels remained lower only when individuals worked more hours than preferred for a period of two years or more, which may indicate that it is more detrimental to be over-employed than under-employed in the long-term.Employment status effects are not confined to the individual. Being unemployed can have detrimental effects on a spouse's subjective well-being, compared to being employed or not working (and not looking for work). Partner life satisfaction is inversely related to the number of hours their partner is underemployed. When both partners are underemployed, the life-satisfaction of men is more greatly diminished than women. However, just being in a relationship reduces the impact unemployment has on the subjective well-being of an individual. On a broad scale, high rates of unemployment negatively affect the subjective well-being of the employed.Becoming self-employed can increase subjective well-being, given the right conditions. Those who leave work to become self-employed report greater life satisfaction than those who work for others or become self-employed after unemployment; this effect increases over time. Those who are self-employed and have employees of their own report higher life-satisfaction than those who are self-employed without employees, and women who are self-employed without employees report a higher life satisfaction than men in the same condition.The effects of retirement on subjective well-being vary depending on personal and cultural factors. Subjective well-being can remain stable for those who retire from work voluntarily, but declines for those who are involuntarily retired. In countries with an average social norm to work, the well-being of men increases after retirement, and the well-being of retired women is at the same level as women who are homemakers or work outside the home. In countries with a strong social norm to work, retirement negatively impacts the well-being of men and women.
Relationships and children
In the 1970s, women typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. By 2009, declines in reported female happiness had eroded a gender gap.In rich societies, where a rise in income doesn't equate to an increase in levels of subjective well-being, personal relationships are the determining factors of happiness.Glaeser, Gottlieb and Ziv suggest in their conclusion that the happiness trade-offs that individuals seem willing to make aligns with the tendency of parents to report less happiness, as they sacrifice their personal well-being for the "price" of having children.
Freedom and control
There is a significant correlation between feeling in control of one's own life and happiness levels.
A study conducted at the University of Zurich suggested that democracy and federalism bring well-being to individuals. It concluded that the more direct political participation possibilities available to citizens raises their subjective well-being. Two reasons were given for this finding. First, a more active role for citizens enables better monitoring of professional politicians by citizens, which leads to greater satisfaction with government output. Second, the ability for citizens to get involved in and have control over the political process, independently increases well-being.American psychologist Barry Schwartz argues in his book The Paradox of Choice that too many consumer and lifestyle choices can produce anxiety and unhappiness due to analysis paralysis and raised expectations of satisfaction.
Religious diversity
National cross-sectional data suggest an inverse relationship between religious diversity and happiness, possibly by facilitating more bonding (and less bridging) social capital.
Happiness and leisure
Much of the research regarding happiness and leisure relies on subjective well-being (SWB) as an appropriate measure of happiness. Research has demonstrated a wide variety of contributing and resulting factors in the relationship between leisure and happiness. These include psychological mechanisms, and the types and characteristics of leisure activities that result in the greatest levels of subjective happiness. Specifically, leisure may trigger five core psychological mechanisms including detachment-recovery from work, autonomy in leisure, mastery of leisure activities, meaning-making in leisure activities, and social affiliation in leisure (DRAMMA). Leisure activities that are physical, relational, and performed outdoors are correlated with greater feelings of satisfaction with free time. Research across 33 different countries shows that individuals who feel they strengthen social relationships and work on personal development during leisure time are happier than others. Furthermore, shopping, reading books, attending cultural events, getting together with relatives, listening to music and attending sporting events is associated with higher levels of happiness. Spending time on the internet or watching TV is not associated with higher levels of happiness as compared to these other activities.Research has shown that culture influences how we measure happiness and leisure. While SWB is a commonly used measure of happiness in North America and Europe, this may not be the case internationally. Quality of life (QOL) may be a better measure of happiness and leisure in Asian countries, especially Korea. Countries such as China and Japan may require a different measurement of happiness, as societal differences may influence the concept of happiness (i.e. economic variables, cultural practices, and social networks) beyond what QOL is able to measure. There seem to be some differences in leisure preference cross-culturally. Within the Croatian culture, family related leisure activities may enhance SWB across a large spectrum of ages ranging from adolescent to older adults, in both women and men. Active socializing and visiting cultural events are also associated with high levels of SWB across varying age and gender. Italians seem to prefer social conceptions of leisure as opposed to individualistic conceptions. Although different groups of individuals may prefer varying types and amount of leisure activity, this variability is likely due to the differing motivations and goals that an individual intends to fulfill with their leisure time.Research suggests that specific leisure interventions enhance feelings of SWB. This is both a top-down and bottom-up effect, in that leisure satisfaction causally affects SWB, and SWB causally affects leisure satisfaction. This bi-directional effect is stronger in retired individuals than in working individuals. Furthermore, it appears that satisfaction with our leisure at least partially explains the relationship between our engagement in leisure and our SWB. Broadly speaking, researchers classify leisure into active (e.g. volunteering, socializing, sports and fitness) and passive leisure (e.g. watching television and listening to the radio). Among older adults, passive leisure activities and personal leisure activities (e.g. sleeping, eating, and bathing) correlate with higher levels of SWB and feelings of relaxation than active leisure activities. Thus, although significant evidence has demonstrated that active leisure is associated with higher levels of SWB, or happiness, this may not be the case with older populations.Both regular and irregular involvement in sports leisure can result in heightened SWB. Serious, or systematic involvement in certain leisure activities, such as taekwondo, correlates with personal growth and a sense of happiness. Additionally, more irregular (e.g. seasonal) sports activities, such as skiing, are also correlated with high SWB. Furthermore, the relationship between pleasure and skiing is thought to be caused in part by a sense of flow and involvement with the activity. Leisure activities, such as meeting with friends, participating in sports, and going on vacation trips, positively correlate with life satisfaction. It may also be true that going on a vacation makes our lives seem better, but does not necessarily make us happier in the long term. Research regarding vacationing or taking a holiday trip is mixed. Although the reported effects are mostly small, some evidence points to higher levels of SWB, or happiness, after taking a holiday.
Economic security
Poverty alleviation are associated with happier populations. According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on life satisfaction: Volatile or high inflation is bad for a population's well-being, particularly those with a right-wing political orientation. That suggests the impact of disruptions to economic security are in part mediated or modified by beliefs about economic security.
Political stability
The Voxeu analysis of the economic determinants of happiness found that life satisfaction explains the largest share of an existing government's vote share, followed by economic growth, which itself explains six times as much as employment and twice as much as inflation.
Economic freedom
Individualistic societies have happier populations. Institutes of economic freedom are associated with increases wealth inequality but does not necessarily contribute to decreases in aggregate well-being or subjective well-being at the population level. In fact, income inequality enhances global well-being.
There is some debate over whether living in poor neighbours make one happier. And, living among rich neighbours can dull the happiness that comes from wealth. This is purported to work by way of an upward or downward comparison effect (Keeping up with the Joneses). The balance of evidence is trending in favour of the hypothesis that living in poor neighbourhoods makes one less happy, and living in rich neighbourhoods actually makes one happier, in the United States. While social status matters, a balance of factors like amenities, safe areas, well maintained housing, turn the tide in favour of the argument that richer neighbours are happier neighbours.
Democracy
"The right to participate in the political process, measured by the extent of direct democratic rights across regions, is strongly correlated with subjective well-being (Frey and Stutzer, 2002) ... a potential mechanism that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility." Institutions and well-being, democracy and federalism are associated with a happier population. Correspondingly, political engagement and activism have associated health benefits.
On the other hand, some non-democratic countries such as China and Saudi Arabia top the Ipsos list of countries where the citizenry is most happy with their government's direction. That suggests that voting preferences may not translate well into overall satisfaction with the government's direction. In any case, both of these factors revealed preference and domain specific satisfaction rather than overall subjective well being.
Economic development
Historically, economists thought economic growth was unrelated to population level well-being, a phenomenon labelled the Easterlin paradox. More robust research has identified that there is a link between economic development and the wellbeing of the population.
A <2017 meta-analysis shows that the impact of infrastructure expenditure on economic growth varies considerably. So, one cannot assume an infrastructure project will yield welfare benefits. The paper doesn't investigate or elaborate on any modifiable variables that might predict the value of a project. However, government spending on roads and primary industries is the best value target for transport spending, according to a 2013 meta-analysis.
7%+/−3% per annum discount rates are typically applied as the discount rate on public infrastructure projects in Australia. Smaller real discount rates are used internationally to calculate the social return on investment by governments.
Alternative approach: economic consequences of happiness
While the mainstream happiness economics has focused on identifying the determinants of happiness, an alternative approach in the discipline examines instead what are the economic consequences of happiness. Happiness may act as a determinant of economic outcomes: it increases productivity, predicts one's future income and affects labour market performance. There is a growing number of studies justifying the so-called "happy-productive worker" thesis. The positive and causal impact of happiness on an individual's productivity has been established in experimental studies.
Timeline of developments
The idea that happiness is important to a society is not new. Many other prominent intellectuals, philosophers and political leaders throughout history, including Aristotle, Confucius, and Plato, incorporated happiness into their work.350 B.C. – "Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence." -Aristotle
Thomas Jefferson put the "pursuit of happiness" on the same level as life and liberty in the United States' Declaration of Independence. Jeremy Bentham believed that public policy should attempt to maximize happiness, and he even attempted to estimate a "hedonic calculus". In the United States, there is no explicit policy that requires the rulers to develop the physical and mental well-being of the citizens or hold the government agencies accountable for their performance against specific measures or metrics of well-being. Until 1972 there was no formal government policy, anywhere in the world, that placed happiness and well-being as a main criterion for public policy decision making.
1789 – France adopts the Declaration: It emphasizes happiness as a fundamental right and universal goal.
The following is a chronological list of happiness economics and well-being indices:
1972 – Bhutan's former king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, introduced the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy and its four development pillars at an international conference.2005 – Med Jones of the International Institute of Management introduced the first GNH Index and Global GNH Index Survey. The GNH Index, also known as Gross National Well-being (GNW) Index framework served as the first integrated objective (economic) and subjective (happiness) socioeconomic development framework. Prior to the GNH Index, there were few development indices that improved upon the gross domestic product (GDP), but did not measure happiness. For example, the Genuine Progress Indicator was focused on the environmental cost of economic development, then later (in 2006) it was updated to include similar measures to the GNH Index. Another development index is the Human Development Index (HDI) that originally focused on literacy and education but also did not measure happiness. The HDI now measures three basic dimensions of human development, health (as measured by life expectancy at birth), overall knowledge level (as measured by the literacy rate), and standard of living (as measured by GDP per capita for a given year). Among the criticisms of the HDI is the complaint that it is a mixture of stock measures (life expectancy at birth and literacy rate) and a flow measure (GDP per capita for a given year). To overcome this criticism, Hou, Walsh, and Zhang (2015) proposed a new index called HDIF (Human Development Index Flow), in which they replaced life expectancy at birth by the under-five mortality rate (for a given year), and they also replaced the literacy rate by the gross primary school enrollment ratio for a given year). They calculated both the HDI and the HDIF for many countries and found that "the HDIF and the HDI tend to converge for wealthy countries and diverge for poor countries, especially those with low HDI rankings". The development performance of poor countries improved using the HDIF while the performance of the wealthy countries declined.2006 – The Genuine Progress Indicator was updated from a green measurement system to a broader concept that included quantitative measurement of well-being and happiness. The new measure is motivated by the philosophy of the GNH and the same notion of that subjective measures like well-being are more relevant and important than more objective measures like consumption. It is not measured directly, but only by means of the factors which are believed to lead to it.
2007 – Thailand releases Green and Happiness Index (GHI).2008 – French President Nicolas Sarkozy launched a Happiness Initiative similar to GNH, calling for the inclusion of happiness and well-being among the criteria for national governance policies. He commissioned three prominent economists, Joseph Stiglitz (USA), Amartya Sen (India), Jean-Paul Fitoussi (France), to publish a report calling for a global "statistical system which goes beyond commercial activity to measure personal well-being." Later it was described as gross domestic happiness (GDH). The GDH Index is similar to the GNH Index of 2005.
2008 – The goal of furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified GNH Index to measure this, are instituted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan, to guide its government, on 18 July 2008. The included index is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of the population.
2009 – In the United States, the Gallup poll system launched the happiness survey collecting data on national scale. The Gallup Well-Being Index was modeled after the GNH Index framework of 2005. The Well-Being Index score is an average of six sub-indexes which measure life evaluation, emotional health, work environment, physical health, healthy behaviors, and access to basic necessities. In October 2009, the US scored 66.1/100.
2010 – The concept was taken seriously, as the Centre for Bhutan Studies, under the leadership of Karma Ura, developed a sophisticated survey instrument to measure the population's general level of well-being. Two Canadians, Michael and Martha Pennock played a major role in developing the Bhutanese survey, which took a six- to seven-hour interview to complete. They developed a shorter international version of the survey which has been used in their home region of Victoria, BC, as well as in Brazil. The Pennocks also collaborated with Ura in the production of a policy lens which is used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of gross national happiness in Bhutan.2010 – The Center for Bhutan Studies further defined the original four pillars with greater specificity into eight general contributors to happiness, which make up the Bhutan GNH Index: 1) physical, mental and spiritual health; 2) time-balance; 3) social and community vitality; 4) cultural vitality; 5) education; 6) living standards; 7) good governance; and 8) ecological vitality.2010 – The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative OPHI at the University of Oxford in UK, launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP). Similar to the GNH Index of 2005, OPHI promotes collection and analysis of data on five dimensions including Quality of work, Empowerment, Physical safety, Ability to go about without shame, Psychological wellbeing.2011 – UN General Assembly Resolution 65/309, titled "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development"2011 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched "Better Life Index" (BLI).2011 – The United Nations released its first edition of the now annual World Happiness Report.
2011 – Canadian Index of Wellbeing Network (CIW Network) released The Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW).2011 – The Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an article suggesting that western GDP economics is an incomplete development model and called for the adoption of Bhutan's GNH philosophy and Jones' GNH Index in Israel.2011 – Chuluun Togtokh criticized the HDI in an article published in Nature, calling for a revised HDI, writing that "The revised index should include each nation's per capita carbon emissions, and so become a Human Sustainable Development Index (HSDI)." Bravo (2014) provided details of how the HSDI was computed and proposed an amended HSDI by including the proportion of forested area in each country. He argued that this proposed indicator "represents an important measure of the capacity of the natural system to provide fundamental ecological services."2012 – In a report prepared for the US Congressman Hansen Clarke, R, researchers Ben Beachy and Juston Zorn, at John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, recommended that "the Congress should prescribe the broad parameters of new, carefully designed supplemental national indicators; it should launch a bipartisan commission of experts to address unresolved methodological issues, and include alternative indicators." They proposed that the government can use the survey results to see which well-being dimensions are least satisfied and which districts and demographic groups are most deficient, so as to allocate resources accordingly. The report list the Gross National Happiness Index and its seven measurement area as one of the main frameworks to consider.2012 – Professor Peter T. Coleman, a director of the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Columbia University, suggested that Jones' GNH Index initiative could inform the Global Peace Index Initiative GPI.2012 – South Korea launched Happiness Index citing the GNH Index framework.2012 – The government of Goa, India, published a strategy for socioeconomic development citing the GNH Index as a model for measuring happiness.2012 – The city of Seattle in Washington, launched its own happiness index initiative, emphasizing measures similar to the GNH Index.2013 – The Social Progress Index SPI was launched by Michael Porter
2013 – The president of Singapore, Tony Tan, proposed that in addition to building up substantial financial reserves, Singapore needed to focus on building up its "social reserves", a concept that appears to have parallels to GNH.2013 – Economist Karol Jan Borowiecki motivates that well-being indices can be obtained from the way people communicate, as is established in psychology, and compiles the first well-being indices covering the life-time of a person.2013 – A joint commission led by the Conseil économique et social, the Conseil supérieur pour un développement durable and the Observatoire de la Compétitivité introduces a set of indicators measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The conclusions of the commission are summarised in a document titled "Projet PIBien-être", which identifies 64 indicators belonging to 11 different domains to assess quality of life in Luxembourg.2014 – The government of Dubai launched its localized Happiness Index to measure the public's contentment and satisfaction with different government services.2014 – The United Kingdom launched its own well-being and happiness statistics.2015 – Within the "Projet PIBien-être" launched in 2013, STATEC (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) presents a preliminary analysis of the "Luxembourgish Index of Well-being" (LIW), a first proposal of synthetic indicator measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The presentation entitled "Preliminary Assessment of Quality of Life in Luxembourg" was delivered by Marcin Piekałkiewicz on 16 December 2015.2017 – The Minderoo Foundation launched the Global Slavery Index, providing a map of the estimated prevalence of modern slavery. The information allows an objective comparison and assessment of both the problem and adequacy of the response in 167 countries.
Related studies
The Satisfaction with Life Index is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success such as GDP or GNP. Some studies suggest that happiness can be measured effectively. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), published in November 2008 a major study on happiness economics in Latin America and the Caribbean.There are also several examples of measures that include self-reported happiness as one variable. Happy Life Years, a concept brought by Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with life expectancy. The Happy Planet Index combines it with life expectancy and ecological footprint.
Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a concept introduced by the King of Bhutan in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. Several countries have already developed or are in the process of developing such an index. Bhutan's index has led that country to limit the amount of deforestation it will allow and to require that all tourists to its nation must spend US$200 Allegedly, low-budget tourism and deforestation lead to unhappiness.After the military coup of 2006, Thailand also instituted an index. The stated promise of the new Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont is to make the Thai people not only richer but happier as well. Much like GDP results, Thailand releases monthly GNH data. The Thai GNH index is based on a 1–10 scale with 10 being the happiest. As of 13 May 2007, the Thai GNH measured 5.1 points. The index uses poll data from the population surveying various satisfaction factors such as security, public utilities, good governance, trade, social justice, allocation of resources, education and community problems.Australia, China, France and the United Kingdom are also coming up with indexes to measure national happiness. The UK began to measure national wellbeing in 2012. North Korea also announced an international Happiness Index in 2011 through Korean Central Television. North Korea itself came in second, behind #1 China. Canada released the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) in 2011 to track changes in wellbeing. The CIW has adopted the following working definition of wellbeing: The presence of the highest possible quality of life in its full breadth of expression focused on but not necessarily exclusive to good living standards, robust health, a sustainable environment, vital communities, an educated populace, balanced time use, high levels of democratic participation, and access to and participation in leisure and cultureEcuador's and Bolivia's new constitutions state the indigenous concept of "good life" ("buen vivir" in Spanish, "sumak kawsay" in Quichua, and "suma qamaña" in Aymara) as the goal of sustainable development.
Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical, as well as classical economics, are not subsumed under the term happiness economics although the original goal was to increase the happiness of the people. Classical and neoclassical economics are stages in the development of welfare economics and are characterized by mathematical modeling. Happiness economics represents a radical break with this tradition. The measurement of subjective happiness respectively life satisfaction by means of survey research across nations and time (in addition to objective measures like lifespan, wealth, security etc.) marks the beginning of happiness economics.
Criticism
Some have suggested that establishing happiness as a metric is only meant to serve political goals. Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. As a result, some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals.Even on the individual level, there is discussion on how much effect external forces can have on happiness. Less than 3% of an individual's level of happiness comes from external sources such as employment, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To go along with this, four of the Big Five Personality Traits are substantially associated with life satisfaction, openness to experience is not associated. Having high levels of internal locus of control leads to higher reported levels of happiness.Even when happiness can be affected by external sources, it has high hedonic adaptation, some specific events such as an increase in income, disability, unemployment, and loss (bereavement) only have short-term (about a year) effects on a person's overall happiness and after a while happiness may return to levels similar to unaffected peers.What has the most influence over happiness are internal factors such as genetics, personality traits, and internal locus of control. It is theorized that 50% of the variation in happiness levels is from genetic sources and is known as the genetic set point. The genetic set point is assumed to be stable over time, fixed, and immune to influence or control. This goes along with findings that well-being surveys have a naturally positive baseline.With such strong internal forces on happiness, it is hard to have an effect on a person's happiness externally. This in turn lends itself back to the idea that establishing a happiness metric is only for political gain and has little other use. To support this even further it is believed that a country aggregate level of SWB can account for more variance in government vote share than standard macroeconomic variables, such as income and employment.
Technical issues
According to Bond and Lang (2018), the results are skewed due to the fact that the respondents have to "round" their true happiness to the scale of, e.g., 3 or 7 alternatives (e.g., very happy, pretty happy, not too happy). This "rounding error" may cause a less happy group seem happier, in the average. This would not be the case if the happiness of both groups would be normally distributed with the same variance, but that is usually not the case, based on their results. For some not-implausible log-normal assumptions on the scale, typical results can be reversed to the opposite results.They also show that the "reporting function" seems to be different for different groups and even for the same individual at different times. For example, when a person becomes disabled, they soon start to lower their threshold for a given answer (e.g., "pretty happy"). That is, they give a higher answer than they would have given at the same happiness state before becoming disabled.
See also
Researchers
References and notes
Bibliography
Books
Anielski, Mark (2007). The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth. Canada: New Society Publishers. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-86571-596-7.
Bruni, Luigino; Pier Luigi Porta (2005). Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis. Oxford University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-19-928628-7.
Bruni, Luigino (2008). Pier Luigi Porta (ed.). Handbook On the Economics Of Happiness. Description and full contents links and preview.: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 640. ISBN 978-1-84376-826-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
Gaucher, Renaud (2009). Bonheur et économie. Le capitalisme est-il soluble dans la recherche du bonheur? L'Harmattan, collection L'esprit économique. ISBN 978-2296069169
Van Praag, Bernard; Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2004). Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-19-828654-7.
Kahneman, Daniel; Ed Diener (2003). Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0871544230.
Frey, Bruno S.; Alois Stutzer (2002). Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being. Princeton University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0-69106-998-2.Articles
Clark, Andrew E.; Frijters, Paul; Shields, Michael A. (2008). "Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 46 (1): 95–144. doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95. hdl:10419/34701. S2CID 1744957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert J.; Oswald, Andrew J. (2003). "The Macroeconomics of Happiness" (PDF). Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 809–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.3175. doi:10.1162/003465303772815745. S2CID 1914665.
Easterlin, Richard A. (2004). "The Economics of Happiness". Dædalus. 133 (2): 26–33. doi:10.1162/001152604323049361. JSTOR 20027910. S2CID 57563766. The entire issue of Daedalus is devoted to happiness and may repay exploration.
Frey, Bruno S.; Stutzer, Alois (2002). "What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 40 (2): 402–35. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.8589. doi:10.1257/jel.40.2.402.
MacKerron, George (2012). "Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet". Journal of Economic Surveys. 26 (4): 705–35. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00672.x. S2CID 153523588.
Piekałkiewicz, Marcin (2017). "Why do economists study happiness?". The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 28 (3): 361–77. doi:10.1177/1035304617717130. S2CID 157266981.
External links
Andrew Oswald (December 1999). "A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2007.
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The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and quality of life, including positive and negative affects, well-being, life satisfaction and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other social sciences, like sociology and psychology, as well as physical health. It typically treats subjective happiness-related measures, as well as more objective quality of life indices, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized.
The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure happiness and related concepts, as well as quality of life. Happiness findings have been described as a challenge to the theory and practice of economics. Nevertheless, furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified Index to measure it, has been adopted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan in 2008, to guide its economic governance.
Subject classifications
The subject may be categorized in various ways, depending on specificity, intersection, and cross-classification. For example, within the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes, it has been categorized under:
Welfare economics at JEL: D63 – Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
Health, education, and welfare at JEL: I31 – General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness
Demographic economics at JEL:J18 – Public policy.
Metrology
Given its very nature, reported happiness is subjective. It is difficult to compare one person's happiness with another's. It can be especially difficult to compare happiness across cultures. However, many happiness economists believe they have solved this comparison problem. Cross-sections of large data samples across nations and time demonstrate consistent patterns in the determinants of happiness.Happiness is typically measured using subjective measures – e.g. self-reported surveys – and/or objective measures. One concern has always been the accuracy and reliability of people's responses to happiness surveys. Objective measures such as lifespan, income, and education are often used as well as or instead of subjectively reported happiness, though this assumes that they generally produce happiness, which while plausible may not necessarily be the case. The terms quality of life or well-being are often used to encompass these more objective measures.
Micro-econometric happiness equations have the standard form:
W
i
t
=
α
+
β
x
i
t
+
ϵ
i
t
{\displaystyle W_{it}=\alpha +\beta {x_{it}}+\epsilon _{it}}
. In this equation
W
{\displaystyle W}
is the reported well-being of individual
i
{\displaystyle i}
at time
t
{\displaystyle t}
, and
x
{\displaystyle x}
is a vector of known variables, which include socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.Macro-econometric happiness has been gauged by some as Gross National Happiness, following Sicco Mansholt's 1972 introduction of the measure, and by others as a Genuine Wealth index. Anielski in 2008 wrote a reference definition on how to measure five types of capital: (1) human; (2) social; (3) natural; (4) built; and (5) financial.Happiness, well-being, or satisfaction with life, was seen as unmeasurable in classical and neo-classical economics. Van Praag was the first person who organized large surveys in order to explicitly measure welfare derived from income. He did this with the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ). This approach is called the Leyden School. It is named after the Dutch university where this approach was developed. Other researchers included Arie Kapteyn and Aldi Hagenaars.Some scientists claim that happiness can be measured both subjectively and objectively by observing the joy center of the brain lit up with advanced imaging, although this raises philosophical issues, for example about whether this can be treated as more reliable than reported subjective happiness.
Determinants
GDP and GNP
Typically national financial measures, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), have been used as a measure of successful policy. There is a significant association between GDP and happiness, with citizens in wealthier nations being happier than those in poorer nations. In 2002, researchers argued that this relationship extends only to an average GDP per capita of about $15,000. In the 2000s, several studies have obtained the opposite result, so this Easterlin paradox is controversial.
Individual income
Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has been found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox.In 2010, Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual household pre-tax income of $75,000.Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. A short term course of psychological therapy is 32 times more cost effective at increasing happiness than simply increasing income.Scholars at the University of Virginia, University of British Columbia and Harvard University released a study in 2011 after examining numerous academic paper in response to an apparent contradiction: "When asked to take stock of their lives, people with more money report being a good deal more satisfied. But when asked how happy they are at the moment, people with more money are barely different than those with less." Published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, the study is entitled "If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right" and included the following eight general recommendations:
Spend money on "experiences" rather than goods.
Donate money to others, including charities, rather than spending it solely on oneself.
Spend small amounts of money on many small, temporary pleasures rather than less often on larger ones.
Don't spend money on "extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance."
Adjust one's mindset to "pay now, consume later," instead of "consume now, pay later."
Exercise circumspection about the day-to-day consequences of a purchase beforehand.
Rather than buying products that provide the "best deal," make purchases based on what will facilitate well-being.
Seek out the opinions of other people who have prior experience of a product before purchasing it.In their "Unhappy Cities" paper, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Oren Ziv examined the self-reported subjective well-being of people living in American metropolitan areas, particularly in relation to the notion that "individuals make trade-offs among competing objectives, including but not limited to happiness." The researchers findings revealed that people living in metropolitan areas where lower levels of happiness are reported are receiving higher real wages, and they suggest in their conclusion that "humans are quite understandably willing to sacrifice both happiness and life satisfaction if the price is right."
Social security
Ruut Veenhoven claimed that social security payments do not seem to add to happiness. This may be due to the fact that non-self-earned income (e.g., from a lottery) does not add to happiness in general either. Happiness may be the mind's reward for a useful action. However, Johan Norberg of CIS, a free enterprise economy think tank, presents a hypothesis that as people who think that they themselves control their lives are happier, paternalist institutions may decrease happiness.An alternative perspective focuses on the role of the welfare state as an institution that improves quality of life not only by increasing the extent to which basic human needs are met, but also by promoting greater control of one's life by limiting the degree to which individuals find themselves at the mercy of impersonal market forces that are indifferent to the fate of individuals. This is the argument suggested by the U.S. political scientist Benjamin Radcliff, who has presented a series of papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals demonstrating that a more generous welfare state contributes to higher levels of life satisfaction, and does so to rich and poor alike.
Employment
Generally, the well-being of those who are employed is higher than those who are unemployed. Employment itself may not increase subjective well-being, but facilitates activities that do (such as supporting a family, philanthropy, and education). While work does increase well-being through providing income, income level is not as indicative of subjective well-being as other benefits related to employment. Feelings of autonomy and mastery, found in higher levels in the employed than unemployed, are stronger predictors of subjective well-being than wealth.When personal preference and the amount of time spent working do not align, both men and women experience a decrease in subjective well-being. The negative effect of working more or working less than preferred has been found across multiple studies, most finding that working more than preferred (over-employed) is more detrimental, but some found that working less (under-employed) is more detrimental. Most individuals' levels of subjective well-being returned to "normal" (level previous to time mismatch) within one year. Levels remained lower only when individuals worked more hours than preferred for a period of two years or more, which may indicate that it is more detrimental to be over-employed than under-employed in the long-term.Employment status effects are not confined to the individual. Being unemployed can have detrimental effects on a spouse's subjective well-being, compared to being employed or not working (and not looking for work). Partner life satisfaction is inversely related to the number of hours their partner is underemployed. When both partners are underemployed, the life-satisfaction of men is more greatly diminished than women. However, just being in a relationship reduces the impact unemployment has on the subjective well-being of an individual. On a broad scale, high rates of unemployment negatively affect the subjective well-being of the employed.Becoming self-employed can increase subjective well-being, given the right conditions. Those who leave work to become self-employed report greater life satisfaction than those who work for others or become self-employed after unemployment; this effect increases over time. Those who are self-employed and have employees of their own report higher life-satisfaction than those who are self-employed without employees, and women who are self-employed without employees report a higher life satisfaction than men in the same condition.The effects of retirement on subjective well-being vary depending on personal and cultural factors. Subjective well-being can remain stable for those who retire from work voluntarily, but declines for those who are involuntarily retired. In countries with an average social norm to work, the well-being of men increases after retirement, and the well-being of retired women is at the same level as women who are homemakers or work outside the home. In countries with a strong social norm to work, retirement negatively impacts the well-being of men and women.
Relationships and children
In the 1970s, women typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. By 2009, declines in reported female happiness had eroded a gender gap.In rich societies, where a rise in income doesn't equate to an increase in levels of subjective well-being, personal relationships are the determining factors of happiness.Glaeser, Gottlieb and Ziv suggest in their conclusion that the happiness trade-offs that individuals seem willing to make aligns with the tendency of parents to report less happiness, as they sacrifice their personal well-being for the "price" of having children.
Freedom and control
There is a significant correlation between feeling in control of one's own life and happiness levels.
A study conducted at the University of Zurich suggested that democracy and federalism bring well-being to individuals. It concluded that the more direct political participation possibilities available to citizens raises their subjective well-being. Two reasons were given for this finding. First, a more active role for citizens enables better monitoring of professional politicians by citizens, which leads to greater satisfaction with government output. Second, the ability for citizens to get involved in and have control over the political process, independently increases well-being.American psychologist Barry Schwartz argues in his book The Paradox of Choice that too many consumer and lifestyle choices can produce anxiety and unhappiness due to analysis paralysis and raised expectations of satisfaction.
Religious diversity
National cross-sectional data suggest an inverse relationship between religious diversity and happiness, possibly by facilitating more bonding (and less bridging) social capital.
Happiness and leisure
Much of the research regarding happiness and leisure relies on subjective well-being (SWB) as an appropriate measure of happiness. Research has demonstrated a wide variety of contributing and resulting factors in the relationship between leisure and happiness. These include psychological mechanisms, and the types and characteristics of leisure activities that result in the greatest levels of subjective happiness. Specifically, leisure may trigger five core psychological mechanisms including detachment-recovery from work, autonomy in leisure, mastery of leisure activities, meaning-making in leisure activities, and social affiliation in leisure (DRAMMA). Leisure activities that are physical, relational, and performed outdoors are correlated with greater feelings of satisfaction with free time. Research across 33 different countries shows that individuals who feel they strengthen social relationships and work on personal development during leisure time are happier than others. Furthermore, shopping, reading books, attending cultural events, getting together with relatives, listening to music and attending sporting events is associated with higher levels of happiness. Spending time on the internet or watching TV is not associated with higher levels of happiness as compared to these other activities.Research has shown that culture influences how we measure happiness and leisure. While SWB is a commonly used measure of happiness in North America and Europe, this may not be the case internationally. Quality of life (QOL) may be a better measure of happiness and leisure in Asian countries, especially Korea. Countries such as China and Japan may require a different measurement of happiness, as societal differences may influence the concept of happiness (i.e. economic variables, cultural practices, and social networks) beyond what QOL is able to measure. There seem to be some differences in leisure preference cross-culturally. Within the Croatian culture, family related leisure activities may enhance SWB across a large spectrum of ages ranging from adolescent to older adults, in both women and men. Active socializing and visiting cultural events are also associated with high levels of SWB across varying age and gender. Italians seem to prefer social conceptions of leisure as opposed to individualistic conceptions. Although different groups of individuals may prefer varying types and amount of leisure activity, this variability is likely due to the differing motivations and goals that an individual intends to fulfill with their leisure time.Research suggests that specific leisure interventions enhance feelings of SWB. This is both a top-down and bottom-up effect, in that leisure satisfaction causally affects SWB, and SWB causally affects leisure satisfaction. This bi-directional effect is stronger in retired individuals than in working individuals. Furthermore, it appears that satisfaction with our leisure at least partially explains the relationship between our engagement in leisure and our SWB. Broadly speaking, researchers classify leisure into active (e.g. volunteering, socializing, sports and fitness) and passive leisure (e.g. watching television and listening to the radio). Among older adults, passive leisure activities and personal leisure activities (e.g. sleeping, eating, and bathing) correlate with higher levels of SWB and feelings of relaxation than active leisure activities. Thus, although significant evidence has demonstrated that active leisure is associated with higher levels of SWB, or happiness, this may not be the case with older populations.Both regular and irregular involvement in sports leisure can result in heightened SWB. Serious, or systematic involvement in certain leisure activities, such as taekwondo, correlates with personal growth and a sense of happiness. Additionally, more irregular (e.g. seasonal) sports activities, such as skiing, are also correlated with high SWB. Furthermore, the relationship between pleasure and skiing is thought to be caused in part by a sense of flow and involvement with the activity. Leisure activities, such as meeting with friends, participating in sports, and going on vacation trips, positively correlate with life satisfaction. It may also be true that going on a vacation makes our lives seem better, but does not necessarily make us happier in the long term. Research regarding vacationing or taking a holiday trip is mixed. Although the reported effects are mostly small, some evidence points to higher levels of SWB, or happiness, after taking a holiday.
Economic security
Poverty alleviation are associated with happier populations. According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on life satisfaction: Volatile or high inflation is bad for a population's well-being, particularly those with a right-wing political orientation. That suggests the impact of disruptions to economic security are in part mediated or modified by beliefs about economic security.
Political stability
The Voxeu analysis of the economic determinants of happiness found that life satisfaction explains the largest share of an existing government's vote share, followed by economic growth, which itself explains six times as much as employment and twice as much as inflation.
Economic freedom
Individualistic societies have happier populations. Institutes of economic freedom are associated with increases wealth inequality but does not necessarily contribute to decreases in aggregate well-being or subjective well-being at the population level. In fact, income inequality enhances global well-being.
There is some debate over whether living in poor neighbours make one happier. And, living among rich neighbours can dull the happiness that comes from wealth. This is purported to work by way of an upward or downward comparison effect (Keeping up with the Joneses). The balance of evidence is trending in favour of the hypothesis that living in poor neighbourhoods makes one less happy, and living in rich neighbourhoods actually makes one happier, in the United States. While social status matters, a balance of factors like amenities, safe areas, well maintained housing, turn the tide in favour of the argument that richer neighbours are happier neighbours.
Democracy
"The right to participate in the political process, measured by the extent of direct democratic rights across regions, is strongly correlated with subjective well-being (Frey and Stutzer, 2002) ... a potential mechanism that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility." Institutions and well-being, democracy and federalism are associated with a happier population. Correspondingly, political engagement and activism have associated health benefits.
On the other hand, some non-democratic countries such as China and Saudi Arabia top the Ipsos list of countries where the citizenry is most happy with their government's direction. That suggests that voting preferences may not translate well into overall satisfaction with the government's direction. In any case, both of these factors revealed preference and domain specific satisfaction rather than overall subjective well being.
Economic development
Historically, economists thought economic growth was unrelated to population level well-being, a phenomenon labelled the Easterlin paradox. More robust research has identified that there is a link between economic development and the wellbeing of the population.
A <2017 meta-analysis shows that the impact of infrastructure expenditure on economic growth varies considerably. So, one cannot assume an infrastructure project will yield welfare benefits. The paper doesn't investigate or elaborate on any modifiable variables that might predict the value of a project. However, government spending on roads and primary industries is the best value target for transport spending, according to a 2013 meta-analysis.
7%+/−3% per annum discount rates are typically applied as the discount rate on public infrastructure projects in Australia. Smaller real discount rates are used internationally to calculate the social return on investment by governments.
Alternative approach: economic consequences of happiness
While the mainstream happiness economics has focused on identifying the determinants of happiness, an alternative approach in the discipline examines instead what are the economic consequences of happiness. Happiness may act as a determinant of economic outcomes: it increases productivity, predicts one's future income and affects labour market performance. There is a growing number of studies justifying the so-called "happy-productive worker" thesis. The positive and causal impact of happiness on an individual's productivity has been established in experimental studies.
Timeline of developments
The idea that happiness is important to a society is not new. Many other prominent intellectuals, philosophers and political leaders throughout history, including Aristotle, Confucius, and Plato, incorporated happiness into their work.350 B.C. – "Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence." -Aristotle
Thomas Jefferson put the "pursuit of happiness" on the same level as life and liberty in the United States' Declaration of Independence. Jeremy Bentham believed that public policy should attempt to maximize happiness, and he even attempted to estimate a "hedonic calculus". In the United States, there is no explicit policy that requires the rulers to develop the physical and mental well-being of the citizens or hold the government agencies accountable for their performance against specific measures or metrics of well-being. Until 1972 there was no formal government policy, anywhere in the world, that placed happiness and well-being as a main criterion for public policy decision making.
1789 – France adopts the Declaration: It emphasizes happiness as a fundamental right and universal goal.
The following is a chronological list of happiness economics and well-being indices:
1972 – Bhutan's former king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, introduced the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy and its four development pillars at an international conference.2005 – Med Jones of the International Institute of Management introduced the first GNH Index and Global GNH Index Survey. The GNH Index, also known as Gross National Well-being (GNW) Index framework served as the first integrated objective (economic) and subjective (happiness) socioeconomic development framework. Prior to the GNH Index, there were few development indices that improved upon the gross domestic product (GDP), but did not measure happiness. For example, the Genuine Progress Indicator was focused on the environmental cost of economic development, then later (in 2006) it was updated to include similar measures to the GNH Index. Another development index is the Human Development Index (HDI) that originally focused on literacy and education but also did not measure happiness. The HDI now measures three basic dimensions of human development, health (as measured by life expectancy at birth), overall knowledge level (as measured by the literacy rate), and standard of living (as measured by GDP per capita for a given year). Among the criticisms of the HDI is the complaint that it is a mixture of stock measures (life expectancy at birth and literacy rate) and a flow measure (GDP per capita for a given year). To overcome this criticism, Hou, Walsh, and Zhang (2015) proposed a new index called HDIF (Human Development Index Flow), in which they replaced life expectancy at birth by the under-five mortality rate (for a given year), and they also replaced the literacy rate by the gross primary school enrollment ratio for a given year). They calculated both the HDI and the HDIF for many countries and found that "the HDIF and the HDI tend to converge for wealthy countries and diverge for poor countries, especially those with low HDI rankings". The development performance of poor countries improved using the HDIF while the performance of the wealthy countries declined.2006 – The Genuine Progress Indicator was updated from a green measurement system to a broader concept that included quantitative measurement of well-being and happiness. The new measure is motivated by the philosophy of the GNH and the same notion of that subjective measures like well-being are more relevant and important than more objective measures like consumption. It is not measured directly, but only by means of the factors which are believed to lead to it.
2007 – Thailand releases Green and Happiness Index (GHI).2008 – French President Nicolas Sarkozy launched a Happiness Initiative similar to GNH, calling for the inclusion of happiness and well-being among the criteria for national governance policies. He commissioned three prominent economists, Joseph Stiglitz (USA), Amartya Sen (India), Jean-Paul Fitoussi (France), to publish a report calling for a global "statistical system which goes beyond commercial activity to measure personal well-being." Later it was described as gross domestic happiness (GDH). The GDH Index is similar to the GNH Index of 2005.
2008 – The goal of furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified GNH Index to measure this, are instituted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan, to guide its government, on 18 July 2008. The included index is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of the population.
2009 – In the United States, the Gallup poll system launched the happiness survey collecting data on national scale. The Gallup Well-Being Index was modeled after the GNH Index framework of 2005. The Well-Being Index score is an average of six sub-indexes which measure life evaluation, emotional health, work environment, physical health, healthy behaviors, and access to basic necessities. In October 2009, the US scored 66.1/100.
2010 – The concept was taken seriously, as the Centre for Bhutan Studies, under the leadership of Karma Ura, developed a sophisticated survey instrument to measure the population's general level of well-being. Two Canadians, Michael and Martha Pennock played a major role in developing the Bhutanese survey, which took a six- to seven-hour interview to complete. They developed a shorter international version of the survey which has been used in their home region of Victoria, BC, as well as in Brazil. The Pennocks also collaborated with Ura in the production of a policy lens which is used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of gross national happiness in Bhutan.2010 – The Center for Bhutan Studies further defined the original four pillars with greater specificity into eight general contributors to happiness, which make up the Bhutan GNH Index: 1) physical, mental and spiritual health; 2) time-balance; 3) social and community vitality; 4) cultural vitality; 5) education; 6) living standards; 7) good governance; and 8) ecological vitality.2010 – The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative OPHI at the University of Oxford in UK, launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP). Similar to the GNH Index of 2005, OPHI promotes collection and analysis of data on five dimensions including Quality of work, Empowerment, Physical safety, Ability to go about without shame, Psychological wellbeing.2011 – UN General Assembly Resolution 65/309, titled "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development"2011 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched "Better Life Index" (BLI).2011 – The United Nations released its first edition of the now annual World Happiness Report.
2011 – Canadian Index of Wellbeing Network (CIW Network) released The Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW).2011 – The Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an article suggesting that western GDP economics is an incomplete development model and called for the adoption of Bhutan's GNH philosophy and Jones' GNH Index in Israel.2011 – Chuluun Togtokh criticized the HDI in an article published in Nature, calling for a revised HDI, writing that "The revised index should include each nation's per capita carbon emissions, and so become a Human Sustainable Development Index (HSDI)." Bravo (2014) provided details of how the HSDI was computed and proposed an amended HSDI by including the proportion of forested area in each country. He argued that this proposed indicator "represents an important measure of the capacity of the natural system to provide fundamental ecological services."2012 – In a report prepared for the US Congressman Hansen Clarke, R, researchers Ben Beachy and Juston Zorn, at John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, recommended that "the Congress should prescribe the broad parameters of new, carefully designed supplemental national indicators; it should launch a bipartisan commission of experts to address unresolved methodological issues, and include alternative indicators." They proposed that the government can use the survey results to see which well-being dimensions are least satisfied and which districts and demographic groups are most deficient, so as to allocate resources accordingly. The report list the Gross National Happiness Index and its seven measurement area as one of the main frameworks to consider.2012 – Professor Peter T. Coleman, a director of the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Columbia University, suggested that Jones' GNH Index initiative could inform the Global Peace Index Initiative GPI.2012 – South Korea launched Happiness Index citing the GNH Index framework.2012 – The government of Goa, India, published a strategy for socioeconomic development citing the GNH Index as a model for measuring happiness.2012 – The city of Seattle in Washington, launched its own happiness index initiative, emphasizing measures similar to the GNH Index.2013 – The Social Progress Index SPI was launched by Michael Porter
2013 – The president of Singapore, Tony Tan, proposed that in addition to building up substantial financial reserves, Singapore needed to focus on building up its "social reserves", a concept that appears to have parallels to GNH.2013 – Economist Karol Jan Borowiecki motivates that well-being indices can be obtained from the way people communicate, as is established in psychology, and compiles the first well-being indices covering the life-time of a person.2013 – A joint commission led by the Conseil économique et social, the Conseil supérieur pour un développement durable and the Observatoire de la Compétitivité introduces a set of indicators measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The conclusions of the commission are summarised in a document titled "Projet PIBien-être", which identifies 64 indicators belonging to 11 different domains to assess quality of life in Luxembourg.2014 – The government of Dubai launched its localized Happiness Index to measure the public's contentment and satisfaction with different government services.2014 – The United Kingdom launched its own well-being and happiness statistics.2015 – Within the "Projet PIBien-être" launched in 2013, STATEC (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) presents a preliminary analysis of the "Luxembourgish Index of Well-being" (LIW), a first proposal of synthetic indicator measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The presentation entitled "Preliminary Assessment of Quality of Life in Luxembourg" was delivered by Marcin Piekałkiewicz on 16 December 2015.2017 – The Minderoo Foundation launched the Global Slavery Index, providing a map of the estimated prevalence of modern slavery. The information allows an objective comparison and assessment of both the problem and adequacy of the response in 167 countries.
Related studies
The Satisfaction with Life Index is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success such as GDP or GNP. Some studies suggest that happiness can be measured effectively. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), published in November 2008 a major study on happiness economics in Latin America and the Caribbean.There are also several examples of measures that include self-reported happiness as one variable. Happy Life Years, a concept brought by Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with life expectancy. The Happy Planet Index combines it with life expectancy and ecological footprint.
Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a concept introduced by the King of Bhutan in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. Several countries have already developed or are in the process of developing such an index. Bhutan's index has led that country to limit the amount of deforestation it will allow and to require that all tourists to its nation must spend US$200 Allegedly, low-budget tourism and deforestation lead to unhappiness.After the military coup of 2006, Thailand also instituted an index. The stated promise of the new Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont is to make the Thai people not only richer but happier as well. Much like GDP results, Thailand releases monthly GNH data. The Thai GNH index is based on a 1–10 scale with 10 being the happiest. As of 13 May 2007, the Thai GNH measured 5.1 points. The index uses poll data from the population surveying various satisfaction factors such as security, public utilities, good governance, trade, social justice, allocation of resources, education and community problems.Australia, China, France and the United Kingdom are also coming up with indexes to measure national happiness. The UK began to measure national wellbeing in 2012. North Korea also announced an international Happiness Index in 2011 through Korean Central Television. North Korea itself came in second, behind #1 China. Canada released the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) in 2011 to track changes in wellbeing. The CIW has adopted the following working definition of wellbeing: The presence of the highest possible quality of life in its full breadth of expression focused on but not necessarily exclusive to good living standards, robust health, a sustainable environment, vital communities, an educated populace, balanced time use, high levels of democratic participation, and access to and participation in leisure and cultureEcuador's and Bolivia's new constitutions state the indigenous concept of "good life" ("buen vivir" in Spanish, "sumak kawsay" in Quichua, and "suma qamaña" in Aymara) as the goal of sustainable development.
Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical, as well as classical economics, are not subsumed under the term happiness economics although the original goal was to increase the happiness of the people. Classical and neoclassical economics are stages in the development of welfare economics and are characterized by mathematical modeling. Happiness economics represents a radical break with this tradition. The measurement of subjective happiness respectively life satisfaction by means of survey research across nations and time (in addition to objective measures like lifespan, wealth, security etc.) marks the beginning of happiness economics.
Criticism
Some have suggested that establishing happiness as a metric is only meant to serve political goals. Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. As a result, some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals.Even on the individual level, there is discussion on how much effect external forces can have on happiness. Less than 3% of an individual's level of happiness comes from external sources such as employment, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To go along with this, four of the Big Five Personality Traits are substantially associated with life satisfaction, openness to experience is not associated. Having high levels of internal locus of control leads to higher reported levels of happiness.Even when happiness can be affected by external sources, it has high hedonic adaptation, some specific events such as an increase in income, disability, unemployment, and loss (bereavement) only have short-term (about a year) effects on a person's overall happiness and after a while happiness may return to levels similar to unaffected peers.What has the most influence over happiness are internal factors such as genetics, personality traits, and internal locus of control. It is theorized that 50% of the variation in happiness levels is from genetic sources and is known as the genetic set point. The genetic set point is assumed to be stable over time, fixed, and immune to influence or control. This goes along with findings that well-being surveys have a naturally positive baseline.With such strong internal forces on happiness, it is hard to have an effect on a person's happiness externally. This in turn lends itself back to the idea that establishing a happiness metric is only for political gain and has little other use. To support this even further it is believed that a country aggregate level of SWB can account for more variance in government vote share than standard macroeconomic variables, such as income and employment.
Technical issues
According to Bond and Lang (2018), the results are skewed due to the fact that the respondents have to "round" their true happiness to the scale of, e.g., 3 or 7 alternatives (e.g., very happy, pretty happy, not too happy). This "rounding error" may cause a less happy group seem happier, in the average. This would not be the case if the happiness of both groups would be normally distributed with the same variance, but that is usually not the case, based on their results. For some not-implausible log-normal assumptions on the scale, typical results can be reversed to the opposite results.They also show that the "reporting function" seems to be different for different groups and even for the same individual at different times. For example, when a person becomes disabled, they soon start to lower their threshold for a given answer (e.g., "pretty happy"). That is, they give a higher answer than they would have given at the same happiness state before becoming disabled.
See also
Researchers
References and notes
Bibliography
Books
Anielski, Mark (2007). The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth. Canada: New Society Publishers. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-86571-596-7.
Bruni, Luigino; Pier Luigi Porta (2005). Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis. Oxford University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-19-928628-7.
Bruni, Luigino (2008). Pier Luigi Porta (ed.). Handbook On the Economics Of Happiness. Description and full contents links and preview.: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 640. ISBN 978-1-84376-826-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
Gaucher, Renaud (2009). Bonheur et économie. Le capitalisme est-il soluble dans la recherche du bonheur? L'Harmattan, collection L'esprit économique. ISBN 978-2296069169
Van Praag, Bernard; Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2004). Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-19-828654-7.
Kahneman, Daniel; Ed Diener (2003). Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0871544230.
Frey, Bruno S.; Alois Stutzer (2002). Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being. Princeton University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0-69106-998-2.Articles
Clark, Andrew E.; Frijters, Paul; Shields, Michael A. (2008). "Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 46 (1): 95–144. doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95. hdl:10419/34701. S2CID 1744957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert J.; Oswald, Andrew J. (2003). "The Macroeconomics of Happiness" (PDF). Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 809–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.3175. doi:10.1162/003465303772815745. S2CID 1914665.
Easterlin, Richard A. (2004). "The Economics of Happiness". Dædalus. 133 (2): 26–33. doi:10.1162/001152604323049361. JSTOR 20027910. S2CID 57563766. The entire issue of Daedalus is devoted to happiness and may repay exploration.
Frey, Bruno S.; Stutzer, Alois (2002). "What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 40 (2): 402–35. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.8589. doi:10.1257/jel.40.2.402.
MacKerron, George (2012). "Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet". Journal of Economic Surveys. 26 (4): 705–35. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00672.x. S2CID 153523588.
Piekałkiewicz, Marcin (2017). "Why do economists study happiness?". The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 28 (3): 361–77. doi:10.1177/1035304617717130. S2CID 157266981.
External links
Andrew Oswald (December 1999). "A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2007.
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The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and quality of life, including positive and negative affects, well-being, life satisfaction and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other social sciences, like sociology and psychology, as well as physical health. It typically treats subjective happiness-related measures, as well as more objective quality of life indices, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized.
The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure happiness and related concepts, as well as quality of life. Happiness findings have been described as a challenge to the theory and practice of economics. Nevertheless, furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified Index to measure it, has been adopted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan in 2008, to guide its economic governance.
Subject classifications
The subject may be categorized in various ways, depending on specificity, intersection, and cross-classification. For example, within the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes, it has been categorized under:
Welfare economics at JEL: D63 – Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
Health, education, and welfare at JEL: I31 – General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness
Demographic economics at JEL:J18 – Public policy.
Metrology
Given its very nature, reported happiness is subjective. It is difficult to compare one person's happiness with another's. It can be especially difficult to compare happiness across cultures. However, many happiness economists believe they have solved this comparison problem. Cross-sections of large data samples across nations and time demonstrate consistent patterns in the determinants of happiness.Happiness is typically measured using subjective measures – e.g. self-reported surveys – and/or objective measures. One concern has always been the accuracy and reliability of people's responses to happiness surveys. Objective measures such as lifespan, income, and education are often used as well as or instead of subjectively reported happiness, though this assumes that they generally produce happiness, which while plausible may not necessarily be the case. The terms quality of life or well-being are often used to encompass these more objective measures.
Micro-econometric happiness equations have the standard form:
W
i
t
=
α
+
β
x
i
t
+
ϵ
i
t
{\displaystyle W_{it}=\alpha +\beta {x_{it}}+\epsilon _{it}}
. In this equation
W
{\displaystyle W}
is the reported well-being of individual
i
{\displaystyle i}
at time
t
{\displaystyle t}
, and
x
{\displaystyle x}
is a vector of known variables, which include socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.Macro-econometric happiness has been gauged by some as Gross National Happiness, following Sicco Mansholt's 1972 introduction of the measure, and by others as a Genuine Wealth index. Anielski in 2008 wrote a reference definition on how to measure five types of capital: (1) human; (2) social; (3) natural; (4) built; and (5) financial.Happiness, well-being, or satisfaction with life, was seen as unmeasurable in classical and neo-classical economics. Van Praag was the first person who organized large surveys in order to explicitly measure welfare derived from income. He did this with the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ). This approach is called the Leyden School. It is named after the Dutch university where this approach was developed. Other researchers included Arie Kapteyn and Aldi Hagenaars.Some scientists claim that happiness can be measured both subjectively and objectively by observing the joy center of the brain lit up with advanced imaging, although this raises philosophical issues, for example about whether this can be treated as more reliable than reported subjective happiness.
Determinants
GDP and GNP
Typically national financial measures, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), have been used as a measure of successful policy. There is a significant association between GDP and happiness, with citizens in wealthier nations being happier than those in poorer nations. In 2002, researchers argued that this relationship extends only to an average GDP per capita of about $15,000. In the 2000s, several studies have obtained the opposite result, so this Easterlin paradox is controversial.
Individual income
Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has been found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox.In 2010, Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual household pre-tax income of $75,000.Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. A short term course of psychological therapy is 32 times more cost effective at increasing happiness than simply increasing income.Scholars at the University of Virginia, University of British Columbia and Harvard University released a study in 2011 after examining numerous academic paper in response to an apparent contradiction: "When asked to take stock of their lives, people with more money report being a good deal more satisfied. But when asked how happy they are at the moment, people with more money are barely different than those with less." Published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, the study is entitled "If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right" and included the following eight general recommendations:
Spend money on "experiences" rather than goods.
Donate money to others, including charities, rather than spending it solely on oneself.
Spend small amounts of money on many small, temporary pleasures rather than less often on larger ones.
Don't spend money on "extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance."
Adjust one's mindset to "pay now, consume later," instead of "consume now, pay later."
Exercise circumspection about the day-to-day consequences of a purchase beforehand.
Rather than buying products that provide the "best deal," make purchases based on what will facilitate well-being.
Seek out the opinions of other people who have prior experience of a product before purchasing it.In their "Unhappy Cities" paper, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Oren Ziv examined the self-reported subjective well-being of people living in American metropolitan areas, particularly in relation to the notion that "individuals make trade-offs among competing objectives, including but not limited to happiness." The researchers findings revealed that people living in metropolitan areas where lower levels of happiness are reported are receiving higher real wages, and they suggest in their conclusion that "humans are quite understandably willing to sacrifice both happiness and life satisfaction if the price is right."
Social security
Ruut Veenhoven claimed that social security payments do not seem to add to happiness. This may be due to the fact that non-self-earned income (e.g., from a lottery) does not add to happiness in general either. Happiness may be the mind's reward for a useful action. However, Johan Norberg of CIS, a free enterprise economy think tank, presents a hypothesis that as people who think that they themselves control their lives are happier, paternalist institutions may decrease happiness.An alternative perspective focuses on the role of the welfare state as an institution that improves quality of life not only by increasing the extent to which basic human needs are met, but also by promoting greater control of one's life by limiting the degree to which individuals find themselves at the mercy of impersonal market forces that are indifferent to the fate of individuals. This is the argument suggested by the U.S. political scientist Benjamin Radcliff, who has presented a series of papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals demonstrating that a more generous welfare state contributes to higher levels of life satisfaction, and does so to rich and poor alike.
Employment
Generally, the well-being of those who are employed is higher than those who are unemployed. Employment itself may not increase subjective well-being, but facilitates activities that do (such as supporting a family, philanthropy, and education). While work does increase well-being through providing income, income level is not as indicative of subjective well-being as other benefits related to employment. Feelings of autonomy and mastery, found in higher levels in the employed than unemployed, are stronger predictors of subjective well-being than wealth.When personal preference and the amount of time spent working do not align, both men and women experience a decrease in subjective well-being. The negative effect of working more or working less than preferred has been found across multiple studies, most finding that working more than preferred (over-employed) is more detrimental, but some found that working less (under-employed) is more detrimental. Most individuals' levels of subjective well-being returned to "normal" (level previous to time mismatch) within one year. Levels remained lower only when individuals worked more hours than preferred for a period of two years or more, which may indicate that it is more detrimental to be over-employed than under-employed in the long-term.Employment status effects are not confined to the individual. Being unemployed can have detrimental effects on a spouse's subjective well-being, compared to being employed or not working (and not looking for work). Partner life satisfaction is inversely related to the number of hours their partner is underemployed. When both partners are underemployed, the life-satisfaction of men is more greatly diminished than women. However, just being in a relationship reduces the impact unemployment has on the subjective well-being of an individual. On a broad scale, high rates of unemployment negatively affect the subjective well-being of the employed.Becoming self-employed can increase subjective well-being, given the right conditions. Those who leave work to become self-employed report greater life satisfaction than those who work for others or become self-employed after unemployment; this effect increases over time. Those who are self-employed and have employees of their own report higher life-satisfaction than those who are self-employed without employees, and women who are self-employed without employees report a higher life satisfaction than men in the same condition.The effects of retirement on subjective well-being vary depending on personal and cultural factors. Subjective well-being can remain stable for those who retire from work voluntarily, but declines for those who are involuntarily retired. In countries with an average social norm to work, the well-being of men increases after retirement, and the well-being of retired women is at the same level as women who are homemakers or work outside the home. In countries with a strong social norm to work, retirement negatively impacts the well-being of men and women.
Relationships and children
In the 1970s, women typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. By 2009, declines in reported female happiness had eroded a gender gap.In rich societies, where a rise in income doesn't equate to an increase in levels of subjective well-being, personal relationships are the determining factors of happiness.Glaeser, Gottlieb and Ziv suggest in their conclusion that the happiness trade-offs that individuals seem willing to make aligns with the tendency of parents to report less happiness, as they sacrifice their personal well-being for the "price" of having children.
Freedom and control
There is a significant correlation between feeling in control of one's own life and happiness levels.
A study conducted at the University of Zurich suggested that democracy and federalism bring well-being to individuals. It concluded that the more direct political participation possibilities available to citizens raises their subjective well-being. Two reasons were given for this finding. First, a more active role for citizens enables better monitoring of professional politicians by citizens, which leads to greater satisfaction with government output. Second, the ability for citizens to get involved in and have control over the political process, independently increases well-being.American psychologist Barry Schwartz argues in his book The Paradox of Choice that too many consumer and lifestyle choices can produce anxiety and unhappiness due to analysis paralysis and raised expectations of satisfaction.
Religious diversity
National cross-sectional data suggest an inverse relationship between religious diversity and happiness, possibly by facilitating more bonding (and less bridging) social capital.
Happiness and leisure
Much of the research regarding happiness and leisure relies on subjective well-being (SWB) as an appropriate measure of happiness. Research has demonstrated a wide variety of contributing and resulting factors in the relationship between leisure and happiness. These include psychological mechanisms, and the types and characteristics of leisure activities that result in the greatest levels of subjective happiness. Specifically, leisure may trigger five core psychological mechanisms including detachment-recovery from work, autonomy in leisure, mastery of leisure activities, meaning-making in leisure activities, and social affiliation in leisure (DRAMMA). Leisure activities that are physical, relational, and performed outdoors are correlated with greater feelings of satisfaction with free time. Research across 33 different countries shows that individuals who feel they strengthen social relationships and work on personal development during leisure time are happier than others. Furthermore, shopping, reading books, attending cultural events, getting together with relatives, listening to music and attending sporting events is associated with higher levels of happiness. Spending time on the internet or watching TV is not associated with higher levels of happiness as compared to these other activities.Research has shown that culture influences how we measure happiness and leisure. While SWB is a commonly used measure of happiness in North America and Europe, this may not be the case internationally. Quality of life (QOL) may be a better measure of happiness and leisure in Asian countries, especially Korea. Countries such as China and Japan may require a different measurement of happiness, as societal differences may influence the concept of happiness (i.e. economic variables, cultural practices, and social networks) beyond what QOL is able to measure. There seem to be some differences in leisure preference cross-culturally. Within the Croatian culture, family related leisure activities may enhance SWB across a large spectrum of ages ranging from adolescent to older adults, in both women and men. Active socializing and visiting cultural events are also associated with high levels of SWB across varying age and gender. Italians seem to prefer social conceptions of leisure as opposed to individualistic conceptions. Although different groups of individuals may prefer varying types and amount of leisure activity, this variability is likely due to the differing motivations and goals that an individual intends to fulfill with their leisure time.Research suggests that specific leisure interventions enhance feelings of SWB. This is both a top-down and bottom-up effect, in that leisure satisfaction causally affects SWB, and SWB causally affects leisure satisfaction. This bi-directional effect is stronger in retired individuals than in working individuals. Furthermore, it appears that satisfaction with our leisure at least partially explains the relationship between our engagement in leisure and our SWB. Broadly speaking, researchers classify leisure into active (e.g. volunteering, socializing, sports and fitness) and passive leisure (e.g. watching television and listening to the radio). Among older adults, passive leisure activities and personal leisure activities (e.g. sleeping, eating, and bathing) correlate with higher levels of SWB and feelings of relaxation than active leisure activities. Thus, although significant evidence has demonstrated that active leisure is associated with higher levels of SWB, or happiness, this may not be the case with older populations.Both regular and irregular involvement in sports leisure can result in heightened SWB. Serious, or systematic involvement in certain leisure activities, such as taekwondo, correlates with personal growth and a sense of happiness. Additionally, more irregular (e.g. seasonal) sports activities, such as skiing, are also correlated with high SWB. Furthermore, the relationship between pleasure and skiing is thought to be caused in part by a sense of flow and involvement with the activity. Leisure activities, such as meeting with friends, participating in sports, and going on vacation trips, positively correlate with life satisfaction. It may also be true that going on a vacation makes our lives seem better, but does not necessarily make us happier in the long term. Research regarding vacationing or taking a holiday trip is mixed. Although the reported effects are mostly small, some evidence points to higher levels of SWB, or happiness, after taking a holiday.
Economic security
Poverty alleviation are associated with happier populations. According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on life satisfaction: Volatile or high inflation is bad for a population's well-being, particularly those with a right-wing political orientation. That suggests the impact of disruptions to economic security are in part mediated or modified by beliefs about economic security.
Political stability
The Voxeu analysis of the economic determinants of happiness found that life satisfaction explains the largest share of an existing government's vote share, followed by economic growth, which itself explains six times as much as employment and twice as much as inflation.
Economic freedom
Individualistic societies have happier populations. Institutes of economic freedom are associated with increases wealth inequality but does not necessarily contribute to decreases in aggregate well-being or subjective well-being at the population level. In fact, income inequality enhances global well-being.
There is some debate over whether living in poor neighbours make one happier. And, living among rich neighbours can dull the happiness that comes from wealth. This is purported to work by way of an upward or downward comparison effect (Keeping up with the Joneses). The balance of evidence is trending in favour of the hypothesis that living in poor neighbourhoods makes one less happy, and living in rich neighbourhoods actually makes one happier, in the United States. While social status matters, a balance of factors like amenities, safe areas, well maintained housing, turn the tide in favour of the argument that richer neighbours are happier neighbours.
Democracy
"The right to participate in the political process, measured by the extent of direct democratic rights across regions, is strongly correlated with subjective well-being (Frey and Stutzer, 2002) ... a potential mechanism that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility." Institutions and well-being, democracy and federalism are associated with a happier population. Correspondingly, political engagement and activism have associated health benefits.
On the other hand, some non-democratic countries such as China and Saudi Arabia top the Ipsos list of countries where the citizenry is most happy with their government's direction. That suggests that voting preferences may not translate well into overall satisfaction with the government's direction. In any case, both of these factors revealed preference and domain specific satisfaction rather than overall subjective well being.
Economic development
Historically, economists thought economic growth was unrelated to population level well-being, a phenomenon labelled the Easterlin paradox. More robust research has identified that there is a link between economic development and the wellbeing of the population.
A <2017 meta-analysis shows that the impact of infrastructure expenditure on economic growth varies considerably. So, one cannot assume an infrastructure project will yield welfare benefits. The paper doesn't investigate or elaborate on any modifiable variables that might predict the value of a project. However, government spending on roads and primary industries is the best value target for transport spending, according to a 2013 meta-analysis.
7%+/−3% per annum discount rates are typically applied as the discount rate on public infrastructure projects in Australia. Smaller real discount rates are used internationally to calculate the social return on investment by governments.
Alternative approach: economic consequences of happiness
While the mainstream happiness economics has focused on identifying the determinants of happiness, an alternative approach in the discipline examines instead what are the economic consequences of happiness. Happiness may act as a determinant of economic outcomes: it increases productivity, predicts one's future income and affects labour market performance. There is a growing number of studies justifying the so-called "happy-productive worker" thesis. The positive and causal impact of happiness on an individual's productivity has been established in experimental studies.
Timeline of developments
The idea that happiness is important to a society is not new. Many other prominent intellectuals, philosophers and political leaders throughout history, including Aristotle, Confucius, and Plato, incorporated happiness into their work.350 B.C. – "Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence." -Aristotle
Thomas Jefferson put the "pursuit of happiness" on the same level as life and liberty in the United States' Declaration of Independence. Jeremy Bentham believed that public policy should attempt to maximize happiness, and he even attempted to estimate a "hedonic calculus". In the United States, there is no explicit policy that requires the rulers to develop the physical and mental well-being of the citizens or hold the government agencies accountable for their performance against specific measures or metrics of well-being. Until 1972 there was no formal government policy, anywhere in the world, that placed happiness and well-being as a main criterion for public policy decision making.
1789 – France adopts the Declaration: It emphasizes happiness as a fundamental right and universal goal.
The following is a chronological list of happiness economics and well-being indices:
1972 – Bhutan's former king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, introduced the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy and its four development pillars at an international conference.2005 – Med Jones of the International Institute of Management introduced the first GNH Index and Global GNH Index Survey. The GNH Index, also known as Gross National Well-being (GNW) Index framework served as the first integrated objective (economic) and subjective (happiness) socioeconomic development framework. Prior to the GNH Index, there were few development indices that improved upon the gross domestic product (GDP), but did not measure happiness. For example, the Genuine Progress Indicator was focused on the environmental cost of economic development, then later (in 2006) it was updated to include similar measures to the GNH Index. Another development index is the Human Development Index (HDI) that originally focused on literacy and education but also did not measure happiness. The HDI now measures three basic dimensions of human development, health (as measured by life expectancy at birth), overall knowledge level (as measured by the literacy rate), and standard of living (as measured by GDP per capita for a given year). Among the criticisms of the HDI is the complaint that it is a mixture of stock measures (life expectancy at birth and literacy rate) and a flow measure (GDP per capita for a given year). To overcome this criticism, Hou, Walsh, and Zhang (2015) proposed a new index called HDIF (Human Development Index Flow), in which they replaced life expectancy at birth by the under-five mortality rate (for a given year), and they also replaced the literacy rate by the gross primary school enrollment ratio for a given year). They calculated both the HDI and the HDIF for many countries and found that "the HDIF and the HDI tend to converge for wealthy countries and diverge for poor countries, especially those with low HDI rankings". The development performance of poor countries improved using the HDIF while the performance of the wealthy countries declined.2006 – The Genuine Progress Indicator was updated from a green measurement system to a broader concept that included quantitative measurement of well-being and happiness. The new measure is motivated by the philosophy of the GNH and the same notion of that subjective measures like well-being are more relevant and important than more objective measures like consumption. It is not measured directly, but only by means of the factors which are believed to lead to it.
2007 – Thailand releases Green and Happiness Index (GHI).2008 – French President Nicolas Sarkozy launched a Happiness Initiative similar to GNH, calling for the inclusion of happiness and well-being among the criteria for national governance policies. He commissioned three prominent economists, Joseph Stiglitz (USA), Amartya Sen (India), Jean-Paul Fitoussi (France), to publish a report calling for a global "statistical system which goes beyond commercial activity to measure personal well-being." Later it was described as gross domestic happiness (GDH). The GDH Index is similar to the GNH Index of 2005.
2008 – The goal of furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified GNH Index to measure this, are instituted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan, to guide its government, on 18 July 2008. The included index is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of the population.
2009 – In the United States, the Gallup poll system launched the happiness survey collecting data on national scale. The Gallup Well-Being Index was modeled after the GNH Index framework of 2005. The Well-Being Index score is an average of six sub-indexes which measure life evaluation, emotional health, work environment, physical health, healthy behaviors, and access to basic necessities. In October 2009, the US scored 66.1/100.
2010 – The concept was taken seriously, as the Centre for Bhutan Studies, under the leadership of Karma Ura, developed a sophisticated survey instrument to measure the population's general level of well-being. Two Canadians, Michael and Martha Pennock played a major role in developing the Bhutanese survey, which took a six- to seven-hour interview to complete. They developed a shorter international version of the survey which has been used in their home region of Victoria, BC, as well as in Brazil. The Pennocks also collaborated with Ura in the production of a policy lens which is used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of gross national happiness in Bhutan.2010 – The Center for Bhutan Studies further defined the original four pillars with greater specificity into eight general contributors to happiness, which make up the Bhutan GNH Index: 1) physical, mental and spiritual health; 2) time-balance; 3) social and community vitality; 4) cultural vitality; 5) education; 6) living standards; 7) good governance; and 8) ecological vitality.2010 – The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative OPHI at the University of Oxford in UK, launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP). Similar to the GNH Index of 2005, OPHI promotes collection and analysis of data on five dimensions including Quality of work, Empowerment, Physical safety, Ability to go about without shame, Psychological wellbeing.2011 – UN General Assembly Resolution 65/309, titled "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development"2011 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched "Better Life Index" (BLI).2011 – The United Nations released its first edition of the now annual World Happiness Report.
2011 – Canadian Index of Wellbeing Network (CIW Network) released The Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW).2011 – The Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an article suggesting that western GDP economics is an incomplete development model and called for the adoption of Bhutan's GNH philosophy and Jones' GNH Index in Israel.2011 – Chuluun Togtokh criticized the HDI in an article published in Nature, calling for a revised HDI, writing that "The revised index should include each nation's per capita carbon emissions, and so become a Human Sustainable Development Index (HSDI)." Bravo (2014) provided details of how the HSDI was computed and proposed an amended HSDI by including the proportion of forested area in each country. He argued that this proposed indicator "represents an important measure of the capacity of the natural system to provide fundamental ecological services."2012 – In a report prepared for the US Congressman Hansen Clarke, R, researchers Ben Beachy and Juston Zorn, at John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, recommended that "the Congress should prescribe the broad parameters of new, carefully designed supplemental national indicators; it should launch a bipartisan commission of experts to address unresolved methodological issues, and include alternative indicators." They proposed that the government can use the survey results to see which well-being dimensions are least satisfied and which districts and demographic groups are most deficient, so as to allocate resources accordingly. The report list the Gross National Happiness Index and its seven measurement area as one of the main frameworks to consider.2012 – Professor Peter T. Coleman, a director of the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Columbia University, suggested that Jones' GNH Index initiative could inform the Global Peace Index Initiative GPI.2012 – South Korea launched Happiness Index citing the GNH Index framework.2012 – The government of Goa, India, published a strategy for socioeconomic development citing the GNH Index as a model for measuring happiness.2012 – The city of Seattle in Washington, launched its own happiness index initiative, emphasizing measures similar to the GNH Index.2013 – The Social Progress Index SPI was launched by Michael Porter
2013 – The president of Singapore, Tony Tan, proposed that in addition to building up substantial financial reserves, Singapore needed to focus on building up its "social reserves", a concept that appears to have parallels to GNH.2013 – Economist Karol Jan Borowiecki motivates that well-being indices can be obtained from the way people communicate, as is established in psychology, and compiles the first well-being indices covering the life-time of a person.2013 – A joint commission led by the Conseil économique et social, the Conseil supérieur pour un développement durable and the Observatoire de la Compétitivité introduces a set of indicators measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The conclusions of the commission are summarised in a document titled "Projet PIBien-être", which identifies 64 indicators belonging to 11 different domains to assess quality of life in Luxembourg.2014 – The government of Dubai launched its localized Happiness Index to measure the public's contentment and satisfaction with different government services.2014 – The United Kingdom launched its own well-being and happiness statistics.2015 – Within the "Projet PIBien-être" launched in 2013, STATEC (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) presents a preliminary analysis of the "Luxembourgish Index of Well-being" (LIW), a first proposal of synthetic indicator measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The presentation entitled "Preliminary Assessment of Quality of Life in Luxembourg" was delivered by Marcin Piekałkiewicz on 16 December 2015.2017 – The Minderoo Foundation launched the Global Slavery Index, providing a map of the estimated prevalence of modern slavery. The information allows an objective comparison and assessment of both the problem and adequacy of the response in 167 countries.
Related studies
The Satisfaction with Life Index is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success such as GDP or GNP. Some studies suggest that happiness can be measured effectively. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), published in November 2008 a major study on happiness economics in Latin America and the Caribbean.There are also several examples of measures that include self-reported happiness as one variable. Happy Life Years, a concept brought by Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with life expectancy. The Happy Planet Index combines it with life expectancy and ecological footprint.
Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a concept introduced by the King of Bhutan in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. Several countries have already developed or are in the process of developing such an index. Bhutan's index has led that country to limit the amount of deforestation it will allow and to require that all tourists to its nation must spend US$200 Allegedly, low-budget tourism and deforestation lead to unhappiness.After the military coup of 2006, Thailand also instituted an index. The stated promise of the new Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont is to make the Thai people not only richer but happier as well. Much like GDP results, Thailand releases monthly GNH data. The Thai GNH index is based on a 1–10 scale with 10 being the happiest. As of 13 May 2007, the Thai GNH measured 5.1 points. The index uses poll data from the population surveying various satisfaction factors such as security, public utilities, good governance, trade, social justice, allocation of resources, education and community problems.Australia, China, France and the United Kingdom are also coming up with indexes to measure national happiness. The UK began to measure national wellbeing in 2012. North Korea also announced an international Happiness Index in 2011 through Korean Central Television. North Korea itself came in second, behind #1 China. Canada released the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) in 2011 to track changes in wellbeing. The CIW has adopted the following working definition of wellbeing: The presence of the highest possible quality of life in its full breadth of expression focused on but not necessarily exclusive to good living standards, robust health, a sustainable environment, vital communities, an educated populace, balanced time use, high levels of democratic participation, and access to and participation in leisure and cultureEcuador's and Bolivia's new constitutions state the indigenous concept of "good life" ("buen vivir" in Spanish, "sumak kawsay" in Quichua, and "suma qamaña" in Aymara) as the goal of sustainable development.
Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical, as well as classical economics, are not subsumed under the term happiness economics although the original goal was to increase the happiness of the people. Classical and neoclassical economics are stages in the development of welfare economics and are characterized by mathematical modeling. Happiness economics represents a radical break with this tradition. The measurement of subjective happiness respectively life satisfaction by means of survey research across nations and time (in addition to objective measures like lifespan, wealth, security etc.) marks the beginning of happiness economics.
Criticism
Some have suggested that establishing happiness as a metric is only meant to serve political goals. Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. As a result, some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals.Even on the individual level, there is discussion on how much effect external forces can have on happiness. Less than 3% of an individual's level of happiness comes from external sources such as employment, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To go along with this, four of the Big Five Personality Traits are substantially associated with life satisfaction, openness to experience is not associated. Having high levels of internal locus of control leads to higher reported levels of happiness.Even when happiness can be affected by external sources, it has high hedonic adaptation, some specific events such as an increase in income, disability, unemployment, and loss (bereavement) only have short-term (about a year) effects on a person's overall happiness and after a while happiness may return to levels similar to unaffected peers.What has the most influence over happiness are internal factors such as genetics, personality traits, and internal locus of control. It is theorized that 50% of the variation in happiness levels is from genetic sources and is known as the genetic set point. The genetic set point is assumed to be stable over time, fixed, and immune to influence or control. This goes along with findings that well-being surveys have a naturally positive baseline.With such strong internal forces on happiness, it is hard to have an effect on a person's happiness externally. This in turn lends itself back to the idea that establishing a happiness metric is only for political gain and has little other use. To support this even further it is believed that a country aggregate level of SWB can account for more variance in government vote share than standard macroeconomic variables, such as income and employment.
Technical issues
According to Bond and Lang (2018), the results are skewed due to the fact that the respondents have to "round" their true happiness to the scale of, e.g., 3 or 7 alternatives (e.g., very happy, pretty happy, not too happy). This "rounding error" may cause a less happy group seem happier, in the average. This would not be the case if the happiness of both groups would be normally distributed with the same variance, but that is usually not the case, based on their results. For some not-implausible log-normal assumptions on the scale, typical results can be reversed to the opposite results.They also show that the "reporting function" seems to be different for different groups and even for the same individual at different times. For example, when a person becomes disabled, they soon start to lower their threshold for a given answer (e.g., "pretty happy"). That is, they give a higher answer than they would have given at the same happiness state before becoming disabled.
See also
Researchers
References and notes
Bibliography
Books
Anielski, Mark (2007). The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth. Canada: New Society Publishers. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-86571-596-7.
Bruni, Luigino; Pier Luigi Porta (2005). Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis. Oxford University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-19-928628-7.
Bruni, Luigino (2008). Pier Luigi Porta (ed.). Handbook On the Economics Of Happiness. Description and full contents links and preview.: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 640. ISBN 978-1-84376-826-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
Gaucher, Renaud (2009). Bonheur et économie. Le capitalisme est-il soluble dans la recherche du bonheur? L'Harmattan, collection L'esprit économique. ISBN 978-2296069169
Van Praag, Bernard; Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2004). Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-19-828654-7.
Kahneman, Daniel; Ed Diener (2003). Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0871544230.
Frey, Bruno S.; Alois Stutzer (2002). Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being. Princeton University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0-69106-998-2.Articles
Clark, Andrew E.; Frijters, Paul; Shields, Michael A. (2008). "Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 46 (1): 95–144. doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95. hdl:10419/34701. S2CID 1744957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert J.; Oswald, Andrew J. (2003). "The Macroeconomics of Happiness" (PDF). Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 809–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.3175. doi:10.1162/003465303772815745. S2CID 1914665.
Easterlin, Richard A. (2004). "The Economics of Happiness". Dædalus. 133 (2): 26–33. doi:10.1162/001152604323049361. JSTOR 20027910. S2CID 57563766. The entire issue of Daedalus is devoted to happiness and may repay exploration.
Frey, Bruno S.; Stutzer, Alois (2002). "What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 40 (2): 402–35. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.8589. doi:10.1257/jel.40.2.402.
MacKerron, George (2012). "Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet". Journal of Economic Surveys. 26 (4): 705–35. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00672.x. S2CID 153523588.
Piekałkiewicz, Marcin (2017). "Why do economists study happiness?". The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 28 (3): 361–77. doi:10.1177/1035304617717130. S2CID 157266981.
External links
Andrew Oswald (December 1999). "A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2007.
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The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and quality of life, including positive and negative affects, well-being, life satisfaction and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other social sciences, like sociology and psychology, as well as physical health. It typically treats subjective happiness-related measures, as well as more objective quality of life indices, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized.
The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure happiness and related concepts, as well as quality of life. Happiness findings have been described as a challenge to the theory and practice of economics. Nevertheless, furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified Index to measure it, has been adopted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan in 2008, to guide its economic governance.
Subject classifications
The subject may be categorized in various ways, depending on specificity, intersection, and cross-classification. For example, within the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes, it has been categorized under:
Welfare economics at JEL: D63 – Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
Health, education, and welfare at JEL: I31 – General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness
Demographic economics at JEL:J18 – Public policy.
Metrology
Given its very nature, reported happiness is subjective. It is difficult to compare one person's happiness with another's. It can be especially difficult to compare happiness across cultures. However, many happiness economists believe they have solved this comparison problem. Cross-sections of large data samples across nations and time demonstrate consistent patterns in the determinants of happiness.Happiness is typically measured using subjective measures – e.g. self-reported surveys – and/or objective measures. One concern has always been the accuracy and reliability of people's responses to happiness surveys. Objective measures such as lifespan, income, and education are often used as well as or instead of subjectively reported happiness, though this assumes that they generally produce happiness, which while plausible may not necessarily be the case. The terms quality of life or well-being are often used to encompass these more objective measures.
Micro-econometric happiness equations have the standard form:
W
i
t
=
α
+
β
x
i
t
+
ϵ
i
t
{\displaystyle W_{it}=\alpha +\beta {x_{it}}+\epsilon _{it}}
. In this equation
W
{\displaystyle W}
is the reported well-being of individual
i
{\displaystyle i}
at time
t
{\displaystyle t}
, and
x
{\displaystyle x}
is a vector of known variables, which include socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.Macro-econometric happiness has been gauged by some as Gross National Happiness, following Sicco Mansholt's 1972 introduction of the measure, and by others as a Genuine Wealth index. Anielski in 2008 wrote a reference definition on how to measure five types of capital: (1) human; (2) social; (3) natural; (4) built; and (5) financial.Happiness, well-being, or satisfaction with life, was seen as unmeasurable in classical and neo-classical economics. Van Praag was the first person who organized large surveys in order to explicitly measure welfare derived from income. He did this with the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ). This approach is called the Leyden School. It is named after the Dutch university where this approach was developed. Other researchers included Arie Kapteyn and Aldi Hagenaars.Some scientists claim that happiness can be measured both subjectively and objectively by observing the joy center of the brain lit up with advanced imaging, although this raises philosophical issues, for example about whether this can be treated as more reliable than reported subjective happiness.
Determinants
GDP and GNP
Typically national financial measures, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), have been used as a measure of successful policy. There is a significant association between GDP and happiness, with citizens in wealthier nations being happier than those in poorer nations. In 2002, researchers argued that this relationship extends only to an average GDP per capita of about $15,000. In the 2000s, several studies have obtained the opposite result, so this Easterlin paradox is controversial.
Individual income
Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has been found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox.In 2010, Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual household pre-tax income of $75,000.Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. A short term course of psychological therapy is 32 times more cost effective at increasing happiness than simply increasing income.Scholars at the University of Virginia, University of British Columbia and Harvard University released a study in 2011 after examining numerous academic paper in response to an apparent contradiction: "When asked to take stock of their lives, people with more money report being a good deal more satisfied. But when asked how happy they are at the moment, people with more money are barely different than those with less." Published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, the study is entitled "If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right" and included the following eight general recommendations:
Spend money on "experiences" rather than goods.
Donate money to others, including charities, rather than spending it solely on oneself.
Spend small amounts of money on many small, temporary pleasures rather than less often on larger ones.
Don't spend money on "extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance."
Adjust one's mindset to "pay now, consume later," instead of "consume now, pay later."
Exercise circumspection about the day-to-day consequences of a purchase beforehand.
Rather than buying products that provide the "best deal," make purchases based on what will facilitate well-being.
Seek out the opinions of other people who have prior experience of a product before purchasing it.In their "Unhappy Cities" paper, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Oren Ziv examined the self-reported subjective well-being of people living in American metropolitan areas, particularly in relation to the notion that "individuals make trade-offs among competing objectives, including but not limited to happiness." The researchers findings revealed that people living in metropolitan areas where lower levels of happiness are reported are receiving higher real wages, and they suggest in their conclusion that "humans are quite understandably willing to sacrifice both happiness and life satisfaction if the price is right."
Social security
Ruut Veenhoven claimed that social security payments do not seem to add to happiness. This may be due to the fact that non-self-earned income (e.g., from a lottery) does not add to happiness in general either. Happiness may be the mind's reward for a useful action. However, Johan Norberg of CIS, a free enterprise economy think tank, presents a hypothesis that as people who think that they themselves control their lives are happier, paternalist institutions may decrease happiness.An alternative perspective focuses on the role of the welfare state as an institution that improves quality of life not only by increasing the extent to which basic human needs are met, but also by promoting greater control of one's life by limiting the degree to which individuals find themselves at the mercy of impersonal market forces that are indifferent to the fate of individuals. This is the argument suggested by the U.S. political scientist Benjamin Radcliff, who has presented a series of papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals demonstrating that a more generous welfare state contributes to higher levels of life satisfaction, and does so to rich and poor alike.
Employment
Generally, the well-being of those who are employed is higher than those who are unemployed. Employment itself may not increase subjective well-being, but facilitates activities that do (such as supporting a family, philanthropy, and education). While work does increase well-being through providing income, income level is not as indicative of subjective well-being as other benefits related to employment. Feelings of autonomy and mastery, found in higher levels in the employed than unemployed, are stronger predictors of subjective well-being than wealth.When personal preference and the amount of time spent working do not align, both men and women experience a decrease in subjective well-being. The negative effect of working more or working less than preferred has been found across multiple studies, most finding that working more than preferred (over-employed) is more detrimental, but some found that working less (under-employed) is more detrimental. Most individuals' levels of subjective well-being returned to "normal" (level previous to time mismatch) within one year. Levels remained lower only when individuals worked more hours than preferred for a period of two years or more, which may indicate that it is more detrimental to be over-employed than under-employed in the long-term.Employment status effects are not confined to the individual. Being unemployed can have detrimental effects on a spouse's subjective well-being, compared to being employed or not working (and not looking for work). Partner life satisfaction is inversely related to the number of hours their partner is underemployed. When both partners are underemployed, the life-satisfaction of men is more greatly diminished than women. However, just being in a relationship reduces the impact unemployment has on the subjective well-being of an individual. On a broad scale, high rates of unemployment negatively affect the subjective well-being of the employed.Becoming self-employed can increase subjective well-being, given the right conditions. Those who leave work to become self-employed report greater life satisfaction than those who work for others or become self-employed after unemployment; this effect increases over time. Those who are self-employed and have employees of their own report higher life-satisfaction than those who are self-employed without employees, and women who are self-employed without employees report a higher life satisfaction than men in the same condition.The effects of retirement on subjective well-being vary depending on personal and cultural factors. Subjective well-being can remain stable for those who retire from work voluntarily, but declines for those who are involuntarily retired. In countries with an average social norm to work, the well-being of men increases after retirement, and the well-being of retired women is at the same level as women who are homemakers or work outside the home. In countries with a strong social norm to work, retirement negatively impacts the well-being of men and women.
Relationships and children
In the 1970s, women typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. By 2009, declines in reported female happiness had eroded a gender gap.In rich societies, where a rise in income doesn't equate to an increase in levels of subjective well-being, personal relationships are the determining factors of happiness.Glaeser, Gottlieb and Ziv suggest in their conclusion that the happiness trade-offs that individuals seem willing to make aligns with the tendency of parents to report less happiness, as they sacrifice their personal well-being for the "price" of having children.
Freedom and control
There is a significant correlation between feeling in control of one's own life and happiness levels.
A study conducted at the University of Zurich suggested that democracy and federalism bring well-being to individuals. It concluded that the more direct political participation possibilities available to citizens raises their subjective well-being. Two reasons were given for this finding. First, a more active role for citizens enables better monitoring of professional politicians by citizens, which leads to greater satisfaction with government output. Second, the ability for citizens to get involved in and have control over the political process, independently increases well-being.American psychologist Barry Schwartz argues in his book The Paradox of Choice that too many consumer and lifestyle choices can produce anxiety and unhappiness due to analysis paralysis and raised expectations of satisfaction.
Religious diversity
National cross-sectional data suggest an inverse relationship between religious diversity and happiness, possibly by facilitating more bonding (and less bridging) social capital.
Happiness and leisure
Much of the research regarding happiness and leisure relies on subjective well-being (SWB) as an appropriate measure of happiness. Research has demonstrated a wide variety of contributing and resulting factors in the relationship between leisure and happiness. These include psychological mechanisms, and the types and characteristics of leisure activities that result in the greatest levels of subjective happiness. Specifically, leisure may trigger five core psychological mechanisms including detachment-recovery from work, autonomy in leisure, mastery of leisure activities, meaning-making in leisure activities, and social affiliation in leisure (DRAMMA). Leisure activities that are physical, relational, and performed outdoors are correlated with greater feelings of satisfaction with free time. Research across 33 different countries shows that individuals who feel they strengthen social relationships and work on personal development during leisure time are happier than others. Furthermore, shopping, reading books, attending cultural events, getting together with relatives, listening to music and attending sporting events is associated with higher levels of happiness. Spending time on the internet or watching TV is not associated with higher levels of happiness as compared to these other activities.Research has shown that culture influences how we measure happiness and leisure. While SWB is a commonly used measure of happiness in North America and Europe, this may not be the case internationally. Quality of life (QOL) may be a better measure of happiness and leisure in Asian countries, especially Korea. Countries such as China and Japan may require a different measurement of happiness, as societal differences may influence the concept of happiness (i.e. economic variables, cultural practices, and social networks) beyond what QOL is able to measure. There seem to be some differences in leisure preference cross-culturally. Within the Croatian culture, family related leisure activities may enhance SWB across a large spectrum of ages ranging from adolescent to older adults, in both women and men. Active socializing and visiting cultural events are also associated with high levels of SWB across varying age and gender. Italians seem to prefer social conceptions of leisure as opposed to individualistic conceptions. Although different groups of individuals may prefer varying types and amount of leisure activity, this variability is likely due to the differing motivations and goals that an individual intends to fulfill with their leisure time.Research suggests that specific leisure interventions enhance feelings of SWB. This is both a top-down and bottom-up effect, in that leisure satisfaction causally affects SWB, and SWB causally affects leisure satisfaction. This bi-directional effect is stronger in retired individuals than in working individuals. Furthermore, it appears that satisfaction with our leisure at least partially explains the relationship between our engagement in leisure and our SWB. Broadly speaking, researchers classify leisure into active (e.g. volunteering, socializing, sports and fitness) and passive leisure (e.g. watching television and listening to the radio). Among older adults, passive leisure activities and personal leisure activities (e.g. sleeping, eating, and bathing) correlate with higher levels of SWB and feelings of relaxation than active leisure activities. Thus, although significant evidence has demonstrated that active leisure is associated with higher levels of SWB, or happiness, this may not be the case with older populations.Both regular and irregular involvement in sports leisure can result in heightened SWB. Serious, or systematic involvement in certain leisure activities, such as taekwondo, correlates with personal growth and a sense of happiness. Additionally, more irregular (e.g. seasonal) sports activities, such as skiing, are also correlated with high SWB. Furthermore, the relationship between pleasure and skiing is thought to be caused in part by a sense of flow and involvement with the activity. Leisure activities, such as meeting with friends, participating in sports, and going on vacation trips, positively correlate with life satisfaction. It may also be true that going on a vacation makes our lives seem better, but does not necessarily make us happier in the long term. Research regarding vacationing or taking a holiday trip is mixed. Although the reported effects are mostly small, some evidence points to higher levels of SWB, or happiness, after taking a holiday.
Economic security
Poverty alleviation are associated with happier populations. According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on life satisfaction: Volatile or high inflation is bad for a population's well-being, particularly those with a right-wing political orientation. That suggests the impact of disruptions to economic security are in part mediated or modified by beliefs about economic security.
Political stability
The Voxeu analysis of the economic determinants of happiness found that life satisfaction explains the largest share of an existing government's vote share, followed by economic growth, which itself explains six times as much as employment and twice as much as inflation.
Economic freedom
Individualistic societies have happier populations. Institutes of economic freedom are associated with increases wealth inequality but does not necessarily contribute to decreases in aggregate well-being or subjective well-being at the population level. In fact, income inequality enhances global well-being.
There is some debate over whether living in poor neighbours make one happier. And, living among rich neighbours can dull the happiness that comes from wealth. This is purported to work by way of an upward or downward comparison effect (Keeping up with the Joneses). The balance of evidence is trending in favour of the hypothesis that living in poor neighbourhoods makes one less happy, and living in rich neighbourhoods actually makes one happier, in the United States. While social status matters, a balance of factors like amenities, safe areas, well maintained housing, turn the tide in favour of the argument that richer neighbours are happier neighbours.
Democracy
"The right to participate in the political process, measured by the extent of direct democratic rights across regions, is strongly correlated with subjective well-being (Frey and Stutzer, 2002) ... a potential mechanism that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility." Institutions and well-being, democracy and federalism are associated with a happier population. Correspondingly, political engagement and activism have associated health benefits.
On the other hand, some non-democratic countries such as China and Saudi Arabia top the Ipsos list of countries where the citizenry is most happy with their government's direction. That suggests that voting preferences may not translate well into overall satisfaction with the government's direction. In any case, both of these factors revealed preference and domain specific satisfaction rather than overall subjective well being.
Economic development
Historically, economists thought economic growth was unrelated to population level well-being, a phenomenon labelled the Easterlin paradox. More robust research has identified that there is a link between economic development and the wellbeing of the population.
A <2017 meta-analysis shows that the impact of infrastructure expenditure on economic growth varies considerably. So, one cannot assume an infrastructure project will yield welfare benefits. The paper doesn't investigate or elaborate on any modifiable variables that might predict the value of a project. However, government spending on roads and primary industries is the best value target for transport spending, according to a 2013 meta-analysis.
7%+/−3% per annum discount rates are typically applied as the discount rate on public infrastructure projects in Australia. Smaller real discount rates are used internationally to calculate the social return on investment by governments.
Alternative approach: economic consequences of happiness
While the mainstream happiness economics has focused on identifying the determinants of happiness, an alternative approach in the discipline examines instead what are the economic consequences of happiness. Happiness may act as a determinant of economic outcomes: it increases productivity, predicts one's future income and affects labour market performance. There is a growing number of studies justifying the so-called "happy-productive worker" thesis. The positive and causal impact of happiness on an individual's productivity has been established in experimental studies.
Timeline of developments
The idea that happiness is important to a society is not new. Many other prominent intellectuals, philosophers and political leaders throughout history, including Aristotle, Confucius, and Plato, incorporated happiness into their work.350 B.C. – "Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence." -Aristotle
Thomas Jefferson put the "pursuit of happiness" on the same level as life and liberty in the United States' Declaration of Independence. Jeremy Bentham believed that public policy should attempt to maximize happiness, and he even attempted to estimate a "hedonic calculus". In the United States, there is no explicit policy that requires the rulers to develop the physical and mental well-being of the citizens or hold the government agencies accountable for their performance against specific measures or metrics of well-being. Until 1972 there was no formal government policy, anywhere in the world, that placed happiness and well-being as a main criterion for public policy decision making.
1789 – France adopts the Declaration: It emphasizes happiness as a fundamental right and universal goal.
The following is a chronological list of happiness economics and well-being indices:
1972 – Bhutan's former king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, introduced the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy and its four development pillars at an international conference.2005 – Med Jones of the International Institute of Management introduced the first GNH Index and Global GNH Index Survey. The GNH Index, also known as Gross National Well-being (GNW) Index framework served as the first integrated objective (economic) and subjective (happiness) socioeconomic development framework. Prior to the GNH Index, there were few development indices that improved upon the gross domestic product (GDP), but did not measure happiness. For example, the Genuine Progress Indicator was focused on the environmental cost of economic development, then later (in 2006) it was updated to include similar measures to the GNH Index. Another development index is the Human Development Index (HDI) that originally focused on literacy and education but also did not measure happiness. The HDI now measures three basic dimensions of human development, health (as measured by life expectancy at birth), overall knowledge level (as measured by the literacy rate), and standard of living (as measured by GDP per capita for a given year). Among the criticisms of the HDI is the complaint that it is a mixture of stock measures (life expectancy at birth and literacy rate) and a flow measure (GDP per capita for a given year). To overcome this criticism, Hou, Walsh, and Zhang (2015) proposed a new index called HDIF (Human Development Index Flow), in which they replaced life expectancy at birth by the under-five mortality rate (for a given year), and they also replaced the literacy rate by the gross primary school enrollment ratio for a given year). They calculated both the HDI and the HDIF for many countries and found that "the HDIF and the HDI tend to converge for wealthy countries and diverge for poor countries, especially those with low HDI rankings". The development performance of poor countries improved using the HDIF while the performance of the wealthy countries declined.2006 – The Genuine Progress Indicator was updated from a green measurement system to a broader concept that included quantitative measurement of well-being and happiness. The new measure is motivated by the philosophy of the GNH and the same notion of that subjective measures like well-being are more relevant and important than more objective measures like consumption. It is not measured directly, but only by means of the factors which are believed to lead to it.
2007 – Thailand releases Green and Happiness Index (GHI).2008 – French President Nicolas Sarkozy launched a Happiness Initiative similar to GNH, calling for the inclusion of happiness and well-being among the criteria for national governance policies. He commissioned three prominent economists, Joseph Stiglitz (USA), Amartya Sen (India), Jean-Paul Fitoussi (France), to publish a report calling for a global "statistical system which goes beyond commercial activity to measure personal well-being." Later it was described as gross domestic happiness (GDH). The GDH Index is similar to the GNH Index of 2005.
2008 – The goal of furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified GNH Index to measure this, are instituted explicitly in the Constitution of Bhutan, to guide its government, on 18 July 2008. The included index is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of the population.
2009 – In the United States, the Gallup poll system launched the happiness survey collecting data on national scale. The Gallup Well-Being Index was modeled after the GNH Index framework of 2005. The Well-Being Index score is an average of six sub-indexes which measure life evaluation, emotional health, work environment, physical health, healthy behaviors, and access to basic necessities. In October 2009, the US scored 66.1/100.
2010 – The concept was taken seriously, as the Centre for Bhutan Studies, under the leadership of Karma Ura, developed a sophisticated survey instrument to measure the population's general level of well-being. Two Canadians, Michael and Martha Pennock played a major role in developing the Bhutanese survey, which took a six- to seven-hour interview to complete. They developed a shorter international version of the survey which has been used in their home region of Victoria, BC, as well as in Brazil. The Pennocks also collaborated with Ura in the production of a policy lens which is used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of gross national happiness in Bhutan.2010 – The Center for Bhutan Studies further defined the original four pillars with greater specificity into eight general contributors to happiness, which make up the Bhutan GNH Index: 1) physical, mental and spiritual health; 2) time-balance; 3) social and community vitality; 4) cultural vitality; 5) education; 6) living standards; 7) good governance; and 8) ecological vitality.2010 – The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative OPHI at the University of Oxford in UK, launched the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP). Similar to the GNH Index of 2005, OPHI promotes collection and analysis of data on five dimensions including Quality of work, Empowerment, Physical safety, Ability to go about without shame, Psychological wellbeing.2011 – UN General Assembly Resolution 65/309, titled "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development"2011 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched "Better Life Index" (BLI).2011 – The United Nations released its first edition of the now annual World Happiness Report.
2011 – Canadian Index of Wellbeing Network (CIW Network) released The Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW).2011 – The Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an article suggesting that western GDP economics is an incomplete development model and called for the adoption of Bhutan's GNH philosophy and Jones' GNH Index in Israel.2011 – Chuluun Togtokh criticized the HDI in an article published in Nature, calling for a revised HDI, writing that "The revised index should include each nation's per capita carbon emissions, and so become a Human Sustainable Development Index (HSDI)." Bravo (2014) provided details of how the HSDI was computed and proposed an amended HSDI by including the proportion of forested area in each country. He argued that this proposed indicator "represents an important measure of the capacity of the natural system to provide fundamental ecological services."2012 – In a report prepared for the US Congressman Hansen Clarke, R, researchers Ben Beachy and Juston Zorn, at John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, recommended that "the Congress should prescribe the broad parameters of new, carefully designed supplemental national indicators; it should launch a bipartisan commission of experts to address unresolved methodological issues, and include alternative indicators." They proposed that the government can use the survey results to see which well-being dimensions are least satisfied and which districts and demographic groups are most deficient, so as to allocate resources accordingly. The report list the Gross National Happiness Index and its seven measurement area as one of the main frameworks to consider.2012 – Professor Peter T. Coleman, a director of the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Columbia University, suggested that Jones' GNH Index initiative could inform the Global Peace Index Initiative GPI.2012 – South Korea launched Happiness Index citing the GNH Index framework.2012 – The government of Goa, India, published a strategy for socioeconomic development citing the GNH Index as a model for measuring happiness.2012 – The city of Seattle in Washington, launched its own happiness index initiative, emphasizing measures similar to the GNH Index.2013 – The Social Progress Index SPI was launched by Michael Porter
2013 – The president of Singapore, Tony Tan, proposed that in addition to building up substantial financial reserves, Singapore needed to focus on building up its "social reserves", a concept that appears to have parallels to GNH.2013 – Economist Karol Jan Borowiecki motivates that well-being indices can be obtained from the way people communicate, as is established in psychology, and compiles the first well-being indices covering the life-time of a person.2013 – A joint commission led by the Conseil économique et social, the Conseil supérieur pour un développement durable and the Observatoire de la Compétitivité introduces a set of indicators measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The conclusions of the commission are summarised in a document titled "Projet PIBien-être", which identifies 64 indicators belonging to 11 different domains to assess quality of life in Luxembourg.2014 – The government of Dubai launched its localized Happiness Index to measure the public's contentment and satisfaction with different government services.2014 – The United Kingdom launched its own well-being and happiness statistics.2015 – Within the "Projet PIBien-être" launched in 2013, STATEC (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) presents a preliminary analysis of the "Luxembourgish Index of Well-being" (LIW), a first proposal of synthetic indicator measuring the quality of life in Luxembourg. The presentation entitled "Preliminary Assessment of Quality of Life in Luxembourg" was delivered by Marcin Piekałkiewicz on 16 December 2015.2017 – The Minderoo Foundation launched the Global Slavery Index, providing a map of the estimated prevalence of modern slavery. The information allows an objective comparison and assessment of both the problem and adequacy of the response in 167 countries.
Related studies
The Satisfaction with Life Index is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success such as GDP or GNP. Some studies suggest that happiness can be measured effectively. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), published in November 2008 a major study on happiness economics in Latin America and the Caribbean.There are also several examples of measures that include self-reported happiness as one variable. Happy Life Years, a concept brought by Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with life expectancy. The Happy Planet Index combines it with life expectancy and ecological footprint.
Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a concept introduced by the King of Bhutan in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. Several countries have already developed or are in the process of developing such an index. Bhutan's index has led that country to limit the amount of deforestation it will allow and to require that all tourists to its nation must spend US$200 Allegedly, low-budget tourism and deforestation lead to unhappiness.After the military coup of 2006, Thailand also instituted an index. The stated promise of the new Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont is to make the Thai people not only richer but happier as well. Much like GDP results, Thailand releases monthly GNH data. The Thai GNH index is based on a 1–10 scale with 10 being the happiest. As of 13 May 2007, the Thai GNH measured 5.1 points. The index uses poll data from the population surveying various satisfaction factors such as security, public utilities, good governance, trade, social justice, allocation of resources, education and community problems.Australia, China, France and the United Kingdom are also coming up with indexes to measure national happiness. The UK began to measure national wellbeing in 2012. North Korea also announced an international Happiness Index in 2011 through Korean Central Television. North Korea itself came in second, behind #1 China. Canada released the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) in 2011 to track changes in wellbeing. The CIW has adopted the following working definition of wellbeing: The presence of the highest possible quality of life in its full breadth of expression focused on but not necessarily exclusive to good living standards, robust health, a sustainable environment, vital communities, an educated populace, balanced time use, high levels of democratic participation, and access to and participation in leisure and cultureEcuador's and Bolivia's new constitutions state the indigenous concept of "good life" ("buen vivir" in Spanish, "sumak kawsay" in Quichua, and "suma qamaña" in Aymara) as the goal of sustainable development.
Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical, as well as classical economics, are not subsumed under the term happiness economics although the original goal was to increase the happiness of the people. Classical and neoclassical economics are stages in the development of welfare economics and are characterized by mathematical modeling. Happiness economics represents a radical break with this tradition. The measurement of subjective happiness respectively life satisfaction by means of survey research across nations and time (in addition to objective measures like lifespan, wealth, security etc.) marks the beginning of happiness economics.
Criticism
Some have suggested that establishing happiness as a metric is only meant to serve political goals. Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. As a result, some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals.Even on the individual level, there is discussion on how much effect external forces can have on happiness. Less than 3% of an individual's level of happiness comes from external sources such as employment, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To go along with this, four of the Big Five Personality Traits are substantially associated with life satisfaction, openness to experience is not associated. Having high levels of internal locus of control leads to higher reported levels of happiness.Even when happiness can be affected by external sources, it has high hedonic adaptation, some specific events such as an increase in income, disability, unemployment, and loss (bereavement) only have short-term (about a year) effects on a person's overall happiness and after a while happiness may return to levels similar to unaffected peers.What has the most influence over happiness are internal factors such as genetics, personality traits, and internal locus of control. It is theorized that 50% of the variation in happiness levels is from genetic sources and is known as the genetic set point. The genetic set point is assumed to be stable over time, fixed, and immune to influence or control. This goes along with findings that well-being surveys have a naturally positive baseline.With such strong internal forces on happiness, it is hard to have an effect on a person's happiness externally. This in turn lends itself back to the idea that establishing a happiness metric is only for political gain and has little other use. To support this even further it is believed that a country aggregate level of SWB can account for more variance in government vote share than standard macroeconomic variables, such as income and employment.
Technical issues
According to Bond and Lang (2018), the results are skewed due to the fact that the respondents have to "round" their true happiness to the scale of, e.g., 3 or 7 alternatives (e.g., very happy, pretty happy, not too happy). This "rounding error" may cause a less happy group seem happier, in the average. This would not be the case if the happiness of both groups would be normally distributed with the same variance, but that is usually not the case, based on their results. For some not-implausible log-normal assumptions on the scale, typical results can be reversed to the opposite results.They also show that the "reporting function" seems to be different for different groups and even for the same individual at different times. For example, when a person becomes disabled, they soon start to lower their threshold for a given answer (e.g., "pretty happy"). That is, they give a higher answer than they would have given at the same happiness state before becoming disabled.
See also
Researchers
References and notes
Bibliography
Books
Anielski, Mark (2007). The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth. Canada: New Society Publishers. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-86571-596-7.
Bruni, Luigino; Pier Luigi Porta (2005). Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis. Oxford University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-19-928628-7.
Bruni, Luigino (2008). Pier Luigi Porta (ed.). Handbook On the Economics Of Happiness. Description and full contents links and preview.: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 640. ISBN 978-1-84376-826-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
Gaucher, Renaud (2009). Bonheur et économie. Le capitalisme est-il soluble dans la recherche du bonheur? L'Harmattan, collection L'esprit économique. ISBN 978-2296069169
Van Praag, Bernard; Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2004). Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-19-828654-7.
Kahneman, Daniel; Ed Diener (2003). Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0871544230.
Frey, Bruno S.; Alois Stutzer (2002). Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being. Princeton University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0-69106-998-2.Articles
Clark, Andrew E.; Frijters, Paul; Shields, Michael A. (2008). "Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 46 (1): 95–144. doi:10.1257/jel.46.1.95. hdl:10419/34701. S2CID 1744957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert J.; Oswald, Andrew J. (2003). "The Macroeconomics of Happiness" (PDF). Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 809–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.3175. doi:10.1162/003465303772815745. S2CID 1914665.
Easterlin, Richard A. (2004). "The Economics of Happiness". Dædalus. 133 (2): 26–33. doi:10.1162/001152604323049361. JSTOR 20027910. S2CID 57563766. The entire issue of Daedalus is devoted to happiness and may repay exploration.
Frey, Bruno S.; Stutzer, Alois (2002). "What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 40 (2): 402–35. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.8589. doi:10.1257/jel.40.2.402.
MacKerron, George (2012). "Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet". Journal of Economic Surveys. 26 (4): 705–35. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00672.x. S2CID 153523588.
Piekałkiewicz, Marcin (2017). "Why do economists study happiness?". The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 28 (3): 361–77. doi:10.1177/1035304617717130. S2CID 157266981.
External links
Andrew Oswald (December 1999). "A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2007.
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Mauregny-en-Haye is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Aisne department
== References ==
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Mauregny-en-Haye is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Aisne department
== References ==
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located in the administrative territorial entity
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Mauregny-en-Haye is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Aisne department
== References ==
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Commons category
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Mauregny-en-Haye is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Aisne department
== References ==
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official name
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Besnoitia tarandi is a species of single-celled parasites that afflicts reindeer.
The Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, in collaboration with a Finnish university, studied Besnoitia tarandi tissue cysts from infected reindeer.
== References ==
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Besnoitia tarandi is a species of single-celled parasites that afflicts reindeer.
The Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, in collaboration with a Finnish university, studied Besnoitia tarandi tissue cysts from infected reindeer.
== References ==
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parent taxon
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Besnoitia tarandi is a species of single-celled parasites that afflicts reindeer.
The Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, in collaboration with a Finnish university, studied Besnoitia tarandi tissue cysts from infected reindeer.
== References ==
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taxon name
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IBM System Management Facility (SMF) is a component of IBM's z/OS for mainframe computers, providing a standardised method for writing out records of activity to a file (or data set to use a z/OS term). SMF provides full "instrumentation" of all baseline activities running on that IBM mainframe operating system, including I/O, network activity, software usage, error conditions, processor utilization, etc.
One of the most prominent components of z/OS that uses SMF is the IBM Resource Measurement Facility (RMF). RMF provides performance and usage instrumentation of resources such as processor, memory, disk, cache, workload, virtual storage, XCF and Coupling Facility. RMF is technically a priced (extra cost) feature of z/OS. BMC sells a competing alternative, CMF.
SMF forms the basis for many monitoring and automation utilities. Each SMF record has a numbered type (e.g. "SMF 120" or "SMF 89"), and installations have great control over how much or how little SMF data to collect. Records written by software other than IBM products generally have a record type of 128 or higher. Some record types have subtypes - for example Type 70 Subtype 1 records are written by RMF to record CPU activity.
SMF record types
Here is a list of the most common SMF record types:
RMF records are in the range 70 through to 79. RMF's records are generally supplemented - for serious performance analysis - by Type 30 (subtypes 2 and 3) address space records.
RACF type 80 records are written to record security issues, i.e. password violations, denied resource access attempts, etc. TopSecret, another security system, also writes type 80 records. ACF2 provides equivalent information in, by default, type 230 records but this SMF record type can be changed for each installed site.
SMF type 89 records indicate software product usage and are used to calculate reduced sub-capacity software pricing.
IBM Db2 writes type 100, 101 and 102 records, depending on specific Db2 subsystem options.
CICS writes type 110 records, depending on specific CICS options.
Websphere MQ writes type 115 and 116 records, depending on specific Websphere MQ subsystem options.
WebSphere Application Server for z/OS writes type 120. Version 7 introduced a new subtype to overcome shortcomings in the earlier subtype records. The new Version 7 120 Subtype 9 record provide a unified request-based view with lower overhead.
Evolving records
The major record types, especially those created by RMF, continue to evolve at a rapid pace. Each release of z/OS brings new fields. Different processor families and Coupling Facility levels also change the data model.
SMF data recording
SMF can record data in two ways:
The standard and classical way: Using buffers the SMF address space, together with a set of preallocated datasets (VSAM datasets) to use when a buffer fills up. The standard name for the datasets is SYS1.MANx, where x is a numerical suffix (starting from 0).
The relatively new way: Using log streams. SMF utilizes System Logger to record collected data, which improves the writing rate and avoids buffer shortages. It has more flexibility, allowing the z/OS system to straightforwardly record to multiple log streams, and (using keywords on the dump program) allowing z/OS to read a set of SMF data once and write it many times.Both the two ways can be declared for the use, but only one is used at a time in order to have the other as a fallback alternative.
This data is then periodically dumped to sequential files (for example, tape drives) using the IFASMFDP SMF Dump Utility (or IFASMFDL when using log streams). IFASMFDP can also be used to split existing SMF sequential files and copy them to other files. The two dump programs produce the same output, so it does not involve changes in the SMF records elaboration chain, other than changing the JCL with the call of the new dump utility.
SMF data collection and analysis
SMF data can be collected through IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson. IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data, transforms it in a consumable format and then sends the data to third-party enterprise analytics platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk, or to the included operational data analysis platform, for further analysis. IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data from multiple IBM Z systems and subsystems, including IBM Db2 for z/OS, IBM CICS Transaction Server for z/OS and IBM MQ for z/OS, uses historical IBM Z metric and log data to build a model of normal operational behavior, and analyzes real-time operational data through comparison with the model of normal operations to detect and alert IT operations of anomalous behavior.
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data in the following three ways, and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data in the first two of the following ways:
In log stream mode with SMF in-memory bufferWhen SMF is run in the log stream mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson can be configured to collect SMF from the SMF in-memory buffer with the SMF real-time interface.
In data set recording modeWhen SMF is run in the data set recording mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collect and stream SMF data via a set of SMF user exits.
In batch modeThe System Data Engine of the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics can be run stand-alone in batch mode to read SMF data from a data set and then write it to a file. The System Data Engine batch jobs can be created to write SMF data to data sets and send SMF data to the Data Streamer.
SMF data can be analyzed on the following analytics platforms:
Z Data Analytics platform, a component of IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics, which can help to visualize and search through a large number of Z operational data on a single pane of glass. The dashboards and saved searches provide insights into the operational data and help with early problem detection and problem diagnosis.
Enterprise platforms such as Splunk, the Elastic Stack, Apache Kafka, or Humio that can receive and process operational data for analysis. The platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk do not include expert knowledge about z Systems and applications, but users can create or import their own analytics to run against the data.
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson, a product that uses both log-based and metric-based machine learning technology to provide anomaly detection.
IBM Db2 Analytics Accelerator for z/OS, a database application that provides query-based reporting.
IntelliMagic Vision for z/OS, from IntelliMagic. The platform can provide insights and recommended actions to the system owners, which are based on expert knowledge about z Systems and applications.
External links
IBM z/OS SMF Reference
Performance Instrumentation Management Techniques wiki (requires "My developerWorks: Sign in" 20090224)
CA ACF2 for z/OS - 15.0 & 16.0 Documentation
CA Top Secret® for z/OS - 16.0 Documentation
References
IBM Redbooks. ABCs of z/OS System Programming Volume 2, International Technical Support Organization, July 2008. [1]
BMC CMF Monitor - http://www.bmc.com/products/proddocview/0,2832,19052_19429_23401_1365,00.html Archived 2009-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
Examples of SMF Reports - http://www.pacsys.com/smf/smf_example_list.htm
Streaming z/OS IT Operational Data with IBM Z Common Data Provider. Planet Mainframe. August 27, 2020. [2]
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics documentation - https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/z-logdata-analytics/5.1.0?topic=overview-z-common-data-provider
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics Product Page - https://www.ibm.com/products/z-log-and-data-analytics
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson documentation - https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/z-anomaly-analytics/5.1.0
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson Product page - https://www.ibm.com/products/z-anomaly-analytics
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IBM System Management Facility (SMF) is a component of IBM's z/OS for mainframe computers, providing a standardised method for writing out records of activity to a file (or data set to use a z/OS term). SMF provides full "instrumentation" of all baseline activities running on that IBM mainframe operating system, including I/O, network activity, software usage, error conditions, processor utilization, etc.
One of the most prominent components of z/OS that uses SMF is the IBM Resource Measurement Facility (RMF). RMF provides performance and usage instrumentation of resources such as processor, memory, disk, cache, workload, virtual storage, XCF and Coupling Facility. RMF is technically a priced (extra cost) feature of z/OS. BMC sells a competing alternative, CMF.
SMF forms the basis for many monitoring and automation utilities. Each SMF record has a numbered type (e.g. "SMF 120" or "SMF 89"), and installations have great control over how much or how little SMF data to collect. Records written by software other than IBM products generally have a record type of 128 or higher. Some record types have subtypes - for example Type 70 Subtype 1 records are written by RMF to record CPU activity.
SMF record types
Here is a list of the most common SMF record types:
RMF records are in the range 70 through to 79. RMF's records are generally supplemented - for serious performance analysis - by Type 30 (subtypes 2 and 3) address space records.
RACF type 80 records are written to record security issues, i.e. password violations, denied resource access attempts, etc. TopSecret, another security system, also writes type 80 records. ACF2 provides equivalent information in, by default, type 230 records but this SMF record type can be changed for each installed site.
SMF type 89 records indicate software product usage and are used to calculate reduced sub-capacity software pricing.
IBM Db2 writes type 100, 101 and 102 records, depending on specific Db2 subsystem options.
CICS writes type 110 records, depending on specific CICS options.
Websphere MQ writes type 115 and 116 records, depending on specific Websphere MQ subsystem options.
WebSphere Application Server for z/OS writes type 120. Version 7 introduced a new subtype to overcome shortcomings in the earlier subtype records. The new Version 7 120 Subtype 9 record provide a unified request-based view with lower overhead.
Evolving records
The major record types, especially those created by RMF, continue to evolve at a rapid pace. Each release of z/OS brings new fields. Different processor families and Coupling Facility levels also change the data model.
SMF data recording
SMF can record data in two ways:
The standard and classical way: Using buffers the SMF address space, together with a set of preallocated datasets (VSAM datasets) to use when a buffer fills up. The standard name for the datasets is SYS1.MANx, where x is a numerical suffix (starting from 0).
The relatively new way: Using log streams. SMF utilizes System Logger to record collected data, which improves the writing rate and avoids buffer shortages. It has more flexibility, allowing the z/OS system to straightforwardly record to multiple log streams, and (using keywords on the dump program) allowing z/OS to read a set of SMF data once and write it many times.Both the two ways can be declared for the use, but only one is used at a time in order to have the other as a fallback alternative.
This data is then periodically dumped to sequential files (for example, tape drives) using the IFASMFDP SMF Dump Utility (or IFASMFDL when using log streams). IFASMFDP can also be used to split existing SMF sequential files and copy them to other files. The two dump programs produce the same output, so it does not involve changes in the SMF records elaboration chain, other than changing the JCL with the call of the new dump utility.
SMF data collection and analysis
SMF data can be collected through IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson. IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data, transforms it in a consumable format and then sends the data to third-party enterprise analytics platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk, or to the included operational data analysis platform, for further analysis. IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data from multiple IBM Z systems and subsystems, including IBM Db2 for z/OS, IBM CICS Transaction Server for z/OS and IBM MQ for z/OS, uses historical IBM Z metric and log data to build a model of normal operational behavior, and analyzes real-time operational data through comparison with the model of normal operations to detect and alert IT operations of anomalous behavior.
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data in the following three ways, and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data in the first two of the following ways:
In log stream mode with SMF in-memory bufferWhen SMF is run in the log stream mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson can be configured to collect SMF from the SMF in-memory buffer with the SMF real-time interface.
In data set recording modeWhen SMF is run in the data set recording mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collect and stream SMF data via a set of SMF user exits.
In batch modeThe System Data Engine of the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics can be run stand-alone in batch mode to read SMF data from a data set and then write it to a file. The System Data Engine batch jobs can be created to write SMF data to data sets and send SMF data to the Data Streamer.
SMF data can be analyzed on the following analytics platforms:
Z Data Analytics platform, a component of IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics, which can help to visualize and search through a large number of Z operational data on a single pane of glass. The dashboards and saved searches provide insights into the operational data and help with early problem detection and problem diagnosis.
Enterprise platforms such as Splunk, the Elastic Stack, Apache Kafka, or Humio that can receive and process operational data for analysis. The platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk do not include expert knowledge about z Systems and applications, but users can create or import their own analytics to run against the data.
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson, a product that uses both log-based and metric-based machine learning technology to provide anomaly detection.
IBM Db2 Analytics Accelerator for z/OS, a database application that provides query-based reporting.
IntelliMagic Vision for z/OS, from IntelliMagic. The platform can provide insights and recommended actions to the system owners, which are based on expert knowledge about z Systems and applications.
External links
IBM z/OS SMF Reference
Performance Instrumentation Management Techniques wiki (requires "My developerWorks: Sign in" 20090224)
CA ACF2 for z/OS - 15.0 & 16.0 Documentation
CA Top Secret® for z/OS - 16.0 Documentation
References
IBM Redbooks. ABCs of z/OS System Programming Volume 2, International Technical Support Organization, July 2008. [1]
BMC CMF Monitor - http://www.bmc.com/products/proddocview/0,2832,19052_19429_23401_1365,00.html Archived 2009-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
Examples of SMF Reports - http://www.pacsys.com/smf/smf_example_list.htm
Streaming z/OS IT Operational Data with IBM Z Common Data Provider. Planet Mainframe. August 27, 2020. [2]
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics documentation - https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/z-logdata-analytics/5.1.0?topic=overview-z-common-data-provider
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics Product Page - https://www.ibm.com/products/z-log-and-data-analytics
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson documentation - https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/z-anomaly-analytics/5.1.0
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson Product page - https://www.ibm.com/products/z-anomaly-analytics
|
developer
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"IBM"
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}
|
IBM System Management Facility (SMF) is a component of IBM's z/OS for mainframe computers, providing a standardised method for writing out records of activity to a file (or data set to use a z/OS term). SMF provides full "instrumentation" of all baseline activities running on that IBM mainframe operating system, including I/O, network activity, software usage, error conditions, processor utilization, etc.
One of the most prominent components of z/OS that uses SMF is the IBM Resource Measurement Facility (RMF). RMF provides performance and usage instrumentation of resources such as processor, memory, disk, cache, workload, virtual storage, XCF and Coupling Facility. RMF is technically a priced (extra cost) feature of z/OS. BMC sells a competing alternative, CMF.
SMF forms the basis for many monitoring and automation utilities. Each SMF record has a numbered type (e.g. "SMF 120" or "SMF 89"), and installations have great control over how much or how little SMF data to collect. Records written by software other than IBM products generally have a record type of 128 or higher. Some record types have subtypes - for example Type 70 Subtype 1 records are written by RMF to record CPU activity.
SMF record types
Here is a list of the most common SMF record types:
RMF records are in the range 70 through to 79. RMF's records are generally supplemented - for serious performance analysis - by Type 30 (subtypes 2 and 3) address space records.
RACF type 80 records are written to record security issues, i.e. password violations, denied resource access attempts, etc. TopSecret, another security system, also writes type 80 records. ACF2 provides equivalent information in, by default, type 230 records but this SMF record type can be changed for each installed site.
SMF type 89 records indicate software product usage and are used to calculate reduced sub-capacity software pricing.
IBM Db2 writes type 100, 101 and 102 records, depending on specific Db2 subsystem options.
CICS writes type 110 records, depending on specific CICS options.
Websphere MQ writes type 115 and 116 records, depending on specific Websphere MQ subsystem options.
WebSphere Application Server for z/OS writes type 120. Version 7 introduced a new subtype to overcome shortcomings in the earlier subtype records. The new Version 7 120 Subtype 9 record provide a unified request-based view with lower overhead.
Evolving records
The major record types, especially those created by RMF, continue to evolve at a rapid pace. Each release of z/OS brings new fields. Different processor families and Coupling Facility levels also change the data model.
SMF data recording
SMF can record data in two ways:
The standard and classical way: Using buffers the SMF address space, together with a set of preallocated datasets (VSAM datasets) to use when a buffer fills up. The standard name for the datasets is SYS1.MANx, where x is a numerical suffix (starting from 0).
The relatively new way: Using log streams. SMF utilizes System Logger to record collected data, which improves the writing rate and avoids buffer shortages. It has more flexibility, allowing the z/OS system to straightforwardly record to multiple log streams, and (using keywords on the dump program) allowing z/OS to read a set of SMF data once and write it many times.Both the two ways can be declared for the use, but only one is used at a time in order to have the other as a fallback alternative.
This data is then periodically dumped to sequential files (for example, tape drives) using the IFASMFDP SMF Dump Utility (or IFASMFDL when using log streams). IFASMFDP can also be used to split existing SMF sequential files and copy them to other files. The two dump programs produce the same output, so it does not involve changes in the SMF records elaboration chain, other than changing the JCL with the call of the new dump utility.
SMF data collection and analysis
SMF data can be collected through IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson. IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data, transforms it in a consumable format and then sends the data to third-party enterprise analytics platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk, or to the included operational data analysis platform, for further analysis. IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data from multiple IBM Z systems and subsystems, including IBM Db2 for z/OS, IBM CICS Transaction Server for z/OS and IBM MQ for z/OS, uses historical IBM Z metric and log data to build a model of normal operational behavior, and analyzes real-time operational data through comparison with the model of normal operations to detect and alert IT operations of anomalous behavior.
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects SMF data in the following three ways, and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects SMF data in the first two of the following ways:
In log stream mode with SMF in-memory bufferWhen SMF is run in the log stream mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson can be configured to collect SMF from the SMF in-memory buffer with the SMF real-time interface.
In data set recording modeWhen SMF is run in the data set recording mode, the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collect and stream SMF data via a set of SMF user exits.
In batch modeThe System Data Engine of the Common Data Provider in IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics can be run stand-alone in batch mode to read SMF data from a data set and then write it to a file. The System Data Engine batch jobs can be created to write SMF data to data sets and send SMF data to the Data Streamer.
SMF data can be analyzed on the following analytics platforms:
Z Data Analytics platform, a component of IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics, which can help to visualize and search through a large number of Z operational data on a single pane of glass. The dashboards and saved searches provide insights into the operational data and help with early problem detection and problem diagnosis.
Enterprise platforms such as Splunk, the Elastic Stack, Apache Kafka, or Humio that can receive and process operational data for analysis. The platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk do not include expert knowledge about z Systems and applications, but users can create or import their own analytics to run against the data.
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson, a product that uses both log-based and metric-based machine learning technology to provide anomaly detection.
IBM Db2 Analytics Accelerator for z/OS, a database application that provides query-based reporting.
IntelliMagic Vision for z/OS, from IntelliMagic. The platform can provide insights and recommended actions to the system owners, which are based on expert knowledge about z Systems and applications.
External links
IBM z/OS SMF Reference
Performance Instrumentation Management Techniques wiki (requires "My developerWorks: Sign in" 20090224)
CA ACF2 for z/OS - 15.0 & 16.0 Documentation
CA Top Secret® for z/OS - 16.0 Documentation
References
IBM Redbooks. ABCs of z/OS System Programming Volume 2, International Technical Support Organization, July 2008. [1]
BMC CMF Monitor - http://www.bmc.com/products/proddocview/0,2832,19052_19429_23401_1365,00.html Archived 2009-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
Examples of SMF Reports - http://www.pacsys.com/smf/smf_example_list.htm
Streaming z/OS IT Operational Data with IBM Z Common Data Provider. Planet Mainframe. August 27, 2020. [2]
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics documentation - https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/z-logdata-analytics/5.1.0?topic=overview-z-common-data-provider
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics Product Page - https://www.ibm.com/products/z-log-and-data-analytics
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson documentation - https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/z-anomaly-analytics/5.1.0
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson Product page - https://www.ibm.com/products/z-anomaly-analytics
|
part of
|
{
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"z/OS"
]
}
|
Dasygnypeta is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.The species of this genus are found in Europe.Species:
Dasygnypeta velata (Erichson, 1837)
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Dasygnypeta is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.The species of this genus are found in Europe.Species:
Dasygnypeta velata (Erichson, 1837)
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"Staphylinidae"
]
}
|
Dasygnypeta is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.The species of this genus are found in Europe.Species:
Dasygnypeta velata (Erichson, 1837)
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Dasygnypeta"
]
}
|
Tania Yáñez Martínez (born 8 March 1986) is a former Spanish female handballer. The 2013–2014 season was the top scorer in the Spanish League.
Achievements
División de Honor Femenina:
Winner: 2015/2016
Spanish Queen's Cup:
Winner: 2016
== References ==
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"female"
]
}
|
Tania Yáñez Martínez (born 8 March 1986) is a former Spanish female handballer. The 2013–2014 season was the top scorer in the Spanish League.
Achievements
División de Honor Femenina:
Winner: 2015/2016
Spanish Queen's Cup:
Winner: 2016
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"handball"
]
}
|
Tania Yáñez Martínez (born 8 March 1986) is a former Spanish female handballer. The 2013–2014 season was the top scorer in the Spanish League.
Achievements
División de Honor Femenina:
Winner: 2015/2016
Spanish Queen's Cup:
Winner: 2016
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Yáñez"
]
}
|
Tania Yáñez Martínez (born 8 March 1986) is a former Spanish female handballer. The 2013–2014 season was the top scorer in the Spanish League.
Achievements
División de Honor Femenina:
Winner: 2015/2016
Spanish Queen's Cup:
Winner: 2016
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Tania"
]
}
|
Tania Yáñez Martínez (born 8 March 1986) is a former Spanish female handballer. The 2013–2014 season was the top scorer in the Spanish League.
Achievements
División de Honor Femenina:
Winner: 2015/2016
Spanish Queen's Cup:
Winner: 2016
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Charlie Chaplin"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
screenwriter
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Charlie Chaplin"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Charlie Chaplin"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"A Night Out (1915 film)"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
film editor
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Charlie Chaplin"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"A Night Out"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
author
|
{
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"Harold Pinter"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
lyrics by
|
{
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"Clifford Grey"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
form of creative work
|
{
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"play"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
A Night Out may refer to:
A Night Out (1915 film), a 1915 film starring Charlie Chaplin and Edna Purviance
A Night Out, a 1916 film starring May Robson
A Night Out (1961 film), an Australian television play
A Night Out (play), a play by Harold Pinter
A Night Out (musical) (1920); book by Arthur Miller and George Grossmith, Jr., music by Willie Redstone and lyrics by Clifford Grey
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Birdsell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bob Birdsell (born 1947), Canadian hockey player
John Birdsell (1815–1894), American manufacturer and inventor
Joseph Birdsell (1908–1994), American anthropologist
Regina Birdsell (born 1956), American politician
Sandra Birdsell (born 1942), Canadian author
See also
Birdsall (name)
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Birdsell"
]
}
|
Danaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.
Their flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.
Description
The upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of 2+1⁄2 to 3+1⁄2 inches (64–76 mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.
Similar species
Similar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).
The monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.The queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.
Habitat
The soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.
Flight
This butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.
Life cycle
Males patrol for females. The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes. It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots. There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen. The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable. It has three or more broods per year.
Host plants
Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata
White vine, Funastrum clausum
West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
684
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Danaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.
Their flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.
Description
The upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of 2+1⁄2 to 3+1⁄2 inches (64–76 mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.
Similar species
Similar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).
The monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.The queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.
Habitat
The soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.
Flight
This butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.
Life cycle
Males patrol for females. The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes. It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots. There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen. The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable. It has three or more broods per year.
Host plants
Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata
White vine, Funastrum clausum
West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Danaus"
]
}
|
Danaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.
Their flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.
Description
The upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of 2+1⁄2 to 3+1⁄2 inches (64–76 mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.
Similar species
Similar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).
The monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.The queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.
Habitat
The soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.
Flight
This butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.
Life cycle
Males patrol for females. The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes. It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots. There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen. The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable. It has three or more broods per year.
Host plants
Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata
White vine, Funastrum clausum
West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Danaus eresimus"
]
}
|
Danaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.
Their flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.
Description
The upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of 2+1⁄2 to 3+1⁄2 inches (64–76 mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.
Similar species
Similar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).
The monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.The queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.
Habitat
The soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.
Flight
This butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.
Life cycle
Males patrol for females. The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes. It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots. There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen. The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable. It has three or more broods per year.
Host plants
Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata
White vine, Funastrum clausum
West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Danaus eresimus"
]
}
|
Danaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.
Their flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.
Description
The upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of 2+1⁄2 to 3+1⁄2 inches (64–76 mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.
Similar species
Similar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).
The monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.The queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.
Habitat
The soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.
Flight
This butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.
Life cycle
Males patrol for females. The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes. It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots. There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen. The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable. It has three or more broods per year.
Host plants
Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata
White vine, Funastrum clausum
West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia
== References ==
|
Commons gallery
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Danaus eresimus"
]
}
|
Judith B. Craven (born 1946) is a medical professional with a degree from Bowling Green State University. She is also involved in business, specifically as a board member of Luby's and as an Independent director of Sysco.
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"Bowling Green State University"
]
}
|
Judith B. Craven (born 1946) is a medical professional with a degree from Bowling Green State University. She is also involved in business, specifically as a board member of Luby's and as an Independent director of Sysco.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"Craven"
]
}
|
Judith B. Craven (born 1946) is a medical professional with a degree from Bowling Green State University. She is also involved in business, specifically as a board member of Luby's and as an Independent director of Sysco.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Judith"
]
}
|
This is a list of albums and singles released by singer Mitchel Musso. Musso has participated in many music ventures on June 2, 2009, and he released his self-titled debut under Walt Disney Records. He released his first extended play on November 22, 2010 titled Brainstorm. The EP is a Walmart exclusive.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
Promotional singles
Album appearances
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"Mitchel Musso"
]
}
|
Vincent Marissal is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Rosemont as a member of Québec solidaire.
Background
Prior to being elected, Marissal was a journalist. His journalistic career began with La Voix de l'Est, a newspaper in Granby. Marissal later wrote for Le Soleil in Quebec City, covering the affairs of the National Assembly. He later worked for La Presse in Montreal, where he continued to cover politics while also authoring the newspaper's weekly wine column.
Electoral record
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"Granby"
]
}
|
Vincent Marissal is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Rosemont as a member of Québec solidaire.
Background
Prior to being elected, Marissal was a journalist. His journalistic career began with La Voix de l'Est, a newspaper in Granby. Marissal later wrote for Le Soleil in Quebec City, covering the affairs of the National Assembly. He later worked for La Presse in Montreal, where he continued to cover politics while also authoring the newspaper's weekly wine column.
Electoral record
== References ==
|
member of political party
|
{
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"Québec solidaire"
]
}
|
Vincent Marissal is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Rosemont as a member of Québec solidaire.
Background
Prior to being elected, Marissal was a journalist. His journalistic career began with La Voix de l'Est, a newspaper in Granby. Marissal later wrote for Le Soleil in Quebec City, covering the affairs of the National Assembly. He later worked for La Presse in Montreal, where he continued to cover politics while also authoring the newspaper's weekly wine column.
Electoral record
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Vincent Marissal is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Rosemont as a member of Québec solidaire.
Background
Prior to being elected, Marissal was a journalist. His journalistic career began with La Voix de l'Est, a newspaper in Granby. Marissal later wrote for Le Soleil in Quebec City, covering the affairs of the National Assembly. He later worked for La Presse in Montreal, where he continued to cover politics while also authoring the newspaper's weekly wine column.
Electoral record
== References ==
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"La Presse"
]
}
|
Vincent Marissal is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Rosemont as a member of Québec solidaire.
Background
Prior to being elected, Marissal was a journalist. His journalistic career began with La Voix de l'Est, a newspaper in Granby. Marissal later wrote for Le Soleil in Quebec City, covering the affairs of the National Assembly. He later worked for La Presse in Montreal, where he continued to cover politics while also authoring the newspaper's weekly wine column.
Electoral record
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Marissal"
]
}
|
Vincent Marissal is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Rosemont as a member of Québec solidaire.
Background
Prior to being elected, Marissal was a journalist. His journalistic career began with La Voix de l'Est, a newspaper in Granby. Marissal later wrote for Le Soleil in Quebec City, covering the affairs of the National Assembly. He later worked for La Presse in Montreal, where he continued to cover politics while also authoring the newspaper's weekly wine column.
Electoral record
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vincent"
]
}
|
Miháld is a village in Zala County, Hungary.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Hungary"
]
}
|
Miháld is a village in Zala County, Hungary.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Miháld"
]
}
|
Mormyrus hildebrandti is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Mormyridae. It is endemic to Kenya. It is threatened by habitat loss.
== Sources ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Mormyrus hildebrandti is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Mormyridae. It is endemic to Kenya. It is threatened by habitat loss.
== Sources ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mormyrus"
]
}
|
Mormyrus hildebrandti is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Mormyridae. It is endemic to Kenya. It is threatened by habitat loss.
== Sources ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mormyrus hildebrandti"
]
}
|
John Willsteed is an Australian musician and sound designer. As a musician, he is best known as a member of the Brisbane band The Go-Betweens, in which he played bass guitar from 1987–1989, most notably on the album 16 Lovers Lane. As a sound designer he won Australian Film Institute awards for his work on The Beat Manifesto (1996), Vietnam Nurses (2005, as composer) and Rare Chicken Rescue (2008). He is a lecturer in Music at Queensland University of Technology.
Early career
Terence John Willsteed was born in Brisbane, Australia. In 1978, and with little formal musical training, John became a member of Brisbane feminist punk group Zero (later Xiro and Xero) after a chance meeting with drummer Lindy Morrison and Brisbane visual artist Gary Warner. Willsteed became the bass player, replacing former member Catharine Hunt. He remained a member of the band until 1985. Over this period the name, nature and line-up of Zero changed considerably as the original punk covers band evolved into an avant-pop duo. Xiro released two cassette EPs in 1981 (Religious Wars, Half the Profits), and, as Xero, a 12 inch vinyl EP (Lust in the Dust on MSquared) in 1982.
Willsteed was a member of the Brisbane artist collective ZIP, which released four interdisciplinary audio/visual packages between 1982 and 1987. As John-e Xero, Willsteed contributed a number of experimental electronic music works to the ZIP releases.
His move to Sydney in 1985 heralded a period of musical expansion. Over the next three years Willsteed played bass in a number of Sydney bands ranging from country (Tender Mercies) to quirky pop (Machines That Walk). It was also in this period that Willsteed contributed to film soundtracks for the first time. His long relationship with Gary Warner, then with the Sydney Super 8 Film Group, drew him into the work of filmmaker Ross Gibson (Camera Natura, Wild, Dead to the World), and he contributed as a musician to the scores of these films and others.
The Go-Betweens
In 1986 the Australian band The Go-Betweens lost their bass player Robert Vickers, moved to Sydney from London, and began searching for a replacement. Willsteed had played with two members – Lindy Morrison in Zero and Amanda Brown in Tender Mercies – and through this social connection was invited to join the band. Almost immediately they went into pre-production for their sixth studio album 16 Lovers Lane. Willsteed's work on this album as both guitarist and bass player has been credited with being an important part of the band's increasing musical sophistication. With 16 Lovers Lane, The Go-Betweens achieved their greatest commercial success to date, both in Australia and internationally. The song 'Streets of Your Town' remains the best known of The Go-Betweens' catalogue. They toured extensively in Australia and overseas in 1988–89 supporting R.E.M. on their Green World Tour. At the end of the tour Willsteed was sacked from the band for unspecified reasons.
Halfway
Willsteed continued to play in Australian bands, including Plug Uglies, The Drunk, The Monk and the Spunk, Disgraceland and The Apartments The Apartments on their 1992 album Drift, and is currently a member of Halfway (band). Halfway's 4th album, Any Old Love, was the first with Willsteed. This album achieved numerous accolades including AIR Independent Country Album of the year in 2014 and Queensland Music Awards Song of The Year 2014. He has also contributed to recording projects by The Apartments and Ed Kuepper among others. Halfway's 5th album The Golden Halfway Record, recorded in Nashville with producer Mark Nevers, was released in early 2016, receiving glowing reviews from national press. Their next album, Rain Lover, recorded at QUT in Brisbane and mixed again by Nevers, gathered 5 star reviews, and was described by reviewers as "perfect". Halfway recently collaborated with Aboriginal activist Bob Weatherall and musician William Barton to produce the concept album "Restless Dream" - a story of repatriation - which was nominated in the 2021 ARIA Awards.
Film sound design
Willsteed studied Sound at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, graduating in 1996. He moved to Brisbane, and began working professionally as a sound designer for film and television projects. He has worked on a number of Australian features – including Angst and The Rage in Placid Lake – and over 60 television documentaries and short films. Willsteed has also composed music for the children's stop-motion animated television series Kitu and Woofl for Henderson Bowman Productions and ABC TV in 1997. Willsteed has won three Australian Film Institute Awards for Sound Design (Vietnam Nurses, The Beat Manifesto and Rare Chicken Rescue). He has also been nominated for two IF Awards (Angst, The Rage in Placid Lake) and is the recipient of the International Wildlife Film Festival Sound Award (for Hypsi, the Forest Gardener).
Academic work
Willsteed began teaching in the tertiary system in 2000 at Griffith University in Brisbane, and has since taught at Bond, SBIT, and a number of private schools. He is a senior lecturer at Queensland University of Technology in the Music Discipline. His PhD, It's Not the Heat, It's the Humidity, is an exploration of the presentation of cultural history with an emphasis on Brisbane's punk and post-punk music scene. He has written for The Conversation on music and other related topics, and co-edited Electronic Cities in 2020.
In 2016, Willsteed won the Letty Katts Award and held a presentation at the State Library of Queensland on the role of posters in the Brisbane music scene from 1975 to 1995.
References
External links
Street Life: posters and their role in the Brisbane music scene 1975-1995, video recording of Willsteed's presentation on impact of posters in Brisbane music scene at State Library of Queensland
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
John Willsteed is an Australian musician and sound designer. As a musician, he is best known as a member of the Brisbane band The Go-Betweens, in which he played bass guitar from 1987–1989, most notably on the album 16 Lovers Lane. As a sound designer he won Australian Film Institute awards for his work on The Beat Manifesto (1996), Vietnam Nurses (2005, as composer) and Rare Chicken Rescue (2008). He is a lecturer in Music at Queensland University of Technology.
Early career
Terence John Willsteed was born in Brisbane, Australia. In 1978, and with little formal musical training, John became a member of Brisbane feminist punk group Zero (later Xiro and Xero) after a chance meeting with drummer Lindy Morrison and Brisbane visual artist Gary Warner. Willsteed became the bass player, replacing former member Catharine Hunt. He remained a member of the band until 1985. Over this period the name, nature and line-up of Zero changed considerably as the original punk covers band evolved into an avant-pop duo. Xiro released two cassette EPs in 1981 (Religious Wars, Half the Profits), and, as Xero, a 12 inch vinyl EP (Lust in the Dust on MSquared) in 1982.
Willsteed was a member of the Brisbane artist collective ZIP, which released four interdisciplinary audio/visual packages between 1982 and 1987. As John-e Xero, Willsteed contributed a number of experimental electronic music works to the ZIP releases.
His move to Sydney in 1985 heralded a period of musical expansion. Over the next three years Willsteed played bass in a number of Sydney bands ranging from country (Tender Mercies) to quirky pop (Machines That Walk). It was also in this period that Willsteed contributed to film soundtracks for the first time. His long relationship with Gary Warner, then with the Sydney Super 8 Film Group, drew him into the work of filmmaker Ross Gibson (Camera Natura, Wild, Dead to the World), and he contributed as a musician to the scores of these films and others.
The Go-Betweens
In 1986 the Australian band The Go-Betweens lost their bass player Robert Vickers, moved to Sydney from London, and began searching for a replacement. Willsteed had played with two members – Lindy Morrison in Zero and Amanda Brown in Tender Mercies – and through this social connection was invited to join the band. Almost immediately they went into pre-production for their sixth studio album 16 Lovers Lane. Willsteed's work on this album as both guitarist and bass player has been credited with being an important part of the band's increasing musical sophistication. With 16 Lovers Lane, The Go-Betweens achieved their greatest commercial success to date, both in Australia and internationally. The song 'Streets of Your Town' remains the best known of The Go-Betweens' catalogue. They toured extensively in Australia and overseas in 1988–89 supporting R.E.M. on their Green World Tour. At the end of the tour Willsteed was sacked from the band for unspecified reasons.
Halfway
Willsteed continued to play in Australian bands, including Plug Uglies, The Drunk, The Monk and the Spunk, Disgraceland and The Apartments The Apartments on their 1992 album Drift, and is currently a member of Halfway (band). Halfway's 4th album, Any Old Love, was the first with Willsteed. This album achieved numerous accolades including AIR Independent Country Album of the year in 2014 and Queensland Music Awards Song of The Year 2014. He has also contributed to recording projects by The Apartments and Ed Kuepper among others. Halfway's 5th album The Golden Halfway Record, recorded in Nashville with producer Mark Nevers, was released in early 2016, receiving glowing reviews from national press. Their next album, Rain Lover, recorded at QUT in Brisbane and mixed again by Nevers, gathered 5 star reviews, and was described by reviewers as "perfect". Halfway recently collaborated with Aboriginal activist Bob Weatherall and musician William Barton to produce the concept album "Restless Dream" - a story of repatriation - which was nominated in the 2021 ARIA Awards.
Film sound design
Willsteed studied Sound at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, graduating in 1996. He moved to Brisbane, and began working professionally as a sound designer for film and television projects. He has worked on a number of Australian features – including Angst and The Rage in Placid Lake – and over 60 television documentaries and short films. Willsteed has also composed music for the children's stop-motion animated television series Kitu and Woofl for Henderson Bowman Productions and ABC TV in 1997. Willsteed has won three Australian Film Institute Awards for Sound Design (Vietnam Nurses, The Beat Manifesto and Rare Chicken Rescue). He has also been nominated for two IF Awards (Angst, The Rage in Placid Lake) and is the recipient of the International Wildlife Film Festival Sound Award (for Hypsi, the Forest Gardener).
Academic work
Willsteed began teaching in the tertiary system in 2000 at Griffith University in Brisbane, and has since taught at Bond, SBIT, and a number of private schools. He is a senior lecturer at Queensland University of Technology in the Music Discipline. His PhD, It's Not the Heat, It's the Humidity, is an exploration of the presentation of cultural history with an emphasis on Brisbane's punk and post-punk music scene. He has written for The Conversation on music and other related topics, and co-edited Electronic Cities in 2020.
In 2016, Willsteed won the Letty Katts Award and held a presentation at the State Library of Queensland on the role of posters in the Brisbane music scene from 1975 to 1995.
References
External links
Street Life: posters and their role in the Brisbane music scene 1975-1995, video recording of Willsteed's presentation on impact of posters in Brisbane music scene at State Library of Queensland
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"musician"
]
}
|
John Willsteed is an Australian musician and sound designer. As a musician, he is best known as a member of the Brisbane band The Go-Betweens, in which he played bass guitar from 1987–1989, most notably on the album 16 Lovers Lane. As a sound designer he won Australian Film Institute awards for his work on The Beat Manifesto (1996), Vietnam Nurses (2005, as composer) and Rare Chicken Rescue (2008). He is a lecturer in Music at Queensland University of Technology.
Early career
Terence John Willsteed was born in Brisbane, Australia. In 1978, and with little formal musical training, John became a member of Brisbane feminist punk group Zero (later Xiro and Xero) after a chance meeting with drummer Lindy Morrison and Brisbane visual artist Gary Warner. Willsteed became the bass player, replacing former member Catharine Hunt. He remained a member of the band until 1985. Over this period the name, nature and line-up of Zero changed considerably as the original punk covers band evolved into an avant-pop duo. Xiro released two cassette EPs in 1981 (Religious Wars, Half the Profits), and, as Xero, a 12 inch vinyl EP (Lust in the Dust on MSquared) in 1982.
Willsteed was a member of the Brisbane artist collective ZIP, which released four interdisciplinary audio/visual packages between 1982 and 1987. As John-e Xero, Willsteed contributed a number of experimental electronic music works to the ZIP releases.
His move to Sydney in 1985 heralded a period of musical expansion. Over the next three years Willsteed played bass in a number of Sydney bands ranging from country (Tender Mercies) to quirky pop (Machines That Walk). It was also in this period that Willsteed contributed to film soundtracks for the first time. His long relationship with Gary Warner, then with the Sydney Super 8 Film Group, drew him into the work of filmmaker Ross Gibson (Camera Natura, Wild, Dead to the World), and he contributed as a musician to the scores of these films and others.
The Go-Betweens
In 1986 the Australian band The Go-Betweens lost their bass player Robert Vickers, moved to Sydney from London, and began searching for a replacement. Willsteed had played with two members – Lindy Morrison in Zero and Amanda Brown in Tender Mercies – and through this social connection was invited to join the band. Almost immediately they went into pre-production for their sixth studio album 16 Lovers Lane. Willsteed's work on this album as both guitarist and bass player has been credited with being an important part of the band's increasing musical sophistication. With 16 Lovers Lane, The Go-Betweens achieved their greatest commercial success to date, both in Australia and internationally. The song 'Streets of Your Town' remains the best known of The Go-Betweens' catalogue. They toured extensively in Australia and overseas in 1988–89 supporting R.E.M. on their Green World Tour. At the end of the tour Willsteed was sacked from the band for unspecified reasons.
Halfway
Willsteed continued to play in Australian bands, including Plug Uglies, The Drunk, The Monk and the Spunk, Disgraceland and The Apartments The Apartments on their 1992 album Drift, and is currently a member of Halfway (band). Halfway's 4th album, Any Old Love, was the first with Willsteed. This album achieved numerous accolades including AIR Independent Country Album of the year in 2014 and Queensland Music Awards Song of The Year 2014. He has also contributed to recording projects by The Apartments and Ed Kuepper among others. Halfway's 5th album The Golden Halfway Record, recorded in Nashville with producer Mark Nevers, was released in early 2016, receiving glowing reviews from national press. Their next album, Rain Lover, recorded at QUT in Brisbane and mixed again by Nevers, gathered 5 star reviews, and was described by reviewers as "perfect". Halfway recently collaborated with Aboriginal activist Bob Weatherall and musician William Barton to produce the concept album "Restless Dream" - a story of repatriation - which was nominated in the 2021 ARIA Awards.
Film sound design
Willsteed studied Sound at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, graduating in 1996. He moved to Brisbane, and began working professionally as a sound designer for film and television projects. He has worked on a number of Australian features – including Angst and The Rage in Placid Lake – and over 60 television documentaries and short films. Willsteed has also composed music for the children's stop-motion animated television series Kitu and Woofl for Henderson Bowman Productions and ABC TV in 1997. Willsteed has won three Australian Film Institute Awards for Sound Design (Vietnam Nurses, The Beat Manifesto and Rare Chicken Rescue). He has also been nominated for two IF Awards (Angst, The Rage in Placid Lake) and is the recipient of the International Wildlife Film Festival Sound Award (for Hypsi, the Forest Gardener).
Academic work
Willsteed began teaching in the tertiary system in 2000 at Griffith University in Brisbane, and has since taught at Bond, SBIT, and a number of private schools. He is a senior lecturer at Queensland University of Technology in the Music Discipline. His PhD, It's Not the Heat, It's the Humidity, is an exploration of the presentation of cultural history with an emphasis on Brisbane's punk and post-punk music scene. He has written for The Conversation on music and other related topics, and co-edited Electronic Cities in 2020.
In 2016, Willsteed won the Letty Katts Award and held a presentation at the State Library of Queensland on the role of posters in the Brisbane music scene from 1975 to 1995.
References
External links
Street Life: posters and their role in the Brisbane music scene 1975-1995, video recording of Willsteed's presentation on impact of posters in Brisbane music scene at State Library of Queensland
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"Queensland University of Technology"
]
}
|
John Willsteed is an Australian musician and sound designer. As a musician, he is best known as a member of the Brisbane band The Go-Betweens, in which he played bass guitar from 1987–1989, most notably on the album 16 Lovers Lane. As a sound designer he won Australian Film Institute awards for his work on The Beat Manifesto (1996), Vietnam Nurses (2005, as composer) and Rare Chicken Rescue (2008). He is a lecturer in Music at Queensland University of Technology.
Early career
Terence John Willsteed was born in Brisbane, Australia. In 1978, and with little formal musical training, John became a member of Brisbane feminist punk group Zero (later Xiro and Xero) after a chance meeting with drummer Lindy Morrison and Brisbane visual artist Gary Warner. Willsteed became the bass player, replacing former member Catharine Hunt. He remained a member of the band until 1985. Over this period the name, nature and line-up of Zero changed considerably as the original punk covers band evolved into an avant-pop duo. Xiro released two cassette EPs in 1981 (Religious Wars, Half the Profits), and, as Xero, a 12 inch vinyl EP (Lust in the Dust on MSquared) in 1982.
Willsteed was a member of the Brisbane artist collective ZIP, which released four interdisciplinary audio/visual packages between 1982 and 1987. As John-e Xero, Willsteed contributed a number of experimental electronic music works to the ZIP releases.
His move to Sydney in 1985 heralded a period of musical expansion. Over the next three years Willsteed played bass in a number of Sydney bands ranging from country (Tender Mercies) to quirky pop (Machines That Walk). It was also in this period that Willsteed contributed to film soundtracks for the first time. His long relationship with Gary Warner, then with the Sydney Super 8 Film Group, drew him into the work of filmmaker Ross Gibson (Camera Natura, Wild, Dead to the World), and he contributed as a musician to the scores of these films and others.
The Go-Betweens
In 1986 the Australian band The Go-Betweens lost their bass player Robert Vickers, moved to Sydney from London, and began searching for a replacement. Willsteed had played with two members – Lindy Morrison in Zero and Amanda Brown in Tender Mercies – and through this social connection was invited to join the band. Almost immediately they went into pre-production for their sixth studio album 16 Lovers Lane. Willsteed's work on this album as both guitarist and bass player has been credited with being an important part of the band's increasing musical sophistication. With 16 Lovers Lane, The Go-Betweens achieved their greatest commercial success to date, both in Australia and internationally. The song 'Streets of Your Town' remains the best known of The Go-Betweens' catalogue. They toured extensively in Australia and overseas in 1988–89 supporting R.E.M. on their Green World Tour. At the end of the tour Willsteed was sacked from the band for unspecified reasons.
Halfway
Willsteed continued to play in Australian bands, including Plug Uglies, The Drunk, The Monk and the Spunk, Disgraceland and The Apartments The Apartments on their 1992 album Drift, and is currently a member of Halfway (band). Halfway's 4th album, Any Old Love, was the first with Willsteed. This album achieved numerous accolades including AIR Independent Country Album of the year in 2014 and Queensland Music Awards Song of The Year 2014. He has also contributed to recording projects by The Apartments and Ed Kuepper among others. Halfway's 5th album The Golden Halfway Record, recorded in Nashville with producer Mark Nevers, was released in early 2016, receiving glowing reviews from national press. Their next album, Rain Lover, recorded at QUT in Brisbane and mixed again by Nevers, gathered 5 star reviews, and was described by reviewers as "perfect". Halfway recently collaborated with Aboriginal activist Bob Weatherall and musician William Barton to produce the concept album "Restless Dream" - a story of repatriation - which was nominated in the 2021 ARIA Awards.
Film sound design
Willsteed studied Sound at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, graduating in 1996. He moved to Brisbane, and began working professionally as a sound designer for film and television projects. He has worked on a number of Australian features – including Angst and The Rage in Placid Lake – and over 60 television documentaries and short films. Willsteed has also composed music for the children's stop-motion animated television series Kitu and Woofl for Henderson Bowman Productions and ABC TV in 1997. Willsteed has won three Australian Film Institute Awards for Sound Design (Vietnam Nurses, The Beat Manifesto and Rare Chicken Rescue). He has also been nominated for two IF Awards (Angst, The Rage in Placid Lake) and is the recipient of the International Wildlife Film Festival Sound Award (for Hypsi, the Forest Gardener).
Academic work
Willsteed began teaching in the tertiary system in 2000 at Griffith University in Brisbane, and has since taught at Bond, SBIT, and a number of private schools. He is a senior lecturer at Queensland University of Technology in the Music Discipline. His PhD, It's Not the Heat, It's the Humidity, is an exploration of the presentation of cultural history with an emphasis on Brisbane's punk and post-punk music scene. He has written for The Conversation on music and other related topics, and co-edited Electronic Cities in 2020.
In 2016, Willsteed won the Letty Katts Award and held a presentation at the State Library of Queensland on the role of posters in the Brisbane music scene from 1975 to 1995.
References
External links
Street Life: posters and their role in the Brisbane music scene 1975-1995, video recording of Willsteed's presentation on impact of posters in Brisbane music scene at State Library of Queensland
|
given name
|
{
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0
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"text": [
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|
John Willsteed is an Australian musician and sound designer. As a musician, he is best known as a member of the Brisbane band The Go-Betweens, in which he played bass guitar from 1987–1989, most notably on the album 16 Lovers Lane. As a sound designer he won Australian Film Institute awards for his work on The Beat Manifesto (1996), Vietnam Nurses (2005, as composer) and Rare Chicken Rescue (2008). He is a lecturer in Music at Queensland University of Technology.
Early career
Terence John Willsteed was born in Brisbane, Australia. In 1978, and with little formal musical training, John became a member of Brisbane feminist punk group Zero (later Xiro and Xero) after a chance meeting with drummer Lindy Morrison and Brisbane visual artist Gary Warner. Willsteed became the bass player, replacing former member Catharine Hunt. He remained a member of the band until 1985. Over this period the name, nature and line-up of Zero changed considerably as the original punk covers band evolved into an avant-pop duo. Xiro released two cassette EPs in 1981 (Religious Wars, Half the Profits), and, as Xero, a 12 inch vinyl EP (Lust in the Dust on MSquared) in 1982.
Willsteed was a member of the Brisbane artist collective ZIP, which released four interdisciplinary audio/visual packages between 1982 and 1987. As John-e Xero, Willsteed contributed a number of experimental electronic music works to the ZIP releases.
His move to Sydney in 1985 heralded a period of musical expansion. Over the next three years Willsteed played bass in a number of Sydney bands ranging from country (Tender Mercies) to quirky pop (Machines That Walk). It was also in this period that Willsteed contributed to film soundtracks for the first time. His long relationship with Gary Warner, then with the Sydney Super 8 Film Group, drew him into the work of filmmaker Ross Gibson (Camera Natura, Wild, Dead to the World), and he contributed as a musician to the scores of these films and others.
The Go-Betweens
In 1986 the Australian band The Go-Betweens lost their bass player Robert Vickers, moved to Sydney from London, and began searching for a replacement. Willsteed had played with two members – Lindy Morrison in Zero and Amanda Brown in Tender Mercies – and through this social connection was invited to join the band. Almost immediately they went into pre-production for their sixth studio album 16 Lovers Lane. Willsteed's work on this album as both guitarist and bass player has been credited with being an important part of the band's increasing musical sophistication. With 16 Lovers Lane, The Go-Betweens achieved their greatest commercial success to date, both in Australia and internationally. The song 'Streets of Your Town' remains the best known of The Go-Betweens' catalogue. They toured extensively in Australia and overseas in 1988–89 supporting R.E.M. on their Green World Tour. At the end of the tour Willsteed was sacked from the band for unspecified reasons.
Halfway
Willsteed continued to play in Australian bands, including Plug Uglies, The Drunk, The Monk and the Spunk, Disgraceland and The Apartments The Apartments on their 1992 album Drift, and is currently a member of Halfway (band). Halfway's 4th album, Any Old Love, was the first with Willsteed. This album achieved numerous accolades including AIR Independent Country Album of the year in 2014 and Queensland Music Awards Song of The Year 2014. He has also contributed to recording projects by The Apartments and Ed Kuepper among others. Halfway's 5th album The Golden Halfway Record, recorded in Nashville with producer Mark Nevers, was released in early 2016, receiving glowing reviews from national press. Their next album, Rain Lover, recorded at QUT in Brisbane and mixed again by Nevers, gathered 5 star reviews, and was described by reviewers as "perfect". Halfway recently collaborated with Aboriginal activist Bob Weatherall and musician William Barton to produce the concept album "Restless Dream" - a story of repatriation - which was nominated in the 2021 ARIA Awards.
Film sound design
Willsteed studied Sound at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, graduating in 1996. He moved to Brisbane, and began working professionally as a sound designer for film and television projects. He has worked on a number of Australian features – including Angst and The Rage in Placid Lake – and over 60 television documentaries and short films. Willsteed has also composed music for the children's stop-motion animated television series Kitu and Woofl for Henderson Bowman Productions and ABC TV in 1997. Willsteed has won three Australian Film Institute Awards for Sound Design (Vietnam Nurses, The Beat Manifesto and Rare Chicken Rescue). He has also been nominated for two IF Awards (Angst, The Rage in Placid Lake) and is the recipient of the International Wildlife Film Festival Sound Award (for Hypsi, the Forest Gardener).
Academic work
Willsteed began teaching in the tertiary system in 2000 at Griffith University in Brisbane, and has since taught at Bond, SBIT, and a number of private schools. He is a senior lecturer at Queensland University of Technology in the Music Discipline. His PhD, It's Not the Heat, It's the Humidity, is an exploration of the presentation of cultural history with an emphasis on Brisbane's punk and post-punk music scene. He has written for The Conversation on music and other related topics, and co-edited Electronic Cities in 2020.
In 2016, Willsteed won the Letty Katts Award and held a presentation at the State Library of Queensland on the role of posters in the Brisbane music scene from 1975 to 1995.
References
External links
Street Life: posters and their role in the Brisbane music scene 1975-1995, video recording of Willsteed's presentation on impact of posters in Brisbane music scene at State Library of Queensland
|
instrument
|
{
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"guitar"
]
}
|
Jolana Fogašová is a Slovak opera singer with the voice type of soprano and mezzo-soprano.
She studied voice at the Bratislava Conservatory (1986–1990) and at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava under the tutelage of Viktória Stracenská (1990–1994). Between 2002 and 2006 she studied there for a doctorate. She also attended voice master classes given by Carlo Bergonzi in Sienna, received a scholarship from the Club of Wiener Competition.
Since 1993 Fogašová has been a permanent guest of the Slovak National Theatre Opera, and also collaborated with Vienna Symphony, Munich Philharmonic, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg among others. She is currently a permanent guest of the Czech National Theatre. Some of the roles she has created on stage are Dorabella (Mozart: Così fan tutte), Donna Elvira (Mozart: Don Giovanni), Amneris (Verdi: Aida), and the title role in Georges Bizet's Carmen among others.
In cooperation with the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and conductor Rastislav Stur, she recorded a CD of arias (2000) and a CD entitled Lullabies, and with the conductor Gérard Korsten Weber's opera Euryanthe (2003).
Sources
Slovak National Theatre, Jolana Fogašová, Korzár, June 12, 2007
Tomáschová, Andrea, Jolana Fogašová: Za všetko krásne musí človek platiť
Dvořáková, Helena, Fogašová: Opera otvára ľudskú dušu, Pravda, 9 July 2007
External links
http://jolanafogasova.com/
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava"
]
}
|
Jolana Fogašová is a Slovak opera singer with the voice type of soprano and mezzo-soprano.
She studied voice at the Bratislava Conservatory (1986–1990) and at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava under the tutelage of Viktória Stracenská (1990–1994). Between 2002 and 2006 she studied there for a doctorate. She also attended voice master classes given by Carlo Bergonzi in Sienna, received a scholarship from the Club of Wiener Competition.
Since 1993 Fogašová has been a permanent guest of the Slovak National Theatre Opera, and also collaborated with Vienna Symphony, Munich Philharmonic, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg among others. She is currently a permanent guest of the Czech National Theatre. Some of the roles she has created on stage are Dorabella (Mozart: Così fan tutte), Donna Elvira (Mozart: Don Giovanni), Amneris (Verdi: Aida), and the title role in Georges Bizet's Carmen among others.
In cooperation with the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and conductor Rastislav Stur, she recorded a CD of arias (2000) and a CD entitled Lullabies, and with the conductor Gérard Korsten Weber's opera Euryanthe (2003).
Sources
Slovak National Theatre, Jolana Fogašová, Korzár, June 12, 2007
Tomáschová, Andrea, Jolana Fogašová: Za všetko krásne musí človek platiť
Dvořáková, Helena, Fogašová: Opera otvára ľudskú dušu, Pravda, 9 July 2007
External links
http://jolanafogasova.com/
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
34
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"text": [
"singer"
]
}
|
Jolana Fogašová is a Slovak opera singer with the voice type of soprano and mezzo-soprano.
She studied voice at the Bratislava Conservatory (1986–1990) and at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava under the tutelage of Viktória Stracenská (1990–1994). Between 2002 and 2006 she studied there for a doctorate. She also attended voice master classes given by Carlo Bergonzi in Sienna, received a scholarship from the Club of Wiener Competition.
Since 1993 Fogašová has been a permanent guest of the Slovak National Theatre Opera, and also collaborated with Vienna Symphony, Munich Philharmonic, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg among others. She is currently a permanent guest of the Czech National Theatre. Some of the roles she has created on stage are Dorabella (Mozart: Così fan tutte), Donna Elvira (Mozart: Don Giovanni), Amneris (Verdi: Aida), and the title role in Georges Bizet's Carmen among others.
In cooperation with the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and conductor Rastislav Stur, she recorded a CD of arias (2000) and a CD entitled Lullabies, and with the conductor Gérard Korsten Weber's opera Euryanthe (2003).
Sources
Slovak National Theatre, Jolana Fogašová, Korzár, June 12, 2007
Tomáschová, Andrea, Jolana Fogašová: Za všetko krásne musí človek platiť
Dvořáková, Helena, Fogašová: Opera otvára ľudskú dušu, Pravda, 9 July 2007
External links
http://jolanafogasova.com/
|
voice type
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
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"text": [
"soprano"
]
}
|
Jolana Fogašová is a Slovak opera singer with the voice type of soprano and mezzo-soprano.
She studied voice at the Bratislava Conservatory (1986–1990) and at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava under the tutelage of Viktória Stracenská (1990–1994). Between 2002 and 2006 she studied there for a doctorate. She also attended voice master classes given by Carlo Bergonzi in Sienna, received a scholarship from the Club of Wiener Competition.
Since 1993 Fogašová has been a permanent guest of the Slovak National Theatre Opera, and also collaborated with Vienna Symphony, Munich Philharmonic, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg among others. She is currently a permanent guest of the Czech National Theatre. Some of the roles she has created on stage are Dorabella (Mozart: Così fan tutte), Donna Elvira (Mozart: Don Giovanni), Amneris (Verdi: Aida), and the title role in Georges Bizet's Carmen among others.
In cooperation with the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and conductor Rastislav Stur, she recorded a CD of arias (2000) and a CD entitled Lullabies, and with the conductor Gérard Korsten Weber's opera Euryanthe (2003).
Sources
Slovak National Theatre, Jolana Fogašová, Korzár, June 12, 2007
Tomáschová, Andrea, Jolana Fogašová: Za všetko krásne musí človek platiť
Dvořáková, Helena, Fogašová: Opera otvára ľudskú dušu, Pravda, 9 July 2007
External links
http://jolanafogasova.com/
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jolana"
]
}
|
Jolana Fogašová is a Slovak opera singer with the voice type of soprano and mezzo-soprano.
She studied voice at the Bratislava Conservatory (1986–1990) and at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava under the tutelage of Viktória Stracenská (1990–1994). Between 2002 and 2006 she studied there for a doctorate. She also attended voice master classes given by Carlo Bergonzi in Sienna, received a scholarship from the Club of Wiener Competition.
Since 1993 Fogašová has been a permanent guest of the Slovak National Theatre Opera, and also collaborated with Vienna Symphony, Munich Philharmonic, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg among others. She is currently a permanent guest of the Czech National Theatre. Some of the roles she has created on stage are Dorabella (Mozart: Così fan tutte), Donna Elvira (Mozart: Don Giovanni), Amneris (Verdi: Aida), and the title role in Georges Bizet's Carmen among others.
In cooperation with the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and conductor Rastislav Stur, she recorded a CD of arias (2000) and a CD entitled Lullabies, and with the conductor Gérard Korsten Weber's opera Euryanthe (2003).
Sources
Slovak National Theatre, Jolana Fogašová, Korzár, June 12, 2007
Tomáschová, Andrea, Jolana Fogašová: Za všetko krásne musí človek platiť
Dvořáková, Helena, Fogašová: Opera otvára ľudskú dušu, Pravda, 9 July 2007
External links
http://jolanafogasova.com/
|
instrument
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"voice"
]
}
|
XETRA-FM (91.1 MHz), branded as 91X, and sometimes identified as XTRA-FM, is an English-language radio station licensed to Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. It airs an alternative rock radio format. The studios and offices are on Cornerstone Court in San Diego's Sorrento Valley neighborhood. The station is one of three Mexican outlets programmed by Local Media San Diego LLC, along with XHITZ-FM and XHRM-FM, in which an affiliated company owns a 49 percent non-voting stake; LMSD also owns KFBG. It is Mexico's first Alternative radio station, and has influenced other radio stations (including XHMORE) to create the Spanish-language rock radio format in 1994.
As a Mexican station, XETRA-FM must carry mandated public service announcements, electoral advertising, the Mexican National Anthem at midnight and 5 a.m. daily, and La Hora Nacional on Sunday nights. The station is powered at 100,000 watts. It is considered a border blaster, covering the majority of San Diego County, as well as southwestern Riverside County, from its tower located atop Mount San Antonio in Tijuana.
History
Formation and early years
On November 20, 1968, Radiodifusora del Pacífico, S.A. de C.V., then-owner of AM 690 XETRA (now XEWW), received a concession for a new FM station with the call sign, XETRA-FM on 91.3 MHz. At first, the station broadcast with 3,000 watts from the AM transmitter site in Playas de Rosarito.
Album-oriented rock (1978-1983)
In 1978, XETRA-FM's programming and sales rights were purchased by the San Diego-based Noble Broadcast Group. On September 5, 1978, XETRA-FM moved to 91.1 MHz and began broadcasting with 100,000 watts from a new transmitter site atop Mount San Antonio. The signal was aimed squarely at the San Diego radio market. XETRA-FM programmed an album-oriented rock (AOR) format. Initially, programming was recorded at the downtown San Diego studios in the Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Building and driven across the border to the transmitter site several times a day. That proved to be unworkable. Disc jockeys then began commuting from San Diego to Tijuana for each shift.
In 1979, Frank Felix started consulting programming at 91X. His format was based on a highly rated concept he developed as Programming Director at KBPI. His programming list consisted of 239 AOR tracks and deemphasized DJ personality and station promotions. "Every time a jock opens his mouth, he runs the chance of alienating someone," Felix said. "Most promotions are designed to sell a record album or record company, or to help out the sales department, none of which are my concerns. My concern is Arbitron." Ultimately, AOR would not last on 91X, and then-Executive Vice President and General Manager John Lynch would again reformat the station a few years later.
Introduction of modern rock format (1983-1985)
On January 11, 1983, at 6 p.m., 91X followed in the footsteps of KROQ-FM in Los Angeles and flipped to the "Rock of the 80s" modern rock format. KROQ Program Director Rick Carroll was hired as station consultant. 91X played "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin as the final song of the AOR format. Immediately afterward, John Lynch made the announcement of the format change, and DJ Todd Ralston went right into "Sex (I'm A...)" by Berlin. Former 91X on-air personality Jim LaMarca recounts the transition:
"The day 91X (then known as XETRA-FM) went "Rock of the 80s," almost no one knew it was coming, so there was no speculation. An air staff meeting was called for 3 pm. These really straight liner-card jocks were sitting around the conference room when in walks wild Rick Carroll with a cardboard box. He dumps it on the table and says, 'I'm Rick from Los Angeles and this is your new format.' The first song was played at 6 p.m. by Todd Tolkoff who was given the name Mad Max. He said, 'This is 91X "Rock of the 80s" and this is "Sex" from Berlin.' Everyone at the station (remember, he is now in Mexico 30 minutes away) thought this song was too weird. It seemed slow and goofy, but hey this was all new to us. It also took forever. Well no wonder, he was playing a long-play version so the LP should have been playing at 45 rpm. Since we had never heard the song no one knew. This happened a lot."The "Rock of the '80s" format eventually evolved to the alternative music format of today. Towards the end of the 1980s, 91X dropped the "Rock of the '80s" branding in favor of a new tagline, "The Cutting Edge of Rock." The format would remain largely unchanged.
Ownership and programming changes
John Lynch/Noble Broadcasting (1985-1996)
In 1985, Noble Broadcast Group's owner, Ed Noble, passed away. Following this, Lynch, who had continued to manage 91X's programming operations, purchased the company. Under Lynch's management, 91X was one of the top-rated and most influential alternative stations in America throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
Jacor Communications (1996-1999)
On February 6, 1996, Jacor Communications announced plans to acquire Noble Broadcast Group Inc, including the U.S. marketing and operating rights to 91X, for $152 million. The acquisition was completed later the same year; simultaneously, the Mexican concession was transferred to XETRA Comunicaciones, S.A. de C.V.
Clear Channel Communications (1999-2005)
In 1999, Jacor was acquired by Clear Channel Communications. The modern rock format of 91X was retained, but tweaked to prevent overlap with Clear Channel's other San Diego rock outlets KIOZ and KGB-FM.
In 2005, the FCC amended its ownership rules to make leases of foreign stations attributable to ownership within the U.S. market they serve; this placed Clear Channel over the FCC's 8-station limit for the San Diego market. This also included LMA deals on domestic stations. Because of this, Clear Channel was forced to spin off the operating rights to 3 of its Mexican stations.
A new entity was formed to operate XETRA-FM, along with sister stations XHRM-FM and XHITZ, and a wall was put up in Clear Channel's San Diego office to physically separate studios, operations, and staff of the newly formed cluster. A new entrance was built at the back of the building to access the studios for the divested stations.
Return to local ownership
Finest City Broadcasting (2005-2009)
Finest City Broadcasting, a new company under the direction of former Clear Channel San Diego VP/Market Manager Mike Glickenhaus, took over operations of three of the four Mexican stations; Clear Channel temporarily retained the fourth, XHOCL-FM, before selling it to MVS Radio. Simultaneously, the concession was transferred to a new company, Comunicación XERSA, S.A. de C.V., owned 51% by silent Mexican investors and 49% by a Mexican company owned by Finest City (Controladora Finest City, S. de R.L. de C.V.). Glickenhaus left FCB in May 2007.
Local Media San Diego acquisition (2010)
In December 2009, Finest City, faced with considerable debt and foreclosure, was forced to put the entire cluster up for sale after defaulting on a loan. On January 7, 2010, Local Media of America LLC, backed by private equity firm Thoma Bravo, emerged as the buyer in the foreclosure sale. John Lynch, who had previously owned and operated XETRA-FM and its sister station XETRA (now XEWW-AM), was named CEO of Local Media and took control of operations for XETRA-FM, XHITZ, and XHRM-FM. Lynch simultaneously owned Broadcast Company of the Americas, another cluster of border blaster stations in the San Diego/Tijuana market. Operations between the two companies were combined during this period of time, essentially creating a single larger cluster. Later the same year, the partnership dissolved and the two companies split operations. LMA then rebranded itself as Local Media San Diego LLC to reflect its focus on the San Diego market.
As of 2022, Local Media San Diego continues to operate 91X and its sister stations.
Joint operating agreement with Midwest Television (2015-2016)
On October 6, 2015, Midwest Television (owners of KFMB and KFMB-FM) announced that it had entered into a joint operating agreement with Local Media San Diego LLC, forming an entity known as SDLocal, to manage their collective cluster of stations. The intent of this short-lived agreement was to "[preserve the] local ownership and operation of San Diego's top-rated radio stations". The agreement ended at the end of 2016. Local Media San Diego eventually acquired KFMB and KFMB-FM outright from Tegna, Inc. on March 17, 2020, with KFMB (AM) being concurrently divested to Clear Channel's successor, iHeartMedia; Tegna had purchased Midwest Television's stations in 2018.
Later history
In early 2019, XETRA-FM changed their slogan to "Local. Independent. Alternative." to further solidify its continued local operations, and noticeably leaned towards AAA. However, it continued to air currents in the alternative radio format.
Transition to classic alternative (2022-present)
On February 14, 2022, XETRA began running an "A to XYZ" alphabetical music marathon of the station's biggest hits from its nearly 40-year run. On the evening of February 23, following the marathon's conclusion, XETRA-FM shifted its format to one focused more on 1980/1990s classic alternative while keeping the "91X" moniker, with the new slogan "The Original"; the move was officially announced on-air at 10 a.m. the following day. The revised format continues to incorporate some current music, but otherwise de-emphasizes songs newer than the early 2000s. The "official" first song after the on-air announcement was "Once in a Lifetime" by Talking Heads.
Past programming and personalities
When Howard Stern was hosting a syndicated morning show on terrestrial radio, 91X was his original San Diego network affiliate. He was pulled from XETRA-FM in 1997 and moved to then-sister station KIOZ after Stern's discussions ran afoul of the Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía, Mexico's broadcast content regulator. RTC threatened to sanction XETRA-FM for airing Stern's program, which on several occasions in late 1996 included what the Mexican government believed were anti-Mexican remarks that violated the Federal Radio and Television Law.On December 27, 2007, Chris Cantore was let go from the alternative rocker after a decade of service.
On April 1, 2008 "The 91X Morning Show", hosted by Mat Diablo, debuted after a month-long marketing campaign that centered on the question "Who is Mat Diablo?" On May 7, 2010 the "91X Morning Show" was canceled after control of XETRA-FM was transferred to BCA."Music In The Morning" was hosted by Oz Medina, who previously worked as 91X's Music Director and Afternoon Host from 1987 to 1993. Medina was later replaced by Matt Stone.
Until 2008, 91X aired Reggae Makossa, a program featuring reggae and roots music that is now heard on XHUAN-FM. The program was originally hosted by Makeda Dread and Demaja Le. Demaja Le left in 1998 to program KSDS. Makeda Dread still hosts the show.
Up until January 2012, 91X carried the syndicated Loveline, heard on weeknights.
References
External links
The Official Website
Audio of 91X IDs from 1984-1989
XETRA on Radio-Locator
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"Mexico"
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}
|
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