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The 1983 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third year under head coach Dennis Green, the Wildcats compiled a 2–9 record (2–7 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in a tie for eighth place in the Big Ten Conference.The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Sandy Schwab with 1,838 passing yards, Ricky Edwards with 561 rushing yards, and Ricky Edwards with 570 receiving yards. Punter John Kidd received first-team All-Big Ten honors from both the Associated Press and the United Press International.
Schedule
Personnel
QB Sandy Schwab, Soph.
== References == | season of club or team | {
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Guyanancistrus teretirostris is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater fish native to South America, where it occurs in the upper Paru de Oeste River in Brazil. The species reaches 9.8 cm (3.9 inches) in standard length. Its specific epithet, teretirostris, is derived from Latin and refers to the rounded shape of the species' snout.
== References == | taxon rank | {
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Guyanancistrus teretirostris is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater fish native to South America, where it occurs in the upper Paru de Oeste River in Brazil. The species reaches 9.8 cm (3.9 inches) in standard length. Its specific epithet, teretirostris, is derived from Latin and refers to the rounded shape of the species' snout.
== References == | parent taxon | {
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Guyanancistrus teretirostris is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater fish native to South America, where it occurs in the upper Paru de Oeste River in Brazil. The species reaches 9.8 cm (3.9 inches) in standard length. Its specific epithet, teretirostris, is derived from Latin and refers to the rounded shape of the species' snout.
== References == | taxon name | {
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Guyanancistrus teretirostris is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater fish native to South America, where it occurs in the upper Paru de Oeste River in Brazil. The species reaches 9.8 cm (3.9 inches) in standard length. Its specific epithet, teretirostris, is derived from Latin and refers to the rounded shape of the species' snout.
== References == | Commons category | {
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The Temple of Athena Pronaia was a temple at the ancient site of Delphi, in the Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, a group of buildings comprising temples and treasuries as well as the famous Tholos of Delphi. There were in fact three successive temples built at the site. The earlier temples (38°28′49″N 22°30′30″E), referred to as A and B, were built in the 7th and 6th centuries BC respectively and were made of porous stone; a third temple (38°28′49″N 22°30′28″E) was built of limestone in the 4th century BC, although it is not certain that it actually was dedicated to Athena this time.
Description
The sanctuary of Athena "Pronaia" (also spelled Pronaea, meaning 'the one before' the temple of Apollo), was the first one met by the visitor who came to Delphi on foot from the eastern road, hence its name.
Excavations have proved that at this spot lay an older cult site, possibly dedicated to Gaia (i.e., the Earth). Most of the Mycenaean figurines exhibited in the Delphi Archaeological Museum, including the notable seated figure on a tripod, were discovered here, and it has been suggested that they were ex-votos.
Temple A
The first temple dedicated to Athena was made of grey-shaded porous stone and was constructed in the 7th century BC. It was probably the earliest Doric temple, of which twelve columns have been preserved, along with the foundations and the crepidoma and stylobate. The columns were crowned by low capitals and bore shallow flutings.
In the first half of the 6th century BC, this temple was destroyed, possibly by an earthquake.
Temple B
After the destruction of temple A another temple, now called temple B, was erected on the same spot. The date of its construction is estimated at c. 510 BC, and it probably formed part of the building program of the Alcmaeonids for the restoration of the monuments of Delphi.
This second temple (13.25 × 27.46 m) was also made of porous stone. It did not have an opisthodomos; its pteron consisted of 12 columns on the long sides and 6 columns on the narrow ones. Its metopes were made of clay, decorated with figures; the pediments and acroteria also bore figures, such as Athena (pediment) and Nike (side acroteria).
The temple was excavated towards the end of the "Grande Fouille". Fifteen columns were still standing in 1905, when a rock fall destroyed them. Scholars think that perhaps this second temple was never actually destroyed or abandoned but continued to function after the construction of the third temple.
The marble fragments of a head of Athena discovered and displayed now at the museum are attributed to the cult statue of Athena, which would have been situated in the cella of the temple.
Temple C
A third temple, built of limestone in the 4th c. BC, was possibly not dedicated to Athena, but rather to Artemis. Scholars are led to this supposition by the testimony of Pausanias, who mentions that one of the temples in the sanctuary of Pronaea was dedicated to Artemis. However, the traditional view remains in favour of Athena.
Its construction is dated to ca. 360 BC, and it was located at the west of the terrace supporting the entire complex of the "Marmaria". Although only the foundations are extant, its plan has been fully restored: it was based on a crepidoma consisting of three levels and had a prostyle in antis consisting of six columns on the façade. It also had a cella and a vestibule. The cella was separated from the pronaos by a gate in the Ionian order. Along the rear wall were arrayed statues on bases, possibly some of a later date.
It seems that the temple bore no sculpted decoration, with the exception of the acroteria, which have not, however, been preserved. A possible reason therefore could be that the temple lay very close to the tholos, built a couple of decades earlier and bearing a striking decoration, so the architect of temple C wanted to create a contrast.
Pausanias describes the temple in the 2nd century:
"When you enter the city [of Delphoi] you see temples in a row. The first of them was in ruins . . . the fourth is called the temple of Athena Pronoia (Forethought). Of its two images, the one in the fore-temple is a votive offering of the Massiliots, and is larger than the one inside the temple. The Massiliots are a colony of Phokaia in Ionia . . . The votive offering of the Massiliots is of bronze. The gold shield given to Athena Pronoia by Kroisos the Lydian was said by the Delphians to have been stolen by Philomelos."The temple could not have functioned to a later date than the 4th or 5th century, when all pagan shrines were closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.
Related articles
Tholos of Delphi
References
Bibliography
Bommelaer J.-F. (1997). Guide de Delphes. Marmaria, le sanctuaire d’Athéna à Delphes,. Paris.
Bommelaer, J.-F., Laroche, D., (1991). Guide de Delphes. Le site. Paris, p. 65-68.
Demangel, G., Daux, G.,(1923), Le sanctuaire d'Athéna Pronaia, Fasc.I: Les temples de tuf, Paris
Kolonia, R. (2006). The archaeological museum of Delphi, Athens
External links
Media related to Temple of Athena in Delphi at Wikimedia Commons | location | {
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Williamsonia may refer to:
Williamsonia, a genus of dragonflies also known as boghaunters
Williamsonia (plant), an extinct genus of plants in the family Williamsoniaceae | taxon rank | {
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Williamsonia may refer to:
Williamsonia, a genus of dragonflies also known as boghaunters
Williamsonia (plant), an extinct genus of plants in the family Williamsoniaceae | taxon name | {
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Williamsonia may refer to:
Williamsonia, a genus of dragonflies also known as boghaunters
Williamsonia (plant), an extinct genus of plants in the family Williamsoniaceae | Commons category | {
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0
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"Williamsonia"
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Williamsonia may refer to:
Williamsonia, a genus of dragonflies also known as boghaunters
Williamsonia (plant), an extinct genus of plants in the family Williamsoniaceae | different from | {
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Williamsonia may refer to:
Williamsonia, a genus of dragonflies also known as boghaunters
Williamsonia (plant), an extinct genus of plants in the family Williamsoniaceae | ADW taxon ID | {
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Parkdale Mall is a mall located in Beaumont, Texas that opened in 1973. The owner of Parkdale Mall is CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. The mall's anchor stores include a Dick's Sporting Goods and Field & Stream combo Store, Dillard's, Five Below, Forever 21 (known as XXI), HomeGoods, JCPenney, and Stage. Another anchor, Macy's, closed in March 2017. The former Macy's became a combination between the Dick's Sporting Goods and Field & Stream combo store, HomeGoods, and Five Below. KBTV-TV, the Beaumont-Port Arthur Fox affiliate, used to broadcast inside the mall, but now broadcasts at the KFDM studios. In addition, a Tilt Studio location opened in early 2017. The eighth anchor was Sears which closed on February 2, 2020. Stage shut down in 2020 when the chain went out of business.
History
Parkdale Mall opened in 1973, with only three anchors: JCPenney, Joske's, and Montgomery Ward. In the mid-1980s, a new wing was added, along with the fourth anchor Sears. In 1987, Joske's rebranded as Dillard's. In 2001, Montgomery Ward closed its doors, and was replaced with a new Foley's store in 2002, which later became Macy's in 2006.
Notes
References
See also
current Parkdale Mall website
archive of older Parkdale Mall website
CBL Properties - Portfolio - Parkdale Mall | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Walter Boenicke (15 December 1895 – 21 April 1947) was a German general (General der Flieger) in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 3. Flieger Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boenicke surrendered to the British troops in May 1945 and committed suicide on 21 April 1947.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 May 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 3. Flieger-Division
References
Citations
=== Bibliography === | award received | {
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"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross"
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Walter Boenicke (15 December 1895 – 21 April 1947) was a German general (General der Flieger) in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 3. Flieger Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boenicke surrendered to the British troops in May 1945 and committed suicide on 21 April 1947.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 May 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 3. Flieger-Division
References
Citations
=== Bibliography === | military branch | {
"answer_start": [
101
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"Luftwaffe"
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Walter Boenicke (15 December 1895 – 21 April 1947) was a German general (General der Flieger) in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 3. Flieger Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boenicke surrendered to the British troops in May 1945 and committed suicide on 21 April 1947.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 May 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 3. Flieger-Division
References
Citations
=== Bibliography === | military rank | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
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"General der Flieger"
]
} |
Walter Boenicke (15 December 1895 – 21 April 1947) was a German general (General der Flieger) in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 3. Flieger Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boenicke surrendered to the British troops in May 1945 and committed suicide on 21 April 1947.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 May 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 3. Flieger-Division
References
Citations
=== Bibliography === | conflict | {
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118
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"World War I"
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Walter Boenicke (15 December 1895 – 21 April 1947) was a German general (General der Flieger) in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 3. Flieger Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boenicke surrendered to the British troops in May 1945 and committed suicide on 21 April 1947.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 May 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 3. Flieger-Division
References
Citations
=== Bibliography === | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Walter"
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} |
Walter Boenicke (15 December 1895 – 21 April 1947) was a German general (General der Flieger) in the Luftwaffe during World War II who commanded the 3. Flieger Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Boenicke surrendered to the British troops in May 1945 and committed suicide on 21 April 1947.
Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 May 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 3. Flieger-Division
References
Citations
=== Bibliography === | manner of death | {
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300
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"text": [
"suicide"
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Clem Ohameze (listen) is a Nigerian actor with two decades in acting. Clem Ohameze started professional acting in 1995. But his breakthrough role was in 1998 when he featured in a big-budget movie titled ENDTIME. He has acted in over 500 movies in his 20-year career spanning 1995 to date and is set to feature in many more movies in the coming months.
Background
Clem Ohameze was born on 27 June 1965 in Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria. He attended Holy Family College/ Baptist High School for his secondary education. He moved on to study at the Institute of Management Technology, Enugu, Nigeria where he secured an Ordinary National Diploma in Mass Communication and then University of Port Harcourt where he graduated with a BSc in Sociology and Anthropology in 1989.
He also studied at the Buckingham University, London in 2010 and obtained a Masters in Preventive and Social Medicine.
Movie career
Ohameze is a member of the Actors Guild of Nigeria. He briefly broke away from acting between 2006 and 2010 to pursue other interests including politics. He has since returned to his movie career after the break. In 2010, Ohameze starred in the award-winning movie Ije: The Journey alongside Genevieve Nnaji and Omotola Jalade Ekeinde.
Political involvement
Ohameze stood for election to represent Ohaji-Egbema-Oguta Federal Constituency in Nigeria's Federal House of Representatives on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in 2007. He however abandoned the pursuit over allegations of threat to his life. His car was attacked, his cousin was shot and killed during the incident. Ohameze relocated to London, United Kingdom. He intended to contest for an elective position in the 2015 general elections.
References
External links
Clem Ohameze at IMDb
"@Leader" on Twitter | place of birth | {
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406
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} |
Clem Ohameze (listen) is a Nigerian actor with two decades in acting. Clem Ohameze started professional acting in 1995. But his breakthrough role was in 1998 when he featured in a big-budget movie titled ENDTIME. He has acted in over 500 movies in his 20-year career spanning 1995 to date and is set to feature in many more movies in the coming months.
Background
Clem Ohameze was born on 27 June 1965 in Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria. He attended Holy Family College/ Baptist High School for his secondary education. He moved on to study at the Institute of Management Technology, Enugu, Nigeria where he secured an Ordinary National Diploma in Mass Communication and then University of Port Harcourt where he graduated with a BSc in Sociology and Anthropology in 1989.
He also studied at the Buckingham University, London in 2010 and obtained a Masters in Preventive and Social Medicine.
Movie career
Ohameze is a member of the Actors Guild of Nigeria. He briefly broke away from acting between 2006 and 2010 to pursue other interests including politics. He has since returned to his movie career after the break. In 2010, Ohameze starred in the award-winning movie Ije: The Journey alongside Genevieve Nnaji and Omotola Jalade Ekeinde.
Political involvement
Ohameze stood for election to represent Ohaji-Egbema-Oguta Federal Constituency in Nigeria's Federal House of Representatives on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in 2007. He however abandoned the pursuit over allegations of threat to his life. His car was attacked, his cousin was shot and killed during the incident. Ohameze relocated to London, United Kingdom. He intended to contest for an elective position in the 2015 general elections.
References
External links
Clem Ohameze at IMDb
"@Leader" on Twitter | country of citizenship | {
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"Nigeria"
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Clem Ohameze (listen) is a Nigerian actor with two decades in acting. Clem Ohameze started professional acting in 1995. But his breakthrough role was in 1998 when he featured in a big-budget movie titled ENDTIME. He has acted in over 500 movies in his 20-year career spanning 1995 to date and is set to feature in many more movies in the coming months.
Background
Clem Ohameze was born on 27 June 1965 in Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria. He attended Holy Family College/ Baptist High School for his secondary education. He moved on to study at the Institute of Management Technology, Enugu, Nigeria where he secured an Ordinary National Diploma in Mass Communication and then University of Port Harcourt where he graduated with a BSc in Sociology and Anthropology in 1989.
He also studied at the Buckingham University, London in 2010 and obtained a Masters in Preventive and Social Medicine.
Movie career
Ohameze is a member of the Actors Guild of Nigeria. He briefly broke away from acting between 2006 and 2010 to pursue other interests including politics. He has since returned to his movie career after the break. In 2010, Ohameze starred in the award-winning movie Ije: The Journey alongside Genevieve Nnaji and Omotola Jalade Ekeinde.
Political involvement
Ohameze stood for election to represent Ohaji-Egbema-Oguta Federal Constituency in Nigeria's Federal House of Representatives on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in 2007. He however abandoned the pursuit over allegations of threat to his life. His car was attacked, his cousin was shot and killed during the incident. Ohameze relocated to London, United Kingdom. He intended to contest for an elective position in the 2015 general elections.
References
External links
Clem Ohameze at IMDb
"@Leader" on Twitter | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
676
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"University of Port Harcourt"
]
} |
Clem Ohameze (listen) is a Nigerian actor with two decades in acting. Clem Ohameze started professional acting in 1995. But his breakthrough role was in 1998 when he featured in a big-budget movie titled ENDTIME. He has acted in over 500 movies in his 20-year career spanning 1995 to date and is set to feature in many more movies in the coming months.
Background
Clem Ohameze was born on 27 June 1965 in Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria. He attended Holy Family College/ Baptist High School for his secondary education. He moved on to study at the Institute of Management Technology, Enugu, Nigeria where he secured an Ordinary National Diploma in Mass Communication and then University of Port Harcourt where he graduated with a BSc in Sociology and Anthropology in 1989.
He also studied at the Buckingham University, London in 2010 and obtained a Masters in Preventive and Social Medicine.
Movie career
Ohameze is a member of the Actors Guild of Nigeria. He briefly broke away from acting between 2006 and 2010 to pursue other interests including politics. He has since returned to his movie career after the break. In 2010, Ohameze starred in the award-winning movie Ije: The Journey alongside Genevieve Nnaji and Omotola Jalade Ekeinde.
Political involvement
Ohameze stood for election to represent Ohaji-Egbema-Oguta Federal Constituency in Nigeria's Federal House of Representatives on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in 2007. He however abandoned the pursuit over allegations of threat to his life. His car was attacked, his cousin was shot and killed during the incident. Ohameze relocated to London, United Kingdom. He intended to contest for an elective position in the 2015 general elections.
References
External links
Clem Ohameze at IMDb
"@Leader" on Twitter | occupation | {
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36
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"actor"
]
} |
Clem Ohameze (listen) is a Nigerian actor with two decades in acting. Clem Ohameze started professional acting in 1995. But his breakthrough role was in 1998 when he featured in a big-budget movie titled ENDTIME. He has acted in over 500 movies in his 20-year career spanning 1995 to date and is set to feature in many more movies in the coming months.
Background
Clem Ohameze was born on 27 June 1965 in Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria. He attended Holy Family College/ Baptist High School for his secondary education. He moved on to study at the Institute of Management Technology, Enugu, Nigeria where he secured an Ordinary National Diploma in Mass Communication and then University of Port Harcourt where he graduated with a BSc in Sociology and Anthropology in 1989.
He also studied at the Buckingham University, London in 2010 and obtained a Masters in Preventive and Social Medicine.
Movie career
Ohameze is a member of the Actors Guild of Nigeria. He briefly broke away from acting between 2006 and 2010 to pursue other interests including politics. He has since returned to his movie career after the break. In 2010, Ohameze starred in the award-winning movie Ije: The Journey alongside Genevieve Nnaji and Omotola Jalade Ekeinde.
Political involvement
Ohameze stood for election to represent Ohaji-Egbema-Oguta Federal Constituency in Nigeria's Federal House of Representatives on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in 2007. He however abandoned the pursuit over allegations of threat to his life. His car was attacked, his cousin was shot and killed during the incident. Ohameze relocated to London, United Kingdom. He intended to contest for an elective position in the 2015 general elections.
References
External links
Clem Ohameze at IMDb
"@Leader" on Twitter | given name | {
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Genkaimurex is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Species
Species within the genus Genkaimurex include:
Genkaimurex fimbriatulus (A. Adams, 1863)
Genkaimurex monopterus (Pilsbry, 1904)
Genkaimurex varicosus (Kuroda, 1953)
== References == | taxon rank | {
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Genkaimurex is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Species
Species within the genus Genkaimurex include:
Genkaimurex fimbriatulus (A. Adams, 1863)
Genkaimurex monopterus (Pilsbry, 1904)
Genkaimurex varicosus (Kuroda, 1953)
== References == | taxon name | {
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Tłumy [ˈtwumɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mszczonów, within Żyrardów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
== References == | country | {
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Tłumy [ˈtwumɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mszczonów, within Żyrardów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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All You was an American women’s monthly magazine published by Time Inc. and sold at Walmart, Sam's Club and via subscription. The monthly magazine was first published in August 2004. All You focused on value: Each story offered money-saving and/or time-saving tips, and the magazine developed a community of Reality Checkers, thousands of women who contribute ideas and tips that appear on many of All You’s pages. The magazine ceased publication in December 2015.
Target audience
All You is targeted toward the average female Walmart customer and features models wearing clothing sold within the store. It also contained stories featuring what the magazine considers "real women" who are diverse in age, appearance, background and culture.
Value
All You included a large number of coupons, and even includes an index to help navigate through them. A weekly emailed newsletter titled All You Deals and Meals was available from the magazine which offers subscribers a preview of coupons available in future magazines. Themed events were held in Walmart stores across the United States where "brand ambassadors" from the magazine act as "personal shoppers" to assist customers shopping for value. These events were sponsored by the magazine's advertisers. The magazine also sponsored other events aimed at helping modern women.
== References == | instance of | {
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All You was an American women’s monthly magazine published by Time Inc. and sold at Walmart, Sam's Club and via subscription. The monthly magazine was first published in August 2004. All You focused on value: Each story offered money-saving and/or time-saving tips, and the magazine developed a community of Reality Checkers, thousands of women who contribute ideas and tips that appear on many of All You’s pages. The magazine ceased publication in December 2015.
Target audience
All You is targeted toward the average female Walmart customer and features models wearing clothing sold within the store. It also contained stories featuring what the magazine considers "real women" who are diverse in age, appearance, background and culture.
Value
All You included a large number of coupons, and even includes an index to help navigate through them. A weekly emailed newsletter titled All You Deals and Meals was available from the magazine which offers subscribers a preview of coupons available in future magazines. Themed events were held in Walmart stores across the United States where "brand ambassadors" from the magazine act as "personal shoppers" to assist customers shopping for value. These events were sponsored by the magazine's advertisers. The magazine also sponsored other events aimed at helping modern women.
== References == | title | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"All You"
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Pentti Aatos Kahma (December 3, 1943 Alavieska) is a retired discus thrower from Finland, who is best known for winning the title at the 1974 European Championships in Rome, Italy. He represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
1975 year ranking
Pentti Kahma at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
External links
Pentti Aatos Kahma at the International Olympic Committee | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"Alavieska"
]
} |
Pentti Aatos Kahma (December 3, 1943 Alavieska) is a retired discus thrower from Finland, who is best known for winning the title at the 1974 European Championships in Rome, Italy. He represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
1975 year ranking
Pentti Kahma at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
External links
Pentti Aatos Kahma at the International Olympic Committee | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"Finland"
]
} |
Pentti Aatos Kahma (December 3, 1943 Alavieska) is a retired discus thrower from Finland, who is best known for winning the title at the 1974 European Championships in Rome, Italy. He represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
1975 year ranking
Pentti Kahma at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
External links
Pentti Aatos Kahma at the International Olympic Committee | family name | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Kahma"
]
} |
Pentti Aatos Kahma (December 3, 1943 Alavieska) is a retired discus thrower from Finland, who is best known for winning the title at the 1974 European Championships in Rome, Italy. He represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
1975 year ranking
Pentti Kahma at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
External links
Pentti Aatos Kahma at the International Olympic Committee | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pentti"
]
} |
Pentti Aatos Kahma (December 3, 1943 Alavieska) is a retired discus thrower from Finland, who is best known for winning the title at the 1974 European Championships in Rome, Italy. He represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
1975 year ranking
Pentti Kahma at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
External links
Pentti Aatos Kahma at the International Olympic Committee | participant in | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"1976 Summer Olympics"
]
} |
Pentti Aatos Kahma (December 3, 1943 Alavieska) is a retired discus thrower from Finland, who is best known for winning the title at the 1974 European Championships in Rome, Italy. He represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
1975 year ranking
Pentti Kahma at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
External links
Pentti Aatos Kahma at the International Olympic Committee | birth name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pentti Aatos Kahma"
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Pentti Aatos Kahma (December 3, 1943 Alavieska) is a retired discus thrower from Finland, who is best known for winning the title at the 1974 European Championships in Rome, Italy. He represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
1975 year ranking
Pentti Kahma at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
External links
Pentti Aatos Kahma at the International Olympic Committee | sports discipline competed in | {
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"text": [
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Benedito Leite is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.
See also
List of municipalities in Maranhão
== References == | country | {
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Benedito Leite is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.
See also
List of municipalities in Maranhão
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Benedito Leite is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.
See also
List of municipalities in Maranhão
== References == | Commons category | {
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0
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Atwood/Coghlin Airport (TC LID: CAT1) is located 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) northeast of Atwood, Ontario, Canada.
See also
Atwood Airport
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory | country | {
"answer_start": [
115
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"text": [
"Canada"
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Atwood/Coghlin Airport (TC LID: CAT1) is located 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) northeast of Atwood, Ontario, Canada.
See also
Atwood Airport
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"airport"
]
} |
Atwood/Coghlin Airport (TC LID: CAT1) is located 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) northeast of Atwood, Ontario, Canada.
See also
Atwood Airport
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Ontario"
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} |
Atwood/Coghlin Airport (TC LID: CAT1) is located 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) northeast of Atwood, Ontario, Canada.
See also
Atwood Airport
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory | Transport Canada LID | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"CAT1"
]
} |
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form of hyperlipidemia (high levels of lipids in the blood), hyperlipoproteinemia (high levels of lipoproteins in the blood), and dyslipidemia (any abnormalities of lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood).Elevated levels of non-HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of diet, obesity, inherited (genetic) diseases (such as LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia), or the presence of other diseases such as type 2 diabetes and an underactive thyroid.Cholesterol is one of three major classes of lipids produced and used by all animal cells to form membranes. Plant cells manufacture phytosterols (similar to cholesterol), but in rather small quantities. Cholesterol is the precursor of the steroid hormones and bile acids. Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (lipoproteins). Lipoproteins are classified by their density: very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non-HDL cholesterol), particularly LDL-cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In contrast, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective.Avoiding trans fats and replacing saturated fats in adult diets with polyunsaturated fats are recommended dietary measures to reduce total blood cholesterol and LDL in adults. In people with very high cholesterol (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia), diet is often not sufficient to achieve the desired lowering of LDL, and lipid-lowering medications are usually required. If necessary, other treatments such as LDL apheresis or even surgery (for particularly severe subtypes of familial hypercholesterolemia) are performed. About 34 million adults in the United States have high blood cholesterol.
Signs and symptoms
Although hypercholesterolemia itself is asymptomatic, longstanding elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries). Over a period of decades, elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arteries. This can lead to progressive narrowing of the involved arteries. Alternatively smaller plaques may rupture and cause a clot to form and obstruct blood flow. A sudden blockage of a coronary artery may result in a heart attack. A blockage of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke. If the development of the stenosis or occlusion is gradual, blood supply to the tissues and organs slowly diminishes until organ function becomes impaired. At this point tissue ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific symptoms. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of balance, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness or tingling, usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may cause chest pain, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while in the intestines it may present as abdominal pain after eating a meal.Some types of hypercholesterolemia lead to specific physical findings. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia) may be associated with xanthelasma palpebrarum (yellowish patches underneath the skin around the eyelids), arcus senilis (white or gray discoloration of the peripheral cornea), and xanthomata (deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material) of the tendons, especially of the fingers. Type III hyperlipidemia may be associated with xanthomata of the palms, knees and elbows.
Causes
Hypercholesterolemia is typically due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors include weight, diet, and stress. Loneliness is also a risk factor.
Diet
Diet has an effect on blood cholesterol, but the size of this effect varies between individuals.A diet high in sugar or saturated fats increases total cholesterol and LDL. Trans fats have been shown to reduce levels of high-density lipoprotein while increasing levels of LDL.A 2016 review found tentative evidence that dietary cholesterol is associated with higher blood cholesterol. As of 2018 there appears to be a modest positive, dose-related relationship between cholesterol intake and LDL cholesterol.
Medical conditions and treatments
A number of other conditions can also increase cholesterol levels including diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, alcohol use, monoclonal gammopathy, dialysis therapy, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Several medications and classes of medications may interfere with lipid metabolism: thiazide diuretics, ciclosporin, glucocorticoids, beta blockers, retinoic acid, antipsychotics), certain anticonvulsants and medications for HIV as well as interferons.
Genetics
Genetic contributions are usually due to the additive effects of multiple genes ("polygenic"), though occasionally may be due to a single gene defect such as in the case of familial hypercholesterolaemia. In familial hypercholesterolemia, mutations may be present in the APOB gene (autosomal dominant), the autosomal recessive LDLRAP1 gene, autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (HCHOLA3) variant of the PCSK9 gene, or the LDL receptor gene. Familial hypercholesterolemia affects about one in 250 individuals.
Diagnosis
Cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood in the United States and some other countries. In the United Kingdom, most European countries and Canada, millimoles per liter of blood (mmol/L) is the measure.For healthy adults, the UK National Health Service recommends upper limits of total cholesterol of 5 mmol/L, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) of 3 mmol/L. For people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the recommended limit for total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L, and 2 mmol/L for LDL.In the United States, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute within the National Institutes of Health classifies total cholesterol of less than 200 mg/dL as "desirable", 200 to 239 mg/dL as "borderline high", and 240 mg/dL or more as "high".There is no absolute cutoff between normal and abnormal cholesterol levels, and values must be considered in relation to other health conditions and risk factors.Higher levels of total cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. Levels of LDL or non-HDL cholesterol both predict future coronary heart disease; which is the better predictor is disputed. High levels of small dense LDL may be particularly adverse, although measurement of small dense LDL is not advocated for risk prediction. In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost. Levels of fasting triglycerides were taken as an indicator of VLDL levels (generally about 45% of fasting triglycerides is composed of VLDL), while LDL was usually estimated by the Friedewald formula:
LDL
≈
{\displaystyle \approx }
total cholesterol – HDL – (0.2 x fasting triglycerides).However, this equation is not valid on nonfasting blood samples or if fasting triglycerides are elevated (>4.5 mmol/L or >∼400 mg/dL). Recent guidelines have, therefore, advocated the use of direct methods for measurement of LDL wherever possible. It may be useful to measure all lipoprotein subfractions (VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) when assessing hypercholesterolemia and measurement of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) can also be of value. Genetic screening is now advised if a form of familial hypercholesterolemia is suspected.
Classification
Classically, hypercholesterolemia was categorized by lipoprotein electrophoresis and the Fredrickson classification. Newer methods, such as "lipoprotein subclass analysis", have offered significant improvements in understanding the connection with atherosclerosis progression and clinical consequences. If the hypercholesterolemia is hereditary (familial hypercholesterolemia), more often a family history of premature, earlier onset atherosclerosis is found.
Screening method
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in 2008 strongly recommends routine screening for men 35 years and older and women 45 years and older for lipid disorders and the treatment of abnormal lipids in people who are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. They also recommend routinely screening men aged 20 to 35 years and women aged 20 to 45 years if they have other risk factors for coronary heart disease. In 2016 they concluded that testing the general population under the age of 40 without symptoms is of unclear benefit.In Canada, screening is recommended for men 40 and older and women 50 and older. In those with normal cholesterol levels, screening is recommended once every five years. Once people are on a statin further testing provides little benefit except possibly to determine compliance with treatment.
Treatment
Treatment recommendations have been based on four risk levels for heart disease. For each risk level, LDL cholesterol levels representing goals and thresholds for treatment and other action are made. The higher the risk category, the lower the cholesterol thresholds.
For those at high risk, a combination of lifestyle modification and statins has been shown to decrease mortality.
Lifestyle
Lifestyle changes recommended for those with high cholesterol include: smoking cessation, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.Overweight or obese individuals can lower blood cholesterol by losing weight – on average a kilogram of weight loss can reduce LDL cholesterol by 0.8 mg/dl.
Diet
Eating a diet with a high proportion of vegetables, fruit, dietary fibre, and low in fats results in a modest decrease in total cholesterol.Eating dietary cholesterol causes a small rise in serum cholesterol, the magnitude of which can be predicted using the Keys and Hegsted equations. Dietary limits for cholesterol were proposed in United States, but not in Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. However, in 2015 the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee in the United States removed its recommendation of limiting cholesterol intake.A 2020 Cochrane review found replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat resulted in a small decrease in cardiovascular disease by decreasing blood cholesterol. Other reviews have not found an effect from saturated fats on cardiovascular disease. Trans fats are recognized as a potential risk factor for cholesterol-related cardiovascular disease, and avoiding them in an adult diet is recommended.The National Lipid Association recommends that people with familial hypercholesterolemia restrict intakes of total fat to 25–35% of energy intake, saturated fat to less than 7% of energy intake, and cholesterol to less than 200 mg per day. Changes in total fat intake in low calorie diets do not appear to affect blood cholesterol.Increasing soluble fiber consumption has been shown to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol, with each additional gram of soluble fiber reducing LDL by an average of 2.2 mg/dL (0.057 mmol/L). Increasing consumption of whole grains also reduces LDL cholesterol, with whole grain oats being particularly effective. Inclusion of 2 g per day of phytosterols and phytostanols and 10 to 20 g per day of soluble fiber decreases dietary cholesterol absorption. A diet high in fructose can raise LDL cholesterol levels in the blood.
Medication
Statins are the typically used medications, in addition to healthy lifestyle interventions. Statins can reduce total cholesterol by about 50% in the majority of people, and are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in both people with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. In people without cardiovascular disease, statins have been shown to reduce all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease, and strokes. Greater benefit is observed with the use of high-intensity statin therapy. Statins may improve quality of life when used in people without existing cardiovascular disease (i.e. for primary prevention). Statins decrease cholesterol in children with hypercholesterolemia, but no studies as of 2010 show improved outcomes and diet is the mainstay of therapy in childhood.Other agents that may be used include fibrates, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine. These, however, are only recommended if statins are not tolerated or in pregnant women. Injectable antibodies against the protein PCSK9 (evolocumab, bococizumab, alirocumab) can reduce LDL cholesterol and have been shown to reduce mortality.
Guidelines
In the US, guidelines exist from the National Cholesterol Education Program (2004) and a joint body of professional societies led by the American Heart Association.In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has made recommendations for the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels, published in 2008, and a new guideline appeared in 2014 that covers the prevention of cardiovascular disease in general.The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society published guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias in 2011.
Specific populations
Among people whose life expectancy is relatively short, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for death by any cause including coronary heart disease. Among people older than 70, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for being hospitalized with myocardial infarction or angina. There are also increased risks in people older than 85 in the use of statin drugs. Because of this, medications which lower lipid levels should not be routinely used among people with limited life expectancy.The American College of Physicians recommends for hypercholesterolemia in people with diabetes:
Lipid-lowering therapy should be used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity for all adults with known coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes.
Statins should be used for primary prevention against macrovascular complications in adults with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Once lipid-lowering therapy is initiated, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be taking at least moderate doses of a statin.
For those people with type 2 diabetes who are taking statins, routine monitoring of liver function tests or muscle enzymes is not recommended except in specific circumstances.
Alternative medicine
According to a survey in 2002, alternative medicine was used in an attempt to treat cholesterol by 1.1% of U.S. adults. Consistent with previous surveys, this one found the majority of individuals (55%) used it in conjunction with conventional medicine. A systematic review of the effectiveness of herbal medicines used in traditional Chinese medicine had inconclusive results due to the poor methodological quality of the included studies.
A review of trials of phytosterols and/or phytostanols, average dose 2.15 g/day, reported an average of 9% lowering of LDL-cholesterol. In 2000, the Food and Drug Administration approved the labeling of foods containing specified amounts of phytosterol esters or phytostanol esters as cholesterol-lowering; in 2003, an FDA Interim Health Claim Rule extended that label claim to foods or dietary supplements delivering more than 0.8 g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Some researchers, however, are concerned about diet supplementation with plant sterol esters and draw attention to lack of long-term safety data.
Epidemiology
Rates of high total cholesterol in the United States in 2010 are just over 13%, down from 17% in 2000.Average total cholesterol in the United Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/L, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L. Rates of coronary artery disease are high in Great Britain, but low in rural China and Japan.
Research directions
Gene therapy is being studied as a potential treatment.
References
== External links == | issue | {
"answer_start": [
4477
],
"text": [
"1"
]
} |
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form of hyperlipidemia (high levels of lipids in the blood), hyperlipoproteinemia (high levels of lipoproteins in the blood), and dyslipidemia (any abnormalities of lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood).Elevated levels of non-HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of diet, obesity, inherited (genetic) diseases (such as LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia), or the presence of other diseases such as type 2 diabetes and an underactive thyroid.Cholesterol is one of three major classes of lipids produced and used by all animal cells to form membranes. Plant cells manufacture phytosterols (similar to cholesterol), but in rather small quantities. Cholesterol is the precursor of the steroid hormones and bile acids. Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (lipoproteins). Lipoproteins are classified by their density: very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non-HDL cholesterol), particularly LDL-cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In contrast, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective.Avoiding trans fats and replacing saturated fats in adult diets with polyunsaturated fats are recommended dietary measures to reduce total blood cholesterol and LDL in adults. In people with very high cholesterol (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia), diet is often not sufficient to achieve the desired lowering of LDL, and lipid-lowering medications are usually required. If necessary, other treatments such as LDL apheresis or even surgery (for particularly severe subtypes of familial hypercholesterolemia) are performed. About 34 million adults in the United States have high blood cholesterol.
Signs and symptoms
Although hypercholesterolemia itself is asymptomatic, longstanding elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries). Over a period of decades, elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arteries. This can lead to progressive narrowing of the involved arteries. Alternatively smaller plaques may rupture and cause a clot to form and obstruct blood flow. A sudden blockage of a coronary artery may result in a heart attack. A blockage of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke. If the development of the stenosis or occlusion is gradual, blood supply to the tissues and organs slowly diminishes until organ function becomes impaired. At this point tissue ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific symptoms. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of balance, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness or tingling, usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may cause chest pain, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while in the intestines it may present as abdominal pain after eating a meal.Some types of hypercholesterolemia lead to specific physical findings. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia) may be associated with xanthelasma palpebrarum (yellowish patches underneath the skin around the eyelids), arcus senilis (white or gray discoloration of the peripheral cornea), and xanthomata (deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material) of the tendons, especially of the fingers. Type III hyperlipidemia may be associated with xanthomata of the palms, knees and elbows.
Causes
Hypercholesterolemia is typically due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors include weight, diet, and stress. Loneliness is also a risk factor.
Diet
Diet has an effect on blood cholesterol, but the size of this effect varies between individuals.A diet high in sugar or saturated fats increases total cholesterol and LDL. Trans fats have been shown to reduce levels of high-density lipoprotein while increasing levels of LDL.A 2016 review found tentative evidence that dietary cholesterol is associated with higher blood cholesterol. As of 2018 there appears to be a modest positive, dose-related relationship between cholesterol intake and LDL cholesterol.
Medical conditions and treatments
A number of other conditions can also increase cholesterol levels including diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, alcohol use, monoclonal gammopathy, dialysis therapy, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Several medications and classes of medications may interfere with lipid metabolism: thiazide diuretics, ciclosporin, glucocorticoids, beta blockers, retinoic acid, antipsychotics), certain anticonvulsants and medications for HIV as well as interferons.
Genetics
Genetic contributions are usually due to the additive effects of multiple genes ("polygenic"), though occasionally may be due to a single gene defect such as in the case of familial hypercholesterolaemia. In familial hypercholesterolemia, mutations may be present in the APOB gene (autosomal dominant), the autosomal recessive LDLRAP1 gene, autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (HCHOLA3) variant of the PCSK9 gene, or the LDL receptor gene. Familial hypercholesterolemia affects about one in 250 individuals.
Diagnosis
Cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood in the United States and some other countries. In the United Kingdom, most European countries and Canada, millimoles per liter of blood (mmol/L) is the measure.For healthy adults, the UK National Health Service recommends upper limits of total cholesterol of 5 mmol/L, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) of 3 mmol/L. For people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the recommended limit for total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L, and 2 mmol/L for LDL.In the United States, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute within the National Institutes of Health classifies total cholesterol of less than 200 mg/dL as "desirable", 200 to 239 mg/dL as "borderline high", and 240 mg/dL or more as "high".There is no absolute cutoff between normal and abnormal cholesterol levels, and values must be considered in relation to other health conditions and risk factors.Higher levels of total cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. Levels of LDL or non-HDL cholesterol both predict future coronary heart disease; which is the better predictor is disputed. High levels of small dense LDL may be particularly adverse, although measurement of small dense LDL is not advocated for risk prediction. In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost. Levels of fasting triglycerides were taken as an indicator of VLDL levels (generally about 45% of fasting triglycerides is composed of VLDL), while LDL was usually estimated by the Friedewald formula:
LDL
≈
{\displaystyle \approx }
total cholesterol – HDL – (0.2 x fasting triglycerides).However, this equation is not valid on nonfasting blood samples or if fasting triglycerides are elevated (>4.5 mmol/L or >∼400 mg/dL). Recent guidelines have, therefore, advocated the use of direct methods for measurement of LDL wherever possible. It may be useful to measure all lipoprotein subfractions (VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) when assessing hypercholesterolemia and measurement of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) can also be of value. Genetic screening is now advised if a form of familial hypercholesterolemia is suspected.
Classification
Classically, hypercholesterolemia was categorized by lipoprotein electrophoresis and the Fredrickson classification. Newer methods, such as "lipoprotein subclass analysis", have offered significant improvements in understanding the connection with atherosclerosis progression and clinical consequences. If the hypercholesterolemia is hereditary (familial hypercholesterolemia), more often a family history of premature, earlier onset atherosclerosis is found.
Screening method
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in 2008 strongly recommends routine screening for men 35 years and older and women 45 years and older for lipid disorders and the treatment of abnormal lipids in people who are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. They also recommend routinely screening men aged 20 to 35 years and women aged 20 to 45 years if they have other risk factors for coronary heart disease. In 2016 they concluded that testing the general population under the age of 40 without symptoms is of unclear benefit.In Canada, screening is recommended for men 40 and older and women 50 and older. In those with normal cholesterol levels, screening is recommended once every five years. Once people are on a statin further testing provides little benefit except possibly to determine compliance with treatment.
Treatment
Treatment recommendations have been based on four risk levels for heart disease. For each risk level, LDL cholesterol levels representing goals and thresholds for treatment and other action are made. The higher the risk category, the lower the cholesterol thresholds.
For those at high risk, a combination of lifestyle modification and statins has been shown to decrease mortality.
Lifestyle
Lifestyle changes recommended for those with high cholesterol include: smoking cessation, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.Overweight or obese individuals can lower blood cholesterol by losing weight – on average a kilogram of weight loss can reduce LDL cholesterol by 0.8 mg/dl.
Diet
Eating a diet with a high proportion of vegetables, fruit, dietary fibre, and low in fats results in a modest decrease in total cholesterol.Eating dietary cholesterol causes a small rise in serum cholesterol, the magnitude of which can be predicted using the Keys and Hegsted equations. Dietary limits for cholesterol were proposed in United States, but not in Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. However, in 2015 the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee in the United States removed its recommendation of limiting cholesterol intake.A 2020 Cochrane review found replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat resulted in a small decrease in cardiovascular disease by decreasing blood cholesterol. Other reviews have not found an effect from saturated fats on cardiovascular disease. Trans fats are recognized as a potential risk factor for cholesterol-related cardiovascular disease, and avoiding them in an adult diet is recommended.The National Lipid Association recommends that people with familial hypercholesterolemia restrict intakes of total fat to 25–35% of energy intake, saturated fat to less than 7% of energy intake, and cholesterol to less than 200 mg per day. Changes in total fat intake in low calorie diets do not appear to affect blood cholesterol.Increasing soluble fiber consumption has been shown to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol, with each additional gram of soluble fiber reducing LDL by an average of 2.2 mg/dL (0.057 mmol/L). Increasing consumption of whole grains also reduces LDL cholesterol, with whole grain oats being particularly effective. Inclusion of 2 g per day of phytosterols and phytostanols and 10 to 20 g per day of soluble fiber decreases dietary cholesterol absorption. A diet high in fructose can raise LDL cholesterol levels in the blood.
Medication
Statins are the typically used medications, in addition to healthy lifestyle interventions. Statins can reduce total cholesterol by about 50% in the majority of people, and are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in both people with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. In people without cardiovascular disease, statins have been shown to reduce all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease, and strokes. Greater benefit is observed with the use of high-intensity statin therapy. Statins may improve quality of life when used in people without existing cardiovascular disease (i.e. for primary prevention). Statins decrease cholesterol in children with hypercholesterolemia, but no studies as of 2010 show improved outcomes and diet is the mainstay of therapy in childhood.Other agents that may be used include fibrates, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine. These, however, are only recommended if statins are not tolerated or in pregnant women. Injectable antibodies against the protein PCSK9 (evolocumab, bococizumab, alirocumab) can reduce LDL cholesterol and have been shown to reduce mortality.
Guidelines
In the US, guidelines exist from the National Cholesterol Education Program (2004) and a joint body of professional societies led by the American Heart Association.In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has made recommendations for the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels, published in 2008, and a new guideline appeared in 2014 that covers the prevention of cardiovascular disease in general.The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society published guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias in 2011.
Specific populations
Among people whose life expectancy is relatively short, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for death by any cause including coronary heart disease. Among people older than 70, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for being hospitalized with myocardial infarction or angina. There are also increased risks in people older than 85 in the use of statin drugs. Because of this, medications which lower lipid levels should not be routinely used among people with limited life expectancy.The American College of Physicians recommends for hypercholesterolemia in people with diabetes:
Lipid-lowering therapy should be used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity for all adults with known coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes.
Statins should be used for primary prevention against macrovascular complications in adults with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Once lipid-lowering therapy is initiated, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be taking at least moderate doses of a statin.
For those people with type 2 diabetes who are taking statins, routine monitoring of liver function tests or muscle enzymes is not recommended except in specific circumstances.
Alternative medicine
According to a survey in 2002, alternative medicine was used in an attempt to treat cholesterol by 1.1% of U.S. adults. Consistent with previous surveys, this one found the majority of individuals (55%) used it in conjunction with conventional medicine. A systematic review of the effectiveness of herbal medicines used in traditional Chinese medicine had inconclusive results due to the poor methodological quality of the included studies.
A review of trials of phytosterols and/or phytostanols, average dose 2.15 g/day, reported an average of 9% lowering of LDL-cholesterol. In 2000, the Food and Drug Administration approved the labeling of foods containing specified amounts of phytosterol esters or phytostanol esters as cholesterol-lowering; in 2003, an FDA Interim Health Claim Rule extended that label claim to foods or dietary supplements delivering more than 0.8 g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Some researchers, however, are concerned about diet supplementation with plant sterol esters and draw attention to lack of long-term safety data.
Epidemiology
Rates of high total cholesterol in the United States in 2010 are just over 13%, down from 17% in 2000.Average total cholesterol in the United Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/L, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L. Rates of coronary artery disease are high in Great Britain, but low in rural China and Japan.
Research directions
Gene therapy is being studied as a potential treatment.
References
== External links == | volume | {
"answer_start": [
4477
],
"text": [
"1"
]
} |
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form of hyperlipidemia (high levels of lipids in the blood), hyperlipoproteinemia (high levels of lipoproteins in the blood), and dyslipidemia (any abnormalities of lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood).Elevated levels of non-HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of diet, obesity, inherited (genetic) diseases (such as LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia), or the presence of other diseases such as type 2 diabetes and an underactive thyroid.Cholesterol is one of three major classes of lipids produced and used by all animal cells to form membranes. Plant cells manufacture phytosterols (similar to cholesterol), but in rather small quantities. Cholesterol is the precursor of the steroid hormones and bile acids. Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (lipoproteins). Lipoproteins are classified by their density: very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non-HDL cholesterol), particularly LDL-cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In contrast, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective.Avoiding trans fats and replacing saturated fats in adult diets with polyunsaturated fats are recommended dietary measures to reduce total blood cholesterol and LDL in adults. In people with very high cholesterol (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia), diet is often not sufficient to achieve the desired lowering of LDL, and lipid-lowering medications are usually required. If necessary, other treatments such as LDL apheresis or even surgery (for particularly severe subtypes of familial hypercholesterolemia) are performed. About 34 million adults in the United States have high blood cholesterol.
Signs and symptoms
Although hypercholesterolemia itself is asymptomatic, longstanding elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries). Over a period of decades, elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arteries. This can lead to progressive narrowing of the involved arteries. Alternatively smaller plaques may rupture and cause a clot to form and obstruct blood flow. A sudden blockage of a coronary artery may result in a heart attack. A blockage of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke. If the development of the stenosis or occlusion is gradual, blood supply to the tissues and organs slowly diminishes until organ function becomes impaired. At this point tissue ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific symptoms. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of balance, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness or tingling, usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may cause chest pain, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while in the intestines it may present as abdominal pain after eating a meal.Some types of hypercholesterolemia lead to specific physical findings. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia) may be associated with xanthelasma palpebrarum (yellowish patches underneath the skin around the eyelids), arcus senilis (white or gray discoloration of the peripheral cornea), and xanthomata (deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material) of the tendons, especially of the fingers. Type III hyperlipidemia may be associated with xanthomata of the palms, knees and elbows.
Causes
Hypercholesterolemia is typically due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors include weight, diet, and stress. Loneliness is also a risk factor.
Diet
Diet has an effect on blood cholesterol, but the size of this effect varies between individuals.A diet high in sugar or saturated fats increases total cholesterol and LDL. Trans fats have been shown to reduce levels of high-density lipoprotein while increasing levels of LDL.A 2016 review found tentative evidence that dietary cholesterol is associated with higher blood cholesterol. As of 2018 there appears to be a modest positive, dose-related relationship between cholesterol intake and LDL cholesterol.
Medical conditions and treatments
A number of other conditions can also increase cholesterol levels including diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, alcohol use, monoclonal gammopathy, dialysis therapy, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Several medications and classes of medications may interfere with lipid metabolism: thiazide diuretics, ciclosporin, glucocorticoids, beta blockers, retinoic acid, antipsychotics), certain anticonvulsants and medications for HIV as well as interferons.
Genetics
Genetic contributions are usually due to the additive effects of multiple genes ("polygenic"), though occasionally may be due to a single gene defect such as in the case of familial hypercholesterolaemia. In familial hypercholesterolemia, mutations may be present in the APOB gene (autosomal dominant), the autosomal recessive LDLRAP1 gene, autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (HCHOLA3) variant of the PCSK9 gene, or the LDL receptor gene. Familial hypercholesterolemia affects about one in 250 individuals.
Diagnosis
Cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood in the United States and some other countries. In the United Kingdom, most European countries and Canada, millimoles per liter of blood (mmol/L) is the measure.For healthy adults, the UK National Health Service recommends upper limits of total cholesterol of 5 mmol/L, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) of 3 mmol/L. For people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the recommended limit for total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L, and 2 mmol/L for LDL.In the United States, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute within the National Institutes of Health classifies total cholesterol of less than 200 mg/dL as "desirable", 200 to 239 mg/dL as "borderline high", and 240 mg/dL or more as "high".There is no absolute cutoff between normal and abnormal cholesterol levels, and values must be considered in relation to other health conditions and risk factors.Higher levels of total cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. Levels of LDL or non-HDL cholesterol both predict future coronary heart disease; which is the better predictor is disputed. High levels of small dense LDL may be particularly adverse, although measurement of small dense LDL is not advocated for risk prediction. In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost. Levels of fasting triglycerides were taken as an indicator of VLDL levels (generally about 45% of fasting triglycerides is composed of VLDL), while LDL was usually estimated by the Friedewald formula:
LDL
≈
{\displaystyle \approx }
total cholesterol – HDL – (0.2 x fasting triglycerides).However, this equation is not valid on nonfasting blood samples or if fasting triglycerides are elevated (>4.5 mmol/L or >∼400 mg/dL). Recent guidelines have, therefore, advocated the use of direct methods for measurement of LDL wherever possible. It may be useful to measure all lipoprotein subfractions (VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) when assessing hypercholesterolemia and measurement of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) can also be of value. Genetic screening is now advised if a form of familial hypercholesterolemia is suspected.
Classification
Classically, hypercholesterolemia was categorized by lipoprotein electrophoresis and the Fredrickson classification. Newer methods, such as "lipoprotein subclass analysis", have offered significant improvements in understanding the connection with atherosclerosis progression and clinical consequences. If the hypercholesterolemia is hereditary (familial hypercholesterolemia), more often a family history of premature, earlier onset atherosclerosis is found.
Screening method
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in 2008 strongly recommends routine screening for men 35 years and older and women 45 years and older for lipid disorders and the treatment of abnormal lipids in people who are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. They also recommend routinely screening men aged 20 to 35 years and women aged 20 to 45 years if they have other risk factors for coronary heart disease. In 2016 they concluded that testing the general population under the age of 40 without symptoms is of unclear benefit.In Canada, screening is recommended for men 40 and older and women 50 and older. In those with normal cholesterol levels, screening is recommended once every five years. Once people are on a statin further testing provides little benefit except possibly to determine compliance with treatment.
Treatment
Treatment recommendations have been based on four risk levels for heart disease. For each risk level, LDL cholesterol levels representing goals and thresholds for treatment and other action are made. The higher the risk category, the lower the cholesterol thresholds.
For those at high risk, a combination of lifestyle modification and statins has been shown to decrease mortality.
Lifestyle
Lifestyle changes recommended for those with high cholesterol include: smoking cessation, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.Overweight or obese individuals can lower blood cholesterol by losing weight – on average a kilogram of weight loss can reduce LDL cholesterol by 0.8 mg/dl.
Diet
Eating a diet with a high proportion of vegetables, fruit, dietary fibre, and low in fats results in a modest decrease in total cholesterol.Eating dietary cholesterol causes a small rise in serum cholesterol, the magnitude of which can be predicted using the Keys and Hegsted equations. Dietary limits for cholesterol were proposed in United States, but not in Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. However, in 2015 the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee in the United States removed its recommendation of limiting cholesterol intake.A 2020 Cochrane review found replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat resulted in a small decrease in cardiovascular disease by decreasing blood cholesterol. Other reviews have not found an effect from saturated fats on cardiovascular disease. Trans fats are recognized as a potential risk factor for cholesterol-related cardiovascular disease, and avoiding them in an adult diet is recommended.The National Lipid Association recommends that people with familial hypercholesterolemia restrict intakes of total fat to 25–35% of energy intake, saturated fat to less than 7% of energy intake, and cholesterol to less than 200 mg per day. Changes in total fat intake in low calorie diets do not appear to affect blood cholesterol.Increasing soluble fiber consumption has been shown to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol, with each additional gram of soluble fiber reducing LDL by an average of 2.2 mg/dL (0.057 mmol/L). Increasing consumption of whole grains also reduces LDL cholesterol, with whole grain oats being particularly effective. Inclusion of 2 g per day of phytosterols and phytostanols and 10 to 20 g per day of soluble fiber decreases dietary cholesterol absorption. A diet high in fructose can raise LDL cholesterol levels in the blood.
Medication
Statins are the typically used medications, in addition to healthy lifestyle interventions. Statins can reduce total cholesterol by about 50% in the majority of people, and are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in both people with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. In people without cardiovascular disease, statins have been shown to reduce all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease, and strokes. Greater benefit is observed with the use of high-intensity statin therapy. Statins may improve quality of life when used in people without existing cardiovascular disease (i.e. for primary prevention). Statins decrease cholesterol in children with hypercholesterolemia, but no studies as of 2010 show improved outcomes and diet is the mainstay of therapy in childhood.Other agents that may be used include fibrates, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine. These, however, are only recommended if statins are not tolerated or in pregnant women. Injectable antibodies against the protein PCSK9 (evolocumab, bococizumab, alirocumab) can reduce LDL cholesterol and have been shown to reduce mortality.
Guidelines
In the US, guidelines exist from the National Cholesterol Education Program (2004) and a joint body of professional societies led by the American Heart Association.In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has made recommendations for the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels, published in 2008, and a new guideline appeared in 2014 that covers the prevention of cardiovascular disease in general.The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society published guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias in 2011.
Specific populations
Among people whose life expectancy is relatively short, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for death by any cause including coronary heart disease. Among people older than 70, hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for being hospitalized with myocardial infarction or angina. There are also increased risks in people older than 85 in the use of statin drugs. Because of this, medications which lower lipid levels should not be routinely used among people with limited life expectancy.The American College of Physicians recommends for hypercholesterolemia in people with diabetes:
Lipid-lowering therapy should be used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity for all adults with known coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes.
Statins should be used for primary prevention against macrovascular complications in adults with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Once lipid-lowering therapy is initiated, people with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be taking at least moderate doses of a statin.
For those people with type 2 diabetes who are taking statins, routine monitoring of liver function tests or muscle enzymes is not recommended except in specific circumstances.
Alternative medicine
According to a survey in 2002, alternative medicine was used in an attempt to treat cholesterol by 1.1% of U.S. adults. Consistent with previous surveys, this one found the majority of individuals (55%) used it in conjunction with conventional medicine. A systematic review of the effectiveness of herbal medicines used in traditional Chinese medicine had inconclusive results due to the poor methodological quality of the included studies.
A review of trials of phytosterols and/or phytostanols, average dose 2.15 g/day, reported an average of 9% lowering of LDL-cholesterol. In 2000, the Food and Drug Administration approved the labeling of foods containing specified amounts of phytosterol esters or phytostanol esters as cholesterol-lowering; in 2003, an FDA Interim Health Claim Rule extended that label claim to foods or dietary supplements delivering more than 0.8 g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Some researchers, however, are concerned about diet supplementation with plant sterol esters and draw attention to lack of long-term safety data.
Epidemiology
Rates of high total cholesterol in the United States in 2010 are just over 13%, down from 17% in 2000.Average total cholesterol in the United Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/L, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 mmol/L. Rates of coronary artery disease are high in Great Britain, but low in rural China and Japan.
Research directions
Gene therapy is being studied as a potential treatment.
References
== External links == | title | {
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Ezequiel Martín Mechoso Reyes (born 23 March 2000) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Uruguayan Segunda División club Racing Montevideo.
Club career
A former youth academy player of Defensor Sporting, Mechoso joined Peñarol in October 2018 on a three-year deal. He made his professional debut for the club on 25 March 2021 in a 2–0 league win against Progreso.
International career
Mechoso is a former Uruguay youth international. He was part of national youth team squads at 2015 South American U-15 Championship and 2017 South American U-17 Championship.
Career statistics
Club
As of 7 December 2021
References
External links
Ezequiel Mechoso at WorldFootball.net | place of birth | {
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Sydney J. van Scyoc (born July 27, 1939) is an American science fiction writer. Her first published story was "Shatter the Wall" in Galaxy in 1962. She continued to write short stories throughout the 1960s and in 1971, published her first novel, Saltflower. Other novels followed until 1992, when she abandoned writing to make and sell jewelry. Gordon Van Gelder, editor of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction published her first story in more than 20 years in the December 2004 issue. He stated in an introduction to the story that: "in June 1992, after years of writing fiction, she became obsessed with jewelry making and spent a decade selling earrings and bracelets in the San Francisco Bay area. Last year she retired from that trade and now spends most of her time gardening and conferring with her cats...and, yes, writing again." Van Gelder would publish one more story in the December 2005 issue of his magazine and at that time stated in the introduction: "Joyce Van Scyoc lives in the San Francisco Bay Area and spends all summer gardening until the October rains drive her inside."
According to book reviewer Dani Zweig, coming of age and human evolution are common themes in Scyoc's books. In the novel Assignment Nor'Dyren, the two main characters are young humans off on an adventure visiting an alien world. Tollan Bailey has not been able to fit into the post-industrial work force of Earth, but the world Nor'Dyren provides an environment well suited to his interests. Laarica Johns is the other main human character, struggling to develop a career and escape from her over-protective parents. The theme of evolution is also present in Assignment Nor'Dyren, with questions raised about how human-like species must adapt to an environment that includes advanced technologies such as space travel.
Books
Saltflower (1971) Avon Books
Assignment Nor'Dyren (1973) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-17160-0.
Starmother (1976) Berkley; ISBN 0-399-11674-5
Cloudcry (1977) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-03651-0.
Sunwaifs (1981) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-04645-1.
Darkchild (1982) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-05644-9
Bluesong (1983) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-07130-8
Starsilk (1984) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-07207-X
Daughters of the Sunstone (Darkchild, Bluesong and Starsilk) (1984) Nelson Doubleday, Inc.; ISBN 0-425-06157-4
Drowntide (1987) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-09775-7.
Feather Stroke (1989) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-75438-X.
Deepwater Dreams (1991) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-76003-7.
References
External links
Official website
Sydney J. Van Scyoc at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Works by Sydney J. Van Scyoc at Project Gutenberg
Works by Sydney J. Van Scyoc at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) | instance of | {
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Sydney J. van Scyoc (born July 27, 1939) is an American science fiction writer. Her first published story was "Shatter the Wall" in Galaxy in 1962. She continued to write short stories throughout the 1960s and in 1971, published her first novel, Saltflower. Other novels followed until 1992, when she abandoned writing to make and sell jewelry. Gordon Van Gelder, editor of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction published her first story in more than 20 years in the December 2004 issue. He stated in an introduction to the story that: "in June 1992, after years of writing fiction, she became obsessed with jewelry making and spent a decade selling earrings and bracelets in the San Francisco Bay area. Last year she retired from that trade and now spends most of her time gardening and conferring with her cats...and, yes, writing again." Van Gelder would publish one more story in the December 2005 issue of his magazine and at that time stated in the introduction: "Joyce Van Scyoc lives in the San Francisco Bay Area and spends all summer gardening until the October rains drive her inside."
According to book reviewer Dani Zweig, coming of age and human evolution are common themes in Scyoc's books. In the novel Assignment Nor'Dyren, the two main characters are young humans off on an adventure visiting an alien world. Tollan Bailey has not been able to fit into the post-industrial work force of Earth, but the world Nor'Dyren provides an environment well suited to his interests. Laarica Johns is the other main human character, struggling to develop a career and escape from her over-protective parents. The theme of evolution is also present in Assignment Nor'Dyren, with questions raised about how human-like species must adapt to an environment that includes advanced technologies such as space travel.
Books
Saltflower (1971) Avon Books
Assignment Nor'Dyren (1973) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-17160-0.
Starmother (1976) Berkley; ISBN 0-399-11674-5
Cloudcry (1977) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-03651-0.
Sunwaifs (1981) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-04645-1.
Darkchild (1982) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-05644-9
Bluesong (1983) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-07130-8
Starsilk (1984) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-07207-X
Daughters of the Sunstone (Darkchild, Bluesong and Starsilk) (1984) Nelson Doubleday, Inc.; ISBN 0-425-06157-4
Drowntide (1987) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-09775-7.
Feather Stroke (1989) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-75438-X.
Deepwater Dreams (1991) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-76003-7.
References
External links
Official website
Sydney J. Van Scyoc at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Works by Sydney J. Van Scyoc at Project Gutenberg
Works by Sydney J. Van Scyoc at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) | occupation | {
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Sydney J. van Scyoc (born July 27, 1939) is an American science fiction writer. Her first published story was "Shatter the Wall" in Galaxy in 1962. She continued to write short stories throughout the 1960s and in 1971, published her first novel, Saltflower. Other novels followed until 1992, when she abandoned writing to make and sell jewelry. Gordon Van Gelder, editor of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction published her first story in more than 20 years in the December 2004 issue. He stated in an introduction to the story that: "in June 1992, after years of writing fiction, she became obsessed with jewelry making and spent a decade selling earrings and bracelets in the San Francisco Bay area. Last year she retired from that trade and now spends most of her time gardening and conferring with her cats...and, yes, writing again." Van Gelder would publish one more story in the December 2005 issue of his magazine and at that time stated in the introduction: "Joyce Van Scyoc lives in the San Francisco Bay Area and spends all summer gardening until the October rains drive her inside."
According to book reviewer Dani Zweig, coming of age and human evolution are common themes in Scyoc's books. In the novel Assignment Nor'Dyren, the two main characters are young humans off on an adventure visiting an alien world. Tollan Bailey has not been able to fit into the post-industrial work force of Earth, but the world Nor'Dyren provides an environment well suited to his interests. Laarica Johns is the other main human character, struggling to develop a career and escape from her over-protective parents. The theme of evolution is also present in Assignment Nor'Dyren, with questions raised about how human-like species must adapt to an environment that includes advanced technologies such as space travel.
Books
Saltflower (1971) Avon Books
Assignment Nor'Dyren (1973) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-17160-0.
Starmother (1976) Berkley; ISBN 0-399-11674-5
Cloudcry (1977) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-03651-0.
Sunwaifs (1981) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-04645-1.
Darkchild (1982) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-05644-9
Bluesong (1983) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-07130-8
Starsilk (1984) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-07207-X
Daughters of the Sunstone (Darkchild, Bluesong and Starsilk) (1984) Nelson Doubleday, Inc.; ISBN 0-425-06157-4
Drowntide (1987) Berkley; ISBN 0-425-09775-7.
Feather Stroke (1989) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-75438-X.
Deepwater Dreams (1991) Avon Books; ISBN 0-380-76003-7.
References
External links
Official website
Sydney J. Van Scyoc at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Works by Sydney J. Van Scyoc at Project Gutenberg
Works by Sydney J. Van Scyoc at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) | given name | {
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Gilbert Friedell Rozman (born 18 February 1943) is an American sociologist specializing in Asian studies.
Rozman completed an undergraduate degree in Chinese and Russian studies at Carleton College, and earned a doctorate in sociology at Princeton University. He was a Princeton faculty member between 1970 and 2013, where he taught as Musgrave Professor of Sociology.
Selected publications
Rozman, Gilbert (1971). Urban Networks in Russia 1750–1800 and Premodern Periodization. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert (1973). Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1981). The Modernization of China. Free Press and Collier Macmillan.
Jansen, Marius B.; Rozman, Gilbert, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1991). The East Asian Region: Confucian Heritage and Its Modern Adaptation. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (2012). East Asian National Identities: Common Roots and Chinese Exceptionalism. Stanford University Press.
== References == | educated at | {
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Gilbert Friedell Rozman (born 18 February 1943) is an American sociologist specializing in Asian studies.
Rozman completed an undergraduate degree in Chinese and Russian studies at Carleton College, and earned a doctorate in sociology at Princeton University. He was a Princeton faculty member between 1970 and 2013, where he taught as Musgrave Professor of Sociology.
Selected publications
Rozman, Gilbert (1971). Urban Networks in Russia 1750–1800 and Premodern Periodization. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert (1973). Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1981). The Modernization of China. Free Press and Collier Macmillan.
Jansen, Marius B.; Rozman, Gilbert, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1991). The East Asian Region: Confucian Heritage and Its Modern Adaptation. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (2012). East Asian National Identities: Common Roots and Chinese Exceptionalism. Stanford University Press.
== References == | occupation | {
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Gilbert Friedell Rozman (born 18 February 1943) is an American sociologist specializing in Asian studies.
Rozman completed an undergraduate degree in Chinese and Russian studies at Carleton College, and earned a doctorate in sociology at Princeton University. He was a Princeton faculty member between 1970 and 2013, where he taught as Musgrave Professor of Sociology.
Selected publications
Rozman, Gilbert (1971). Urban Networks in Russia 1750–1800 and Premodern Periodization. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert (1973). Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1981). The Modernization of China. Free Press and Collier Macmillan.
Jansen, Marius B.; Rozman, Gilbert, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1991). The East Asian Region: Confucian Heritage and Its Modern Adaptation. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (2012). East Asian National Identities: Common Roots and Chinese Exceptionalism. Stanford University Press.
== References == | employer | {
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Gilbert Friedell Rozman (born 18 February 1943) is an American sociologist specializing in Asian studies.
Rozman completed an undergraduate degree in Chinese and Russian studies at Carleton College, and earned a doctorate in sociology at Princeton University. He was a Princeton faculty member between 1970 and 2013, where he taught as Musgrave Professor of Sociology.
Selected publications
Rozman, Gilbert (1971). Urban Networks in Russia 1750–1800 and Premodern Periodization. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert (1973). Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1981). The Modernization of China. Free Press and Collier Macmillan.
Jansen, Marius B.; Rozman, Gilbert, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1991). The East Asian Region: Confucian Heritage and Its Modern Adaptation. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (2012). East Asian National Identities: Common Roots and Chinese Exceptionalism. Stanford University Press.
== References == | family name | {
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Gilbert Friedell Rozman (born 18 February 1943) is an American sociologist specializing in Asian studies.
Rozman completed an undergraduate degree in Chinese and Russian studies at Carleton College, and earned a doctorate in sociology at Princeton University. He was a Princeton faculty member between 1970 and 2013, where he taught as Musgrave Professor of Sociology.
Selected publications
Rozman, Gilbert (1971). Urban Networks in Russia 1750–1800 and Premodern Periodization. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert (1973). Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1981). The Modernization of China. Free Press and Collier Macmillan.
Jansen, Marius B.; Rozman, Gilbert, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (1991). The East Asian Region: Confucian Heritage and Its Modern Adaptation. Princeton University Press.
Rozman, Gilbert, ed. (2012). East Asian National Identities: Common Roots and Chinese Exceptionalism. Stanford University Press.
== References == | given name | {
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Orcuttia is a genus of grass in the family Poaceae. Plants grow up to 20 cm (8 in) tall, usually with many stems emerging from the base of the plant, and forming a tuft. The spikelets (groups of flowers) are several-flowered, with reduced upper florets. The lemma tips have between two and five teeth.
Described in 1886, the genus contains five species native to California and Baja California. All plants are associated with vernal pools. Plants sprout when the pools are full but grow and flower after the pool bed has dried. These annual grasses, known generally as Orcutt grass, are all rare and federally protected in the United States.
Taxonomy
Orcuttia was circumscribed by George Vasey in 1886, based on a collection of O. californica made by Californian botanist Charles Russell Orcutt, for whom the genus is named. The type locality was near San Quintin Bay in Baja California. O. californica was not collected again until 1922. Orcuttia greenei was described by Vasey in 1891 from collections near Chico, Butte county, but it was later transferred to Tuctoria (an anagram of Orcuttia). Hoover surveyed the genus in 1941. Orcuttia is the type genus of the tribe Orcuttieae, which also includes Tuctoria and the monotypic genus Neostapfia.
Description
Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground). The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to 20 cm (7.9 in), in the case of O. pilosa.The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth. There are 4–40 florets, which break above the glumes, and, in maturity, between the florets. The lemmas are prominently 5-nerved (referring to a strand of vascular and supporting tissue in a leaf or similar structure); these end in prominent teeth that are 1/3 to 1/2 or more the length of the lemma. Each individual tooth is flanked on either side of the strong central nerve by an additional weaker nerve, which extends about halfway to the base of the lemma. The palea (scales) are well-developed, and have 2 nerves; there are no lodicules. There are three white or pinkish anthers, which are borne on long, slender, ribbon-like filaments at anthesis. The pistil has two elongate filament-like styles that originate from the apex of the ovary; these are stigma-like for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, and the stigmatic hairs are short and sparse. The caryopsis (a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat) is oblong to elliptical, and slightly flattened.
Species
Orcuttia californica - California Orcutt grass (endangered).
Orcuttia inaequalis - San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia pilosa - hairy Orcutt grass (endangered)
Orcuttia tenuis - slender Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia viscida - Sacramento Orcutt grass (endangered)
Ecology and distribution
All species of Orcuttia are associated with vernal pools, typically those ranging from 20–100 m (66–328 ft) or more in length or diameter. Before germination, seeds must be immersed in the pool mud for several months. Seedlings start as aquatic plants, first developing floating leaves, and then growing taller as the water level drops. Flowering begins within days after the water has dried out. Their seeds remain viable for several years, germinating only after their habitats have been flooded. A particular pool may have no Orcuttia plants for several dry years, but after heavy winter rains a large population may develop as the habitat dries during the spring and summer. Recreational misuse, urban development, and extensive development of irrigated agriculture has destroyed many of the specialised habitats for Orcuttia species, and they are federally and state-listed species of concern.
References
External links
Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora
Jepson Manual Treatment: Orcuttia
USDA Plants Profile | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
} |
Orcuttia is a genus of grass in the family Poaceae. Plants grow up to 20 cm (8 in) tall, usually with many stems emerging from the base of the plant, and forming a tuft. The spikelets (groups of flowers) are several-flowered, with reduced upper florets. The lemma tips have between two and five teeth.
Described in 1886, the genus contains five species native to California and Baja California. All plants are associated with vernal pools. Plants sprout when the pools are full but grow and flower after the pool bed has dried. These annual grasses, known generally as Orcutt grass, are all rare and federally protected in the United States.
Taxonomy
Orcuttia was circumscribed by George Vasey in 1886, based on a collection of O. californica made by Californian botanist Charles Russell Orcutt, for whom the genus is named. The type locality was near San Quintin Bay in Baja California. O. californica was not collected again until 1922. Orcuttia greenei was described by Vasey in 1891 from collections near Chico, Butte county, but it was later transferred to Tuctoria (an anagram of Orcuttia). Hoover surveyed the genus in 1941. Orcuttia is the type genus of the tribe Orcuttieae, which also includes Tuctoria and the monotypic genus Neostapfia.
Description
Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground). The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to 20 cm (7.9 in), in the case of O. pilosa.The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth. There are 4–40 florets, which break above the glumes, and, in maturity, between the florets. The lemmas are prominently 5-nerved (referring to a strand of vascular and supporting tissue in a leaf or similar structure); these end in prominent teeth that are 1/3 to 1/2 or more the length of the lemma. Each individual tooth is flanked on either side of the strong central nerve by an additional weaker nerve, which extends about halfway to the base of the lemma. The palea (scales) are well-developed, and have 2 nerves; there are no lodicules. There are three white or pinkish anthers, which are borne on long, slender, ribbon-like filaments at anthesis. The pistil has two elongate filament-like styles that originate from the apex of the ovary; these are stigma-like for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, and the stigmatic hairs are short and sparse. The caryopsis (a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat) is oblong to elliptical, and slightly flattened.
Species
Orcuttia californica - California Orcutt grass (endangered).
Orcuttia inaequalis - San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia pilosa - hairy Orcutt grass (endangered)
Orcuttia tenuis - slender Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia viscida - Sacramento Orcutt grass (endangered)
Ecology and distribution
All species of Orcuttia are associated with vernal pools, typically those ranging from 20–100 m (66–328 ft) or more in length or diameter. Before germination, seeds must be immersed in the pool mud for several months. Seedlings start as aquatic plants, first developing floating leaves, and then growing taller as the water level drops. Flowering begins within days after the water has dried out. Their seeds remain viable for several years, germinating only after their habitats have been flooded. A particular pool may have no Orcuttia plants for several dry years, but after heavy winter rains a large population may develop as the habitat dries during the spring and summer. Recreational misuse, urban development, and extensive development of irrigated agriculture has destroyed many of the specialised habitats for Orcuttia species, and they are federally and state-listed species of concern.
References
External links
Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora
Jepson Manual Treatment: Orcuttia
USDA Plants Profile | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Poaceae"
]
} |
Orcuttia is a genus of grass in the family Poaceae. Plants grow up to 20 cm (8 in) tall, usually with many stems emerging from the base of the plant, and forming a tuft. The spikelets (groups of flowers) are several-flowered, with reduced upper florets. The lemma tips have between two and five teeth.
Described in 1886, the genus contains five species native to California and Baja California. All plants are associated with vernal pools. Plants sprout when the pools are full but grow and flower after the pool bed has dried. These annual grasses, known generally as Orcutt grass, are all rare and federally protected in the United States.
Taxonomy
Orcuttia was circumscribed by George Vasey in 1886, based on a collection of O. californica made by Californian botanist Charles Russell Orcutt, for whom the genus is named. The type locality was near San Quintin Bay in Baja California. O. californica was not collected again until 1922. Orcuttia greenei was described by Vasey in 1891 from collections near Chico, Butte county, but it was later transferred to Tuctoria (an anagram of Orcuttia). Hoover surveyed the genus in 1941. Orcuttia is the type genus of the tribe Orcuttieae, which also includes Tuctoria and the monotypic genus Neostapfia.
Description
Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground). The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to 20 cm (7.9 in), in the case of O. pilosa.The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth. There are 4–40 florets, which break above the glumes, and, in maturity, between the florets. The lemmas are prominently 5-nerved (referring to a strand of vascular and supporting tissue in a leaf or similar structure); these end in prominent teeth that are 1/3 to 1/2 or more the length of the lemma. Each individual tooth is flanked on either side of the strong central nerve by an additional weaker nerve, which extends about halfway to the base of the lemma. The palea (scales) are well-developed, and have 2 nerves; there are no lodicules. There are three white or pinkish anthers, which are borne on long, slender, ribbon-like filaments at anthesis. The pistil has two elongate filament-like styles that originate from the apex of the ovary; these are stigma-like for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, and the stigmatic hairs are short and sparse. The caryopsis (a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat) is oblong to elliptical, and slightly flattened.
Species
Orcuttia californica - California Orcutt grass (endangered).
Orcuttia inaequalis - San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia pilosa - hairy Orcutt grass (endangered)
Orcuttia tenuis - slender Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia viscida - Sacramento Orcutt grass (endangered)
Ecology and distribution
All species of Orcuttia are associated with vernal pools, typically those ranging from 20–100 m (66–328 ft) or more in length or diameter. Before germination, seeds must be immersed in the pool mud for several months. Seedlings start as aquatic plants, first developing floating leaves, and then growing taller as the water level drops. Flowering begins within days after the water has dried out. Their seeds remain viable for several years, germinating only after their habitats have been flooded. A particular pool may have no Orcuttia plants for several dry years, but after heavy winter rains a large population may develop as the habitat dries during the spring and summer. Recreational misuse, urban development, and extensive development of irrigated agriculture has destroyed many of the specialised habitats for Orcuttia species, and they are federally and state-listed species of concern.
References
External links
Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora
Jepson Manual Treatment: Orcuttia
USDA Plants Profile | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Orcuttia"
]
} |
Orcuttia is a genus of grass in the family Poaceae. Plants grow up to 20 cm (8 in) tall, usually with many stems emerging from the base of the plant, and forming a tuft. The spikelets (groups of flowers) are several-flowered, with reduced upper florets. The lemma tips have between two and five teeth.
Described in 1886, the genus contains five species native to California and Baja California. All plants are associated with vernal pools. Plants sprout when the pools are full but grow and flower after the pool bed has dried. These annual grasses, known generally as Orcutt grass, are all rare and federally protected in the United States.
Taxonomy
Orcuttia was circumscribed by George Vasey in 1886, based on a collection of O. californica made by Californian botanist Charles Russell Orcutt, for whom the genus is named. The type locality was near San Quintin Bay in Baja California. O. californica was not collected again until 1922. Orcuttia greenei was described by Vasey in 1891 from collections near Chico, Butte county, but it was later transferred to Tuctoria (an anagram of Orcuttia). Hoover surveyed the genus in 1941. Orcuttia is the type genus of the tribe Orcuttieae, which also includes Tuctoria and the monotypic genus Neostapfia.
Description
Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground). The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to 20 cm (7.9 in), in the case of O. pilosa.The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth. There are 4–40 florets, which break above the glumes, and, in maturity, between the florets. The lemmas are prominently 5-nerved (referring to a strand of vascular and supporting tissue in a leaf or similar structure); these end in prominent teeth that are 1/3 to 1/2 or more the length of the lemma. Each individual tooth is flanked on either side of the strong central nerve by an additional weaker nerve, which extends about halfway to the base of the lemma. The palea (scales) are well-developed, and have 2 nerves; there are no lodicules. There are three white or pinkish anthers, which are borne on long, slender, ribbon-like filaments at anthesis. The pistil has two elongate filament-like styles that originate from the apex of the ovary; these are stigma-like for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, and the stigmatic hairs are short and sparse. The caryopsis (a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat) is oblong to elliptical, and slightly flattened.
Species
Orcuttia californica - California Orcutt grass (endangered).
Orcuttia inaequalis - San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia pilosa - hairy Orcutt grass (endangered)
Orcuttia tenuis - slender Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia viscida - Sacramento Orcutt grass (endangered)
Ecology and distribution
All species of Orcuttia are associated with vernal pools, typically those ranging from 20–100 m (66–328 ft) or more in length or diameter. Before germination, seeds must be immersed in the pool mud for several months. Seedlings start as aquatic plants, first developing floating leaves, and then growing taller as the water level drops. Flowering begins within days after the water has dried out. Their seeds remain viable for several years, germinating only after their habitats have been flooded. A particular pool may have no Orcuttia plants for several dry years, but after heavy winter rains a large population may develop as the habitat dries during the spring and summer. Recreational misuse, urban development, and extensive development of irrigated agriculture has destroyed many of the specialised habitats for Orcuttia species, and they are federally and state-listed species of concern.
References
External links
Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora
Jepson Manual Treatment: Orcuttia
USDA Plants Profile | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Orcuttia"
]
} |
Orcuttia is a genus of grass in the family Poaceae. Plants grow up to 20 cm (8 in) tall, usually with many stems emerging from the base of the plant, and forming a tuft. The spikelets (groups of flowers) are several-flowered, with reduced upper florets. The lemma tips have between two and five teeth.
Described in 1886, the genus contains five species native to California and Baja California. All plants are associated with vernal pools. Plants sprout when the pools are full but grow and flower after the pool bed has dried. These annual grasses, known generally as Orcutt grass, are all rare and federally protected in the United States.
Taxonomy
Orcuttia was circumscribed by George Vasey in 1886, based on a collection of O. californica made by Californian botanist Charles Russell Orcutt, for whom the genus is named. The type locality was near San Quintin Bay in Baja California. O. californica was not collected again until 1922. Orcuttia greenei was described by Vasey in 1891 from collections near Chico, Butte county, but it was later transferred to Tuctoria (an anagram of Orcuttia). Hoover surveyed the genus in 1941. Orcuttia is the type genus of the tribe Orcuttieae, which also includes Tuctoria and the monotypic genus Neostapfia.
Description
Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground). The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to 20 cm (7.9 in), in the case of O. pilosa.The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth. There are 4–40 florets, which break above the glumes, and, in maturity, between the florets. The lemmas are prominently 5-nerved (referring to a strand of vascular and supporting tissue in a leaf or similar structure); these end in prominent teeth that are 1/3 to 1/2 or more the length of the lemma. Each individual tooth is flanked on either side of the strong central nerve by an additional weaker nerve, which extends about halfway to the base of the lemma. The palea (scales) are well-developed, and have 2 nerves; there are no lodicules. There are three white or pinkish anthers, which are borne on long, slender, ribbon-like filaments at anthesis. The pistil has two elongate filament-like styles that originate from the apex of the ovary; these are stigma-like for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, and the stigmatic hairs are short and sparse. The caryopsis (a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat) is oblong to elliptical, and slightly flattened.
Species
Orcuttia californica - California Orcutt grass (endangered).
Orcuttia inaequalis - San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia pilosa - hairy Orcutt grass (endangered)
Orcuttia tenuis - slender Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia viscida - Sacramento Orcutt grass (endangered)
Ecology and distribution
All species of Orcuttia are associated with vernal pools, typically those ranging from 20–100 m (66–328 ft) or more in length or diameter. Before germination, seeds must be immersed in the pool mud for several months. Seedlings start as aquatic plants, first developing floating leaves, and then growing taller as the water level drops. Flowering begins within days after the water has dried out. Their seeds remain viable for several years, germinating only after their habitats have been flooded. A particular pool may have no Orcuttia plants for several dry years, but after heavy winter rains a large population may develop as the habitat dries during the spring and summer. Recreational misuse, urban development, and extensive development of irrigated agriculture has destroyed many of the specialised habitats for Orcuttia species, and they are federally and state-listed species of concern.
References
External links
Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora
Jepson Manual Treatment: Orcuttia
USDA Plants Profile | taxon common name | {
"answer_start": [
569
],
"text": [
"Orcutt grass"
]
} |
Orcuttia is a genus of grass in the family Poaceae. Plants grow up to 20 cm (8 in) tall, usually with many stems emerging from the base of the plant, and forming a tuft. The spikelets (groups of flowers) are several-flowered, with reduced upper florets. The lemma tips have between two and five teeth.
Described in 1886, the genus contains five species native to California and Baja California. All plants are associated with vernal pools. Plants sprout when the pools are full but grow and flower after the pool bed has dried. These annual grasses, known generally as Orcutt grass, are all rare and federally protected in the United States.
Taxonomy
Orcuttia was circumscribed by George Vasey in 1886, based on a collection of O. californica made by Californian botanist Charles Russell Orcutt, for whom the genus is named. The type locality was near San Quintin Bay in Baja California. O. californica was not collected again until 1922. Orcuttia greenei was described by Vasey in 1891 from collections near Chico, Butte county, but it was later transferred to Tuctoria (an anagram of Orcuttia). Hoover surveyed the genus in 1941. Orcuttia is the type genus of the tribe Orcuttieae, which also includes Tuctoria and the monotypic genus Neostapfia.
Description
Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground). The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to 20 cm (7.9 in), in the case of O. pilosa.The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth. There are 4–40 florets, which break above the glumes, and, in maturity, between the florets. The lemmas are prominently 5-nerved (referring to a strand of vascular and supporting tissue in a leaf or similar structure); these end in prominent teeth that are 1/3 to 1/2 or more the length of the lemma. Each individual tooth is flanked on either side of the strong central nerve by an additional weaker nerve, which extends about halfway to the base of the lemma. The palea (scales) are well-developed, and have 2 nerves; there are no lodicules. There are three white or pinkish anthers, which are borne on long, slender, ribbon-like filaments at anthesis. The pistil has two elongate filament-like styles that originate from the apex of the ovary; these are stigma-like for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, and the stigmatic hairs are short and sparse. The caryopsis (a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat) is oblong to elliptical, and slightly flattened.
Species
Orcuttia californica - California Orcutt grass (endangered).
Orcuttia inaequalis - San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia pilosa - hairy Orcutt grass (endangered)
Orcuttia tenuis - slender Orcutt grass (threatened)
Orcuttia viscida - Sacramento Orcutt grass (endangered)
Ecology and distribution
All species of Orcuttia are associated with vernal pools, typically those ranging from 20–100 m (66–328 ft) or more in length or diameter. Before germination, seeds must be immersed in the pool mud for several months. Seedlings start as aquatic plants, first developing floating leaves, and then growing taller as the water level drops. Flowering begins within days after the water has dried out. Their seeds remain viable for several years, germinating only after their habitats have been flooded. A particular pool may have no Orcuttia plants for several dry years, but after heavy winter rains a large population may develop as the habitat dries during the spring and summer. Recreational misuse, urban development, and extensive development of irrigated agriculture has destroyed many of the specialised habitats for Orcuttia species, and they are federally and state-listed species of concern.
References
External links
Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora
Jepson Manual Treatment: Orcuttia
USDA Plants Profile | KBpedia ID | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Orcuttia"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | father | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gunnar Johnsen"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"journalist"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | family name | {
"answer_start": [
7
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"text": [
"Johnsen"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gunnar"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"Norwegian"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"Oslo"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | residence | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"Oslo"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | child | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gunnar Johnsen"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | work location | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"Oslo"
]
} |
Gunnar Johnsen (28 May 1924 – 10 February 2001) was a Norwegian journalist and politician.
He was born in Oslo to Trygve Johnsen and Bergljot Johannessen. He was elected representative to the Storting for the period 1973–1977 for the Conservative Party. From 1977 to 1993 he was chief editor of the newspaper Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad.
== References == | name in native language | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gunnar Johnsen"
]
} |
Blipverts may refer to:
"Blipverts" (Max Headroom), the pilot episode of the Max Headroom science fiction genre 1987–1988 TV series
Blipvert, a fictional high-intensity television commercial technology first discussed in the "Blipverts" pilot of Max Headroom | part of the series | {
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"Max Headroom"
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Blipverts may refer to:
"Blipverts" (Max Headroom), the pilot episode of the Max Headroom science fiction genre 1987–1988 TV series
Blipvert, a fictional high-intensity television commercial technology first discussed in the "Blipverts" pilot of Max Headroom | title | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Blipverts"
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} |
Chionogenes trimetra is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Australia.
References
External links
https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:4bd6da4a-344c-441e-b0f1-381e61550dbb#overview | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
178
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"text": [
"taxon"
]
} |
Chionogenes trimetra is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Australia.
References
External links
https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:4bd6da4a-344c-441e-b0f1-381e61550dbb#overview | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"species"
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} |
Chionogenes trimetra is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Australia.
References
External links
https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:4bd6da4a-344c-441e-b0f1-381e61550dbb#overview | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Chionogenes"
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Chionogenes trimetra is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Australia.
References
External links
https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:4bd6da4a-344c-441e-b0f1-381e61550dbb#overview | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Chionogenes trimetra"
]
} |
Kristine Hanson (born September 23, 1951, in Illinois) is an American television broadcaster who also was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1974 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by David Chan.
She was previously the host of DIY Network's The Dirt on Gardening.Hanson has been the weather presenter on KTXL and KCRA in Sacramento, California, on KTVU, KGO, and KRON in San Francisco, and KZST in Santa Rosa, California. She is currently a meteorologist on KOVR in Sacramento, California.
She won an Emmy Award and a first place award for American Women in Radio and Television.She holds communication studies and theatre arts degrees from California State University, Sacramento and a degree in meteorology from San Francisco State University.
See also
List of people in Playboy 1970–1979
References
External links
Kristine Hanson at Playboy Online | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Illinois"
]
} |
Kristine Hanson (born September 23, 1951, in Illinois) is an American television broadcaster who also was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1974 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by David Chan.
She was previously the host of DIY Network's The Dirt on Gardening.Hanson has been the weather presenter on KTXL and KCRA in Sacramento, California, on KTVU, KGO, and KRON in San Francisco, and KZST in Santa Rosa, California. She is currently a meteorologist on KOVR in Sacramento, California.
She won an Emmy Award and a first place award for American Women in Radio and Television.She holds communication studies and theatre arts degrees from California State University, Sacramento and a degree in meteorology from San Francisco State University.
See also
List of people in Playboy 1970–1979
References
External links
Kristine Hanson at Playboy Online | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
669
],
"text": [
"California State University, Sacramento"
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} |
Kristine Hanson (born September 23, 1951, in Illinois) is an American television broadcaster who also was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1974 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by David Chan.
She was previously the host of DIY Network's The Dirt on Gardening.Hanson has been the weather presenter on KTXL and KCRA in Sacramento, California, on KTVU, KGO, and KRON in San Francisco, and KZST in Santa Rosa, California. She is currently a meteorologist on KOVR in Sacramento, California.
She won an Emmy Award and a first place award for American Women in Radio and Television.She holds communication studies and theatre arts degrees from California State University, Sacramento and a degree in meteorology from San Francisco State University.
See also
List of people in Playboy 1970–1979
References
External links
Kristine Hanson at Playboy Online | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
469
],
"text": [
"meteorologist"
]
} |
Kristine Hanson (born September 23, 1951, in Illinois) is an American television broadcaster who also was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1974 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by David Chan.
She was previously the host of DIY Network's The Dirt on Gardening.Hanson has been the weather presenter on KTXL and KCRA in Sacramento, California, on KTVU, KGO, and KRON in San Francisco, and KZST in Santa Rosa, California. She is currently a meteorologist on KOVR in Sacramento, California.
She won an Emmy Award and a first place award for American Women in Radio and Television.She holds communication studies and theatre arts degrees from California State University, Sacramento and a degree in meteorology from San Francisco State University.
See also
List of people in Playboy 1970–1979
References
External links
Kristine Hanson at Playboy Online | family name | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Hanson"
]
} |
Kristine Hanson (born September 23, 1951, in Illinois) is an American television broadcaster who also was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1974 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by David Chan.
She was previously the host of DIY Network's The Dirt on Gardening.Hanson has been the weather presenter on KTXL and KCRA in Sacramento, California, on KTVU, KGO, and KRON in San Francisco, and KZST in Santa Rosa, California. She is currently a meteorologist on KOVR in Sacramento, California.
She won an Emmy Award and a first place award for American Women in Radio and Television.She holds communication studies and theatre arts degrees from California State University, Sacramento and a degree in meteorology from San Francisco State University.
See also
List of people in Playboy 1970–1979
References
External links
Kristine Hanson at Playboy Online | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kristine"
]
} |
Kristine Hanson (born September 23, 1951, in Illinois) is an American television broadcaster who also was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1974 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by David Chan.
She was previously the host of DIY Network's The Dirt on Gardening.Hanson has been the weather presenter on KTXL and KCRA in Sacramento, California, on KTVU, KGO, and KRON in San Francisco, and KZST in Santa Rosa, California. She is currently a meteorologist on KOVR in Sacramento, California.
She won an Emmy Award and a first place award for American Women in Radio and Television.She holds communication studies and theatre arts degrees from California State University, Sacramento and a degree in meteorology from San Francisco State University.
See also
List of people in Playboy 1970–1979
References
External links
Kristine Hanson at Playboy Online | mass | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"51"
]
} |
Standard Fruit Company (now Dole plc) was established in the United States in 1924 by the Vaccaro brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian Arberesh immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915, the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president, Joseph Vaccaro, becoming known as the "Ice King".
Along with the United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit played a significant role in the governments of Honduras and other Central American countries, which became known as "banana republics" due to the high degree of control which the fruit companies held over the nations.
In 1926, the company changed its name from Standard Fruit Company to Standard Fruit & Steamship Company. Between 1964 and 1968, the company was acquired by the Castle & Cooke Corporation, which also acquired James Dole's Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCO) around the same time. In 1991, Castle & Cooke was renamed Dole Food Company. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995 and, following a 2000 management buyout, is now privately held.
1954 Honduras Strike
In 1954 there was a general strike in Honduras against the Standard Fruit company among others. A detailed timeline can be seen below:
HONDURAS:
May 5. The workers of the United Fruit Company go on strike demanding higher wages and are followed by the Standard Fruit workers. This strike paralyzes all banana operations and peaks with 25,000 striking workers (around 15% of all the country's labor force)
May 7: United Fruit manager J. F. Aycock declares that the company would not negotiate as long as the workers are on strike. That day, the strike expands to La Ceiba, Standard Fruit center of operations. Contrary to United Fruit, Standard offers to negotiate with striking workers.
May 9. The American ambassador in Honduras says that the country's strike had been inspired by Guatemalan communists. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles suggests that Guatemala Arbenz's government might be behind the Honduran strike.
By the second week of May 11,000 Standard Fruit Company employees join the strike. Simultaneously, laborers in others sector of the economy go on strike too, including miners, brewers, and textile workers.
May 16: The strikers present their "pliego de peticiones" to manager Aycock in La Lima. They quote the Universal Declarations of the Rights of Man and demand an increase in wages. At the same time, the workers of Coca-Cola in La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes strike.
Shortly after the protests began, the Honduran President Manuel Galvez expels two Guatemalan consuls charging them of instigation.
May 18: Standard Fruit opens negotiations with the workers under governmental arbitration. The company agrees to increase wages and improve working conditions, making this the first time in Honduran history that a private corporation negotiates a collective agreement. The workers committed themselves to go back to work on May 21.
May 21: After the Standard Fruit workers go back to work, the United Fruit workers harden their position. The number of strikers increases to 100,000 United Fruit.
References
Further reading
Thomas L. Karnes, "Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit & Steamship Company in Latin America", Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978
External links
United Fruit Historical Society
Dole Food Company, Inc. website | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
320
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"text": [
"business"
]
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Standard Fruit Company (now Dole plc) was established in the United States in 1924 by the Vaccaro brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian Arberesh immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915, the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president, Joseph Vaccaro, becoming known as the "Ice King".
Along with the United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit played a significant role in the governments of Honduras and other Central American countries, which became known as "banana republics" due to the high degree of control which the fruit companies held over the nations.
In 1926, the company changed its name from Standard Fruit Company to Standard Fruit & Steamship Company. Between 1964 and 1968, the company was acquired by the Castle & Cooke Corporation, which also acquired James Dole's Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCO) around the same time. In 1991, Castle & Cooke was renamed Dole Food Company. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995 and, following a 2000 management buyout, is now privately held.
1954 Honduras Strike
In 1954 there was a general strike in Honduras against the Standard Fruit company among others. A detailed timeline can be seen below:
HONDURAS:
May 5. The workers of the United Fruit Company go on strike demanding higher wages and are followed by the Standard Fruit workers. This strike paralyzes all banana operations and peaks with 25,000 striking workers (around 15% of all the country's labor force)
May 7: United Fruit manager J. F. Aycock declares that the company would not negotiate as long as the workers are on strike. That day, the strike expands to La Ceiba, Standard Fruit center of operations. Contrary to United Fruit, Standard offers to negotiate with striking workers.
May 9. The American ambassador in Honduras says that the country's strike had been inspired by Guatemalan communists. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles suggests that Guatemala Arbenz's government might be behind the Honduran strike.
By the second week of May 11,000 Standard Fruit Company employees join the strike. Simultaneously, laborers in others sector of the economy go on strike too, including miners, brewers, and textile workers.
May 16: The strikers present their "pliego de peticiones" to manager Aycock in La Lima. They quote the Universal Declarations of the Rights of Man and demand an increase in wages. At the same time, the workers of Coca-Cola in La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes strike.
Shortly after the protests began, the Honduran President Manuel Galvez expels two Guatemalan consuls charging them of instigation.
May 18: Standard Fruit opens negotiations with the workers under governmental arbitration. The company agrees to increase wages and improve working conditions, making this the first time in Honduran history that a private corporation negotiates a collective agreement. The workers committed themselves to go back to work on May 21.
May 21: After the Standard Fruit workers go back to work, the United Fruit workers harden their position. The number of strikers increases to 100,000 United Fruit.
References
Further reading
Thomas L. Karnes, "Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit & Steamship Company in Latin America", Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978
External links
United Fruit Historical Society
Dole Food Company, Inc. website | founded by | {
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Standard Fruit Company (now Dole plc) was established in the United States in 1924 by the Vaccaro brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian Arberesh immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915, the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president, Joseph Vaccaro, becoming known as the "Ice King".
Along with the United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit played a significant role in the governments of Honduras and other Central American countries, which became known as "banana republics" due to the high degree of control which the fruit companies held over the nations.
In 1926, the company changed its name from Standard Fruit Company to Standard Fruit & Steamship Company. Between 1964 and 1968, the company was acquired by the Castle & Cooke Corporation, which also acquired James Dole's Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCO) around the same time. In 1991, Castle & Cooke was renamed Dole Food Company. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995 and, following a 2000 management buyout, is now privately held.
1954 Honduras Strike
In 1954 there was a general strike in Honduras against the Standard Fruit company among others. A detailed timeline can be seen below:
HONDURAS:
May 5. The workers of the United Fruit Company go on strike demanding higher wages and are followed by the Standard Fruit workers. This strike paralyzes all banana operations and peaks with 25,000 striking workers (around 15% of all the country's labor force)
May 7: United Fruit manager J. F. Aycock declares that the company would not negotiate as long as the workers are on strike. That day, the strike expands to La Ceiba, Standard Fruit center of operations. Contrary to United Fruit, Standard offers to negotiate with striking workers.
May 9. The American ambassador in Honduras says that the country's strike had been inspired by Guatemalan communists. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles suggests that Guatemala Arbenz's government might be behind the Honduran strike.
By the second week of May 11,000 Standard Fruit Company employees join the strike. Simultaneously, laborers in others sector of the economy go on strike too, including miners, brewers, and textile workers.
May 16: The strikers present their "pliego de peticiones" to manager Aycock in La Lima. They quote the Universal Declarations of the Rights of Man and demand an increase in wages. At the same time, the workers of Coca-Cola in La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes strike.
Shortly after the protests began, the Honduran President Manuel Galvez expels two Guatemalan consuls charging them of instigation.
May 18: Standard Fruit opens negotiations with the workers under governmental arbitration. The company agrees to increase wages and improve working conditions, making this the first time in Honduran history that a private corporation negotiates a collective agreement. The workers committed themselves to go back to work on May 21.
May 21: After the Standard Fruit workers go back to work, the United Fruit workers harden their position. The number of strikers increases to 100,000 United Fruit.
References
Further reading
Thomas L. Karnes, "Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit & Steamship Company in Latin America", Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978
External links
United Fruit Historical Society
Dole Food Company, Inc. website | headquarters location | {
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Standard Fruit Company (now Dole plc) was established in the United States in 1924 by the Vaccaro brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian Arberesh immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915, the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president, Joseph Vaccaro, becoming known as the "Ice King".
Along with the United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit played a significant role in the governments of Honduras and other Central American countries, which became known as "banana republics" due to the high degree of control which the fruit companies held over the nations.
In 1926, the company changed its name from Standard Fruit Company to Standard Fruit & Steamship Company. Between 1964 and 1968, the company was acquired by the Castle & Cooke Corporation, which also acquired James Dole's Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCO) around the same time. In 1991, Castle & Cooke was renamed Dole Food Company. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995 and, following a 2000 management buyout, is now privately held.
1954 Honduras Strike
In 1954 there was a general strike in Honduras against the Standard Fruit company among others. A detailed timeline can be seen below:
HONDURAS:
May 5. The workers of the United Fruit Company go on strike demanding higher wages and are followed by the Standard Fruit workers. This strike paralyzes all banana operations and peaks with 25,000 striking workers (around 15% of all the country's labor force)
May 7: United Fruit manager J. F. Aycock declares that the company would not negotiate as long as the workers are on strike. That day, the strike expands to La Ceiba, Standard Fruit center of operations. Contrary to United Fruit, Standard offers to negotiate with striking workers.
May 9. The American ambassador in Honduras says that the country's strike had been inspired by Guatemalan communists. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles suggests that Guatemala Arbenz's government might be behind the Honduran strike.
By the second week of May 11,000 Standard Fruit Company employees join the strike. Simultaneously, laborers in others sector of the economy go on strike too, including miners, brewers, and textile workers.
May 16: The strikers present their "pliego de peticiones" to manager Aycock in La Lima. They quote the Universal Declarations of the Rights of Man and demand an increase in wages. At the same time, the workers of Coca-Cola in La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes strike.
Shortly after the protests began, the Honduran President Manuel Galvez expels two Guatemalan consuls charging them of instigation.
May 18: Standard Fruit opens negotiations with the workers under governmental arbitration. The company agrees to increase wages and improve working conditions, making this the first time in Honduran history that a private corporation negotiates a collective agreement. The workers committed themselves to go back to work on May 21.
May 21: After the Standard Fruit workers go back to work, the United Fruit workers harden their position. The number of strikers increases to 100,000 United Fruit.
References
Further reading
Thomas L. Karnes, "Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit & Steamship Company in Latin America", Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978
External links
United Fruit Historical Society
Dole Food Company, Inc. website | Commons category | {
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Standard Fruit Company (now Dole plc) was established in the United States in 1924 by the Vaccaro brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian Arberesh immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915, the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president, Joseph Vaccaro, becoming known as the "Ice King".
Along with the United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit played a significant role in the governments of Honduras and other Central American countries, which became known as "banana republics" due to the high degree of control which the fruit companies held over the nations.
In 1926, the company changed its name from Standard Fruit Company to Standard Fruit & Steamship Company. Between 1964 and 1968, the company was acquired by the Castle & Cooke Corporation, which also acquired James Dole's Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCO) around the same time. In 1991, Castle & Cooke was renamed Dole Food Company. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995 and, following a 2000 management buyout, is now privately held.
1954 Honduras Strike
In 1954 there was a general strike in Honduras against the Standard Fruit company among others. A detailed timeline can be seen below:
HONDURAS:
May 5. The workers of the United Fruit Company go on strike demanding higher wages and are followed by the Standard Fruit workers. This strike paralyzes all banana operations and peaks with 25,000 striking workers (around 15% of all the country's labor force)
May 7: United Fruit manager J. F. Aycock declares that the company would not negotiate as long as the workers are on strike. That day, the strike expands to La Ceiba, Standard Fruit center of operations. Contrary to United Fruit, Standard offers to negotiate with striking workers.
May 9. The American ambassador in Honduras says that the country's strike had been inspired by Guatemalan communists. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles suggests that Guatemala Arbenz's government might be behind the Honduran strike.
By the second week of May 11,000 Standard Fruit Company employees join the strike. Simultaneously, laborers in others sector of the economy go on strike too, including miners, brewers, and textile workers.
May 16: The strikers present their "pliego de peticiones" to manager Aycock in La Lima. They quote the Universal Declarations of the Rights of Man and demand an increase in wages. At the same time, the workers of Coca-Cola in La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes strike.
Shortly after the protests began, the Honduran President Manuel Galvez expels two Guatemalan consuls charging them of instigation.
May 18: Standard Fruit opens negotiations with the workers under governmental arbitration. The company agrees to increase wages and improve working conditions, making this the first time in Honduran history that a private corporation negotiates a collective agreement. The workers committed themselves to go back to work on May 21.
May 21: After the Standard Fruit workers go back to work, the United Fruit workers harden their position. The number of strikers increases to 100,000 United Fruit.
References
Further reading
Thomas L. Karnes, "Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit & Steamship Company in Latin America", Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978
External links
United Fruit Historical Society
Dole Food Company, Inc. website | product or material produced | {
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"text": [
"banana"
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Standard Fruit Company (now Dole plc) was established in the United States in 1924 by the Vaccaro brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian Arberesh immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915, the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president, Joseph Vaccaro, becoming known as the "Ice King".
Along with the United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit played a significant role in the governments of Honduras and other Central American countries, which became known as "banana republics" due to the high degree of control which the fruit companies held over the nations.
In 1926, the company changed its name from Standard Fruit Company to Standard Fruit & Steamship Company. Between 1964 and 1968, the company was acquired by the Castle & Cooke Corporation, which also acquired James Dole's Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCO) around the same time. In 1991, Castle & Cooke was renamed Dole Food Company. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995 and, following a 2000 management buyout, is now privately held.
1954 Honduras Strike
In 1954 there was a general strike in Honduras against the Standard Fruit company among others. A detailed timeline can be seen below:
HONDURAS:
May 5. The workers of the United Fruit Company go on strike demanding higher wages and are followed by the Standard Fruit workers. This strike paralyzes all banana operations and peaks with 25,000 striking workers (around 15% of all the country's labor force)
May 7: United Fruit manager J. F. Aycock declares that the company would not negotiate as long as the workers are on strike. That day, the strike expands to La Ceiba, Standard Fruit center of operations. Contrary to United Fruit, Standard offers to negotiate with striking workers.
May 9. The American ambassador in Honduras says that the country's strike had been inspired by Guatemalan communists. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles suggests that Guatemala Arbenz's government might be behind the Honduran strike.
By the second week of May 11,000 Standard Fruit Company employees join the strike. Simultaneously, laborers in others sector of the economy go on strike too, including miners, brewers, and textile workers.
May 16: The strikers present their "pliego de peticiones" to manager Aycock in La Lima. They quote the Universal Declarations of the Rights of Man and demand an increase in wages. At the same time, the workers of Coca-Cola in La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes strike.
Shortly after the protests began, the Honduran President Manuel Galvez expels two Guatemalan consuls charging them of instigation.
May 18: Standard Fruit opens negotiations with the workers under governmental arbitration. The company agrees to increase wages and improve working conditions, making this the first time in Honduran history that a private corporation negotiates a collective agreement. The workers committed themselves to go back to work on May 21.
May 21: After the Standard Fruit workers go back to work, the United Fruit workers harden their position. The number of strikers increases to 100,000 United Fruit.
References
Further reading
Thomas L. Karnes, "Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit & Steamship Company in Latin America", Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978
External links
United Fruit Historical Society
Dole Food Company, Inc. website | replaced by | {
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Standard Fruit Company (now Dole plc) was established in the United States in 1924 by the Vaccaro brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian Arberesh immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras. By 1915, the business had grown so large that it bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans in order to refrigerate its banana ships, leading to its president, Joseph Vaccaro, becoming known as the "Ice King".
Along with the United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit played a significant role in the governments of Honduras and other Central American countries, which became known as "banana republics" due to the high degree of control which the fruit companies held over the nations.
In 1926, the company changed its name from Standard Fruit Company to Standard Fruit & Steamship Company. Between 1964 and 1968, the company was acquired by the Castle & Cooke Corporation, which also acquired James Dole's Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HAPCO) around the same time. In 1991, Castle & Cooke was renamed Dole Food Company. Castle & Cooke Inc, a real estate company, was spun off in 1995 and, following a 2000 management buyout, is now privately held.
1954 Honduras Strike
In 1954 there was a general strike in Honduras against the Standard Fruit company among others. A detailed timeline can be seen below:
HONDURAS:
May 5. The workers of the United Fruit Company go on strike demanding higher wages and are followed by the Standard Fruit workers. This strike paralyzes all banana operations and peaks with 25,000 striking workers (around 15% of all the country's labor force)
May 7: United Fruit manager J. F. Aycock declares that the company would not negotiate as long as the workers are on strike. That day, the strike expands to La Ceiba, Standard Fruit center of operations. Contrary to United Fruit, Standard offers to negotiate with striking workers.
May 9. The American ambassador in Honduras says that the country's strike had been inspired by Guatemalan communists. In addition, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles suggests that Guatemala Arbenz's government might be behind the Honduran strike.
By the second week of May 11,000 Standard Fruit Company employees join the strike. Simultaneously, laborers in others sector of the economy go on strike too, including miners, brewers, and textile workers.
May 16: The strikers present their "pliego de peticiones" to manager Aycock in La Lima. They quote the Universal Declarations of the Rights of Man and demand an increase in wages. At the same time, the workers of Coca-Cola in La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes strike.
Shortly after the protests began, the Honduran President Manuel Galvez expels two Guatemalan consuls charging them of instigation.
May 18: Standard Fruit opens negotiations with the workers under governmental arbitration. The company agrees to increase wages and improve working conditions, making this the first time in Honduran history that a private corporation negotiates a collective agreement. The workers committed themselves to go back to work on May 21.
May 21: After the Standard Fruit workers go back to work, the United Fruit workers harden their position. The number of strikers increases to 100,000 United Fruit.
References
Further reading
Thomas L. Karnes, "Tropical Enterprise: The Standard Fruit & Steamship Company in Latin America", Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978
External links
United Fruit Historical Society
Dole Food Company, Inc. website | operating area | {
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} |
Isaac Delahaye (born 9 January 1982) is a Belgian guitarist and composer, best known as the lead guitarist of Dutch symphonic metal band Epica since 2009. Prior to that he was lead guitarist in the Dutch death metal band God Dethroned. Delahaye replaced former guitarist Jens van der Valk in God Dethroned after van der Valk left in 2004. He joined the band after a request from drummer and longtime friend Ariën van Weesenbeek and after several meetings with van Weesenbeek and Henri Sattler, Delahaye was welcomed into the band on 29 June 2004. On 15 January 2009, the official announcement came that Isaac was no longer a part of God Dethroned. Soon afterwards, an announcement came from the band Epica that proclaimed Delahaye as their recently hired guitarist.
Delahaye once used exclusively Jackson Guitars, his primary ones being a green Jackson Kelly and a black Jackson Kelly that have Seymour Duncan pickups with a Floyd Rose tremolo. More recently he has been using Ibanez Guitars, primarily his custom seven version of DN500K Darkstone, which he describes as an "Integral part of the sound of Epica". In an interview with Moshville Uk he states that he uses a Les Paul Black Beauty and en Epiphone custom for in the studio for solos, due to their thinner necks than the Darkstone. He also mentions that he uses a Maton 808 custom series TE acoustic. He uses Bogner amplifiers including the Uberschall and Shiva 25th Anniversary edition and in the studio mixes his guitar sound with an Axe FX II and SansAmp. He and also has used Bogner and V-Empire 2x12 Cabinets with V30 speakers.Delahaye was a member of the symphonic death metal band MaYaN from 2010–2013. He appeared on the album Quarterpast. He was replaced by Merel Bechtold as rhythm guitarist.
Musical style
Delahaye incorporates legato, alternate picking, tremolo picking, tapping, and use of the whammy bar in his solos.
Education
Isaac has a Bachelor of Music degree.
Extra gear
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Heritage Cherry Sunburst
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Tobacco Burst
InTune Picks
Morley + Boss Pedals
Sennheiser Wireless + In Ear Monitoring
American Music Products Straps
Audio Technika Mics
Ernie Ball Strings
== References == | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"guitarist"
]
} |
Isaac Delahaye (born 9 January 1982) is a Belgian guitarist and composer, best known as the lead guitarist of Dutch symphonic metal band Epica since 2009. Prior to that he was lead guitarist in the Dutch death metal band God Dethroned. Delahaye replaced former guitarist Jens van der Valk in God Dethroned after van der Valk left in 2004. He joined the band after a request from drummer and longtime friend Ariën van Weesenbeek and after several meetings with van Weesenbeek and Henri Sattler, Delahaye was welcomed into the band on 29 June 2004. On 15 January 2009, the official announcement came that Isaac was no longer a part of God Dethroned. Soon afterwards, an announcement came from the band Epica that proclaimed Delahaye as their recently hired guitarist.
Delahaye once used exclusively Jackson Guitars, his primary ones being a green Jackson Kelly and a black Jackson Kelly that have Seymour Duncan pickups with a Floyd Rose tremolo. More recently he has been using Ibanez Guitars, primarily his custom seven version of DN500K Darkstone, which he describes as an "Integral part of the sound of Epica". In an interview with Moshville Uk he states that he uses a Les Paul Black Beauty and en Epiphone custom for in the studio for solos, due to their thinner necks than the Darkstone. He also mentions that he uses a Maton 808 custom series TE acoustic. He uses Bogner amplifiers including the Uberschall and Shiva 25th Anniversary edition and in the studio mixes his guitar sound with an Axe FX II and SansAmp. He and also has used Bogner and V-Empire 2x12 Cabinets with V30 speakers.Delahaye was a member of the symphonic death metal band MaYaN from 2010–2013. He appeared on the album Quarterpast. He was replaced by Merel Bechtold as rhythm guitarist.
Musical style
Delahaye incorporates legato, alternate picking, tremolo picking, tapping, and use of the whammy bar in his solos.
Education
Isaac has a Bachelor of Music degree.
Extra gear
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Heritage Cherry Sunburst
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Tobacco Burst
InTune Picks
Morley + Boss Pedals
Sennheiser Wireless + In Ear Monitoring
American Music Products Straps
Audio Technika Mics
Ernie Ball Strings
== References == | genre | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"symphonic metal"
]
} |
Isaac Delahaye (born 9 January 1982) is a Belgian guitarist and composer, best known as the lead guitarist of Dutch symphonic metal band Epica since 2009. Prior to that he was lead guitarist in the Dutch death metal band God Dethroned. Delahaye replaced former guitarist Jens van der Valk in God Dethroned after van der Valk left in 2004. He joined the band after a request from drummer and longtime friend Ariën van Weesenbeek and after several meetings with van Weesenbeek and Henri Sattler, Delahaye was welcomed into the band on 29 June 2004. On 15 January 2009, the official announcement came that Isaac was no longer a part of God Dethroned. Soon afterwards, an announcement came from the band Epica that proclaimed Delahaye as their recently hired guitarist.
Delahaye once used exclusively Jackson Guitars, his primary ones being a green Jackson Kelly and a black Jackson Kelly that have Seymour Duncan pickups with a Floyd Rose tremolo. More recently he has been using Ibanez Guitars, primarily his custom seven version of DN500K Darkstone, which he describes as an "Integral part of the sound of Epica". In an interview with Moshville Uk he states that he uses a Les Paul Black Beauty and en Epiphone custom for in the studio for solos, due to their thinner necks than the Darkstone. He also mentions that he uses a Maton 808 custom series TE acoustic. He uses Bogner amplifiers including the Uberschall and Shiva 25th Anniversary edition and in the studio mixes his guitar sound with an Axe FX II and SansAmp. He and also has used Bogner and V-Empire 2x12 Cabinets with V30 speakers.Delahaye was a member of the symphonic death metal band MaYaN from 2010–2013. He appeared on the album Quarterpast. He was replaced by Merel Bechtold as rhythm guitarist.
Musical style
Delahaye incorporates legato, alternate picking, tremolo picking, tapping, and use of the whammy bar in his solos.
Education
Isaac has a Bachelor of Music degree.
Extra gear
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Heritage Cherry Sunburst
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Tobacco Burst
InTune Picks
Morley + Boss Pedals
Sennheiser Wireless + In Ear Monitoring
American Music Products Straps
Audio Technika Mics
Ernie Ball Strings
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Isaac Delahaye"
]
} |
Isaac Delahaye (born 9 January 1982) is a Belgian guitarist and composer, best known as the lead guitarist of Dutch symphonic metal band Epica since 2009. Prior to that he was lead guitarist in the Dutch death metal band God Dethroned. Delahaye replaced former guitarist Jens van der Valk in God Dethroned after van der Valk left in 2004. He joined the band after a request from drummer and longtime friend Ariën van Weesenbeek and after several meetings with van Weesenbeek and Henri Sattler, Delahaye was welcomed into the band on 29 June 2004. On 15 January 2009, the official announcement came that Isaac was no longer a part of God Dethroned. Soon afterwards, an announcement came from the band Epica that proclaimed Delahaye as their recently hired guitarist.
Delahaye once used exclusively Jackson Guitars, his primary ones being a green Jackson Kelly and a black Jackson Kelly that have Seymour Duncan pickups with a Floyd Rose tremolo. More recently he has been using Ibanez Guitars, primarily his custom seven version of DN500K Darkstone, which he describes as an "Integral part of the sound of Epica". In an interview with Moshville Uk he states that he uses a Les Paul Black Beauty and en Epiphone custom for in the studio for solos, due to their thinner necks than the Darkstone. He also mentions that he uses a Maton 808 custom series TE acoustic. He uses Bogner amplifiers including the Uberschall and Shiva 25th Anniversary edition and in the studio mixes his guitar sound with an Axe FX II and SansAmp. He and also has used Bogner and V-Empire 2x12 Cabinets with V30 speakers.Delahaye was a member of the symphonic death metal band MaYaN from 2010–2013. He appeared on the album Quarterpast. He was replaced by Merel Bechtold as rhythm guitarist.
Musical style
Delahaye incorporates legato, alternate picking, tremolo picking, tapping, and use of the whammy bar in his solos.
Education
Isaac has a Bachelor of Music degree.
Extra gear
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Heritage Cherry Sunburst
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Tobacco Burst
InTune Picks
Morley + Boss Pedals
Sennheiser Wireless + In Ear Monitoring
American Music Products Straps
Audio Technika Mics
Ernie Ball Strings
== References == | member of | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"Epica"
]
} |
Isaac Delahaye (born 9 January 1982) is a Belgian guitarist and composer, best known as the lead guitarist of Dutch symphonic metal band Epica since 2009. Prior to that he was lead guitarist in the Dutch death metal band God Dethroned. Delahaye replaced former guitarist Jens van der Valk in God Dethroned after van der Valk left in 2004. He joined the band after a request from drummer and longtime friend Ariën van Weesenbeek and after several meetings with van Weesenbeek and Henri Sattler, Delahaye was welcomed into the band on 29 June 2004. On 15 January 2009, the official announcement came that Isaac was no longer a part of God Dethroned. Soon afterwards, an announcement came from the band Epica that proclaimed Delahaye as their recently hired guitarist.
Delahaye once used exclusively Jackson Guitars, his primary ones being a green Jackson Kelly and a black Jackson Kelly that have Seymour Duncan pickups with a Floyd Rose tremolo. More recently he has been using Ibanez Guitars, primarily his custom seven version of DN500K Darkstone, which he describes as an "Integral part of the sound of Epica". In an interview with Moshville Uk he states that he uses a Les Paul Black Beauty and en Epiphone custom for in the studio for solos, due to their thinner necks than the Darkstone. He also mentions that he uses a Maton 808 custom series TE acoustic. He uses Bogner amplifiers including the Uberschall and Shiva 25th Anniversary edition and in the studio mixes his guitar sound with an Axe FX II and SansAmp. He and also has used Bogner and V-Empire 2x12 Cabinets with V30 speakers.Delahaye was a member of the symphonic death metal band MaYaN from 2010–2013. He appeared on the album Quarterpast. He was replaced by Merel Bechtold as rhythm guitarist.
Musical style
Delahaye incorporates legato, alternate picking, tremolo picking, tapping, and use of the whammy bar in his solos.
Education
Isaac has a Bachelor of Music degree.
Extra gear
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Heritage Cherry Sunburst
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Tobacco Burst
InTune Picks
Morley + Boss Pedals
Sennheiser Wireless + In Ear Monitoring
American Music Products Straps
Audio Technika Mics
Ernie Ball Strings
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Isaac"
]
} |
Isaac Delahaye (born 9 January 1982) is a Belgian guitarist and composer, best known as the lead guitarist of Dutch symphonic metal band Epica since 2009. Prior to that he was lead guitarist in the Dutch death metal band God Dethroned. Delahaye replaced former guitarist Jens van der Valk in God Dethroned after van der Valk left in 2004. He joined the band after a request from drummer and longtime friend Ariën van Weesenbeek and after several meetings with van Weesenbeek and Henri Sattler, Delahaye was welcomed into the band on 29 June 2004. On 15 January 2009, the official announcement came that Isaac was no longer a part of God Dethroned. Soon afterwards, an announcement came from the band Epica that proclaimed Delahaye as their recently hired guitarist.
Delahaye once used exclusively Jackson Guitars, his primary ones being a green Jackson Kelly and a black Jackson Kelly that have Seymour Duncan pickups with a Floyd Rose tremolo. More recently he has been using Ibanez Guitars, primarily his custom seven version of DN500K Darkstone, which he describes as an "Integral part of the sound of Epica". In an interview with Moshville Uk he states that he uses a Les Paul Black Beauty and en Epiphone custom for in the studio for solos, due to their thinner necks than the Darkstone. He also mentions that he uses a Maton 808 custom series TE acoustic. He uses Bogner amplifiers including the Uberschall and Shiva 25th Anniversary edition and in the studio mixes his guitar sound with an Axe FX II and SansAmp. He and also has used Bogner and V-Empire 2x12 Cabinets with V30 speakers.Delahaye was a member of the symphonic death metal band MaYaN from 2010–2013. He appeared on the album Quarterpast. He was replaced by Merel Bechtold as rhythm guitarist.
Musical style
Delahaye incorporates legato, alternate picking, tremolo picking, tapping, and use of the whammy bar in his solos.
Education
Isaac has a Bachelor of Music degree.
Extra gear
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Heritage Cherry Sunburst
Gibson Les Paul Standard 7 String Limited 2016 Tobacco Burst
InTune Picks
Morley + Boss Pedals
Sennheiser Wireless + In Ear Monitoring
American Music Products Straps
Audio Technika Mics
Ernie Ball Strings
== References == | instrument | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"guitar"
]
} |
In the theory of algebraic groups, a Cartan subgroup of a connected linear algebraic group
G
{\displaystyle G}
over a (not necessarily algebraically closed) field
k
{\displaystyle k}
is the centralizer of a maximal torus. Cartan subgroups are smooth (equivalently reduced), connected and nilpotent. If
k
{\displaystyle k}
is algebraically closed, they are all conjugate to each other. Notice that in the context of algebraic groups a torus is an algebraic group
T
{\displaystyle T}
such that the base extension
T
(
k
¯
)
{\displaystyle T_{({\bar {k}})}}
(where
k
¯
{\displaystyle {\bar {k}}}
is the algebraic closure of
k
{\displaystyle k}
) is isomorphic to the product of a finite number of copies of the
G
m
=
G
L
1
{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} _{m}=\mathbf {GL} _{1}}
. Maximal such subgroups have in the theory of algebraic groups a role that is similar to that of maximal tori in the theory of Lie groups.
If
G
{\displaystyle G}
is reductive (in particular, if it is semi-simple), then a torus is maximal if and only if it is its own centraliser and thus Cartan subgroups of
G
{\displaystyle G}
are precisely the maximal tori.
Example
The general linear groups
G
L
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {GL} _{n}}
are reductive. The diagonal subgroup is clearly a torus (indeed a split torus, since it is product of n copies of
G
m
{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} _{m}}
already before any base extension), and it can be shown to be maximal. Since
G
L
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {GL} _{n}}
is reductive, the diagonal subgroup is a Cartan subgroup.
See also
Borel subgroup
Algebraic group
Algebraic torus
References
Borel, Armand (1991-12-31). Linear algebraic groups. ISBN 3-540-97370-2.
Lang, Serge (2002). Algebra. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4.
Milne, J. S. (2017), Algebraic Groups: The Theory of Group Schemes of Finite Type over a Field, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/9781316711736, ISBN 978-1107167483, MR 3729270
Popov, V. L. (2001) [1994], "Cartan subgroup", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
Springer, Tonny A. (1998), Linear algebraic groups, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 9 (2nd ed.), Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, ISBN 978-0-8176-4021-7, MR 1642713 | subclass of | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"subgroup"
]
} |
In the theory of algebraic groups, a Cartan subgroup of a connected linear algebraic group
G
{\displaystyle G}
over a (not necessarily algebraically closed) field
k
{\displaystyle k}
is the centralizer of a maximal torus. Cartan subgroups are smooth (equivalently reduced), connected and nilpotent. If
k
{\displaystyle k}
is algebraically closed, they are all conjugate to each other. Notice that in the context of algebraic groups a torus is an algebraic group
T
{\displaystyle T}
such that the base extension
T
(
k
¯
)
{\displaystyle T_{({\bar {k}})}}
(where
k
¯
{\displaystyle {\bar {k}}}
is the algebraic closure of
k
{\displaystyle k}
) is isomorphic to the product of a finite number of copies of the
G
m
=
G
L
1
{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} _{m}=\mathbf {GL} _{1}}
. Maximal such subgroups have in the theory of algebraic groups a role that is similar to that of maximal tori in the theory of Lie groups.
If
G
{\displaystyle G}
is reductive (in particular, if it is semi-simple), then a torus is maximal if and only if it is its own centraliser and thus Cartan subgroups of
G
{\displaystyle G}
are precisely the maximal tori.
Example
The general linear groups
G
L
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {GL} _{n}}
are reductive. The diagonal subgroup is clearly a torus (indeed a split torus, since it is product of n copies of
G
m
{\displaystyle \mathbf {G} _{m}}
already before any base extension), and it can be shown to be maximal. Since
G
L
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {GL} _{n}}
is reductive, the diagonal subgroup is a Cartan subgroup.
See also
Borel subgroup
Algebraic group
Algebraic torus
References
Borel, Armand (1991-12-31). Linear algebraic groups. ISBN 3-540-97370-2.
Lang, Serge (2002). Algebra. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4.
Milne, J. S. (2017), Algebraic Groups: The Theory of Group Schemes of Finite Type over a Field, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/9781316711736, ISBN 978-1107167483, MR 3729270
Popov, V. L. (2001) [1994], "Cartan subgroup", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
Springer, Tonny A. (1998), Linear algebraic groups, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 9 (2nd ed.), Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, ISBN 978-0-8176-4021-7, MR 1642713 | nLab ID | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"Cartan subgroup"
]
} |
Delnadamph Lodge was located on the Balmoral Estate about eight miles north of the castle. The lodge and its estate lands were bought by Queen Elizabeth II for a figure believed to be around £750,000 in 1978. The lodge was situated within a 6,700-acre estate located near the source of the River Don. The estate was bought because Balmoral did not have adequate grouse shooting. It was given by the Queen to her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales, and his first wife, Diana, on their marriage, but Diana found the home uninviting and was not interested in repairing it. The original house was described as a "solid two-storey Victorian ten-bedroomed lodge" in 1981. It was never occupied and was gutted by 1987, and subsequently offered to the Royal Engineers for demolition practice. The lodge was demolished in 1988 and only the offices remain.
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"house"
]
} |
Hampden may refer to:
Places
Oceania
Hampden, New Zealand
Hampden (New Zealand electorate)
Murchison, New Zealand, known as Hampden until 1882
Hampden, Queensland
Hampden, South Australia
County of Hampden, Victoria, Australia
Shire of Hampden, a former local government area in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Canada
Hampden, Newfoundland and Labrador
Hampden, Quebec
Great Britain
Hampden Park, a football stadium in Glasgow, third local ground using the name
Hampden Park (1873–83), its first predecessor
Second Hampden Park (known as such 1883–1903)
Hampden Park, Eastbourne, a suburb of Eastbourne, Sussex
Great and Little Hampden, a parish in Buckinghamshire
United States
Hampden, Alabama
Hampden, Maine, a town in Penobscot County
Hampden (CDP), Maine, census-designated place within the town
Hampden Academy, former theological seminary, now a public high school
Hampden, Baltimore, Maryland, a neighborhood
Hampden County, Massachusetts
Hampden, Massachusetts, a town in Hampden County
Hampden, North Dakota
Hampden, Ohio
Hampden, West Virginia
Hampden, Wisconsin
Hampden Township (disambiguation)
The fictitious town of Hampden, Vermont, in Donna Tartt's novel The Secret History
People
John Hampden (circa 1595–1643), English politician and Roundhead in the English Civil War
John Hampden (1653–1696) (1653–1696), English politician, pamphleteer, and opponent of Charles II and James II, convicted of treason after the Monmouth Rebellion
Renn Hampden (1793–1868), English theologian, Professor at Oxford, Bishop of Hereford (1847–68)
Richard Hampden (1631–1695), English Whig politician, Privy Counsellor, and Chancellor of the Exchequer for William III of England
Walter Hampden (1879–1955), American actor
Viscount Hampden
1st Viscount Hampden (disambiguation)
Other
Hampden & Co., a British independent private bank
Hampden Bank, a registered national historic building in Springfield, Massachusetts
Handley Page Hampden, a British medium bomber aircraft of World War 2
Hampden Park (disambiguation)
Hampden–Sydney College, an all-male liberal arts college in Hampden–Sydney, Virginia
USS Hampden, a United States Navy brigantine
USS Hampden County, a United States Navy landing craft
All pages with titles containing Hampden
See also
The Hampdens, an Australian indie pop band
All pages with titles containing Hampden | country | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
} |
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