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Olav Bolland (born 17 January 1962) is a Norwegian researcher and Professor in Energy and Process Engineering. His specialization is in thermal power generation, carbon capture and storage, particle technology and drying. He has been Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU since August 2017.
Career
Professor Bolland completed his MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), one of the precursors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU. From 1990 he was associate professor at NTNU until he was appointed Professor in 2002 at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering. He was Head of the Department of Energy and Process Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU from 2009 to 2017.
In 2003–2005, he contributed to the IPCC reports, the institution which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Professor Bolland was a lead author for the IPCC Special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.He was director of the Gas Technology Centre NTNU-SINTEF from 2008 to 2009. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control in the period 2006 to 2013.
Olav Bolland is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Awards
In 2011, Olav Bolland was awarded the Statoil Annual Award for Outstanding Research for his work on enhancing carbon capture understanding and processes for reducing emissions.
References
External links
NTNU's information on Bolland
List of publications in Cristin
List of publications in Google Scholar
|
family name
|
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Olav Bolland (born 17 January 1962) is a Norwegian researcher and Professor in Energy and Process Engineering. His specialization is in thermal power generation, carbon capture and storage, particle technology and drying. He has been Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU since August 2017.
Career
Professor Bolland completed his MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), one of the precursors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU. From 1990 he was associate professor at NTNU until he was appointed Professor in 2002 at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering. He was Head of the Department of Energy and Process Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU from 2009 to 2017.
In 2003–2005, he contributed to the IPCC reports, the institution which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Professor Bolland was a lead author for the IPCC Special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.He was director of the Gas Technology Centre NTNU-SINTEF from 2008 to 2009. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control in the period 2006 to 2013.
Olav Bolland is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Awards
In 2011, Olav Bolland was awarded the Statoil Annual Award for Outstanding Research for his work on enhancing carbon capture understanding and processes for reducing emissions.
References
External links
NTNU's information on Bolland
List of publications in Cristin
List of publications in Google Scholar
|
educated at
|
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Olav Bolland (born 17 January 1962) is a Norwegian researcher and Professor in Energy and Process Engineering. His specialization is in thermal power generation, carbon capture and storage, particle technology and drying. He has been Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU since August 2017.
Career
Professor Bolland completed his MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), one of the precursors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU. From 1990 he was associate professor at NTNU until he was appointed Professor in 2002 at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering. He was Head of the Department of Energy and Process Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU from 2009 to 2017.
In 2003–2005, he contributed to the IPCC reports, the institution which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Professor Bolland was a lead author for the IPCC Special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.He was director of the Gas Technology Centre NTNU-SINTEF from 2008 to 2009. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control in the period 2006 to 2013.
Olav Bolland is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Awards
In 2011, Olav Bolland was awarded the Statoil Annual Award for Outstanding Research for his work on enhancing carbon capture understanding and processes for reducing emissions.
References
External links
NTNU's information on Bolland
List of publications in Cristin
List of publications in Google Scholar
|
employer
|
{
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Olav Bolland (born 17 January 1962) is a Norwegian researcher and Professor in Energy and Process Engineering. His specialization is in thermal power generation, carbon capture and storage, particle technology and drying. He has been Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU since August 2017.
Career
Professor Bolland completed his MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), one of the precursors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU. From 1990 he was associate professor at NTNU until he was appointed Professor in 2002 at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering. He was Head of the Department of Energy and Process Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU from 2009 to 2017.
In 2003–2005, he contributed to the IPCC reports, the institution which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Professor Bolland was a lead author for the IPCC Special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.He was director of the Gas Technology Centre NTNU-SINTEF from 2008 to 2009. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control in the period 2006 to 2013.
Olav Bolland is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Awards
In 2011, Olav Bolland was awarded the Statoil Annual Award for Outstanding Research for his work on enhancing carbon capture understanding and processes for reducing emissions.
References
External links
NTNU's information on Bolland
List of publications in Cristin
List of publications in Google Scholar
|
member of
|
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Olav Bolland (born 17 January 1962) is a Norwegian researcher and Professor in Energy and Process Engineering. His specialization is in thermal power generation, carbon capture and storage, particle technology and drying. He has been Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU since August 2017.
Career
Professor Bolland completed his MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), one of the precursors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU. From 1990 he was associate professor at NTNU until he was appointed Professor in 2002 at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering. He was Head of the Department of Energy and Process Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU from 2009 to 2017.
In 2003–2005, he contributed to the IPCC reports, the institution which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Professor Bolland was a lead author for the IPCC Special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.He was director of the Gas Technology Centre NTNU-SINTEF from 2008 to 2009. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control in the period 2006 to 2013.
Olav Bolland is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Awards
In 2011, Olav Bolland was awarded the Statoil Annual Award for Outstanding Research for his work on enhancing carbon capture understanding and processes for reducing emissions.
References
External links
NTNU's information on Bolland
List of publications in Cristin
List of publications in Google Scholar
|
given name
|
{
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0
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|
Olav Bolland (born 17 January 1962) is a Norwegian researcher and Professor in Energy and Process Engineering. His specialization is in thermal power generation, carbon capture and storage, particle technology and drying. He has been Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU since August 2017.
Career
Professor Bolland completed his MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), one of the precursors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU. From 1990 he was associate professor at NTNU until he was appointed Professor in 2002 at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering. He was Head of the Department of Energy and Process Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU from 2009 to 2017.
In 2003–2005, he contributed to the IPCC reports, the institution which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Professor Bolland was a lead author for the IPCC Special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.He was director of the Gas Technology Centre NTNU-SINTEF from 2008 to 2009. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control in the period 2006 to 2013.
Olav Bolland is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Awards
In 2011, Olav Bolland was awarded the Statoil Annual Award for Outstanding Research for his work on enhancing carbon capture understanding and processes for reducing emissions.
References
External links
NTNU's information on Bolland
List of publications in Cristin
List of publications in Google Scholar
|
academic major
|
{
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412
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|
Olav Bolland (born 17 January 1962) is a Norwegian researcher and Professor in Energy and Process Engineering. His specialization is in thermal power generation, carbon capture and storage, particle technology and drying. He has been Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU since August 2017.
Career
Professor Bolland completed his MSc and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), one of the precursors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU. From 1990 he was associate professor at NTNU until he was appointed Professor in 2002 at the Department of Energy and Process Engineering. He was Head of the Department of Energy and Process Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU from 2009 to 2017.
In 2003–2005, he contributed to the IPCC reports, the institution which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Professor Bolland was a lead author for the IPCC Special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.He was director of the Gas Technology Centre NTNU-SINTEF from 2008 to 2009. He was Associate Editor of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control in the period 2006 to 2013.
Olav Bolland is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Awards
In 2011, Olav Bolland was awarded the Statoil Annual Award for Outstanding Research for his work on enhancing carbon capture understanding and processes for reducing emissions.
References
External links
NTNU's information on Bolland
List of publications in Cristin
List of publications in Google Scholar
|
number of children
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856
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The 22nd edition of the annual Hypo-Meeting took place on May 25 and May 26, 1996 in Götzis, Austria. The track and field competition featured a men's decathlon and a women's heptathlon. It was the last big test before the start of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
Men's decathlon
Schedule
Records
Results
Women's heptathlon
Schedule
Records
Results
Notes
See also
1996 Decathlon Year Ranking
Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon
Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon
References
1996 Year Ranking Decathlon
|
country
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{
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93
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"text": [
"Austria"
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}
|
The 22nd edition of the annual Hypo-Meeting took place on May 25 and May 26, 1996 in Götzis, Austria. The track and field competition featured a men's decathlon and a women's heptathlon. It was the last big test before the start of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
Men's decathlon
Schedule
Records
Results
Women's heptathlon
Schedule
Records
Results
Notes
See also
1996 Decathlon Year Ranking
Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon
Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon
References
1996 Year Ranking Decathlon
|
sports season of league or competition
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Vrooom (stylised as VROOOM) is an EP by the band King Crimson, classified as a mini-album due to its length. It was released in 1994 as a companion to the subsequent full length album THRAK (1995). It is the first King Crimson release to feature the “double trio” of guitarists Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew, bassists Trey Gunn and Tony Levin, and drummers Bill Bruford and Pat Mastelotto.
All of the tracks on VROOOM (with the exception of "Cage" and "When I Say Stop, Continue") were re-recorded for use on the Thrak album the following year.
A series of instrumental improvisations recorded during the studio rehearsals for this album, were released five years later as The Vrooom Sessions.
Track listing
All songs written by Adrian Belew, Bill Bruford, Robert Fripp, Trey Gunn, Tony Levin and Pat Mastelotto
"VROOOM" – 7:34 (includes Coda: Marine 475, and a 0:17 unlisted 'Intro' piece on original releases)
"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream" – 4:42
"Cage" – 1:36
"THRAK" – 7:19
"When I Say Stop, Continue" – 5:20
"One Time" – 4:25
Personnel
King CrimsonRobert Fripp – guitar, soundscapes
Adrian Belew – guitar, lead vocals
Tony Levin – bass guitar, Chapman Stick, backing vocals
Trey Gunn – Chapman Stick
Bill Bruford – acoustic & electric drums, percussion
Pat Mastelotto – acoustic drums, percussion
== References ==
|
instance of
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|
Vrooom (stylised as VROOOM) is an EP by the band King Crimson, classified as a mini-album due to its length. It was released in 1994 as a companion to the subsequent full length album THRAK (1995). It is the first King Crimson release to feature the “double trio” of guitarists Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew, bassists Trey Gunn and Tony Levin, and drummers Bill Bruford and Pat Mastelotto.
All of the tracks on VROOOM (with the exception of "Cage" and "When I Say Stop, Continue") were re-recorded for use on the Thrak album the following year.
A series of instrumental improvisations recorded during the studio rehearsals for this album, were released five years later as The Vrooom Sessions.
Track listing
All songs written by Adrian Belew, Bill Bruford, Robert Fripp, Trey Gunn, Tony Levin and Pat Mastelotto
"VROOOM" – 7:34 (includes Coda: Marine 475, and a 0:17 unlisted 'Intro' piece on original releases)
"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream" – 4:42
"Cage" – 1:36
"THRAK" – 7:19
"When I Say Stop, Continue" – 5:20
"One Time" – 4:25
Personnel
King CrimsonRobert Fripp – guitar, soundscapes
Adrian Belew – guitar, lead vocals
Tony Levin – bass guitar, Chapman Stick, backing vocals
Trey Gunn – Chapman Stick
Bill Bruford – acoustic & electric drums, percussion
Pat Mastelotto – acoustic drums, percussion
== References ==
|
followed by
|
{
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513
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"text": [
"Thrak"
]
}
|
Vrooom (stylised as VROOOM) is an EP by the band King Crimson, classified as a mini-album due to its length. It was released in 1994 as a companion to the subsequent full length album THRAK (1995). It is the first King Crimson release to feature the “double trio” of guitarists Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew, bassists Trey Gunn and Tony Levin, and drummers Bill Bruford and Pat Mastelotto.
All of the tracks on VROOOM (with the exception of "Cage" and "When I Say Stop, Continue") were re-recorded for use on the Thrak album the following year.
A series of instrumental improvisations recorded during the studio rehearsals for this album, were released five years later as The Vrooom Sessions.
Track listing
All songs written by Adrian Belew, Bill Bruford, Robert Fripp, Trey Gunn, Tony Levin and Pat Mastelotto
"VROOOM" – 7:34 (includes Coda: Marine 475, and a 0:17 unlisted 'Intro' piece on original releases)
"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream" – 4:42
"Cage" – 1:36
"THRAK" – 7:19
"When I Say Stop, Continue" – 5:20
"One Time" – 4:25
Personnel
King CrimsonRobert Fripp – guitar, soundscapes
Adrian Belew – guitar, lead vocals
Tony Levin – bass guitar, Chapman Stick, backing vocals
Trey Gunn – Chapman Stick
Bill Bruford – acoustic & electric drums, percussion
Pat Mastelotto – acoustic drums, percussion
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
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49
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|
Arrade destituta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in Queensland, Australia.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Arrade"
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Arrade destituta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in Queensland, Australia.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Arrade destituta"
]
}
|
Arrade destituta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in Queensland, Australia.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Arrade destituta"
]
}
|
The Battle of Näfels was fought on 9 April 1388 between the Swiss canton of Glarus, supported by its allies of the Old Swiss Confederation, and the Duchy of Austria ruled by the House of Habsburg. It was a decisive victory for Glarus and led to its independence from Habsburg rule. The battle was the last of the Swiss-Austrian conflicts that stretched through most of the 14th century.
Background
A few weeks after the Battle of Sempach on 9 July 1386, the Swiss Confederation captured the Habsburg village of Weesen on the Walensee. The following year, Glarus rose up against the Habsburgs and destroyed Burg Windegg. Then, on 11 March 1387, the valley council declared itself free of Habsburg control.
In response, on the night of 21–22 February 1388, an Austrian army attacked Weesen and drove off the Swiss forces. In the beginning of April, two Austrian armies marched out to cut off Glarus from the rest of the Confederation. The main army, with about 5,000 men, marched toward Näfels under the command of Count Donat von Toggenburg and Knight Peter von Thorberg. A second column, with about 1,500 men under the command of Count Hans von Werdenberg-Sargans, advanced through the Kerenzerberg Pass.
Battle
On 9 April 1388 the main Austrian army, under Toggenburg and Thorberg, attacked and captured the fortifications (letzi) around Näfels. The garrison, comprising about 400 troops from Glarus and a few dozen troops from both Schwyz and Uri, held out for a short time, but was forced to withdraw into the hills. As they retreated, the Austrian army spread out to plunder the villages and farms. The Glarners then emerged from the snow and fog to take the Austrians by surprise as they were preoccupied with looting.
Following a brief battle, the disorganized Austrians broke and fled toward Weesen, but the collapse of the bridge over the Maag or Weeser Linth dropped much of their army into the river where they drowned. Seeing the destruction of the main column, Werdenberg-Sargans' army retreated to the village of Beglingen (now in the municipality of Mollis). The Swiss had 54 men killed, who were buried at the parish church of Mollis. Habsburg losses are less well known, but are estimated to be between several hundred and 1,700 killed. On 29 November 1389, the Abbot Bilgeri had about 180 bodies moved from the battlefield and buried at Rüti Abbey in the choir of the present Rüti Reformed Church.
Aftermath
In 1389, a seven-years' peace was signed at Vienna, leaving the Confederation in undisputed possession of all the territory it had acquired in the recent war. In the same year, the first Näfelser Fahrt, a pilgrimage to the site of the battle was held. This pilgrimage, which still occurs, happens on the first Thursday in April and is in memory of the battle. The pilgrimage played an important role in the creation of the unified canton of Glarus.
See also
Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy
== References ==
|
country
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{
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2908
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|
The Battle of Näfels was fought on 9 April 1388 between the Swiss canton of Glarus, supported by its allies of the Old Swiss Confederation, and the Duchy of Austria ruled by the House of Habsburg. It was a decisive victory for Glarus and led to its independence from Habsburg rule. The battle was the last of the Swiss-Austrian conflicts that stretched through most of the 14th century.
Background
A few weeks after the Battle of Sempach on 9 July 1386, the Swiss Confederation captured the Habsburg village of Weesen on the Walensee. The following year, Glarus rose up against the Habsburgs and destroyed Burg Windegg. Then, on 11 March 1387, the valley council declared itself free of Habsburg control.
In response, on the night of 21–22 February 1388, an Austrian army attacked Weesen and drove off the Swiss forces. In the beginning of April, two Austrian armies marched out to cut off Glarus from the rest of the Confederation. The main army, with about 5,000 men, marched toward Näfels under the command of Count Donat von Toggenburg and Knight Peter von Thorberg. A second column, with about 1,500 men under the command of Count Hans von Werdenberg-Sargans, advanced through the Kerenzerberg Pass.
Battle
On 9 April 1388 the main Austrian army, under Toggenburg and Thorberg, attacked and captured the fortifications (letzi) around Näfels. The garrison, comprising about 400 troops from Glarus and a few dozen troops from both Schwyz and Uri, held out for a short time, but was forced to withdraw into the hills. As they retreated, the Austrian army spread out to plunder the villages and farms. The Glarners then emerged from the snow and fog to take the Austrians by surprise as they were preoccupied with looting.
Following a brief battle, the disorganized Austrians broke and fled toward Weesen, but the collapse of the bridge over the Maag or Weeser Linth dropped much of their army into the river where they drowned. Seeing the destruction of the main column, Werdenberg-Sargans' army retreated to the village of Beglingen (now in the municipality of Mollis). The Swiss had 54 men killed, who were buried at the parish church of Mollis. Habsburg losses are less well known, but are estimated to be between several hundred and 1,700 killed. On 29 November 1389, the Abbot Bilgeri had about 180 bodies moved from the battlefield and buried at Rüti Abbey in the choir of the present Rüti Reformed Church.
Aftermath
In 1389, a seven-years' peace was signed at Vienna, leaving the Confederation in undisputed possession of all the territory it had acquired in the recent war. In the same year, the first Näfelser Fahrt, a pilgrimage to the site of the battle was held. This pilgrimage, which still occurs, happens on the first Thursday in April and is in memory of the battle. The pilgrimage played an important role in the creation of the unified canton of Glarus.
See also
Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
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286
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"battle"
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|
The Battle of Näfels was fought on 9 April 1388 between the Swiss canton of Glarus, supported by its allies of the Old Swiss Confederation, and the Duchy of Austria ruled by the House of Habsburg. It was a decisive victory for Glarus and led to its independence from Habsburg rule. The battle was the last of the Swiss-Austrian conflicts that stretched through most of the 14th century.
Background
A few weeks after the Battle of Sempach on 9 July 1386, the Swiss Confederation captured the Habsburg village of Weesen on the Walensee. The following year, Glarus rose up against the Habsburgs and destroyed Burg Windegg. Then, on 11 March 1387, the valley council declared itself free of Habsburg control.
In response, on the night of 21–22 February 1388, an Austrian army attacked Weesen and drove off the Swiss forces. In the beginning of April, two Austrian armies marched out to cut off Glarus from the rest of the Confederation. The main army, with about 5,000 men, marched toward Näfels under the command of Count Donat von Toggenburg and Knight Peter von Thorberg. A second column, with about 1,500 men under the command of Count Hans von Werdenberg-Sargans, advanced through the Kerenzerberg Pass.
Battle
On 9 April 1388 the main Austrian army, under Toggenburg and Thorberg, attacked and captured the fortifications (letzi) around Näfels. The garrison, comprising about 400 troops from Glarus and a few dozen troops from both Schwyz and Uri, held out for a short time, but was forced to withdraw into the hills. As they retreated, the Austrian army spread out to plunder the villages and farms. The Glarners then emerged from the snow and fog to take the Austrians by surprise as they were preoccupied with looting.
Following a brief battle, the disorganized Austrians broke and fled toward Weesen, but the collapse of the bridge over the Maag or Weeser Linth dropped much of their army into the river where they drowned. Seeing the destruction of the main column, Werdenberg-Sargans' army retreated to the village of Beglingen (now in the municipality of Mollis). The Swiss had 54 men killed, who were buried at the parish church of Mollis. Habsburg losses are less well known, but are estimated to be between several hundred and 1,700 killed. On 29 November 1389, the Abbot Bilgeri had about 180 bodies moved from the battlefield and buried at Rüti Abbey in the choir of the present Rüti Reformed Church.
Aftermath
In 1389, a seven-years' peace was signed at Vienna, leaving the Confederation in undisputed possession of all the territory it had acquired in the recent war. In the same year, the first Näfelser Fahrt, a pilgrimage to the site of the battle was held. This pilgrimage, which still occurs, happens on the first Thursday in April and is in memory of the battle. The pilgrimage played an important role in the creation of the unified canton of Glarus.
See also
Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy
== References ==
|
location
|
{
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14
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"text": [
"Näfels"
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|
The Battle of Näfels was fought on 9 April 1388 between the Swiss canton of Glarus, supported by its allies of the Old Swiss Confederation, and the Duchy of Austria ruled by the House of Habsburg. It was a decisive victory for Glarus and led to its independence from Habsburg rule. The battle was the last of the Swiss-Austrian conflicts that stretched through most of the 14th century.
Background
A few weeks after the Battle of Sempach on 9 July 1386, the Swiss Confederation captured the Habsburg village of Weesen on the Walensee. The following year, Glarus rose up against the Habsburgs and destroyed Burg Windegg. Then, on 11 March 1387, the valley council declared itself free of Habsburg control.
In response, on the night of 21–22 February 1388, an Austrian army attacked Weesen and drove off the Swiss forces. In the beginning of April, two Austrian armies marched out to cut off Glarus from the rest of the Confederation. The main army, with about 5,000 men, marched toward Näfels under the command of Count Donat von Toggenburg and Knight Peter von Thorberg. A second column, with about 1,500 men under the command of Count Hans von Werdenberg-Sargans, advanced through the Kerenzerberg Pass.
Battle
On 9 April 1388 the main Austrian army, under Toggenburg and Thorberg, attacked and captured the fortifications (letzi) around Näfels. The garrison, comprising about 400 troops from Glarus and a few dozen troops from both Schwyz and Uri, held out for a short time, but was forced to withdraw into the hills. As they retreated, the Austrian army spread out to plunder the villages and farms. The Glarners then emerged from the snow and fog to take the Austrians by surprise as they were preoccupied with looting.
Following a brief battle, the disorganized Austrians broke and fled toward Weesen, but the collapse of the bridge over the Maag or Weeser Linth dropped much of their army into the river where they drowned. Seeing the destruction of the main column, Werdenberg-Sargans' army retreated to the village of Beglingen (now in the municipality of Mollis). The Swiss had 54 men killed, who were buried at the parish church of Mollis. Habsburg losses are less well known, but are estimated to be between several hundred and 1,700 killed. On 29 November 1389, the Abbot Bilgeri had about 180 bodies moved from the battlefield and buried at Rüti Abbey in the choir of the present Rüti Reformed Church.
Aftermath
In 1389, a seven-years' peace was signed at Vienna, leaving the Confederation in undisputed possession of all the territory it had acquired in the recent war. In the same year, the first Näfelser Fahrt, a pilgrimage to the site of the battle was held. This pilgrimage, which still occurs, happens on the first Thursday in April and is in memory of the battle. The pilgrimage played an important role in the creation of the unified canton of Glarus.
See also
Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Battle of Näfels"
]
}
|
The Battle of Näfels was fought on 9 April 1388 between the Swiss canton of Glarus, supported by its allies of the Old Swiss Confederation, and the Duchy of Austria ruled by the House of Habsburg. It was a decisive victory for Glarus and led to its independence from Habsburg rule. The battle was the last of the Swiss-Austrian conflicts that stretched through most of the 14th century.
Background
A few weeks after the Battle of Sempach on 9 July 1386, the Swiss Confederation captured the Habsburg village of Weesen on the Walensee. The following year, Glarus rose up against the Habsburgs and destroyed Burg Windegg. Then, on 11 March 1387, the valley council declared itself free of Habsburg control.
In response, on the night of 21–22 February 1388, an Austrian army attacked Weesen and drove off the Swiss forces. In the beginning of April, two Austrian armies marched out to cut off Glarus from the rest of the Confederation. The main army, with about 5,000 men, marched toward Näfels under the command of Count Donat von Toggenburg and Knight Peter von Thorberg. A second column, with about 1,500 men under the command of Count Hans von Werdenberg-Sargans, advanced through the Kerenzerberg Pass.
Battle
On 9 April 1388 the main Austrian army, under Toggenburg and Thorberg, attacked and captured the fortifications (letzi) around Näfels. The garrison, comprising about 400 troops from Glarus and a few dozen troops from both Schwyz and Uri, held out for a short time, but was forced to withdraw into the hills. As they retreated, the Austrian army spread out to plunder the villages and farms. The Glarners then emerged from the snow and fog to take the Austrians by surprise as they were preoccupied with looting.
Following a brief battle, the disorganized Austrians broke and fled toward Weesen, but the collapse of the bridge over the Maag or Weeser Linth dropped much of their army into the river where they drowned. Seeing the destruction of the main column, Werdenberg-Sargans' army retreated to the village of Beglingen (now in the municipality of Mollis). The Swiss had 54 men killed, who were buried at the parish church of Mollis. Habsburg losses are less well known, but are estimated to be between several hundred and 1,700 killed. On 29 November 1389, the Abbot Bilgeri had about 180 bodies moved from the battlefield and buried at Rüti Abbey in the choir of the present Rüti Reformed Church.
Aftermath
In 1389, a seven-years' peace was signed at Vienna, leaving the Confederation in undisputed possession of all the territory it had acquired in the recent war. In the same year, the first Näfelser Fahrt, a pilgrimage to the site of the battle was held. This pilgrimage, which still occurs, happens on the first Thursday in April and is in memory of the battle. The pilgrimage played an important role in the creation of the unified canton of Glarus.
See also
Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy
== References ==
|
participant
|
{
"answer_start": [
2908
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"text": [
"Old Swiss Confederacy"
]
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|
Ralph Fabri (April 23, 1894 – February 12, 1975) was an American painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"painter"
]
}
|
Ralph Fabri (April 23, 1894 – February 12, 1975) was an American painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
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"text": [
"Fabri"
]
}
|
Ralph Fabri (April 23, 1894 – February 12, 1975) was an American painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Ralph"
]
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|
A Merry Mancini Christmas is a 1966 album by Henry Mancini of orchestral and choral arrangements of Christmas music. In addition to traditional Christmas songs, it also contains the original Mancini composition "Carol for Another Christmas", the theme of the 1964 television film of the same name.The album peaked at number 12 on the Billboard's Best Bets For Christmas Album chart in 1970.
Reception
The initial Billboard review from October 29, 1966, wrote that "It's an important addition to the Christmas shelf because Mancini's arrangements are as fresh and familiar as the material is familiar and lasting."The album was reviewed by Stephen Thomas Erlewine at Allmusic who described it as an "ideal holiday record" and added that "...the album is filled with the lush arrangements that are his aural signature, and they sound perfect when matched with these 11 Christmas medleys and carols. It is a warm, appealing record that blends easily into the background, making it a good choice for holiday gatherings of all sorts."
Track listing
"The Little Drummer Boy" (Harry Simeone, Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati) - 3:17
Medley: "Jingle Bells"/"Sleigh Ride" (James Pierpont)/(LeRoy Anderson) - 3:40
"The Christmas Song" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) - 3:32
Medley: "Winter Wonderland"/"Silver Bells" (Richard B. Smith, Felix Bernard)/(Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) - 3:51
Medley: "Frosty the Snowman"/"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (Jack Rollins, Steve Nelson)/(Johnny Marks) - 2:28
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) - 2:43
"Carol for Another Christmas" (Mancini) - 2:36
Medley: "Silent Night"/"O Holy Night"/"O Little Town of Bethlehem" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr)/(Adolphe Adam, Placide Cappeau)/(Phillips Brooks, Lewis Redner) - 6:42
Medley: "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen"/"Deck the Halls"/"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" (Traditional)/(Traditional)/(Charles Wesley) - 3:17
Medley: "We Three Kings"/"O Come, All Ye Faithful"/"Joy to the World" (John Henry Hopkins Jr.)/(John Francis Wade)/(Isaac Watts, Lowell Mason) - 3:34
Medley: "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear"/"Away In a Manger"/"The First Noel" (Richard Storrs Willis, Edmund Sears)/(William J. Kirkpatrick)/(Traditional) - 5:03
Personnel
Unidentified orchestra
Unidentified chorus
Henry Mancini - arranger
Joe Reisman - producer
Dick Bogert - Recording engineerFeatured soloists- Erno Neufeld, concertmaster- Arthur Gleghorn, flute- Arnold Kobentz, oboe-Vincent De Rosa, French horn- Pearl Kaufman, harpsichord-Laurindo Almeida, guitar
Certifications
See also
A Carol for Another Christmas, Mancini's theme from the film (track #7)
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
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"text": [
"album"
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|
A Merry Mancini Christmas is a 1966 album by Henry Mancini of orchestral and choral arrangements of Christmas music. In addition to traditional Christmas songs, it also contains the original Mancini composition "Carol for Another Christmas", the theme of the 1964 television film of the same name.The album peaked at number 12 on the Billboard's Best Bets For Christmas Album chart in 1970.
Reception
The initial Billboard review from October 29, 1966, wrote that "It's an important addition to the Christmas shelf because Mancini's arrangements are as fresh and familiar as the material is familiar and lasting."The album was reviewed by Stephen Thomas Erlewine at Allmusic who described it as an "ideal holiday record" and added that "...the album is filled with the lush arrangements that are his aural signature, and they sound perfect when matched with these 11 Christmas medleys and carols. It is a warm, appealing record that blends easily into the background, making it a good choice for holiday gatherings of all sorts."
Track listing
"The Little Drummer Boy" (Harry Simeone, Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati) - 3:17
Medley: "Jingle Bells"/"Sleigh Ride" (James Pierpont)/(LeRoy Anderson) - 3:40
"The Christmas Song" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) - 3:32
Medley: "Winter Wonderland"/"Silver Bells" (Richard B. Smith, Felix Bernard)/(Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) - 3:51
Medley: "Frosty the Snowman"/"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (Jack Rollins, Steve Nelson)/(Johnny Marks) - 2:28
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) - 2:43
"Carol for Another Christmas" (Mancini) - 2:36
Medley: "Silent Night"/"O Holy Night"/"O Little Town of Bethlehem" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr)/(Adolphe Adam, Placide Cappeau)/(Phillips Brooks, Lewis Redner) - 6:42
Medley: "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen"/"Deck the Halls"/"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" (Traditional)/(Traditional)/(Charles Wesley) - 3:17
Medley: "We Three Kings"/"O Come, All Ye Faithful"/"Joy to the World" (John Henry Hopkins Jr.)/(John Francis Wade)/(Isaac Watts, Lowell Mason) - 3:34
Medley: "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear"/"Away In a Manger"/"The First Noel" (Richard Storrs Willis, Edmund Sears)/(William J. Kirkpatrick)/(Traditional) - 5:03
Personnel
Unidentified orchestra
Unidentified chorus
Henry Mancini - arranger
Joe Reisman - producer
Dick Bogert - Recording engineerFeatured soloists- Erno Neufeld, concertmaster- Arthur Gleghorn, flute- Arnold Kobentz, oboe-Vincent De Rosa, French horn- Pearl Kaufman, harpsichord-Laurindo Almeida, guitar
Certifications
See also
A Carol for Another Christmas, Mancini's theme from the film (track #7)
== References ==
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"Christmas music"
]
}
|
A Merry Mancini Christmas is a 1966 album by Henry Mancini of orchestral and choral arrangements of Christmas music. In addition to traditional Christmas songs, it also contains the original Mancini composition "Carol for Another Christmas", the theme of the 1964 television film of the same name.The album peaked at number 12 on the Billboard's Best Bets For Christmas Album chart in 1970.
Reception
The initial Billboard review from October 29, 1966, wrote that "It's an important addition to the Christmas shelf because Mancini's arrangements are as fresh and familiar as the material is familiar and lasting."The album was reviewed by Stephen Thomas Erlewine at Allmusic who described it as an "ideal holiday record" and added that "...the album is filled with the lush arrangements that are his aural signature, and they sound perfect when matched with these 11 Christmas medleys and carols. It is a warm, appealing record that blends easily into the background, making it a good choice for holiday gatherings of all sorts."
Track listing
"The Little Drummer Boy" (Harry Simeone, Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati) - 3:17
Medley: "Jingle Bells"/"Sleigh Ride" (James Pierpont)/(LeRoy Anderson) - 3:40
"The Christmas Song" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) - 3:32
Medley: "Winter Wonderland"/"Silver Bells" (Richard B. Smith, Felix Bernard)/(Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) - 3:51
Medley: "Frosty the Snowman"/"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (Jack Rollins, Steve Nelson)/(Johnny Marks) - 2:28
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) - 2:43
"Carol for Another Christmas" (Mancini) - 2:36
Medley: "Silent Night"/"O Holy Night"/"O Little Town of Bethlehem" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr)/(Adolphe Adam, Placide Cappeau)/(Phillips Brooks, Lewis Redner) - 6:42
Medley: "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen"/"Deck the Halls"/"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" (Traditional)/(Traditional)/(Charles Wesley) - 3:17
Medley: "We Three Kings"/"O Come, All Ye Faithful"/"Joy to the World" (John Henry Hopkins Jr.)/(John Francis Wade)/(Isaac Watts, Lowell Mason) - 3:34
Medley: "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear"/"Away In a Manger"/"The First Noel" (Richard Storrs Willis, Edmund Sears)/(William J. Kirkpatrick)/(Traditional) - 5:03
Personnel
Unidentified orchestra
Unidentified chorus
Henry Mancini - arranger
Joe Reisman - producer
Dick Bogert - Recording engineerFeatured soloists- Erno Neufeld, concertmaster- Arthur Gleghorn, flute- Arnold Kobentz, oboe-Vincent De Rosa, French horn- Pearl Kaufman, harpsichord-Laurindo Almeida, guitar
Certifications
See also
A Carol for Another Christmas, Mancini's theme from the film (track #7)
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Henry Mancini"
]
}
|
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
Events
Formation in Paris of Antoine de Baïf's Académie de Poésie et Musique, and consequent development of musique mesurée by composers such as Claude Le Jeune and Guillaume Costeley
Torquato Tasso travels to Paris in the service of Cardinal Luigi d'Este.
Works published
Thomas Churchyard, A Discourse of Rebellion
Lodovico Castelvetro, Poetica d'Aristotele vulgarizzata e sposita ("The Poetics of Aristotle in the Vulgar Language"), called the most famous Italian Renaissance commentary on Aristotle's Poetics
Thomas Preston, A Lamentation from Rome how the Pope doth bewayle the Rebelles in England cannot prevayle. To the tune of "How well, ye mariners", a broadside ballad; published in London by William Griffith
Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
Sir Robert Aytoun (died 1638), Scottish poet
Eliáš Láni (died 1618), Slovak
Thomas Bateson, also spelled "Batson" or "Betson", birth year uncertain (died 1630), English writer of madrigals
Charles Best (died 1627), English poet, writer of "A Sonnet of the Moon"
Tadhg mac Dáire Mac Bruaideadha (died 1652), Irish Gaelic poet and historian
Francisco de Medrano born (died 1607), Spanish
Pedro de Oña (died 1643), first known Chilean poet
Samuel Rowlands, birth year uncertain (died c. 1630), English pamphleteer, poet and satirist
François du Souhait, born between 1570 and 1580 (died 1617), French language translator, novelist, poet, satirist, and moral philosopher
Adrianus Valeriuss, born sometime from this year to 1575 (died 1625), Dutch
Yuan Zhongdao (died 1624), Chinese poet, essayist, travel diarist and official
Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
March 25 – Johann Walter (born 1496), German poet and composer
November – Jacques Grévin (born c. 1539), French playwright and poet
See also
Poetry
16th century in poetry
16th century in literature
Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature
Elizabethan literature
French Renaissance literature
Renaissance literature
Spanish Renaissance literature
== Notes ==
|
facet of
|
{
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68
],
"text": [
"poetry"
]
}
|
Stevyn Colgan (born 11 August 1961) is a British writer, artist and speaker.
Colgan was a police officer in London 1980-2010. He was then a researcher and scriptwriter for the BBC TV series QI and the regular QI Annuals, and for QI's BBC Radio 4 sister show The Museum of Curiosity until 2018. He co-presents the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.
Career
Police
Colgan joined the Metropolitan Police Force in 1980. He was awarded the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in 1993 and the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2003. He retired from the police in February 2010 after completing 30 years' service.
In later service, Colgan was a member of the award-winning Met Police Problem Solving Unit that used behavioural economics and creative thinking to tackle issues that did not respond to traditional policing/enforcement methods. He sat on several Home Office working groups and is an expert on problem-oriented policing. He worked closely with the UK Home Office and the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has lectured and taught extensively throughout the UK and US and elsewhere and now lectures in a private capacity.
He was a judge for the 2013 Transmission Awards for Innovative Thinking.
Illustrator
Colgan's first published illustration work was for the book I Remember: Reflections on Fishing and Childhood (Summersdale 1995) by Joe Cowley, Frederick Forsyth, Roger Daltrey, Bernard Cribbins, George Melly and others. The book raised money for the NSPCC. In 2006 he was the official artist for the Autumn National Children's Book Fair organised by Scholastic Books Ltd.
He illustrated several features for the various QI Annuals and the cover for the 'E, F, G' Compilation Annual in November 2010. His artwork regularly appears on the QI TV series. The QI 'H' Annual 2011 features a two-page spread co-written by himself, Justin Pollard and John Lloyd, called HENJ in which IKEA-style instructions for building Stonehenge are seen. These pages became so popular that they can be found on hundreds of websites and have spawned/inspired many other similar illustrations.
In 2011, Colgan was invited to participate in the annual Royal College of Art Secret Auction alongside such notables as Yoko Ono, Tracey Emin and Grayson Perry. He continues to do so every year.
Writer
In October 2008, his first book, Joined-Up Thinking, was published by Pan Macmillan Books.
In 2010 the Cornish Language Fellowship (Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek) and the Cornish Language Board (Kesva an Taves Kernewek) published Henhwedhlow, a book of Cornish Faerie Stories written and illustrated by Colgan. The book was published in both English and Cornish language on facing pages to aid translation. The stories are modern interpretations of traditional tales plus several brand new stories by the author. The book contains the largest existing body of modern Cornish prose.
In 2013 he launched a new book called Constable Colgan's Connectoscope with the crowd-funding publisher Unbound.
In 2014 and 2015 respectively, he self-published a novel - The Third Condiment - and an adult colouring book called Colgeroons on the Lulu platform.
In 2016 his semi-autobiographical book about Problem Oriented Policing Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? was published by Unbound. It tells the story of his tenure with the Problem Solving Unit and carries cover quotes from Stephen J Dubner and Rory Sutherland. Later retitled as One Step Ahead: Notes From The Problem Solving Unit for paperback release in 2018.
He co-wrote Saving Bletchley Park with Dr Sue Black OBE, published in 2015.
His first novel, a comedy murder mystery novel called A Murder To Die For was published in January 2018. It was shortlisted for Penguin Books Dead Good Awards and longlisted for ''The Guardian'' Not The Booker Prize. His second novel The Diabolical Club was published in 2019 and his third, Cockerings, in 2021.
Media
In 2012 he co-wrote the pilot for a radio series called 101 People to Meet Before You (Or They) Die with Dan Schreiber. After broadcast, a live show followed featuring on-stage interviews with Marc Abrahams and Dr Jan Bondeson.
Also in 2012, he became one of the researcher/writers for BBC Radio 4's The Museum of Curiosity. He was part of the writing team that won the Rose D'or in 2016.
In May 2012 he appeared on an episode of the Do the Right Thing podcast in the 'Ask the Expert' round and on an episode of Dave Gorman's BBC2 series Genius.
He has appeared on many podcasts including Freakonomics, Level Up Human, Little Atoms and the online live panel show Ex Libris.
His artwork has been seen on episodes of the BBC TV series QI, and he was name-checked by Stephen Fry in the QIXL episode "Humans" in 2010. He made cameo appearances in the 2014 episode "Location, Location, Location" and the 2018 episode Occult.
In 2016 he made a guest appearance on the QI podcast No Such Thing as a Fish.
Since March 2019 he has co-presented with Paul Waters the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.
Speaking
In recent years he has been a visiting lecturer in metacognition at Barts and the London. He has also spoken at Imperial College, Central St Martin's College of Art, York University, Brasenose College, Oxford, University of Exeter, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and many other academic institutions.
He is currently an Associate Lecturer in Criminal and Forensic Psychology at Buckinghamshire New University.
He has also taught art and lectured on creative thinking and problem solving.
His talks are a mix of science, art, autobiography and comedy. He has performed at venues and events such as TEDx, Glasgow Science Festival, Agile Cymru, Google Huddle, Hybrid Conf Berlin, the Ig Nobel Prizes, QEDCon, Aegis Kuala Lumpur and has performed many Skeptics in the Pub and Science Showoff shows. He has also appeared at the Hay Festival, Latitude, Harrogate International Festival, Salon London and many more.
He also appeared alongside Hannah Gadsby, Eric Lampaert and Alex Edelman performing stand up at the Edinburgh Festival for a show called John Lloyd's Curious Edinburgh, hosted by Lloyd and Dan Schreiber.
Bibliography
Joined-Up Thinking (2008)
Henhwedhlow: The Clotted Cream Of Cornish Folktales (2010)
Constable Colgan's Connectoscope (2012)
The Third Condiment (2014)
Colgeroons (2015)
Saving Bletchley Park (with Dr Sue Black OBE) (2015)
Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? (2016)
A Murder to Die For (2018)
The Diabolical Club (2019)
Cockerings (2021)
Notes
References
External links
Stevyn Colgan's Web site
Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (The Cornish Language fellowship)
We'd Like A Word (books and authors podcast)
|
place of birth
|
{
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|
Stevyn Colgan (born 11 August 1961) is a British writer, artist and speaker.
Colgan was a police officer in London 1980-2010. He was then a researcher and scriptwriter for the BBC TV series QI and the regular QI Annuals, and for QI's BBC Radio 4 sister show The Museum of Curiosity until 2018. He co-presents the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.
Career
Police
Colgan joined the Metropolitan Police Force in 1980. He was awarded the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in 1993 and the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2003. He retired from the police in February 2010 after completing 30 years' service.
In later service, Colgan was a member of the award-winning Met Police Problem Solving Unit that used behavioural economics and creative thinking to tackle issues that did not respond to traditional policing/enforcement methods. He sat on several Home Office working groups and is an expert on problem-oriented policing. He worked closely with the UK Home Office and the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has lectured and taught extensively throughout the UK and US and elsewhere and now lectures in a private capacity.
He was a judge for the 2013 Transmission Awards for Innovative Thinking.
Illustrator
Colgan's first published illustration work was for the book I Remember: Reflections on Fishing and Childhood (Summersdale 1995) by Joe Cowley, Frederick Forsyth, Roger Daltrey, Bernard Cribbins, George Melly and others. The book raised money for the NSPCC. In 2006 he was the official artist for the Autumn National Children's Book Fair organised by Scholastic Books Ltd.
He illustrated several features for the various QI Annuals and the cover for the 'E, F, G' Compilation Annual in November 2010. His artwork regularly appears on the QI TV series. The QI 'H' Annual 2011 features a two-page spread co-written by himself, Justin Pollard and John Lloyd, called HENJ in which IKEA-style instructions for building Stonehenge are seen. These pages became so popular that they can be found on hundreds of websites and have spawned/inspired many other similar illustrations.
In 2011, Colgan was invited to participate in the annual Royal College of Art Secret Auction alongside such notables as Yoko Ono, Tracey Emin and Grayson Perry. He continues to do so every year.
Writer
In October 2008, his first book, Joined-Up Thinking, was published by Pan Macmillan Books.
In 2010 the Cornish Language Fellowship (Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek) and the Cornish Language Board (Kesva an Taves Kernewek) published Henhwedhlow, a book of Cornish Faerie Stories written and illustrated by Colgan. The book was published in both English and Cornish language on facing pages to aid translation. The stories are modern interpretations of traditional tales plus several brand new stories by the author. The book contains the largest existing body of modern Cornish prose.
In 2013 he launched a new book called Constable Colgan's Connectoscope with the crowd-funding publisher Unbound.
In 2014 and 2015 respectively, he self-published a novel - The Third Condiment - and an adult colouring book called Colgeroons on the Lulu platform.
In 2016 his semi-autobiographical book about Problem Oriented Policing Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? was published by Unbound. It tells the story of his tenure with the Problem Solving Unit and carries cover quotes from Stephen J Dubner and Rory Sutherland. Later retitled as One Step Ahead: Notes From The Problem Solving Unit for paperback release in 2018.
He co-wrote Saving Bletchley Park with Dr Sue Black OBE, published in 2015.
His first novel, a comedy murder mystery novel called A Murder To Die For was published in January 2018. It was shortlisted for Penguin Books Dead Good Awards and longlisted for ''The Guardian'' Not The Booker Prize. His second novel The Diabolical Club was published in 2019 and his third, Cockerings, in 2021.
Media
In 2012 he co-wrote the pilot for a radio series called 101 People to Meet Before You (Or They) Die with Dan Schreiber. After broadcast, a live show followed featuring on-stage interviews with Marc Abrahams and Dr Jan Bondeson.
Also in 2012, he became one of the researcher/writers for BBC Radio 4's The Museum of Curiosity. He was part of the writing team that won the Rose D'or in 2016.
In May 2012 he appeared on an episode of the Do the Right Thing podcast in the 'Ask the Expert' round and on an episode of Dave Gorman's BBC2 series Genius.
He has appeared on many podcasts including Freakonomics, Level Up Human, Little Atoms and the online live panel show Ex Libris.
His artwork has been seen on episodes of the BBC TV series QI, and he was name-checked by Stephen Fry in the QIXL episode "Humans" in 2010. He made cameo appearances in the 2014 episode "Location, Location, Location" and the 2018 episode Occult.
In 2016 he made a guest appearance on the QI podcast No Such Thing as a Fish.
Since March 2019 he has co-presented with Paul Waters the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.
Speaking
In recent years he has been a visiting lecturer in metacognition at Barts and the London. He has also spoken at Imperial College, Central St Martin's College of Art, York University, Brasenose College, Oxford, University of Exeter, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and many other academic institutions.
He is currently an Associate Lecturer in Criminal and Forensic Psychology at Buckinghamshire New University.
He has also taught art and lectured on creative thinking and problem solving.
His talks are a mix of science, art, autobiography and comedy. He has performed at venues and events such as TEDx, Glasgow Science Festival, Agile Cymru, Google Huddle, Hybrid Conf Berlin, the Ig Nobel Prizes, QEDCon, Aegis Kuala Lumpur and has performed many Skeptics in the Pub and Science Showoff shows. He has also appeared at the Hay Festival, Latitude, Harrogate International Festival, Salon London and many more.
He also appeared alongside Hannah Gadsby, Eric Lampaert and Alex Edelman performing stand up at the Edinburgh Festival for a show called John Lloyd's Curious Edinburgh, hosted by Lloyd and Dan Schreiber.
Bibliography
Joined-Up Thinking (2008)
Henhwedhlow: The Clotted Cream Of Cornish Folktales (2010)
Constable Colgan's Connectoscope (2012)
The Third Condiment (2014)
Colgeroons (2015)
Saving Bletchley Park (with Dr Sue Black OBE) (2015)
Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? (2016)
A Murder to Die For (2018)
The Diabolical Club (2019)
Cockerings (2021)
Notes
References
External links
Stevyn Colgan's Web site
Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (The Cornish Language fellowship)
We'd Like A Word (books and authors podcast)
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
}
|
Stevyn Colgan (born 11 August 1961) is a British writer, artist and speaker.
Colgan was a police officer in London 1980-2010. He was then a researcher and scriptwriter for the BBC TV series QI and the regular QI Annuals, and for QI's BBC Radio 4 sister show The Museum of Curiosity until 2018. He co-presents the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.
Career
Police
Colgan joined the Metropolitan Police Force in 1980. He was awarded the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in 1993 and the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2003. He retired from the police in February 2010 after completing 30 years' service.
In later service, Colgan was a member of the award-winning Met Police Problem Solving Unit that used behavioural economics and creative thinking to tackle issues that did not respond to traditional policing/enforcement methods. He sat on several Home Office working groups and is an expert on problem-oriented policing. He worked closely with the UK Home Office and the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has lectured and taught extensively throughout the UK and US and elsewhere and now lectures in a private capacity.
He was a judge for the 2013 Transmission Awards for Innovative Thinking.
Illustrator
Colgan's first published illustration work was for the book I Remember: Reflections on Fishing and Childhood (Summersdale 1995) by Joe Cowley, Frederick Forsyth, Roger Daltrey, Bernard Cribbins, George Melly and others. The book raised money for the NSPCC. In 2006 he was the official artist for the Autumn National Children's Book Fair organised by Scholastic Books Ltd.
He illustrated several features for the various QI Annuals and the cover for the 'E, F, G' Compilation Annual in November 2010. His artwork regularly appears on the QI TV series. The QI 'H' Annual 2011 features a two-page spread co-written by himself, Justin Pollard and John Lloyd, called HENJ in which IKEA-style instructions for building Stonehenge are seen. These pages became so popular that they can be found on hundreds of websites and have spawned/inspired many other similar illustrations.
In 2011, Colgan was invited to participate in the annual Royal College of Art Secret Auction alongside such notables as Yoko Ono, Tracey Emin and Grayson Perry. He continues to do so every year.
Writer
In October 2008, his first book, Joined-Up Thinking, was published by Pan Macmillan Books.
In 2010 the Cornish Language Fellowship (Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek) and the Cornish Language Board (Kesva an Taves Kernewek) published Henhwedhlow, a book of Cornish Faerie Stories written and illustrated by Colgan. The book was published in both English and Cornish language on facing pages to aid translation. The stories are modern interpretations of traditional tales plus several brand new stories by the author. The book contains the largest existing body of modern Cornish prose.
In 2013 he launched a new book called Constable Colgan's Connectoscope with the crowd-funding publisher Unbound.
In 2014 and 2015 respectively, he self-published a novel - The Third Condiment - and an adult colouring book called Colgeroons on the Lulu platform.
In 2016 his semi-autobiographical book about Problem Oriented Policing Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? was published by Unbound. It tells the story of his tenure with the Problem Solving Unit and carries cover quotes from Stephen J Dubner and Rory Sutherland. Later retitled as One Step Ahead: Notes From The Problem Solving Unit for paperback release in 2018.
He co-wrote Saving Bletchley Park with Dr Sue Black OBE, published in 2015.
His first novel, a comedy murder mystery novel called A Murder To Die For was published in January 2018. It was shortlisted for Penguin Books Dead Good Awards and longlisted for ''The Guardian'' Not The Booker Prize. His second novel The Diabolical Club was published in 2019 and his third, Cockerings, in 2021.
Media
In 2012 he co-wrote the pilot for a radio series called 101 People to Meet Before You (Or They) Die with Dan Schreiber. After broadcast, a live show followed featuring on-stage interviews with Marc Abrahams and Dr Jan Bondeson.
Also in 2012, he became one of the researcher/writers for BBC Radio 4's The Museum of Curiosity. He was part of the writing team that won the Rose D'or in 2016.
In May 2012 he appeared on an episode of the Do the Right Thing podcast in the 'Ask the Expert' round and on an episode of Dave Gorman's BBC2 series Genius.
He has appeared on many podcasts including Freakonomics, Level Up Human, Little Atoms and the online live panel show Ex Libris.
His artwork has been seen on episodes of the BBC TV series QI, and he was name-checked by Stephen Fry in the QIXL episode "Humans" in 2010. He made cameo appearances in the 2014 episode "Location, Location, Location" and the 2018 episode Occult.
In 2016 he made a guest appearance on the QI podcast No Such Thing as a Fish.
Since March 2019 he has co-presented with Paul Waters the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.
Speaking
In recent years he has been a visiting lecturer in metacognition at Barts and the London. He has also spoken at Imperial College, Central St Martin's College of Art, York University, Brasenose College, Oxford, University of Exeter, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and many other academic institutions.
He is currently an Associate Lecturer in Criminal and Forensic Psychology at Buckinghamshire New University.
He has also taught art and lectured on creative thinking and problem solving.
His talks are a mix of science, art, autobiography and comedy. He has performed at venues and events such as TEDx, Glasgow Science Festival, Agile Cymru, Google Huddle, Hybrid Conf Berlin, the Ig Nobel Prizes, QEDCon, Aegis Kuala Lumpur and has performed many Skeptics in the Pub and Science Showoff shows. He has also appeared at the Hay Festival, Latitude, Harrogate International Festival, Salon London and many more.
He also appeared alongside Hannah Gadsby, Eric Lampaert and Alex Edelman performing stand up at the Edinburgh Festival for a show called John Lloyd's Curious Edinburgh, hosted by Lloyd and Dan Schreiber.
Bibliography
Joined-Up Thinking (2008)
Henhwedhlow: The Clotted Cream Of Cornish Folktales (2010)
Constable Colgan's Connectoscope (2012)
The Third Condiment (2014)
Colgeroons (2015)
Saving Bletchley Park (with Dr Sue Black OBE) (2015)
Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? (2016)
A Murder to Die For (2018)
The Diabolical Club (2019)
Cockerings (2021)
Notes
References
External links
Stevyn Colgan's Web site
Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (The Cornish Language fellowship)
We'd Like A Word (books and authors podcast)
|
family name
|
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Gran Paradiso National Park (Italian: Parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso; French: Parc national du Grand Paradis), is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps, between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions. The park is named after Gran Paradiso mountain, which is located in the park; it is contiguous with the French Vanoise National Park. The land the park encompasses was initially protected in order to protect the Alpine ibex from poachers, as it was a personal hunting ground for King Victor Emmanuel II, but now also protects other species.
History
In the early 19th century, due to hunting, the Alpine ibex survived in the Gran Paradiso and Vanoise area. Approximately 60 individual ibex survived, here. Ibex were intensively hunted, partly for sport, but also because their body parts were thought to have therapeutic properties: talismans were made from a small cross-shaped bone near the ibex's heart in order to protect against violent death. Due to the alarming decrease in the ibex population, Victor Emmanuel, soon to be King of Italy, declared the Royal Hunting Reserve of the Gran Paradiso in 1856. A protective guard was created for the ibex. Paths laid out for the ibex are still used today as part of 724 kilometres (450 miles) of marked trails and mule tracks.In 1920 Victor Emmanuel II's grandson King Victor Emmanuel III donated the park's original 21 square kilometres (5,189 acres), and the park was established in 1922. It was Italy's first national park. There were approximately 3,000 ibex in the park when it was instituted. The institution of the park led to an increase in the ibex population, which reached 4,000 by 1933. In the following decade, despite the presence of the park, a worsening of the quality of surveillance under Fascist rule, poaching, and World War II led to a steady decrease of the ibex population. By 1945 only 419 remained. Their protection was re-established after the war, and there were 4,000 in the park in 2005.
Geography
The park is located in the Graian Alps in the regions of Piedmont (in the Metropolitan City of Turin) and Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. It encompasses 703 square kilometres (174,000 acres) of alpine terrain. 10% of the park's surface area is wooded. 16.5% is used for agriculture and pasture, 24% is uncultivated, and 40% is classified as sterile. 9.5% of the park's surface area is occupied by 57 glaciers. The park's mountains and valleys were sculpted by glaciers and streams. Altitudes in the park range from 800–4,061 metres (2,625–13,323 ft), with an average altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). Valley floors in the park are forested. There are alpine meadows at higher altitudes. There are rocks and glaciers at altitudes higher than the meadows. Gran Paradiso is the only mountain entirely within the boundaries of Italy that is over 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) high. Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn can be seen from its summit. In 1860, John Cowell became the first person to reach the summit. To the west, the park shares a boundary with France's Vanoise National Park. They co-operate in managing the ibex population, which moves across their shared boundary seasonally.
Flora
The park's woods are important because they provide shelter for a large number of animals. They are a natural defence against landslides, avalanches, and flooding. The two main types of woods found in the park are coniferous and deciduous woods. The deciduous European beech forests are common on the Piedmont side of the park, and are not found on the dryer Valle d'Aosta side. These forests are thick with dense foliage that lets in very little light during the summer. The beech leaves take a long time to decompose, and they form a thick layer on the woodland floor that impedes the development of other plants and trees. Larches are the most common trees in the forests on the valley floors. They are mixed with spruces, Swiss stone pines, and more rarely silver firs.Maple and lime forests are found in gulleys. These forests are only present in isolated areas and are at risk of extinction. Downy oak woods are more common in the Aosta Valley area than in the Piedmont area because of its higher temperatures and lower precipitation. Oak is not a typical species in the park and it is often found mixed with Scots pine. The park's chestnut groves have been affected by human cultivation for wood and fruit. It rarely grows above 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), and the most important chestnut forests are in the park's Piedmontese side. The park's conifer woods include Scots pine groves, spruce forests dominated by the Norway spruce, often mixed with larch. Larch and Swiss stone pine woods are found up to the highest sub-alpine level (2,200–2,300 metres (7,200–7,500 ft)).At higher altitudes the trees gradually thin out and there are alpine pastures. These pastures are rich in flowers in the late spring. The wildflowers in the park's high meadows include wild pansies, gentians, martagon lilies, and alpenroses. The park has many rocky habitats. They are mostly located above the timberline and alpine pastures. These areas have rock and detritus on their surface. Alpine plants have adapted to these habitats by assuming characteristics like dwarfism, hairiness, bright coloured flowers, and highly developed roots. About 1,500 plant species can be seen at Paradisia Alpine Botanical Garden near Cogne inside the park.
Fauna
Alpine ibex graze in the abundant mountain pastures in summer, and descend to lower elevations in winter. Gran Paradiso's pairing with Vanoise National Park provides year-round protection to the ibex. Along with the ibex, the animal species found in the park include ermine, weasel, hare, Eurasian badger, alpine chamois, wolf (recently arrived from Central Italy) and maybe even lynx. The ibex and chamois spend most of the year above the tree line. They descend to the valleys in the winter and spring. Alpine marmot forage on plants along the snow line.There are more than 100 bird species in the park, including Eurasian eagle-owl, rock ptarmigan, alpine accentor, and chough. Golden eagles nest on rocky ledges, and sometimes in trees. Wallcreeper are found on steep cliffs. There are black woodpeckers and nutcrackers in the park's woodlands.The park supports many species of butterflies including apollos, peak whites, and southern white admirals.
References
External links
Official website
Pages by the Park Authority on Parks.it
|
country
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Gran Paradiso National Park (Italian: Parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso; French: Parc national du Grand Paradis), is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps, between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions. The park is named after Gran Paradiso mountain, which is located in the park; it is contiguous with the French Vanoise National Park. The land the park encompasses was initially protected in order to protect the Alpine ibex from poachers, as it was a personal hunting ground for King Victor Emmanuel II, but now also protects other species.
History
In the early 19th century, due to hunting, the Alpine ibex survived in the Gran Paradiso and Vanoise area. Approximately 60 individual ibex survived, here. Ibex were intensively hunted, partly for sport, but also because their body parts were thought to have therapeutic properties: talismans were made from a small cross-shaped bone near the ibex's heart in order to protect against violent death. Due to the alarming decrease in the ibex population, Victor Emmanuel, soon to be King of Italy, declared the Royal Hunting Reserve of the Gran Paradiso in 1856. A protective guard was created for the ibex. Paths laid out for the ibex are still used today as part of 724 kilometres (450 miles) of marked trails and mule tracks.In 1920 Victor Emmanuel II's grandson King Victor Emmanuel III donated the park's original 21 square kilometres (5,189 acres), and the park was established in 1922. It was Italy's first national park. There were approximately 3,000 ibex in the park when it was instituted. The institution of the park led to an increase in the ibex population, which reached 4,000 by 1933. In the following decade, despite the presence of the park, a worsening of the quality of surveillance under Fascist rule, poaching, and World War II led to a steady decrease of the ibex population. By 1945 only 419 remained. Their protection was re-established after the war, and there were 4,000 in the park in 2005.
Geography
The park is located in the Graian Alps in the regions of Piedmont (in the Metropolitan City of Turin) and Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. It encompasses 703 square kilometres (174,000 acres) of alpine terrain. 10% of the park's surface area is wooded. 16.5% is used for agriculture and pasture, 24% is uncultivated, and 40% is classified as sterile. 9.5% of the park's surface area is occupied by 57 glaciers. The park's mountains and valleys were sculpted by glaciers and streams. Altitudes in the park range from 800–4,061 metres (2,625–13,323 ft), with an average altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). Valley floors in the park are forested. There are alpine meadows at higher altitudes. There are rocks and glaciers at altitudes higher than the meadows. Gran Paradiso is the only mountain entirely within the boundaries of Italy that is over 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) high. Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn can be seen from its summit. In 1860, John Cowell became the first person to reach the summit. To the west, the park shares a boundary with France's Vanoise National Park. They co-operate in managing the ibex population, which moves across their shared boundary seasonally.
Flora
The park's woods are important because they provide shelter for a large number of animals. They are a natural defence against landslides, avalanches, and flooding. The two main types of woods found in the park are coniferous and deciduous woods. The deciduous European beech forests are common on the Piedmont side of the park, and are not found on the dryer Valle d'Aosta side. These forests are thick with dense foliage that lets in very little light during the summer. The beech leaves take a long time to decompose, and they form a thick layer on the woodland floor that impedes the development of other plants and trees. Larches are the most common trees in the forests on the valley floors. They are mixed with spruces, Swiss stone pines, and more rarely silver firs.Maple and lime forests are found in gulleys. These forests are only present in isolated areas and are at risk of extinction. Downy oak woods are more common in the Aosta Valley area than in the Piedmont area because of its higher temperatures and lower precipitation. Oak is not a typical species in the park and it is often found mixed with Scots pine. The park's chestnut groves have been affected by human cultivation for wood and fruit. It rarely grows above 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), and the most important chestnut forests are in the park's Piedmontese side. The park's conifer woods include Scots pine groves, spruce forests dominated by the Norway spruce, often mixed with larch. Larch and Swiss stone pine woods are found up to the highest sub-alpine level (2,200–2,300 metres (7,200–7,500 ft)).At higher altitudes the trees gradually thin out and there are alpine pastures. These pastures are rich in flowers in the late spring. The wildflowers in the park's high meadows include wild pansies, gentians, martagon lilies, and alpenroses. The park has many rocky habitats. They are mostly located above the timberline and alpine pastures. These areas have rock and detritus on their surface. Alpine plants have adapted to these habitats by assuming characteristics like dwarfism, hairiness, bright coloured flowers, and highly developed roots. About 1,500 plant species can be seen at Paradisia Alpine Botanical Garden near Cogne inside the park.
Fauna
Alpine ibex graze in the abundant mountain pastures in summer, and descend to lower elevations in winter. Gran Paradiso's pairing with Vanoise National Park provides year-round protection to the ibex. Along with the ibex, the animal species found in the park include ermine, weasel, hare, Eurasian badger, alpine chamois, wolf (recently arrived from Central Italy) and maybe even lynx. The ibex and chamois spend most of the year above the tree line. They descend to the valleys in the winter and spring. Alpine marmot forage on plants along the snow line.There are more than 100 bird species in the park, including Eurasian eagle-owl, rock ptarmigan, alpine accentor, and chough. Golden eagles nest on rocky ledges, and sometimes in trees. Wallcreeper are found on steep cliffs. There are black woodpeckers and nutcrackers in the park's woodlands.The park supports many species of butterflies including apollos, peak whites, and southern white admirals.
References
External links
Official website
Pages by the Park Authority on Parks.it
|
instance of
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Gran Paradiso National Park (Italian: Parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso; French: Parc national du Grand Paradis), is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps, between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions. The park is named after Gran Paradiso mountain, which is located in the park; it is contiguous with the French Vanoise National Park. The land the park encompasses was initially protected in order to protect the Alpine ibex from poachers, as it was a personal hunting ground for King Victor Emmanuel II, but now also protects other species.
History
In the early 19th century, due to hunting, the Alpine ibex survived in the Gran Paradiso and Vanoise area. Approximately 60 individual ibex survived, here. Ibex were intensively hunted, partly for sport, but also because their body parts were thought to have therapeutic properties: talismans were made from a small cross-shaped bone near the ibex's heart in order to protect against violent death. Due to the alarming decrease in the ibex population, Victor Emmanuel, soon to be King of Italy, declared the Royal Hunting Reserve of the Gran Paradiso in 1856. A protective guard was created for the ibex. Paths laid out for the ibex are still used today as part of 724 kilometres (450 miles) of marked trails and mule tracks.In 1920 Victor Emmanuel II's grandson King Victor Emmanuel III donated the park's original 21 square kilometres (5,189 acres), and the park was established in 1922. It was Italy's first national park. There were approximately 3,000 ibex in the park when it was instituted. The institution of the park led to an increase in the ibex population, which reached 4,000 by 1933. In the following decade, despite the presence of the park, a worsening of the quality of surveillance under Fascist rule, poaching, and World War II led to a steady decrease of the ibex population. By 1945 only 419 remained. Their protection was re-established after the war, and there were 4,000 in the park in 2005.
Geography
The park is located in the Graian Alps in the regions of Piedmont (in the Metropolitan City of Turin) and Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. It encompasses 703 square kilometres (174,000 acres) of alpine terrain. 10% of the park's surface area is wooded. 16.5% is used for agriculture and pasture, 24% is uncultivated, and 40% is classified as sterile. 9.5% of the park's surface area is occupied by 57 glaciers. The park's mountains and valleys were sculpted by glaciers and streams. Altitudes in the park range from 800–4,061 metres (2,625–13,323 ft), with an average altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). Valley floors in the park are forested. There are alpine meadows at higher altitudes. There are rocks and glaciers at altitudes higher than the meadows. Gran Paradiso is the only mountain entirely within the boundaries of Italy that is over 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) high. Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn can be seen from its summit. In 1860, John Cowell became the first person to reach the summit. To the west, the park shares a boundary with France's Vanoise National Park. They co-operate in managing the ibex population, which moves across their shared boundary seasonally.
Flora
The park's woods are important because they provide shelter for a large number of animals. They are a natural defence against landslides, avalanches, and flooding. The two main types of woods found in the park are coniferous and deciduous woods. The deciduous European beech forests are common on the Piedmont side of the park, and are not found on the dryer Valle d'Aosta side. These forests are thick with dense foliage that lets in very little light during the summer. The beech leaves take a long time to decompose, and they form a thick layer on the woodland floor that impedes the development of other plants and trees. Larches are the most common trees in the forests on the valley floors. They are mixed with spruces, Swiss stone pines, and more rarely silver firs.Maple and lime forests are found in gulleys. These forests are only present in isolated areas and are at risk of extinction. Downy oak woods are more common in the Aosta Valley area than in the Piedmont area because of its higher temperatures and lower precipitation. Oak is not a typical species in the park and it is often found mixed with Scots pine. The park's chestnut groves have been affected by human cultivation for wood and fruit. It rarely grows above 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), and the most important chestnut forests are in the park's Piedmontese side. The park's conifer woods include Scots pine groves, spruce forests dominated by the Norway spruce, often mixed with larch. Larch and Swiss stone pine woods are found up to the highest sub-alpine level (2,200–2,300 metres (7,200–7,500 ft)).At higher altitudes the trees gradually thin out and there are alpine pastures. These pastures are rich in flowers in the late spring. The wildflowers in the park's high meadows include wild pansies, gentians, martagon lilies, and alpenroses. The park has many rocky habitats. They are mostly located above the timberline and alpine pastures. These areas have rock and detritus on their surface. Alpine plants have adapted to these habitats by assuming characteristics like dwarfism, hairiness, bright coloured flowers, and highly developed roots. About 1,500 plant species can be seen at Paradisia Alpine Botanical Garden near Cogne inside the park.
Fauna
Alpine ibex graze in the abundant mountain pastures in summer, and descend to lower elevations in winter. Gran Paradiso's pairing with Vanoise National Park provides year-round protection to the ibex. Along with the ibex, the animal species found in the park include ermine, weasel, hare, Eurasian badger, alpine chamois, wolf (recently arrived from Central Italy) and maybe even lynx. The ibex and chamois spend most of the year above the tree line. They descend to the valleys in the winter and spring. Alpine marmot forage on plants along the snow line.There are more than 100 bird species in the park, including Eurasian eagle-owl, rock ptarmigan, alpine accentor, and chough. Golden eagles nest on rocky ledges, and sometimes in trees. Wallcreeper are found on steep cliffs. There are black woodpeckers and nutcrackers in the park's woodlands.The park supports many species of butterflies including apollos, peak whites, and southern white admirals.
References
External links
Official website
Pages by the Park Authority on Parks.it
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
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Gran Paradiso National Park (Italian: Parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso; French: Parc national du Grand Paradis), is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps, between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions. The park is named after Gran Paradiso mountain, which is located in the park; it is contiguous with the French Vanoise National Park. The land the park encompasses was initially protected in order to protect the Alpine ibex from poachers, as it was a personal hunting ground for King Victor Emmanuel II, but now also protects other species.
History
In the early 19th century, due to hunting, the Alpine ibex survived in the Gran Paradiso and Vanoise area. Approximately 60 individual ibex survived, here. Ibex were intensively hunted, partly for sport, but also because their body parts were thought to have therapeutic properties: talismans were made from a small cross-shaped bone near the ibex's heart in order to protect against violent death. Due to the alarming decrease in the ibex population, Victor Emmanuel, soon to be King of Italy, declared the Royal Hunting Reserve of the Gran Paradiso in 1856. A protective guard was created for the ibex. Paths laid out for the ibex are still used today as part of 724 kilometres (450 miles) of marked trails and mule tracks.In 1920 Victor Emmanuel II's grandson King Victor Emmanuel III donated the park's original 21 square kilometres (5,189 acres), and the park was established in 1922. It was Italy's first national park. There were approximately 3,000 ibex in the park when it was instituted. The institution of the park led to an increase in the ibex population, which reached 4,000 by 1933. In the following decade, despite the presence of the park, a worsening of the quality of surveillance under Fascist rule, poaching, and World War II led to a steady decrease of the ibex population. By 1945 only 419 remained. Their protection was re-established after the war, and there were 4,000 in the park in 2005.
Geography
The park is located in the Graian Alps in the regions of Piedmont (in the Metropolitan City of Turin) and Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. It encompasses 703 square kilometres (174,000 acres) of alpine terrain. 10% of the park's surface area is wooded. 16.5% is used for agriculture and pasture, 24% is uncultivated, and 40% is classified as sterile. 9.5% of the park's surface area is occupied by 57 glaciers. The park's mountains and valleys were sculpted by glaciers and streams. Altitudes in the park range from 800–4,061 metres (2,625–13,323 ft), with an average altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). Valley floors in the park are forested. There are alpine meadows at higher altitudes. There are rocks and glaciers at altitudes higher than the meadows. Gran Paradiso is the only mountain entirely within the boundaries of Italy that is over 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) high. Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn can be seen from its summit. In 1860, John Cowell became the first person to reach the summit. To the west, the park shares a boundary with France's Vanoise National Park. They co-operate in managing the ibex population, which moves across their shared boundary seasonally.
Flora
The park's woods are important because they provide shelter for a large number of animals. They are a natural defence against landslides, avalanches, and flooding. The two main types of woods found in the park are coniferous and deciduous woods. The deciduous European beech forests are common on the Piedmont side of the park, and are not found on the dryer Valle d'Aosta side. These forests are thick with dense foliage that lets in very little light during the summer. The beech leaves take a long time to decompose, and they form a thick layer on the woodland floor that impedes the development of other plants and trees. Larches are the most common trees in the forests on the valley floors. They are mixed with spruces, Swiss stone pines, and more rarely silver firs.Maple and lime forests are found in gulleys. These forests are only present in isolated areas and are at risk of extinction. Downy oak woods are more common in the Aosta Valley area than in the Piedmont area because of its higher temperatures and lower precipitation. Oak is not a typical species in the park and it is often found mixed with Scots pine. The park's chestnut groves have been affected by human cultivation for wood and fruit. It rarely grows above 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), and the most important chestnut forests are in the park's Piedmontese side. The park's conifer woods include Scots pine groves, spruce forests dominated by the Norway spruce, often mixed with larch. Larch and Swiss stone pine woods are found up to the highest sub-alpine level (2,200–2,300 metres (7,200–7,500 ft)).At higher altitudes the trees gradually thin out and there are alpine pastures. These pastures are rich in flowers in the late spring. The wildflowers in the park's high meadows include wild pansies, gentians, martagon lilies, and alpenroses. The park has many rocky habitats. They are mostly located above the timberline and alpine pastures. These areas have rock and detritus on their surface. Alpine plants have adapted to these habitats by assuming characteristics like dwarfism, hairiness, bright coloured flowers, and highly developed roots. About 1,500 plant species can be seen at Paradisia Alpine Botanical Garden near Cogne inside the park.
Fauna
Alpine ibex graze in the abundant mountain pastures in summer, and descend to lower elevations in winter. Gran Paradiso's pairing with Vanoise National Park provides year-round protection to the ibex. Along with the ibex, the animal species found in the park include ermine, weasel, hare, Eurasian badger, alpine chamois, wolf (recently arrived from Central Italy) and maybe even lynx. The ibex and chamois spend most of the year above the tree line. They descend to the valleys in the winter and spring. Alpine marmot forage on plants along the snow line.There are more than 100 bird species in the park, including Eurasian eagle-owl, rock ptarmigan, alpine accentor, and chough. Golden eagles nest on rocky ledges, and sometimes in trees. Wallcreeper are found on steep cliffs. There are black woodpeckers and nutcrackers in the park's woodlands.The park supports many species of butterflies including apollos, peak whites, and southern white admirals.
References
External links
Official website
Pages by the Park Authority on Parks.it
|
Commons category
|
{
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Gran Paradiso National Park (Italian: Parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso; French: Parc national du Grand Paradis), is an Italian national park in the Graian Alps, between the Aosta Valley and Piedmont regions. The park is named after Gran Paradiso mountain, which is located in the park; it is contiguous with the French Vanoise National Park. The land the park encompasses was initially protected in order to protect the Alpine ibex from poachers, as it was a personal hunting ground for King Victor Emmanuel II, but now also protects other species.
History
In the early 19th century, due to hunting, the Alpine ibex survived in the Gran Paradiso and Vanoise area. Approximately 60 individual ibex survived, here. Ibex were intensively hunted, partly for sport, but also because their body parts were thought to have therapeutic properties: talismans were made from a small cross-shaped bone near the ibex's heart in order to protect against violent death. Due to the alarming decrease in the ibex population, Victor Emmanuel, soon to be King of Italy, declared the Royal Hunting Reserve of the Gran Paradiso in 1856. A protective guard was created for the ibex. Paths laid out for the ibex are still used today as part of 724 kilometres (450 miles) of marked trails and mule tracks.In 1920 Victor Emmanuel II's grandson King Victor Emmanuel III donated the park's original 21 square kilometres (5,189 acres), and the park was established in 1922. It was Italy's first national park. There were approximately 3,000 ibex in the park when it was instituted. The institution of the park led to an increase in the ibex population, which reached 4,000 by 1933. In the following decade, despite the presence of the park, a worsening of the quality of surveillance under Fascist rule, poaching, and World War II led to a steady decrease of the ibex population. By 1945 only 419 remained. Their protection was re-established after the war, and there were 4,000 in the park in 2005.
Geography
The park is located in the Graian Alps in the regions of Piedmont (in the Metropolitan City of Turin) and Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. It encompasses 703 square kilometres (174,000 acres) of alpine terrain. 10% of the park's surface area is wooded. 16.5% is used for agriculture and pasture, 24% is uncultivated, and 40% is classified as sterile. 9.5% of the park's surface area is occupied by 57 glaciers. The park's mountains and valleys were sculpted by glaciers and streams. Altitudes in the park range from 800–4,061 metres (2,625–13,323 ft), with an average altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). Valley floors in the park are forested. There are alpine meadows at higher altitudes. There are rocks and glaciers at altitudes higher than the meadows. Gran Paradiso is the only mountain entirely within the boundaries of Italy that is over 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) high. Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn can be seen from its summit. In 1860, John Cowell became the first person to reach the summit. To the west, the park shares a boundary with France's Vanoise National Park. They co-operate in managing the ibex population, which moves across their shared boundary seasonally.
Flora
The park's woods are important because they provide shelter for a large number of animals. They are a natural defence against landslides, avalanches, and flooding. The two main types of woods found in the park are coniferous and deciduous woods. The deciduous European beech forests are common on the Piedmont side of the park, and are not found on the dryer Valle d'Aosta side. These forests are thick with dense foliage that lets in very little light during the summer. The beech leaves take a long time to decompose, and they form a thick layer on the woodland floor that impedes the development of other plants and trees. Larches are the most common trees in the forests on the valley floors. They are mixed with spruces, Swiss stone pines, and more rarely silver firs.Maple and lime forests are found in gulleys. These forests are only present in isolated areas and are at risk of extinction. Downy oak woods are more common in the Aosta Valley area than in the Piedmont area because of its higher temperatures and lower precipitation. Oak is not a typical species in the park and it is often found mixed with Scots pine. The park's chestnut groves have been affected by human cultivation for wood and fruit. It rarely grows above 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), and the most important chestnut forests are in the park's Piedmontese side. The park's conifer woods include Scots pine groves, spruce forests dominated by the Norway spruce, often mixed with larch. Larch and Swiss stone pine woods are found up to the highest sub-alpine level (2,200–2,300 metres (7,200–7,500 ft)).At higher altitudes the trees gradually thin out and there are alpine pastures. These pastures are rich in flowers in the late spring. The wildflowers in the park's high meadows include wild pansies, gentians, martagon lilies, and alpenroses. The park has many rocky habitats. They are mostly located above the timberline and alpine pastures. These areas have rock and detritus on their surface. Alpine plants have adapted to these habitats by assuming characteristics like dwarfism, hairiness, bright coloured flowers, and highly developed roots. About 1,500 plant species can be seen at Paradisia Alpine Botanical Garden near Cogne inside the park.
Fauna
Alpine ibex graze in the abundant mountain pastures in summer, and descend to lower elevations in winter. Gran Paradiso's pairing with Vanoise National Park provides year-round protection to the ibex. Along with the ibex, the animal species found in the park include ermine, weasel, hare, Eurasian badger, alpine chamois, wolf (recently arrived from Central Italy) and maybe even lynx. The ibex and chamois spend most of the year above the tree line. They descend to the valleys in the winter and spring. Alpine marmot forage on plants along the snow line.There are more than 100 bird species in the park, including Eurasian eagle-owl, rock ptarmigan, alpine accentor, and chough. Golden eagles nest on rocky ledges, and sometimes in trees. Wallcreeper are found on steep cliffs. There are black woodpeckers and nutcrackers in the park's woodlands.The park supports many species of butterflies including apollos, peak whites, and southern white admirals.
References
External links
Official website
Pages by the Park Authority on Parks.it
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NBA Inside Drive is a series of video games based on National Basketball Association, published by Microsoft Studios. Its main competition was NBA Live, a series from Electronic Arts.
Games
NBA Inside Drive 2000
The first game in the series, NBA Inside Drive 2000, was released for Microsoft Windows on August 26, 1999.
Reception
NBA Inside Drive 2000 received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.
NBA Inside Drive 2002
After an almost two-and-a-half-year hiatus, NBA Inside Drive was brought back as NBA Inside Drive 2002 and was released in 2002 for Xbox. The game's development time was 18 months.
Reception
NBA Inside Drive 2002 received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
NBA Inside Drive 2003
Less than one year after the 2002 installment, NBA Inside Drive 2003 was released for Xbox.
Reception
NBA Inside Drive 2003 received "average" reviews according to Metacritic.
NBA Inside Drive 2004
The last entry in the series, NBA Inside Drive 2004, was released in 2003. It launched with other XSN Sports titles that featured a website where players could organize their own tournaments, seasons, or games.
Reception
Inside Drive 2004 received "average" reviews according to Metacritic. In Japan, where the game was ported for release on January 22, 2004, Famitsu gave it a score of two sevens, one six, and one seven for a total of 27 out of 40.
Discontinuation
Following Microsoft's release of their 2004 professional sports titles, all of them were discontinued including NFL Fever and NHL Rivals. In February 2005, Microsoft sold NBA Inside Drive and its other sports franchises to Ubisoft.
See also
NBA ShootOut
NFL Fever
NHL Rivals
References
External links
NBA Inside Drive 2000 at MobyGames
NBA Inside Drive 2002 at MobyGames
NBA Inside Drive 2003 at MobyGames
NBA Inside Drive 2004 at MobyGames
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
|
architect
|
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
|
commissioned by
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"text": [
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
|
Commons category
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
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Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle to distinguish it from the nearby Old Slains Castle, is a ruined castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It overlooks the North Sea from its cliff-top site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Cruden Bay. The core of the castle is a 16th-century tower house, built by the 9th Earl of Erroll. Significant reconstruction of the castle has been carried out a number of times, lastly in 1837 when it was rebuilt as a Scots Baronial mansion. At one time it had three extensive gardens but is now a roofless ruin. Plans to restore the castle have been on hold since 2009. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building. The castle is linked with the novels of Bram Stoker, including Dracula.
History
New Slains Castle was the home of the Earl of Erroll, a hereditary title within the Hay family. The Hays had been a powerful dynasty in the area since the 14th century and owned large tracts of land in eastern Aberdeenshire, notably the parishes of Slains and Cruden. In 1453 Sir William Hay was made the first Earl of Erroll by King James II. At this time the local seat of power was Old Slains Castle, near Collieston, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south-west.
The first building on the site of New Slains Castle was constructed for Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, following the destruction of the original Slains Castle. Named Bowness, it was located on a sea cliff close to what is now the village of Cruden Bay.
Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, a convert to Roman Catholicism, had conspired with other Catholic nobles, including the Earl of Huntly, with whom he joined in a brief rebellion in 1589. Erroll was also a signatory of the "Spanish Blanks", documents signed by members of the Catholic nobility of Scotland, and otherwise left to be filled in with the terms of Spanish aid. Erroll was declared a traitor in 1594, and Old Slains Castle was destroyed in October on the orders of King James VI.After a period abroad Erroll returned to Scotland, and abjured Roman Catholicism in 1597, subsequently returning to royal favour. He abandoned Old Slains and built a courtyard and square tower on the present site, probably around 1600, although the exact date is not known. The earliest mention of the tower was made in a gazetteer published in 1660. Another document from 1732 specifically mentions that Bowness was built from new ‘by Francis, Earl of Erroll, on the king's demolishing the original castle of Slains’. The name Bowness derives from a double rock arch at the north end of the peninsula, thought to resemble a bow.
The original building was added to in 1664, when the wings around the courtyard were extended by the addition of a gallery or corridor, and was renamed New Slains Castle. In 1707 the entrance front was renewed.New Slains Castle is linked to the Jacobite cause in Scotland.
In 1705, Louis XIV, King of France, who was at war with England and Scotland, sent secret agent Nathaniel Hooke to foment a Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland. Hooke landed at New Slains Castle, having been brought from Dunkirk by the fourteen-gun French navy frigate, Audacious. His efforts came to nothing after they were thwarted by James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, head of the Country Party in the Scottish Parliament.Hooke returned to New Slains Castle in 1707, the year of the formation of the United Kingdom. Using the castle as his base, he toured Scotland gathering military intelligence to establish the feasibility of a combined French / Jacobite invasion of Scotland. He returned to France, where his report was read to Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. The French King authorised the invasion.
The planned French invasion of Britain (the objective was Scotland) was launched in 1708. Between 5,000 and 6000 men, both French and Jacobite, sailed from Dunkirk in 28 ships with James Edward Stuart on board the flagship. The fleet eventually reached the Firth of Forth, where the intention had been to disembark the invasion army together with James Edward Stuart at Leith. However, fifty ships from the newly formed British navy now arrived to chase the invasion fleet out of the Forth and up the northeast coast of Scotland. Discussion took place about landing James Edward Stuart at an unspecified Aberdeenshire castle, plausibly New Slains Castle, although the French admiral of the fleet refused to allow this to happen. The invasion was abandoned, and the fleet returned to Dunkirk. Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll recruited men from Aberdeenshire during the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. When she died childless in 1758, the Earl of Erroll title passed to her great-nephew, James, Lord Boyd. James was the grandson of her sister, Lady Margaret Hay and the son of William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was executed on Tower Hill in 1746. James, Lord Boyd changed his name to Hay. The Kilmarnock title survived in part down the succession, whereby, up until recently, the heir to the Erroll earldom was referred to as Lord Kilmarnock.
Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited New Slains Castle in 1773. They were entertained by James, Lord Boyd (Hay) and his brother Charles. They spent a night in the castle, although James Boswell did not sleep well: I had a most elegant room. But there was a fire in it which blazed, and the sea, to which my windows looked, roared, and the pillows were made of some sea-fowl’s feathers which had to me a disagreeable smell. So that by all these causes, I was kept awake a good time. I began to think that Lord Kilmarnock might appear to me [beheaded in 1746], and I was somewhat dreary. But the thought did not last long, and I fell asleep.Neither Johnson or Boswell mention that the earl and his brother had fought on opposite sides at the Battle of Culloden in 1746; The earl with the government army, and his brother Charles (and his father) with the Jacobite army.In 1820 William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, married Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, the illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothea Jordan. In the 1830s the 18th Earl commissioned the Aberdeen architect John Smith to remodel the castle. This resulted in a virtual rebuilding of Slains in a Scots Baronial style, including granite facings, in 1836–1837. Gardens were laid out in the late 1890s by the landscape architect T. H. Mawson.
Slains Castle is associated with the author Bram Stoker, who was a regular visitor to nearby Cruden Bay between 1892 and 1910. The castle is mentioned in his locally set novels, The Watter's Mou' and The Mystery of the Sea: At first the cleft runs from west to east, and broadens out into a wide bay of which one side a steep grassy slope leads towards the new castle of Slains...’ The Watter’s Mou’.
My own section for watching was between Slains Castle and Dunbuy, as wild and rocky a bit of coast as anyone could wish to see. Behind Slains runs in a long narrow inlet with beetling cliffs, sheer on either side, and at its entrance a wild turmoil of rocks are hurled together in titanic confusion. The Mystery of the Sea.The castle may have provided the inspiration for Kyllion Castle in The Jewel of Seven Stars - a mansion house on the edge of a cliff. Slains Castle is commonly linked with Dracula. It is likely that the castle provided a visual palette for Bram Stoker when he started writing the book in Cruden Bay. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, may be the source for the octagonal room in Dracula.‘The Count halted, putting down my bags, closed the door, and crossing the room, opened another door which led into a small octagonal room lit by a single lamp, and seemingly without a window of any sort.’ Dracula.Shortly before 1900, Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, became an occasional visitor to the castle, spending most of his time in England. New Slains Castle was rented out as a high-class summer holiday residence, notably to Robert Baden-Powell in 1900, and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1903 and 1908. Winston Churchill spent two nights at the castle in 1908 as a guest of H. H. Asquith. In 1916 the 20th Earl of Erroll sold New Slains, ending more than 300 years of occupation by the family. He had been impoverished by the lavish spending of the family fortune by his ancestors, an agricultural recession starting from the 1890s, and inheritance taxes. It was purchased by Sir John Ellerman, the wealthy but secretive owner of the Ellerman Lines shipping company, who never visited the castle. It was put up for sale again in 1922 and bought by Percy P. Harvey from London who then disposed of the land, although the castle remained unsold.
The castle was then bought by Charles Brand Ltd, a Dundee-based demolition company who specialised in buying Scottish castle and mansions for demolition, and then making money from selling off masonry and other fittings.The demolition went ahead in the summer of 1925. An advert headlined ‘Demolition of Slains Castle’ in the Aberdeen Press and Journal, 5 September 1925, listed various items for sale: ‘Battens, Flooring, sarking, slates, doors, windows, baths, wash hand basins, sinks, stable fittings, stone paving and other building materials’.
Perhaps this had not gone well, because a new advert appeared notifying a sale at the castle on Saturday 17 April 1926. Now included in the inventory were the following: panel doors (yellow pine), water closets, bedroom grates, granite sills and corners.
It is often stated that the roof of New Slains Castle was removed to avoid paying taxes, although this is not what happened. The roof was removed by the demolition company to recover lead and slates for resale.
New Slains Castle is now a roofless shell, with most of the outer and inner walls standing to full height. In 2004 it was reported that the Slains Partnership was preparing plans for the restoration of the building and conversion into 35 holiday apartments. In August 2007 the scheme was granted outline planning permission by Aberdeenshire Council, but the plans were put on hold in 2009 due to the Great Recession.
Architecture
New Slains Castle is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B listed building.
At first inspection, the ruin appears to be a blend of several different architectural styles and periods, due to diverse masonry including older mortared granite, mortared medieval red brick, mortared sandstone and newer well-faced granite. In fact, most of the architecture seems to derive from a rather cohesive interval 1597 to 1664, which construction is the most expansive and includes the mortared rough granite and medieval brick. The 1836 work adds smoother granite facing that contrasts with the older construction style.
The defensive works of the castle include the use of the North Sea cliffs; an abyss to the west that functions as a deep impassable moat; and a ruined rampart that would have been the main entrance on the south. The ruins include reasonably well-preserved elements of three- and four-storey structural elements and a basement course over some of the range, especially at the eastern side. There are well-preserved basement kitchen works with numerous fire pits and masonry indented storage spaces. The internal doorways are primarily of well-preserved wooden lintel construction, with numerous examples of mortared sandstone and medieval brickwork archways. The interior of the ground level is a maze of passageways and smaller rooms, reflecting a high state of occupancy in 17th-century times.
See also
Slains Pursuivant
References
Further reading
Aitken, Margaret. Six Buchan Villages Re-visited (2014)
Boswell, James. Boswell’s Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (1785)
Johnson, Samuel. A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1773 (1775)
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Bram Stoker Creator of Dracula (1977)
Moncreiffe, Iain. Slains and the Errolls (1973)
Shepherd, Mike. When Brave Men Shudder: The Scottish origins of Dracula (2018)
Shepherd, Mike and Stoker, Dacre. Slains Castle’s Secret History (2021)
Turtle, Sylvia. Slains Castle, Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen: guide to the history and layout (1995)
External links
New Slains Castle and Bram Stoker, Cruden Bay community website
Slains Castle And Two Of Scotland's Forgotten Churches | Abandoned Road Trip Scotland
Slains Castle 360° Virtual Tour
Slains Castle Visitors Guide
|
historic county
|
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The Ceredigion Coast Path (Welsh: Llwybr Arfordir Ceredigion) is a waymarked long distance footpath in the United Kingdom, on the coast of Ceredigion, Wales. It is 65 miles (105 km) in length, running along the coast of Cardigan Bay from Cardigan (52.0810°N 4.6608°W / 52.0810; -4.6608 (Ceredigion Coast Path, southern end)) to Ynyslas (52.5271°N 4.0495°W / 52.5271; -4.0495 (Ceredigion Coast Path, northern end)).
The path forms one section of the Wales Coast Path, an 870-mile (1,400 km) long-distance walking route around the whole coast of Wales from Chepstow to Queensferry, opened in 2012.
Background
The Ceredigion Coast Path project was funded under the EU's Objective 1 programme for West Wales and the Valleys. There were previously existing lengthy public rights of way along the coastline, but the scheme allowed for these to be linked together – by creating new public access routes – to make a continuous route. The path was opened throughout in July 2008.
Description
The coast path runs along the Welsh Heritage Coast from Cardigan northwards along Cardigan Bay to Ynyslas near (Borth), a little to the north of Aberystwyth. The official start, in Cardigan, is the bronze otter next to the bridge on the northern bank of the River Teifi.(SN177458) The end is at the Ynyslas war memorial.(SN609940)The path crosses a variety of landscapes, such as the dune system at Ynyslas, high cliffs, storm beaches, sandy bays and sea caves. The path passes through small villages and some well-known tourist resorts and offers a close insight into this stretch of coast, recently officially opened up to walkers via this route, some parts of which are still under development.
There are four sections that are designated as Heritage Coast, and two areas within Cardigan Bay are marine Special Areas of Conservation because of their importance for wildlife. This section of coastline is renowned for bottlenose dolphins, grey seals and porpoises.
Ceredigion Coast Path sections
The Ceredigion Coast Path can be accessed by road at a number of points, so that it can readily be split into the following eleven sections:
Cardigan to Mwnt: 11.7 miles (18.8 km) – Note: There is a temporary route connecting Gwbert with Mwnt; the actual Ceredigion Coast Path section within that vicinity is currently unavailable because of legal proceedings.
Mwnt to Aberporth: 5.3 miles (8.5 km)
Aberporth to Tresaith: 1.5 miles (2.4 km)
Tresaith to Penbryn: 1.6 miles (2.6 km)
Penbryn to Llangrannog: 1.7 miles (2.7 km)
Llangrannog to Cwmtydu: 5.5 miles (8.9 km)
Cwmtydu to New Quay: 3.8 miles (6.1 km)
New Quay to Aberaeron: 6.5 miles (10.5 km)
Aberaeron to Llanrhystud: 7.4 miles (11.9 km)
Llanrhystud to Aberystwyth: 10.6 miles (17.1 km)
Aberystwyth to Borth (Ynyslas): 9.9 miles (15.9 km)Whilst a long-distance path in its own right, it is linked at both ends as part of the Wales Coast Path. It meets the Pembrokeshire Coast Path National Trail at St Dogmaels after crossing the tidal stretch of the River Teifi via the old bridge in Cardigan.
Access
Although the Ceredigion Coast Path is a long-distance path, it can easily be split into smaller sections. Some of the sections are challenging, given the undulating nature of the path, but some of the flatter sections are quite suitable for walkers of lesser or limited ability. Recently, for instance, work completed between Aberporth and Tresaith has re-routed the path to avoid steps. Also, the Aberporth Inclusive Access Cliff Top Trail is a 1-kilometre (0.6 mi) high-quality surfaced path built to wheelchair gradient standards.Many of the coastal villages and towns were visited by the Cardi Bach bus service run between Cardigan and New Quay, particularly aimed at walkers. Introduced in 2004, it initially carried 1,000 passengers a year and only ran in the summer. This figure had risen to 4,600 by 2010. As a result of this success, the service was extended to operate all year round (six days a week over the summer and three days a week at other times) from 2012 until September 2014, with funding from the Rural Development Plan. Funding ended in September 2014 and the service closed.The northern part of the Ceredigion Coast Path, at Borth and Aberystwyth, can be accessed by train on the Cambrian Line.
References
External links
The Official Guide to the Ceredigion Coast Path
|
country
|
{
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The Ceredigion Coast Path (Welsh: Llwybr Arfordir Ceredigion) is a waymarked long distance footpath in the United Kingdom, on the coast of Ceredigion, Wales. It is 65 miles (105 km) in length, running along the coast of Cardigan Bay from Cardigan (52.0810°N 4.6608°W / 52.0810; -4.6608 (Ceredigion Coast Path, southern end)) to Ynyslas (52.5271°N 4.0495°W / 52.5271; -4.0495 (Ceredigion Coast Path, northern end)).
The path forms one section of the Wales Coast Path, an 870-mile (1,400 km) long-distance walking route around the whole coast of Wales from Chepstow to Queensferry, opened in 2012.
Background
The Ceredigion Coast Path project was funded under the EU's Objective 1 programme for West Wales and the Valleys. There were previously existing lengthy public rights of way along the coastline, but the scheme allowed for these to be linked together – by creating new public access routes – to make a continuous route. The path was opened throughout in July 2008.
Description
The coast path runs along the Welsh Heritage Coast from Cardigan northwards along Cardigan Bay to Ynyslas near (Borth), a little to the north of Aberystwyth. The official start, in Cardigan, is the bronze otter next to the bridge on the northern bank of the River Teifi.(SN177458) The end is at the Ynyslas war memorial.(SN609940)The path crosses a variety of landscapes, such as the dune system at Ynyslas, high cliffs, storm beaches, sandy bays and sea caves. The path passes through small villages and some well-known tourist resorts and offers a close insight into this stretch of coast, recently officially opened up to walkers via this route, some parts of which are still under development.
There are four sections that are designated as Heritage Coast, and two areas within Cardigan Bay are marine Special Areas of Conservation because of their importance for wildlife. This section of coastline is renowned for bottlenose dolphins, grey seals and porpoises.
Ceredigion Coast Path sections
The Ceredigion Coast Path can be accessed by road at a number of points, so that it can readily be split into the following eleven sections:
Cardigan to Mwnt: 11.7 miles (18.8 km) – Note: There is a temporary route connecting Gwbert with Mwnt; the actual Ceredigion Coast Path section within that vicinity is currently unavailable because of legal proceedings.
Mwnt to Aberporth: 5.3 miles (8.5 km)
Aberporth to Tresaith: 1.5 miles (2.4 km)
Tresaith to Penbryn: 1.6 miles (2.6 km)
Penbryn to Llangrannog: 1.7 miles (2.7 km)
Llangrannog to Cwmtydu: 5.5 miles (8.9 km)
Cwmtydu to New Quay: 3.8 miles (6.1 km)
New Quay to Aberaeron: 6.5 miles (10.5 km)
Aberaeron to Llanrhystud: 7.4 miles (11.9 km)
Llanrhystud to Aberystwyth: 10.6 miles (17.1 km)
Aberystwyth to Borth (Ynyslas): 9.9 miles (15.9 km)Whilst a long-distance path in its own right, it is linked at both ends as part of the Wales Coast Path. It meets the Pembrokeshire Coast Path National Trail at St Dogmaels after crossing the tidal stretch of the River Teifi via the old bridge in Cardigan.
Access
Although the Ceredigion Coast Path is a long-distance path, it can easily be split into smaller sections. Some of the sections are challenging, given the undulating nature of the path, but some of the flatter sections are quite suitable for walkers of lesser or limited ability. Recently, for instance, work completed between Aberporth and Tresaith has re-routed the path to avoid steps. Also, the Aberporth Inclusive Access Cliff Top Trail is a 1-kilometre (0.6 mi) high-quality surfaced path built to wheelchair gradient standards.Many of the coastal villages and towns were visited by the Cardi Bach bus service run between Cardigan and New Quay, particularly aimed at walkers. Introduced in 2004, it initially carried 1,000 passengers a year and only ran in the summer. This figure had risen to 4,600 by 2010. As a result of this success, the service was extended to operate all year round (six days a week over the summer and three days a week at other times) from 2012 until September 2014, with funding from the Rural Development Plan. Funding ended in September 2014 and the service closed.The northern part of the Ceredigion Coast Path, at Borth and Aberystwyth, can be accessed by train on the Cambrian Line.
References
External links
The Official Guide to the Ceredigion Coast Path
|
Commons category
|
{
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4
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Damon William Elliott (born March 21, 1973) is an American musician, Academy Award Nominated record producer, singer, songwriter and composer, who has worked in several genres of music including hip hop, R&B, pop, pop rock, gospel, reggae and country. He is the founder/CEO of The Damon Elliott Music Group, and the founder and president of both Confidential Records and Kind Music Group.
Elliott's first production project credits include Bone Thugs-n-Harmony member Flesh-n-Bone (1996). Other credits include work with Mya, Destiny's Child (including Beyonce's, Kelly Rowland's and Michelle Williams's solo projects), P!nk, Jessica Simpson, Macy Gray, Athena Cage, Solange Knowles, Keyshia Cole, Kelis, Brooke Allison, Brooke Hogan, Yasmeen Sulieman, rappers Layzie Bone, Yukmouth, Sticky Fingaz, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and former boxing champion Mike Tyson. He has written and produced theme songs for the television shows Holly's World, Kendra on Top and The Lylas. Elliott produces with Diane Warren and has a recording studio partnership with her at Real Songs in Hollywood. As a singer, Elliott contributed to N-Tyce, Tina Harris and Beat Funktion. He co-wrote "Blow Me" and "Catwalk" for American entrepreneur Jeffree Star.
Since 2014, with the support of Billy Ray Cyrus, Elliott began releasing hick-hop songs using stage name Buck 22. The two released a song "Achy Breaky 2", which peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Family
Elliott was born on March 21, 1973, to Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott. He has one brother named David Elliott. Whitney Houston was his first cousin once removed and opera singer Leontyne Price is another cousin. He is the nephew of singer Dee Dee Warwick, Dionne's sister.
Discography
Production discography
References
External links
Damon Elliott at AllMusic
Damon Elliott at IMDb
|
father
|
{
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6
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"text": [
"William Elliott"
]
}
|
Damon William Elliott (born March 21, 1973) is an American musician, Academy Award Nominated record producer, singer, songwriter and composer, who has worked in several genres of music including hip hop, R&B, pop, pop rock, gospel, reggae and country. He is the founder/CEO of The Damon Elliott Music Group, and the founder and president of both Confidential Records and Kind Music Group.
Elliott's first production project credits include Bone Thugs-n-Harmony member Flesh-n-Bone (1996). Other credits include work with Mya, Destiny's Child (including Beyonce's, Kelly Rowland's and Michelle Williams's solo projects), P!nk, Jessica Simpson, Macy Gray, Athena Cage, Solange Knowles, Keyshia Cole, Kelis, Brooke Allison, Brooke Hogan, Yasmeen Sulieman, rappers Layzie Bone, Yukmouth, Sticky Fingaz, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and former boxing champion Mike Tyson. He has written and produced theme songs for the television shows Holly's World, Kendra on Top and The Lylas. Elliott produces with Diane Warren and has a recording studio partnership with her at Real Songs in Hollywood. As a singer, Elliott contributed to N-Tyce, Tina Harris and Beat Funktion. He co-wrote "Blow Me" and "Catwalk" for American entrepreneur Jeffree Star.
Since 2014, with the support of Billy Ray Cyrus, Elliott began releasing hick-hop songs using stage name Buck 22. The two released a song "Achy Breaky 2", which peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Family
Elliott was born on March 21, 1973, to Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott. He has one brother named David Elliott. Whitney Houston was his first cousin once removed and opera singer Leontyne Price is another cousin. He is the nephew of singer Dee Dee Warwick, Dionne's sister.
Discography
Production discography
References
External links
Damon Elliott at AllMusic
Damon Elliott at IMDb
|
mother
|
{
"answer_start": [
1482
],
"text": [
"Dionne Warwick"
]
}
|
Damon William Elliott (born March 21, 1973) is an American musician, Academy Award Nominated record producer, singer, songwriter and composer, who has worked in several genres of music including hip hop, R&B, pop, pop rock, gospel, reggae and country. He is the founder/CEO of The Damon Elliott Music Group, and the founder and president of both Confidential Records and Kind Music Group.
Elliott's first production project credits include Bone Thugs-n-Harmony member Flesh-n-Bone (1996). Other credits include work with Mya, Destiny's Child (including Beyonce's, Kelly Rowland's and Michelle Williams's solo projects), P!nk, Jessica Simpson, Macy Gray, Athena Cage, Solange Knowles, Keyshia Cole, Kelis, Brooke Allison, Brooke Hogan, Yasmeen Sulieman, rappers Layzie Bone, Yukmouth, Sticky Fingaz, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and former boxing champion Mike Tyson. He has written and produced theme songs for the television shows Holly's World, Kendra on Top and The Lylas. Elliott produces with Diane Warren and has a recording studio partnership with her at Real Songs in Hollywood. As a singer, Elliott contributed to N-Tyce, Tina Harris and Beat Funktion. He co-wrote "Blow Me" and "Catwalk" for American entrepreneur Jeffree Star.
Since 2014, with the support of Billy Ray Cyrus, Elliott began releasing hick-hop songs using stage name Buck 22. The two released a song "Achy Breaky 2", which peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Family
Elliott was born on March 21, 1973, to Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott. He has one brother named David Elliott. Whitney Houston was his first cousin once removed and opera singer Leontyne Price is another cousin. He is the nephew of singer Dee Dee Warwick, Dionne's sister.
Discography
Production discography
References
External links
Damon Elliott at AllMusic
Damon Elliott at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
110
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"text": [
"singer"
]
}
|
Damon William Elliott (born March 21, 1973) is an American musician, Academy Award Nominated record producer, singer, songwriter and composer, who has worked in several genres of music including hip hop, R&B, pop, pop rock, gospel, reggae and country. He is the founder/CEO of The Damon Elliott Music Group, and the founder and president of both Confidential Records and Kind Music Group.
Elliott's first production project credits include Bone Thugs-n-Harmony member Flesh-n-Bone (1996). Other credits include work with Mya, Destiny's Child (including Beyonce's, Kelly Rowland's and Michelle Williams's solo projects), P!nk, Jessica Simpson, Macy Gray, Athena Cage, Solange Knowles, Keyshia Cole, Kelis, Brooke Allison, Brooke Hogan, Yasmeen Sulieman, rappers Layzie Bone, Yukmouth, Sticky Fingaz, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and former boxing champion Mike Tyson. He has written and produced theme songs for the television shows Holly's World, Kendra on Top and The Lylas. Elliott produces with Diane Warren and has a recording studio partnership with her at Real Songs in Hollywood. As a singer, Elliott contributed to N-Tyce, Tina Harris and Beat Funktion. He co-wrote "Blow Me" and "Catwalk" for American entrepreneur Jeffree Star.
Since 2014, with the support of Billy Ray Cyrus, Elliott began releasing hick-hop songs using stage name Buck 22. The two released a song "Achy Breaky 2", which peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Family
Elliott was born on March 21, 1973, to Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott. He has one brother named David Elliott. Whitney Houston was his first cousin once removed and opera singer Leontyne Price is another cousin. He is the nephew of singer Dee Dee Warwick, Dionne's sister.
Discography
Production discography
References
External links
Damon Elliott at AllMusic
Damon Elliott at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Elliott"
]
}
|
Damon William Elliott (born March 21, 1973) is an American musician, Academy Award Nominated record producer, singer, songwriter and composer, who has worked in several genres of music including hip hop, R&B, pop, pop rock, gospel, reggae and country. He is the founder/CEO of The Damon Elliott Music Group, and the founder and president of both Confidential Records and Kind Music Group.
Elliott's first production project credits include Bone Thugs-n-Harmony member Flesh-n-Bone (1996). Other credits include work with Mya, Destiny's Child (including Beyonce's, Kelly Rowland's and Michelle Williams's solo projects), P!nk, Jessica Simpson, Macy Gray, Athena Cage, Solange Knowles, Keyshia Cole, Kelis, Brooke Allison, Brooke Hogan, Yasmeen Sulieman, rappers Layzie Bone, Yukmouth, Sticky Fingaz, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and former boxing champion Mike Tyson. He has written and produced theme songs for the television shows Holly's World, Kendra on Top and The Lylas. Elliott produces with Diane Warren and has a recording studio partnership with her at Real Songs in Hollywood. As a singer, Elliott contributed to N-Tyce, Tina Harris and Beat Funktion. He co-wrote "Blow Me" and "Catwalk" for American entrepreneur Jeffree Star.
Since 2014, with the support of Billy Ray Cyrus, Elliott began releasing hick-hop songs using stage name Buck 22. The two released a song "Achy Breaky 2", which peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Family
Elliott was born on March 21, 1973, to Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott. He has one brother named David Elliott. Whitney Houston was his first cousin once removed and opera singer Leontyne Price is another cousin. He is the nephew of singer Dee Dee Warwick, Dionne's sister.
Discography
Production discography
References
External links
Damon Elliott at AllMusic
Damon Elliott at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Damon"
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|
Marcus Plínio Diniz Paixão (born 1 August 1987), commonly known as Marcus Diniz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
Club career
Diniz started his career at Caxias Futebol Clube, of the Itararé quarter. He spent nine years there before transferring to the youth system of Vasco da Gama. He then moved to Vitória, eventually returning to Caxias in 2004.
Milan
He signed with Milan in late 2004 and has been a featured player in Milan's youth system. Milan decided to loan him to Serie C1 club Monza to get some first team experience.
Livorno
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season he was transferred at Serie B club Livorno, on a co-ownership deal, for €300,000. In January he was sent on loan to Crotone.
Return to Milan and loans
In June 2009, Milan re-acquired Diniz back from Livorno, in exchange for Romano Perticone, though letting them keep the Brazilian on loan. Both players' 50% registration rights was valued €2.5 million and the loan cost Livorno €150,000.At the start of the 2010–11 season, Diniz joined Parma on a new loan spell, for €750,000, which however was interrupted after only one month and the player was sent on another loan to Belgian side Eupen.For the 2011–12 season, he was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Como, where he made 26 league appearances and scored one goal.
The following season, he joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Lecce on a new loan deal, which was extended for a further season a year later. For the 2014–15 season, Diniz stayed at Lecce for a third consecutive season on loan.
Padova
For the 2015–16 season, he joined to Lega Pro club Padova, signing a two-year contract.
References
External links
Profile at aic.football.it (in Italian)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"Marcus Diniz"
]
}
|
Marcus Plínio Diniz Paixão (born 1 August 1987), commonly known as Marcus Diniz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
Club career
Diniz started his career at Caxias Futebol Clube, of the Itararé quarter. He spent nine years there before transferring to the youth system of Vasco da Gama. He then moved to Vitória, eventually returning to Caxias in 2004.
Milan
He signed with Milan in late 2004 and has been a featured player in Milan's youth system. Milan decided to loan him to Serie C1 club Monza to get some first team experience.
Livorno
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season he was transferred at Serie B club Livorno, on a co-ownership deal, for €300,000. In January he was sent on loan to Crotone.
Return to Milan and loans
In June 2009, Milan re-acquired Diniz back from Livorno, in exchange for Romano Perticone, though letting them keep the Brazilian on loan. Both players' 50% registration rights was valued €2.5 million and the loan cost Livorno €150,000.At the start of the 2010–11 season, Diniz joined Parma on a new loan spell, for €750,000, which however was interrupted after only one month and the player was sent on another loan to Belgian side Eupen.For the 2011–12 season, he was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Como, where he made 26 league appearances and scored one goal.
The following season, he joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Lecce on a new loan deal, which was extended for a further season a year later. For the 2014–15 season, Diniz stayed at Lecce for a third consecutive season on loan.
Padova
For the 2015–16 season, he joined to Lega Pro club Padova, signing a two-year contract.
References
External links
Profile at aic.football.it (in Italian)
|
position played on team / speciality
|
{
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"defender"
]
}
|
Marcus Plínio Diniz Paixão (born 1 August 1987), commonly known as Marcus Diniz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
Club career
Diniz started his career at Caxias Futebol Clube, of the Itararé quarter. He spent nine years there before transferring to the youth system of Vasco da Gama. He then moved to Vitória, eventually returning to Caxias in 2004.
Milan
He signed with Milan in late 2004 and has been a featured player in Milan's youth system. Milan decided to loan him to Serie C1 club Monza to get some first team experience.
Livorno
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season he was transferred at Serie B club Livorno, on a co-ownership deal, for €300,000. In January he was sent on loan to Crotone.
Return to Milan and loans
In June 2009, Milan re-acquired Diniz back from Livorno, in exchange for Romano Perticone, though letting them keep the Brazilian on loan. Both players' 50% registration rights was valued €2.5 million and the loan cost Livorno €150,000.At the start of the 2010–11 season, Diniz joined Parma on a new loan spell, for €750,000, which however was interrupted after only one month and the player was sent on another loan to Belgian side Eupen.For the 2011–12 season, he was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Como, where he made 26 league appearances and scored one goal.
The following season, he joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Lecce on a new loan deal, which was extended for a further season a year later. For the 2014–15 season, Diniz stayed at Lecce for a third consecutive season on loan.
Padova
For the 2015–16 season, he joined to Lega Pro club Padova, signing a two-year contract.
References
External links
Profile at aic.football.it (in Italian)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Diniz"
]
}
|
Marcus Plínio Diniz Paixão (born 1 August 1987), commonly known as Marcus Diniz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
Club career
Diniz started his career at Caxias Futebol Clube, of the Itararé quarter. He spent nine years there before transferring to the youth system of Vasco da Gama. He then moved to Vitória, eventually returning to Caxias in 2004.
Milan
He signed with Milan in late 2004 and has been a featured player in Milan's youth system. Milan decided to loan him to Serie C1 club Monza to get some first team experience.
Livorno
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season he was transferred at Serie B club Livorno, on a co-ownership deal, for €300,000. In January he was sent on loan to Crotone.
Return to Milan and loans
In June 2009, Milan re-acquired Diniz back from Livorno, in exchange for Romano Perticone, though letting them keep the Brazilian on loan. Both players' 50% registration rights was valued €2.5 million and the loan cost Livorno €150,000.At the start of the 2010–11 season, Diniz joined Parma on a new loan spell, for €750,000, which however was interrupted after only one month and the player was sent on another loan to Belgian side Eupen.For the 2011–12 season, he was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Como, where he made 26 league appearances and scored one goal.
The following season, he joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Lecce on a new loan deal, which was extended for a further season a year later. For the 2014–15 season, Diniz stayed at Lecce for a third consecutive season on loan.
Padova
For the 2015–16 season, he joined to Lega Pro club Padova, signing a two-year contract.
References
External links
Profile at aic.football.it (in Italian)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Marcus"
]
}
|
Marcus Plínio Diniz Paixão (born 1 August 1987), commonly known as Marcus Diniz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
Club career
Diniz started his career at Caxias Futebol Clube, of the Itararé quarter. He spent nine years there before transferring to the youth system of Vasco da Gama. He then moved to Vitória, eventually returning to Caxias in 2004.
Milan
He signed with Milan in late 2004 and has been a featured player in Milan's youth system. Milan decided to loan him to Serie C1 club Monza to get some first team experience.
Livorno
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season he was transferred at Serie B club Livorno, on a co-ownership deal, for €300,000. In January he was sent on loan to Crotone.
Return to Milan and loans
In June 2009, Milan re-acquired Diniz back from Livorno, in exchange for Romano Perticone, though letting them keep the Brazilian on loan. Both players' 50% registration rights was valued €2.5 million and the loan cost Livorno €150,000.At the start of the 2010–11 season, Diniz joined Parma on a new loan spell, for €750,000, which however was interrupted after only one month and the player was sent on another loan to Belgian side Eupen.For the 2011–12 season, he was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Como, where he made 26 league appearances and scored one goal.
The following season, he joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Lecce on a new loan deal, which was extended for a further season a year later. For the 2014–15 season, Diniz stayed at Lecce for a third consecutive season on loan.
Padova
For the 2015–16 season, he joined to Lega Pro club Padova, signing a two-year contract.
References
External links
Profile at aic.football.it (in Italian)
|
country for sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
}
|
Marcus Plínio Diniz Paixão (born 1 August 1987), commonly known as Marcus Diniz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
Club career
Diniz started his career at Caxias Futebol Clube, of the Itararé quarter. He spent nine years there before transferring to the youth system of Vasco da Gama. He then moved to Vitória, eventually returning to Caxias in 2004.
Milan
He signed with Milan in late 2004 and has been a featured player in Milan's youth system. Milan decided to loan him to Serie C1 club Monza to get some first team experience.
Livorno
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season he was transferred at Serie B club Livorno, on a co-ownership deal, for €300,000. In January he was sent on loan to Crotone.
Return to Milan and loans
In June 2009, Milan re-acquired Diniz back from Livorno, in exchange for Romano Perticone, though letting them keep the Brazilian on loan. Both players' 50% registration rights was valued €2.5 million and the loan cost Livorno €150,000.At the start of the 2010–11 season, Diniz joined Parma on a new loan spell, for €750,000, which however was interrupted after only one month and the player was sent on another loan to Belgian side Eupen.For the 2011–12 season, he was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Como, where he made 26 league appearances and scored one goal.
The following season, he joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Lecce on a new loan deal, which was extended for a further season a year later. For the 2014–15 season, Diniz stayed at Lecce for a third consecutive season on loan.
Padova
For the 2015–16 season, he joined to Lega Pro club Padova, signing a two-year contract.
References
External links
Profile at aic.football.it (in Italian)
|
sport number
|
{
"answer_start": [
1238
],
"text": [
"12"
]
}
|
Marcus Plínio Diniz Paixão (born 1 August 1987), commonly known as Marcus Diniz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
Club career
Diniz started his career at Caxias Futebol Clube, of the Itararé quarter. He spent nine years there before transferring to the youth system of Vasco da Gama. He then moved to Vitória, eventually returning to Caxias in 2004.
Milan
He signed with Milan in late 2004 and has been a featured player in Milan's youth system. Milan decided to loan him to Serie C1 club Monza to get some first team experience.
Livorno
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season he was transferred at Serie B club Livorno, on a co-ownership deal, for €300,000. In January he was sent on loan to Crotone.
Return to Milan and loans
In June 2009, Milan re-acquired Diniz back from Livorno, in exchange for Romano Perticone, though letting them keep the Brazilian on loan. Both players' 50% registration rights was valued €2.5 million and the loan cost Livorno €150,000.At the start of the 2010–11 season, Diniz joined Parma on a new loan spell, for €750,000, which however was interrupted after only one month and the player was sent on another loan to Belgian side Eupen.For the 2011–12 season, he was loaned out again, this time to Lega Pro Prima Divisione club Como, where he made 26 league appearances and scored one goal.
The following season, he joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Lecce on a new loan deal, which was extended for a further season a year later. For the 2014–15 season, Diniz stayed at Lecce for a third consecutive season on loan.
Padova
For the 2015–16 season, he joined to Lega Pro club Padova, signing a two-year contract.
References
External links
Profile at aic.football.it (in Italian)
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
}
|
The University of Minnesota basketball scandal involved National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules violations, most notably academic dishonesty, committed by the University of Minnesota men's basketball program. The story broke the day before the 1999 NCAA Tournament, when the St. Paul Pioneer Press reported that Minnesota academic counseling office manager Jan Gangelhoff had done coursework for at least 20 Minnesota basketball players since 1993.
In the resulting scandal, four players from the Minnesota basketball team were immediately suspended, pending an investigation for academic fraud. Head coach Clem Haskins, men's athletic director Mark Dienhart, and university vice president McKinley Boston all resigned. Minnesota voluntarily sat out the 1999–2000 postseason, among other self-imposed sanctions. In 2000, the NCAA placed the Minnesota men's basketball program on four years' probation and reduced scholarships, based on numerous findings of academic fraud, improper benefits, and other ethics violations.
St. Paul Pioneer Press reporting
On March 10, 1999, the day before Minnesota was to play in the first round of the NCAA Tournament, the St. Paul Pioneer Press reported, in an article by George Dohrmann, that Jan Gangelhoff, an office manager of the university academic counseling unit, alleged that she had completed hundreds of pieces of coursework for more than 20 Minnesota men's basketball players. According to Dohrmann, former players including Courtney James and Bobby Jackson corroborated Gangelhoff's claims. Gangelhoff provided him with printed samples of coursework written by her and turned in by students. Among other allegations by Gangelhoff: she was allowed to continue assisting players despite being caught in 1996 doing a take-home exam with a player, an assistant coach drove players to Gangelhoff's home for tutoring sessions in possible violation of NCAA rules, Gangelhoff duplicated the same work for different student-athletes to turn in to different classes, and coach Clem Haskins paid Gangelhoff in cash to tutor players.Immediately after the Pioneer Press reported this story, the University of Minnesota began an investigation, suspending four players for the NCAA Tournament: starters Kevin Clark and Miles Tarver, and reserves Antoine Broxsie and Jason Stanford, alleged as among those for whom Gangelhoff had done work. Minnesota lost to Gonzaga in the first round of the tournament on March 11. Minnesota governor Jesse Ventura accused the Pioneer Press of timing the article to be published around NCAA Tournament time for the sake of "sensationalism journalism." The newspaper received many hostile calls and letters in response to this report.After the March 10 article, two more people came forward claiming to have done coursework for Minnesota basketball players: Gangelhoff's sister Jeanne Payer and Alexandra Goulding, a Minnesota sociology doctoral candidate. In a Pioneer Press article published on March 24, 1999, Goulding said that she wrote a paper for Minnesota starting forward Courtney James in 1995. After telling coach Haskins that she would never do student-athletes' assignments again, Goulding said Haskins responded: "[James] needed a lot of help."
NCAA investigation and findings
On October 24, 2000, the NCAA published its public infractions report relating to University of Minnesota men's basketball. Among its findings of rules violations:
Gangelhoff prepared nearly 400 pieces of coursework for at least 18 basketball players;
Alonzo Newby, the academic counselor assigned to men's basketball at Minnesota, orchestrated the academic fraud;
Head coach Clem Haskins knew about Gangelhoff's fraudulent activities, and improperly provided benefits to Gangelhoff and Newby;
In 1986, an academics counselor quoted Haskins in a memo as saying: "If someone doing a paper for a student-athlete would allow him the opportunity to be eligible to compete and therefore succeed, we need to do the paper for him;"
The academic counselor and other basketball staffers intimidated professors and registrar staff into changing grades for student-athletes to maintain eligibility.Additionally, the NCAA discovered that Haskins and other staffers had provided improper benefits to recruits and student-athletes, including cash payments made to student-athletes. Rules violations extended to football and men's ice hockey student-athletes, as well.
Sanctions
Self-imposed
Following an internal investigation launched on March 19, 1999, the university self-imposed the following sanctions on its men's basketball program, among others:
A postseason ban for the 1999–00 season;
A reduction of three scholarships for the 1999–00 season and a total of four scholarships reduced from the 2000–01 and 2003–04 seasons;
Forfeiture of 90% of money earned from appearances in the 1994, 1995, and 1997 NCAA Tournaments.On June 25, 1999, the university paid $1.5 million to buy out the contract of Clem Haskins. It hired Gonzaga head coach Dan Monson a month later to replace Haskins. This was four months after Gonzaga beat Minnesota in the NCAA Tournament. On November 19, 1999, the same day that Minnesota released its report of its internal investigation of the scandal, Minnesota president Mark Yudof accepted the resignations of vice president McKinley Boston and men's athletic director Mark Dienhart.Three years later, on May 13, 2002, Hennepin County District Judge Deborah Hedlund ordered Haskins to return $815,000 of the $1.5 million in buyout money paid to him. This was based on an arbitrator's recommendation, after the university argued that Haskins had committed fraud by lying to the NCAA yet accepting the buyout money.
NCAA
Following its investigation, the NCAA issued the following sanctions to the university:
Four years of probation until October 23, 2004;
A reduction of five scholarships in total until the 2003–04 season;
A reduction of six paid visits by recruits until the 2002–03 season;
Vacating all appearances in the 1994, 1995, and 1997 NCAA Tournaments and 1996 and 1998 National Invitational Tournaments, as well as individual records of those student-athletes found to have committed academic fraud; and
Show-cause penalties for Haskins and Newby (both until October 23, 2007) and Gangelhoff (until October 23, 2005).Shortly afterward, the Big Ten stripped the Gophers of the 1997 regular season title and vacated all of the Gophers' victories from 1993 to 1999.
Extension of probation
In July 2002, the NCAA found Minnesota Golden Gophers women's basketball liable for multiple rule violations regarding practice time and benefits that occurred under the watch of then-head coach Cheryl Littlejohn from 1998 to 2001. Because the NCAA treated the women's basketball violations as a separate matter from the men's basketball academic violations, Minnesota avoided being designated a repeat violator and getting the "death penalty" for the women's basketball program. Instead, the NCAA extended the existing probationary period until 2006.
Aftermath
Broxsie transferred to Oklahoma State after the spring 1999 semester.In 2000, Dohrmann won the Pulitzer Prize for beat reporting for his reports on the scandal. According to Geneva Overholser of the Project for Excellence in Journalism, "the closeness of the sports writing community, Dohrmann and his editor knew, meant that others would be quite ready to turn on them if their work fingered some of the Twin Cities' most beloved figures."Minnesota finished its first season under NCAA probation 18–14, including an appearance in the 2001 NIT. In November 2001, the Star Tribune reported that new coach Monson "rebuilt" the Minnesota men's basketball program after the scandal "faster than seemed possible." Minnesota made the NIT again in 2002 and 2003 and next made the NCAA Tournament in 2005.
Haskins worked as a scout for the Minnesota Timberwolves for a year after leaving the University of Minnesota. He then retired to his farm in Campbellsville, Kentucky. Dienhart became an executive at US Bank after resigning as men's athletic director. He returned to higher education in 2001 as senior vice president for institutional advancement at his alma mater, the University of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He was later appointed as executive vice president and chief operating officer, serving until 2013 when he went to a foundation. From 2004 to 2014, Boston was athletic director at New Mexico State University.
References
External links
NCAA summary of major infractions
NCAA public infractions report for the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, published October 24, 2000. Formats: PDF, HTML
University of Minnesota basketball scandal news coverage by Minnesota Public Radio
Special reports on the scandal by the St. Paul Pioneer Press from March to November 1999
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"basketball"
]
}
|
Constantine Chabaron (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Χαβάρων; fl. 1256/57–59) was an official and provincial governor for the Empire of Nicaea.
He was a confidant of Emperor Theodore II Laskaris, and was appointed by him governor of the region of Arbanon, in modern central Albania. In 1256/7 he was seduced, however, by Maria Sphrantzaina, the widowed sister-in-law of the Despot of Epirus, Michael II Komnenos Doukas. Chabaron married Maria and defected to the Epirote ruler, only to be imprisoned at Kanina. In 1259, Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos sent Theodore Philes to achieve the release of Chabaron. Nothing further is known of him, but his wife remarried in 1266.
References
Sources
Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996). Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1.
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"Empire of Nicaea"
]
}
|
Constantine Chabaron (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Χαβάρων; fl. 1256/57–59) was an official and provincial governor for the Empire of Nicaea.
He was a confidant of Emperor Theodore II Laskaris, and was appointed by him governor of the region of Arbanon, in modern central Albania. In 1256/7 he was seduced, however, by Maria Sphrantzaina, the widowed sister-in-law of the Despot of Epirus, Michael II Komnenos Doukas. Chabaron married Maria and defected to the Epirote ruler, only to be imprisoned at Kanina. In 1259, Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos sent Theodore Philes to achieve the release of Chabaron. Nothing further is known of him, but his wife remarried in 1266.
References
Sources
Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996). Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"official"
]
}
|
Tony Asimakopoulos is a Canadian film and television director based in Montreal. He often collaborates with the Montreal-based Canadian film production company EyeSteelFilm. He is best known for his autobiographical documentary Fortunate Son, about his relationship with his immigrant parents, which was one of the highest-grossing theatrical documentaries in Quebec in 2012.
Career
Antonios Asimakopoulos was born and raised in Montreal to Greek immigrant parents, Aristomenis and Vassiliki Asimakopoulos. He studied at Montreal's Concordia University, and earned a degree in film production in 1993. His short film Jimmy Fingers was awarded the "Prix de le Rélève", for most promising Quebec filmmaker, at the 1991 Festival de jeune cinema in Montreal. This was followed by his short Mama's Boy, which screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and in Montreal, Locarno, Gothenburg and Melbourne.
He moved to Ottawa in 1995 to enter treatment for drug addiction and alcoholism. There, he helped develop and teach a video apprenticeship program for youth-at-risk, at the SAW Video Co-op, from 1997 to 2001. He was also featured in the documentary Confessions of a Rabid Dog directed by a fellow recovering addict, John L'Ecuyer.
After resuming his own work with Horsie's Retreat, a dramatic feature made at the Canadian Film Centre in 2004, he returned home to Montreal to work on the Global docudrama series Canadian Case Files (2005–2006), as an editor and director.
His involvement with EyeSteelFilm began with their ground-breaking 2009 documentary RiP!: A Remix Manifesto, which he edited. With them, he went on to make Fortunate Son, which played numerous worldwide festivals including Amsterdam (IDFA), Thessaloniki, the Montreal Festival du Nouveau Cinema, and the Los Angeles, Chicago, London and Sydney Greek Film Festival.
His latest doc, Return To Park Ex/ ""Retour À Parc-Ex"" (Canal D), premiered in English on the award-winning program CBC DOCS:POV in October 2018.Asimakopoulos has also directed several comedy videos for the CBC Radio One program WireTap.
Filmography
Director1991: Jimmy Fingers (short)
1992: Mama's Boy (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2014: A Xmas Memory (fiction short)
2017: Return To Park Ex / Retour À Parc-Ex (documentary)Cinematographer2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)Screenwriter2005: Horsie's RetreatEditor1999: No One Believes the Professor (documentary short)
1999: Voices of Dissent: A Dance of Passion (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2007: Imitation
2007: Family Motel
2009: RiP!: A Remix Manifesto (documentary)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)
References
External links
Tony Asimakopoulos page on EyeSteelFilm website
Tony Asimakopoulos at IMDb
Xmas Memory at Vimeo
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Montreal"
]
}
|
Tony Asimakopoulos is a Canadian film and television director based in Montreal. He often collaborates with the Montreal-based Canadian film production company EyeSteelFilm. He is best known for his autobiographical documentary Fortunate Son, about his relationship with his immigrant parents, which was one of the highest-grossing theatrical documentaries in Quebec in 2012.
Career
Antonios Asimakopoulos was born and raised in Montreal to Greek immigrant parents, Aristomenis and Vassiliki Asimakopoulos. He studied at Montreal's Concordia University, and earned a degree in film production in 1993. His short film Jimmy Fingers was awarded the "Prix de le Rélève", for most promising Quebec filmmaker, at the 1991 Festival de jeune cinema in Montreal. This was followed by his short Mama's Boy, which screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and in Montreal, Locarno, Gothenburg and Melbourne.
He moved to Ottawa in 1995 to enter treatment for drug addiction and alcoholism. There, he helped develop and teach a video apprenticeship program for youth-at-risk, at the SAW Video Co-op, from 1997 to 2001. He was also featured in the documentary Confessions of a Rabid Dog directed by a fellow recovering addict, John L'Ecuyer.
After resuming his own work with Horsie's Retreat, a dramatic feature made at the Canadian Film Centre in 2004, he returned home to Montreal to work on the Global docudrama series Canadian Case Files (2005–2006), as an editor and director.
His involvement with EyeSteelFilm began with their ground-breaking 2009 documentary RiP!: A Remix Manifesto, which he edited. With them, he went on to make Fortunate Son, which played numerous worldwide festivals including Amsterdam (IDFA), Thessaloniki, the Montreal Festival du Nouveau Cinema, and the Los Angeles, Chicago, London and Sydney Greek Film Festival.
His latest doc, Return To Park Ex/ ""Retour À Parc-Ex"" (Canal D), premiered in English on the award-winning program CBC DOCS:POV in October 2018.Asimakopoulos has also directed several comedy videos for the CBC Radio One program WireTap.
Filmography
Director1991: Jimmy Fingers (short)
1992: Mama's Boy (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2014: A Xmas Memory (fiction short)
2017: Return To Park Ex / Retour À Parc-Ex (documentary)Cinematographer2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)Screenwriter2005: Horsie's RetreatEditor1999: No One Believes the Professor (documentary short)
1999: Voices of Dissent: A Dance of Passion (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2007: Imitation
2007: Family Motel
2009: RiP!: A Remix Manifesto (documentary)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)
References
External links
Tony Asimakopoulos page on EyeSteelFilm website
Tony Asimakopoulos at IMDb
Xmas Memory at Vimeo
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Tony Asimakopoulos"
]
}
|
Tony Asimakopoulos is a Canadian film and television director based in Montreal. He often collaborates with the Montreal-based Canadian film production company EyeSteelFilm. He is best known for his autobiographical documentary Fortunate Son, about his relationship with his immigrant parents, which was one of the highest-grossing theatrical documentaries in Quebec in 2012.
Career
Antonios Asimakopoulos was born and raised in Montreal to Greek immigrant parents, Aristomenis and Vassiliki Asimakopoulos. He studied at Montreal's Concordia University, and earned a degree in film production in 1993. His short film Jimmy Fingers was awarded the "Prix de le Rélève", for most promising Quebec filmmaker, at the 1991 Festival de jeune cinema in Montreal. This was followed by his short Mama's Boy, which screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and in Montreal, Locarno, Gothenburg and Melbourne.
He moved to Ottawa in 1995 to enter treatment for drug addiction and alcoholism. There, he helped develop and teach a video apprenticeship program for youth-at-risk, at the SAW Video Co-op, from 1997 to 2001. He was also featured in the documentary Confessions of a Rabid Dog directed by a fellow recovering addict, John L'Ecuyer.
After resuming his own work with Horsie's Retreat, a dramatic feature made at the Canadian Film Centre in 2004, he returned home to Montreal to work on the Global docudrama series Canadian Case Files (2005–2006), as an editor and director.
His involvement with EyeSteelFilm began with their ground-breaking 2009 documentary RiP!: A Remix Manifesto, which he edited. With them, he went on to make Fortunate Son, which played numerous worldwide festivals including Amsterdam (IDFA), Thessaloniki, the Montreal Festival du Nouveau Cinema, and the Los Angeles, Chicago, London and Sydney Greek Film Festival.
His latest doc, Return To Park Ex/ ""Retour À Parc-Ex"" (Canal D), premiered in English on the award-winning program CBC DOCS:POV in October 2018.Asimakopoulos has also directed several comedy videos for the CBC Radio One program WireTap.
Filmography
Director1991: Jimmy Fingers (short)
1992: Mama's Boy (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2014: A Xmas Memory (fiction short)
2017: Return To Park Ex / Retour À Parc-Ex (documentary)Cinematographer2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)Screenwriter2005: Horsie's RetreatEditor1999: No One Believes the Professor (documentary short)
1999: Voices of Dissent: A Dance of Passion (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2007: Imitation
2007: Family Motel
2009: RiP!: A Remix Manifesto (documentary)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)
References
External links
Tony Asimakopoulos page on EyeSteelFilm website
Tony Asimakopoulos at IMDb
Xmas Memory at Vimeo
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Asimakopoulos"
]
}
|
Tony Asimakopoulos is a Canadian film and television director based in Montreal. He often collaborates with the Montreal-based Canadian film production company EyeSteelFilm. He is best known for his autobiographical documentary Fortunate Son, about his relationship with his immigrant parents, which was one of the highest-grossing theatrical documentaries in Quebec in 2012.
Career
Antonios Asimakopoulos was born and raised in Montreal to Greek immigrant parents, Aristomenis and Vassiliki Asimakopoulos. He studied at Montreal's Concordia University, and earned a degree in film production in 1993. His short film Jimmy Fingers was awarded the "Prix de le Rélève", for most promising Quebec filmmaker, at the 1991 Festival de jeune cinema in Montreal. This was followed by his short Mama's Boy, which screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and in Montreal, Locarno, Gothenburg and Melbourne.
He moved to Ottawa in 1995 to enter treatment for drug addiction and alcoholism. There, he helped develop and teach a video apprenticeship program for youth-at-risk, at the SAW Video Co-op, from 1997 to 2001. He was also featured in the documentary Confessions of a Rabid Dog directed by a fellow recovering addict, John L'Ecuyer.
After resuming his own work with Horsie's Retreat, a dramatic feature made at the Canadian Film Centre in 2004, he returned home to Montreal to work on the Global docudrama series Canadian Case Files (2005–2006), as an editor and director.
His involvement with EyeSteelFilm began with their ground-breaking 2009 documentary RiP!: A Remix Manifesto, which he edited. With them, he went on to make Fortunate Son, which played numerous worldwide festivals including Amsterdam (IDFA), Thessaloniki, the Montreal Festival du Nouveau Cinema, and the Los Angeles, Chicago, London and Sydney Greek Film Festival.
His latest doc, Return To Park Ex/ ""Retour À Parc-Ex"" (Canal D), premiered in English on the award-winning program CBC DOCS:POV in October 2018.Asimakopoulos has also directed several comedy videos for the CBC Radio One program WireTap.
Filmography
Director1991: Jimmy Fingers (short)
1992: Mama's Boy (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2014: A Xmas Memory (fiction short)
2017: Return To Park Ex / Retour À Parc-Ex (documentary)Cinematographer2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)Screenwriter2005: Horsie's RetreatEditor1999: No One Believes the Professor (documentary short)
1999: Voices of Dissent: A Dance of Passion (short)
2005: Horsie's Retreat
2005: Canadian Case Files (TV series)
2007: Imitation
2007: Family Motel
2009: RiP!: A Remix Manifesto (documentary)
2011: Fortunate Son (documentary)
2017: Return To Park Ex (documentary)
References
External links
Tony Asimakopoulos page on EyeSteelFilm website
Tony Asimakopoulos at IMDb
Xmas Memory at Vimeo
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Tony"
]
}
|
Epidesmia hypenaria is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Australia.
The wingspan is about 35 mm.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Epidesmia"
]
}
|
Epidesmia hypenaria is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Australia.
The wingspan is about 35 mm.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Epidesmia hypenaria"
]
}
|
Epidesmia hypenaria is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Australia.
The wingspan is about 35 mm.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Epidesmia hypenaria"
]
}
|
Henry Seldon Pratt was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Cincinnati for one season in 1901, compiling a record of 1–4–1. Pratt was also the head basketball coach at Cincinnati during the same academic year, 1901–02, tallying a mark of 5–4.
Head coaching record
Football
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"basketball coach"
]
}
|
Henry Seldon Pratt was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Cincinnati for one season in 1901, compiling a record of 1–4–1. Pratt was also the head basketball coach at Cincinnati during the same academic year, 1901–02, tallying a mark of 5–4.
Head coaching record
Football
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"basketball"
]
}
|
Henry Seldon Pratt was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Cincinnati for one season in 1901, compiling a record of 1–4–1. Pratt was also the head basketball coach at Cincinnati during the same academic year, 1901–02, tallying a mark of 5–4.
Head coaching record
Football
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Pratt"
]
}
|
Henry Seldon Pratt was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Cincinnati for one season in 1901, compiling a record of 1–4–1. Pratt was also the head basketball coach at Cincinnati during the same academic year, 1901–02, tallying a mark of 5–4.
Head coaching record
Football
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Henry"
]
}
|
Gimhae National Museum is a national museum located in Gimhae, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It opened on July 29, 1998, with the aim to compile available cultural properties of Gaya, one of ancient states in Korea.
See also
List of museums in South Korea
National museum
References
External links
Gimhae National Museum Official Site
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"South Korea"
]
}
|
Gimhae National Museum is a national museum located in Gimhae, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It opened on July 29, 1998, with the aim to compile available cultural properties of Gaya, one of ancient states in Korea.
See also
List of museums in South Korea
National museum
References
External links
Gimhae National Museum Official Site
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"national museum"
]
}
|
Gimhae National Museum is a national museum located in Gimhae, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It opened on July 29, 1998, with the aim to compile available cultural properties of Gaya, one of ancient states in Korea.
See also
List of museums in South Korea
National museum
References
External links
Gimhae National Museum Official Site
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gimhae"
]
}
|
Gimhae National Museum is a national museum located in Gimhae, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It opened on July 29, 1998, with the aim to compile available cultural properties of Gaya, one of ancient states in Korea.
See also
List of museums in South Korea
National museum
References
External links
Gimhae National Museum Official Site
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gimhae National Museum"
]
}
|
Plaza Canadá (English: Canada Square) is a public square in the Retiro neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina located within the streets of Maipú, Antártida Argentina, San Martin, and Dr. José María Ramos Mejía.
History
Located in front of Retiro railway station, Plaza Canadá was conceived by the Argentina-Canada Cultural Institute and was dedicated in July 1961. A carved totem pole that was donated by the Canadian government stands in the center of the plaza. The totem pole sits as a tribute to the shared Indigenous heritages found in both Canada and Argentina.
Canadian totem
After the plaza was named, Canadian Ambassador Richard Plant Bower worked to arrange the delivery of a totem pole from Canada to Buenos Aires. In 1963, Kwakiutl carvers Henry Hunt and his son Tony Hunt Sr. were commissioned by Ambassador Bower to carve a 20-metre (66 ft) totem pole for the plaza. Carved from a 2,000-year old British Columbia red cedar, the totem pole depicted an eagle, a killer whale, a sea lion, a beaver, and a cannibal bird called a hok hok. After being shipped to Buenos Aires, the pole was erected in Plaza Canadá in May 1964.By the early 2000s, the totem pole had severely deteriorated, and in 2008 Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Culture for the City of Buenos Aires, announced that restoration project would be started for the totem pole. The totem pole was cut down from its stand in the plaza and cut into pieces to facilitate repair. However, by the time restoration efforts took place, the totem pole had deteriorated beyond repair leading the city government to request a new totem pole.In 2011, the Argentine Embassy to Canada sought for a carver from the Hunt family to carve the new totem pole. Stanley C. Hunt, a son of Henry Hunt, was commissioned to carve the new 12.9-metre (42 ft) totem pole. The new totem pole was carved from a 1,500-year old five-ton British Columbia red cedar and depicts a double-headed serpent called a sisiutl, a bear holding a halibut, a chief holding a copper shield, a killer whale, and a chief holding the creator raven. On August 12, 2012, the new totem pole was placed in Plaza Canadá and was dedicated with an indigenous ceremonial dance with indigenous groups from both nations that was attended by the Minister of Culture Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Environment and Public Space Diego Santilli, and the Canadian Ambassador to Argentina Gwyneth Kutz. This new totem pole was featured on the third episode of The Amazing Race Canada 3 in 2015.
See also
Argentina–Canada relations
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"Argentina"
]
}
|
Plaza Canadá (English: Canada Square) is a public square in the Retiro neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina located within the streets of Maipú, Antártida Argentina, San Martin, and Dr. José María Ramos Mejía.
History
Located in front of Retiro railway station, Plaza Canadá was conceived by the Argentina-Canada Cultural Institute and was dedicated in July 1961. A carved totem pole that was donated by the Canadian government stands in the center of the plaza. The totem pole sits as a tribute to the shared Indigenous heritages found in both Canada and Argentina.
Canadian totem
After the plaza was named, Canadian Ambassador Richard Plant Bower worked to arrange the delivery of a totem pole from Canada to Buenos Aires. In 1963, Kwakiutl carvers Henry Hunt and his son Tony Hunt Sr. were commissioned by Ambassador Bower to carve a 20-metre (66 ft) totem pole for the plaza. Carved from a 2,000-year old British Columbia red cedar, the totem pole depicted an eagle, a killer whale, a sea lion, a beaver, and a cannibal bird called a hok hok. After being shipped to Buenos Aires, the pole was erected in Plaza Canadá in May 1964.By the early 2000s, the totem pole had severely deteriorated, and in 2008 Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Culture for the City of Buenos Aires, announced that restoration project would be started for the totem pole. The totem pole was cut down from its stand in the plaza and cut into pieces to facilitate repair. However, by the time restoration efforts took place, the totem pole had deteriorated beyond repair leading the city government to request a new totem pole.In 2011, the Argentine Embassy to Canada sought for a carver from the Hunt family to carve the new totem pole. Stanley C. Hunt, a son of Henry Hunt, was commissioned to carve the new 12.9-metre (42 ft) totem pole. The new totem pole was carved from a 1,500-year old five-ton British Columbia red cedar and depicts a double-headed serpent called a sisiutl, a bear holding a halibut, a chief holding a copper shield, a killer whale, and a chief holding the creator raven. On August 12, 2012, the new totem pole was placed in Plaza Canadá and was dedicated with an indigenous ceremonial dance with indigenous groups from both nations that was attended by the Minister of Culture Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Environment and Public Space Diego Santilli, and the Canadian Ambassador to Argentina Gwyneth Kutz. This new totem pole was featured on the third episode of The Amazing Race Canada 3 in 2015.
See also
Argentina–Canada relations
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"square"
]
}
|
Plaza Canadá (English: Canada Square) is a public square in the Retiro neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina located within the streets of Maipú, Antártida Argentina, San Martin, and Dr. José María Ramos Mejía.
History
Located in front of Retiro railway station, Plaza Canadá was conceived by the Argentina-Canada Cultural Institute and was dedicated in July 1961. A carved totem pole that was donated by the Canadian government stands in the center of the plaza. The totem pole sits as a tribute to the shared Indigenous heritages found in both Canada and Argentina.
Canadian totem
After the plaza was named, Canadian Ambassador Richard Plant Bower worked to arrange the delivery of a totem pole from Canada to Buenos Aires. In 1963, Kwakiutl carvers Henry Hunt and his son Tony Hunt Sr. were commissioned by Ambassador Bower to carve a 20-metre (66 ft) totem pole for the plaza. Carved from a 2,000-year old British Columbia red cedar, the totem pole depicted an eagle, a killer whale, a sea lion, a beaver, and a cannibal bird called a hok hok. After being shipped to Buenos Aires, the pole was erected in Plaza Canadá in May 1964.By the early 2000s, the totem pole had severely deteriorated, and in 2008 Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Culture for the City of Buenos Aires, announced that restoration project would be started for the totem pole. The totem pole was cut down from its stand in the plaza and cut into pieces to facilitate repair. However, by the time restoration efforts took place, the totem pole had deteriorated beyond repair leading the city government to request a new totem pole.In 2011, the Argentine Embassy to Canada sought for a carver from the Hunt family to carve the new totem pole. Stanley C. Hunt, a son of Henry Hunt, was commissioned to carve the new 12.9-metre (42 ft) totem pole. The new totem pole was carved from a 1,500-year old five-ton British Columbia red cedar and depicts a double-headed serpent called a sisiutl, a bear holding a halibut, a chief holding a copper shield, a killer whale, and a chief holding the creator raven. On August 12, 2012, the new totem pole was placed in Plaza Canadá and was dedicated with an indigenous ceremonial dance with indigenous groups from both nations that was attended by the Minister of Culture Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Environment and Public Space Diego Santilli, and the Canadian Ambassador to Argentina Gwyneth Kutz. This new totem pole was featured on the third episode of The Amazing Race Canada 3 in 2015.
See also
Argentina–Canada relations
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"Buenos Aires"
]
}
|
Plaza Canadá (English: Canada Square) is a public square in the Retiro neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina located within the streets of Maipú, Antártida Argentina, San Martin, and Dr. José María Ramos Mejía.
History
Located in front of Retiro railway station, Plaza Canadá was conceived by the Argentina-Canada Cultural Institute and was dedicated in July 1961. A carved totem pole that was donated by the Canadian government stands in the center of the plaza. The totem pole sits as a tribute to the shared Indigenous heritages found in both Canada and Argentina.
Canadian totem
After the plaza was named, Canadian Ambassador Richard Plant Bower worked to arrange the delivery of a totem pole from Canada to Buenos Aires. In 1963, Kwakiutl carvers Henry Hunt and his son Tony Hunt Sr. were commissioned by Ambassador Bower to carve a 20-metre (66 ft) totem pole for the plaza. Carved from a 2,000-year old British Columbia red cedar, the totem pole depicted an eagle, a killer whale, a sea lion, a beaver, and a cannibal bird called a hok hok. After being shipped to Buenos Aires, the pole was erected in Plaza Canadá in May 1964.By the early 2000s, the totem pole had severely deteriorated, and in 2008 Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Culture for the City of Buenos Aires, announced that restoration project would be started for the totem pole. The totem pole was cut down from its stand in the plaza and cut into pieces to facilitate repair. However, by the time restoration efforts took place, the totem pole had deteriorated beyond repair leading the city government to request a new totem pole.In 2011, the Argentine Embassy to Canada sought for a carver from the Hunt family to carve the new totem pole. Stanley C. Hunt, a son of Henry Hunt, was commissioned to carve the new 12.9-metre (42 ft) totem pole. The new totem pole was carved from a 1,500-year old five-ton British Columbia red cedar and depicts a double-headed serpent called a sisiutl, a bear holding a halibut, a chief holding a copper shield, a killer whale, and a chief holding the creator raven. On August 12, 2012, the new totem pole was placed in Plaza Canadá and was dedicated with an indigenous ceremonial dance with indigenous groups from both nations that was attended by the Minister of Culture Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Environment and Public Space Diego Santilli, and the Canadian Ambassador to Argentina Gwyneth Kutz. This new totem pole was featured on the third episode of The Amazing Race Canada 3 in 2015.
See also
Argentina–Canada relations
== References ==
|
named after
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
}
|
Plaza Canadá (English: Canada Square) is a public square in the Retiro neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina located within the streets of Maipú, Antártida Argentina, San Martin, and Dr. José María Ramos Mejía.
History
Located in front of Retiro railway station, Plaza Canadá was conceived by the Argentina-Canada Cultural Institute and was dedicated in July 1961. A carved totem pole that was donated by the Canadian government stands in the center of the plaza. The totem pole sits as a tribute to the shared Indigenous heritages found in both Canada and Argentina.
Canadian totem
After the plaza was named, Canadian Ambassador Richard Plant Bower worked to arrange the delivery of a totem pole from Canada to Buenos Aires. In 1963, Kwakiutl carvers Henry Hunt and his son Tony Hunt Sr. were commissioned by Ambassador Bower to carve a 20-metre (66 ft) totem pole for the plaza. Carved from a 2,000-year old British Columbia red cedar, the totem pole depicted an eagle, a killer whale, a sea lion, a beaver, and a cannibal bird called a hok hok. After being shipped to Buenos Aires, the pole was erected in Plaza Canadá in May 1964.By the early 2000s, the totem pole had severely deteriorated, and in 2008 Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Culture for the City of Buenos Aires, announced that restoration project would be started for the totem pole. The totem pole was cut down from its stand in the plaza and cut into pieces to facilitate repair. However, by the time restoration efforts took place, the totem pole had deteriorated beyond repair leading the city government to request a new totem pole.In 2011, the Argentine Embassy to Canada sought for a carver from the Hunt family to carve the new totem pole. Stanley C. Hunt, a son of Henry Hunt, was commissioned to carve the new 12.9-metre (42 ft) totem pole. The new totem pole was carved from a 1,500-year old five-ton British Columbia red cedar and depicts a double-headed serpent called a sisiutl, a bear holding a halibut, a chief holding a copper shield, a killer whale, and a chief holding the creator raven. On August 12, 2012, the new totem pole was placed in Plaza Canadá and was dedicated with an indigenous ceremonial dance with indigenous groups from both nations that was attended by the Minister of Culture Hernán Lombardi, the Minister of Environment and Public Space Diego Santilli, and the Canadian Ambassador to Argentina Gwyneth Kutz. This new totem pole was featured on the third episode of The Amazing Race Canada 3 in 2015.
See also
Argentina–Canada relations
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Plaza Canadá"
]
}
|
Recurvaria cinerella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found on the Canary Islands.The wingspan is about 6 mm.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Recurvaria"
]
}
|
Recurvaria cinerella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found on the Canary Islands.The wingspan is about 6 mm.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Recurvaria cinerella"
]
}
|
Mélanie Marie Anna Noël-Bardis (born 13 May 1986 in Ambilly, France) is a French weightlifter. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's 48 kg event, finishing in 7th place with a total of 177 kg. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also in the Women's 48 kg event, finishing in 10th place with a total of 166 kg.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Ambilly"
]
}
|
Mélanie Marie Anna Noël-Bardis (born 13 May 1986 in Ambilly, France) is a French weightlifter. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's 48 kg event, finishing in 7th place with a total of 177 kg. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also in the Women's 48 kg event, finishing in 10th place with a total of 166 kg.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Mélanie Marie Anna Noël-Bardis (born 13 May 1986 in Ambilly, France) is a French weightlifter. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's 48 kg event, finishing in 7th place with a total of 177 kg. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also in the Women's 48 kg event, finishing in 10th place with a total of 166 kg.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"weightlifter"
]
}
|
Mélanie Marie Anna Noël-Bardis (born 13 May 1986 in Ambilly, France) is a French weightlifter. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's 48 kg event, finishing in 7th place with a total of 177 kg. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also in the Women's 48 kg event, finishing in 10th place with a total of 166 kg.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Bardis"
]
}
|
Mélanie Marie Anna Noël-Bardis (born 13 May 1986 in Ambilly, France) is a French weightlifter. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's 48 kg event, finishing in 7th place with a total of 177 kg. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also in the Women's 48 kg event, finishing in 10th place with a total of 166 kg.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mélanie"
]
}
|
Mélanie Marie Anna Noël-Bardis (born 13 May 1986 in Ambilly, France) is a French weightlifter. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's 48 kg event, finishing in 7th place with a total of 177 kg. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also in the Women's 48 kg event, finishing in 10th place with a total of 166 kg.
== References ==
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"2008 Summer Olympics"
]
}
|
Mélanie Marie Anna Noël-Bardis (born 13 May 1986 in Ambilly, France) is a French weightlifter. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's 48 kg event, finishing in 7th place with a total of 177 kg. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also in the Women's 48 kg event, finishing in 10th place with a total of 166 kg.
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"French"
]
}
|
Cloncaird Castle is located near the small village of Kirkmichael, around 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Maybole in South Ayrshire, Scotland. The castle lies beside the Kelsie Burn, at the centre of a 140 acres (57 ha) estate. Originally a 16th-century castle, it was extended and rebuilt as a country house in the early 19th century. After a time as a convalescent home, it is now a private residence once more.
History
The castle was originally built during the 16th century, and is described as having been in the style of feudal mansions of that period, with a large square tower, narrow spiral staircase, and other indications of the time to which it belonged. An armorial panel dated 1585 is still in place on the castle wall. Towards the close of the 16th century it was in the possession of Walter Mure, a scion of the Auchendrane family, and cousin of the Laird of Auchendrane who devised the murder of Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean. This Walter Mure of Cloncaird was the perpetrator of the murder, and was assisted in the execution of his crime by his boon companion, Kennedy of Drumurchy.Cloncaird was purchased by Henry Ritchie of Craigton and Busbie in the early 19th century. Born in 1777, Henry Ritchie was a descendant of James Ritchie, 'merchand burgess' of Glasgow; whose name appears in the Commissary Register in 1674. The family was settled in Craigton, Lanarkshire in 1746, and Henry's father, James, acquired the estate of Busbie, Ayrshire in 1763 and married 1765 Catharine, daughter of Robert Kerr of Newfield, a grandson of the 1st Marquess of Lothian. Ritchie made Cloncaird his chief residence, and in 1814 he had the front entirely re-built and modernised, giving the castle its current appearance. Ritchie succeeded his father at Busbie and Craigton in 1799, and was twice married: to Elizabeth Cathcart (died 1836); then in 1838 to Catherine, daughter of James Fergusson of Kilkerran, 4th Baronet. Ritchie died in 1843 having had three unmarried daughters by his first wife, and the estates passed to his sister's son, William Wallace of Cairnhill.In 1905 Cloncaird was sold by Colonel Wallace to a Mrs Dubs, who he then married in 1908. The castle was extensively renovated at this time. Mrs Dubs died in 1947, and from 1949 the mansion was used as the Dubs Memorial Convalescent Home, operated by the local authority. When this closed the castle returned to private ownership. It was purchased before 2003 by Ephraim Belcher, chairman of Belcher Food Products. The house is a category B listed building. Within the grounds are category C listed structures including an Arts and Crafts style garage, U-shaped stable block and a bridge. The grounds also contain a pond, weir and fountain, and a walled garden.
References
This article incorporates text from The castles and mansions of Ayrshire illustrated in seventy views with historical and descriptive accounts, by A. H. Millar, a publication from 1885, now in the public domain in the United States.
External links
Cloncaird Castle Homepage
Stravaiging Around Scotland: Cloncaird Castle
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"castle"
]
}
|
Cloncaird Castle is located near the small village of Kirkmichael, around 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Maybole in South Ayrshire, Scotland. The castle lies beside the Kelsie Burn, at the centre of a 140 acres (57 ha) estate. Originally a 16th-century castle, it was extended and rebuilt as a country house in the early 19th century. After a time as a convalescent home, it is now a private residence once more.
History
The castle was originally built during the 16th century, and is described as having been in the style of feudal mansions of that period, with a large square tower, narrow spiral staircase, and other indications of the time to which it belonged. An armorial panel dated 1585 is still in place on the castle wall. Towards the close of the 16th century it was in the possession of Walter Mure, a scion of the Auchendrane family, and cousin of the Laird of Auchendrane who devised the murder of Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean. This Walter Mure of Cloncaird was the perpetrator of the murder, and was assisted in the execution of his crime by his boon companion, Kennedy of Drumurchy.Cloncaird was purchased by Henry Ritchie of Craigton and Busbie in the early 19th century. Born in 1777, Henry Ritchie was a descendant of James Ritchie, 'merchand burgess' of Glasgow; whose name appears in the Commissary Register in 1674. The family was settled in Craigton, Lanarkshire in 1746, and Henry's father, James, acquired the estate of Busbie, Ayrshire in 1763 and married 1765 Catharine, daughter of Robert Kerr of Newfield, a grandson of the 1st Marquess of Lothian. Ritchie made Cloncaird his chief residence, and in 1814 he had the front entirely re-built and modernised, giving the castle its current appearance. Ritchie succeeded his father at Busbie and Craigton in 1799, and was twice married: to Elizabeth Cathcart (died 1836); then in 1838 to Catherine, daughter of James Fergusson of Kilkerran, 4th Baronet. Ritchie died in 1843 having had three unmarried daughters by his first wife, and the estates passed to his sister's son, William Wallace of Cairnhill.In 1905 Cloncaird was sold by Colonel Wallace to a Mrs Dubs, who he then married in 1908. The castle was extensively renovated at this time. Mrs Dubs died in 1947, and from 1949 the mansion was used as the Dubs Memorial Convalescent Home, operated by the local authority. When this closed the castle returned to private ownership. It was purchased before 2003 by Ephraim Belcher, chairman of Belcher Food Products. The house is a category B listed building. Within the grounds are category C listed structures including an Arts and Crafts style garage, U-shaped stable block and a bridge. The grounds also contain a pond, weir and fountain, and a walled garden.
References
This article incorporates text from The castles and mansions of Ayrshire illustrated in seventy views with historical and descriptive accounts, by A. H. Millar, a publication from 1885, now in the public domain in the United States.
External links
Cloncaird Castle Homepage
Stravaiging Around Scotland: Cloncaird Castle
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"South Ayrshire"
]
}
|
Cloncaird Castle is located near the small village of Kirkmichael, around 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Maybole in South Ayrshire, Scotland. The castle lies beside the Kelsie Burn, at the centre of a 140 acres (57 ha) estate. Originally a 16th-century castle, it was extended and rebuilt as a country house in the early 19th century. After a time as a convalescent home, it is now a private residence once more.
History
The castle was originally built during the 16th century, and is described as having been in the style of feudal mansions of that period, with a large square tower, narrow spiral staircase, and other indications of the time to which it belonged. An armorial panel dated 1585 is still in place on the castle wall. Towards the close of the 16th century it was in the possession of Walter Mure, a scion of the Auchendrane family, and cousin of the Laird of Auchendrane who devised the murder of Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean. This Walter Mure of Cloncaird was the perpetrator of the murder, and was assisted in the execution of his crime by his boon companion, Kennedy of Drumurchy.Cloncaird was purchased by Henry Ritchie of Craigton and Busbie in the early 19th century. Born in 1777, Henry Ritchie was a descendant of James Ritchie, 'merchand burgess' of Glasgow; whose name appears in the Commissary Register in 1674. The family was settled in Craigton, Lanarkshire in 1746, and Henry's father, James, acquired the estate of Busbie, Ayrshire in 1763 and married 1765 Catharine, daughter of Robert Kerr of Newfield, a grandson of the 1st Marquess of Lothian. Ritchie made Cloncaird his chief residence, and in 1814 he had the front entirely re-built and modernised, giving the castle its current appearance. Ritchie succeeded his father at Busbie and Craigton in 1799, and was twice married: to Elizabeth Cathcart (died 1836); then in 1838 to Catherine, daughter of James Fergusson of Kilkerran, 4th Baronet. Ritchie died in 1843 having had three unmarried daughters by his first wife, and the estates passed to his sister's son, William Wallace of Cairnhill.In 1905 Cloncaird was sold by Colonel Wallace to a Mrs Dubs, who he then married in 1908. The castle was extensively renovated at this time. Mrs Dubs died in 1947, and from 1949 the mansion was used as the Dubs Memorial Convalescent Home, operated by the local authority. When this closed the castle returned to private ownership. It was purchased before 2003 by Ephraim Belcher, chairman of Belcher Food Products. The house is a category B listed building. Within the grounds are category C listed structures including an Arts and Crafts style garage, U-shaped stable block and a bridge. The grounds also contain a pond, weir and fountain, and a walled garden.
References
This article incorporates text from The castles and mansions of Ayrshire illustrated in seventy views with historical and descriptive accounts, by A. H. Millar, a publication from 1885, now in the public domain in the United States.
External links
Cloncaird Castle Homepage
Stravaiging Around Scotland: Cloncaird Castle
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cloncaird Castle"
]
}
|
Cloncaird Castle is located near the small village of Kirkmichael, around 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Maybole in South Ayrshire, Scotland. The castle lies beside the Kelsie Burn, at the centre of a 140 acres (57 ha) estate. Originally a 16th-century castle, it was extended and rebuilt as a country house in the early 19th century. After a time as a convalescent home, it is now a private residence once more.
History
The castle was originally built during the 16th century, and is described as having been in the style of feudal mansions of that period, with a large square tower, narrow spiral staircase, and other indications of the time to which it belonged. An armorial panel dated 1585 is still in place on the castle wall. Towards the close of the 16th century it was in the possession of Walter Mure, a scion of the Auchendrane family, and cousin of the Laird of Auchendrane who devised the murder of Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean. This Walter Mure of Cloncaird was the perpetrator of the murder, and was assisted in the execution of his crime by his boon companion, Kennedy of Drumurchy.Cloncaird was purchased by Henry Ritchie of Craigton and Busbie in the early 19th century. Born in 1777, Henry Ritchie was a descendant of James Ritchie, 'merchand burgess' of Glasgow; whose name appears in the Commissary Register in 1674. The family was settled in Craigton, Lanarkshire in 1746, and Henry's father, James, acquired the estate of Busbie, Ayrshire in 1763 and married 1765 Catharine, daughter of Robert Kerr of Newfield, a grandson of the 1st Marquess of Lothian. Ritchie made Cloncaird his chief residence, and in 1814 he had the front entirely re-built and modernised, giving the castle its current appearance. Ritchie succeeded his father at Busbie and Craigton in 1799, and was twice married: to Elizabeth Cathcart (died 1836); then in 1838 to Catherine, daughter of James Fergusson of Kilkerran, 4th Baronet. Ritchie died in 1843 having had three unmarried daughters by his first wife, and the estates passed to his sister's son, William Wallace of Cairnhill.In 1905 Cloncaird was sold by Colonel Wallace to a Mrs Dubs, who he then married in 1908. The castle was extensively renovated at this time. Mrs Dubs died in 1947, and from 1949 the mansion was used as the Dubs Memorial Convalescent Home, operated by the local authority. When this closed the castle returned to private ownership. It was purchased before 2003 by Ephraim Belcher, chairman of Belcher Food Products. The house is a category B listed building. Within the grounds are category C listed structures including an Arts and Crafts style garage, U-shaped stable block and a bridge. The grounds also contain a pond, weir and fountain, and a walled garden.
References
This article incorporates text from The castles and mansions of Ayrshire illustrated in seventy views with historical and descriptive accounts, by A. H. Millar, a publication from 1885, now in the public domain in the United States.
External links
Cloncaird Castle Homepage
Stravaiging Around Scotland: Cloncaird Castle
|
heritage designation
|
{
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}
|
Cloncaird Castle is located near the small village of Kirkmichael, around 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Maybole in South Ayrshire, Scotland. The castle lies beside the Kelsie Burn, at the centre of a 140 acres (57 ha) estate. Originally a 16th-century castle, it was extended and rebuilt as a country house in the early 19th century. After a time as a convalescent home, it is now a private residence once more.
History
The castle was originally built during the 16th century, and is described as having been in the style of feudal mansions of that period, with a large square tower, narrow spiral staircase, and other indications of the time to which it belonged. An armorial panel dated 1585 is still in place on the castle wall. Towards the close of the 16th century it was in the possession of Walter Mure, a scion of the Auchendrane family, and cousin of the Laird of Auchendrane who devised the murder of Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean. This Walter Mure of Cloncaird was the perpetrator of the murder, and was assisted in the execution of his crime by his boon companion, Kennedy of Drumurchy.Cloncaird was purchased by Henry Ritchie of Craigton and Busbie in the early 19th century. Born in 1777, Henry Ritchie was a descendant of James Ritchie, 'merchand burgess' of Glasgow; whose name appears in the Commissary Register in 1674. The family was settled in Craigton, Lanarkshire in 1746, and Henry's father, James, acquired the estate of Busbie, Ayrshire in 1763 and married 1765 Catharine, daughter of Robert Kerr of Newfield, a grandson of the 1st Marquess of Lothian. Ritchie made Cloncaird his chief residence, and in 1814 he had the front entirely re-built and modernised, giving the castle its current appearance. Ritchie succeeded his father at Busbie and Craigton in 1799, and was twice married: to Elizabeth Cathcart (died 1836); then in 1838 to Catherine, daughter of James Fergusson of Kilkerran, 4th Baronet. Ritchie died in 1843 having had three unmarried daughters by his first wife, and the estates passed to his sister's son, William Wallace of Cairnhill.In 1905 Cloncaird was sold by Colonel Wallace to a Mrs Dubs, who he then married in 1908. The castle was extensively renovated at this time. Mrs Dubs died in 1947, and from 1949 the mansion was used as the Dubs Memorial Convalescent Home, operated by the local authority. When this closed the castle returned to private ownership. It was purchased before 2003 by Ephraim Belcher, chairman of Belcher Food Products. The house is a category B listed building. Within the grounds are category C listed structures including an Arts and Crafts style garage, U-shaped stable block and a bridge. The grounds also contain a pond, weir and fountain, and a walled garden.
References
This article incorporates text from The castles and mansions of Ayrshire illustrated in seventy views with historical and descriptive accounts, by A. H. Millar, a publication from 1885, now in the public domain in the United States.
External links
Cloncaird Castle Homepage
Stravaiging Around Scotland: Cloncaird Castle
|
historic county
|
{
"answer_start": [
121
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"text": [
"Ayrshire"
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}
|
Dinanomodon is a genus of dicynodont from Late Permian (Changhsingian) of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Katberg Formation, and Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin of South Africa.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"genus"
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}
|
Dinanomodon is a genus of dicynodont from Late Permian (Changhsingian) of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Katberg Formation, and Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin of South Africa.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Dinanomodon"
]
}
|
Dinanomodon is a genus of dicynodont from Late Permian (Changhsingian) of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Katberg Formation, and Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin of South Africa.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Dinanomodon"
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|
Jake Ashley Cassidy (born 9 February 1993) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a forward for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Guiseley. He made well over 100 appearances in the Football League playing for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Tranmere Rovers, Notts County, Southend United, Oldham Athletic and Stevenage. He has represented Wales at both under 19 and under 21 levels.
Club career
Cassidy joined Welsh Alliance club Llandudno Junction aged 16, where he made an immediate impact in his first season, scoring 28 times in 32 appearances in the 2009–10 season.
His debut season earned him a move to Welsh Premier League side Airbus UK Broughton in Summer 2010, and his impressive appearances for the club in a series of pre-season games saw him immediately depart for Wolverhampton Wanderers. He signed a two-year deal (with an option for a third) with the English Premier League side for an undisclosed fee following a short trial.In March 2012, he moved on loan to League One side Tranmere Rovers, in a move later extended to run until the end of the season. He made his professional debut on 17 March 2012 in a 1–1 draw at Sheffield United, and scored in his second appearance, a 2–0 win at Rochdale. In total, he scored five times in ten appearances.
Ahead of the 2012–13 season the striker renewed returned for a second loan period with Tranmere Rovers; a move which lasted until January 2013. He scored his first goals of his return with a hat-trick against Colchester United in a 4–0 win on 1 September 2012 that put Tranmere top of the league. Cassidy was then named the League One Player of the Month for September 2012, after scoring seven league goals during the month. He returned to Wolves after his loan spell ended in January 2013 having scored 11 goals in 26 appearances.
Cassidy made his Wolves debut as a substitute in the club's FA Cup elimination at Luton Town on 5 January 2013, the final game of Ståle Solbakken's reign, before being selected to start Wolves' next league game by their new manager Dean Saunders. He made six league appearances as the club unsuccessfully fought to avoid relegation to League One.
At the start of the 2013–14 season, under new manager Kenny Jackett, Cassidy became a regular member of Wolves' matchday squads, starting several matches and appearing often as a substitute. However, he failed to score in any of these games.
In January 2014 joined Tranmere Rovers for a third loan spell, after a three-month deal was agreed. This loan spell, however, was less successful than his previous two as he scored just once in 19 appearances as the club struggled to avoid relegation.
After having signed a new one-year contract at Wolves (with an option for a further year), he was loaned to League One team Notts County in July 2014 until January 2015, during which time he scored four times during 20 appearances.
On 15 January 2015, he was loaned out for the rest of the season to League Two side Southend United. He won a play-off final promotion medal for Southend United.
On 23 June 2015, with effect from 1 July 2015, Jake signed a 2-year contract with a further 1 year option with Oldham Athletic.
On 31 August 2016, Cassidy had his contract mutually terminated by Oldham Athletic after 1 season at the club.Cassidy then dropped into the National League, signing for Guiseley, where he scored eight goals in 34 games in the 2016–17 season. At the end of the season he joined Hartlepool United on a two-year deal. He scored 7 goals in 44 games for Pools, and had two loan spells with Maidstone United during his time in the North-East, where he scored 4 goals in 30 games. Cassidy joined Maidenhead United for the 2019–20 season.Cassidy signed for League Two club Stevenage for a five-figure fee on 14 January 2020. He was released at the end of the season.Cassidy signed for York City on 18 August 2020. He made 15 appearances for the Minstermen in the curtailed 2020-21 season, scoring one goal.
Cassidy joined National League North club Darlington in July 2021, and was one of six debutants in the starting eleven for their first match of the season, a 3–2 defeat at home to Alfreton Town. He opened the scoring in the next match two days later with the aid of an errant defensive clearance, but hosts Curzon Ashton came back to win 2–1. On 11 May 2022, Darlington announced that Cassidy was one of ten players released by the club.On 27 May 2022, he signed for newly-relegated Northern Premier League Premier Division club Guiseley, returning to Nethermoor after five years away.
International career
Cassidy was capped by Wales at both under-19 and under-21 level. He scored once for the under-19s, against Scotland in September 2011.
Career statistics
As of match played 3 December 2022
References
External links
Jake Cassidy at Soccerbase
|
position played on team / speciality
|
{
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"forward"
]
}
|
Jake Ashley Cassidy (born 9 February 1993) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a forward for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Guiseley. He made well over 100 appearances in the Football League playing for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Tranmere Rovers, Notts County, Southend United, Oldham Athletic and Stevenage. He has represented Wales at both under 19 and under 21 levels.
Club career
Cassidy joined Welsh Alliance club Llandudno Junction aged 16, where he made an immediate impact in his first season, scoring 28 times in 32 appearances in the 2009–10 season.
His debut season earned him a move to Welsh Premier League side Airbus UK Broughton in Summer 2010, and his impressive appearances for the club in a series of pre-season games saw him immediately depart for Wolverhampton Wanderers. He signed a two-year deal (with an option for a third) with the English Premier League side for an undisclosed fee following a short trial.In March 2012, he moved on loan to League One side Tranmere Rovers, in a move later extended to run until the end of the season. He made his professional debut on 17 March 2012 in a 1–1 draw at Sheffield United, and scored in his second appearance, a 2–0 win at Rochdale. In total, he scored five times in ten appearances.
Ahead of the 2012–13 season the striker renewed returned for a second loan period with Tranmere Rovers; a move which lasted until January 2013. He scored his first goals of his return with a hat-trick against Colchester United in a 4–0 win on 1 September 2012 that put Tranmere top of the league. Cassidy was then named the League One Player of the Month for September 2012, after scoring seven league goals during the month. He returned to Wolves after his loan spell ended in January 2013 having scored 11 goals in 26 appearances.
Cassidy made his Wolves debut as a substitute in the club's FA Cup elimination at Luton Town on 5 January 2013, the final game of Ståle Solbakken's reign, before being selected to start Wolves' next league game by their new manager Dean Saunders. He made six league appearances as the club unsuccessfully fought to avoid relegation to League One.
At the start of the 2013–14 season, under new manager Kenny Jackett, Cassidy became a regular member of Wolves' matchday squads, starting several matches and appearing often as a substitute. However, he failed to score in any of these games.
In January 2014 joined Tranmere Rovers for a third loan spell, after a three-month deal was agreed. This loan spell, however, was less successful than his previous two as he scored just once in 19 appearances as the club struggled to avoid relegation.
After having signed a new one-year contract at Wolves (with an option for a further year), he was loaned to League One team Notts County in July 2014 until January 2015, during which time he scored four times during 20 appearances.
On 15 January 2015, he was loaned out for the rest of the season to League Two side Southend United. He won a play-off final promotion medal for Southend United.
On 23 June 2015, with effect from 1 July 2015, Jake signed a 2-year contract with a further 1 year option with Oldham Athletic.
On 31 August 2016, Cassidy had his contract mutually terminated by Oldham Athletic after 1 season at the club.Cassidy then dropped into the National League, signing for Guiseley, where he scored eight goals in 34 games in the 2016–17 season. At the end of the season he joined Hartlepool United on a two-year deal. He scored 7 goals in 44 games for Pools, and had two loan spells with Maidstone United during his time in the North-East, where he scored 4 goals in 30 games. Cassidy joined Maidenhead United for the 2019–20 season.Cassidy signed for League Two club Stevenage for a five-figure fee on 14 January 2020. He was released at the end of the season.Cassidy signed for York City on 18 August 2020. He made 15 appearances for the Minstermen in the curtailed 2020-21 season, scoring one goal.
Cassidy joined National League North club Darlington in July 2021, and was one of six debutants in the starting eleven for their first match of the season, a 3–2 defeat at home to Alfreton Town. He opened the scoring in the next match two days later with the aid of an errant defensive clearance, but hosts Curzon Ashton came back to win 2–1. On 11 May 2022, Darlington announced that Cassidy was one of ten players released by the club.On 27 May 2022, he signed for newly-relegated Northern Premier League Premier Division club Guiseley, returning to Nethermoor after five years away.
International career
Cassidy was capped by Wales at both under-19 and under-21 level. He scored once for the under-19s, against Scotland in September 2011.
Career statistics
As of match played 3 December 2022
References
External links
Jake Cassidy at Soccerbase
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"Cassidy"
]
}
|
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