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THE SERIOUS RADIOACTIVE ACCIDENT AND RADIOPROTECTION METHODS | During a serious radiation accident, radioactive dust and gases may be released into the atmosphere. It is then essential to evaluate rapidly the extent of the risk to the surrounding population, and to carry out radiation analyses and personnel decontamination. Mobile detection teams were set up and a trailer laboratory and also mobile showers were built. After defining the task of the mobile teams, a description of the emergency equipment which would be used by the Marcoule Center in the case of a serious radiation accident is given. The methods of using this equipment are also described. (auth) | I have chosen to publish this paper as a reminder to be aware of postradiation ulceration. If this occurs, think malignancy. Biopsy should be done and, if positive, there should be wide resection and repair with well-vascularized tissue, muscle flap, and simple skin reconstruction—skin graft. Follow-up should be frequent, and any suspicious region should be biopsied. This seems very elementary, but unfortunately these simple rules are not always obeyed. | yue_Hant | 15,600 |
DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGE IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD SUBSEQUENT TO RADIATION INJURIES OF OCCUPATIONAL NATURE | Statistics are given for changes whieh occurred in the peripheral blood of 1178 persons engaged in a zone of ionizing radiations and 850 control individuals. The following conclusions were reached; the diagnosis of occupational radiation injuries involving hemopoiesis should be based upon the whole of the hematological syndrome; this syndrome includes hyperchromia, reticulocytopenia, leulaopenia, lymphocytosis, neutropenia, monocytosis or monopenia, basophilia, and a series of neorphological ceplular alterations; and a longer record of service within a zone of ionizing radiations does not fully increase the probability of the fact that a pathologically changed hemogram is really a sign implying a radiation injury. (auth) | I have chosen to publish this paper as a reminder to be aware of postradiation ulceration. If this occurs, think malignancy. Biopsy should be done and, if positive, there should be wide resection and repair with well-vascularized tissue, muscle flap, and simple skin reconstruction—skin graft. Follow-up should be frequent, and any suspicious region should be biopsied. This seems very elementary, but unfortunately these simple rules are not always obeyed. | yue_Hant | 15,601 |
The management of radioactive wastes | Examines the origin of radioactive wastes, the methods used for their disposal in early 1980s and possible future methods of disposal | I have chosen to publish this paper as a reminder to be aware of postradiation ulceration. If this occurs, think malignancy. Biopsy should be done and, if positive, there should be wide resection and repair with well-vascularized tissue, muscle flap, and simple skin reconstruction—skin graft. Follow-up should be frequent, and any suspicious region should be biopsied. This seems very elementary, but unfortunately these simple rules are not always obeyed. | eng_Latn | 15,602 |
Radionuclide imaging studies ofgastrointestinal disorders | The ability to detect Meckel's diverticulumwith conventional radiographic methods is usually quite uncertain. The concentration of 99m TcNa pertechnetate by gastric parietal cells has been used effectively to detect the presence of gastric mucosa in these ectopic sites. In addition, several cases of intussusception and small bowel obstruction have been demonstrated with radiopertechnetate and abdominal imaging. It is believed that the radiopertechnetate is concentrated in the edematous interstitial fluid associated with such obstructive lesions, where a compromise of the vascular supply exists. The use of this nonspecific test has so far been very limited. Its reliability, and role in the evaluation of difficult diagnoses of the abdomen can only be clearly defined with further clinical experience. This brief report is included to acquaint the reader with an area of potential future development. | [Objective]To establish a method for determination of phosphorus in foods by microwave ashing and molecular absorption spectrometry.[Methods]The samples were incinerated by microwave ashing method,and the determination results were compared with that of GB method.[Results]According to precision test,RSD was 1.5%.Recovery rate was 90.0%～95.8%.There was no significant different in the determination results between microwave ashing method and GB method.[Conclusion]The microwave ashing method for determination of phosphorus in foods has high accuracy and good reproducibility,which is worth popularizing. | eng_Latn | 15,603 |
EFFECTS OF X-RAY RADIATION IN HEMIC CELLS | Investigations on structural and biologic effects exerted by x radiation on blood-forming cells surviving in vitro are reported. It was concluded that x radiation directly applied to hemic cells in vitro does not interfere only with their proliferative activity, but also with other of their biological and structural properties, such as respiration, osmotic fragility, and glycogen and enzyme contents. (P.C.H.) | The purpose of the work was to study the immune status and some nonspecific defense factors in children with extrarenal portal hypertension after splenectomy. Seventy-one children were examined. It was found that the T-lymphocyte count before and in the early periods after the operation in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension did not differ from that in the control group. At the same time, the changes in serum immunoglobulins depended on the stage of the examination. Study of other links of immunity also revealed the time course of changes in their values. | yue_Hant | 15,604 |
Diagnostic tests in urology: percentage of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA). | What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? ::: ::: Free to total PSA ratios are commonly used as an adjunct to total PSA levels to better define an individual's risk for prostate cancer; however, its strengths and weaknesses are not well understood. ::: This article illustrates the use of likelihood ratios that can be generated from the reported sensitivities and specificities from given free to total PSA thresholds in either increasing or decreasing an individual patient's probability of prostate cancer. Understanding the strengths and limitations of free to total PSA testing will help clinicians anticipate whether its use is indicated or not. | One of the primary objectives of the Materials Characterization Center (MCC) is to acquire and characterize spent fuels used in waste form testing related to nuclear waste disposal. The initial steps in the characterization of a fuel rod consist of gamma scanning the rod and sampling the gas contained in the fuel rod (referred to as fission gas sampling). The gamma scan and fission gas sampling systems used by the MCC are adaptable to a wide range of fuel types and have been successfully used to characterize both boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel rods. This report describes the design and operation of systems used to gamma scan and fission gas sample full-length PWR and BWR fuel rods. 1 ref., 10 figs., 1 tab. | eng_Latn | 15,605 |
Impact of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident on the Ecological Environment in Belarus | The earthquake occurred in Japan in march,2011 caused the Fukushima nuclear leakage that lead to very serious pollution of nuclear radiations,causing a serious level with that of the disaster at Chernobyl nuclear leakage accident in the soviet union.It was highly concerned by international community.The Chernobyl nuclear leakage accident was reviewed by this paper,especially the ecological disaster brought by the two-thirds radioactive substances falling down on the field of White Russia.The pollution circumstances were introduced in detail,including the different stage of pollution caused by the different radioactive half-life,the distribution and transference of the pollutants,the factors influencing radioactive transference,the affect of pollution on animals and plants,the effective measurements of environment remediation etc.,in order to providing some evaluable references to the treatment on the serious ecological catastrophe caused by Japan nuclear accident. | We report the case of a 65-year-old woman with a delayed radiation ulcer and bleeding caused by bevacizumab. She has been undergoing chemotherapy for advanced colon cancer for two years. She received a mastectomy and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for right breast cancer twenty-one years ago, and colon cancer with liver metastasis was detected using PET two years ago. Since last year she has been treated with bevacizumab chemotherapy bevacizumab due to increased liver metastases. As a result, her radiation ulcer worsened and bleeding occurred repeatedly. On suspicion of an adverse event, we stopped the bevacizumab, and that improved the radiation ulcer and the bleeding. In this case, we discussed radiation induced ulcers, wound healing, and adverse events caused by bevacizumab. | eng_Latn | 15,606 |
The Radiobiology of Papillon-type Treatments | The dominant influence in all types of contact therapy is physical rather than radiobiological in nature and is associated with the rapid fall-off of dose with increasing depth in tissue. Even at a depth of only 20 mm the dose has typically fallen to around 15% of the surface dose, meaning that the deeper (and, potentially, dose-limiting) structures are physically spared. Papillon treatments therefore owe their clinical success largely to this simple characteristic and the radiobiological issues, although of interest, might be dismissed as being of secondary importance. However, consideration of the associated radiobiology is useful as it provides a deeper insight into why Papillon-type treatments are effective and also helps to identify the circumstances in which more careful planning of treatment might be required. Some of the most relevant issues are discussed in this paper. The essential points are introduced in a qualitative manner and then followed by some quantitative assessments. | I have chosen to publish this paper as a reminder to be aware of postradiation ulceration. If this occurs, think malignancy. Biopsy should be done and, if positive, there should be wide resection and repair with well-vascularized tissue, muscle flap, and simple skin reconstruction—skin graft. Follow-up should be frequent, and any suspicious region should be biopsied. This seems very elementary, but unfortunately these simple rules are not always obeyed. | eng_Latn | 15,607 |
What is the name for the use of X Rays in medicine? | X-ray: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003337.htm X-ray X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation, just like visible light. An x-ray machine sends individual x-ray particles through the body. The images are recorded on a computer or film. Structures that are dense (such as bone) will block most of the x-ray particles, and will appear white. Metal and contrast media (special dye used to highlight areas of the body) will also appear white. Structures containing air will be black, and muscle, fat, and fluid will appear as shades of gray. How the Test is Performed The test is done in a hospital radiology department or in the health care provider's office. How you are positioned depends on the type of x-ray being done. Several different x-ray views may be needed. You need to stay still when you are having an x-ray. Motion can cause blurry images. You may be asked to hold your breath or not move for a second or two when the image is being taken. The following are common types of x-rays: | Great Ormond Street Hospital Great Ormond Street Hospital Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust Great Ormond Street Cells from pregnant women could prevent fractures by nearly 80% for millions with fragile bones 19 December 2016 Injecting cells from pregnant women could have a life-changing effect on the millions who are living with osteoporosis and brittle bone disease according to researchers at the UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, the research partner of Great Ormond Street Hospital and The UCL Institute for Women’s Health. These cells could also be useful for strengthening the fragile bones of astronauts during their stay for long periods in space. | eng_Latn | 15,608 |
How physiologically does pain radiate through the nerves? | Pain may radiate down the what? | Which two types of radiation are not emitte by radioactive substences? | eng_Latn | 15,609 |
Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant . | However , if a person 's Hepatitis C has progressed ( or gotten worse ) so much that the person has cirrhosis or liver cancer , the person might need a liver transplant ( they might need to have surgery where they are given another person 's liver , or part of another person 's liver ) . | Events at the Fukushima nuclear plant have renewed doubts about the ability to operate many nuclear plants safely over the long term . | eng_Latn | 15,610 |
Cream effectiveness is somewhat determined on where the radiation treatment is. Any specifics on this? | Yes, effectiveness is directed at radiation burn area. Being fair skinned, radiation burned my breast skin to a bright, hot red. Miaderm cream felt soothing. Applied generously. Healing was slow. | Yes. It has to do with the cdma(verizon, sprint) vs gsm(att). Its radio signal. I try replacing ones an att phone screen with a cdma screen... It didnt work.. I locked the phone completely and the phone is still useless until now... Somehow it lock the software and it erased it too... | eng_Latn | 15,611 |
This imaging procedure doesn't use radiation; it uses radio waves, a large magnet & a computer to generate images | What is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? - Sharecare Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of a large magnet, radiofrequencies, and a computer to process ... MRI uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of your organs ... x rays, MRI doesn't use ionizing radiation or carry any risk of causing cancer. | Dogs Playing Poker - Wikipedia The cover of the 1981 album, Moving Pictures, by Rush, features ... The short story "A Gamble with Wildthyme" by Steve Lyons (from the ... comments on Dogs Playing Poker paintings hanging on the wall at Brian's mother's house. ... paintings, the dogs should invite him to their card game. | eng_Latn | 15,612 |
Would prolonged exposure to MRI and/or PET scans (hours on end) be hazardous to your health? | MRI scans are performed in a very strong magnetic field. There is no conclusive proof, but it is generally felt that exposure to strong magnetic fields generated by MRI scanners is harmless to humans. That being said, however, there are some theoretical risks. Without getting too technical, MRI images are generated by rapid variations in the magnetic field. These variations cause the water protons within the body to behave a certain way, which in turn generate very minute signal which can be picked up by special receiver coils that make up part of the MRI scanner. These signals are then processed by the scanner, and and image is generated. The rapid shifts in magnetic fields can theoretically produce heat as a by-product. This is especially true for any metallic object within the scanner that has the shape of a ring or closed loop. In fact, this can produce enough heat in conventional MRI scanners to cause flesh burns. This is one reason why all metal must be removed before getting an MRI scan. The actual magnetic field itself is probably safe.\n\nAs for PET scans, the physics is entirely different. PET scans generate an image by radioactive emissions that are produced in the body after getting injected with radioactive material. The PET scanner itself is really nothing but a giagantic receiver device to detect these emission. While the actual dose of radiation from a PET scan is felt to be reasonably safe, it is still radiation nonetheless. The more PET scans you have, the more radiation you will be exposed to. But there is no danger to just lying in the scanner itself without getting injected with the radioactive isotope because the scanner itself does not generate actual radiation. | If what you describe is any type of harassment, it may be against the law. Even as a temporary employee, you are entitled to a harassment-free workplace. \n\nI suggest that you consult an attorney to determine if you have a case. If you have a strong case, and win, the attorney fees will be paid for by the company.\n\nYou and/or your entire group may be able to file a complaint without the help of an attorney with the department of labor relations in your state.\n\nGood luck. | eng_Latn | 15,613 |
when was stomach cancer discovered, and who was it discovered by? | cancer is the most common cause of death of all animals. cancer has been here since the dinosaurs. there are cancer tumors in the dinosaur bones. cancer is more a process than a disease. After saying all that stomach cancer is a terrible condition and i hope you are just curious. | As the radioactive elements decay, they emit high-energy particles that go crashing through the cell(s). These particles hit atoms within the cell, creating either ions that go on to damage the cell's DNA, or they hit and directly damage the DNA. Once their DNA is damaged, cells usually either repair the damage, or if they can't, commit suicide (called apoptosis). Only those cells that have been damaged and fail to repair it and fail to commit suicide can become cancerous. Of course, the final requirement is that the DNA is damaged in an area that controls cell replication is such a way as to allow the unchecked proliferation of the cell. | eng_Latn | 15,614 |
why is ultra violet radiation increasing? | Because the ozone layer is depleting. | May be more than one Dx. A nuc scan using Iodine 131 radioactive test?\nU/S of thyroid?\nPositive thyroid palpitation? Goiter?\nI&O balanced?\n\nThe fingers swelling-- history of RA/ osteo?, I&O unbalanced, currently dieting?, high intake of sodium? Use of birth control pills? \nCheck with your pharmacist about possible interaction of medications-- both Rx and OTC.\nGood luck | eng_Latn | 15,615 |
what is gadolinium used for | Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal.It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form. Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by de Marignac who separated its oxide and is credited with its discovery.adolinium as a phosphor is also used in other imaging. In X-ray systems, gadolinium is contained in the phosphor layer, suspended in a polymer matrix at the detector. Terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd 2 O 2 S: Tb) at the phosphor layer converts the X-rays released from the source into light. | It is far less commonfor a patient to have an allergy to a gadolinium-based contrast agent used for MRI than theiodine-containing contrast for CT. However, even if it is known that the patient has an allergy to thegadolinium contrast, it may still be possible to use it after appropriate pre-medication. | eng_Latn | 15,616 |
what is involved in thyroid scan and uptake | Thyroid scans and uptake tests use special chemicals called radionuclides. A radionuclide (sometimes called a radioisotope or isotope) is a chemical which emits a type of radioactivity called gamma rays. In these tests a tiny amount of radionuclide is put into the body, usually by an injection into a vein. | A thyroid uptake and scan is a test that uses a radioactive substance and a scanning tool to evaluate the thyroid gland. The scanner picks up where and how much the radioactive substance was taken up by the thyroid. This helps determine the structure, location, size, and activity of the gland. | eng_Latn | 15,617 |
Median lethal dose definition | median lethal dose (LD 50) the quantity of an agent that will kill 50 per cent of the test subjects; in radiology, the amount of radiation that will kill, within a specified period, 50 per cent of individuals in a large group or population.ee also median effective dose. erythema dose that amount of radiation that, when applied to the skin, causes erythema (temporary reddening). fatal dose lethal dose. | infective dose (ID) that amount of a pathogenic agent that will cause infection in susceptible subjects. See also median infective dose and tissue culture infective dose. lethal dose (LD) that quantity of an agent that will or may be sufficient to cause death.See also median lethal dose and minimum lethal dose.ffective dose (ED) that quantity of a drug that will produce the effects for which it is administered. See also median effective dose. erythema dose that amount of radiation that, when applied to the skin, causes erythema (temporary reddening). fatal dose lethal dose. | eng_Latn | 15,618 |
is dxa ionising radiation | 2.2 Procedures involving ionising radiation include: Diagnostic X-rays, CT scans or DXA scans Radiotherapy (including brachytherapy and therapy using unsealed sources) Radionuclide imaging (including diagnostic imaging and in vitro measurements). | DXA has also been called dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DEXA. DXA is relatively easy to perform and the amount of radiation exposure is low. A DXA scanner is a machine that produces two X-ray beams, each with different energy levels. | eng_Latn | 15,619 |
what are the responsibilities of a radiation therapist | Radiation Therapist Job Description. Radiation therapist assisting woman with a scan. Radiation Therapist Job Description: Treating cancer in the human body is the principal use of radiation therapy.As part of a medical radiation oncology team, radiation therapists use machinesâcalled linear acceleratorsâto administer radiation treatment to patients.Linear accelerators, used in a procedure called external beam therapy, project high-energy x rays at targeted cancer cells.s part of the Radiation Therapist Job Description during the treatment phase, the radiation therapist monitors the patientâs physical condition to determine if any adverse side effects are taking place. | The patient's radiation therapy is then planned by the radiation oncologist (with the help of the radiation therapists (BSRTTs), medical dosimetrists (CMDs) and medical physicists). It is then administered to the patient by the radiation therapists, with continual quality assurance performed by the medical physicists. | eng_Latn | 15,620 |
what is a radioligand binding assay | Radioligand Binding Assay. Radioligand binding assays are used to characterize the binding of a drug to its target receptor. They can provide information on the both the affinity and mode of interaction of the drug with its receptor.lternatively, the receptor density (Bmax) and Kd in the tissue can be obtained by using a saturation radioligand binding assay in which receptor binding is determined in the presence of increasing concentrations of the radioligand alone. | Radiofrequency Ablation Radiofrequency ablation (RFA, also called Radiofrequency neurotomy or lesioning) is a minimally invasive procedure used to reduce facet joint pain in the back or neck. An electrical current produced by a radio wave is used to heat up a small area of nerve tissue, thereby decreasing the ability of those nerves to transmit pain signals from that specific area to the brain. | eng_Latn | 15,621 |
what is radiofrequency ablation | In this article. Radiofrequency ablation (or RFA) is a procedure used to reduce pain. An electrical current produced by a radio wave is used to heat up a small area of nerve tissue, thereby decreasing pain signals from that specific area. | Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that can provide lasting relief to those suffering from facet joint pain. In fact, multiple clinical studies show that radiofrequency ablation significantly reduces pain severity and frequency for one to two years in the majority of patients. | eng_Latn | 15,622 |
what is sbt means | SBT stands for Stud Book Tradition, a term chosen by, The International Cat Association (TICA). SBT specifies that the Bengal is pedigreed and must be at least 4 generations removed from the Asian Leopard Cat. To be an SBT there must only be Bengal to Bengal breeding. | What is Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)? Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is a treatment procedure similar to central nervous system (CNS) stereotactic radiosurgery, except that it deals with tumors outside of the CNS. | eng_Latn | 15,623 |
what is an effect of adaptive radiation ? apex | Adaptive radiation is the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. It involves the differentiation of a single ancestor into a ⦠n array of species that inhabit a variety of environments and that differ in the morphological and physiological traits used to exploit those environments. | Historically, the SCV nodes and the axillary apex have been treated with radiation therapy by using a single anterior field, as shown in Figure 1, with full dose prescribed to a point in the SCV fossa 3 cm deep to the surface of the skin. | eng_Latn | 15,624 |
is electrical transducer device radiation therapy | Therapy implies the curing of a disease or malfunction of the body and includes prophylactic treatment like killing of germs, bacteria in or on the body by means of radiation as well as treatment of symptoms like pain (anaesthesia) by means of radiation.rotecting the functioning of electrical therapeutic stimulation devices, especially against MRI. This group only relates to protection (especially against MRI) for electrical therapeutic stimulation devices and not for other types of medical devices such as drug pumps. | Radiation therapy, including external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy, is an alternative form of treatment for prostate cancer. EBRT may be used after other treatments, such as surgery, to manage cancer that has recurred or is at high risk of recurrence. Radiation therapy has an excellent record of success, providing long-term disease control and survival rates equivalent to other treatments, including surgery. | eng_Latn | 15,625 |
which tests use iodine based contrast | Types of tests that nearly always use ICCM include angiograms/angiography (which are X-rays of blood vessels), arthrography (which is an X-ray of the inside of a joint (like the shoulder)) and myelography (which involves injection of contrast medium into the fluid around the spinal cord). | Radioactive iodine is typically used in thyroid tests, including a thyroid scan. Your thyroid and most types of thyroid cancer absorb iodine naturally. The radioactive iodine builds up in your thyroid tissue. A gamma camera or scanner detects the radioactive emissions. | eng_Latn | 15,626 |
what is hl medical term | Treatments for HL (Hodgkin's Disease) include: 1 Radiation therapy External radiation - usually the type of radiation used. Internal radiation. 2 Chemotherapy. 3 Surgery - note that typical tumor removal surgery is not possible with lymphomas because the tumor is not solid, but is dispersed widely through the body. | High-temperature operating life. High-temperature operating life (HTOL) is a reliability test applied to integrated circuits (ICs) to determine their intrinsic reliability. This test stresses the IC at an elevated temperature, high voltage and dynamic operation for a predefined period of time. The IC is usually monitored under stress and tested at intermediate intervals. | eng_Latn | 15,627 |
Localization of lead in rat peripheral nerve by electron microscopy. | Lead intoxication in rats reliably produces segmental demyelination. Following a single intravenous injection of radioactive lead, localization of tracer was observed sequentially by quantitative electron microscopical autoradiography. The animals injected had been on a lead-containing diet for 70 days; as a result, the blood-nerve barrier was broken down and demyelination was proceeding. Six hours after a single dose, the lead was localized to the endoneurial space of the peroneal nerve, and 72 hours later, to the myelin membrane. Lead may exert a direct effect on the membrane and alter its stability both by altering the lipid content of the membrane and by directly interfering with the lamellar structure. | Introduction We report a case of a female patient whose routine chest radiograph revealed numerous small, linear, radiopaque foreign bodies. These were determined to be permanently implanted acupuncture needles. We describe the imaging appearance of these wires, discuss the potential for complications and briefly review the pertinent literature. | eng_Latn | 15,628 |
Higher-energy radiation , including ultraviolet radiation ( present in sunlight ) , x-rays , and gamma radiation , generally is carcinogenic , if received in sufficient doses . | Higher-energy radiation , including ultraviolet radiation , usually is carcinogenic , if a person is exposed to it long enough . | Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C , and was historically the first chemical compound to be synthesized , and identified , as vitamin C . The name is derived from a - ( meaning `` no '' ) and scorbutus ( scurvy ) , the disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. | eng_Latn | 15,629 |
Fukushima disaster led to largest accidental release of radioactivity into ocean .
Ken Buesseler says the levels detected in the ocean water are not of concern to human health .
He says there is concern that levels of radioactivity in fish are not decreasing .
Buesseler: Levels that will reach U.S. West Coast in 2013-14 are not high enough to harm humans . | (CNN) -- One year ago, a series of events began with an earthquake off the cost of Japan that culminated in the largest accidental release of radioactivity into the ocean in history. We have to be careful and say "accidental" because in the late 1950s and early 1960s, 50 to 100 times more radioactivity was released worldwide as fallout from the intentional testing of nuclear weapons. The word "ocean" is also important, since Chernobyl in 1986 was hundreds of miles inland, so it had a smaller impact on the concentrations of radionuclides in the sea than was measured directly off Japan in 2011. One year later, we have to ask, what do we know about Fukushima's impact on the ocean and levels of radioactive contaminants in water and fish? In many ways we were fortunate that impacts were largely confined to the ocean. Certainly, the Japanese people continue to feel devastating effects of so large a release within their country, and many people may never be able to return to their homes. But in general the winds during the height of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant were blowing offshore. As a result, more than three-quarters of the radioactivity fell on the ocean. This is important, as any that lands on soil remains in place, resulting in the potential for greater human exposure and increased chances of contamination to food supplies and property. In the Pacific, however, the strong Kuroshio Current (similar to the Atlantic Gulf Stream) helped move any contamination quickly away from shore and diluted it by mixing it into deeper water. This allowed us to report that by June 2011, even when we sampled within sight of the nuclear power plants, levels of cesium-137 and cesium-134 in the ocean, two primary products of nuclear fission, were elevated, but still below those considered of concern for exposure to humans. They were also well below biological thresholds of concern to the small fish and plankton we sampled, even if these were consumed by humans. Several other groups have now confirmed our findings about levels of radioactivity up to 400 miles offshore. Other measurements show trends that are more worrisome. Levels of radioactivity found in fish are not decreasing and there appear to be hot spots on the seafloor that are not well mapped. There is also little agreement on exactly how much radioactivity was released or even whether the fires and explosions at the power plant resulted in more radioactive fallout to the ocean than did direct releases of radioactivity caused by dumping water on the reactors to keep them cool. Opinion: U.S. reactors still vulnerable, a year after Fukushima . Japan is taking what some think of as a precautionary measure by lowering the limits of radioactive contaminants in drinking water and food supplies, including seafood, on April 1.The new level for fish will be one-tenth of the acceptable level in the United States. Will Japan's new limits build consumer confidence or raise fears and questions about why more fish are considered unsafe for consumption? And why were fish caught last year considered safe, but now are not? Despite the announcement in December that operators of the power plant had achieved cold shut down, we know they are still using tons of water to cool the reactors and that not all the water has been collected or treated. As a result, the ground around the site is like a dirty sponge, saturated with contaminated water that is leaking into the ocean. Marine sediments are also collecting radioactive contaminants, exposing bottom-dwelling fish, shellfish and other organisms on the sea floor to higher levels of contaminants than those in the waters above. Little is known, however, about the level of contamination in the groundwater and on the seafloor and whether these will be a source of contaminants long after levels in the ocean have become diluted to the point that only the most sensitive instruments can detect them. We do know that we can detect cesium at very dilute levels, well below those considered harmful. Using these sensitive techniques we can track the Fukushima contaminants as ocean currents carry the peak releases across the Pacific where they are expected to reach the U.S. West Coast in 2013-2014 at levels that are much lower than we measured off Japan in 2011 and thus not of concern to human health. Two weeks ago, we held the largest international gathering of marine scientists studying radioactive substances in the ocean originating from Fukushima. Although we shared freely what each of us has learned in the last year, what we need today is also what we needed on March 11, 2011 — greater international coordination of long-term studies of the fate and consequences of the radiation. We've done the initial assessments. Now we need to begin answering the tougher questions, building public confidence in scientific studies by having multiple, independent groups at work, and ensuring we have the resources to build comprehensive, long-term studies. As a scientist and a marine radiochemist, I am trained to provide answers about radioactivity in the ocean—how much is out there, where it is, and what its fate is likely to be in the future. Today, we haven't gone very far beyond the first question, which was key on March 11, 2011, but hardly seems sufficient one year later. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Ken Buesseler. | Fish-oil supplements credited with a range of health benefits could trigger prostate cancer. Experts found that omega-3 fatty acids may raise the risk of the most lethal form of the disease by more than 70 per cent. Researchers warned against omega-3 pills, and recommended eating just one or two meals of oily fish per week. Fish-oil supplements are said to protect against heart attacks and strokes, stave off arthritis, boost brain power and prevent behaviour disorders in children. Taking omega-3 fatty acids, derived from fish oils, can increase a man's risk of high-grade prostate cancer by 71 per cent . However, scientists found that those with the highest levels of omega-3 in their blood were 71 per cent more likely to develop fast-growing, hard-to-treat prostate tumours. They were also more likely to contract the slower, less deadly form of the disease, with the overall prostate cancer risk raised by 43 per cent. The team from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre in Seattle warned: ‘There is really no evidence that taking dietary supplements is beneficial to health, and there is increasing evidence that taking high doses is harmful.’ Dr Alan Kristal said the levels of omega-3 linked to the increased cancer risk would be reached by taking just one supplement a day, or three or four meals of fish such as salmon and mackerel each week. Of mealtimes, he said: ‘There are good things in fish, so the message is moderation. It is probably not bad for you, and it tastes good.’ Taking omega-3 was also associated with a 44 per cent greater chance of developing low-grade prostate cancer . However, he stressed that when compared to fatty acids received by eating oily fish, the amount consumed via pills was ‘huge’. It is unclear how fish oil could trigger tumours, but omega-3 may restrict the immune system, or damage our DNA. It is also unclear if it helps tumours to grow and spread. The finding came amid a wider research project of more than 2,000 men, examining whether supplements of vitamin E and the mineral selenium can help prevent prostate cancer – the most common cancer in British men, killing more than 10,000. Selenium provided no benefit, and vitamin E increased the odds of contracting the disease. Dr Kristal said: ‘As we do more and more of these studies – and I have been involved in them most of my career – we find high doses of supplements have no effect or increase the risk of the disease you are trying to prevent. ‘There is not really a single example of where taking a supplement lowers chronic disease risk.’ Professor Malcolm Mason, of Cancer Research UK, said: ‘The results of this study are surprising, and we clearly need more research to understand what is behind them.’ Although he stressed the researchers could not be certain whether the study’s participants ate oily fish or took omega-3 supplements, he said the results ‘show how complex the effects of food supplements might be’. Dr Iain Frame of Prostate Cancer UK agreed that ‘larger and more complex studies will need to take place before we understand how the risks of a diet high in omega-3 balance against [its] benefits’. Several recent studies have called omega-3’s benefits to the heart into question, too. One, which examined 20 studies involving almost 70,000 people, found that those who took omega-3 were no less likely to die of a heart attack or stroke than others . | eng_Latn | 15,630 |
If a gamma ray was extremely close to the earth could it destroy the earth? | Could gamma rays destroy the earth? | What is the human race going to do when the sun expands into a red giant? | eng_Latn | 15,631 |
There are 11 known isotopes of this reddish metal whose symbol is Cu; 9 are radioactive | Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 8th Edition.pdf - Chemistry 166 ... Jun 21, 2013 ... Elements A Closer Look: Element Names and Symbols . ... Chemistry Copper Units of Measurement Temperature Scales Length, ... Isotopes Isotope Abundance Determining Atomic Mass and ... Electromagnetic Radiation . .... Dipole kotz_48288_00c_FM_i-xxxiii.indd 9 11/19/10 12:11 PM x... | How to recognize plants that are poisonous to touch | Outdoor ... Apr 30, 2014 ... Identify by: A woody stem (no thorns) with clusters of 3 leaves ... Found: Nearly everywhere, especially along fences, trail posts, and stone walls ... The plant does not need to have leaves intact for you to get a rash. ... There are many other plants that contain urushiol that make up the Sumac family, such as... | eng_Latn | 15,632 |
What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy? | This is a consequence of Lorentz reciprocity. For an antenna element not connected to anything (open circuited) one can write . But for an element which is short circuited, a current is generated across that short but no voltage is allowed, so the corresponding . This is the case, for instance, with the so-called parasitic elements of a Yagi-Uda antenna where the solid rod can be viewed as a dipole antenna shorted across its feedpoint. Parasitic elements are unpowered elements that absorb and reradiate RF energy according to the induced current calculated using such a system of equations. | In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine. | eng_Latn | 15,633 |
Watercolor Art Work Prepared for Screen Printing on Fabric Can watercolor artwork be printed on fabric, noting that the fabric is white? if yes how can it be prepared and if not what options do i have? Thank you | How should artwork be setup for T-shirt printing? What does it mean to colour separate the artwork for T-Shirt printing? It is normally suggested to use Pantone colours for T-Shirt printing. Is it the Pantone Coated or the Pantone Uncoated? The Uncoated one has more subtle colours and we can't choose brighter shades if the design requires that. What is more appropriate for printing? Can we use gradients in T-Shirt printing or is it suggested to stick to flat colours only? The reason for asking if gradients were ok was to use it as an option for this design: I was considering it an option, as it will be difficult to colour separate since the textures are clip masked inside the lion. | Why Doesn't the Adamantium Bone Covering Kill Wolverine? I've seen the here before, as well as on many sites on the web. I've also seen different info on what was covered. I'm not a huge X-Men fan, but I do enjoy the characters and stories, so I know I'm probably missing out on a lot, and may have missed the obvious along the way because I didn't read a particular series or something like that. I had a relative die from leukemia a few years ago and that reminded me of basic junior high science: that red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and must be able to reach from the marrow into the blood vessels. The leukemia my relative had was the kind where the "bad" cells would surround the marrow and prevent the new "good" blood cells from getting out to the rest of the body. So just how much of Wolverine's skeleton is covered with Adamantium? If it's the whole thing, there'd have to be openings for new red blood cells to get out if he is to remain alive. I've never seen a reference to this issue, is it ever addressed? That also raises another issue along the same line: Are hard to reach areas, such as ball and socket joints covered? If not, then stress on other covered areas could be transferred to the weaker uncovered areas, which would lead to breakage there. And if joints like that are covered, is there anything to say how it was done? Are there openings or gaps in the Adamantium covering on his body? Are there any references to any of these issues that deal with them? | eng_Latn | 15,634 |
The Reagan Era or Age of Reagan is a periodization of recent American history used by historians and political observers to emphasize that the conservative `` Reagan Revolution '' led by President Ronald Reagan in domestic and foreign policy had a permanent impact . | The Reagan Era or Age of Reagan is a era in American history that lasted from 1981 to 1989 . It is used by historians and political theorist to show that the conservative `` Reagan Revolution '' led by President Ronald Reagan in domestic and foreign policy had a long and lasting impact . | Acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) also known as radiation poisoning , radiation sickness or radiation toxicity , is a constellation of health effects which occur within several months of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation . | eng_Latn | 15,635 |
Radiation Levels Prompt Search | Although some suspect missing WWII bomb may be the cause, Air Force officials say the warhead does not carry the plutonium needed for a nuclear blast but that it does carry 400 pounds of explosives. | Instructions on how to build a nuclear reactor are revealed from sealed envelopes that have lain hidden for almost 70 years. | eng_Latn | 15,636 |
In 1882 a police camp was set up that allowed a small settlement to develop . | In 1882 a police camp was set up and a small settlement followed . | The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places . Part of it is a mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination . | eng_Latn | 15,637 |
Report slams nuclear screening at ports | GAO charges that the Department of Homeland Security produced biased results in new radiation-detection tests. | Authorities checked for fuel leaks Saturday on a coal freighter run aground by a storm that brought flooding, landslides and blackouts in eastern Australia and killed at least five people. | eng_Latn | 15,638 |
Halted Russian Atomic Power Station Resumes Work | A reactor at a Russian atomic power station which was closed after a malfunction resumed work on Saturday, the station said. | Police in St Petersburg find explosives, detonators and a gun in a city cinema closed for repairs. | eng_Latn | 15,639 |
Events at the Fukushima nuclear plant have renewed doubts about the ability to operate large numbers of nuclear plants safely over the long term . | Events at the Fukushima nuclear plant have renewed doubts about the ability to operate many nuclear plants safely over the long term . | p219p239 Watson also observes , `` Because of the presumption of White being better , the juncture of the game at which Black frees his game or neutralizes White 's plans has often been automatically assumed to give him equality , even though in dynamic openings , the exhaustion of White 's initiative very often means that Black has seized it with advantage '' . | eng_Latn | 15,640 |
What was the main reason behind Chernobyl Nuclear disaster? Was it possible for this to be prevented? | What was the main reason behind Chernobyl Nuclear disaster? | What exactly has gone wrong with Samsung's Note 7 battery? | eng_Latn | 15,641 |
IAEA say Fukushima blast not to blame .
No increase reported in U.K despite changes in Europe . | IAEA say Fukushima blast not to blame . No increase reported in U.K despite changes in Europe . Very low levels of radioactive iodine-131 have been detected throughout Europe, but the particles are not believed to pose a public health risk, the U.N.nuclear agency said on Friday. NASA have released images of 2,400 stars, known as the Tarantula Nebula, that are producing intense radiation and powerful winds, believed to be the cause for the detection in the atmosphere . Closer look: Known as the Tarantula Nebula, these stars have produced intense radiation say NASA . Outbreak: Unusual levels of iodine-131 have been detected in the Czech Republic and northern Germany . The International Atomic Energy Agency . (IAEA), the Vienna-based U.N. watchdog, said it did not believe the . radioactive particles were from Japan's stricken Fukushima nuclear power . plant after its emergency in March. Professor Malcolm Sperrin, director of medical physics at Britain's Royal Berkshire Hospital, said any link with Fukushima was extremely unlikely. 'It is far more likely that the iodine may be as a result of excretion by patients undergoing medical treatment. 'Whilst such patients are carefully controlled, some release of iodine into the environment may be inevitable but would certainly be well below any limits where health detriment would even begin to be an issue for concern," he said. Blameless: The Fukushima explosion is not believed to be the root cause for the increase in iodine-131 levels . The Czech Republic's nuclear security watchdog said it had tipped off the IAEA after detecting the radiation it thought was coming from abroad but not from a nuclear power plant. It suggested it may come from production of radiopharmaceuticals. Germany's Environment Ministry said slightly higher levels of radioactive iodine had been measured in the north of the country, ruling out that it came from a nuclear power plant. Hungary, Slovakia, Austria and Sweden also reported traces at very low levels that did not pose a health risk. Experts said the origin of the radiation . - which has been spreading for about two weeks - remained a mystery but . could come from many possible sources ranging from medical laboratories . or hospitals to nuclear submarines. Iodine-131, linked to cancer if found in high doses, can contaminate products such as milk and vegetables. Paddy Regan, a professor of nuclear physics at Britain's University of Surrey, said the suggestion that it may have leaked from a radiopharmaceuticals maker 'sounds very sensible and totally reasonable.' He said since iodine was used in the treatment of thyroid conditions it was also likely that hospitals in many European countries would have it in their stores. 'It would be very unlikely for it to have come from Fukushima since the accident was so many months ago and iodine-131 has a brief half-life,' he said. Iodine-131 is a short-lived radioisotope that has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days, the IAEA said. Massimo Sepielli, head of the nuclear fission unit of Italy's national alternative energy body ENEA said any number of sources could be to blame for the readings. 'It could be coming from the transporting of (nuclear) material, it could come from a hospital ... it could even come from a nuclear submarine, even if it's a more complicated possibility ... but you can't rule that out.' Officials in Spain, Russia, Ukraine, Finland, France, Britain, Switzerland, Poland and Norway said they had not detected any abnormal radiation levels. Romania's watchdog said there had been no incident at the country's sole nuclear plant. Austria's Environment Ministry said small levels were measured in the east and north of the Alpine country, saying the estimated dose level for the population was one 40,000th of the dose of radiation received in a transatlantic flight. In the world's worst nuclear accident since Chernobyl in 1986, an earthquake followed by a massive tsunami overwhelmed the Fukushima plant in Japan, causing a reactor meltdown and leakage of radiation, including of iodine. In the days and weeks after the accident, tiny amounts of iodine-131 believed to have come from Fukushima were detected as far away as Iceland and other parts of Europe, as well as in the United States. | By . Matt Chorley, Mailonline Political Editor . PUBLISHED: . 07:40 EST, 17 July 2013 . | . UPDATED: . 09:20 EST, 17 July 2013 . Millions of pounds in benefits are to be offered to communities to persuade people to agree to new nuclear power stations being built near their homes. Towns and villages near eight sites in England and Wales will be offered up to £1,000 for every megawatt hour of electricity generated for 40 years. It means people living near Hinkley Point in Somerset are in line for £128million if a new nuclear generator goes ahead. Cash: Communities near new nuclear power stations will receive millions in bribes, including Hinkley Point in Somerset (pictured) which is in line for £128million . Energy minister Michael Fallon insisted it is ‘absolutely essential’ to recognise the contribution towns and villages make to national energy security by having a reactor built nearby. Under the package, councils would benefit for up to the first 10 years of operation of a nuclear power plant from a share of the increased business rates revenues that will be generated. Then during the second phase of the programme there would be annual taxpayer-funded payments between 2030 and 2060 from the Department of Energy and Climate Change to communities hosting nuclear power plants. Mr Fallon said: ‘New nuclear will have a central role to play in our energy strategy, providing heat and light to homes across the country. Energy minister Michael Fallon said the funding was 'absolutely essential' ‘It is absolutely essential that we recognise the contributions of those communities that host major new energy projects. ‘This package is in the interests of local people, who will manage it to ensure long-term meaningful benefit to the community. ‘It's proportionate to the scale and lifespan of new nuclear power stations and it builds on the major economic benefits they will bring in terms of jobs, investment and use of local services.’ Community benefits packages have been announced for other controversial energy infrastructure, including onshore wind farms and ‘fracking’ for shale gas, but in those cases the developer will pay for them. David Hall, a county councillor in Somerset, welcome the funds for the area near Hinkley Point. He added: ‘The money is a tremendous asset to our county and will help create jobs and apprenticeships, provide essential improvements like affordable housing and regenerate areas that could really do with financial help. Construction of the first of a planned new generation of nuclear reactors at Hinkley Point has stalled as EDF and officials have so far failed to agree a price for the electricity which will be generated from the Hinkley Point site. But Dr Doug Parr, chief scientist at Greenpeace UK, said: ‘Whilst wind farms and even shale gas developers have to pay community benefits, only nuclear stations will get a fat taxpayer subsidy to fund them. ‘Our entire energy policy is now absurdly distorted by the desperation to prop up EDF's faltering Hinkley C project, with the Government piling the costs on to the taxpayer to avoid the embarrassment of admitting they backed the wrong technology. We can't go on like this.’ | eng_Latn | 15,642 |
Scottish radiation expert Bob Kerr scaled Mount Everest in May 2013 .
With help from his guide, he recorded radiation levels at its summit .
Radiation at 29,000ft (8,839m) above sea level comes from cosmic rays .
Kerr found climbers are exposed to 1milliSievert (mSv) doses of radiation .
This is five times the average annual exposure in a nuclear power plant . | By . Victoria Woollaston . Climbers face an array of risks when scaling Mount Everest - from freezing temperatures to altitude sickness - and now a scientist has found one that could leave more lasting effects. Scottish radiation expert Bob Kerr climbed the Nepalese mountain and, with help from his guide, recorded exposure levels at its summit using a Geiger counter. The 36-year-old found that the high-altitudes expose climbers to an extra 1milliSievert (mSv) of radiation, which is five times more than the average annual exposure in a nuclear power plant. Scottish scientist Bob Kerr scaled Mount Everest, pictured, in May 2013 to record radiation levels at its summit. The radiation comes from cosmic rays from space and Kerr found the mountain exposes climbers to 1milliSievert (mSv) of radiation - five times more than annual exposure in a nuclear power plant . Last month, scientists gained insights into the molecular process of how some people get Type II diabetes, which could lead to new ways of preventing people getting the condition. The research, led by the University of Southampton and UCL, took place on Mount Everest and assessed the mechanisms at which low oxygen levels in the body - known as hypoxia - are linked with the development of insulin resistance. The research found that several markers of insulin resistance were increased following sustained exposure (six to eight weeks) to hypoxia at high altitude, and that this change was related to increased blood levels of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Kerr, a radiation protection adviser from Portskerra, Sutherland, took on the challenge in May 2013. He reached a height of 26,000ft (7,925m) before temporarily losing sight in his right eye due to a lack of oxygen. His Nepalese guide, Dorje Khatri, then took the equipment to the summit at 29,000ft (8,839m) to record the readings. The radiation levels at the top of the mountain are caused by cosmic rays from space, but despite the risks, Kerr told the Society for Radiological Protection that no-one has ever died as a result of the radiation. The chances of developing fatal cancer as a result of the exposure are also low, at one in 10,000. The chances of developing fatal cancer as a result of exposure on Mount Everest are low, at one in 10,000, but Kerr said if someone received the same level of dose at ground level at a nuclear plant, stock image of the Dungeness B nuclear power station in Kent is pictured, it would be classed as a 'significant dose' However, Kerr said that if someone received the same level of dose at ground level, and it was not due to cosmic radiation, then under the UK's Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 the exposure would be classed as a 'significant dose' and would be at the annual public dose limit. 'When chatting about my career in radiation protection I find that climbers, despite participating happily in one of the world’s potentially hazardous hobbies, share the general public’s emotional fear of radiation,' said Kerr. ‘They don't realise that as they ascend into the heavens their exposure to natural background radiation from outer space - cosmic rays - increases.’ Last month, an avalanche killed 16 local . guides, including Khatri, as they helped a film crew from the Discovery Channel climb the mountain. The avalanche hit the Khumbu Icefall on April 18 and was the deadliest day in the mountain's history. It brought the total death toll up to 265 . from almost 7,000 summit attempts and climbs have been suspended out of respect for the dead. | Hong Kong (CNN) -- A faulty thermometer is likely to blame for rising temperatures inside a stricken nuclear reactor at the Fukushima-Daiichi plant, authorities said Monday, as Japan prepares to mark one year since a devastating earthquake and tsunami triggered a nuclear meltdown. The plant's operators, Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) said temperatures inside the Reactor Pressure Vessel of Unit 2 have been gradually increasing since February 2 and on Monday hit a high of 89.2 degrees Celsius. The reading is significant because an error margin of 20 degrees Celsius for the gauges takes the temperature well above 100 degrees Celsius, one of the pre-conditions for a "cold shutdown." Japan declared the shattered plant was in "cold shutdown" last December, a welcome milestone in a fraught battle to contain one of the world's worst nuclear disasters. Should we be concerned? A nuclear expert agreed that a faulty temperature gauge inside the Unit 2 reactor is the most likely cause for the higher heat reading. Michael Friedlander, a former senior operator at U.S. nuclear power plants, told CNN that the prospect of another catastrophic explosion at the Fukushima-Daiichi is "virtually zero." Scientists warn of Tokyo quake threat . "If the reactor was going to become critical it would have become critical in March of last year, not now," he said. Another possible, though less likely, explanation, according to Friedlander, is that re-routing of pipe work in the last month or so has inadvertently taken cooling water away from where it was needed. How has TEPCO responded? Under Japanese nuclear safety regulations, operators are obliged to begin cooling methods when temperatures rise above 80 degrees Celsius. Authorities at the Fukushima plant have been pumping more water and boric acid into the feed water system and into the core spray system in attempt to bring the temperature down. Boric acid is included in the water to mop up stray neutrons. TEPCO said the higher reading is at odds with temperatures taken at other points within the reactor which indicates that it's probably faulty. "Following our cooling efforts temperatures at the two other locations are declining steadily while that at the location in question keeps rising. This leads us to think that the thermometer at the location in question is not functioning properly, rather than the actual temperature rising," Junichi Matsumoto, TEPCO spokesman, said Monday. The company said it has also been analyzing gas levels within the building and says there's been no increase in radiation, or any other reading that would indicate that the reactor is heating up. TEPCO said it was continuing to monitor the situation. What happens if the temperature gauge is correct and the reactor is heating up? According to Friedland, one year on from the accident the amount of residual heat and radioactivity inside all three stricken reactors is relatively low. "In the worst case scenario, if they were to completely lose injection and lose the cooling impact, the water in there would heat up and at some point it would begin to boil. And at some point they would have to get rid of that heat, but we're talking about something that would transpire in a matter of days and weeks, not in a matter of minutes and hours," he said. He said the greatest risks the reactors now pose are to the environment, and that any threats to the surrounding area pale in comparison to the devastation already delivered. "The biggest real risk is that a pipe breaks and that hundreds of thousands of gallons of highly radioactive water ends up underground or ends up leeching back into the ocean or something like that. That's the real bottom line." What is the state of the stricken reactors? It's been almost one year since an 8.9-magnitude earthquake sent a tsunami on a collision course with the Japanese coast killing more than 15,000 people, wiping out whole villages and industries and threatening nuclear mayhem. A hydrogen explosion then fire at the Fukushima-Daiichi plant triggered a nuclear emergency on a scale not seen since the Chernobyl disaster in the Ukraine in 1986. Amid criticism that it was acting too slowly and indecisively in the face of disaster, TEPCO flooded three of its unstable reactors with water. It continues to do so while efforts continue towards long-term recovery. "The reactors are no more or no less stable than they were in April of last year. They fundamentally continue to be reliant on a feed-and-bleed cooling mechanism," Friedland said. The other three reactors at the plant weren't operational at the time of the disaster but they've since been shutdown, as have nuclear installations across the country. Where to now? It's a long road ahead, and one that the Japanese have acknowledged could take decades to navigate. "They have to get the spent fuel pools stabilized and that's largely done," Friedland said. "The next issue is going to be getting the fuel out of the reactors, the fuel that was in the reactors when the accident occurred. That's probably going to be four or five years in the making, maybe even longer," he said. The disaster displaced more than 100,000 people as far away as 40 kilometers (25 miles) from the plant. The levels of radiation in the area closest to the plant are still dangerously high. TEPCO faces a staggering clean-up and compensation bill and has been forced to accept public funding to stay afloat. On Monday, the Japanese government approved an extra injection of 690 billion yen ($8.9 billion) for the troubled utility. Tokyo threatens to withhold TEPCO aid . However, trade minister Yukio Edano has threatened to block TEPCO's access to extra funds if the company doesn't grant the government sufficient voting rights. | eng_Latn | 15,643 |
NEW: At least 37 people are dead after the earthquake, Iranian state media reports .
More than 850 people are injured .
No damage occurred at a nuclear plant, state media reports .
Several aftershocks struck same area, the U.S. Geological Survey said . | (CNN) -- A powerful earthquake struck southern Iran on Tuesday, killing at least 37 people but apparently sparing the nearby Bushehr nuclear plant from any damage, Iranian state-run media reported. At least 850 people were injured, Iran's Press TV said. The magnitude-6.3 quake was centered about 100 kilometers (63 miles) southeast of the plant, the U.S. Geological Survey said. Press TV, citing Bushehr's governor, said the single-reactor facility was undamaged. The International Atomic Energy Agency reported that Iran had informed it of the earthquake and said that there was no damage or radioactive release at the facility. The state-run IRNA news agency cited a plant executive as saying the facility's distance from the epicenter was the reason for the lack of damage. However, the quake "ruined" the city of Kaki, which is near the epicenter, the state-run IRNA news agency said. Interactive map: World's biggest earthquakes since 1900 . The cities of Kormouj, Dayer and Kangan and the villages of Shanbe and Sana were also seriously damaged, IRNA reported. State media also reported landslides that had destroyed buildings and crowds gathering in towns seeking help, Reuters said. The Iranian Red Crescent Society sent five assessment teams to coordinate rescue operations, IRNA reported, saying ambulances were sent from Tehran to assist in the rescue effort. The semi-official Fars news agency said helicopters also have been sent to help. At least three strong aftershocks struck the same area in the hour after the quake Tuesday, according to the USGS, and Press TV said authorities expect the number of casualties to rise. The earthquake could be felt across the Persian Gulf in Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, where some buildings in Abu Dhabi were evacuated and some businesses sent their employees home for the day. It was not immediately clear whether the Bushehr plant was continuing to operate in the wake of the earthquake. Iran began construction on the plant in 1975, before the country's Islamic revolution. Russia stepped in during the 1990s to finish construction of the plant, which the IAEA says first connected to Iran's electrical grid in 2011. Interactive: Measuring the magnitude of earthquakes . The damage that earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.0 to 6.9 can produce varies widely. Near the epicenter, quakes on the lower to middle parts of that range could leave negligible to slight damage in buildings of good design, and considerable to great damage -- such as broken or fallen walls -- in poorly designed structures, according to the USGS. CNN's Shirzad Bozorgmehr, Phil O'Sullivan, Schams Elwazer and Saad Abedine contributed to this report. | Tokyo (CNN) -- The leak of highly radioactive water into the Pacific from the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant has stopped, Tokyo Electric Power Company said early Wednesday. The leak had stopped as of 5:38 a.m. Wednesday (4:38 p.m. ET), said the company, which runs the plant. Earlier, Tokyo Electric officials had said an attempt to plug the leak had shown a "significant difference," despite the material not setting as hoped. The company had injected a silica-based polymer dubbed "liquid glass" to reduce the leak. The utility's assessment comes after the country's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency said the substance had not hardened as expected. The material had been pumped from below into the leaking shaft at the plant's No. 2 reactor. The news was a bright spot amid a series of setbacks Japanese authorities faced Tuesday, including the detection of radiation in a fish and news that the water gushing into the Pacific had radiation levels millions of times above the regulatory limit. Readings from samples taken Saturday in the concrete pit outside the turbine building of the No. 2 reactor -- one of six at the crisis-plagued plant -- had radiation 7.5 million times the legal limit, a TEPCO official said. Newer findings, from Tuesday afternoon, showed a sizable drop to 5 million times the norm. Town near nuclear plant rejects Japanese utility's 'token' offer . The utility company also noted Tuesday that the radiation levels diminished sharply a few dozen meters from the leak, consistent with their assessment that the spill might have a minimal effect on sea life. But even in these spots, radiation levels remained several hundred thousand times the legal limit. Both the utility and Japan's nuclear safety agency said they didn't know how much water is leaking into the sea from reactor No. 2. But engineers have had to pour nearly 200 tons of water a day into the No. 2 reactor vessel to keep it cool, and regulators say they believe that is the water leaking out. Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano said the presence of radioactive iodine "in one sample of fresh fish" prompted authorities to regulate the radiation in seafood for the first time. While fishing has been forbidden within 20 kilometers (12 miles) of Fukushima Daiichi, there had been no restrictions on seafood, as there were for some vegetables and milk from certain locales. Now, the same radiation standards that apply to vegetables will apply to ocean products as well. Nuclear crisis explainer . "The "provisional ingestion limit, equivalent to vegetables and applied to fish and shellfish, will take effect immediately," the Cabinet minister said. Meanwhile, the deliberate dumping of radioactive water into the sea continues, Tokyo Electric said Wednesday. On Tuesday, Edano apologized for the decision to dump the water -- all part of the effort to curb the flow of the more toxic liquid spotted days ago rushing from outside the No. 2 unit. TEPCO said that as of Tuesday evening, more than 5,740 tons had been released -- about half the total volume. The process of expelling contaminated water in the plant's water treatment facility and around several of its reactors began Monday and will take five days, a Tokyo Electric official said. "The water contains a high level of radiation," Edano said of the liquid being dumped into the Pacific. "We are sorry for this decision we have to make." Special coverage: Japan earthquake aftermath . The most contaminated batch of this water comes from outside the No. 6 reactor, likely having gotten in via groundwater (and not a breach in the unit itself), officials said. It has a concentration of iodine-131 that would be 100 times more than the maximum amount in tap water that infants could drink, and 10 times more than what would be OK in food. Overall, the dump equates to about 3 million gallons, noted Gary Was, a nuclear engineering professor from the University of Michigan. Yet Hidehiko Nishiyama, a Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency official, said, "We've decided that discharging the contaminated water into the sea poses no major health hazard." Experts say this is a fair assessment, given the likelihood the contamination should quickly dilute, especially if the tainted material is largely iodine-131, which loses half its radiation every eight days. "To put this in perspective, the Pacific Ocean holds about 300 trillion swimming pools full of water, and they are going to release about five swimming pools full," said Timothy Jorgensen, chair of the radiation safety committee at Georgetown University Medical Center. "So hopefully the churning of the ocean and the currents will quickly disperse this so that it gets to very dilute concentrations relatively quickly." John Till, president of the South Carolina-based Risk Assessment Corp., said he does not expect to see any permanent effects on marine life, even close to the plant. However, he added that officials should monitor radiation levels closely -- in the ocean as well as in seafood that reaches restaurants and markets. U.S. scales back military aid units in Japan . A piece of good news, according to Japanese government reports, is that airborne radiation appears to be steadily falling around northeast Japan. Two measurements from 15 kilometers (nine miles) or less from the plant showed amounts of radioactive iodine-131 at 2 to 3.7 times the legal standard, with levels of a far longer-lasting cesium isotope well below the official limit. Also, utility and government officials have described conditions recently in the Fukushima Daiichi plant's reactors and spent nuclear fuel pools as generally stable. There have been exceptions -- like the new need to pump 3-meter-deep water from a drain outside the Nos. 5 and 6 units for fear it could rise, enter nearby turbine buildings and short out power for the units' nuclear fuel cooling systems. But such problems aren't occurring at the same pace, or with the same apparent severity, as was evident weeks ago. The top priority, however, is stopping the water that's been gushing directly into the Pacific through a cracked concrete shaft outside the No. 2 reactor. How to help in Japan relief efforts . Edano said Monday that the decision to dump tainted water from other reactors and the wastewater treatment facility was unavoidable in order to ensure the safety of the No. 2 reactor core. The idea is to expeditiously pump the tainted water from around the No. 2 reactor's turbine building, lowering levels inside so that water no longer rushes out into the sea, a Japanese nuclear safety official said. This came after the first two failed attempts to plug the problematic crack -- one by pouring in concrete, the other using a chemical compound mixed with sawdust and newspaper. Reactors No. 1 and No. 3, which have lower levels of water, need to be drained as well. Tokyo Electric's plan is to pump that water to other storage tanks, including some that still need to be set up. Water in and around the Nos. 5 and 6 reactors is being jettisoned directly in the sea, officials said. Interactive map on Japan crisis . Another big problem may be that authorities still don't know how exactly the gushing water got contaminated, where it came from or how to fix potential leaks and cracks deep inside the reactor complex and nuclear fuel. Michael Friedlander, a former senior U.S. nuclear engineer, said late Monday that authorities will continue to have problems related to excess, radioactive water -- and the need to dump some of it -- as long as they inject huge amounts in to prevent fuel rods from overheating in reactors' cores and spent fuel pools. "This is not a one-off deal," Friedlander said of dumping radioactive water into the ocean. "This issue of water and water management is going to plague them until they can get (fully operating) long-term core cooling." CNN's Whitney Hurst, Matt Smith and Kyung Lah and journalist Hiroo Saso contributed to this report . | eng_Latn | 15,644 |
Illinois, Michigan both want new federal isotope lab | CHICAGO Lawmakers from Illinois and Michigan are competing to convince the federal government that their state is the best location for an isotope lab. | TEHRAN : A committee of Iran's hardline-dominated parliament gave preliminary approval to a bill that would force the reformist government to resume uranium enrichment in defiance of the UN nuclear watchdog. | eng_Latn | 15,645 |
Home Secretary Reid plays down 'radiation poisoning' public fears | Published: 27/11/2006 - 17:01:16 PM Send to a friend Home Secretary John Reid said there was no need for public alarm over the discovery of radiation at several locations associated with the death of former ...Comment | Politics: 19 September 2004, Sunday. The recently intensified Romanian attacks against the construction of a second nuclear plant in Bulgaria can be explained with the pathos of pre-elections rhetoric ahead of ... | eng_Latn | 15,646 |
Britain finds second case of radiation poisoning | British scientists probing the death of Alexander Litvinenko said on Friday a second man had been poisoned by the same radiation that killed the former Russian spy. | Teenager's conviction for using mobile phone to record attack that killed man may be first of its kind | eng_Latn | 15,647 |
Germans find radiation linked to ex-spy contact | German police have found traces of radiation in two buildings linked to a Russian businessman who met the murdered ex-spy Alexander Litvinenko on the day he fell ill, a spokeswoman said on Saturday. | Syphilis is back: The sexually transmitted disease long associated with 19th Century bohemian life is making an alarming resurgence in Europe. | eng_Latn | 15,648 |
'No radiation risk' public told | Experts investigating the death of Russian ex-spy Alexander Litvinenko say there is no radiation risk to those who had contact with the deceased. | Criminal record checks are not carried out on tens of thousands of NHS staff, the BBC learns. | eng_Latn | 15,649 |
Polonium: Marie Curie's Stepchild Discovery, Now In Spotlight As Lethal Weapon | Polonium-210 is back in the spotlight. The radioisotope first gained notoriety back in 2006, after the death of Alexander Litvinenko, a one-time source for journalists who wanted to know about the inner workings of Russia. Litvinenko, as the BBC tells it, went out to tea with two Russians at a hotel in London in early November of 2006. He drank some tea and by the end of the month he was dead, poisoned it turned out, by a tiny bit of Polonium-210, which decays quickly causing catastrophic damage if inside a human body. Of course, we're talking about it today, because scientists from Switzerland, France and Russia just opened the grave of former Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, searching for signs of the deadly element. Traces of radioisotope were reportedly found back in July on Arafat's tooth brush and on a urine stain on his underwear. So the natural question arose: Was Arafat murdered? It's an irresistible mystery and Polonium, as a tool for assassins, is just as irresistible. After the Litvinenko incident, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission even put out a fact sheet on Polonium. Some of the highlights: -- Polonium was discovered by Marie Curie in 1898. -- With a half-life of 138 days it decays quickly, emitting alpha radiation. Outside the body, the IAEA says, a piece of paper or even a layer of dead skin could block alpha radiation from entering the body. But if inhaled or swallowed, it's deadly, rapidly destroying "major organs, DNA and the immune system." -- And not much of it is needed to cause a ton of damage. As little as 3 millicuries, or an amount equal to a grain of salt, could kill a 154-pound human. Deborah Blum, the author of The Poisoner's Handbook, wrote a piece about Polonium for Wired. She says Polonium wasn't Marie Curie's favorite discovery. She was much more interested in her "beautiful radium." In fact it was that radioactive element that came to find a central place in industrial and military settings. It was also Radium that was used in the early treatment of cancer. Polonium, Blum explains, was much too unstable, "less interesting, less useful." The NRC points out that Polonium is mostly used for the dull purpose of removing static. But the Litvinenko case and now Arafat have given Curie's stepchild some life, writes Blum, even if as "a poison for assassins." For that, she says, it's almost perfect: "A victim would never taste a lethal dose in food or drink. In the case of Litvinenko, investigators believed that he received his dose of polonium-210 in a cup of tea, dosed during a meeting with two Russian agents. (Just as an aside, alpha particles tend not to set off radiation detectors so it's relatively easy to smuggle from country to country.) Another assassin advantage is that illness comes on gradually, making it hard to pinpoint the event. Yet another advantage is that polonium poisoning is so rare that it's not part of a standard toxics screen. In Litvinenko's case, the poison wasn't identified until shortly after his death. In Arafat's case — if polonium-210 killed him and that has not been established — obviously it wasn't considered at the time." But if you're an assassin there's one potentially fatal flaw. Polonium is extremely rare. The IAEA says it is produced in nuclear reactors and only 100 grams are produced each year. What's more, so few produce it, says Blum, that tracing it to a state actor would be fairly easy. | British doctors are struggling to figure out what substance poisoned a former Russian spy. A British hospital says the condition of the man has deteriorated. | eng_Latn | 15,650 |
Micro-motion of a moving train observed by a Ka-band interferometric radar | A moving train was imaged by a Ka-band interferometric (In) radar of 2 GHz bandwidth working at the dechirping model. Two radar images from two channels as well as their In image were obtained after estimating the speed and direction of the train. The plots of In phases (InPhes) along the train exhibits periodic fluctuations, which are resulted from the back and forth motions of both locomotive and other compartments when the trains are moving ahead, and this can be attributed to the micro-motion (m-M) of the train. As far as it is known, this is the first time to experimentally demonstrate m- M detection through InPhes. | SummaryThe synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, and the rejoining of DNA strand-breaks and DNA breakdown were studied in cells of Bacillus subtilis γ-irradiated in the presence of iodoacetic acid (I. CH2. COOH), potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3). Observations on incorporation of radioactive precursors into bacteria mildly radiosensitized by the above reagents indicated that synthesis of DNA was generally more sensitive than that of protein or RNA. A cellular radiosensitizing effect cannot be explained by increase of radiation-induced in situ damage in DNA, because a drug effect was not found on radiation inactivation of transforming DNA. Also, the number of radiation-induced breaks in DNA strand studied by means of alkaline-sucrose gradient centrifugation was very similar in the absence or presence of reagent at the time of irradiation.Studies with KIO3 have shown that the presence of the reagent during irradiation of bacteria considerably reduced rejoining of DNA strand-breaks during subsequ... | eng_Latn | 15,651 |
Lensless imaging for point-of-care testing | We show a platform that merges a microfluidic chip with lensless imaging for CD4+ T-lymphocyte counting at resource-limited settings. To capture CD4+ T lymphocytes, anti-CD4 antibody was immobilized on a microfluidic chip. The captured cells were detected by a charge coupled device (CCD) sensor using lensless shadow imaging techniques. Gray scale shadow images of captured cells on the chip (24 mm × 4 mm × 50 μm) were enumerated in three seconds using an automatic cell counting software. The device achieved 70.2 ± 6.5% capture efficiency, 88.8 ± 5.4% capture specificity for CD4+ T-lymphocytes, 96 ± 1.6% CCD efficiency, and 83.5 ± 2.4% overall platform performance (n = 3D 9 devices). This integrated platform has potential for point-of-care testing (POCT) to rapidly capture, image and count specific cell types from unprocessed whole blood. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,652 |
Keep Government Powers Running Under the People's Effective Restriction and Supervision | Sunlight is the best disinfectant.The establishment of a sunshine government is an effective way to prevent the corruptions and centralization of government powers.To reach the aim,we should keep them run under the people's effective restriction and supervision.To let people's control and supervision of powers become real,we must establish a set of appropriate institutions and mechanisms to implement the people's right of voting,information,participation,expression,consensus and recall. | From 3rd Health Physics Society midyear topical symposium: Los Angeles, California, USA (29 Jan 1969). See CONF-690103P2. A research program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, involved handling of kilocurie quantities of /sup 147/Pm in the development of radioisotope power sources. A high-level plutonium laboratory was reorganized for this work. The low energy of the /sup 147/Pm BETA necessitated development of special techniques for continuous air monitoring and contamination control. An LRLdesigned air monitor and a shoe counter using large-area G. M. detectors are described. Assembly of the power sources involved delicate work which could not be done remotely. Hand exposures from bremsstrahlung and gamma -emitting impurities became the limiting health physics problem. Experiences in exposure and contamination control are discussed. (auth) | eng_Latn | 15,653 |
Effect observation of compound iodine in the treatment of neonatal toxic erythema | Objective:To observe the therapeutic effect of neonatal toxic erythema by using compound iodine.Methods:263 erythema toxicum newborn infants were divided into therapy group(n=136) and control group(n=127).The therapy group infants were coated surface of the skin using a sterile cotton swab of the compound iodine two times every day in addition to routine nursing and the control group infants were nursed only by routine nursing.Observed and recorded the two groups of children with erythema duration and symptom relief.Results:The experimental results showed that the therapy group′s lesions degree was lighter than the control group and the therapy group′s clinical evaluation was better than the control group.Conclusion:The compound iodine is safety and effective disinfectant,which can effectively shorten the duration of neonatal toxic erythema,improve the cure rate. | Turn-off current of conventional high power GTO-thyristors is limited by local differences in doping and/or carrier lifetime. In order to avoid inhomogeneities inherent in conventional deposition techniques, a novel technological sequence, using irradiated particles, is considered: a) neutron transmutation doping of starting material b) ion implantation of doping layers c) electron irradiation for carrier lifetime control Using an automatic computer-controlled prober, local variations of p-base surface concentration are evaluated by a simple but extremely accurate method (σ=0.16%). Deviations of 5+6% from average for a conventional B-diffused element are reduced by more than a factor 3 by ion implantation. Similarly, the differences in forward voltage drop due to Au diffusion are reduced by more than a factor 5 using electron irradiation. Virtually all electrical differences between GTO segments are shown to disappear with the application of these technologies. | eng_Latn | 15,654 |
Introduction to the physics of molecular imaging with radioactive tracers in small animals | Recent advances have greatly enhanced the three-dimensional (3D) imaging of radioactive tracers in living animals. this article introduces the physics of imaging behind the imaging methods. The article first discusses the selection of the radiation emitted from the tracer and then the process of tomographic reconstruction or how 3D images are made from imaging around the outside of the animal. The technique of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in which the detection of one X-ray or gamma ray at a time is employed for image formation is then described. Finally, positron emission tomography (PET) which relies on the simultaneous detection of the pair of gamma-rays formed when the positron annihilates is presented. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 39: 221–230, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | 4 pages.-- PACS numbers: 05.45.Xt, 87.10.+e.-- ArXiv pre-print: http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.CD/0512009.-- Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.73.055202. | eng_Latn | 15,655 |
Comparative assessment of two low-dose oral contraceptives, Lo-Femenal and Lo-Estrin, in Mexican women | This trial was designed to determine the differences in effectiveness, clinical acceptability, and one-year discontinuation rates of two low-dose oral contraceptives: Lo-Estrin (norethindrone acetate 1.5 mg plus ethinyl estradiol 0.030 mg) and Lo-Femenal (norgestrel 0.30 mg plus ethinyl estradiol 0.030 mg) in 148 Mexican women. In addition, the effects of both oral contraceptive preparations on blood lipids were prospectively evaluated in a subgroup of 41 women. | Linac4, a 160 MeV normal-conducting H(-) linear accelerator, is the first step in the upgrade of the beam intensity available from the LHC proton injectors at CERN. The Linac4 Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line from the pulsed 2 MHz RF driven ion source, to the 352 MHz RFQ (Radiofrequency Quadrupole) has been built and installed at a test stand, and has been used to transport and match to the RFQ a pulsed 14 mA H(-) beam at 45 keV. A temporary slit-and-grid emittance measurement system has been put in place to characterize the beam delivered to the RFQ. In this paper a description of the LEBT and its beam diagnostics is given, and the results of beam emittance measurements and beam transmission measurements through the RFQ are compared with the expectation from simulations. | eng_Latn | 15,656 |
Lifetime Imaging of Luminescent Oxygen Sensors Based on All-Solid-State Technology | Conventional lifetime imaging requires rather complex and expensive instrumentation, like lasers and intensified CCD−cameras. We demonstrate that an array of light-emitting diodes and a directly gatable CCD−camera can be alternatively used for special applications as, for example, imaging of oxygen concentrations on a surface covered by an optical sensor. The suitability of low-cost devices is in this case favored by the microsecond decay times and the spectral properties of highly luminescent ruthenium(II) complexes. For an illuminated sensor area of 5 cm2 and an aimed spatial resolution of 1 mm, oxygen resolution was better than ΔPO2 = 0.4 Torr in the absence of oxygen and ΔPO2 = 2.5 Torr at PO2 = 100 Torr. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,657 |
Prokaryotic expression of nucleoprotein gene of Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and development of ELISA based on the expressed protein. | The recombinant PET-N plasmid, which includes the N gene of Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and expressed by 1.0 mmol/L IPTG at 37 ℃. The indirect ELISA for detecting TGEV nucleocapsid protein antibody was established after the reactionogenicity of the recombinant protein was proved by Western blot. The optional working circumstances for the ELISA are as follows: antigen concentration 15 μg/mL, serum dilution 1∶40, blocking solution 0.5% FBS, serum sample incubated for 90 min, concentration of HRP-spa 1∶5 000 incubated for 60 min, the substrate incubated at room temperature for 10 min, and the threshold value of ELISA OD450≥0.35 tried out with chess titration. Sensitivity , specificity and concordance of this method were 93.5%, 93.8% and 93.5%, respectively compared to Svanova TGEV/PRCV antibody diagnosis kit. | A simple null charge model was employed to describe GaAs sheet resistance evolution as a function of proton implantation fluence using a previous knowledge of the irradiation created defect characteristics. In the specific case of GaAs irradiated with protons, three different irradiation related defect schemes were analyzed. Data obtained by both n-type and p-type majority carrier DLTS should be used together to give correct information about compensating deep centers. For a good estimation of isolation process by ion irradiation, not only the defects energy levels and introduction rates must be obtained, but also the corresponding charge transitions should be known. | eng_Latn | 15,658 |
Age-dependent dose and health risk due to intake of uranium in drinking water from Jaduguda, India. | Uranium is a heavy metal that is not only radiologically harmful but also a well-known nephrotoxic element. In this study, occurrence of uranium in drinking water samples from locations near the uranium mining site at Jaduguda, India, was studied by Laser-induced fluorimetry. Uranium concentrations range from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 11.6 ± 1.3 µg l(-l), being well within the US Environmental Protection Agency drinking water limit of 30 μg l(-1). The ingestion dose due to the presence of uranium in drinking water for various age groups varies from 0.03 to 28.3 μSv y(-1). The excess lifetime cancer risk varies from 4.3×10(-8) to 1.7×10(-5) with an average value of 4.8×10(-6), much less than the acceptable excess lifetime cancer risk of 10(-3) for radiological risk. The chemical risk (hazard quotient) has an average value of 0.15 indicating that the water is safe for drinking. | The Jiu River, located in Romania's Jiu Gorge National Park, is the last free-flowing big montane river in the Romanian Carpathians ([ 1 ][1]). The Hidroelectrica Company has proposed the creation of two redundant dams on the Jiu ([ 1 ][1]). The project threatens one of the last large wilderness | eng_Latn | 15,659 |
In Vivo Dosimetry of the Dog Irradiations at the Finnish BNCT Facility | A healthy tissue tolerance study1,2 with Beagle dogs was carried out at the Finnish BNCT facility FiR 1 during February-March 1998. Three dose groups of dogs without boron carrier, each comprising five Beagles, and one dose group with BPA-F infusion were irradiated. Individual dose plans1 were done for each dog. The absorbed doses, which were actually delivered to healthy tissues, were monitored in vivo by placing the dosimeters on the shaved skin of the dogs or in the accessible cavities. In this study, absorbed gamma doses were monitored with thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters, and neutron fluences were determined with activation foils. The obtained results were compared to the calculated values. | Objective ::: The aim of this work was to study the clinicopathological features of cases with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) referred to National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University in the last six years and to study the role of nuclear medicine techniques in the initial diagnosis and preoperative localization directing surgical management of these cases. cases. | eng_Latn | 15,660 |
Measurement of the half-life of the first excited state of 205Pb. | The inverse [beta] decay [sup 205]Tl([nu],[ital e])[sup 205]Pb can be used to investigate the solar neutrino flux averaged over the last several million years. The inverse [beta] decay proceeds dominantly via the 2.3 keV level of the [sup 205]Pb and an accurate estimate of the cross section depends on our knowledge of the structure of the 2.3 keV level. We have made the first measurement of the half-life for the decay of the 2.3 keV level to the [sup 205]Pb ground state. Our result is [ital T][sub 1/2]=24.2[plus minus]0.4 [mu]s and can be used to improve our knowledge of the structure of the two [sup 205]Pb states. | From 3rd Health Physics Society midyear topical symposium: Los Angeles, California, USA (29 Jan 1969). See CONF-690103P2. A research program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, involved handling of kilocurie quantities of /sup 147/Pm in the development of radioisotope power sources. A high-level plutonium laboratory was reorganized for this work. The low energy of the /sup 147/Pm BETA necessitated development of special techniques for continuous air monitoring and contamination control. An LRLdesigned air monitor and a shoe counter using large-area G. M. detectors are described. Assembly of the power sources involved delicate work which could not be done remotely. Hand exposures from bremsstrahlung and gamma -emitting impurities became the limiting health physics problem. Experiences in exposure and contamination control are discussed. (auth) | eng_Latn | 15,661 |
Arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging in hyperperfused seizure focus: a case report. | We present a case of a clinically suspected cerebral infarction that was diagnosed as a seizure focus on pulsed arterial spin labeling. The finding of hyperperfusion with perfusion imaging significantly impacted clinical management of the patient. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,662 |
Use of borated polyethylene to improve low energy response of a prompt gamma based neutron dosimeter | Abstract The feasibility of using a combined sample of borated polyethylene and normal polyethylene to estimate neutron ambient dose equivalent from measured prompt gamma emissions is investigated theoretically to demonstrate improvements in low energy neutron dose response compared to only polyethylene. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out using the FLUKA code to calculate the response of boron, hydrogen and carbon prompt gamma emissions to mono energetic neutrons. The weighted least square method is employed to arrive at the best linear combination of these responses that approximates the ICRP fluence to dose conversion coefficients well in the energy range of 10 −8 MeV to 14 MeV. The configuration of the combined system is optimized through FLUKA simulations. The proposed method is validated theoretically with five different workplace neutron spectra with satisfactory outcome. | With the development of science and society, increasing attention has been paid to the pollution of environmental estrogens. As one of environmental estrogens, bisphenol-A has been used in many fields, but it has many aspects of toxicity. The studies on the toxicity, environmental pollution, degradation and removal of bisphenol-A have become the research emphasis in recent years. The advances in the studies of these aspects were reviewed in this article briefly. | eng_Latn | 15,663 |
Understanding the role of Th1/Th2 cells in infection | This invention relates to shop scales with digital weight indication. The scales comprise a balance lever, knife edge supports, directional supports and a damper, the balance being carried by two pairs of knife edges lying in the same plane, a pick-up arm and means directly supporting the pick-up arm from the balance lever and with the pick-up arm being deflectable, the deflection of which is converted in a manner previously known in itself into a digital display with the aid of strain gauge strips. | At the Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Sao Paulo, Brazil, there is a facility (thoriurn purification plant) where materials with high thorium concentrations are manipulated. In order to estimate afterwards the lung cancer risk for the workers, the thoron daughter ( 2 1 2 Pb) levels were assessed and the committed effective and lung committed equivalent doses for workers in place. A total of 28 air filter samples were measured by total alpha counting through the modified Kusnetz method, to determine the 2 1 2 Pb concentration. The committed effective dose and lung committed equivalent dose due to 2 1 2 Pb inhalation were derived from compartmental analysis following the ICRP 66 lung compartmental model, and ICRP 67 lead metabolic model. | eng_Latn | 15,664 |
Comparative study of kinetics on DNA double-strand break induced by photo- and gamma-irradiation: Protective effect of water-soluble flavonoids | The double-strand break of DNA induced by visible light and γ-rays was studied through a single-molecule observation using fluorescence microscopy. We evaluated the protective effects of water-soluble derivatives of flavonoids, α-glucosyl hesperidin (αG-HSP) and α-glucosyl rutin (αG-rutin) in a quantitative manner. With regard to photo-induced damage, αG-rutin was found to provide twice as much protection as αG-HSP, whereas the protective effect of αG-rutin against γ-ray irradiation was comparable with that of αG-HSP. This observation demonstrates the dependence of the antioxidant potentials of these compounds on the source of irradiation. | Abstract A new technique is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory to produce a beam of polarized deuterium atoms. A part of the apparatus consists of a small cell which contains potassium vapor. The potassium atoms are polarized by circularly polarized light from a high-power cw laser. A port feeds deuterium into the cell and the polarization of the potassium is transferred to the deuterium by spin-exchange scattering. It is important that the potassium and deuterium atoms do not lose polarization by scattering from the walls of the exchange cell. We have tried various coatings of the exchange walls in order to inhibit losses from spin relaxation. Methods used to produce these coatings as well as their success will be described. | eng_Latn | 15,665 |
Silicon Solar Cells as Versatile Radiation Dosimeters | The use of a silicon solar cell to measure high-intensity radiation is discussed. The ionization rate in the sensitive volume is determined by measuring the short-circuit cell current, and intensities as low as 10/sup 2/ rad/ hr can be measured. A depth dose curve is plotted for aluminum with a 1.07-Mev electron beam. Minimization of the radiation damage due to very intense radiation is discussed. (D.L.C.) | Abstract In order to study the size distribution of a radioactivity due to radon daughters in the environmental atmosphere, an experimental procedure using filters, ion tubes, diffusion batteries and cascade impactors (CASELLA MK2 and ANDERSEN) is presented. A comparison between the experimental results and a theoretical curve, deduced of the attachment theory of the small radioactive ions on atmospheric particles, is carried out. | eng_Latn | 15,666 |
Raman and far-infrared spectra of the monoclinic phase II of carbon tetrachloride | Abstract The lattice spectra of solid CCl 4 , monoclinic phase II, have been re-examined at higher resolution. The greatly increased number of observed peaks is now consistent with that expected for a crystal with 16 molecules per unit cell, if it is assumed that only modes of a predominantly translational nature are detected. | At the Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Sao Paulo, Brazil, there is a facility (thoriurn purification plant) where materials with high thorium concentrations are manipulated. In order to estimate afterwards the lung cancer risk for the workers, the thoron daughter ( 2 1 2 Pb) levels were assessed and the committed effective and lung committed equivalent doses for workers in place. A total of 28 air filter samples were measured by total alpha counting through the modified Kusnetz method, to determine the 2 1 2 Pb concentration. The committed effective dose and lung committed equivalent dose due to 2 1 2 Pb inhalation were derived from compartmental analysis following the ICRP 66 lung compartmental model, and ICRP 67 lead metabolic model. | eng_Latn | 15,667 |
Determination of Al in cake mix: Method validation and estimation of measurement uncertainty | An analytical method for the determination of Al in cake mix was developed. Acceptable values were obtained for the following parameters: linearity, detection limit - LOD (5.00 mg-kg-1) quantification limit - LOQ (12.5 mg-kg-1), the recovery assays values (between 91 and 102%), the relative standard deviation under repeatability and within-reproducibility conditions (<20.0%) and measurement uncertainty tests (<10.0%) The results of the validation process showed that the proposed method is fitness for purpose. | From 3rd Health Physics Society midyear topical symposium: Los Angeles, California, USA (29 Jan 1969). See CONF-690103P2. A research program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, involved handling of kilocurie quantities of /sup 147/Pm in the development of radioisotope power sources. A high-level plutonium laboratory was reorganized for this work. The low energy of the /sup 147/Pm BETA necessitated development of special techniques for continuous air monitoring and contamination control. An LRLdesigned air monitor and a shoe counter using large-area G. M. detectors are described. Assembly of the power sources involved delicate work which could not be done remotely. Hand exposures from bremsstrahlung and gamma -emitting impurities became the limiting health physics problem. Experiences in exposure and contamination control are discussed. (auth) | eng_Latn | 15,668 |
Grain size effects in barium titanate-revisited | The effects of grain size on the dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics are reviewed from a historical perspective. The problem has been studied for 40 years, and great insight concerning the characteristics of fine grained materials has been gained. Nevertheless, the story has still to reach a satisfactory conclusion. | A healthy tissue tolerance study1,2 with Beagle dogs was carried out at the Finnish BNCT facility FiR 1 during February-March 1998. Three dose groups of dogs without boron carrier, each comprising five Beagles, and one dose group with BPA-F infusion were irradiated. Individual dose plans1 were done for each dog. The absorbed doses, which were actually delivered to healthy tissues, were monitored in vivo by placing the dosimeters on the shaved skin of the dogs or in the accessible cavities. In this study, absorbed gamma doses were monitored with thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters, and neutron fluences were determined with activation foils. The obtained results were compared to the calculated values. | eng_Latn | 15,669 |
Positive effects of anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium on muscle mass, bone mineral density and clinical function after a hip fracture: A randomised study of 63 women | A total of 63 women who had an operation for a fracture of the hip was randomly allocated to one year of treatment either with anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium (anabolic group) or with calcium only (control group). The thigh muscle volume was measured by quantitative CT. The bone mineral density of the hip, femur and tibia was assessed by quantitative CT and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and of the heel by quantitative ultrasound. Quantitative CT showed that the anabolic group did not lose muscle volume during the first 12 months whereas the control group did (p Anabolic steroids, even in this moderate dose, given in combination with vitamin D and calcium had a beneficial effect on muscle volume, bone mineral density and clinical function in this group of elderly women. | Microcapsules for internal radiation therapies containing the rare-earth metal elements Dy, Ho and Cu with a diameter of 5-10 μm were successfully obtained by an interfacial polymerization method and a successive sedimentation technique was employed to fractionate the microcapsules. A triisocyanate monomer and tricresylphosphate were used for a wall forming material and a core solvent for the metals, respectively. The amount of the metal elements loaded was measured using a high frequency plasma photoemission apparatus. The β-ray radioactivity of 1 mg of microcapsules irradiated with a common neutron source is estimated as 370 μCi, which is satisfactorily strong for usual radiotherapy, when microcapsules containing Dy are used. Differential interference microscopy indicated narrow size distribution of the fractionated microcapulses. | eng_Latn | 15,670 |
Incidence of lactase deficiency in patients with involution osteoporosis and in normal subjects. Its effect on the nutritional intake of calcium and phosphorus | The incidence of lactase deficiency, evaluated by means of a lactose absorption test with blood glucose measurements, was compared in a group of 58 women suffering from postmenopausal osteoporosis and a control group of 51 normal women of the same age and ethnic origin. In the patients suffering from osteoporosis, the examination was completed by a glucose-galactose absorption test and in the control group by a hydrogen breath test. The prevalence of lactase deficiency is of approximately the same magnitude in the two groups (25.8% and 33.3% respectively). Dietary investigations showed a calcium intake superior to 1 g per day in only 40% of the osteoporotic patients, this deficiency being more important in cases where lactase deficiency was observed than in those showing normal lactose absorption. The influence of lactose malabsorption on the calcium balance, and the role of the latter in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, are discussed. | A simple null charge model was employed to describe GaAs sheet resistance evolution as a function of proton implantation fluence using a previous knowledge of the irradiation created defect characteristics. In the specific case of GaAs irradiated with protons, three different irradiation related defect schemes were analyzed. Data obtained by both n-type and p-type majority carrier DLTS should be used together to give correct information about compensating deep centers. For a good estimation of isolation process by ion irradiation, not only the defects energy levels and introduction rates must be obtained, but also the corresponding charge transitions should be known. | eng_Latn | 15,671 |
Investigation and Analysis of Environmental Radioactivity of a Decommissioned Uranium mine | In this paper,a southern decommissioning of nuclear facilities after the treatment carried out on-site monitoring of the radiation environment,and evaluate the local radiation environment,the evaluation results showed that: the mine and surrounding area air γ radiation absorbed dose rate,radon and its progeny concentration limits are lower than the national level of management,after treatment the soil radon exhalation rate decreased,radionuclides in soil and surface water uranium,radium content is low,the governance effect of mine have been maintained good. | Summary In agreement with Tyler's statement: “If scientific progress is to be made, we must require standards that would be recognized by everybody” ( Tyler , 1974 ), this work proposes a standard method for studying uremic neuropathy: neurological and EMG evaluations may be integrated with the study of evoked tetanic activity, which would seem to be accurate in detecting good peripheral nerve functioning. | eng_Latn | 15,672 |
Hypothesis tests for and against a simple order among proportions estimated by pooled testing. | The use of pooled testing as a means of estimating the prevalence of rare traits has received considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the areas of public health, genetics, animal-disease assessment, and plant pathology. In pooled-testing applications, observations are made on pools of individuals amalgamated together. In this paper, we examine order-restricted hypothesis tests involving k >2 binomial proportions estimated by pooled testing, extending the earlier work of Tebbs and Swallow (2003, Biometrika, 90, 471-477 and Biometrical Journal, 45, 618-630). In particular, we focus on (i) testing the equality of proportions versus an isotonic alternative and (ii) testing for a violation of isotonicity. We propose new tests for each scenario and provide results which characterize the small-sample performance of our procedures. We illustrate our methods using two data sets; one from an observational HIV study and one from an agricultural experiment. | Are philosophers of science limited to conducting autopsies on dead scientific theories, or might they also help resolve contemporary methodological disputes in science? This essay (1) gives an overview of thought experiments, especially in mathematics; (2) outlines three major positions on the current dose-response controversy for ionizing radiation; and (3) sketches an original mathematical thought experiment that might help resolve the low-dose radiation conflict. This thought experiment relies on the assumptions that radiation "hits'' are Poisson distributed and that background conditions cause many more radiation-induced cancers than human activities. The essay closes by responding to several key objections to the position defended here. | eng_Latn | 15,673 |
Photometric Determination of Chitosan | A method for the photometric determination of chitosan with Congo Red was studied.The optimal experimental conditions were established.Congo Red can form a colored complex with chitosan at pH 9.7.The maximum absorbance of the complex is at 543.5 nm.The linear equation is A=0.0200ρ+0.0156,R~2=0.9978.The linear range is 0～20.00 μg/mL and the average recovery is 99.20%.The quantities of chitosan in different health food samples have been determined.The selectivity and sensitivity of this method are satisfactory. | Dust containing radioactive materials dispersed following the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. Gamma-rays are emitted in the process when unstable nuclei in the materials decay. Based on the technology of Si/CdTe Compton Camera, we have manufactured a quick prototype model for the use in the field. The camera, now called a "Ultra-Wide-Angle Compton Camera" was successfully applied to visualize the distribution of radio-active substances in the Fukushima area. | eng_Latn | 15,674 |
Radiation Enhanced Tracer Diffusion in Intermetallic Alloys | Radiation enhanced diffusion in the intermetallic alloy Cu 3 Au was measured directly for the first time. Ni and Pd tracer impurities were used to probe the diffusion of atoms occupying Cu and Au sublattice site's, respectively. Measurements were performed temperatures both above and below the ordering temperature, of T C =390°C The ability to grow high quality Cu 3 Au films by MBE with buried marker layers in the form of either (Cu 2 Ni)Au or Cu 3 (AuPd), made these measurements possible. Under irradiation with 0.75MeV Ar + ions, the diffusion of Ni is approximately equal to that of Pd above T c , but smaller below T c . In the absence of irradiation, the thermal diffusion coefficients reveal a similar trend. Activation energies for RED for the two species are similar both above and below T c whereas, in absence of irradiation, the activation enthalpies below T c are different. These results are interpreted on the basis of lattice order. | SummaryF1 males of Drosophila melanogaster have been irradiated with 1000 rads x-rays and then mated at the rate of two females per male per day for eight days following the irradiation. The frequencies of dominant lethals, translocations, sex-linked lethals, deleted X's and induced crossing-over in the male have been estimated in matings on days 5, 6, 7 and 8 following treatment.It is claimed that the sperm used in matings over these four sampling days was in the spermatocyte or early spermatid stage at the time of irradiation. Thus the frequencies of mutations recorded will give an estimate of the relative sensitivities of these various stages of germ cell development to x-rays.Results show that sex-linked lethals and translocations follow similar patterns, reaching a peak on day 5, the level then dropping off through days 6 and 7 to a low value on day 8.Dominant lethals show an increase from day 5 to a high level on day 6 which is maintained over days 7 and 8.Deleted X's and induced crossing-over incre... | eng_Latn | 15,675 |
Long-term effects of radiation therapy for a catecholamine-producing glomus jugulare tumor | ✓ A 42-year-old woman presented with otorrhea 22 years after extracranial resection of a norepinephrinesecreting glomus jugulare tumor with intravascular embolization and radiation therapy to the intracranial portion of the tumor. Tumor growth was arrested and was associated with a decrease in blood and urine norepinephrine levels. Extensive evaluation of the otorrhea, including computerized tomography-cisternography, gadoliniumenhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and arteriography showed marked diffuse necrosis of the temporal bone and skull base with limited tumor vascularity. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the right ear showed norepinephrine levels of 2975 pg/ml; plasma norepinephrine levels were normal. The precise site of CSF leakage could not be delineated. Exploration of the posterior fossa revealed a large dural defect at the anteromedial aspect of the petrous bone through which CSF flowed over the surface of the residual extradural glomus tumor. The defect was successfully sealed with a... | A healthy tissue tolerance study1,2 with Beagle dogs was carried out at the Finnish BNCT facility FiR 1 during February-March 1998. Three dose groups of dogs without boron carrier, each comprising five Beagles, and one dose group with BPA-F infusion were irradiated. Individual dose plans1 were done for each dog. The absorbed doses, which were actually delivered to healthy tissues, were monitored in vivo by placing the dosimeters on the shaved skin of the dogs or in the accessible cavities. In this study, absorbed gamma doses were monitored with thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters, and neutron fluences were determined with activation foils. The obtained results were compared to the calculated values. | eng_Latn | 15,676 |
EXPOSURE AND CONTAMINATION CONTROL IN A HIGH-LEVEL $sup 147$Pm LABORATORY. | From 3rd Health Physics Society midyear topical symposium: Los Angeles, California, USA (29 Jan 1969). See CONF-690103P2. A research program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, involved handling of kilocurie quantities of /sup 147/Pm in the development of radioisotope power sources. A high-level plutonium laboratory was reorganized for this work. The low energy of the /sup 147/Pm BETA necessitated development of special techniques for continuous air monitoring and contamination control. An LRLdesigned air monitor and a shoe counter using large-area G. M. detectors are described. Assembly of the power sources involved delicate work which could not be done remotely. Hand exposures from bremsstrahlung and gamma -emitting impurities became the limiting health physics problem. Experiences in exposure and contamination control are discussed. (auth) | In this Perspective, we examine the role of cost in sensor design, its meaning within the context of converting academic prototypes into commercial products, and the importance of these issues to clear scientific communication. The possible motivations to consider the cost of a technology, sensor, or assay are both numerous and apparent. However, the idea that the cost of reagents and materials at the laboratory scale will directly translate to the purchase price for a user is inaccurate. While calculating the bill of materials is easy, there are many business considerations that make commercial products entirely different from academic prototypes. With these critical aspects of commercialization considered, academics are often not equipped to predict what the final price of an assay, sensor, or instrument will be to the end user. When used without proper context and accuracy, an overreliance on the phrase “low cost” in the absence of a sufficient discussion of cost weakens the meaning of this popular ter... | yue_Hant | 15,677 |
Near-Infrared Transillumination Guides Administration of Dental 2D Radiography and CBCT Imaging | Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can provide enhanced information for diagnosing dental diseases when compared to 2D radiographs. However, other nonionizing imaging modes such as near-infrared transillumination may have clinical potential to supplement radiographic methods. In a study of 13 extracted human teeth, we compared clinical features between 2D radiograph, CBCT, and near-infrared transillumination imaging. We found that near-infrared imaging independently, and in some cases exclusively, was successful in identifying early demineralization and shallow enamel features, while radiography was optimal for capturing deeper decay and developed caries. We report that near-infrared transillumination imaging is well-suited for rapid screening of patients for detection of early problem sites and as a preliminary assessment tool to guide administration of radiographs. | ABSTRACTIn nuclear safety field, neutronic and thermalhydraulic codes performance is an important issue. New capabilities implementation, as well as models and tools improvements are a significant part of the community effort in looking for better nuclear power plants (NPP) designs. A procedure to analyze the PWR response to local deviations on neutronic or thermalhydraulic parameters is being developed. This procedure includes the simulation of Incore and Excore neutron flux detectors signals. A control rod drop real plant transient is used to validate the used codes and their new capabilities. Cross-section data are obtained by means of the SIMTAB methodology. Detailed thermalhydraulic models were developed: RELAP5 and TRACE models simulate three different azimuthal zones. Besides, TRACE model is performed with a fully three-dimensional core, thus, the cross-flow can be obtained. A Cartesian vessel represents the fuel assemblies and a cylindrical vessel the bypass and downcomer. Simulated detectors sign... | eng_Latn | 15,678 |
Preliminary investigations of trace element concentrations in human teeth | Abstract The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique has been used to investigate the trace element concentrations in healthy and decayed enamel, dentine and cementum in human teeth. Theoretical thick target trace element yield curves from Si to Sn in an apatite matrix are presented and compared with experimental data. | The application experience for measurement of lead by mixed acid extraction-atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry is introduced in the paper,including the phenomenon of low recovery rate and high blank value and their solving methods,the elimination method for part of the multiple malfunctions is also elaborated. | eng_Latn | 15,679 |
Electron Beam Curing and Its Application in Processing Field of Advanced Composites | In this paper,radiation curing and photo curing are compared.The fundamental process of electron beam (EB) curing is elaborated,and the features of EB cured composites are discussed.Furthermore,the development of EB cured composites technology is summarized,which includes the selection of the resins suitable for EB curing,photoinitiators,active diluents and the curing mechanism.Finally,a kind of low energy EB curing technology is introduced and some innovative resins are exploited. | Background: Image quality and radiation dose to the patient are important factors in computed tomography (CT). To provide constant image quality, tube current modulation (TCM) performed by automatic exposure control (AEC) adjusts the tube current to the patient's size and shape.Purpose: To evaluate the effects of patient centering on tube current–time product (mAs) and image noise.Material and Methods: An oval-shaped acrylic phantom was scanned in various off-center positions, at 30-mm intervals within a 500-mm field of view, using three different CT scanners. Acquisition parameters were similar to routine abdomen examinations at each site. The mAs was recorded and noise measured in the images. The correlation of mAs and noise with position was calculated using Pearson correlation.Results: In all three scanners, the mAs delivered by the AEC changed with y-position of the phantom (P<0.001), with correlation values of 0.98 for scanners A and B and −0.98 for scanner C. With x-position, mAs changes were 4.9% ... | eng_Latn | 15,680 |
Major Lithic Elements in Nodules | The most widespread lithic elements in manganese nodules are elements of the group of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements, namely, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, barium; elements of the lithogenic group or hydrolysate elements: aluminium and titanium; silicon which is of a polygenic nature (litho- and biogenic); and elements of the biogenic group, namely, carbon, phosphorus and sulphur (we shall also consider nitrogen as being related to this group). We shall also consider pore water, which plays an important role but which is sometimes ignored. | An account is given of the principles of lymph node dosimetry in radioisotope therapy with Lipiodol 131J. After a general introduction, exact data on the concentrations reached by the radionuclide in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, thyroid and blood of patients subjected to this treatment are reported. Finally mention is made of a number of particularly interesting autopsy findings. | eng_Latn | 15,681 |
Radiotherapy combined with an engineered Salmonella typhimurium inhibits tumor growth in a mouse model of colon cancer | The engineered Salmonella typhimurium ΔppGpp (S.t ΔppGpp) has been studied in terms of its ability to carry imaging probes (bacterial luciferase, Lux) for tumor imaging or carry therapeutic molecules (Cytolysin A) to kill cancer cells. To establish a novel cancer therapy, bacterial therapy was combined with radiotherapy using the attenuated strain S.t ΔppGpp/pBAD-ClyA. Radiotherapy (21Gy) contributed to S. typhimurium colonization in a colon tumor (CT26) model of BALB/c mice. The combination of bacterial therapy and radiotherapy treatments reduced tumor growth compared with only bacterial therapy. | A sensitivity simulation of neutron tomography was performed for the analysis of the spatial distribution of nuclear materials in the HANARO fuel rod. The internal distribution of the nuclear materials in the fuel rod is very important for the increase of the safety and economics of fuel burnup in the reactor. The neutron radiography facility installed at HANARO will be used for the spatial fuel analysis with a real-time image processing system. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to study the feasibility and sensitivity of the HANARO neutron beam for the spatial fuel assay and to find the optimum conditions for neutron detection. From the sensitivity simulation, the location of the nuclear materials in the rod was evident as expected. | eng_Latn | 15,682 |
PROBLEMS OF PION-NUCLEUS INTERACTION*) | The review of new theoretical and experimentaI results in tlae field of the pion-nucleus interaction which are presented in the contributed papers at the IV International symposium "Mesons and Light Nuclei" (Beehynœ 1988) is given. The discussion c0vers a wide area of problems from the ~-nucleon interaction to the pion interaction with light nuclei at low and intermediate energies. Study of pion interactions with light nuclei is of great importance for the theory of pion-nucleus interaction. In this case many important features of the pion-nucleus dynamics can be investigated within sophisticated theoretical schemes by using realistic nuclear models. In several reviews presented at this conference many important questions of the problem of pion-nucleus interaction have been discussed in detail. The major aim of this paper is to review the contributed papers (see ref. [1]) reporting on new theoretical and experimental results. We organize the discussion as follows: from r~-N to n-nucleus interaction. | Are philosophers of science limited to conducting autopsies on dead scientific theories, or might they also help resolve contemporary methodological disputes in science? This essay (1) gives an overview of thought experiments, especially in mathematics; (2) outlines three major positions on the current dose-response controversy for ionizing radiation; and (3) sketches an original mathematical thought experiment that might help resolve the low-dose radiation conflict. This thought experiment relies on the assumptions that radiation "hits'' are Poisson distributed and that background conditions cause many more radiation-induced cancers than human activities. The essay closes by responding to several key objections to the position defended here. | yue_Hant | 15,683 |
[Use of the method of double labeling with H3 and C14-thymidine for identification of cells in different periods of interphase]. | For the identification of the position of individual cells in G1, S- and G2-periods of mitotic cycle in any heteroploid cell culture, it is suggested to use the Wimber and Quastler radioautographical method of double labeling of cells. It was shown that independent of the basal polidy of the cells by the successive impulse labeling of the cells with H3- and C14-thymidine with the time interval as long as G2 + M, the cells of the G1-period are unlabeled, S-cells are double labeled with C14- and C14 + H3, and G2-cells have only H3-label. | This chapter is dedicated to impulse radio as it is a very prominent form of UWB. Initially, impulse radio (IR) is introduced and generic transceiver architecture for IR is presented. Then, common and custom tailored pulse shapes for impulse radios are discussed. Various IR modulation techniques are presented and their performance is analyzed. To enable multiple accesses, a technique known as time hopping (TH) is introduced and it is integrated into various modulation techniques. Finally, the impact of the various antenna types on the transmitted and received UWB signal is investigated. | eng_Latn | 15,684 |
Radiation exposure and dose reduction measures in cardiac CT | Noninvasive visualization of the heart by CT is highly accurate and useful, but its association with ionizing radiation and the potential risk of cancer induction has raised concerns. Dose-saving algorithms, new CT scanners, and scanning techniques have been developed to effectively reduce the amount of radiation exposure without deterioration of image quality. Furthermore, additional strategies for dose reduction can be pursued in daily practice following the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle. However, there still is a high additional dose-saving potential in a consequent application of dose reduction measures, and we recommend individually adapted scan protocols to obtain cardiac CT studies with optimal diagnostic image quality and lowest possible radiation dose. | Sony ICX 259AL CCD matrices were irradiated by proton and neutron beams of a synchrocyclotron of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. The data on production cross sections, as well as the spatial and time distributions of pixels of the irradiated matrices with high dark current, are presented. The experimental data are compared with the calculation results. | eng_Latn | 15,685 |
Prospects for microwave imaging of the lymphatic system in the axillary | Lymph node status is the most reliable prognostic indicator for patients with melanoma and breast cancer. Australia has the highest rate of melanoma in the world. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among woman. Determining cancer status in lymph nodes is particular useful for these two cancers. This article provides a review of current medical imaging techniques in the literature. Several studies are discussed on dielectric properties of the axillary tissue. A microwave radar-based array approach for axillary imaging is proposed. | ABSTRACTIn nuclear safety field, neutronic and thermalhydraulic codes performance is an important issue. New capabilities implementation, as well as models and tools improvements are a significant part of the community effort in looking for better nuclear power plants (NPP) designs. A procedure to analyze the PWR response to local deviations on neutronic or thermalhydraulic parameters is being developed. This procedure includes the simulation of Incore and Excore neutron flux detectors signals. A control rod drop real plant transient is used to validate the used codes and their new capabilities. Cross-section data are obtained by means of the SIMTAB methodology. Detailed thermalhydraulic models were developed: RELAP5 and TRACE models simulate three different azimuthal zones. Besides, TRACE model is performed with a fully three-dimensional core, thus, the cross-flow can be obtained. A Cartesian vessel represents the fuel assemblies and a cylindrical vessel the bypass and downcomer. Simulated detectors sign... | eng_Latn | 15,686 |
Charge distribution in scattering off nuclei: a test of the production mechanism | In the dual parton model, the absolute value of the charge in the forward hemisphere in collisions of negative particles with nucleons increases with energy. This effect is strongly amplified in collisions with nuclei when the number of struck nucleons increases. It can provide a crucial test of the particle production mechanism. | Decades ago, the concept of the "stochastic" radiation effect was developed by the Interna- tional Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for cancer and hereditary diseases. Makers and users of radiation technologies and several professional associations have fought the ICRPs no-threshold thesis since, and after the Fukushima disaster interested bodies have promoted the assertain that no detrimental effects have ever been observed below a dose of 100 mSv. In contrast to this view, the international committees ICRP, UNSCEAR i and BEIR ii have accepted meanwhile, that in fact stochastic effects must be expected following doses far below 100 mSv. This state of knowledge is derived from findings about radiation-induced cancer. Severe deficits in the official protection concepts must be seen in the neglect and un- derestimation of genetic and teratogenic effects. | eng_Latn | 15,687 |
Narrow photon beam dosimetry for linear accelerator radiosurgery | Abstract The dosimetric characteristics of linear accelerator radiosurgery for 10-MV X-ray were measured. Measurement of the relative output factor and tissue maximum ratio with a microchamber produced results equivalent to those of measurement with X-ray film. The 80% isodose level width measured with the microchamber was significantly smaller than that measured with the X-ray film. For the measurement of relative output factor and tissue maximum ratio, a microchamber seems to be the more appropriate choice. X-Ray film was found to be suitable for beam profile measurement. | The therapeutic, social and economic aspects of the efficacy of intense preoperative irradiation in combined therapy of breast cancer were analysed. It has been established that preoperative irradiation in the form of the fractionation of a single focal dose of 6 Gy every other day, the summary dose of 24 Gy within 8-10 days followed by surgery 1-3 days after irradiation does not either complicate its performance or the course of the postoperative period, and by the short- and long-term results it is no worse than the routine dose fractionation. Large dose fractionation saves the time of preoperative irradiation (10 days instead of 5-6 weeks), reduces the time of inpatients' stay (56-70 days instead of 90-100 days), enables most of the patients after treatment to resume work 1.2-2 mos. earlier than after the routine dose fractionation. Preoperative irradiation in the form of large dose fractionation reduces the time of treatment, does not change its efficacy and provides for a greater economic effect. | eng_Latn | 15,688 |
The research in the anti-radiation damage effects of Peptide and protein | Radiation has become the fourth largest pollution after the water,air and noise pollution,which caused acute,chronic radiation damage and even cancer.At present,the study on the development of the anti-radiation damage drug,especially non-toxic or low toxic radiation protective agent obtained from natural bio-active substances,has become a new focus.The natural anti-radiation active substances research focuses on polysaccharides,saponins,coumarins,alkaloids,etc.,however,relatively less on peptide and protein research.Summarized the peptides and protein with anti-radiation function,this paper is to describe the research result for the 11 kinds of domestic peptides and protein radiation damage nearly in recent 10 years,which will provide reference for future research and development. | Abstract A simple method of compensating for the kinematic energy spread of the particles from a nuclear reaction detected in a silicon PSD is described. The technique relies on a suitable choice of the series resistor for the reaction of interest and the degree of compensation is shown to be equivalent to the first order correction for the acceptance of a magnetic spectrometer. Experimental results using recoil protons, elastically scattered alpha-particles and carbon ions from a heavy ion induced reaction illustrate the practical application and success of the technique. The limit of the compensation for light ions is set by the resistive noise in the ‘energy x position’ signal while for heavy ions the nuclear scattering spread sets the lower limit. | eng_Latn | 15,689 |
Onco-Nephrology: Tumor Lysis Syndrome | Summary Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) describes the clinical and laboratory sequelae that result from the rapid release of intracellular contents of dying cancer cells. It is characterized by the release of potassium, phosphorous, and nucleic acids from cancer cells into the blood stream, with the potential to cause hyperkalemia; hyperphosphatemia and secondary hypocalcemia; hyperuricemia; AKI; and, should usual homeostatic mechanisms fail, death. TLS most commonly follows treatment of hematologic malignancies, such as acute lymphocytic or lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and Burkitt lymphoma, but also occurs after treatment of other bulky or rapidly growing tumors, particularly if the patient is highly sensitive to the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Prevention and treatment depend on prompt recognition of patients at risk, volume repletion, allopurinol, rasburicase (a novel recombinant urate oxidase), and, when indicated, dialysis. | Usage of Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) is currently the best way of monitoring and detecting changes in slope morphology. In this study Optech ILRIS-3D was used. First scan of slope morphology with ILRIS-3D was made in March 2012 at presented pilot location “Žnjan” and it was repeated in 6 month intervals to this day. Series of observations in man-made cuts at additional 14 pilot sites usingTLS were also made. For the purpose of forecasting and retrograde analysis, the survey was conducted in different time intervals and number of observations. Main goal of this monitoring was to define the average rate of erosion in cuts in this type of material. Also, a proper procedure for establishing future monitoring in this type of materials is introduced, as well as guidelines for selecting minimum and maximum time intervals. Finally, based on the results of monitoring, known mathematical model for development of erosion in cuts is calibrated and the guidelines for its usage are proposed. | kor_Hang | 15,690 |
Photobiomodulation therapy for acute radiodermatitis | This research is part of the Limburg Clinical Research Program (LCRP) UHasselt-ZOL-Jessa, financially supported by the foundation Limburg Sterk Merk, province of Limburg, Flemish government, Hasselt University, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, and Jessa Hospital. Additionally, this research is supported by Kom op Tegen Kanker, Limburgs Kankerfonds, and ASA Srl. | Science Foundation Ireland (SFI Grant 07/SRC/I1173: Photonics Integration from Atoms to Systems (PIFAS)) | eng_Latn | 15,691 |
COVARIANCE PRODUCTION AND PROPAGATION IN NUCLEAR DATA EVALUATION PROCESSING | The production and propagation of the covariance in nuclear data evaluationprocessing are studied. The calculation formulas and some calculation resultsare presented in the paper, which demostrate the physical features of the covari-ance production and propagation. The correctness of the given formulas are illu-strated. | e18068Background: One method of therapy deintensification in locally advanced (LA) HPVOPC is to reduce total radiation dose during concomitant chemoradiation (CRT) in a sequential therapy plan. We ... | yue_Hant | 15,692 |
An estimation of Canadian population exposure to cosmic rays. | The worldwide average exposure to cosmic rays contributes to about 16% of the annual effective dose from natural radiation sources. At ground level, doses from cosmic ray exposure depend strongly on altitude, and weakly on geographical location and solar activity. With the analytical model PARMA developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, annual effective doses due to cosmic ray exposure at ground level were calculated for more than 1,500 communities across Canada which cover more than 85% of the Canadian population. The annual effective doses from cosmic ray exposure in the year 2000 during solar maximum ranged from 0.27 to 0.72 mSv with the population-weighted national average of 0.30 mSv. For the year 2006 during solar minimum, the doses varied between 0.30 and 0.84 mSv, and the population-weighted national average was 0.33 mSv. Averaged over solar activity, the Canadian population-weighted average annual effective dose due to cosmic ray exposure at ground level is estimated to be 0.31 mSv. | Breast cancer is diagnosed in more than 6300 Swedish women every year. Mammograms, which are X-ray images of breasts, are taken as part of a nationwide screening process and are analyzed for anomal ... | eng_Latn | 15,693 |
QUALITY CONTROL AND GUARANTEE OF DIGITAL IMAGING | Objective To improve the quality of digital imaging by analyzing the films that taken in our hospital.Methods The data were randomly collected from database of our department for quality assessment,which included the films of chest(1 000 pieces),of lumbar(500),and of knee(500).Results In a total of 2 000 films,1 466 were classified as class-A film,accounting for 73.3%.Conclusion The quality of the X-ray films taken in our hospital is relatively good. | RECEIVING STATION FOR REDUCING A SINGLE CONTROL DEVICE AUTOMATIC TO TREAT DIFFERENT TELEVISION CHANNELS. SHE HAS A PLATINUM CAG UNIQUE IN WHICH THERE IS A LOCAL OSCILLATOR CONTROL VOLTAGE FREQUENCY VARIANT cyclically BASED ON ANALYSIS OF LEVEL OF CARRIER APPLICATION:.. TELEDISTRIBUTION | yue_Hant | 15,694 |
A Method of Measuring the Power Characteristics of UHF and VHF Antennas | A method of measuring the power characteristics of UHF and VHF antennas, which satisfies the free-space conditions as a result of the mutual arrangement of the measuring antenna and the antenna being investigated, is proposed. An experimental estimate of the practicality of the proposed method under test conditions using a radio-measuring screened system is presented. | Objectives: To explore the correlation between fatty content of fatty liver and the difference of CT attenuation value in dual-energy CT, and to evaluate the value of dual-energy CT in the quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver in rabbits.Material and Methods: Dual-energy CT at 120 kVp and 90 kVp was performed in 16 rabbits of experimental groups that were induced to various degrees of fatty liver by feeding carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Four healthy rabbits in the control group underwent dual-energy CT at the same time. The CT attenuation values of liver tissues at 120 kVp (H120), 90 kVp (H90) and the difference (ΔH) between them were obtained. The specimens of liver tissues were examined with freeze section (9 μm) and an oil red O stain histologically. The ratio of fatty content in liver to the liver volume (VP value) was measured using the image analyzer system.Results: The change of CT attenuation values between 120 kVp and 90 kVp was not obvious (ΔH between −0.4 HU and 1.4 HU) in the control group. The... | eng_Latn | 15,695 |
A new approach to absorption effects using radioisotope X-ray spectrometry | The quantitative interpretation of X-ray fluorescence /XRF/ data is often difficult because of matrix effects. The intensity of fluorescence measurement for a given element is not only dependent on the concentration of the element, but also on the mass absorption coefficients of the sample for both excitation and fluorescent radiation. In this paper, a new approach for the determination of absorption and transmission correction factors is described. | The structural parameters of materials have been determined commonly by different static and destructive methods, i.e. spot check out of production line. These methods have low efficiency and high randomness, and therefore they cannot be applied to the whole-length examination and inspection of materials properties on production lines. The radial detecting technology of material texture is one of the most important methods to implement rapid structural examination, with which certain material properties could also be on-line determined. The | eng_Latn | 15,696 |
A neutron semiconductor detector based on TIInSe2 | A new semiconductor detector of neutron radiation based on a TIInSe2 crystal has been investigated. The detector is produced from a homogeneous semiconductor sample with two electric contacts and operates in an integrating mode. It is shown that, owing to its high sensitivity (∼10−13 A/(neutron cm−2 s−1)) and small size (the volume of the sensitive crystal element is ∼7 mm3), the detector is capable of monitoring spatial, time, and intensity distributions of γ rays and neutrons in pulse research reactors. | We discuss the use of a noninvasive in vivo optical technique, diffuse reflectance spectroscopic imaging with oblique incidence, to distinguish between benign and cancer-prone skin lesions. Various image features were examined to classify the images from lesions into benign and cancerous categories. Two groups of lesions were processed separately: Group 1 includes keratoses, warts versus carcinomas; and group 2 includes common nevi versus dysplastic nevi. A region search algorithm was developed to extract both one- and two-dimensional spectral information. A bootstrap-based Bayes classifier was used for classification. A computer-assisted tool was then devised to act as an electronic second opinion to the dermatologist. Our approach generated only one false-positive misclassification out of 23 cases collected for group 1 and two misclassifications out of 34 cases collected for group 2 under the worst estimation condition. | eng_Latn | 15,697 |
SCCS OPINION ON Titanium Dioxide (nano form) as UV-Filter in spray | SCCS OPINION ON Titanium Dioxide (nano form) as UV-Filter in spray ::: SCCS ::: The Committee shall provide Opinions on questions concerning health and safety risks (notably chemical, biological, mechanical and other physical risks) of non-food consumer products (for example cosmetic products and their ingredients, toys, textiles, clothing, personal care and household products such as detergents, etc.) and services (for example: tattooing, artificial sun tanning, etc.). | In a nuclear reactor, the decay of fission fragments is at the origin of decay heat and antineutrino flux. These quantities are not well known while they are very important for reactor safety and for our understanding of neutrino physics. One reason for the discrepancies observed in the estimation of the decay heat and antineutrinos flux coming from reactors could be linked with the Pandemonium effect. New measurements have been performed at the JYFL facility of Jyvaskyla with a Total Absorption Spectrometer (TAS) in order to circumvent this effect. An overview of the TAS technique and first results from the 2009 measurement campaign will be presented. | eng_Latn | 15,698 |
Handheld X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers: Radiation Exposure Risks of Matrix-Specific Measurement Scenarios | This study investigates X-ray intensity and dispersion around handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments during the measurement of a range of sample matrices to establish radiation exposure risk during operation. Four handheld XRF instruments representing three manufacturers were used on four smooth, flat-lying materials of contrasting matrix composition. Dose rates were measured at 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm intervals every 30° around the instrument at 0 and 45° from the horizontal, as well as vertically from the instrument screen. The analysis of polyethylene recorded dose rates 156 times higher (on average) than steel measurements and 34 times higher than both quartz sand and quartz sandstone. A worst-case exposure scenario was assumed where a user analyses a polyethylene material at arms reach for 1 h each working day for one year. This scenario resulted in an effective body dose of 73.5 μSv, equivalent to three to four chest X-rays (20 μSv) a year, 20 times lower than the average annual background radi... | Mean-wavelength stable superfluorescent fiber sources composed of three kinds of EDFs were irradiated by a 60 Co ::: source up to 2000Gy to compare their mean-wavelength drifts and output power losses. | eng_Latn | 15,699 |
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