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[Benign liver tumors : Diagnostics and treatment]. | Benign liver tumors are often detected during routine ultrasound examinations or as an incidental finding in radiological imaging. Only very few benign liver tumors are at risk of becoming malignant. In the majority of cases the differentiation from malignant tumors is currently carried out using imaging procedures. In a few cases of diagnostic uncertainty, a transcutaneous liver biopsy can lead to clarification. If the suspicion of malignancy is substantiated or this cannot be excluded with absolute certainty, the tumor should be removed by partial liver resection. | A healthy tissue tolerance study1,2 with Beagle dogs was carried out at the Finnish BNCT facility FiR 1 during February-March 1998. Three dose groups of dogs without boron carrier, each comprising five Beagles, and one dose group with BPA-F infusion were irradiated. Individual dose plans1 were done for each dog. The absorbed doses, which were actually delivered to healthy tissues, were monitored in vivo by placing the dosimeters on the shaved skin of the dogs or in the accessible cavities. In this study, absorbed gamma doses were monitored with thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters, and neutron fluences were determined with activation foils. The obtained results were compared to the calculated values. | eng_Latn | 15,700 |
A binding site for Purα and Purβ is structurally unstable and is required for replication in vivo from the rat aldolase B origin | The rat aldolase B promoter acts as a replication origin in vivo, as well as an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS). Here, we examined roles of a polypurine stretch (site PPu) in this origin, which is indispensable to the ARS activity. Purification of site PPu-binding protein revealed that site PPu binds Purα and Purβ, i.e., single-stranded DNA-binding proteins whose roles in replication have been implicated, but less clear. Biochemical analyses showed that site PPu even in a longer DNA fragment is unstable in terms of double-helix, implying that Purα/β may stabilize single-stranded state. Deletion of site PPu from the origin DNA, which was ectopically positioned in the mouse chromosome, significantly reduced replicator activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that deletion of site PPu abolishes binding of the Purα/β proteins to the origin. These observations suggest functional roles of site PPu and Purα/β proteins in replication initiation. | A full-scope Level 3 Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) has been performed for the Westinghouse-designed advanced passive light-water reactor (AP600) [1], The PRA study estimates the core damage frequency and release frequency of the AP600 design for both power and shutdown conditions. The analysis also includes an internal fire PRA and an internal flood PRA. A seismic margins analysis has been performed to evaluate the plant’s capability to withstand seismic events. Westinghouse designers and PRA analysts worked closely together for over five years to assess the safety of a variety of passive plant design configurations. | eng_Latn | 15,701 |
Dosimetric Verification of Collapsed Cone Convolution Algorithm in Heterogeneous Media | The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of dose predicted by cone convolution algorithm. This work describes an experimental verification of two dose calculation algorithms available on the Philips Pinnacle3 (version 8.0) commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system (TPS): Collapsed cone convolution and Fast convolve. Both experiment and TPS were tested for 6 MV photon beam, the fields were 5cm×5cm and 10cm×10cm respectively. Dosimetry was performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters. At the end of this article, we analyzed the difference between calculation and experiment | This article in view of the Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital clinical data conformity work actual situation, proposed a set based on the DOP technology clinical data conformity and the synthesis information retrieval plan, with emphasis discussed the difficulty, DOP platform technical aspect and so on superiority and characteristic, system realization goal, technical construction and design main point which the data conformity work faces questions, by achievement to large-scale general hospital clinical information system data conformity preliminary discussion. | eng_Latn | 15,702 |
[Chromosome abnormalities: known risk factors]. | The high incidence of chromosomal anomalies at birth and the severity of the resulting handicap led to examining their detectability by amniocentesis. With current indications for amniocentesis, the detection rate did not excede 30%. Consequently, it seems necessary to estimate the importance of other known risk factors and to calculate the resulting impact this would have on eventually broadening the indications for amniocentesis. A review of the literature led the authors to discuss the relative importance of each known risk factor and its role in public health. | We study the Radiation-Induced Mismatch Enhancement (RIME) in 65 nm CMOS SRAM block designed for space applications. X-ray and heavy ion irradiation increase the number of non-rewriting cells. | eng_Latn | 15,703 |
Use of ion processing to improve the quality of fullerene-coated field emitters | The efficiency of tip field emitters covered by activated fullerene coatings is studied in a wide range of emission currents and residual gas pressures. Main mechanisms behind the influence of the gaseous medium and ion bombardment on the emitter efficiency are determined. The feasibility of improving the homogeneity of the fullerene coating by potassium ion bombardment is demonstrated. From data on the emitter performance in a technical vacuum, a previously unknown effect is discovered: the structure of activated fullerene coatings is reproduced under intense ion bombardment. It is found that intense bombardment by residual gas ions increases a limiting current extracted from fullerene-coated tip field emitters. | The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of dose predicted by cone convolution algorithm. This work describes an experimental verification of two dose calculation algorithms available on the Philips Pinnacle3 (version 8.0) commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system (TPS): Collapsed cone convolution and Fast convolve. Both experiment and TPS were tested for 6 MV photon beam, the fields were 5cm×5cm and 10cm×10cm respectively. Dosimetry was performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters. At the end of this article, we analyzed the difference between calculation and experiment | eng_Latn | 15,704 |
The nuclear microprobe at the University of Arizona | Abstract A nuclear microprobe has been operational at the University of Arizona since early 1994. It utilizes a magnetic quadrupole doublet (model QL-300 from Microscope Associates, Inc.) with an 11 mm diameter aperture and lens lengths of 6 cm each. The magnetic pole tips are electrically insulated to enable electric rotational alignment and beam rastering by application of varying voltages to the pole tips. Ion beams are obtained from a 5.5 MV model CN, High Voltage Engineering Corp. Van de Graaff accelerator with a Penning type ion source. Present mininum beam spot size is about 2 μm obtained with a 4 MeV H2+ beam with a current of about 40 pA. To date, the instrument has been successfully used to map concentrations of Hg, Cr, and As in rabbit renal slices using PIXE. | Image Type: SEM Image, Scale Bar: 10um, Magnification: 5500, Etch: No etching, Coating: Au/Pd, Instrument Location: UNM, kV: 15, Spot Sz: 6. | eng_Latn | 15,705 |
Super-wide-range image display device | The present invention provides an ultra wide-angle image display apparatus, comprising a back surface of one side of the translucent imaging display panel and the concave mirror, wherein said imaging one surface of the back panel of the transmitting display picture plane is provided with a concave side mirror, the concave mirror of the main spindle is focused perpendicular to the back surface of one side of the translucent imaging display panel, the back surface of one side of the translucent imaging display observation surface of the back panel. The ultra wide-angle image display apparatus capable of ultra-wide flat deformed original image restoration to the normal image, simple design, low cost, and can be applied to personal portable display small volume, high solution super-wide-angle image playback apparatus currently exists costs, equipment size larger applications narrower coverage and other issues. | From 3rd Health Physics Society midyear topical symposium: Los Angeles, California, USA (29 Jan 1969). See CONF-690103P2. A research program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, involved handling of kilocurie quantities of /sup 147/Pm in the development of radioisotope power sources. A high-level plutonium laboratory was reorganized for this work. The low energy of the /sup 147/Pm BETA necessitated development of special techniques for continuous air monitoring and contamination control. An LRLdesigned air monitor and a shoe counter using large-area G. M. detectors are described. Assembly of the power sources involved delicate work which could not be done remotely. Hand exposures from bremsstrahlung and gamma -emitting impurities became the limiting health physics problem. Experiences in exposure and contamination control are discussed. (auth) | eng_Latn | 15,706 |
Raman spectroscopic study of electron-beam irradiated cold-smoked salmon | Abstract Raman spectroscopy studies have been carried out to determine the effect of electron-beam irradiation on cold-smoked salmon. Vacuum packed samples were electron-beam irradiated at doses between 0 and 8 kGy. The irradiation at 8 kGy originated modifications on the protein secondary structure with a decrease (p | Are philosophers of science limited to conducting autopsies on dead scientific theories, or might they also help resolve contemporary methodological disputes in science? This essay (1) gives an overview of thought experiments, especially in mathematics; (2) outlines three major positions on the current dose-response controversy for ionizing radiation; and (3) sketches an original mathematical thought experiment that might help resolve the low-dose radiation conflict. This thought experiment relies on the assumptions that radiation "hits'' are Poisson distributed and that background conditions cause many more radiation-induced cancers than human activities. The essay closes by responding to several key objections to the position defended here. | eng_Latn | 15,707 |
INELASTIC RESPONSE OF PRIMARY REACTOR CONTAINMENT TO HIGH-ENERGY EXCURSIONS. | Abstract The inelastic response of primary containment to a high-energy axisymmetric excursion is found by numerical techniques. First, the equation of state of inelastic behavior is discussed. Then the basic conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy are given in Eulerian coordinates. These equations are then transformed into Lagrangian cooridinates and the finite difference equations for numerical computation. Finally, the results of a sample problem calculation are given. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | yue_Hant | 15,708 |
The half-lives of 41Ar and 111In | Abstract An 4πγ ionization chamber equipped with an automated sample changer was used to measure the half-lives of 41 Ar and 111 In. The half-life of 41 Ar was determined to be 1.822 ± 0.002 h; for 111 In it was 2.8048 ± 0.0001 d. | This report covers holdup measurements of uranium residue in the cooling hut HEPA bank of the 321-M facility. This report discusses the methodology, non-destructive assay measurements, assumptions, and results of the uranium holdup in this item. | eng_Latn | 15,709 |
Visualization of radioactive substances with a Si/CdTe Compton Camera | Dust containing radioactive materials dispersed following the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. Gamma-rays are emitted in the process when unstable nuclei in the materials decay. Based on the technology of Si/CdTe Compton Camera, we have manufactured a quick prototype model for the use in the field. The camera, now called a "Ultra-Wide-Angle Compton Camera" was successfully applied to visualize the distribution of radio-active substances in the Fukushima area. | A healthy tissue tolerance study1,2 with Beagle dogs was carried out at the Finnish BNCT facility FiR 1 during February-March 1998. Three dose groups of dogs without boron carrier, each comprising five Beagles, and one dose group with BPA-F infusion were irradiated. Individual dose plans1 were done for each dog. The absorbed doses, which were actually delivered to healthy tissues, were monitored in vivo by placing the dosimeters on the shaved skin of the dogs or in the accessible cavities. In this study, absorbed gamma doses were monitored with thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters, and neutron fluences were determined with activation foils. The obtained results were compared to the calculated values. | eng_Latn | 15,710 |
MCNP-CP : A correlated particle radiation source extension of a general purpose monte carlo N-particle transport code | An extended version, MCNP-CP, of the general purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code MCNP4c was created. It allows performing calculations with a source of correlated nuclear particles based on the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File ENSDF. Owing to the implemented versatile pulse height tally coincidence/anticoincidence modes, MCNP-CP presents wide possibilities for the calculation and optimization of the performance of single-detector as well as multi-detector systems for measurements with real radiation sources. The chapter gives a brief description of MCNP-CP features and presents a number of examples of its application to modeling responses of typical spectrometry systems. | We report nosocomial transmission of multi-resistant serotype 15A Streptococcus pneumoniae (MRSP) that resulted in two lower respiratory tract infections in a centre for chronic pulmonary diseases. This outbreak highlights the potential for transmission of MRSP among vulnerable patients when laboratory turnaround time is long and patient compliance with transmission-based precautions is low. | eng_Latn | 15,711 |
[Screening of prostate carcinoma]. | Taking into consideration the height costs of screening healthy men from general population at risk for prostate cancer, we do not recommend prostate cancer screening except for scientific reasons in prospective random trials. To diagnose prostate cancer we know the following methods for patients with prostatic problems: DRE = (digital rectal examination) PSA = (prostate-specific antigen) TRUS = (transrectal ultrasonography) The possible validity of DRE, PSA and TRUS are discussed. The best and most economic way of diagnosing prostate cancer is a combination of DRE and PSA. | Depth profiling studies of defects in CdS thin films using a low energy positron beam are reported. CdS films of 1 μm thickness on a glass substrate have been grown using the chemical bath deposition method and irradiated with 140 keV Ar ions to doses of 5×1014 and 5×1016 cm−2, respectively. The Doppler broadening line shape S parameter in as-grown and irradiated films has been monitored as a function of positron beam energy Ep. S vs Ep curves have been analyzed, using a positron diffusion model in terms of annihilations at surface, epithermal and bulk states. The S parameter at the surface (Ss) is found to be significantly higher than that in the bulk. This is understood as due to positron trapping at a large concentration of Cd vacancies in the surface region, which act as acceptors. The observed reduction of Ss with increasing Ar ion dose seems to indicate the formation of antisite defects in the surface region, brought about by irradiation. At sample depths corresponding to the peak damage layers, the... | eng_Latn | 15,712 |
Experiment and Numerical Simulation of a Seawater Solar Pond | In this work, experimental and theoretical investigation of temperature distribution in a solar pond is conducted, which particularly includes the part of the diffusive radiation on the shaded area. A small scale rectangular solar pond with the area of 2.3m×2.8m and depth of 0.8m was built on seaside of Dalian. Transient heat transfer problem of the pond has been numerically solved by a 2D transient model. The results indicate that the temperature in this small scale solar pond can increase to a high level in short time during one week experiments, which get the daily maximum temperature of nearly 45℃ on September. The experimental results suggest that the small-scale solar pond is better to operate in summer season, and the simulated results also convey us such conclusion. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,713 |
Radiology of Dural Sinus Thrombosis | Sagittal sinus thrombosis (SST) and SST-related cerebral sinovenous occlusive disease (SOD) are not uncommon. In one large autopsy series (8578 cases), 40 cases (.46%) of sinus thrombosis were found [1]. But in another autopsy series (189 cases), in which the dural sinuses and the venous system were examined in detail, the primary cause of death due to SOD was as high as 9% [2]. Thus far, there is no reliable documentation of the true incidence of SOD in vivo [3]; however, with the advent of computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and more sensitive and specific radionuclide imaging techniques, the true incidence may eventually be known. | AbstractOrgan pipes are made mainly of tin alloys, and they can undergo surface damage usually called ‘sickness of tin’ or ‘tin cancer’. Several parts of degraded organ pipes from organs produced in different periods (from the eighteenth to the twentieth century) and from different areas in Italia were examined and investigated in order to identify the possible causes of damage. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry-differential thermal analysis (DSC-DTA) measurements was performed to define the crystallographic transformation of the alloys studied as a function of temperature, and a metallographic analysis was done to point out the different microstructural characteristics of the alloys observed. The morphological analysis was improved by a SEM instrument equipped with an energy dispersive device which enables quantitative chemical characterisation of intact and degraded zones to be carried out. The presence of chlorides was identified as responsible for the degradation phenomena, and this conclu... | eng_Latn | 15,714 |
Polarimetric Inverse Scattering via Incremental Sparse Bayesian Multitask Learning | In this letter, we employ the sparse Bayesian multitask learning to realize joint sparsity-enforcing polarimetric inverse scattering. The prior assumption about the data model is redesigned to avoid information sharing across unrelated tasks. Based on this assumption, we provide the formulas for Bayesian inference as well as the algorithm flowchart, which still has the linear complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that polarimetric inverse scattering with the proposed method can effectively extract the characteristics of canonical scatterers. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,715 |
Radioactive kryptonates and their uses in chemical analysis | Abstract A review is presented of the uses of radioactive kryptonates in chemical analysis. | The behaviour of swelling and collapsible soils would be better understood by taking into account available data from distribution of moisture and void ratio in the media. A laboratory computerised gamma-ray tomography (CT) has been applied to measure those variables and their spatial distribution on soil media. CT consists basically of scanning a soil sample with gamma-ray and measuring the attenuation coefficients of the soil. The obtained measurements are used to plot an image of soil properties. Some applications of CT to non saturated soils such as the water and unit weight distribution inside soil sample are shown. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 881647. | eng_Latn | 15,716 |
Photon Counting: Avalanche inspiration | The ability of a customized avalanche-photodiode detector to distinguish the exact number of photons that it receives will simplify the tools required to perform reliable experiments in quantum optics. | Abstract The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique has been used to investigate the trace element concentrations in healthy and decayed enamel, dentine and cementum in human teeth. Theoretical thick target trace element yield curves from Si to Sn in an apatite matrix are presented and compared with experimental data. | fra_Latn | 15,717 |
Efficient use of automatic exposure control systems in computed tomography requires correct patient positioning | Background: Image quality and radiation dose to the patient are important factors in computed tomography (CT). To provide constant image quality, tube current modulation (TCM) performed by automatic exposure control (AEC) adjusts the tube current to the patient's size and shape.Purpose: To evaluate the effects of patient centering on tube current–time product (mAs) and image noise.Material and Methods: An oval-shaped acrylic phantom was scanned in various off-center positions, at 30-mm intervals within a 500-mm field of view, using three different CT scanners. Acquisition parameters were similar to routine abdomen examinations at each site. The mAs was recorded and noise measured in the images. The correlation of mAs and noise with position was calculated using Pearson correlation.Results: In all three scanners, the mAs delivered by the AEC changed with y-position of the phantom (P<0.001), with correlation values of 0.98 for scanners A and B and −0.98 for scanner C. With x-position, mAs changes were 4.9% ... | Dust containing radioactive materials dispersed following the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. Gamma-rays are emitted in the process when unstable nuclei in the materials decay. Based on the technology of Si/CdTe Compton Camera, we have manufactured a quick prototype model for the use in the field. The camera, now called a "Ultra-Wide-Angle Compton Camera" was successfully applied to visualize the distribution of radio-active substances in the Fukushima area. | eng_Latn | 15,718 |
Comparison of x-ray lasers and third-generation synchrotron radiation sources | There exist some overlapping areas of research in the development of x-ray-lasers and synchrotron radiation sources. In this report, we compare the characteristics and applications of the currently available x-ray lasers and the third-generation synchrotron radiation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. | SummaryThe synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, and the rejoining of DNA strand-breaks and DNA breakdown were studied in cells of Bacillus subtilis γ-irradiated in the presence of iodoacetic acid (I. CH2. COOH), potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3). Observations on incorporation of radioactive precursors into bacteria mildly radiosensitized by the above reagents indicated that synthesis of DNA was generally more sensitive than that of protein or RNA. A cellular radiosensitizing effect cannot be explained by increase of radiation-induced in situ damage in DNA, because a drug effect was not found on radiation inactivation of transforming DNA. Also, the number of radiation-induced breaks in DNA strand studied by means of alkaline-sucrose gradient centrifugation was very similar in the absence or presence of reagent at the time of irradiation.Studies with KIO3 have shown that the presence of the reagent during irradiation of bacteria considerably reduced rejoining of DNA strand-breaks during subsequ... | eng_Latn | 15,719 |
Lineal illuminating system for automatic x-y graphic colorimetric and texture testing. | A lineal illuminating system based on an optical fiber array is studied. It can be applied to automatic industrial inspection systems, e.g., those used for chromatic classification of ceramic floor tiles. Improvement in the existing system’s performance is achieved by using a collimated beam, as shown by both photometric analysis and experimental results. This system has been implemented as part of a real-time controlling tool in a production line. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,720 |
Landau Placzek ratio applied to distributed fibre sensing | It is shown experimentally that the ratio of the intensities of Rayleigh and Brillouin backscattered light (Landau Placzek ratio) in an optical fibre has a temperature dependence which may be used for the basis of a distributed temperature sensor. This result, combined with the known frequency dependence of the Brillouin backscattering on temperature and strain, indicates that spontaneous Brillouin backscatter may be used for the unique determination of either temperature or strain in a distributed optical fibre sensing system. | From 3rd Health Physics Society midyear topical symposium: Los Angeles, California, USA (29 Jan 1969). See CONF-690103P2. A research program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, involved handling of kilocurie quantities of /sup 147/Pm in the development of radioisotope power sources. A high-level plutonium laboratory was reorganized for this work. The low energy of the /sup 147/Pm BETA necessitated development of special techniques for continuous air monitoring and contamination control. An LRLdesigned air monitor and a shoe counter using large-area G. M. detectors are described. Assembly of the power sources involved delicate work which could not be done remotely. Hand exposures from bremsstrahlung and gamma -emitting impurities became the limiting health physics problem. Experiences in exposure and contamination control are discussed. (auth) | eng_Latn | 15,721 |
Study of Stray Light Reduction for Laser Target Scattered Light Observation Lens | We analyzed the stray light source of system and drew a conclusion that non-image beam has great effect on system qualities and system ghost images caused by parallel windows should not be ignored. In view of the facts that traditional graphical construction has less pertinence to stray light and tracing different incidence angle rays is fatiguesome and more likely to omit some rays, we proposed a reverse ray-trace method based on the ray reversibility. According to the method, a dot-matrix source was set at the image plane. Each dot emitted rays to fully cover the system aperture. A detector surface, large enough to receive all possible rays from the source, was set at object plane. Using the method, non-image stray light was easy to be recognized. Outside and inside lens hoods with special demands were designed,and its performance was simulated with software. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,722 |
Clinical analysis of FOLFOX7 and FOLFOX6 chemothrapy on the treatment of gastric cancer | Objective:To investigate effection of the FOLFOX7 and FOLFOX6 chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer.Methods:80 patients with gastric cancer were randomly divided into FOLFOX7 and FOLFOX6 treatment group,40 patients for each group,to observed the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions in the two groups.Results:FOLFOX6 treatment group CR 6 cases,PR 14 cases,SD 14 cases,PD 6 cases,total effective rate was 50.0%(20/40);Clinical benefit rate was 87.5%(35/40),mainly as bone marrow toxicity and other adverse reactions.FOLFOX7 treatment group CR 9 cases,PR 16 cases,SD 14 cases,PD 1 cases,the total effective rate was 62.5%(25/40);Clinical benefit rate of 97.5%(39/40);mainly bone marrow toxicity adverse reactions.Conclusion:FOLFOX7 compare with FOLFOX6 have regimens small,high efficiency,reasonable doses,tolerance and better features and so on,so FOLFOX7 be widely used for treatment of gastric cancer and improve survival rate. | Passive remote sensing by Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry allows detection of air pollution.However,for the localization of a leak and a complete assessment of the situation in the case of the release of a hazardous cloud,information about the position and the distribution of a cloud is essential.Therefore,an imaging passive remote sensing system comprising an interferometer,a data acquisition and processing software,scan system,a video system,and a personal computer has been developed.The remote sensing of SF6 was done.The column densities of all directions in which a target compound has been identified may be retrieved by a nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm and algorithm of radiation transfer,and a false color image is displayed.The results were visualized by a video image,overlaid by false color concentration distribution image.The system has a high selectivity,and allows visualization and quantification of pollutant clouds. | eng_Latn | 15,723 |
Comparison of the urinary excretion and 8 hour plasma tests for vitamin B12 absorption. | Abstract Direct measurement of plasma radioactivity 8 hours after an oral tracer dose of 0.5 μg of radioactive vitamin B 12 is an unsatisfactory test for the diagnosis of malabsorption of vitamin B 12 . We compared the results of this test with the results of the Schilling test in 109 control patients and 41 patients with disease because of the malabsorption of vitamin B 12 . Plasma test results were also evaluated in 27 additional patients with pernicious anemia. Even when the discriminating point was adjusted to achieve optimum separation of the two groups, falsely normal values were encountered in the plasma test results of 7 per cent of the patients with malabsorption of vitamin B 12 . Because of the serious consequences of this type of error, the plasma test is not recommended as a substitute for the Schilling test of vitamin B 12 absorption. | Abstract The polarographic behavior of the uranium-malonate complex was investigated over the pH range 1.1–6.5. A reversible, one-electron wave was obtained. Below pH 4.9, the rate of disproportionation is nearly instantaneous and gives rise to a pseudo uranium(VI)-uranium(IV) reduction. Above pH 4.8 the concentration of uranium(V) is stable with respect to disproportionation. The half-wave potential is pH-dependent below pH 4.9, but it is independent of the malonate concentration above O.1 M . The diffusion current constant is 2.78 for the conditions described. A procedure for the determination of uranium in plutonium was developed for uranium concentrations greater than 225 p.p.m. Of 21 common impurities found in plutonium metal, only Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb and Ti cause significant interference ; titanium can be removed by ion exchange, and the other interferences by mercury cathode electrolysis. | eng_Latn | 15,724 |
Preparation of microcapsules containing rare-earth metal elements | Microcapsules for internal radiation therapies containing the rare-earth metal elements Dy, Ho and Cu with a diameter of 5-10 μm were successfully obtained by an interfacial polymerization method and a successive sedimentation technique was employed to fractionate the microcapsules. A triisocyanate monomer and tricresylphosphate were used for a wall forming material and a core solvent for the metals, respectively. The amount of the metal elements loaded was measured using a high frequency plasma photoemission apparatus. The β-ray radioactivity of 1 mg of microcapsules irradiated with a common neutron source is estimated as 370 μCi, which is satisfactorily strong for usual radiotherapy, when microcapsules containing Dy are used. Differential interference microscopy indicated narrow size distribution of the fractionated microcapulses. | Depending on the electron energy of a storage ring, exposure time and contrast due to the mask absorber are calculated. Different combinations of beam-line windows, mask membranes, and thicknesses of absorber assuming the use of PMMA resist are taken into account. The influence of electrons produced in the substrate and backscattered into the resist is also numerically estimated. From these evaluations it is concluded that the optimum electron energy of a storage ring for X-ray lithography is 0.9 GeV at a magnetic field of 1.5 T in the deflection magnets. | eng_Latn | 15,725 |
Calculation of Dose Gamma Ray Build up Factor in Some Homogenous Materials | The gamma ray buildup factor was calculated by analyzing the narrow- beam and broad-beam geometry equations using Taylor’s formula for isotropic sources and homogeneous materials. The buildup factor was programmed using MATLAB software to operate with any radiation energy (E), atomic number (Z) and the thickness of the absorber in term of the relaxation length (μx). The model demonstrated capability in the design of an appropriate shielding material for radiation protection, absolute volume and activity measurement and in beam transport studies. Keywords : build up factor, radiation shielding, gamma radiation, point isotropic sources, Taylor’s formula. | [Objective]To develop a method of GAS to determine arsenic in health food.[Methods]Spirulina was put into milestone high pressure microwave then Arsenic was determined by GAS.The accuracy and precision were checked with standard recovery test.[Results]GAS method was quick and easy,With the recovery rate from 91.4% to 100.8%.Relative standard deviation(RSD) was 4.3%.[Conclusion]Microwave Digesting Graphite Atom Absorption can be used in Arsenic determination in health food. | eng_Latn | 15,726 |
Plasma immersion ion implantation into insulating materials | Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is an effective surface modification tool. During PIII processes, the objects to be treated are immersed in plasmas and then biased to negative potential. Consequently the plasma sheath forms and ion implantation may be performed. The pre-requirement of plasma implantation is that the object is conductive. So it seems difficult to treat the insulating materials. The paper focuses on the possibilities of plasma implantation into insulating materials and presents some examples. | The aim of this paper is to determine the suitability of solely stationary measurements for exposure assessment and management applications. For this purpose, quantified inhaled particle surface area (IPSA) doses using both stationary and personal particle exposure monitors were evaluated and compared. | eng_Latn | 15,727 |
Dogleg Diet Streaming Experiment with 14 MeV Neutron Source | There are several vacant channels for diagnosis, RF heating, etc. through the shielding structure in fusion reactors. Some of them consist of dogleg ducts, and the streaming effect has not been experimentally investigated yet. The present work was conducted to study the behavior of neutrons streaming through the ducts and estimate the uncertainties of calculations for the design of fusion reactors such as ITER on the basis of the experiments with the FNS facility at JAERI. The experimental assembly was an iron slab 180 cm in thickness. A doubly bent duct 30 cm X 30 cm in the cross section was shaped in the assembly The lengths of the 3 legs were 115 cm, 60 cm and 65 cm respectively The experiment was analyzed with the Monte Carlo transport calculation codes MCNP-4B, -4C, the nuclear data libraries FENDL-2 and JENDL-3.3. In the analysis, the calculated neutron spectra agreed with measured data within the statistical errors. The reaction rates for 93Nb(n,2n)92mNb and 115In(n,n’)115mIn showed relatively favo... | Purpose ::: Prognostic significance of volumetric 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) parameters in carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) treated stage I non-small cell lung cancer, and need of histology-wise separate cut-off values for risk stratification were assessed. | kor_Hang | 15,728 |
Nuclear test experimental science | This report discusses research being conducted at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory under the following topics: prompt diagnostics; experimental modeling, design, and analysis; detector development; streak-camera data systems; weapons supporting research. | Precipitation, soil, vegetation, and drainage water were systematically sampled and analyzed for Sr/sup 90/ and Cs/sup 137/ in three precipitation basins in South Norway. In addition peat soil and plants from 32 other localities in South and North Norway were analyzed to assess the over-all fallout level in Norway. In the three precipitation basins the results gave a picture of the distribution and transportation of Sr/sup 90/ and Cs/sup 137/ in water, soil, and vegetation under different seasonal conditions. (auth) | eng_Latn | 15,729 |
A Plant Stem Inoculation Assay for Assessing Transmission of Phytophthora infestans from Potato Seed Tubers to Emerged Shoots | Abstract A stem inoculation assay was developed to assess transmission of Phytophthora infestans from the base of belowground potato stems to emerged aboveground shoots. Sporangia of P. infestans subsequently developed on aboveground stems after belowground stems were inoculated with isolates BF05 (US 8 genotype), WA10.1 (US 24), and 110B (US 11) by (i) placing a filter paper square saturated with a spore suspension onto nonwounded belowground stem tissue, (ii) placing a filter paper square saturated with a spore suspension onto wounded belowground stem tissue, and (iii) dipping the base of the cut belowground stem into a spore suspension. Plant stems were then incubated in a humidity chamber at 10 to 21.5°C for 7 to 28 days. Incidence of aboveground stems with sporulation was significantly less when stems were inoculated with isolate 110B than with isolates BF05 and WA10.1 but length of latent period did not differ among the three isolates. Incidence of aboveground stems with sporangia was significantly ... | This paper describes a new process for treating mixed hazardous and radioactive waste, commonly called mixed waste. The process is called the Hybrid Treatment Process (HTP), so named because it is built on the 20 years of experience with vitrification of wastes in melters, and the 12 years of experience with treatment of wastes by the in situ vitrification (ISV) process. | eng_Latn | 15,730 |
Update on the Current State of Melanoma Incidence | Abstract The incidence of melanoma is rising worldwide, and in the United States has increased by approximately 2.8% annually since 1981. Melanoma is more common in whites, and is generally more prevalent in men. However, there is a 6.1% annual increase in US incidence of melanomas in white women younger than age 44, with growing concern that increases in skin cancer in younger women may reflect recent trends in indoor tanning. Melanoma incidence is also greater in higher economic groups. Globally, melanoma incidence is highest in Australia, followed by the United States and parts of Europe. | Abstract Reflected solar radiation measured by the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on the Environmental Satellite (Envisat) is currently used within the European Space Agency’s ground segment for the retrieval of cloud-top pressure. The algorithm is based on the analysis of the gaseous absorption of solar radiation in the oxygen A band at 761 nm. The strength of absorption is directly related to the average photon pathlength, which is mainly determined by the cloud-top pressure. However, it additionally depends on surface and cloud properties, like cloud thickness and microphysics. The interpretation of the measurements is further complicated by the temperature dependence of the absorption line shapes and the sensitivity to the spectral properties of the spectrometer like spectral position and width. This paper is focused on results of sensitivity studies using the Matrix Operator Model (MOMO) radiative transfer model that examine the most important parameters affecting the measurements of ... | kor_Hang | 15,731 |
Are monitoring and high-intensity pay complements or substitutes? | A responsive tag and a method, apparatus and system for identifying a type of recyclable material. The tag includes an element attached to the recyclable material. The element responds to a selected interrogation signal of a recycling machine to provide a predetermined detectable signal associated with the type of recyclable material. The detectable signal is detected by a component in the recycling machine which then accepts the material for recycling. | e18068Background: One method of therapy deintensification in locally advanced (LA) HPVOPC is to reduce total radiation dose during concomitant chemoradiation (CRT) in a sequential therapy plan. We ... | eng_Latn | 15,732 |
Dosimetric Characteristics of Natural Calcium Fluoride of Iran | Thermoluminescent characteristics of nine batches of fluorite (natural CaF 2 ) from seven mines in Iran were studied for radiation protection dosimetry, some preliminary results of which are presented and discussed. The initial thermal treatment was optimised for cleaning the natural dose at 500°C for 24 h. All the batches, except two, showed the same glow curve structures with three prominent peaks of different intensities at approximately 120, 180 and 270°C (β = 3°C.s -1 ). One batch from one mine showed a sensitivity about 8.7 times by peak area higher than that of TLD-100 (Harshaw) powder and about the same sensitivity as that of TLD-200, with a dose response linear up to 100 Gy. A thermal fading of 15% during the first day and 17% during a month reached negligible fading per month after a post-irradiation thermal treatment at 110°C for 20 min. The minimum measurable dose (MMD) of this phosphor was determined to be 18 μGy. mg -1 . | Eu3+-doped Lu6WO12 and Lu6MoO12 obtained by a citrate complexation route followed by calcination are characterized by SEM, powder XRD, UV/VIS diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and by DFT calculations. | eng_Latn | 15,733 |
The Atmosphere Explorer optical glow near perigee altitudes | The altitude variation of the Atmosphere Explorer optical glow intensity suggests that two different processes are responsible for the glow. One, dominant for altitudes above 180 km, has an emission brightness proportional to the ambient atomic oxygen density whereas the other, dominant at altitudes below 160 km, produces an emission whose intensity is proportional to the product of the densities of any of N2, O2 or NO. The first mechanism apparently has two components, one from the surface recombination of O and H and the other from a process similar to that producing the Shuttle glow. Unless the efficiency of the second mechanism is much enhanced on the Shuttle its contribution to the Shuttle glow is negligible. | In fundamental solvent extraction research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory a large number of systems have been discovered that are selective for one or a few elements. Some of these have been adapted to analytical separation and assay. To serve our own need for highly reproducible and accurate analysis of samples containing ..cap alpha.. and ..beta..-emitting nuclides, we have turned to liquid scintillation in both its familiar ..beta..-liquid scintillation (..beta..-LS) form and in a less-familiar development called Photon-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) spectrometry. ..beta.. counting by the former and ..cap alpha.. counting by the latter combined with appropriate separation method result in powerful tools for radioassay of a wide range of sample types. 15 refs. | eng_Latn | 15,734 |
Dual Y-chromosome Painting and Immunofluorescence Staining of Archival Human Liver Transplant Biopsies | Combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and indirect immunofluorescence staining of protein markers provides a highly specific method for identifying chromosomes in phenotypically defined cells and tissues. We developed a technique enabling dual chromosome painting and immunofluorescence staining of archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material, and used this to phenotype chimeric cells in female-to-male human liver transplants. | Based on our experiments, the effects of (OH) - on stabilizing F 2 + -centers in LiF crystals are discussed. We obtained the absorption peaks of the F 2 + -centers in irradiated LiF crystals which had been kept at room temperature for nine months. And the number of the F 2 + -center was sufficient for use in color center lasers. | eng_Latn | 15,735 |
Choice of surrogate and physiological markers for prenatal gene therapy. | Surrogate genetically encoded markers have been utilized in order to analyze gene transfer efficacy, location, and persistence. These marker genes have greatly accelerated the development of gene transfer vectors for the ultimate application of gene therapy using therapeutic genes. They have also been used in many other applications, such as gene marking in order to study developmental cell lineages, to track cell migration, and to study tumor growth and metastasis. This chapter aims to describe the analysis of several commonly used marker genes: green fluorescent protein (GFP), β-galactosidase, firefly luciferase, human factor IX, and alkaline phosphatase. The merits and disadvantages of each are briefly discussed. In addition a few short examples are provided for continual and endpoint analysis in different disease models including hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and Gaucher disease. | From 3rd Health Physics Society midyear topical symposium: Los Angeles, California, USA (29 Jan 1969). See CONF-690103P2. A research program at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, involved handling of kilocurie quantities of /sup 147/Pm in the development of radioisotope power sources. A high-level plutonium laboratory was reorganized for this work. The low energy of the /sup 147/Pm BETA necessitated development of special techniques for continuous air monitoring and contamination control. An LRLdesigned air monitor and a shoe counter using large-area G. M. detectors are described. Assembly of the power sources involved delicate work which could not be done remotely. Hand exposures from bremsstrahlung and gamma -emitting impurities became the limiting health physics problem. Experiences in exposure and contamination control are discussed. (auth) | eng_Latn | 15,736 |
Chromosomal damage in preimplantation mouse embryos and its development through the cell cycle. | Cytogenetic damage is usually studied in the first metaphase after exposure to ionizing radiation although it is well known that further chromosomal aberrations are also expressed during later mitotic divisions (Bauchinger et al., 1986; Lloyd et al., 1992). For such investigations the preimplantation mouse embryo is very well suited. If irradiation takes place in the 1-cell stage it can easily be followed whether the cells of the embryo have reached the first, second or third mitosis after the exposure. Furthermore, the duration of the various cell cycle phases is well known and therefore radiation effects on the cell cycle, e.g., the G2 block, can be investigated (Streffer and Molls, 1987). Studies on these two phenomena will be reported here. | Abstract The modelling of irradiation creep is now highly developed but many of the basic processes underlying the models are poorly understood. A brief introduction is given to the theory of cascade interactions, point defect clustering and dislocation climb. The range of simple irradiation creep models is reviewed including: preferred nucleation of interstitial loops; preferred absorption of point defects by dislocations favourably orientated to an applied stress; various climb-enhanced glide and recovery mechanisms, and creep driven by internal stresses produced by irradiation growth. A range of special topics is discussed including: cascade effects; creep transients; structural and induced anisotropy; and the effect of impurities. The interplay between swelling and growth with thermal and irradiation creep is emphasized. A discussion is given on how irradiation creep theory should best be developed to assist the interpretation of irradiation creep observations and the requirements of reactor designers. | eng_Latn | 15,737 |
Health Care Economics: A Study Guide for Neuroradiology Fellows, Part 2 | SUMMARY: In this second article, we continue the review of current health care economics as it relates to radiologists, specifically framed by topics defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in the evaluation of neuroradiology fellows. The discussion in this article is focused on topics pertaining to levels 4 and 5, which are the more advanced levels of competency defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Neuroradiology Milestones on Health Care Economics and System Based Practice. | Risk estimation in radiation carcinogenesis depends primarily on epidemiological data and hazard rate models. The A-bomb survivors follow-up provides information on the complexity of this process. Several hazard rate models are briefly discussed and illustrated using the A-bomb experience. | kor_Hang | 15,738 |
The RBE of megavoltage photon and electron beams. | A recent MRC Working Party (1975) was convened to discuss the relative benefits of electron or photon megavoltage beams for therapy. The discussion arose due to a feeling among many radiotherapists that normal tissues (especially skin) would tolerate higher doses from electron beams (up to 20%) than from photon beams of similar primary energy. This is contrary to physical expectations and to existing biological measurements. It has been suggested that the contradiction may be due to known differences in depth dose distributions and to some tissue inhomogeneities. To clarify the discrepancy between clinical observations on the one hand and biological measurements on the other, further experiments have been performed to measure RBE values for a gross tissue response where the dose distributions have been kept almost identical. | The problem of scaling down the size of the transmitting antenna of a solar power satellite is briefly discussed. It is shown that a multibeam Power Relay Satellite leads to smaller ground receiver stations which will improve the market penetration of power satellites. (WHK) | eng_Latn | 15,739 |
Digital x-ray imaging installation for medical diagnostics | Abstract A digital X-ray imaging installation for medical diagnostics is described. A one-coordinate multiwire proportional chamber with mechanical scanning along a second coordinate is used to obtain an image. The installation allows mathematical processing of a digital image, has flexible display output and allows reductions of the irradiation dose by a factor of 30–100. | To use the attached spectral data files. they must reside directly in the w4/w4lib/specdat directory so that they are accessible to WINDOW. The table on the following page summarizes the effects of the library update on the WINDOW glass library structure. A new glass.dat file is included on the distribution disk. This library list contains only the new files with their most recent ID numbers. Each user may configure their own library to include new data, previous WINDOW data, and their own spectral data. | eng_Latn | 15,740 |
Health hazard evaluation report No. HETA 82-246-1275, Swissvale Auto Surplus Parts, Inc. , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | To evaluate exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (EPA had documented the presence of PCBs at the site in 1980), environmental samples by NIOSH on July 28, 1982, showed presence of PCBs for surface wipe samples at the scrap yard and wipe samples from scrap yard workers' hands. PCBs were also detected in the soil and surface dirt within the scrap yard. Five current workers were interviewed and none gave a history of liver disease, eye, or gastrointestinal disorders. Blood samples were taken from all five current workers for serum PCB levels showed Aroclor 1254 at a concentration of 14 ppb (detection limit 10 ppb) in the serum of one, and Aroclor 1260 at 11 ppb in another. The other three had no detectable Aroclor 1242, 1254, or 1260 in the serum. Six county health department workers provided blood samples for comparison of PCB levels. Recommendations include cleaning up the scrap yard, improving hygiene measures, and removing the contaminated soil. | Objective To culture primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and research its radiation-effect.Methods HUVECs was primary cultured in vitro and identified with electron microscope and immunohistochemical method.Morphology and flow cytometry(FCM) were used to detect changes of cell cycle and apoptosis in primary HUVECs cells irradiated with 6 MV X-ray.Contents of ET-1 and NO were detected with radioimmunoassay and HNO 3 reductase method respectively.Results Primary HUVECs grow very well and was proved to be endothelial cells.Decreases of cells' rate in G 0/G 1 and contents of ET-1,and a increase in G 2/M phase were detected in irradiated confluent HUVECs;apoptosis and contents of NO were not changed after exposure to X-ray with 0-10 Gy.Conclusions The cultured primary cells was proved to be endothelial cells indeed,confluent HUVECs were partly resistant to radiation. | eng_Latn | 15,741 |
Clinical Outcomes of Local Excision Following Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer | Purpose ::: To evaluate the treatment outcomes of local excision following preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who have not undergone radical surgery for any reason. | Abstract Irradiation of natural thorium with medium-energy protons is considered to be a prospective approach to large-scale production of 225Ac and 223Ra. In addition to the earlier-developed method of 225Ac isolation, the present work focuses on the simultaneous recovery of.223Ra from the same thorium target. Radiochemical procedure is based on liquid-liquid extraction, cation exchange and extraction chromatography. The procedure provides separation of radium from spallation and fission products generated in the thorium target. High chemical yield (85– 90%) and radionuclide purity of 223Ra (> 99.8% except 224Raand 225Ra isotopes) have been achieved. | eng_Latn | 15,742 |
Use of circulating tumor DNA levels to gauge necessity of surgery for patients undergoing trimodality therapy for esophageal cancer. | TPS214Background: Up to 40% of patients receiving neoadjuvant esophageal chemoradiotherapy (CRT) are found to have no evidence of malignancy post-operatively. Given this, a sensitive and specific biomarker is needed, as reliable identification of complete responders may spare patients the morbidity and mortality of esophagectomies. Recent work with circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) collected from the plasma of cancer patients indicates tumors routinely shed large amounts of DNA into the blood. This ctDNA can be systematically analyzed, quantification of which has been correlated with local and systemic disease burden. To further increase the specificity of analysis, the somatic mutations that arose in the tumor can be detected in ctDNA via targeted and whole genome sequencing. However, information on the feasibility of using ctDNA quantification as a biomarker for neoadjuvant response assessment is lacking. We hypothesize that quantification of ctDNA throughout trimodality therapy can be of practical use in t... | ABSTRACTIn nuclear safety field, neutronic and thermalhydraulic codes performance is an important issue. New capabilities implementation, as well as models and tools improvements are a significant part of the community effort in looking for better nuclear power plants (NPP) designs. A procedure to analyze the PWR response to local deviations on neutronic or thermalhydraulic parameters is being developed. This procedure includes the simulation of Incore and Excore neutron flux detectors signals. A control rod drop real plant transient is used to validate the used codes and their new capabilities. Cross-section data are obtained by means of the SIMTAB methodology. Detailed thermalhydraulic models were developed: RELAP5 and TRACE models simulate three different azimuthal zones. Besides, TRACE model is performed with a fully three-dimensional core, thus, the cross-flow can be obtained. A Cartesian vessel represents the fuel assemblies and a cylindrical vessel the bypass and downcomer. Simulated detectors sign... | eng_Latn | 15,743 |
Factors influencing the mediastinal shadow in young children. | 1. In young children there is a wide range of normal variations of the cardio-mediastinal shadow, mostly dependent upon the balance achieved between intra-pulmonary pressures and the resistance afforded by varying degrees of cardiovascular filling. 2. At the present time, there are no reliable criteria where by it is possible to judge when the thymus gland is enlarged. 3. The thymus gland may mask either congenital or acquired lesions in the upper lung field or may simulate a pulmonary abnormality. 4. Variations in the appearance of the thymus gland may simulate or mask congenital cardiac lesions. | Abstract Reflected solar radiation measured by the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on the Environmental Satellite (Envisat) is currently used within the European Space Agency’s ground segment for the retrieval of cloud-top pressure. The algorithm is based on the analysis of the gaseous absorption of solar radiation in the oxygen A band at 761 nm. The strength of absorption is directly related to the average photon pathlength, which is mainly determined by the cloud-top pressure. However, it additionally depends on surface and cloud properties, like cloud thickness and microphysics. The interpretation of the measurements is further complicated by the temperature dependence of the absorption line shapes and the sensitivity to the spectral properties of the spectrometer like spectral position and width. This paper is focused on results of sensitivity studies using the Matrix Operator Model (MOMO) radiative transfer model that examine the most important parameters affecting the measurements of ... | eng_Latn | 15,744 |
The method diagnostic`s of a station radioreley of communication | diagnostic the station radioreley of communication (RRC) is realizations of modern methods on building control for provides of reliability radioreley station. | e18068Background: One method of therapy deintensification in locally advanced (LA) HPVOPC is to reduce total radiation dose during concomitant chemoradiation (CRT) in a sequential therapy plan. We ... | eng_Latn | 15,745 |
Altered K+ movement in liver mitochondria from alloxan diabetic rats | Potassium movements were monitored in liver mitochondria from control and alloxan diabetic rats with a cationic electrode. There was net accumulation of K+ after Ca2+ addition to the mitochondria with the diabetic but not with the control. | SummaryThe synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, and the rejoining of DNA strand-breaks and DNA breakdown were studied in cells of Bacillus subtilis γ-irradiated in the presence of iodoacetic acid (I. CH2. COOH), potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3). Observations on incorporation of radioactive precursors into bacteria mildly radiosensitized by the above reagents indicated that synthesis of DNA was generally more sensitive than that of protein or RNA. A cellular radiosensitizing effect cannot be explained by increase of radiation-induced in situ damage in DNA, because a drug effect was not found on radiation inactivation of transforming DNA. Also, the number of radiation-induced breaks in DNA strand studied by means of alkaline-sucrose gradient centrifugation was very similar in the absence or presence of reagent at the time of irradiation.Studies with KIO3 have shown that the presence of the reagent during irradiation of bacteria considerably reduced rejoining of DNA strand-breaks during subsequ... | eng_Latn | 15,746 |
Radiation processing in india-current R & D activities | Abstract Radiation processing is an area of vigorous activity in today's India. With the indigenous expertise in Co source and irradiator technology, potentially promising applications such as sustained drug delivery systems, vulcanization of natural rubber latex (RVNRL), and degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are presently investigated. Over the last four years, technologies for RVNRL and PTFE degradation have been scaled upto pilot scale operations, while radiation polymerized polymer systems have been developed for controlled release of certain drugs. With the commissioning of the 2 MeV EB machine in late 1988, a few EB based processes have also been commercially exploited. The paper briefly reviews these and presents the significant results obtained. | Abstract : Experimentation Data Process: *Lockheed Martin experimentation at the Center for Innovation, -Constructive Simulations, -Human-in-the-Loop Simulation; *Two main issues; -Data Extraction/Storage, -Data Manipulation/Reduction; *Early Experimentation (2006 Processes), -Post Run extraction, -Manual reduction/consolidation; *Current Experimentation (2007 Processes), -Real-Time and Post Run extraction, -Hyperion Intelligence for Data reduction | eng_Latn | 15,747 |
Late post-treatment radiographic changes 3 years following chemoradiation for glioma: the importance of histopathology. | Treatment-related changes can mimic brain tumor progression both clinically and radiographically. Distinguishing these two entities represents a major challenge in neuro-oncology. No single imaging modality is capable of reliably achieving such distinction. While histopathology remains the gold standard, definitive pathological criteria are also lacking which can further complicate such cases. We report a patient with high-grade glioma who, after initially presenting with histopathologically confirmed pseudoprogression 10 months following treatment, re-presented 3 years following concurrent chemoradiation with clinical and radiographic changes that were most consistent with progressive disease but for which histopathology revealed treatment effects without active glioma. This case highlights the potential late onset of treatment-related changes and underscores the importance of histopathologic assessment even years following initial therapy. | Aerosols from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident were collected at the Geological Survey of Japan. The temporal patterns of the 134Cs/137Cs, 136Cs/137Cs, and 132Te/137Cs activity ratios were consistent with expectations based on their half-lives. Those for 131I and 129mTe decreased with some fluctuations. 110mAg/137Cs declined more rapidly than expected and 95Nb/137Cs increased with time. The results suggest that the temporal patterns depended not only on their half-lives but also on many factors such as chemical speciation, the diversity of sources, changes in the temperature and discharge rate from the reactors, and the processes of transport. | eng_Latn | 15,748 |
Application of solid state nuclear track detector to space breeding mechanism research | A conception and method of space breeding mechanism study with solid statenuclear track detector is briefly introduced. The detector system, etching conditionsand measured parameters are described. The methodology of particle identification isdiscussed. Finally, dependence of variation observed in the field on hitting particlesis analysed. | Covers a broad range of contemporary topics in behavioral neuroscience. This book focuses on the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus system emphasizing inputs to the 'clock', their neurochemical phenotype, and outputs from the 'clock' to behavioral and other effector systems. | eng_Latn | 15,749 |
Response to ado-trastuzumab emtansine according to RANO criteria in central nervous system metastases of HER2 positive breast cancers. | 605Background: Central nervous system (CNS) metastases are frequent in Her2 positive breast cancers (BC). Local treatment remains the standard of care, however systemic treatments may also represent a therapeutic option. Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine (TDM1) significantly improves outcomes of Her2 positive BC patients (pts), but only a few data have been published on its impact on CNS metastases. This multicentric retrospective cohort aims to evaluate the efficacy/safety of TDM1 in this setting in the common practice. Methods: Data from 14 pts treated with TDM1 for CNS metastases of Her2 positive breast cancers since February 2013 were retrospectively collected in two sites. RANO criteria were used for the CNS evaluation and RECIST criteria for systemic evaluation, both performed every 9 weeks. Safety was evaluated according to the NCI-CTC criteria. Results: Median age was 48.6 years (34.4-63.5). Median follow up was 12 months (mos) (5.4-35.9). Tumours were CCI (13/14) or CLI (1/14) and 10 (71%) expressed horm... | A sensitivity simulation of neutron tomography was performed for the analysis of the spatial distribution of nuclear materials in the HANARO fuel rod. The internal distribution of the nuclear materials in the fuel rod is very important for the increase of the safety and economics of fuel burnup in the reactor. The neutron radiography facility installed at HANARO will be used for the spatial fuel analysis with a real-time image processing system. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to study the feasibility and sensitivity of the HANARO neutron beam for the spatial fuel assay and to find the optimum conditions for neutron detection. From the sensitivity simulation, the location of the nuclear materials in the rod was evident as expected. | eng_Latn | 15,750 |
DEGRO practical guidelines for the radiotherapy of non-malignant disorders – Part IV | Purpose ::: To summarize the updated DEGRO consensus S2e guideline recommendations for the treatment of benign symptomatic functional disorders with low-dose radiotherapy. | A simple null charge model was employed to describe GaAs sheet resistance evolution as a function of proton implantation fluence using a previous knowledge of the irradiation created defect characteristics. In the specific case of GaAs irradiated with protons, three different irradiation related defect schemes were analyzed. Data obtained by both n-type and p-type majority carrier DLTS should be used together to give correct information about compensating deep centers. For a good estimation of isolation process by ion irradiation, not only the defects energy levels and introduction rates must be obtained, but also the corresponding charge transitions should be known. | eng_Latn | 15,751 |
FISHing for lung cancer: Promising findings using multi-targeted interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for lung cancer detection in sputum | 7567 Background: Lung CT imaging shows promise for early lung cancer detection, but may be insensitive for central lesions and will create a need for complementary biomarkers to guide clinical decisions. Methods: We have been conducting a prospective study to assess the performance of various biomarkers in sputum to detect lung cancer. Within a cohort of 3,269 people at high risk for lung cancer (over 30 pack-years of cigarette use and chronic obstructive lung disease) we have conducted a nested case-control study to assay stored samples from 85 incident lung cancer cases and 73 controls for cytologic morphology, DNA methylation, and multi-targeted FISH assays (LAVysion, Vysis/Abbott Molecular). The FISH assay targeted DNA sequences from centromere 6, 5p15.2, 7p12 (EGFR), and 8q24 (cMYC). Cytology was classified as abnormal if moderate or greater atypia was observed, methylation was abnormal if three or more of 8 selected genes were methylated, and FISH was abnormal if two or more scored cells were observ... | One of the primary objectives of the Materials Characterization Center (MCC) is to acquire and characterize spent fuels used in waste form testing related to nuclear waste disposal. The initial steps in the characterization of a fuel rod consist of gamma scanning the rod and sampling the gas contained in the fuel rod (referred to as fission gas sampling). The gamma scan and fission gas sampling systems used by the MCC are adaptable to a wide range of fuel types and have been successfully used to characterize both boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel rods. This report describes the design and operation of systems used to gamma scan and fission gas sample full-length PWR and BWR fuel rods. 1 ref., 10 figs., 1 tab. | eng_Latn | 15,752 |
Generation of Reactive Intermediates from 2-Nitrofluorene that Bind Covalently to DNA, RNA and Protein in Vitro and in Vivo in the RAT | 2-Nitrofluorene (2-NF) is an air pollutant that is found in appreciable concentrations in urban air due to the exhaust of especially Diesel engines. Like many other nitroaromatics, it is a direct acting mutagen in bacteria that contain nitroreductase activity: this enzyme converts the nitro-aromatics to reduced products, notably the hydroxylamines, that can interact directly with DNA and can cause mutations. 2-NF is a carcinogen in the rat, especially in the forestomach, where it causes tumors upon oral administrationl–4. As yet it is unclear which metabolite(s) is (are) responsible for the mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of 2-NF. | We study the effects of fissioning nuclei mass- and energy-distributions on the formation of fragments for fission induced by high energy probes. A Monte Carlo code called CRISP was used for obtaining mass distributions and spectra of the fissioning nuclei for reactions induced by 660 MeV protons on 241 Am and on 239 Np, by 500 MeV protons on 208 Pb, and by Bremsstrahlung photons with end-point energies at 50 MeV and 3500 MeV on 238 U. The results show that even at high excitation energies, asymmetric fission may still contribute significantly to the fission cross section of actinide nuclei, while it is the dominante mode in the case of lead. However, more precise data for high energy fission on actinide are necessary in order to allow definite conclusions. | eng_Latn | 15,753 |
Imaging contrast compositions and kits | The present invention describes X-ray contrast composition for topical administration, for X-ray contrast composition exhibits a contrast characteristic, at least 60% of the dose of the X-ray contrast composition, X-ray contrast the location within 10cm from the injection point when administered use composition to the human or animal body, remains greater than 24 hours. .FIELD 1 | The methods of false color composite band choice,samples size,and samples methods,influence classification precisions,were introduced.This article is very important reference to advance classification precision. | eng_Latn | 15,754 |
240Pu/239Pu Ratios in Sun Moon Lake Sediments: Implications for Sources of Nuclear Fallout in Taiwan | The isotopic composition of plutonium in dated Sun Moon Lake sediments was determined by mass spectrometry in an effort to trace the source(s) and timing of nuclear fallout in Taiwan. The (superscript 240)Pu/(superscript 239)Pu ratios in the sediment core vary by a factor of＞5, with the highest ratio, 0.22, corresponding to the maximum level of nuclear fallout in 1963 and the lowest ratios, 0.04-0.06, being identified at two time horizons: 1982-83 and 1992-93. At other depth intervals, the (superscript 240)Pu/(superscript 239)Pu ratios fall within 0.15-0.19. The data indicate that global fallout from the stratosphere is the dominant source of Pu in the sediments, whereas the tropospheric transport of low burn-up debris from Lop Nor in NW China is mostly responsible for the unusually low (superscript 240)Pu/(superscript 239)Pu ratios. | This study assesses the level of background radiation around Shorapur. The study region locates the western part of the Yadgir district of Karnataka. Shorapur and Shahapur talukas are mostly composed of clay, shale sandstone, granite rock and part of study area is black soil. Thirty sample locations were selected along the length and breadth of Shorapur and Shahapur taluka. Natural radionuclide activity concentrations in soil samples were determined using 4"X4" NaI (Tl) gamma spectroscopy. Outdoor gamma dose measurements in air at 1 m above ground level were determined using Rad Eye PRD survey meter. Estimated dose values are compared with the survey meter values and found to be good agreement between them and also with the data obtained from different other areas of Karnataka and India. The average values were found to be slightly higher in the present investigation. | eng_Latn | 15,755 |
Extraction-photometric determination of cadmium in meat products | As a result of industrial discharges, burning of solid and liquid fuels, and recycling of metal scrap, cadmium compounds enter the atmosphere and drop into the water and soil causing contamination. In this paper, a method was developed for determining cadmium in meat products. It involves wet ashing the sample, extractive separation of the cadmium as the diethyldithiocarbamate, reextraction, and determination as cadmium dithizonate or as a complex with 2,2'-dipyridyl. The detection limit with dithizone is 0.005 mg/kg and with 2,2'-dipyridyl 0.05 mg/kg. An analysis is shown to take less than 60 minutes. | Dust containing radioactive materials dispersed following the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. Gamma-rays are emitted in the process when unstable nuclei in the materials decay. Based on the technology of Si/CdTe Compton Camera, we have manufactured a quick prototype model for the use in the field. The camera, now called a "Ultra-Wide-Angle Compton Camera" was successfully applied to visualize the distribution of radio-active substances in the Fukushima area. | eng_Latn | 15,756 |
A dosimeter measures human absorption of? | Dosimeter - 必应 Sign in Dosimeter A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation. It has two main uses: for human radiation protection and for measurement of dose in both medical and industrial processes. Dosimeter Personal dosimeters The personal ionising radiation dosimeter is of fundamental importance in the disciplines of radiation dosimetry and radiation health physics and is primarily used to estimate the radiation dose deposited in an individual wearing the device. Ionising radiation damage to the human body is cumulative, and is related to the total dose received, for which the SI unit is the sievert. Workers exposed to radiation, such as radiographers, nuclear power plant workers, doctors using radiotherapy, those in laboratories using radionuclides, and HAZMAT teams are required to wear dosimeters so a record of occupational exposure can be made. Such devices are known as "legal dosimeters" if they have been approved for use in recording personnel dose for regulatory purposes. Dosimeters can be worn to obtain a whole body dose and there are also specialist types that can be worn on the fingers or clipped to headgear, to measure the localised body irradiation for specific activities. Common types of personal dosimeters for ionizing radiation include: Electronic personal dosimeter (EPD)[edit] Main article: Electronic Personal Dosimeter The electronic personal dosimeter (EPD) is an electronic device that has a number of sophisticated functions, such as continual monitoring which allows alarm warnings at preset levels and live readout of dose accumulated. These are especially useful in high dose areas where residence time of the wearer is limited due to dose constraints. The dosimeter can be reset, usually after taking a reading for record purposes, and thereby re-used multiple times. MOSFET dosimeter[edit] MOSFET dosimeters are now used as clinical dosimeters for radiotherapy radiation beams. The main advantages of MOSFET devices are: 1. The MOSFET dosimeter is direct reading with a very thin active area (less than 2 μm). 2. The physical size of the MOSFET when packaged is less than 4 mm. 3. The post radiation signal is permanently stored and is dose rate independent. Gate oxide of MOSFET which is conventionally silicon dioxide is an active sensing material in MOSFET dosimeters. Radiation creates defects (acts like electron-hole pairs) in oxide, which in turn affects the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. This change in threshold voltage is proportional to radiation dose. Alternate high-k gate dielectrics like Hafnium dioxide and Aluminum oxides are also proposed as a radiation dosimeters. Film badge dosimeter[edit] Main article: Film badge dosimeter Film badge dosimeters are for one-time use only. The level of radiation absorption is indicated by a change to the film emulsion, which is shown when the film is developed. Quartz fiber dosimeter[edit] Main article: Quartz fiber dosimeter Quartz fiber dosimeters are charged to a high voltage. As the gas in the dosimeter chamber becomes ionized by radiation the charge leaks away, causing the fiber indicator to change against a graduated scale. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)[edit] Main article: Thermoluminescent dosimeter A thermoluminescent dosimeter measures ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from a crystal in the detector when heated. The intensity of light emitted is dependent upon the radiation exposure. Both the quartz fiber and film badge types are being superseded by the TLD and the EPD. ^ Advances in kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry in http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/59/6/R183 ^ Polymer gel dosimetry review in http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/5/R01 ^ phd1 ^ http://www.mosfet.ca/global/pdf/technotes/te_4.pdf ^ V. S. Senthil Srinivasan and Arun Pandya, ″Dosimetry aspects of hafnium oxide metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor″, Thin Solid Films Volume 520, Issue 1, 31 October 2011, Pages 574–577 ^ Frame, Paul (2007-07-25). "Pocket Chambers and Pocket Dosimeters". Health ph | 1000+ images about Muppets on Pinterest | The residents, The muppets and Crossover Forward Dr. Bunsen Honeydew is the resident scientist on The Muppet Show, and host of the Muppet Labs sketches. Bunsen is always eager to show off his latest scientific discovery, but his excitement about progress tends to render him short-sighted. Beaker usually ends up being harmed by Dr. Honeydew's inventions. Bunsen Honeydew's name comes from the scientific instrument called the Bunsen burner, and the shape of his head, which looks like a honeydew melon. Bunsen's inventions have included a… See More | eng_Latn | 15,757 |
What is the S.I. Unit of radioactivity ? | Units of Radioactivity and Dose Appendix Units of Radioactivity and Dose The original unit for measuring the amount of radioactivity was the curie (Ci)first defined to correspond to one gram of radium-226 and more recently defined as: 1 curie = 3.7x1010 radioactive decays per second [exactly]. In the International System of Units (SI) the curie has been replaced by the becquerel (Bq), where 1 becquerel = 1 radioactive decay per second = 2.703x10-11 Ci. The magnitude of radiation exposures is specified in terms of the radiation dose . There are two important categories of dose: The absorbed dose, sometimes also known as the physical dose, defined by the amount of energy deposited in a unit mass in human tissue or other media. The original unit is the rad [100 erg/g]; it is now being widely replaced by the SI unit, the gray (Gy) [1 J/kg], where 1 gray = 100 rad. The biological dose, sometimes also known as the dose equivalent, expressed in units of rem or, in the SI system, sievert (Sv). This dose reflects the fact that the biological damage caused by a particle depends not only on the total energy deposited but also on the rate of energy loss per unit distance traversed by the particle (or "linear energy transfer"). For example, alpha particles do much more damage per unit energy deposited than do electrons. This effect can be represented, in rough overall terms, by a quality factor, Q. Over a wide range of incident energies, Q is taken to be 1.0 for electrons (and for x-rays and gamma rays, both of which produce electrons) and 20 for alpha particles. For neutrons, the adopted quality factor varies from 5 to 20, depending on neutron energy. The biological impact is specified by the dose equivalent H, which is the product of the absorbed dose D and the quality factor Q: H = Q D. The unit for the dose equivalent is the rem if the absorbed dose is in rads and the sievert (Sv) if the absorbed dose is in grays. Thus, 1 Sv = 100 rem. As discussed below, 1 rem is roughly the average dose received in 3 years of exposure to natural radiation. 1 Sv is at the bottom of the range of doses that, if received over a short period of time, are likely to cause noticeable symptoms of radiation sickness. The dose equivalent is still not the whole story. If only part of the body is irradiated, the dose must be discounted with an appropriate weighting factor if it is to reflect overall risk. The discounted dose is termed the effective dose equivalent or just the effective dose, expressed in rems or sieverts. last updated: August 9, 2000 webmaster | Deepwater Contract Off Norway Extended Deepwater Contract Off Norway Extended News Deepwater Contract Off Norway Extended - 30/06/2009 Metocean Services International (Pty) Ltd (MSI) has received a one year extension to the deep water current measurement programme north of Trondheim (Norway) in the Luva field for StatoilHydro. The Luva field is located about 240 kilometres west of Bodø and the licence was awarded in 1996. The water depth in the area is around 1,300m and the reservoir is 2,800 metres beneath the seabed. Recoverable reserves in the field are estimated at some 38 billion cubic metres of gas. The mooring, which extends from seabed to about 50m below the surface, was deployed in August 2008 and comprises a TRDI 300kHz ADCP, 14 Nortek Aquadopp current meters and 15 RBR Ltd XR420 CTD loggers. During the initial period of this deployment, an excellent data return has been achieved. The measurement programme was initially planned for 1 year with service visits at 2 monthly intervals. As a result of the extension the service interval has been extended to 3 months and the offshore operations will be conducted from the MV Ocean Prince. This extension again emphasises that MSI can undertake projects in all reaches of the world from their bases in South Africa and Australia. Since its formation nearly 6 years ago, MSI has successfully undertaken projects in over 20 countries and this number continues to grow. Formed in 2003, MSI provides the entire range of oceanographic and meteorological services internationally to the oil and gas industry, coastal engineers, dredging companies and port authorities. | eng_Latn | 15,758 |
A Rntgen is a measure of what? | SI RADIATION MEASUREMENT UNITS: CONVERSION FACTORS SI RADIATION MEASUREMENT UNITS: CONVERSION FACTORS What's the Difference Between Roentgen, Rad and Rem Radiation Measurements? A: Since nuclear radiation affects people, we must be able to measure its presence. We also need to relate the amount of radiation received by the body to its physiological effects. Two terms used to relate the amount of radiation received by the body are exposure and dose. When you are exposed to radiation, your body absorbs a dose of radiation. As in most measurement quantities, certain units are used to properly express the measurement. For radiation measurements they are: * Roentgen: The roentgen measures the energy produced by gamma radiation in a cubic centimeter of air. It is usually abbreviated with the capital letter "R". A milliroentgen, or "mR", is equal to one one-thousandth of a roentgen. An exposure of 50 roentgens would be written "50 R". * Rad: Or, Radiation Absorbed Dose recognizes that different materials that receive the same exposure may not absorb the same amount of energy. A rad measures the amount of radiation energy transferred to some mass of material, typically humans. One roentgen of gamma radiation exposure results in about one rad of absorbed dose. * Rem: Or, Roentgen Equivalent Man is a unit that relates the dose of any radiation to the biological effect of that dose. To relate the absorbed dose of specific types of radiation to their biological effect, a "quality factor" must be multiplied by the dose in rad, which then shows the dose in rems. For gamma rays and beta particles, 1 rad of exposure results in 1 rem of dose. Other measurement terms: Standard International (SI) units which may be used in place of the rem and the rad are the sievert (Sv) and the gray (Gy). These units are related as follows: 1Sv = 100 rem, 1Gy = 100 rad. Two other terms which refer to the rate of radioactive decay of a radioactive material are curie (Ci) and becquerel (Bq). Bottom Line: Fortunately, cutting through the above confusion, for purposes of practical radiation protection in humans, most experts agree (including FEMA Emergency Management Institute) that Roentgen, Rad and Rem can all be considered equivalent. The exposure rates you'll usually see will be expressed simply in terms of roentgen (R) or milliroentgen (mR). Source: http://www.radmeters4u.com/#1b | Welcome to the .ng Domain Registry website - Nigeria internet Registration Association (NiRA) Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NiRA) Facebook Welcome to the .ng Domain Registry website NiRA is the registry for .ng Internet Domain Names and maintains the database of names registered in the .ng country code Top Level Domain. NiRA is a self-regulating body and managers of the .ng national resource, the country code Top Level Domain(ccTLD) name space in the public interest of Nigeria and global internet communities. NiRA Policies Our Policy Development Process gives room to Stakeholder Associations and members of the Internet community to contribute to its formulation. Read More Register a .ng Domain NiRA operates a 3R model of operation, Registry/Registrar/Registrant, it does not register domains directly for registrants. Read More. News Update | eng_Latn | 15,759 |
Which poisonous element can be either grey, yellow or black and combines with sulphur as realgar? | Arsenic Minerals,Arsenic Ores,Arsenic Information,Arsenic Properties,Arsenic Poisoning Let us help you find the right suppliers! Free, Easy, Simple way to find Suppliers. Elemental Arsenic As Atomic Number - 33 During the Bronze Age, arsenic was often included in the bronze, mostly as an impurity, to make the alloy harder. The History Says Arsenic has been known and used in Persia and elsewhere since ancient times. The symptoms of arsenic poisoning were not defined, hence it was frequently used for murder until the advent of the Marsh test, a sensitive chemical test for its presence. The Present Scenario Recent years have seen fatal animal poisonings, and serious human poisonings resulting from the ingestion of wood ash either directly or indirectly from copper arsenate (CCA) timber (the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams of ash - roughly a tablespoon). Scrap CCA construction timber continues to be widely burnt through ignorance, in both commercial, and domestic fires. ARSENIC IS a chemical element in the peridic table with an atomic number 33. It is notoriously poisonous metalloid having three allotropic forms i.e. yellow, black and grey, and is similar to phosphorus. It oxidizes to arsenic trioxide when heated rapidly and have a garlic odor. Arsenic and some of its compounds also sublimes upon heating. It gets converted to a gaseous form. Elemental arsenic occurs in two solid forms, yellow and gray/metallic, but it do not always form in its elemental state. It is more common in sulfides and sulfosalts, like arsenopyrite, realgar, orpiment, lollingiten and tennantite. Since the arsenic bearing ores are abundant and native arsenic is rare, it makes one of the important ore of itself. Native arsenic is found in silver ore veins and is processed along with the silver ore. It forms a minor source of arsenic. Physical Properties of Arsenic Arizona and New Jersey, USA Precautions with Arsenic Arsenic and many compounds of arsenic are especially potent poisons. It disrupts the digestive system which can lead to death from shock. Both, arsenic and its compound inhibit the enzyme lipothiamide pyrophosphate, an important enzyme of metabolism. The toxicity is manifested a severe gastro enteritis and diarrhoea in animals. This is also described as rice gruel type. Post mortems reveal brick red colored mucosa because of the sever haemorrhage. The symptoms of arsenic poisoning are as follows: Violent stomach pains, vomiting and delirium. Mild headaches progressing towards usual light headedness if it goes untreated. At the time of ingestion of arsenic, it is suggested to immediately ingest 5 charcoal tablets, so that it helps soak up the arsenic and then pass it through the system naturally. Eating food with sulphur like eggs and onions neutralizes arsenic in a natural, nonchemical way. Presently, there are many chemical and synthetic methods being used to treat its poisoning. Note:- Seek medical advice immediately if arsenic poisoning is suspected. Never treat presumed arsenic poisoning by yourself. Still Searching for Suppliers? | ARCHIVED - How is radiation measured? - Nuclear Emergency - Background Information ARCHIVED - How is radiation measured? This content was archived on June 24 2013. Archived Content Information identified as archived on the Web is for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving. Web pages that are archived on the Web are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada , you can request alternate formats on the " Contact Us " page. Units of Radiation Measurements The units of radiation measurement used in Canada and in much of the world are Syst�me Internationale (SI) units, based on the metric system. These units include the becquerel, the gray, and the sievert, terms which are described below. In the 1960's the SI units of radiation replaced another set of units, which had been in use from the early twentieth century. The older units are still used in the United States and are found in some earlier documents; they are summarised in the table below. Bequerel The becquerel (Bq) is the unit used to measure radioactivity in a substance, without consideration for the type of radiation it is or what its effects may be. One becquerel is equal to one nuclear disintegration per second. Since this is a very small unit, other units are often used, including the kilobecquerel (kBq: thousand Bq), megabecquerel (MBq: million Bq), and gigabecquerel (GBq: thousand million Bq). The name recognises the scientific contributions of French physicist A-H. Becquerel. Gray The gray (Gy) is the unit used in describing the amount of energy absorbed by a substance from the radiation passing through it, or the absorbed dose . One gray corresponds to one joule of radiation energy absorbed by one kilogram of matter. The measurement of grays per hour received by a substance tells us the intensity of the radiation. This unit was named after the English radiobiologist Louis H. Gray. Sievert The sievert (Sv) is the unit that reflects the biological effects of the ionising radiation absorbed; it is used in expressing both the equivalent dose and the effective dose . The sievert is a very large dose of radiation; a more useful unit is the millisievert (mSv), which is one-thousandth of a sievert. The name honours Rolf M. Sievert, a Swedish physicist. Person-sievert The person-sievert (person-Sv) is the unit used to express the collective dose , a useful measure of the total radiation exposure resulting from a specific source or activity to an entire group of people. Units of Measurements This table provides a simple comparison between the terminology used in the Syst�me Internationale and the old system. What is being measured | eng_Latn | 15,760 |
Doctors inject radioactive seeds to prevent women's breast cancer ... | TORONTO (CP) - Canadian doctors have devised a way to give some women with breast cancer a kind of "take-out" radiation that takes only a few hours to prepare and appears to have none of the nasty side-effects of traditional radiation therapy. | Bad case of hay fever? Eat more rice. Japanese scientists have developed a genetically modified strain of rice they say will help alleviate the symptoms of an affliction that causes misery each year for some 10 percent of Japan's population. | eng_Latn | 15,761 |
The windows in the day room were then covered with paper so the prison officers could n't identify which prisoners caused the ensuing damage . | They covered windows in the day room with paper so the prison officers could n't see which prisoners caused the damage . | To spare normal tissues ( such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through in order to treat the tumor ) , doctors aim weaker radiation beams from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor , providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding , healthy tissue . | eng_Latn | 15,762 |
A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object , which is dependent on the particular density and composition of that object . | A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object , which is dependent on the density and composition of that object . | All the original parts which could not be used and which Mr. Boeckmann removed from the car , including the frame which was too rusted to reuse , were stored away . | eng_Latn | 15,763 |
Ignore the joke reviews | This is a good product for testing your Geiger Counter. The product is properly marked and is shipped safely. I would recommend the to anyone who has a legitimate need for Uranium ore. | I give 3 stars due to the strap on the case breaking while pulling it out of the box. | eng_Latn | 15,764 |
I used this tool test the granite slabs we liked before we had them installed in our kitchen | This item did everything it was advertised and confirmed my book research with real time readings of items (i.e. granite, concrete, etc.) that are usually more radioactive than background radiation. I used this tool test the granite slabs we liked before we had them installed in our kitchen. | I put these on the back of my rug and it actually lifts the rug up a bit...we sometimes trip over the corners and these will/have sliced into bare feet when that happens. Our carpet is old and worn down, so that may be part of the problem. | eng_Latn | 15,765 |
Survival Expo features gas masks and Geiger counters | KENNER, La. – If the pumps fail again — or diplomacy fails in North Korea– Louisiana “preppers” will be ready.
At a “Survival Fair” at the Pontchartrain Center in Kenner, vendors filled tables with many of the items you’d find at a gun show: bullet-proof vests, ammunition, even silencers made out of cans of gun-cleaning solvent.
But times being what they are, Craig Douglas, a vendor from Michigan, was selling gas masks and radiation detectors.
With the sabre-rattling between the U.S. and North Korea, Douglas says sales are picking up. In fact, he says he hasn’t seen such an interest in radioactive “roentgens” since the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster in Japan in 2011.
But of course apocalyptic fear goes way back to the 1950s and ’60s– the Cold War days when Russia was the enemy and the missiles were in Cuba.
Back then, school kids were taught to survive an atomic bomb with “duck and cover” drills under their desks, and many people began stocking supplies in backyard bunkers.
These days, Douglas does a lot of explaining to customers about the difference between his two most popular Army surplus items from the Cold War era: a “dosimeter” and what’s commonly called a “Geiger counter.”
A Geiger counter will measure the amount of radiation in your surroundings at any given point in time. If you were to step outside a nuclear fallout shelter and get a Geiger counter reading of “more than 500 roentgens.. you’d be dead in two days,” says Douglas.
A dosimeter will tell you how much radiation you’ve been exposed to– over time. Douglas says it’s “like an odometer” for radiation, keeping track of the total amount you’ve gotten, so you’ll know when you’ve had too much. Limited time spent in a radioactive zone is survivable, Douglas says, as long as you’re not exposed to too much radiation in too short a time.
Needless to say that if you survive a nuclear strike, it would be best to have both kinds of detectors. Customer Bertrand Griffin seemed intrigued. Would he buy a radiation detector?
No, he said, his interest was pure “nostalgia.”
Griffin said he used to work at the Hanford nuclear power plant in Richland, WA, and he says that if we’re in a nuclear war “we’re going to need something better than (knowing) whether we can read radiation.”
Griffin’s wife, Kotosha, was more interested in practical items like food and water.
And a t-shirt for sale at the “Survival Fair” made a point some people might miss: The original doomsday “prepper” wasn’t worried about radioactive fallout.
Noah was ready for a flood. | PORTSMOUTH, Va. (WAVY) – October is breast cancer awareness month according to breastcancer.org, there are more than 3-million women in the US with a history of breast cancer.Today Fracina Harrison was here to tell us about working after the diagnosis of breast cancer, during the diagnosis, and her recovery. After four surgeries and chemo therapy she is a Career Engineer and also a Breast Cancer survivor. Join Francina’s breast cancer inspired event Saturday, October 21st at Wyndham Virginia Beach Oceanfront. Tickets & Info are at TCESummit.com
The Career Engineer
Francina Harrison
TCENow.com
[email protected]
(757) 745-4TCE
Follow @CareerEngineer | eng_Latn | 15,766 |
Protests Mount Over Safety And Privacy Of Airport Scanners | If you're planning to fly on the day before Thanksgiving, be warned. Going through security may take longer than your time in the air. It's because of a growing backlash over the new body scanners that the Transportation Security Administration has deployed to 68 airports. One group is outraged the new machines see through clothes to detect concealed weapons or bombs, calling it an invasion of privacy. So they've organized a "national opt-out day" on Nov. 24. The group is urging travelers to refuse the body scanning and opt for a pat-down instead. Read More But that could clog security lines at many airports, given the TSA's new especially thorough pat-down procedures. Meanwhile, your pilot may not get to the plane in time either. The U.S. Airline Pilots Association and the Allied Pilots Association are urging their members to demand pat-downs too -- in a private area. The pilots are protesting on both privacy and safety grounds. "Requiring pilots to go through the Advanced Imaging Technology (machines) means additional radiation exposure," Allied Pilots Association President Dave Bates writes to his members. He recommends that pilots avoid the body scanners. Meanwhile, the government isn't doing very well at persuading critics in the scientific community that X-ray scanners are safe. A word of clarification here: There are two types of airport body scanners. The controversial one uses very low doses of X-rays to scan travelers front and back and create a "naked" image. A TSA spokesman says there are currently 206 of these machines at 38 airports. The other type doesn't use X-rays but instead a technology called millimeter-wave scanning. There are 167 of these units at 30 airports. Earlier this year, four scientists from the University of California, San Francisco, wrote a letter to Presidential Science Adviser John Holdren raising concerns about the cancer risks of exposing hundreds of millions of travelers every year to airport X-ray scans. Holdren's office asked the TSA and the Food and Drug Administration to respond. Their eight-page letter to Holdren was recently posted on the FDA's website. After running through all the reviews and advisory committees that have certified the scanners as safe, the letter concludes: The potential health risks from a full-body screening…are miniscule…We are confident that full-body X-ray security products and practices do not pose a significant risk to the public health. The response doesn't satisfy John Sedat, a UCSF professor-emeritus of biochemistry and biophysics who was among those who wrote to Holdren last April. "The response is deeply flawed," Sedat said in an interview. "It's double-talk. It doesn't answer any questions. Sadly, I have to say we still don't have the information we need to decide what are the dangers of this device." Sedat says the UCSF group will make a formal reply to Holdren. Dr. David Brenner is equally unpersuaded by the government's response. Brenner is head of the Center for Radiological Research at Columbia University. Brenner's complaint is that the government experts are entirely focused on the risk of cancer for individuals. "I don't think anybody would argue the point that the individual risk is small. Whether it's one in 10 million or one in 100 million, it's very small," he said in an interview. "But multiply that times 700 million people – the number of people getting on planes currently – and that's the public health risk." And Brenner says there's reason to think the radiation dose delivered per scan is about 10 times higher than the government says. It comes from a paper by Arizona State University physics professor Peter Rez that is scheduled to appear in a journal called Radiation Protection and Dosimetry. Rez says he was skeptical that the X-ray dose the government claims for the machines – about 1/10,000th of a chest X-ray -- could produce a usable image at all. He calculated backward to figure out how big an X-ray dose would be needed to get the kind of images the machines produce. Rez agrees the individual risk is still negligible. "It's a 1-in-20-million chance of dying from radiation for each scan," he says. "Your chances of being struck by lightning in the US in any year is 1 in 500,000. But the probability of being blown up in an airplane by a terrorist is around 1 in 30 million. So the risk from the scan is about the same as the thing you're trying to prevent." Brenner says if Rez's dose calculation is right, pilots and very frequent fliers could exceed the recommended annual radiation dose limit of 250 microSieverts. That would require going through the scanner 250 times, by Rez's dose calculations, rather than 2,500 times, by the government's. The result, he maintains, is "you will end up with some number of cancers coming out of each year's scanning operations." Applying it to the 125,000 commercial airline pilots and perhaps 125,000 other flight p | The friendly skies are less than friendly these days. But does it have to be that way with the airlines? Does technology have something in store for the travel biz, like it does for just about everything else these days? Omar Wasow of blackplanet.com looks at the ways in which airlines and the travel industry are using technology to smooth some of the rough edges on your flight across country, or across the state. <EM>This segment was originally broadcast July 7, 2004</EM>. | kor_Hang | 15,767 |
Where does uranium accumulate in the body? | Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin. | Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners. | eng_Latn | 15,768 |
A device used to detect radiation is named for this German physicist | What are methods for detecting radiation? | Reference.com Another instrument used to detect radiation is the MicroR meter. ... Geiger was a German physicist who invented the Geiger counter, a device for detecting alpha... | Perfidia: Judith Rossner: 9780385484275: Amazon.com: Books Editorial Reviews. From Library Journal. Rossner, best known for Looking for Mr. Goodbar (LJ ... Perfidia Hardcover September 8, 1997. by ... In Perfidia, Judith Rossner brings her unparalleled talent for dramatically ... The author best known for her 1975 novel, Looking for Mr. Goodbar, again uses an actual murder case as... | eng_Latn | 15,769 |
This information is for a research project I am conducting for my research class in school. | i think that long-time exposer to X-rays is very bad for you. i think that when a cell is struck by an X-ray it is damaged, hence the lead aprons when you get an X-ray. i think that it would hurt people that get alot of expoture to the X-rays, such as frequent flyers and aiport workers | Don't air your dirty laundry on the internet like this. This service is for people who have concerns, people who have solutions, and those of us who just want to learn more about a specific topic. This isn't the place to bash another user. Use the site for it's intended purpose, not for this. | eng_Latn | 15,770 |
if radiation causes cancer than how can they use radiation to treat cancer? | To find out more about cancer and various treatments go to the site below, it may save your life! | I know several people who work at a nuclear power station as painters. They work for a company that is hired to help keep the thing maintained. It seems they don't get the amount the law says they ought, because they essentially work for the government, & the government gets a 'special rate'. (At least that's how they explained iit to me.) Ironic, eh?\nI like what these articles bring out:\n\nhttp://www.watchtower.org/library/w/2003/2/1/article_01.htm\nCan You Be Happy and Secure in Your Work? \nJob Security and Satisfaction Under Siege \nHow to Cultivate a Balanced View of Work | eng_Latn | 15,771 |
3D velocity model and ray tracing of antenna array GPR | GPR phase-based techniques for profiling rough surfaces and detecting small, low-contrast landmines under flat ground | Korean version of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index – Cancer (CQOLC-K) | eng_Latn | 15,772 |
Faster, Practical GLL Parsing | Right nulled GLR parsers | flow cytometric analysis of micronucleus induction in mouse erythrocytes by gamma - irradiation at very low dose - rates . | eng_Latn | 15,773 |
Lessons Learned from AlphaGo | Teaching Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to Play Go | Validation of a new grid-based Boltzmann equation solver for dose calculation in radiotherapy with photon beams | eng_Latn | 15,774 |
Comparison between proton boron fusion therapy (PBFT) and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT): a Monte Carlo study | The radiation biology of boron neutron capture therapy | A Graph Analytical Approach for Topic Detection | eng_Latn | 15,775 |
Human-machine interaction in x-ray screening | Investigating training, transfer and viewpoint effects resulting from recurrent CBT of X-Ray image interpretation | A Generic Toolkit for the Successful Management of Delphi Studies | eng_Latn | 15,776 |
what is rph | What is the difference between an RPH and a PharmD? Quick Answer. According to Wikipedia, a Pharm.D., which stands for Doctor of Pharmacy, is a professional doctorate degree in pharmacy while an RPh represents a registered pharmacist with a licence to practice pharmacy. A Pharm.D. degree is a prerequisite for licensing to practice pharmacy. Keep Learning. | The roentgen or röntgen (/ËrÉntÉ¡Én, -dÊÉn/) (symbol R) is a legacy unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays up to several megaelectronvolts. It is a measure of the ionization produced in air by X-rays or gamma radiation and it is used because air ionization can be measured directly. | eng_Latn | 15,777 |
what is unit of measure rem | Rem, unit of radiation dosage (such as from X rays) applied to humans. Derived from the phrase Roentgen equivalent man, the rem is now defined as the dosage in rads that will cause the same amount of biological injury as one rad of X rays or gamma rays. | The difference between the units rem and rad is that Rem is used to measure biological risk, and rad is used to measure absorbed radiation. The rest of the choices do not answer the question above. Comments. | eng_Latn | 15,778 |
is a radiopharmaceutical a contrast material | With ordinary x-ray examinations, an image is made by passing x-rays through the patient's body. In contrast, nuclear medicine procedures use a radioactive material, called a radiopharmaceutical or radiotracer, which is injected into the bloodstream, swallowed or inhaled as a gas. | Contrast radiography uses a radiocontrast agent, a type of contrast medium, to make the structures of interest stand out visually from their background, whereas plain radiography does not. Each type is best suited to certain indications. | eng_Latn | 15,779 |
effective dose definition | Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: An effective dose in pharmacology is the dose or amount of drug that produces a therapeutic response or desired effect in some fraction of the subjects taking it. The median effective dose is the dose that produces a quantal effect in 50% of the population that takes it. | The scientific unit of measurement for radiation dose, commonly referred to as effective dose, is the millisievert (mSv) . Other radiation dose measurement units include rad, rem, roentgen, sievert, and gray.o explain it in simple terms, we can compare the radiation exposure from one chest x-ray as equivalent to the amount of radiation exposure one experiences from our natural surroundings in 10 days. | eng_Latn | 15,780 |
what is a nuclear medicine physicist | The physicist is a key member of the nuclear medicine team and has specific responsibilities for the scientific and technical aspects of the service.The professional role of a nuclear medicine physicist will fall within some or all of seven main areas.he physicist is a key member of the nuclear medicine team and has specific responsibilities for the scientific and technical aspects of the service. | We will describe how we created a nuclear medicine. and pharmacy team to achieve compliance, and we will present. the results of their work. We will examine several speciï¬c issues. raised by incorporating radiopharmaceuticals in the medication. management process and describe how our team addressed. those issues. | eng_Latn | 15,781 |
what is seed germination | 1 Germination is a process when the seed develops into a seedling. 2 The seeds that germinate have an embryo inside it that grows into a new plant. 3 The process of germination starts with the seed absorbing water. 4 The absorption of water activates an enzyme that increases respiration.ore About Seed Germination. 1 Germination is a process when the seed develops into a seedling. 2 The seeds that germinate have an embryo inside it that grows into a new plant. 3 The process of germination starts with the seed absorbing water. | Answers. Best Answer: If your science fair topic is the Effects of Radiation on Seed Germination then you need to involve radiation in at least one question if not in all three. Now, you should already know what germination is, no need to ask that-state what germination is.Several factors could effect seed germination-state what the factors are that you know could effect seed germination-no need to ask that.ow, you should already know what germination is, no need to ask that-state what germination is. Several factors could effect seed germination-state what the factors are that you know could effect seed germination-no need to ask that. | eng_Latn | 15,782 |
what is a radiogram | ra·di·o·graph. n. An image produced by radiation, usually by x-rays, and recorded on a radiosensitive surface, such as photographic film, or by photographing a fluoroscopic image. Also called radiogram, shadowgraph, skiagram, skiagraph. tr.v. ra·di·o·graphed, ra·di·o·graph·ing, ra·di·o·graphs. To make a radiograph of. | Radiography is an imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation other than visible light, especially X-rays, to view the internal structure of a non-uniformly composed and opaque object (i.e. a non-transparent object of varying density and composition) such as the human body.uclear medicine typically involves gamma rays. The types of electromagnetic radiation of most interest to radiography are X-ray and gamma radiation. This radiation is much more energetic than the more familiar types such as radio waves and visible light. | eng_Latn | 15,783 |
what compounds can PID detect | A photoionization detector or PID is a type of gas detector. Typical photoionization detectors measure volatile organic compounds and other gases in concentrations from sub parts per billion to 10 000 parts per million (ppm).The photoionization detector is an efficient and inexpensive detector for many gas and vapor analytes.A PID may produce instantaneous readings and operate continuously. These hand-held, battery-operated detectors are widely used in military, industrial, and confined working facilities for safety.he first commercial application of photoionization detection was in 1973 as a hand-held detector for the purpose of detecting leaks of volatile organic compounds (VOC's), specifically vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), at a chemical manufacturing facility. | Talk to your doctor about antibiotics. The primary medical treatment for PID is antibiotic therapy. Your doctor will likely prescribe a combination of medications to be most effective, such as: doxycycline combined with metronidazole, ofloxacin combined with metronidazole, or cephalosporin with doxycycline. | eng_Latn | 15,784 |
what is the average radiation dose that a nuclear power plant worker receives | AbstractâA total of 33,680 nuclear power plants (NPPs) workers were monitored and recorded from 1990 to 2007. According to the record, the average individual radiation dose has been decreasing continually from it 3.20 mSv/man in 1990 to 1.12 mSv/man at the end of 2007. After the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 60 recommendation was generalized in South Korea, no nuclear power plant workers received above 20 mSv radiation, and the numbers of relatively highly exposed workers have been decreasing continuously. The age distribution of radiation workers in nuclear power plants was composed of mainly 20-30-year-olds (83%) for 1990 ~ 1994 and 30-40-year-olds (75%) for 2003 ~ 2007. The difference in individual average dose by age was not significant. Most (77%) of NPP radiation exposures from 1990 to | The occupational whole body dose limit is 5,000 millirems per year for radiation workers, effective dose equivalent. The dose limit to the extremities (hands, fingers, etc.) is 50,000 millirems per year. | eng_Latn | 15,785 |
average annual radiation dose to the general population | Part 2 page 5 The average annual radiation dose to a member of the general population is about 360 millirem/year. The average annual radiation dose to a member of the general population is about 620 millirem/year. Part 3 page 6 Natural background radiation is by far the largest contributor (about 300 millirem/year) to radiation doses : Natural background radiation is by far the largest contributor (about 310 millirem/year) to radiation doses : Part 3 page 7 ; Man-made sources of radiation, where the | The highest known level of background radiation affecting a substantial population is in Kerala and Madras States in India where some 140,000 people receive doses which average over 15 millisievert per year from gamma radiation in addition to a similar dose from radon. | eng_Latn | 15,786 |
how long does gamma sterilisation take? | The duration of the sterilization cycle is about 4 h and 15 m, and it occurs at 30-35 o C. Microbial efficacy has been demonstrated by achieving a SAL of 10 -6 with a variety of microorganisms to include the most resistant microorganism, Geobacillus stearothermophilus. | For the test: 1 You lie face up on a table under a scanner called a gamma camera. The scanner detects the rays being emitted from the tracer. 2 Images will be taken every 5 to 15 minutes. Most of the time, the test takes about 1 hour, but it can take up to four hours. | eng_Latn | 15,787 |
what is the average annual dose from background radiation | As a comparison, radiation workers at ANSTO receive, on average, an exposure above natural background levels of 0.6 millisieverts a year â well under the maximum occupational limit of 20 millisieverts annually. | For comparison, a worker is allowed to receive up to 5000 millirem per year. Background radiation levels are typically around 300 millirem per year. In some areas of the world, background levels can reach as high as 15,000 millirem. | eng_Latn | 15,788 |
dosimetry medical definition | Medical Dosimetry. Medical dosimetry is a part of the field of radiation oncology involving knowledge of advanced mathematics, radiobiology, physics and anatomy. In order to shrink or eliminate tumor growth, some patients receive limited doses of radiation internally or externally. | DEFINITION. Dosimetry is the study, measurement, method of measurement, or instrument of measurement of radiation dose. Dosimetry often refers to the status of wearing a personnel badge that measures and monitors dose. It may also refer to dose history and the records where dose history is maintained. | eng_Latn | 15,789 |
what type of radiation does a ct scan use | Transcript of Electromagnetic Radiation- CT Scans. By Alice Neill CT Scans When were CT Scans invented? Limitation of the technology and a Summary of an article Bibliography CT Scans were invented in in 1972 by a British engineer, Godfrey Hounsfield and South African-born physicist Allan Cormack. They were both independently developed in England and in the US. | Advances in technology and medical physics practice have helped to reduce the dose of radiation that patients receive from tests like CT. However, depending on a patientâs size and imaging needs, the radiation exposure of a CT scan is equivalent to about 100 to 200 chest x-rays. Thatâs not insignificant. | eng_Latn | 15,790 |
what is the required thickness of lead for x ray protection | Therefore whereas a dental x-ray room may require a. nominal shielding of about 1.5mm lead for the direct beam and. about 0.7mm lead for the scattered field, a diagnostic x-ray. room may require a nominal shielding of about 3mm and 1.5mm. for the direct beam and scattered field respectively. | Thickness Analysis on a Fischer Technology XDL-B X-Ray Fluorescent Spec Applicable Specifications: ASTM B633 AMS 2402 MIL-STD-171 QQ-Z-325 Typical Salt Spray (ASTM B117) Results: Finish Hours Until Red Rust Zinc !!!!! 12 Zinc w/ Clear Chromate!! ! 168 Zinc w/ Yellow Chromate!! | eng_Latn | 15,791 |
dose limits for occupational workers | Occupational Dose Limits. In the course of their work, some individuals may receive exposure above background levels. The Department of Energy (DOE) carefully monitors these levels at all of its facilities and sets limits for acceptable doses. The DOE annual dose limits for occupational radiation exposure at National Labs are shown in Table 1. | § 20.1201 Occupational dose limits for adults. (a) The licensee shall control the occupational dose to individual adults, except for planned special exposures under § 20.1206, to the following dose limits. (1) An annual limit, which is the more limiting of--.(i) The total effective dose equivalent being equal to 5 rems (0.05 Sv); or. (ii) The sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens of the eye being equal to 50 rems (0.5 Sv).1) An annual limit, which is the more limiting of--. (i) The total effective dose equivalent being equal to 5 rems (0.05 Sv); or. (ii) The sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens of the eye being equal to 50 rems (0.5 Sv). | eng_Latn | 15,792 |
what particulate radiation is used for radiation therapy | It uses high-energy particles or waves, such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, or protons, to destroy or damage cancer cells. Other names for radiation therapy are radiotherapy, irradiation, or x-ray therapy. Radiation can be given alone or used with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy.In fact, certain drugs are known to be radiosensitizers (RAY-dee-oh-SENS-it-tie-zers).ther names for radiation therapy are radiotherapy, irradiation, or x-ray therapy. Radiation can be given alone or used with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy. In fact, certain drugs are known to be radiosensitizers (RAY-dee-oh-SENS-it-tie-zers). | 1 Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT): Uses imaging such as CT, MRI or PET during the treatment process. 2 This can result in more accuracy in photon radiation delivery and monitoring of treatment progress. 3 Particle beam (proton) therapy is also a used to treat tumors in the lung. | eng_Latn | 15,793 |
effect of irradiation on plastic | The effect of neutron irradiation on the tensile deformation behavior of zirconium was examined at room temperature at various strain rates ranging of 2.2 x 10-â¢-2.2 x 10- sec-'. The microstructure of the deformed specimens was observed by transmission electron microscopy. It was established that neutron irradiation diminishes the uniform elongation and the strain hardening rate, and hastens the onset of plastic instability. These phenomena are attributed to inhomogeneous deformation in the dislocation chan nels in the irradiated and deformed zirconium. | Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging, cancer therapy and blood transfusion. In 2011 researchers found that irradiation was successful in the novel theranostic technique involving co-treatment with heptamethine dyes to elucidate tumor cells and attenuate their growth with minimal side effects. | eng_Latn | 15,794 |
skyshine radiation definition | Skyshine radiation scattered in the atmosphere above a radiation therapy accelerator facility can result in measurable dose rates at locations near the facility on the ground and at roof level. | /tele·ra·di·og·ra·phy/ (-raâ³de-og´rah-fe) 1. interpretation of images transmitted over telephone lines or by satellite. 2. radiography with the radiation source 6.5 to 7 feet from the subject to maximize the parallelism of the rays and minimize distortion. Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. | eng_Latn | 15,795 |
what are isotopes used for in medicine | Radioactive isotopes are used to form images of the thyroid, bones, heart, liver, and many other organs. They used also have helped in treating diseased organs and tumors. The most commonly used example of such isotopes is technetium-99, which accounts for 80% of nuclear medicine procedures.he use of radioactive isotopes in medicine involves radionuclide therapy. Cancerous cells can be controlled or even eliminated by irradiating the tumor growth region. Teletherapy, also known as external irradiation is carried out by gamma beams emitted from radioactive cobalt-60 source. | The radioactive isotopes were first used in medicine for diagnostic procedures during the early 1930s. This eventually laid the foundation for nuclear medicine. This article will cover all the information regarding the procedures and uses of these isotopes in medicine.he use of radioactive isotopes in medicine involves radionuclide therapy. Cancerous cells can be controlled or even eliminated by irradiating the tumor growth region. Teletherapy, also known as external irradiation is carried out by gamma beams emitted from radioactive cobalt-60 source. | eng_Latn | 15,796 |
Psilocybin: reaction with a fraction of rat brain. | Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, formed a blue color with a subfraction of rat-brain mitochondria believed to contain nerve-ending particles. Color formation increased with pH, did not require oxygen, and involved a component that could not be solubilized. The effect was not shown by chemically related neuroactive compounds, such as bufotenine and serotonin, and was antagonized by only tyramine or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. | SummaryThe synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, and the rejoining of DNA strand-breaks and DNA breakdown were studied in cells of Bacillus subtilis γ-irradiated in the presence of iodoacetic acid (I. CH2. COOH), potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3). Observations on incorporation of radioactive precursors into bacteria mildly radiosensitized by the above reagents indicated that synthesis of DNA was generally more sensitive than that of protein or RNA. A cellular radiosensitizing effect cannot be explained by increase of radiation-induced in situ damage in DNA, because a drug effect was not found on radiation inactivation of transforming DNA. Also, the number of radiation-induced breaks in DNA strand studied by means of alkaline-sucrose gradient centrifugation was very similar in the absence or presence of reagent at the time of irradiation.Studies with KIO3 have shown that the presence of the reagent during irradiation of bacteria considerably reduced rejoining of DNA strand-breaks during subsequ... | eng_Latn | 15,797 |
Meta-analysis of twenty radon and lung cancer case–control studies | Publisher Summary Radon is a natural radioactive gas entering houses from soil and the material of building construction. Gaseous radon and its progeny are accumulating in all buildings and the variability of concentration is quite high. A number of researches conducted around the world have proved that radon is a leading source of radiation exposure. The methods and techniques of indoor radon-concentration measurement are well developed and allow the conducts of large-scale surveys including epidemiological studies. Thus indoor radon exposure is one of the most favorable subjects for investigation of the health effects of low-level radiation exposure on the human population. A number of countries have adopted indoor radon reference levels in agreement with ICRP recommendations in the range from 200 to 600 Bqm −3 . The results of meta-analysis of twenty radon and lung cancer case–control studies presented here can be utilized to improve the appropriate radiation risk models. | e18655Background: Oncology navigation improves patient engagement and participation in clinical trials and may reduce barriers to cancer care.Despite growing evidence of value, oncology patient nav... | eng_Latn | 15,798 |
Analysis of the clinical problems in parkinsonism and the complications of long-term levodopa therapy. | We evaluated the current status of 131 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism who were receiving levodopa therapy. The residual parkinsonian symptoms and signs were tabulated, as were the adverse effects from medication. Response to therapy was correlated with duration of the disease and with duration of treatment. Patients with on-off or wearing-off effects were likely to have been treated for 4 years or longer. Patients treated with levodopa for 4 to 8 years were significantly more impaired with parkinsonism than patients treated for 0 to 3 years, even when patients were matched for total duration of disease. These data suggest that the deterioration of responsiveness after several years of levodopa therapy may be due to the therapy itself. Our findings support the concept that utilization of levodopa therapy should be delayed until a patient becomes significantly impaired in occupational or social situations. | Are philosophers of science limited to conducting autopsies on dead scientific theories, or might they also help resolve contemporary methodological disputes in science? This essay (1) gives an overview of thought experiments, especially in mathematics; (2) outlines three major positions on the current dose-response controversy for ionizing radiation; and (3) sketches an original mathematical thought experiment that might help resolve the low-dose radiation conflict. This thought experiment relies on the assumptions that radiation "hits'' are Poisson distributed and that background conditions cause many more radiation-induced cancers than human activities. The essay closes by responding to several key objections to the position defended here. | eng_Latn | 15,799 |
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