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What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium? | Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses. Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter). | The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll. Marshallese land owners receive rent for the base. | eng_Latn | 15,900 |
what are the dangers of being exposed to radiation? | Very high levels of radiation will vaporize people. High levels burn. Medium levels cause changes in DNA, cancer, etc. Low levels just tan you or keep you warm. | You will be unable to get any form of credit (loans, credit cards etc) for many years.\n\nYou may have trouble finding houses to rent.\n\nSome service providers may not want to deal with you. | eng_Latn | 15,901 |
What is radiation and how is it caused? | event of the particles when they r excited from their lower energy state to higher energy state........and in that state they release their excited state energy in the form of radiations...... | Your just trying to get people to answer this so you can write your school paper cheater!!! | eng_Latn | 15,902 |
Does microwaving water change it's bond angles? | Microwave energy levels usually manifest as molecular rotations, not vibrations along the bond. However, in a densely packed liquid the attempt to rotate is translated into a vibration of the superstructure.\n\nThe basic widened tetrahedron angle of water doesn't alter significantly (or more importantly, permanently). It is only a mean angle anyway, since the molecule is a vibrating system. | It's a lie, it's like cell phones causing gas stations to blow up. I work for a package delievery service and we ship optic mice, cell phones and what not all the time, and if something edmits radioactivity it's required to be labeled, even if it doesn't emit the radiation when it's turned off. the only thing you have in ur home that is slightly radioactive is ur smoke detectors.which are class 1, meaning as long as u dont eat them you'll be fine | eng_Latn | 15,903 |
Since the characters aren't enough for my real questions, I'll just put it here. My questions are about nuclear chemistry.\n\n1.What property should a radioisotope have if it is to be administered internally in a medical diagnostic procedure? Why?\n\n2.Of alpha radiation, beta radiation, and gamma radiation, which is most damaging to living things when it is emitted by a nearby, external force? Explain.\n\n3.Of the three, which is most dangerous to one thing when it is emitted by a radioisotope located within the body? Explain.\n\n4.Among the various proposals suggested for the disposal of high-level nuclear wastes, is there a possibility of sealing them in drums and transporting them by rocket to the moon, to remain on its surface forever? What would be the advantage of such a plan? What would be its drawbacks? Would you support a plan of this sort? | http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet1/brief1/br1j.txt\n\nThe first 3 are covered there. | 1) Yes.\n2) No.\n3) No. | eng_Latn | 15,904 |
please help for this question... | All things are radiocative. The only thing in this universe that isn't radioactive is the small amount of hydrogen that scientists have refined to not be radiocative.\n\nThis "radioactivity of everything" is what we call the background radiation level. It varies from place to place but everywhere has a background radiation level, and the insides of people or other organisms are no exception.\n\nFood is radiocative because the ground and air it came from is radiocative.\n\nThe ground is radioactive because the matter the Earth was made of came from a supernova. And supernova is just a really, really big atomic bomb.\n\nThe air is radioactive partly because of that supernova but mostly because the sun is also basically a really big nuclear bomb. On the ground we are protected from all the worst radaiation that bomb puts out. In the upper atmosphere the air is not protected. It gets zapped with masive amounts of radiation every day and is fairly radioactive as a result.\n\nWhen plants take minerals out of the soil those minerals are slightly radioactive from the supernova that created the Earth. When plants take carbon out of the air that carbon is radioactive from being zapped by nuclear radiatioon from the sun. When the plants use those things to build more plants the plants become radioactive. When animals eat the radioactive plants and use that material to build animal bodies the animals become radicoative.\n\nAnd when people eat radiocative plants and animals our bodies become radiocative.\n\nEverything in the universe is radiocative, even us. The only thing that varies is how radioactive they are.\n\nYoumay be interested in the link below. It explains how all food plants and all animals are radiocative, and how this radiactivity of all living things forms the basis of radiocarbon dating techniques. | A)\n\nTo find tension in the wire, we'll calculate the moment about the base of the beam:\n\nweight of beam = 145 N acting at l=1.7m/2=0.85 m\nweight of sign = 235 N acting at l=1.7m\n\nonly the vertical component of force in the wire will be used \nbecause the horizontal component passes through the base\n\ntherefore Tvert=Tsin35 acting 1.35 m from the base\n\nso here's the Moment eq\n\n-235x1.7 (down) - 145x0.85 ( down ) + Tsin35 x 1.35 = 0\nT=(235x1.7 + 145x0.85)/(1.35xsin35)\n =675.1N (up and to the right )\n\nB) from above the T_vert=Tsin35 = 387.2 N (upwards)\n and T_horiz=Tcos35=553.0 N (inward)\n\nNow we can find vert and hor forces at the base\n\nHorizontal====> horizontal Force + 553 N (inward ) = 0\n\nhorizontal force = -553 N (wall is pushing outward ) \n\nVert====>Sign + beam + T_vert + vert_base_force = 0\n -235 (downward ) -145 (downward ) + 387.2 (up) +vert_base_force=0 \nvert_base_force = 235 +145 - 387.2= -7.2 N ( down ) | eng_Latn | 15,905 |
what are radioactive Sensors? | These are sensors that can detect radioactivity and have uses in security devices and other security devices.\nAll elements are stable under normal conditions , but some elements like uranium and plutonium are less stable than the others . When the atoms of these substances are disturbed (its called excited state) they emit energy in the form of radioactivity . This radio activuty can be detected by these sensors . | I worked county corrections for six years. Radio use during indoor recreational time was allowed. | eng_Latn | 15,906 |
what are some good uses of radioactivity? | for treating cancer, and dating old objects using carbon 14. | Also topozone for USGS topographic maps, multimap for maps and aerial photos of Britain and Europe, google maps for street maps and aerial photos. | eng_Latn | 15,907 |
arrange alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays according to penetration power? | Alpha is least -- can be stopped by a piece of paper. Beta is more so, and gamma more so yet -- it can take a foot or more of concrete to ablate gamma rays. | You should try the "Physics Handbook", the "Handbook of Thin Film Technology"\n\nThe Handbook of Physicochemical Properties of the Elements (but this one may be available only in russian).\n\nYou may also try this article in an university library:\n\nL. Vitos, A. V. Ruban, H. L. Skriver, and J. Kollar, The surface energy of metals, Surf. Sci. 411, 186 (1998). | eng_Latn | 15,908 |
Do all your friends have generally the same personalities/characteristics? | My friends are as different as can possibly be. We're quite a diverse group, but somehow that works for us. ♥ | YES.\n\nthere are always "isotopes" of common elements in the body such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. present at any given time.\n\nisotopes are chemically identical to their "regular" counterpart elements but differ by one or two neutrons in their atoms. this makes some isotopes radioactive ( a fact which can be measured as in carbon-14 dating ). \n\nthe effect of this radiation is exceedingly small and of no concern to life. | eng_Latn | 15,909 |
What are toxic effects of depleted uranium? | What is effect of depleted uranium? | From where do the neutrons come to use in a nuclear reactor to bombard on uranium-235? | eng_Latn | 15,910 |
What are gamma rays? How are they produced? | How are gamma rays produced? | What would happen if the earth were to be hit by a catastrophic gamma ray burst? | eng_Latn | 15,911 |
what is radon sett | Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas. It forms naturally from the decay (breaking down) of radioactive elements, such as uranium, which are found in different amounts in soil and rock throughout the world. Radon gas in the soil and rock can move into the air and into underground water and surface water. Radon is present outdoors and indoors. | Radon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and chemically inert radioactive gas. It is formed by the natural radioactive decay of uranium in rock, soil, and water. It can be found in all 50 states. Testing for it is the only way of telling how much is present.adon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and chemically inert radioactive gas. It is formed by the natural radioactive decay of uranium in rock, soil, and water. It can be found in all 50 states. Testing for it is the only way of telling how much is present. | eng_Latn | 15,912 |
what is a radon test | Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of radium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days.Radon is one of the densest substances that remains a gas under normal conditions.adon is produced by the radioactive decay of radium-226, which is found in uranium ores, phosphate rock, shales, igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite, gneiss, and schist, and to a lesser degree, in common rocks such as limestone. | Long Term Radon Test Kits. Long term radon test kits run from 90 days to one year. Since radon levels can fluctuate significantly from day to day, a long term test is required if you wish to know the true average levels.f your water comes from a well and your air radon levels are elevated, it is advisable to conduct a radon water test. View Products. Radon Gas Detectors. The radon detector provides the home owner with a simple and cost effective way to monitor radon levels on an ongoing basis. | eng_Latn | 15,913 |
which type of natural radiation is pure energy beta alpha gamma | 1 Beta Radiation. 2 Beta radiation is a light, short-range particle and is actually an ejected electron. 3 Some characteristics of beta radiation are: 4 Examples of some pure beta emitters: strontium-90, carbon-14, tritium, and sulfur-35. 5 Beta radiation may travel several feet in air and is moderately penetrating. | Radiation (or Beta Particles). This type of radiation can be called either beta radiation or beta particles. Beta particles are high-energy electrons that some radioactive materials emit when they transform. Beta particles are made in one of two ways, depending on the radioactive material that produces them. | eng_Latn | 15,914 |
what is the lemon test for granite | Lemon Test - The lemon test is to determine the ability of your granite to resist etching. Follow the steps below: 1 Place a wedge of lemon or lime, cut side down, on the sample overnight. 2 Wipe the sample in the morning and hold it at an angle to the light. Check for a rough spot where the lemon was placed. | Since any building has a limited volume of air, indoor radon concentrations can be many times that of outdoor air, about 0.4 pCi/l. Radon testing can be a simple first step for determining if there is any chance that the granite in your home could be a significant radiation risk. | eng_Latn | 15,915 |
what is contamination | Contamination is the presence of an unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in a material, physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc.ontamination may include residual radioactive material remaining at a site after the completion of decommissioning of a site where there was a nuclear reactor, such as a power plant, experimental reactor, isotope reactor or a nuclear powered ship or submarine. | Radioactive Contamination. Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on or in an object or a person. Radioactive materials released into the environment can cause air, water, surfaces, soil, plants, buildings, people, or animals to become contaminated. | eng_Latn | 15,916 |
what are three types of radiation | Three types of radioation-Alpha, Beta, Gamma. There are three primary types of radiation: 1 Alpha-these are fast moving helium atoms. 2 They have high energy, typically in the MeV range, but due to their large mass, they are stopped by just a few inches of air, or a piece of paper.3 Beta-these are fast moving electrons. Alpha-these are fast moving helium atoms. 2 They have high energy, typically in the MeV range, but due to their large mass, they are stopped by just a few inches of air, or a piece of paper. 3 Beta-these are fast moving electrons. 4 They typically have energies in the range of a few hundred keV to several MeV. | Nuclear Radiation. There are three primary radiation types associated with radioactivity. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of energy from the nucleus of certain elements, most notably uranium. There are three forms of energy associated with radioactivity; alpha, beta and gamma radiation.The classifications were originally made according to the penetrating power of the radiation, see figure 2.uclear Radiation. There are three primary radiation types associated with radioactivity. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of energy from the nucleus of certain elements, most notably uranium. There are three forms of energy associated with radioactivity; alpha, beta and gamma radiation. | eng_Latn | 15,917 |
what type of radiation does Plutonium 238 emit? | Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. | Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors.lutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors. | eng_Latn | 15,918 |
potassium iodide radiation protection | US Pharm. 2011;36(6):HS-25-HS-28. Potassium iodide (KI) is an inorganic compound that is available from three manufacturers under different brand names as an antidote to radiation exposure. From a chemistry point of view, it is made from potassium hydroxide and iodine, and it is the most produced iodide compound in the world. | The iodine in the two tinctures was absorbed into the body through the skin. Testing later showed that the patients who had been painted with black walnut or iodine tinctures were just as protected against radiation exposure as the patients who took potassium iodide (SSKI). | eng_Latn | 15,919 |
why test house for radon | Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer. You canât see or smell radon. Testing is the only way to know your level of exposure. Radon can have a big impact on indoor air quality. | Testing. It is not expensive to test for radon gas. There are home kits and sensors that you can install in the house. You will save money on a home kit, but the most effective way to perform the test is to have a professional company come into your home and do the testing. | eng_Latn | 15,920 |
what is irradiation used for | In addition, irradiation is widely used to sterilize a variety of medical and household products, such as joint implants, band-aids, baby pacifiers, cosmetic ingredients, wine and bottle corks, and food packaging materials.o. Irradiation is equivalent to pasteurization for solid foods, but it is not the same as sterilization. Food irradiation can be an important tool in the war against illness and death from foodborne diseases. But it is not a substitute for comprehensive food safety programs throughout the food distribution system. | Food Irradiation. sidebarA. Irradiation is a process in which food is exposed to high doses of radiation in the form of gamma rays, X-rays or electron beams. Irradiation can kill bacteria in food, both good and bad, but has no effect on the infectious agent that causes mad cow disease, or on viruses, such as those that cause hepatitis. | eng_Latn | 15,921 |
how is nuclear power bad for humans | Nuclear waste -- The waste from nuclear power plants will be toxic for humans for more than 100,000 years. Itâs untenable now to secure and store all of the waste from the plants that exist. To scale up to 2,500 or 3,000, let alone 17,000 plants is unthinkable. | There are a lot of harmful and undesirable effects of radioactive substances on the earth especially to the humans, animals and the surrounding environment. Especially with nuclear weapons discharge or radioactive contamination, there are plenty of. human lives that could be facing a huge threat. | eng_Latn | 15,922 |
does ionize mean excitation | · just now. Report Abuse. In excitation, an electron jumps to a higher energy level in the atom but doesn't leave it, so the atom doesn't change charge. in ionization, an electron is excited so much that it actually breaks free of the atom, increasing the charge of the atom. Susan Smith · 4 years ago. Thumbs up. 3. | The human body cannot sense ionizing radiation except in very high doses, but the effects of ionization can be used to characterize the radiation. Parameters of interest include disintegration rate, particle flux, particle type, beam energy, kerma, dose rate, and radiation dose. | eng_Latn | 15,923 |
what are sealed sources of radiation | Sealed radioactive sources are used widely in medicine, industry, and agriculture. A sealed radioactive source is radioactive material that is permanently sealed in a capsule or bonded and in a solid form. The capsule of a sealed radioactive source is designed to prevent the radioactive material from escaping or being released | Sealed Source means radioactive material that is permanently bonded or fixed in a capsule or matrix designed to prevent release and dispersal of the radioactive material under the most severe conditions which are likely to be encountered in normal use and handling. | eng_Latn | 15,924 |
what is the source of plutonium | Plutonium (IPA: /ËpluËËtÉÊniÉm/) is a radioactive, metallic chemical element. It has the symbol Pu and the atomic number 94. It is the element used in most modern nuclear weapons. The most significant isotope of plutonium is 239Pu, with a half-life of 24,100 years. It can be made from natural uranium and is fissile. | Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft.Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors.lutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. | eng_Latn | 15,925 |
average radon levels in homes | If the annual average level of radon in a home is above 4.0 pCi/L, the EPA and MDH recommend that steps be taken to lower it. While it isn't possible to reduce radon to zero, the best approach is to lower the radon level as much as possible.he Environmental Protection Agency and MDH set the recommended action level for radon at 4.0 picocuries/liter(pCi/L). To apply the recommended action level correctly, the results should be based on the annual average level of radon measured in a home. | record radiation levels were found in a house where the effective dose due to ambient radiation fields was 131 msv a 13 1 rem yr and the internal committed dose from radon was 72 msv a 7 2 rem yr this unique case is over 80 times higher than the world average natural human exposure to radiation | eng_Latn | 15,926 |
what are the unsafe levels of radon | Prior to 1984, radon gas was considered a health risk only for workers in uranium mines. That changed in 1984, when a nuclear engineer by the name of Stanley Watras was leaving work at the new Limerick Nuclear Power Plant in Pottstown, PA. | Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is produced by the radioactive decay of radium. Breathing high concentrations of radon can cause lung cancer.ery high levels of radon (above 10 or 15 pCi/L) are definitely dangerous. There are homes with these concentrations! Lower levels (2 to 10 pCi/L) are probably somewhat dangerous, with higher levels leading to higher risks. | eng_Latn | 15,927 |
what is the spontaneous emission of radiation by certain elements | There are three primary radiation types associated with radioactivity. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of energy from the nucleus of certain elements, most notably uranium.There are three forms of energy associated with radioactivity; alpha, beta and gamma radiation.The classifications were originally made according to the penetrating power of the radiation, see figure 2.uclear Radiation. There are three primary radiation types associated with radioactivity. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of energy from the nucleus of certain elements, most notably uranium. There are three forms of energy associated with radioactivity; alpha, beta and gamma radiation. | radioactive element, an element subject to spontaneous degeneration of its nucleus accompanied by the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.All elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioactive. Naturally occurring radioactive elements include radium, thorium, and uranium.Several radioactive elements not found in nature have been produced by the bombardment of stable elements with subatomic particles in a cyclotron. Compare stable element.See also radioactivity.adioactive element, an element subject to spontaneous degeneration of its nucleus accompanied by the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. | eng_Latn | 15,928 |
what are the characteristics of alpha radiation | 1 Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. 2 Some characteristics of alpha radiation are: 3 Examples of some alpha emitters: radium, radon, uranium, thorium. 4 Most alpha radiation is not able to penetrate human skin. Alpha Radiation. 2 Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. 3 Some characteristics of alpha radiation are: 4 Examples of some alpha emitters: radium, radon, uranium, thorium. | The radiation one typically encounters is one of four types: alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, and x radiation. Neutron radiation is also encountered in nuclear power plants and high-altitude flight and emitted from some industrial radioactive sources. Alpha Radiation. 2 Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. 3 Some characteristics of alpha radiation are: 4 Examples of some alpha emitters: radium, radon, uranium, thorium. | eng_Latn | 15,929 |
when were radioactive tracers discovered | Backgrounder on Plutonium. Printable Version. Plutonium is a radioactive metallic element with the atomic number 94. It was discovered in 1940 by scientists studying how to split atoms to make atomic bombs. Plutonium is created in a reactor when uranium atoms absorb neutrons.Nearly all plutonium is man-made.rintable Version. Plutonium is a radioactive metallic element with the atomic number 94. It was discovered in 1940 by scientists studying how to split atoms to make atomic bombs. Plutonium is created in a reactor when uranium atoms absorb neutrons. Nearly all plutonium is man-made. | Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, and named after the planet Uranus. Ionising radiation was discovered by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895, by passing an electric current through an evacuated glass tube and producing continuous X-rays. | eng_Latn | 15,930 |
what may create radioactive nuclei | C. Fission: may create radioactive nuclei, may undergo a chain reaction Fusion: energy source for stars Fission and fusion: large amount of energy produced | What is nuclear imaging? It is a technique that uses radioactive nuclei to create images of objects. It's most used in medicine. Some radioactive substances are injected to the patient to create a image of some organ or tumor by detecting the outcoming radiation. Xuan · 1 · 4 comments · May 14 2015. | eng_Latn | 15,931 |
how dangerous is plutonium | , BS Chemistry, 1967, RSO 20 years, Rad/Nuc HazMat Tech. Plutonium accumulates in the body, specifically in the bone marrow and liver. It is both a heavy metal and radioactive and so (theoretically) presents a dual toxicity problem. However, the radioactivity effects far trump the heavy metal threat. | Plutonium, along with all of the other transuranium elements, is a radiological hazard and must be handled with specialized equipment and precautions. Animal studies have found that a few milligrams of plutonium per kilogram of tissue are lethal. | eng_Latn | 15,932 |
definition gamma ray | gamma rays, n an electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength emitted by the nucleus of an atom during a nuclear reaction. Composed of high-energy photons, gamma rays lack mass and an electric charge and travel at the speed of light. | Gamma radiation is dampened by lead. A beta particle, sometimes called beta ray, denoted by the lower-case Greek letter beta (β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted in the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, such as a potassium-40 nucleus, in the process of beta decay. | eng_Latn | 15,933 |
Thermal radiation is defined as | Thermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. It represents a conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy.Thermal energy consists of the kinetic energy of random movements of atoms and molecules in matter.hermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. It represents a conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy. | A sign warns of radiation. noun. Radiation is the process of sending off energy in the form of light, heat, x-rays or nuclear particles. An example of radiation are the energy waves off of a nuclear bomb. An example of radiation is the energy in the atmosphere monitored by radiation detectors such as the Xetex brand of personal radiation detector which were ultimately discontinued in the 1990s. | eng_Latn | 15,934 |
is technetium magnetic | This is because technetium produces beta particles without gamma rays. Technetium is the only element that is artificially produced. This property gives technetium its name, from the Greek for artificial.. Technetium is a radioactive metal that looks a lot like platinum. Technetium has the second largest magnetic penetration depth after niobium. Solid metallic technetium is shiny and has a slow rate of oxidation to tarnish in air. In its powdered form, technetium will burn. | Technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99 (itself an isotope of technetium), symbolized as 99m Tc, that is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope.echnetium-99m can be readily detected in the body by medical equipment because it emits 140.5 keV gamma rays (these are about the same wavelength as emitted by conventional X-ray diagnostic equipment), and its half-life for gamma emission is six hours (meaning 94% of it decays to 99 Tc in 24 hours). | eng_Latn | 15,935 |
do unstable nuclei become stable by emitting radiation | Radioactivity is the emission of radiation by unstable nuclei. That radiation may exist in the form of subatomic particles (primarily alpha and beta particles) or in the form of energy (primarily gamma rays). Radioactivity was discovered accidentally in 1896 by French physicist Henri Becquerel (1852â1908). | Radioactive material is just another name for a group of unstable atoms that emit ionizing radiation. These groups of unstable atoms emit radiation because they try to become stable. Radioactive materials emit radiation in a process called radioactive decay. | eng_Latn | 15,936 |
what technological use is gamma ray light used for | A: Gamma rays are used in many different ways; one of the most common uses is inspecting castings and welds for defects that are not visible to the naked eye. Another common use of gamma rays is in the treatment of certain types of cancer. | The radionuclides in the device always produce gamma rays. The only way to âturn offâ a gamma ray radiography device is to interrupt the beam by covering the opening with a heavy metal plate. Workers must be careful to close the opening when the gamma device is not in use to avoid exposure. | eng_Latn | 15,937 |
alpha rays definition | Alpha rays are actually high speed particles. Early researchers tended to refer to any form of energetic radiation as rays, and the term is still used. An alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons, all held together by the same strong nuclear force that binds the nucleus of any atom. | Alpha decay is a type of ionizing radiation in which alpha particles are ejected from the nuclei of unstable atoms. Alpha particles are large, powerful subatomic particles that are very destructive to human cells; however, they tend to lose their energy quickly, limiting their ability to penetrate materials. | eng_Latn | 15,938 |
what is a radionuclide brain scan | 1. 0. 4. A radionuclide scan is a way of imaging bones, organs and other parts of the body by using a small dose of a radioactive chemical. There are different types of radionuclide chemical.The one used depends on which organ or part of the body is to be scanned.. 0. 4. A radionuclide scan is a way of imaging bones, organs and other parts of the body by using a small dose of a radioactive chemical. There are different types of radionuclide chemical. | A radionuclide is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of its electrons to release it as a conversion electron; or used to create and emit a new particle from the nucleus. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay. These emissions are considered ionizing radiation because they are powerful enough to liberate an electron fr | eng_Latn | 15,939 |
incident radiation definition | incident radiation Definition. Solar energy, both direct and diffuse, upon its arrival at the surface of a solar collector or other surface. | A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility.. Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to the environment, or reactor core melt.. The prime example of a major nuclear accident is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactivity are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. | eng_Latn | 15,940 |
direct effect of radiation is | Ionizing radiation is a term used for radiation whose quanta have energy to directly or indirectly ionize (one or more electrons are released from the atom of the given substance) molecules or atoms while passing through matter, hence the name ionizing radiation. | 1 This is true for direct exposure to UV radiation as well as radiation that is reflected from metal surfaces, walls, and ceilings. Surface finishes and certain paint colours can reduce the amount of UV radiation that is reflected. Long-term exposure to UV radiation can cause skin cancer. | eng_Latn | 15,941 |
what is the half-life of a radioisotope | The radioactive half-life for a given radioisotope is the time for half the radioactive nuclei in any sample to undergo radioactive decay. After two half-lives, there will be one fourth the original sample, after three half-lives one eight the original sample, and so forth. More on half-life discussion. | The half life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of a sample of the element to break down. For example, suppose that scientists made 10 grams of einsteinium. About three weeks later (20.47 days later), only 5 grams of the element would be left. | eng_Latn | 15,942 |
is radon really dangerous | Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is produced by the radioactive decay of radium. Breathing high concentrations of radon can cause lung cancer.ery high levels of radon (above 10 or 15 pCi/L) are definitely dangerous. There are homes with these concentrations! Lower levels (2 to 10 pCi/L) are probably somewhat dangerous, with higher levels leading to higher risks. | You ***should*** do one. Some places require the test and others don't. Radon is an odorless, colorless, tasteless radioactive particle that comes from the breakdown of uranium. It is present in the ground, and at high concentrations poses a serious cancer risk. All houses will have a some level of radon. Certain regions have higher levels that others. The EPA danger level is 4 pci/L. | eng_Latn | 15,943 |
what is the significance of iodine | Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek á¼°Î¿ÎµÎ¹Î´Î®Ï ioeidÄs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor.Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers.odine has only one stable isotope. A number of iodine radioisotopes, such as 131 I, are also used in medical applications. Iodine is found on Earth mainly as the highly water-soluble iodide ion Iâ , which concentrates it in oceans and brine pools. | Iodine is an important trace element in every cell of the body, including the developing brain, and it is actually concentrated in every gland of the body. It has long been known that iodine has powerful antiviral, antibacterial and immune-supporting properties. But, recently, it has been theorized that iodine can have a protective effect against cancer of both the breast and prostate. | eng_Latn | 15,944 |
how is technetium-99m produced | Technetium -99m is produced by bombarding molybdenum 98 Mo with neutrons. The resultant 99 Mo decays with a half-life of 66 hours to the metastable state of Tc.This process permits the production of 99m Tc for medical purposes.Since 99 Mo is a fission product of 235 U fission, it can be separated from the other fission products and used to generate 99m Tc.he resultant 99 Mo decays with a half-life of 66 hours to the metastable state of Tc. This process permits the production of 99m Tc for medical purposes. Since 99 Mo is a fission product of 235 U fission, it can be separated from the other fission products and used to generate 99m Tc. | Technetium-99m. Technetium -99m is a widely used radioactive tracer isotope in Nuclear Medicine. It's gamma ray energy of about 140 keV is convenient for detection. The fact that both its physical half-life and its biological half-life are very short leads to very fast clearing from the body after an imaging process. | eng_Latn | 15,945 |
what are the damgers of radioactive substances | From their use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, to energy generation and nuclear weapons, radioactive substances are used widely in industry, medicine and research in Scotland.However, if they are not stored or used properly, they can potentially cause health problems.rom their use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, to energy generation and nuclear weapons, radioactive substances are used widely in industry, medicine and research in Scotland. | Radium is a radioactive metal that occurs naturally in trace amounts in rocks, soils, and ground water. As radium decays, it continually releases energy into the environment until a stable, nonradioactive substance is formed.This energy is part of the natural radiation to which all living creatures are exposed.adium is a radioactive metal that occurs naturally in trace amounts in rocks, soils, and ground water. As radium decays, it continually releases energy into the environment until a stable, nonradioactive substance is formed. | eng_Latn | 15,946 |
source of radioactive gaseous radon in homes | 1 The main source of indoor radon is radon gas infiltration from soil into buildings. 2 Rock and soil produce radon gas. 3 Building materials, the water supply, and natural gas can all be sources of radon in the home. 4 Basements allow more opportunity for soil gas entry than slab-on-grade foundations. Rock and soil produce radon gas. 2 Building materials, the water supply, and natural gas can all be sources of radon in the home. 3 Basements allow more opportunity for soil gas entry than slab-on-grade foundations. | Radon gas is an alpha emitter that comes from the radioactive decay of naturally occurring minerals in rocks and soil. The gas seeps out of the ground and is quickly diluted in the air. But radon gas can collect in your home and become much more concentrated. It's in your house that breathing in radon gas poses a health risk. | eng_Latn | 15,947 |
what is alpha decay | Previous (Alpha and Omega) Next (Alpha ray) Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle. An alpha particle (or α particle, named after the first letter of the Greek alphabet) consists of two protons and two neutrons bound together. | Alpha decay is by far the most common form of cluster decay, where the parent atom ejects a defined daughter collection of nucleons, leaving another defined product behind. It is the most common form because of the combined extremely high binding energy and relatively small mass of the alpha particle. | eng_Latn | 15,948 |
how gamma rays are used | Uses. Because Gamma rays can kill living cells, they are used to kill cancer cells without having to resort to difficult surgery. This is called Radiotherapy , and works because healthy cells can repair themselves fairly well when damaged by gamma rays-but cancer cells can't. Getting the dose right is very important! | X-Rays can cause cell damage and cancers. As the wavelengths of electromagnetic waves get shorter, their energy increases. Gamma rays are the shortest waves in the spectrum and, as a result, have the most energy. Gamma rays are sometimes used in treating cancer and in taking detailed images for diagnostic medicine. Gamma rays are produced in high energy nuclear explosions and supernovas. | eng_Latn | 15,949 |
which of the following types of radiation has the greatest penetrating ability | Highest penetration: Gamma (y) Second highest: Beta (B) Weakest penetration: Alpha (a) Explanation: The relative penetrating abilities of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. The heavy, highly charged alpha particles are stopped by a piece of paper (or the skin). The lighter, less highly charged beta particles penetrate paper, but are stopped by a 0.5-cm sheet of lead. | Certified answers contain reliable, trustworthy information vouched for by a hand-picked team of experts. Brainly has millions of high quality answers, all of them carefully moderated by our most trusted community members, but certified answers are the finest of the finest. Gamma rays are the most penetrating radioactive emissions. The correct answer is C. | eng_Latn | 15,950 |
is radioactive waste dangerous | Radioactive waste is hazardous to most forms of life and the environment, and is regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health and the environment.he radioactivity of all nuclear waste diminishes with time. All radionuclides contained in the waste have a half-life âthe time it takes for half of the atoms to decay into another nuclide âand eventually all radioactive waste decays into non-radioactive elements (i.e., stable nuclides). | When people are exposed to toxic waste, they may become ill or die. Some types of hazardous waste cause cancer, for example, or lead to the development of birth defects; plant and animal life may also face death when exposed to some types of waste. Radioactive waste is one type of toxic waste.It is produced as a byproduct of other processes, including, but not limited to, those that involve the generation of power. Medical waste is another type of hazardous waste.ome types of hazardous waste cause cancer, for example, or lead to the development of birth defects; plant and animal life may also face death when exposed to some types of waste. Radioactive waste is one type of toxic waste. | eng_Latn | 15,951 |
what is plutonium | Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized.The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states.lutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. | Plutonium, along with all of the other transuranium elements, is a radiological hazard and must be handled with specialized equipment and precautions. Animal studies have found that a few milligrams of plutonium per kilogram of tissue are lethal. | eng_Latn | 15,952 |
what daily materials contain radioactive materials | Like kitty litter, bananas can trigger a radiation alert for authorities seeking nuclear material. I don't want you thinking bananas and Brazil nuts are the only radioactive foods out there. Basically, any food that is high in potassium naturally contains potassium-40 and is slightly, but significantly radioactive. This includes potatoes (radioactive french fries), carrots, lima beans and red meat. | Radioactive materials from rocks in the ground are absorbed by the soil and hence passed on to plants. Some rocks contain radioactive substances that produce a radioactive gas called radon. The left-hand pie chart shows the average contribution of these different sources to our natural background radiation.Page: 1 1.2 2.adioactive materials from rocks in the ground are absorbed by the soil and hence passed on to plants. Some rocks contain radioactive substances that produce a radioactive gas called radon. The left-hand pie chart shows the average contribution of these different sources to our natural background radiation. Page: 1 1. 2 2. | eng_Latn | 15,953 |
what is one natural source of radioactivity | They are even found in us, being that we are products of our environment. Every day, we ingest and inhale radionuclides in our air and food and the water. Natural radioactivity is common in the rocks and soil that makes up our planet, in water and oceans, and in our building materials and homes.There is nowhere on Earth that you can not find Natural Radioactivity. Radioactive elements are often called radioactive isotopes or radionuclides or just nuclides.very day, we ingest and inhale radionuclides in our air and food and the water. Natural radioactivity is common in the rocks and soil that makes up our planet, in water and oceans, and in our building materials and homes. There is nowhere on Earth that you can not find Natural Radioactivity. | On average, it is the largest source of natural radiation exposure. More information on radon gas and the means to control it can be found on Health Canada's website. Exposure through ingestion . Trace amounts of radioactive minerals are naturally found in the contents of food and drinking water. | eng_Latn | 15,954 |
what happens if ionizing radiation interacts with an atom | Ionising radiation (ionizing radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. | Ionizing radiation is a term used for radiation whose quanta have energy to directly or indirectly ionize (one or more electrons are released from the atom of the given substance) molecules or atoms while passing through matter, hence the name ionizing radiation. | eng_Latn | 15,955 |
what is alpha radiation used for | Confidence votes 1.7K. Alpha radiation is used in a few practical applications, occassionally even to make use of it's harmful effects. Alpha radiation is often used as a power source for space probes and artificial pacemakers, a safe one at that as alpha radiation is easier to shield against than other radiation types. | Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy or irradiation, can be used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes. The type of radiation used for radiotherapy (ionizing radiation) is the same thatâs used for diagnostic x-rays. Radiotherapy, however, is given in higher doses. | eng_Latn | 15,956 |
what type of radioactive emission is most dangerous? | the gamma radioactive decay is the least dangerous. Alpha, beta and gamma are the three main types of radioactive decay. yes, it is because of the spontaneous disintegration of the radionuclide in which it is emitting a large amount of radiation that will affect the DNA cells in the human body. | Radioactive substances give out radiation all of the time. There are three types of nuclear radiation: alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha is the least penetrating, while gamma is the most penetrating. Nonetheless, all three are ionising radiation: they can knock electrons out of atoms and form charged particles.Radiation can be harmful, but it can also be useful-the uses of radiation include to: 1 detect smoke.lpha is the least penetrating, while gamma is the most penetrating. Nonetheless, all three are ionising radiation: they can knock electrons out of atoms and form charged particles. Radiation can be harmful, but it can also be useful-the uses of radiation include to: 1 detect smoke. | eng_Latn | 15,957 |
what is the definition of background radiation | background radiation definition. Low-level radiation at the surface of the Earth that comes from cosmic rays and from small amounts of radioactive materials in rocks and the atmosphere. Discover our greatest slideshows. | Definition of radiation for English Language Learners. : a type of dangerous and powerful energy that is produced by radioactive substances and nuclear reactions. medical : the use of controlled amounts of radiation for the treatment of diseases (such as cancer) | eng_Latn | 15,958 |
uranium miners are at an elevated risk of what | We found strong evidence for an increased risk for lung cancer in white uranium miners. We expected about 64 deaths, but found 371. This means we found about 6 times more lung cancer deaths than expected. There was an exposure-response relationship with exposure to radon daughters in the mines.ranium Miners were exposed to mining dust, thought to cause lung disease. NIOSH made the study to find if uranium miners have an increased risk for lung cancer and other lung disease when compared to the U.S. general public. | The risk of a nuclear power plant accident with a significant amount of radioactivity released offsite to the public is very small. | eng_Latn | 15,959 |
what is thermi treatment | Before & After Photos. Thermi RF is a minimally-invasive treatment to both remove excess fat and tighten loose skin. It uses radiofrequency energy to heat fat cells which are eventually drained from the body through urination.No downtime is required after Thermi RF, making it an ideal choice for todayâs busy, jam-packed lifestyles.he areas to be treated with Thermi RF are cleansed and a gel is applied to the skin. The cool tip of the handpiece is then placed onto the skin. As the Thermi RFâs radiofrequency energy is sent through the skin, you will feel a soothing, warm, sensation. | A thermistor is a type of negative coefficient resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiter, temperature sensors (Negative Temperature Coefficient or NTC type typically), self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements (Positive Temperature Coefficient or PTC type typically). | eng_Latn | 15,960 |
what term indicates the process in which unstable atomic nuclei release radiation? | Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and conversion electrons. A material that spontaneously emits such radiation is considered radioactive. | Radioactivity is the process in which unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously decompose to form nuclei with a higher stability by the release of energetic sub atomic particles. The above definition tells us that radioactivity is a random or spontaneous naturally occurring process. | eng_Latn | 15,961 |
what particle is emitted in alpha radiation | Radioactive decay, also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity, is the process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation.A material that spontaneously emits such radiation â which includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays and conversion electrons â is considered radioactive.lpha decay is one type of radioactive decay, in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle, and thereby transforms (or decays) into an atom with a mass number decreased by 4 and atomic number decreased by 2. | Alpha particle an electrically charged ( + ) particle emitted from the nucleus of some radioactive chemicals, cf. plutonium. It contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons, and is the largest of the atomic particles emitted by radioactive chemicals. It can cause ionisation. | eng_Latn | 15,962 |
what is a beta particle made up of | The beta particle is a form of ionizing radiation related to other common forms of radiation, alpha particles and gamma rays.The beta particle is a high-speed electron or positron released from a degenerating radioactive nucleus.Being medium-energy and low mass, beta particles are one of the least damaging forms of radiation, but still a very significant health concern.he beta particle is a high-speed electron or positron released from a degenerating radioactive nucleus. Being medium-energy and low mass, beta particles are one of the least damaging forms of radiation, but still a very significant health concern. | Noun. 1. beta particle-a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope. subatomic particle, particle-a body having finite mass and internal structure but negligible dimensions. 1 Facebook. | eng_Latn | 15,963 |
what are the three methods to protect from radiation | Basic methods of Radiation Protection consist of three strategies Time, Distance, and Shielding. These three methods have been widely used till now to reduce exposure of exposure to individuals, and public. The basic are explained briefly below. | Shielding: As ionizing radiation passes through matter, the intensity of the radiation is diminished. Shielding is the placement of an âabsorberâ between you and the radiation source. An absorber is a material that reduces radiation from the radiation source to you. Alpha, beta, or gamma radiation can all be stopped by different thicknesses of absorbers. Shielding material can include barrels, boards, vehicles, buildings, gravel, water, lead or whatever else is immediately available. | eng_Latn | 15,964 |
radioactive decay definition geology | radioactive decay-the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation. disintegration, decay. alpha decay-radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of an alpha particle. beta decay-radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of a beta particle. nuclear reaction - (physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei. 1 Facebook. | beta decay-radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of a beta particle. nuclear reaction - (physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei. 1 Facebook. 2 Twitter. | eng_Latn | 15,965 |
Different answers for the same problem, Einstein's relativity vs Newton's gravity I had struggle to find the answer to this question: Imagine two charged identical particles, one stationary relative to earth, and the other one is free falling (to earth). We know that an accelerated charged particle radiates. But the real problem is, according to Newton, the free falling particle will radiate but with Einstein's relativity, the stationary one will radiate. (I'm not sure about this, correct me if I'm wrong). Can anyone explain which one is correct? | Does a charged particle accelerating in a gravitational field radiate? A charged particle undergoing an acceleration radiates photons. Let's consider a charge in a freely falling frame of reference. In such a frame, the local gravitational field is necessarily zero, and the particle does not accelerate or experience any force. Thus, this charge is free in such a frame. But, a free charge does not emit any photons. There seems to be a paradox. Does a freely falling charge in a gravitational field radiate? | How can blackbody radition be explained by quantization? I don't understand why quantization makes a peak on the blackbody radiation curve (so there is no ) and the relationship between that peak and quantization concept. When the blackbody is heated, it starts to glow. All atoms start to vibrate. Total heating energy must be divided and equally shared by all atoms of blackbody. Right? But what happens next? Do some atoms get much more energy to radiate at higher frequency and waste the energy? What happens at the atomic level, so quantization can explain it? What does classical physics claim, so it can not explain the radiation curve? | eng_Latn | 15,966 |
Radiation dangerous or not? | Health effect of electromagnetic and acoustic waves on brain function | Why is it dangerous use a coiled extension cord | eng_Latn | 15,967 |
Mental problems among our children seems to be on the rise, like the children who cannot talk except to their families, and a lot of it gets lumped under 'autism.' Autism is becoming as much a catch-all as arthritis (over 100 conditions). I think its caused by the major increase in oxidative (pollution) agents in our air, water, and soil causing short-circuiting in the brains of our children in the womb. Researchers are beginning to think that all major diseases- cancer, diabetes, Alzhiemers, etc- begin with chronic inflammation and if I understand rightly, chronic inflammation is laid at the doorstep of pollution. Is there any research being done to determine if this increase in weird mental problems among our young is causing a short-ciruiting of the brains of our children? | Clearly, your thoughts are quite accurate.\nThere is lots of information available about Toxins and the Immune System. Dr. Grace Ziem MD,http://www.chemicalinjury.net/index.htm\n\n and Dr. Martin Pall http://molecular.biosciences.wsu.edu/Faculty/pall/pall_mcs.htm\nas well as many other doctors write about this.\n\nGood Reading: \n\nGo to Environmental Health Perspectives and read more about the environment and your health. Lots of good info there. http://www.ehponline.org/\n\nStill need more... Look up MCS and see all the info available on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. | Nonionizing radiation is electromagnetic radiation that includes: \n\nRadio waves \nMicrowaves \nInfrared light \nVisible light \nHazards of Nonionizing Radiation\n\nUnlike ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation does not have enough photon energy to remove an electron from an atom. However, it can still be hazardous. For example: \n\nPowerful industrial lasers, which emit tightly focused or coherent beams of visible light, can burn through human tissue and even metal. \nSome nonionizing radiation can interfere with the operation of heart pacemakers and other medical devices, as well as critical equipment in aircraft. \nHigh levels of radio frequency and microwave radiation can heat tissue and if the temperature increase is high enough, can adversely affect health. \nElectric and Magnetic Fields\nExtremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) surround electrical machinery, home appliances, electric wiring, and high-voltage electrical transmission lines and transformers. (Figure 11) \n\nA good deal of public and government attention has been focused in recent years on the possible health effects of EMFs. The public is exposed to these fields through the generation, transmission, and use of electric power. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has compiled information on this issue. (You can get more information on this and other issues from the NIEHS Web site http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid) \n\nHigh-voltage power transmission and distribution lines have been a major focus of concern. Alternating-current (AC) electricity, with a frequency of 60 cycles per second, falls into the extremely low frequency range on the electromagnetic spectrum and thus has far too little energy to cause ionization. \n\nHowever, AC electric and magnetic fields can induce electric currents in conducting materials, including human and animal tissue. (Direct-current fields, such as the Earth's magnetic field, do not have this effect). The electric current induced in our bodies may have potential biological and health effects. \n\nEvidence of health effects from EMF is inconclusive, although some studies have indicated a possible link between EMFs and childhood leukemia and other forms of cancer. The information available, however, is not sufficient to establish a cause-effect relationship. \n\nSome studies have reported the possibility of increased cancer risks, especially leukemia and brain cancer, for electrical workers and others whose jobs require them to be around electrical equipment. Additional risk factors, however, such as exposure to cancer-initiating agents, may also be involved. \n\nSome researchers have looked at possible associations between EMF exposure and breast cancer, miscarriages, depression, suicides, Alzheimer's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease), but the general scientific consensus is that the evidence is not yet conclusive. \n\nIn June of 1998, a special review panel convened by the NIEHS reviewed EMF health studies. A majority of the panel found "limited evidence that residential exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields may increase the risk of childhood leukemia." A majority also found limited evidence that workplace exposure to EMFs may cause chronic lymphocytic leukemia in adults. \n\nAccording to NIEHS, "the probability that EMF exposure is truly a health hazard is currently small. The weak epidemiological associations and lack of any laboratory support for these associations provide only marginal scientific support that exposure to this agent is causing any degree of harm." The NIEHS did conclude, however, in its 1999 Report to Congress, that extremely-low-frequency EMF exposure cannot be recognized as entirely safe because of weak scientific evidence that exposure may pose a leukemia hazard; the associations reported for childhood leukemia and ad | eng_Latn | 15,968 |
I am curious about red shift phenomena. It is established that distant objects are determined to be moving away from us by determination of redshift of their light spectra. When Hubble used redshift to calculate galactic movement did he incorporate the following information.\n As I was listening to Stephen Hawking's book Theory of Everything a question arose..\nIf light is red shifted by gravitational fields is it possible that the light we had previously determined to be redshifted from doppler effect is actually shifted due to gravity. This question also contains an aspect of dark matter consideration as it was also stated that the majority of matter/energy is unaccounted for. This could therefore be an intervening gravitational source that affects red shift. \n\nOverall my thought is this, too much information about the universe is being derived from a single measurement. | In astrophysics last semester we did several things to prove to prove the friedmann equation (equation derived from general relativity that governs the expansion and motion inside the universe). One of the proofs is the redshift caused by the expansion of the universe (not technically a relative motion but it doesn't really matter). So here's the evidence.\n\na)The numbers for the redshift/megaparsec cross check perfectly with other independent proofs of the friedmann equation, like the cosmic microwave background.\n\nb)The supernovae we are observing are what's known as a "standard candle" meaning that the intensity, spectrum, and mass can all be determined very accurately by observing the change of the intensity of the radiation as a function of time. Because of this fact we can take into account the gravitational redshifts. The end result is that they make up fractions of a percent of the total redshift (I'd have to dig up my note to find the exact answer but it consider that the redshift of far objects is over 90% while the redshift from gravity is on the order of 10^-4% (.0001%).\n\nFinally to answer part of your question. Light is not redshifted by massive objects on it's path because the gravitational potential is the same upon entering the objects potential well as when it exits. Put another way it is blueshifted upon entering the objects gravitational pull and equally redshifted back to the original value upon exiting. | Nonionizing radiation is electromagnetic radiation that includes: \n\nRadio waves \nMicrowaves \nInfrared light \nVisible light \nHazards of Nonionizing Radiation\n\nUnlike ionizing radiation, nonionizing radiation does not have enough photon energy to remove an electron from an atom. However, it can still be hazardous. For example: \n\nPowerful industrial lasers, which emit tightly focused or coherent beams of visible light, can burn through human tissue and even metal. \nSome nonionizing radiation can interfere with the operation of heart pacemakers and other medical devices, as well as critical equipment in aircraft. \nHigh levels of radio frequency and microwave radiation can heat tissue and if the temperature increase is high enough, can adversely affect health. \nElectric and Magnetic Fields\nExtremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) surround electrical machinery, home appliances, electric wiring, and high-voltage electrical transmission lines and transformers. (Figure 11) \n\nA good deal of public and government attention has been focused in recent years on the possible health effects of EMFs. The public is exposed to these fields through the generation, transmission, and use of electric power. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has compiled information on this issue. (You can get more information on this and other issues from the NIEHS Web site http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid) \n\nHigh-voltage power transmission and distribution lines have been a major focus of concern. Alternating-current (AC) electricity, with a frequency of 60 cycles per second, falls into the extremely low frequency range on the electromagnetic spectrum and thus has far too little energy to cause ionization. \n\nHowever, AC electric and magnetic fields can induce electric currents in conducting materials, including human and animal tissue. (Direct-current fields, such as the Earth's magnetic field, do not have this effect). The electric current induced in our bodies may have potential biological and health effects. \n\nEvidence of health effects from EMF is inconclusive, although some studies have indicated a possible link between EMFs and childhood leukemia and other forms of cancer. The information available, however, is not sufficient to establish a cause-effect relationship. \n\nSome studies have reported the possibility of increased cancer risks, especially leukemia and brain cancer, for electrical workers and others whose jobs require them to be around electrical equipment. Additional risk factors, however, such as exposure to cancer-initiating agents, may also be involved. \n\nSome researchers have looked at possible associations between EMF exposure and breast cancer, miscarriages, depression, suicides, Alzheimer's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease), but the general scientific consensus is that the evidence is not yet conclusive. \n\nIn June of 1998, a special review panel convened by the NIEHS reviewed EMF health studies. A majority of the panel found "limited evidence that residential exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields may increase the risk of childhood leukemia." A majority also found limited evidence that workplace exposure to EMFs may cause chronic lymphocytic leukemia in adults. \n\nAccording to NIEHS, "the probability that EMF exposure is truly a health hazard is currently small. The weak epidemiological associations and lack of any laboratory support for these associations provide only marginal scientific support that exposure to this agent is causing any degree of harm." The NIEHS did conclude, however, in its 1999 Report to Congress, that extremely-low-frequency EMF exposure cannot be recognized as entirely safe because of weak scientific evidence that exposure may pose a leukemia hazard; the associations reported for childhood leukemia and ad | eng_Latn | 15,969 |
How dangerous is the radiation from your laptop? When will laptops be replaced by something safer? | How harmful can it be to receive the radiation from my laptop? | Why do nuclear scientists in India keep dying? Why isn't the government or media requesting answers? | eng_Latn | 15,970 |
define the fermi-dirac function | Fermi-Dirac distribution function. (statistical mechanics). A function specifying the probability that a member of an assembly of independent fermions, such as electrons in a semiconductor or metal, will occupy a certain energy state when thermal equilibrium exists. | The radiation detection system DIRAD is an automatic real-time Gamma spectroscopic monitor, capable to detect and identify illegal and hazardous movements of radioactive materials on public roads or pathways. DIRAD can continuously monitor a flow of people, vehicles and goods without limiting their movement. | eng_Latn | 15,971 |
what is a radiological emergency | A radiological emergency is an emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to radiation exposure from a source. As sources of radiation are used in various fields, including industry, medicine and research, radiological emergencies may occur anywhere. These are examples of radiological emergency situations and associated conditions that a first responder may face: 1 Medical Symptoms of Radiation Exposure. 2 Loss or Theft of Dangerous Radioactive Source. 3 Public Radioactive Contamination/Exposure. | 1 Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) - provides medical care during a disaster or other incident. 2 National Medical Response Team (NMRT) - provides mass decontamination and medical care to victims of a release of Weapons of Mass Destruction, or a large scale release of Hazardous Material. Emergency medical response by civilian medical teams, equipment, and supplies to a disaster area when local medical resources are overwhelmed. 2 Movement of ill and injured patients from a disaster area to areas unaffected by the disaster. 3 Definitive care of patients at hospitals in areas unaffected by the disaster. | eng_Latn | 15,972 |
what is radiation health and safety | Radiation is energy that moves through space or matter at a very high speed. This energy can be in the form of particles, such as alpha or beta particles, which are emitted from radioactive materials, or waves such as light, heat, radiowaves, microwaves, x-rays and gamma rays. Radioactive materials, also known as radionuclides or radioisotopes, are atoms that are unstable. | Occupational safety and health (OSH), also commonly referred to as occupational health and safety (OHS), occupational health, or workplace health and safety (WHS), is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. | eng_Latn | 15,973 |
homa-ir definition | IR is linked to increase incidence of HCC. HOMA-IR is the most commonly used model for assessing IR in the HCV setting. [ CLOSE WINDOW ]. The method-of-choice to assess IR and β-cell function depends on the size and type of study to be undertaken. | HO-1 or Basic Coverage, is the type of packaged Homeowners Insurance policy meant for protection of home, detached structures, and personal property from losses caused by the following disasters and perils: fire or lightning, wind or hail, explosion, riot or civil unrest, aircraft, vehicles, volcanic eruptions, smoke, theft, vandalism or malicious mischief and self-damaging instances (e.g. damage by glass material that is part of the building, a part of the building falling, etc). | eng_Latn | 15,974 |
what are the relevant cultural and societal issues for rad techs today? | Do you mean "radiological controlls technitions" or "radioghraphy technitions"? I'd need too know more before I commited to answering this question. | You can't be too careful. Of course, it might not be politically correct to monitor a specific ethnicity either. I have met a few rag-heads that are pretty cool, and who are my friends. They call me cracker, and we play around, but don't take offense to each other's sarcastic jokes. | eng_Latn | 15,975 |
what is svn stand for | SVN is a shorthand abbreviation of the name âSubversionâ. For those who have not heard of it, Subversion is a powerful open-source version control system that is typically used to manage the collections of files that make up software projects. However, a SVN repository it may actually be used for managing any collection of files that are changed or modified over time. Subversion was initially developed by CollabNet as an alternative to the earlier CVS version control system, which suffered a number of limitations, such as being unable to move or rename files. | The potential damage from an absorbed dose depends on the type of radiation and the sensitivity of different tissues and organs. The sievert (Sv) is a unit of radiation weighted dose also called the effective dose. It is a way to measure ionizing radiation in terms of the potential for causing harm. | eng_Latn | 15,976 |
A Bibliography of Scandinavian Languages and Linguistics 1900-1970 | A Bibliography of Scandinavian Dictionaries (review) | A Bibliography of Scandinavian Dictionaries (review) | eng_Latn | 15,977 |
There were four more working sessions and frequent tele-conferences, during which, after long negotiations it was decided that the word-forming of the new language would in 37 percent. follow Polish rules, and in 63 percent. Lotafrankish. | they had tele-conferences to stay in touch. | They never spoke while they did their work. | eng_Latn | 15,978 |
Fourth Generation Languages. | There are fourth generation languages. | There are tenth generation languages. | eng_Latn | 15,979 |
The Germanic traditions and language of the north became distinct from the Gallo-Roman traditions longer preserved in the Medi?ter?ra?nean basin. | The traditions and language of the northern Germans became distinct from those of the Gallo-Romans. | The traditions and language of the Germans in the north aligned perfectly with those of the Gallo-Romans. | eng_Latn | 15,980 |
As I said before, I'm a mutt! returned Julius. | Julius is of mixed heritage. | Julius is pure English. | eng_Latn | 15,981 |
CLIPS, a Multi-level Italian Computational Lexicon: a Glimpse to Data | A Framework for Diagnostic Evaluation of MT Based on Linguistic Checkpoints | South Slavic Clitic Placement is Still Synactic | kor_Hang | 15,982 |
Finnish Word Order as a Set of Syntactic Constructions | Constellations, Polysemy, and Hindi-ko Constellations, Polysemy, and Hindi-ko | South Slavic Clitic Placement is Still Synactic | eng_Latn | 15,983 |
[Letter from J. W. Berry to Claude D. White, April 25, 1911] | Letter J. W. Berry to Claude D. White. He wanted to write, but has been sick. He heard from Mr. Drury that Mrs. Moore is going to have an operation and hopes she will be fine. He talks about the weather and farming. He is expecting to see Claude this summer. He talks about Pitt. He mentions he only writes when he has something to write for. He hopes they are doing well. ::: She is sorry for not writing but John was sick and she has been busy. She talks about Mrs. Moore and answers the questions she had about the well. She mentions the rain and how it didn't fill the well but was good for the crops. She talks about her bad luck with chickens. She talks about gardening. Mr. Gibson died. Wylie Horn died the day before he was to get married. She mentions the other couples that were to be married. | Many varieties of Arabic and Berber have undergone a ::: process of syntactic change known as Jespersen’s Cycle (JC). ::: In JC a postverbal item is reanalysed as part of a discontinuous marker of negation together with the original preverbal negator. In some cases the original preverbal negator is then lost. This paper investigates the synchronic and historical data relevant to JC in the varieties in question, arguing that the innovation of the postverbal negator began in Arabic and later spread to Berber through contact. The various syntactic reanalyses involved in the Arabic JC are sketched, and the implications of the Arabic and Berber data for better-known instances of JC in European languages are discussed. | eng_Latn | 15,984 |
Historical Changes in Basque Dative Alternations: Evidence for a P-based (neo)derivational analysis | The properties and internal chronology of various dative changes in the history of the Lapurdian dialect of Basque are shown to be fully incompatible with the basic tenets of standard non-derivational approaches to dative alternations (both P have and “Low Applicative projection” types), and support the presence of an underlying P in applicative constructions. A neo-derivational approach based on the incorporation of an adpositional head accounts naturally for important generalizations on the distribution of the changes and conforms to the properties of dative variation crosslinguistically. | The authors would like to thank the helpful suggestions and ::: comments from the Editor, the Associate Editor, and the ::: Reviewers. The authors are also grateful to Karen J. Duncan ::: for her contribution in the language revision. The first ::: author’s work has been partially supported by the Spanish ::: National Research and Development Program project ::: [TEC2015-65353-R], by the European Regional Development ::: Fund (ERDF), and by the Galician Regional Government ::: under project GRC 2015/018 and under agreement for ::: funding AtlantTIC (Atlantic Research Center for Information ::: and Communication Technologies). The second author ::: acknowledges financial support from the Portuguese Funds ::: through FCT-“Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia,” ::: within the Project UID/MAT/00013/2013. | eng_Latn | 15,985 |
Ars longa, vita brevis; or: On the relationship between historical linguistics and typology | In Latin, particularly in Early Latin, sentences occur provided with “gnomic” value such as, for instance: Ars longa, vita brevis. Combining typological data and recent results of the comparative method within Indo-European (mainly Vedic an Lithuanian), there is solid evidence that this syntactic type, which is only residual in Latin, was in fact one of the oldest strategies Indo-European has at its disposal to express comparison. | Abbreviations Introduction I: THE LATIN BACKGROUND 1. The Biographical Tradition 2. The Liturgy II: DEVOTIONAL USES OF JOHN IN MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN 3. Sermons 4. Johannes-libelli III: POETOLOGICAL USES OF JOHN IN MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN 5. Biblical Narratives 6. 'Meisterlieder' Conclusion Bibliography Index | eng_Latn | 15,986 |
On the Quantitative and Qualitative Speech Changes of the Czech Radio Broadcasts News within Years 1969–2005 | In this paper we introduce the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Czech Radio Broadcasts News during a period of significant political and social changes in the Czech Republic (1969 - 2005). The research is mainly focused on the quantitative features of speech that can be determined from the results of automatic speech recognition system. We describe the used archive transcription system and selected characteristics of the macro- and micro- structure of the Radio Broadcasts News; namely the changes in studio vs. out-of-studio speech ratio, distribution of speakers by male and female, moderators and guest-speakers, changes in the use of signature tunes (including jingles), approximate use of phrasal introductory and closing language specific for the time periods, speech speed changes, average silence length, coordinative vs. subordinate conjunctions ratio and the most frequent semantic words. The sample of data consists of 6,580 hours of news broadcasting and 48,721,952 lexical words. | Electronic service quality (e-SQ) in is a new developing area, which has strategic importance for businesses striving to address consumers in electronic marketspace. It is known that consumer behav ... | eng_Latn | 15,987 |
The Coin Hoards of the Roman Republic database: the history, the data and the potential | The first part of this paper discusses the origins and development of the CHRR database as compiled by the author. The second section provides a couple of examples of the sorts of questions the data can be used to answer by examining two assemblages: the hoard from Mainz and the possible hoard from Alesia. This paper does not particularly discuss the creation of CHRR Online which will be examined elsewhere (Gruber and Lockyear 2015). It should be noted, however, that CHRR Online is derived from the author’s database, and will be regularly updated by uploading the data from it. | The authors would like to thank the helpful suggestions and ::: comments from the Editor, the Associate Editor, and the ::: Reviewers. The authors are also grateful to Karen J. Duncan ::: for her contribution in the language revision. The first ::: author’s work has been partially supported by the Spanish ::: National Research and Development Program project ::: [TEC2015-65353-R], by the European Regional Development ::: Fund (ERDF), and by the Galician Regional Government ::: under project GRC 2015/018 and under agreement for ::: funding AtlantTIC (Atlantic Research Center for Information ::: and Communication Technologies). The second author ::: acknowledges financial support from the Portuguese Funds ::: through FCT-“Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia,” ::: within the Project UID/MAT/00013/2013. | eng_Latn | 15,988 |
In the US television show ‘The Sopranos’, what is Salvatore Bonpensiero’s nickname? | The Sopranos | violinduett The Sopranos 26 Jul The Sopranos is an American television drama series created by David Chase that revolves around the New Jersey-based Italian-American mobster Tony Soprano and the difficulties he faces as he tries to balance the often conflicting requirements of his home life and the criminal organization he heads. The series also features Tony’s family members and Mafia associates in prominent roles and storylines, most notably his wife Carmela and cousin and protégé Christopher Moltisanti. The many conflicts in his life lead to an on-off professional relationship with psychiatrist Dr. Jennifer Melfi. The series premiered on the premium cable network HBO in the United States on January 10, 1999 and ended its original run of six seasons and 86 episodes on June 10, 2007. The show has also been broadcast on A&E in the United States and internationally. The Sopranos was produced by HBO, Chase Films and Brad Grey Television. It was primarily filmed at Silvercup Studios, New York City and on location in New Jersey. The executive producers throughout the show’s run were Chase, Brad Grey , Robin Green , Mitchell Burgess , Ilene S. Landress, Terence Winter , and Matthew Weiner . Chase also served as showrunner and head writer. A major commercial and critical success, The Sopranos is the most financially successful series in the history of cable television and is acknowledged as one of the greatest television series of all time and a seminal work of fiction. The series is noted for its high level of quality in every aspect of production and is particularly recognized for its writing, its cinematic style, and the performances of its lead actors. The show is credited with bringing a greater level of artistry to the television medium and paving the way for many successful drama series that followed. It also won a multitude of awards, including twenty-one Emmys and five Golden Globes . A staple of 2000s American popular culture, The Sopranos has been the subject of much parody, controversy, and analysis, and has spawned books, a video game , high-charting soundtrack albums, and a large amount of assorted merchandise.Several members of the show’s cast and crew that were previously largely unknown to the public have had successful careers after The Sopranos. David Chase born David DeCesare, 22 August 1945 in Garfield, New Jersey, is an American writer, director, and producer of television series. Chase has worked in television for more than 30 years; he has produced and written for shows as The Rockford Files , I’ll Fly Away , and Northern Exposure . He has created two original series; the first, Almost Grown , aired for 10 episodes in 1988 and 1989. Chase is best known for his second original series, the influential and critically acclaimed HBO drama The Sopranos, which aired for six seasons between 1999 and 2007. A prominent figure in American television, Chase has won seven Emmy Awards .( more… ) IMDB Character Profile: David Chase Anthony John “Tony” Soprano, Sr. is an Italian-American fictional character and the protagonist on the HBO television drama series The Sopranos, on which he is portrayed by James Gandolfini . The character was conceived by The Sopranos‘ creator and show runner David Chase, who was also largely responsible for the character’s story arc throughout the show’s six seasons. Bobby Boriello portrayed Tony Soprano as a child in one episode and Danny Petrillo played the character as a teenager in three episodes. The character is loosely based on real-life New Jersey mobster Vincent “Vinny Ocean” Palermo (born 1944), who is a former caporegime (capo) and de facto street boss of the DeCavalcante crime family of New Jersey. The DeCavalante Family is widely considered to be the model for the Soprano family; some incidents that the DeCavalcantes were involved in have been incorporated into Sopranos scripts. In the series, Tony begins as a capo in the DiMeo crime family during the first season. Between the first and second seasons, he is promoted to acting boss, a title he retains until the | Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc. Home Page Sources Discussion of the period covered by this page, with sources on Roman and "Byzantine" history, upon which the actual tables and genealogies are based, may be found in " Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History ." One Roman source not mentioned there is the handy Who Was Who In The Roman World, edited by Diana Bowder [1980, Washington Square Press, Pocket Books, 1984]. That was the first book I ever saw that organized Roman Emperors into logical dynastic or event centered groups. Another source I have recently enjoyed is Justinian's Flea by William Rosen [Viking, 2007], not the least because it cites this very webpage [note 2:36, p.331]. Otherwise, it is a fine book with a good appeciation of Late Antiquity, and with some details that I have already added here. Other sources are given here at the points where they are used. This page is continued and supplemented by the material in "Successors of Rome: Scotia" , "Successors of Rome: Germania" , "Successors of Rome: Francia" , "Successors of Rome: The Periphery of Francia" , "Successors of Rome: Russia" , "The Ottoman Sultâns" , and "Modern Romania" . Related earlier history may be found at "Historical Background to Greek Philosophy" and "Hellenistic Monarchs" , and the "Consuls of the Roman Republic" . , that could be transliterated from Greek as "Doukas," is written "Ducas." The epithet of Basil II, "Bulgaroktonos," , "Bulgar Slayer," is rendered "Bulgaroctonus." This is contrary to increasing usage among Byzantinists and Classicists but is, as Warren Treadgold says [A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, p. xxi], what the Romans would have done themselves when writing in the Latin alphabet -- and in fact used to be the academic practice, as we see examples of almost all such Latinized names in older scholarly and popular work. In the 19th century, a scholar disinclined to use Latin forms would simply give the words in Greek. It could be assumed that educated readers at least knew the Greek alphabet. No such assumptions could be made now. Since this page uses the Latin alphabet, and since the Roman Empire originally used Latin as its universal language, never forgotten in Greek Romania (however annoying or hostile contemporary "Latins" might become), Latinate forms are the practice here. Some say that this is a "detour" through Latin, but that is the historic and customary route by which Greek words came into English, which is a historic language of Latin Francia . In fact, the Greek versions of the names of significant figures should be given in Byzantine histories, but this is not done. Since standard Greek lexicons, like Liddell and Scott, do not have proper names, and probably would not have them for the Mediaeval period anyway, there is a serious lacuna in references sources for the history of Romania. And those who insist on transcribing rather than Latinizing Greek words and names must face the problem than transcription systems, discussed by Treadgold, are ambiguous, especially in the absence of accents, and usually do not enable the reader to reconstruct the Greek writing. Because of the problems with transcribing Greek, and because of the need for a reference with actual Greek words, Greek names and words are not being added extensively to this page. Exceptions to Latinization would be, (1) for Greek words that simply have Latin translations. Thus, Greek Rhômaîoi, "Romans," corresponds to Latin Romani -- not "Rhomaeoe." Latinization will occur, however, when the Greek word is part of a compound. For instance Tsar Kalojan of Bulgaria was called the "Roman Killer," , Rhômaioktónos. This would Latinize as Rhomaeoctonus. And (2) when Greek words are transcribed, not primarily for logical "use" in English (or even Latin) sentences, i.e. to indicate their referents, but to phonetically render Greek words from examples of Greek itself, as I have in fact just used Rhômaîoi, an | eng_Latn | 15,989 |
What is the German name for the Danube? | The Name of the Danube | Danube River The Name of the Danube The Name of the Danube What's in a name? "A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet.." The Danube river passes through Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldova. Its name in each of the countries languages is: German: Donau Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian: Dunav/ Дунав Romanian: Dunarea Ukrainian: Дунай The name of the river originates from the a mythological source, from a Latin Roman river god, known as Danubius, or Danuvius. Additionally, the meaning can actually be derived from the ancient indigenous Slavonic tribes who called it the Great Water. Legends have it that Danubius was very keen to colonise the places and peoples who lived along the Danube and to extent the boundaries and influences of the Roman empire to encompass this great watercourse. In an allegorical name. Both in the past, as well as presently, it represents a major source of trade and connection, transporting people and goods across mainland Europe, and connecting the middle and northern countries with the south, the Balkan peninsula, and the Black Sea. His vision was to exploit the different cultures and regions from which the Roman empire could prosper and annex the various riches that the basin possesses. Was it a name that was given to the river because of its potentials, or because the people wanted it to represent, or evoke, its divine nature? The geopolitical structure of the region has significantly changed over times, and it significantly reflected on the economic changes in the region as well. Although names do tend to remain untranslatable, the form and terms under which dialects take on a certain name makes linguistic sense. In the geography of languages, it is a rule to see that linguistic varieties have a dialectic continuum, in which case the language spills across geo-political and cultural dividers, as bordering regions take on dialects that transcend those limits. Further down the course, where it meets the Black Sea it is known as Istros, which is also based on a mythological river god, as he was known in Ancient Greece. "The largest of the rivers of Europe, the Istros, rises from only a few springs and moves in a direction facing the first assaults of the sun. Later, many Rivers rise with one accord as though they were escorting him--for he is the King of the Rivers of that country--and flow perpetually, and those who live on their banks know each one by name. But as soon as they discharge into the Istros, the name which they had at their birth ceases to be used, they surrender it in his favour, all are called after him, and together pour their waters into the Euxeinos". - Aelian, Greek natural history C2nd to 3rd A.D. It is not uncommon to name natural splendours using mythological or divine function, in order to instil protection, guardianship, but mostly the magnificence of the setting by equating it to divinity and sanctity of legends. The Greeks put these practices to good use with their geographical entities and the renowned mythological figures. If looked more in depth, one can find that the root of the word Istar, in ancient Greek, means flow, or flowing, and so on. One can see how these names take shape. Moving along the way, linguistically and geographically, one can find an entire variety of meanings. It is said that Celts have given it a name Danuvius, based on their derivatives of the word danu, which means strong, or loud, ie. a loud river, or a river which makes noise. On the other hand, In the Germanic languages, dune means wind-swept sand or sediment which have formed a bank, or a sandy bank. This could also be one of the possibilities. For example, the gradual transformation of the name along the different cultural and linguistic regions signifies this language continuum. From German Donau to Hungarian Duna, and the Slavic languages Dunaj/ Dunai/ Dunav. This shows the variation of phonetics and how they are mutually intelligible. It is interesting to note that the English designation, Danube, bears the | ��ࡱ� > �� 4 6 ���� 3 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� q` �� ~& bjbjqPqP .. : : ~ �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � , � � � D D D D D D D D . 0 0 0 0 0 0 A h � � 0 � � D D � � 0 � � D D E � � D � D . � . � � D 8 �]KS�v� � R . [ 0 � O � O O � $ D � " . � � � D D D 0 0 D D D � � � � � � � � � \ � � � � \ � � � � � � � � � ���� (born Leipzig, 22 May 1813; died Venice, 13 February 1883). He was the son either of the police actuary Friedrich Wagner, who died soon after his birth, or of his mother's friend the painter, actor and poet Ludwig Geyer, whom she married in August 1814. He went to school in Dresden and then Leipzig; at 15 he wrote a play, at 16 his first compositions. In 1831 he went to Leipzig University, also studying music with the Thomaskantor, C.T. Weinlig; a symphony was written and successfully performed in 1832. In 1833 he became chorus master at the W�rzburg theatre and wrote the text and music of his first opera, Die Feen; this remained unheard, but his next, Das Liebesverbot, written in 1833, was staged in 1836. By then he had made his d�but as an opera conductor with a small company which however went bankrupt soon after performing his opera. He married the singer Minna Planer in 1836 and went with her to K�nigsberg where he became musical director at the theatre, but he soon left and took a similar post in Riga where he began his next opera, Rienzi, and did much conducting, especially of Beethoven. In 1839 they slipped away from creditors in Riga, by ship to London and then to Paris, where he was befriended by Meyerbeer and did hack-work for publishers and theatres. He also worked on the text and music of an opera on the 'Flying Dutchman' legend; but in 1842 Rienzi, a large-scale opera with a political theme set in imperial Rome, was accepted for Dresden and Wagner went there for its highly successful premiere. It | eng_Latn | 15,990 |
The three principal Uralic languages are Finnish, Estonian, and which other? | Uralic languages | Britannica.com Uralic languages Ob-Ugric languages Uralic languages, family of more than 20 related languages, all descended from a Proto-Uralic language that existed 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. At its earliest stages, Uralic most probably included the ancestors of the Yukaghir language . The Uralic languages are spoken by more than 25 million people scattered throughout northeastern Europe , northern Asia, and (through immigration) North America . The most demographically important Uralic language is Hungarian , the official language of Hungary . Two other Uralic languages, Estonian (the official language of Estonia ) and Finnish (one of two national languages of Finland —the other is Swedish, a Germanic language), are also spoken by millions. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Attempts to trace the genealogy of the Uralic languages to periods earlier than Proto-Uralic have been hampered by the great changes in the attested languages, which preserve relatively few features and therefore provide little evidence upon which scholars may base meaningful claims for a more distant relationship. Most commonly mentioned in this respect is a putative connection with the Altaic language family (including Turkic and Mongolian ). This hypothetical language group, called Ural-Altaic , is not considered by most scholars to be soundly based. Although the Uralic and Indo-European languages are not generally thought to be related, more speculative studies have suggested a connection between them. Relationship with the Eskimo languages , Dravidian (e.g., Telugu ), Japanese , Korean , and various American Indian groups has also been proposed. The most radical of these claims is the massive Dené-Finnish grouping of Morris Swadesh, which encompasses , among others, Sino-Tibetan (e.g., Chinese ) and Athabaskan (e.g., Navajo ). The Uralic language family in its current status consists of two related groups of languages, the Finno-Ugric and the Samoyedic , both of which developed from a common ancestor, called Proto-Uralic, that was spoken 7,000 to 10,000 years ago in the general area of the north-central Ural Mountains . At its very earliest stages Uralic most probably included the ancestors of the Yukaghir languages (formerly listed as a Paleo-Siberian stock with no known relatives). Similar Topics creole languages Over the millennia, both Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic branches of Uralic have given rise to more or less divergent subgroups of languages, which nonetheless have retained certain traits from their common source. For example, the degree of similarity between two of the least closely related members of the Finno-Ugric group, Hungarian and Finnish, is comparable to that between English and Russian (which belong to the Indo-European family of languages). The difference between any Finno-Ugric language and any Samoyedic tongue would be even greater. On the other hand, more closely related members of Finno-Ugric, such as Finnish and Estonian, differ in much the same manner as greatly diverse dialects of the same language. The distribution of Uralic languages Establishment of the family Determining the geographic location, material culture , and linguistic characteristics of the earliest stages of Uralic at a period thousands of years prior to any historical record is a problem beset with enormous difficulties; consensus among Uralic scholars is limited to a handful of general hypotheses . The original homeland of Proto-Uralic is considered to have been in the vicinity of the north-central Urals , possibly centred west of the mountains. Following the dissolution of Uralic, the precursors of the Samoyeds gradually moved northward and eastward into Siberia . The Finno-Ugrians moved to the south and west, to an area close to the confluence of the Kama and Volga rivers. Shared cognates Several kinds of indirect evidence support the above supposition. One approach attempts to reconstruct the natural environment of these groups on the basis of shared cognates (related words) for plants, animals, and minerals and on the distribution o | RON - Romanian New Leu rates, news, and tools RON - Romanian New Leu Romania, Leu The Romanian Leu is the currency of Romania. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Romania Leu exchange rate is the RON to EUR rate . The currency code for Lei is RON, and the currency symbol is lei. Below, you'll find Romanian Leu rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take RON rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website. | eng_Latn | 15,991 |
From which language do we get the word 'bizarre'? | Bizarre Synonyms, Bizarre Antonyms | Thesaurus.com Word Origin & History bizarre 1640s, from Fr. bizarre "odd, fantastic" (16c.), originally "handsome, brave," perhaps from Basque bizar "a beard" (the notion being of bearded Spanish soldiers making a strange impression on the French); alternative etymology traces it to It. bizarro "angry, fierce, irascible," from bizza "fit of anger." Example Sentences for bizarre He leaned over the balustrade of stone near a squat vase holding a tropical plant of a bizarre shape. But then I remind myself that the Russian ballet is nothing if not bizarre. This nose ornament does not seem absurd; on these dark skins the effect is almost as pleasing as it is bizarre. I wanted to surround myself with that, you know—to get the bizarre note into my work. Scarcely a word but evokes an image, a strange, bizarre image, often a complication of images. It's the bizarre, the dimly seen, the mysterious for good or evil. Yet in the choice of words, one may search for the bizarre and unusual rather than for the truly picturesque. That he—he should thus be bound up with things so black and bizarre! They're perfectly conventional and so can't distinguish between originality that's artistic and originality that's only bizarre. He was in a vast, wild desert, bristling with bizarre plants. | Ludwik Zamenhof | Esperanto-USA | ZoomInfo.com Ludwik Zamenhof + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. 1500 Park Ave STE 134 Emeryville, California 94608 United States Company Description Esperanto-USA is a non-profit organization whose primary purpose is to further education in, and dissemination of information about, the international auxiliary language Esperanto. We have a bookstore with around 1000 titles, ranging from instructional ma ... more Find other employees at this company (10) Background Information Web References (81 Total References) Our young Polish guide - born ... jewishfed.org [cached] Our young Polish guide - born in the post-Communist era - led us through the overgrown grassy paths of the Okopowa cemetery, one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in the world, where we visited the graves of Ludwik Zamenhof, the founder of Esperanto, and Marek Edelman, a survivor and one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. JewishPress.com > News > View Article www.thejewishpress.com [cached] It should be stressed that the worldly Tivadar became a lover of Esperanto , the international language founded by Lazar Ludovik Zamenhof , the Polish Jew , in hopes of advancing understanding among nations .It stands almost to reason that assimilated Central European Jew - idealists , all - should have created and pursued the very idea of a tongue that transcends boundaries , effectively converting language into universal citizenship. $reference.title | eng_Latn | 15,992 |
What kind of language do the Croatia speak? | Which language does croatia speak? | Which language does croatia speak? | eng_Latn | 15,993 |
What is the original language that amen was derived? | What is the original language of the term amen? | What is the original language of the term amen? | eng_Latn | 15,994 |
What are some of the languages in poland? | What language did poland speak? | What language did poland speak? | eng_Latn | 15,995 |
Where is cyrillic writing used? | What are the three languages for cyrillic alphabet? | What are the three languages for cyrillic alphabet? | eng_Latn | 15,996 |
Which language gave us the word 'Germanic'? | German | Define German at Dictionary.com german adjective 1. having the same father and mother, as a full brother or sister (usually used in combination): a brother-german. 2. born of the brother or sister of one's father or mother, as a first cousin (usually used in combination): a cousin-german. 1250-1300; Middle English germain < Old French < Latin germānus, derivative of germen; see germ German of or relating to Germany , its inhabitants, or their language. noun a native or inhabitant of Germany. 3. a descendant of a native of Germany. 4. Also called High German. an Indo-European language that is based on a High German dialect, is official in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and is also widely used as an international language for scholarship and science. Abbreviation: G, G. Linguistics. any variety of West Germanic speech native to Germany, Austria, or Switzerland. 6. (usually lowercase) an elaborate social dance resembling a cotillion. 7. (lowercase) New England and South Atlantic States. a dancing party featuring the german. Origin 1520-30; < Latin Germānus German; cognate with Greek Germanoí (plural) Related forms Examples from the Web for german Expand Contemporary Examples He was a beefy figure who never quite lost his german accent despite living all his adult life in the United States. Gypsy Flight Roy J. Snell My parents took me abroad, and I sampled a german university. British Dictionary definitions for german Expand (US) a dance consisting of complicated figures and changes of partners Word Origin C19: shortened from German cotillion german2 (used in combination) having the same parents as oneself: a brother-german having a parent that is a brother or sister of either of one's own parents: cousin-german 2. a less common word for germane Word Origin C14: via Old French germain, from Latin germānus of the same race, from germen sprout, offshoot German noun 1. the official language of Germany and Austria and one of the official languages of Switzerland; the native language of approximately 100 million people. It is an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch, closely related to English and Dutch. There is considerable diversity of dialects; modern standard German is a development of Old High German, influenced by Martin Luther's translation of the Bible See also High German , Low German 2. a native, inhabitant, or citizen of Germany 3. a person whose native language is German: Swiss Germans, Volga Germans adjective denoting, relating to, or using the German language 5. relating to, denoting, or characteristic of any German state or its people related Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for german Expand adj. "of the same parents or grandparents," c.1300, from Old French germain "closely related" (12c.), from Latin germanus "full, own (of brothers and sisters); one's own brother; genuine, real," related to germen (genitive germinis) "sprout, bud," dissimilated from PIE *gen(e)-men-, from root *gene- "to give birth, beget" (see genus ). Your cousin-german (also first cousin) is the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt; your children and your first cousin's are second cousins to one another; to you, your first cousin's children are first cousin once removed. German n. "Teuton, member of the Germanic tribes," 1520s (plural Germayns attested from late 14c.), from Latin Germanus, first attested in writings of Julius Caesar, who used Germani to designate a group of tribes in northeastern Gaul, origin unknown, probably the name of an individual tribe. It is perhaps of Gaulish (Celtic) origin, perhaps originally meaning "noisy" (cf. Old Irish garim "to shout") or "neighbor" (cf. Old Irish gair "neighbor"). The earlier English word was Almain (early 14c.) or Dutch. Þe empere passede from þe Grees to þe Frenschemen and to þe Germans, þat beeþ Almayns. [John of Trevisa, translation of Higdon's Polychronicon, 1387] Their nam | 1000+ images about The Rosetta Stone on Pinterest | Rosetta stone, British museum and Egypt Forward Napoleon’s army found The Rosetta Stone in Egypt- three different bands of writing inscribed on it(Egyptian hieroglyphs,Egyptian script called demotic,ancient Greek). The Greek language was still in use, which made translation of the rest of the stone possible. Both demotic and hieroglyphic languages had been lost more than a thousand years earlier.Jean-Francois Champollion realized hieroglyphs were phonic in nature.Full translation of the Rosetta Stone allowed translation of hieroglyphics See more | eng_Latn | 15,997 |
Romansh is an official language of which European country? | What Do People Speak in Switzerland? | USA Today What Do People Speak in Switzerland? Switzerland, a country with a population of only 7 million, has four official languages. (Photo: Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images ) American Travel to Switzerland Switzerland is widely considered to be the model for a kind of tolerance relatively rare within European countries: Peaceful coexistence between different language groups. While Swiss dialects of three of the country's official languages -- German, French and Italian -- differ from standard versions, they're all mutually intelligible. However, the fourth, Romansh, is in a class of its own. This ancient and mysterious tongue, spoken in only one region of the country by less than 1 percent of the Swiss population, is found nowhere else in the world. Although English isn't an official language, it's widely spoken and understood, especially in cities. Switzerland's Linguistic Diversity In the first century B.C., today's Switzerland was part of the Roman Empire, but following its collapse in the fifth century, Germanic tribes moved into the region, and linguistic diversity began evolving from there. The Swiss federation consists of 26 cantons, or states, all with much more control over their own affairs, including education and language policy, than North American or European states and provinces. Despite four official languages, 22 cantons have only one official language, and children who attend public schools there don't have the choice of being educated in any other language. The Swiss German Dialect The vast majority of the Swiss population, about 64 percent, converse in a dialect of German called Swiss German, which divides even further into regional sub-dialects. For example, the customary greeting in standard, or high, German would be "guten Tag," but in Swiss German, the all-purpose hello for one person is "gruetzi" or "gruetzi wohl," and for more than one, "gruetzi miteinander," the equivalent of "hello, everybody." Whereas "guten Abend" is the standard German way of saying, "good night," speakers of Swiss German would say, "guten Abig" when addressing one person, and "guten Abig zusammen" or "guten Abig miteinander" for two or more. Despite conversational differences, the Swiss use standard German in writing. In both Zurich, the largest city, and Bern, the capital, Swiss German is the dominant language, although in the canton of Bern, French is also officially recognized. French and Italian The differences between standard French and Swiss French, spoken by about 20 percent of the population, aren't as great as they are between standard and Swiss German. As Andres Kristol, director of the University of Neuchâtel’s Centre for the Study of Dialects and Regional French, puts it, “It’s the same dish but the spices are different." To the ears of a Parisian, the Swiss French spoken in Geneva in the country's Romandie region has a charmingly antique quality, with a slower pace, different accent and variant words and phrases. Like Swiss German and French, the Italian spoken by about 7 percent of the population differs somewhat from the Italian spoken in Italy but people use standard Italian when writing. Mysterious Romansh If Romansh were an animal, it would be classified as critically endangered. In fact, fewer people in Switzerland today -- only half of 1 percent of the population -- speak Romansh than Serbo-Croatian. Most visitors to Switzerland visit the alpine canton Graubunden, the only place where this language is spoken but also famous for its ski resorts, including St. Moritz. Romansh is believed to have evolved from the native language spoken by a tribe that migrated into the region around 500 B.C., but was also strongly influenced by the Latin spoken by ordinary people in the old Roman Empire. Five dialects exist but in 1982, a standardized written version was adopted. Romansh's march to extinction may have been slowed after Microsoft added it to its range of desktop language options. Graubunden is the only canton with three official languages, the other two be | RON - Romanian New Leu rates, news, and tools RON - Romanian New Leu Romania, Leu The Romanian Leu is the currency of Romania. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Romania Leu exchange rate is the RON to EUR rate . The currency code for Lei is RON, and the currency symbol is lei. Below, you'll find Romanian Leu rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take RON rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website. | eng_Latn | 15,998 |
The Sopot International Song Festival is held annually in which European country? | Learn and talk about Sopot International Song Festival, 1961 establishments in Poland, Annual events in Poland, Music competitions in Poland, Music festivals in Poland Official website The Sopot International Song Festival (later called Sopot Music Festival Grand Prix, Sopot Top of the Top Festival from 2012–13 and Polsat Sopot Festival in 2014) is an annual international song contest held in Sopot , Poland . [1] It was the biggest Polish music festival altogether with the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole , and one of the biggest song contests in Europe. The contest was organised and transmitted live by the Polish state television broadcaster, Telewizja Polska (TVP) between 1994 and 2004. The following year, the concert was broadcast by the private media station TVN for the first time and remained on TVN until 2009. From 2012 to 2014, the concert was broadcast and organised by Polsat . It was later cancelled by the broadcaster. [2] Contents Forest Opera in Sopot Stage for the Sopot Top Of The Top Festival 2013 The first Sopot festival was initiated and organised in 1961 by Władysław Szpilman , assisted by Szymon Zakrzewski from Polish Artists Management (PAGART). [3] The first three editions were held in the Gdansk Shipyard hall (1961–1963), after which the festival moved to the Forest Opera . The main prize has been Amber Nightingale through most of its history. Between 1977 and 1980 it was replaced by the Intervision Song Contest , which was still held in Sopot. Unlike the Eurovision Song Contest , the Sopot International Music Festival often changed its formulas to pick a winner and offered many different contests for its participants. For example, at the 4th Intervision Song Festival (held in Sopot August 20–23, 1980) two competitions were effective: one for artists representing television companies, the other for those representing record companies. In the first the jury considered the artistic merits of the songs entered; while in the second, it judged the performers' interpretation." [4] The festival has always been open to non-European acts, and countries like Cuba , Dominican Republic , Mongolia , New Zealand , Nigeria , Peru , South Africa and many others have been represented in this event. The contest lost popularity in Poland and abroad in the 1980s, declining further during the 1990s, and the rather unconvincing organisations by TVP made the authorities of Sopot give the organization of the 2005 Sopot International Song Festival to a private TV channel, TVN . Since 1999, there was no contest. TVP chose to invite well-known artists instead, featuring the likes of Whitney Houston , Tina Turner , The Corrs , Lionel Richie , UB40 , Ricky Martin and Simply Red to perform. In 2005, TVN brought the international competition back, taking over from TVP, and in 2006 invited Elton John and Katie Melua . The Sopot International Song Festival is usually considered bigger than the Benidorm International Song Festival because of its ability to attract star performers. In 2010 and 2011, the festival did not take place due to renovation of the Forest Opera . Since 2012, it is called Sopot Top Of The Top Festival and is broadcast annually by Polsat . In 2014, the name was changed to Polsat Sopot Festival. The festival also provided opportunity to listen to international stars. In the past, it featured Charles Aznavour , Boney M , Johnny Cash , and more recently: Chuck Berry , Vanessa Mae , Annie Lennox , Belinda Carlisle , Vaya Con Dios , Chris Rea , Tanita Tikaram , La Toya Jackson , Kajagoogoo and Goran Bregovic . Winners by year[ edit ] This list includes only winners of the most prestigious contests within the Sopot Music Festival. Sometimes one contest has overshadowed another with time. Grand Prix de disque was the most prestigious award between 1974 and 1976 and the Intervision Song Contest during 1977–80. The festival has also given prizes for Best Interpretation in the 1960s, the Amber Nightingdale in the 1980s and 1990s and Winner Of The Polish Day on and off from the 1960s to the 1980s. [5] Year Original | Suffolk interpreters and translation services Home > Interpreters > Suffolk Interpreters in Suffolk Bostico is the preferred language provider of many companies of different sizes as well as with individuals who need to communicate on a regular or ad hoc basis in another language, and require the assistance of an translator or interpreter. Suffolk is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowestoft, Bury St Edmunds and Felixstowe, one of the largest container ports in Europe. Bostico can quickly provide a professional and experienced interpreters right across the UK and often within 24 hours. Suffolk translation sevices Our skilled team combines accreditation from the IOL, ITI and NRPSI to give you the best interpreting services available (conference, police, hospitals, court, business meetings, etc) We can supply an interpreter in the language of your choice. You can find out more about this county from the Suffolk Wiki Pages or you can Visit Suffolk . 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