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The theoretical risk of non-melanoma skin cancer from environmental radon exposure | The skin cancer risk theoretically attributable to radon associated alpha particle radiation is calculated on the basis of recent dosimetry, and published radiation risk factors. The results suggest that of the order of 2% (range 1%-10%) of non-melanoma skin cancers in the UK may be associated with radon exposure at the average UK radon concentration of 20 Bq m-3. The range quoted is due solely to uncertainties in the estimate of the radon dose to the basal layer of the skin, and additional sources of uncertainty are discussed. The estimate is dependent on the assumption that the target cells for radiation induced skin cancer lie in the basal layer of the epidermis, and that irradiation of the dermis is not necessary for skin cancer induction. Due to the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the risk factors for ionising radiation, ultraviolet radiation exposure must also be involved in the induction of the majority of any skin cancer cases linked to radon exposure. | Results from three different projects that involved either absolute or relative measurement of solar radiation at the NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory are reported. Included are measurements, in summary form, of broadband solar irradiance, spectral aerosol optical depth, and spectral diffuse-sky irradiance. Each data set includes the influence of the stratospheric debris from the eruption of El Chichon. Procedures that were used to acquire and finalize the observational records are documented. | eng_Latn | 15,800 |
Negative effects of the x-ray? | Negative effects of X-rays? | Negative effects of X-rays? | eng_Latn | 15,801 |
What are 4 types of radioactive decay? | List three types of radioactive decay in oder? | List three types of radioactive decay in oder? | eng_Latn | 15,802 |
How do astronauts protect themsels from cosmic rays? | What do you think protects us here on earth from cosmic radiation? | What protects astronauts from cosmic rays? | eng_Latn | 15,803 |
What is meant by activity of a radioactive source? | What is the activity of a radioactive source usually measured in? | What is the activity of a radioactive source usually measured in? | eng_Latn | 15,804 |
The changing of one element into another in radioactive-decay is called? | One element changin into another through radiactive decay? | One element changin into another through radiactive decay? | eng_Latn | 15,805 |
What is the term given to uranium that has its isotope uranium-235 removed? | Uranium: Its Uses and Hazards - Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Uranium: Its Uses and Hazards Some of the terms used in this factsheet are defined in IEER’s on-line glossary . First discovered in the 18th century, uranium is an element found everywhere on Earth, but mainly in trace quantities. In 1938, German physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann showed that uranium could be split into parts to yield energy. Uranium is the principal fuel for nuclear reactors and the main raw material for nuclear weapons. Natural uranium consists of three isotopes: uranium-238, uranium-235, and uranium-234. Uranium isotopes are radioactive. The nuclei of radioactive elements are unstable, meaning they are transformed into other elements, typically by emitting particles (and sometimes by absorbing particles). This process, known as radioactive decay, generally results in the emission of alpha or beta particles from the nucleus. It is often also accompanied by emission of gamma radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays. These three kinds of radiation have very different properties in some respects but are all ionizing radiation–each is energetic enough to break chemical bonds, thereby possessing the ability to damage or destroy living cells. Summary of Uranium Isotopes 142 245,000 Uranium-238, the most prevalent isotope in uranium ore, has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years; that is, half the atoms in any sample will decay in that amount of time. Uranium-238 decays by alpha emission into thorium-234, which itself decays by beta emission to protactinium-234, which decays by beta emission to uranium-234, and so on. The various decay products, (sometimes referred to as “progeny” or “daughters”) form a series starting at uranium-238. After several more alpha and beta decays, the series ends with the stable isotope lead-206. URANIUM DECAY CHAIN — Main Branch Read from left to right. Arrows indicate decay. Uranium-238 ==> Lead-206 (stable) Uranium-238 emits alpha particles which are less penetrating than other forms of radiation, and weak gamma rays As long as it remains outside the body, uranium poses little health hazard (mainly from the gamma-rays). If inhaled or ingested, however, its radioactivity poses increased risks of lung cancer and bone cancer. Uranium is also chemically toxic at high concentrations and can cause damage to internal organs, notably the kidneys. Animal studies suggest that uranium may affect reproduction, the developing fetus, [1] and increase the risk of leukemia and soft tissue cancers. [2] The property of uranium important for nuclear weapons and nuclear power is its ability to fission, or split into two lighter fragments when bombarded with neutrons releasing energy in the process. Of the naturally-occuring uranium isotopes, only uranium-235 can sustain a chain reaction– a reaction in which each fission produces enough neutrons to trigger another, so that the fission process is maintained without any external source of neutrons. [3] In contrast, uranium-238 cannot sustain a chain reaction, but it can be converted to plutonium-239, which can. [4] Plutonium-239, virtually non-existent in nature, was used in the first atomic bomb tested July 16, 1945 and the one dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The Mining and Milling Process Traditionally, uranium has been extracted from open-pits and underground mines. In the past decade, alternative techniques such in-situ leach mining, in which solutions are injected into underground deposits to dissolve uranium, have become more widely used. Most mines in the U.S. have shut down and imports account for about three-fourths of the roughly 16 metric tons of refined uranium used domestically each year — Canada being the largest single supplier. [5] The milling (refining) process extracts uranium oxide (U3O8) from ore to form yellowcake, a yellow or brown powder that contains about 90 percent uranium oxide. [6] Conventional mining techniques generate a substantial quantity of mill tailings waste during the milling phase, beca | Radiohead (Instrument) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Show Less Radiohead began work on their second album in 1994, hiring veteran Abbey Road Studios producer John Leckie. … Read More Tensions were high, with mounting expectations to deliver a follow-up to match the success of "Creep". Recording felt unnatural in the studio, with the band having over-rehearsed the material. Seeking a change of scenery, they toured the Far East, Australasia and Mexico and found greater confidence performing their new music live. However, troubled by the fame he had achieved, Yorke became disillusioned with being "at the sharp end of the sexy, sassy, MTV eye-candy lifestyle" he felt he was helping to sell to the world. Read Less My Iron Lung, an EP and single released late in 1994, was Radiohead's reaction, marking a transition towards the greater depth they aimed for on their second album. … Read More It was their first time working with their future producer Nigel Godrich, then working under Leckie as an audio engineer. It was also Radiohead's first collaboration with artist Stanley Donwood, who has produced all of their artwork since. Promoted through alternative radio stations, My Iron Lung's sales were better than expected, and suggested for the first time that the band had found a loyal fanbase and were not one-hit wonders. Read Less Show Less Radiohead released their third album, OK Computer, in June 1997. … Read More The album found the band experimenting with song structures and incorporating ambient, avant garde and electronic influences, prompting Rolling Stone to call the album a "stunning art-rock tour de force". Radiohead denied being part of the progressive rock genre, but critics in the mid-90s began to compare their work to Pink Floyd, a band whose early 1970s work influenced Greenwood's guitar parts at the time. Some compared OK Computer thematically to Floyd's best-seller The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), although Yorke said the album's lyrics had been inspired by observing the "speed" of the world in the 1990s. Yorke's lyrics, embodying different characters, had expressed what one magazine called "end-of-the-millennium blues" in contrast to the more personal songs of The Bends. According to journalist Alex Ross, the band had become "the poster boys for a certain kind of knowing alienationâas the Talking Heads and R.E.M. had been before." OK Computer met with critical acclaim. Yorke said he was "amazed it got the reaction it did. None of us fucking knew any more whether it was good or bad. What really blew my head off was the fact that people got all the things, all the textures and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create."OK Computer was the band's first number one UK chart debut, propelling them to commercial success around the world. Despite peaking at number 21 in the US charts, the album eventually met with mainstream recognition there, receiving the first Grammy Awards recognition of the band's career, a win for Best Alternative Album and a nomination for Album of the Year. "Paranoid Android", "Karma Police" and "No Surprises" were released as singles from the album, of which "Karma Police" was most successful internationally. Read Less Radiohead were largely inactive following their 1997â1998 tour; after its end, their only public performance in 1998 was at an Amnesty International concert in Paris. … Read More Yorke later said that during that period the band came close to splitting up, and that he had developed severe depression. Read Less 1999 6 Years Old In early 1999, Radiohead began work on a follow-up to OK Computer. … Read More Although the album's success meant there was no longer any pressure or a deadline from their record label, tension during this period was high. Band members all had different visions for Radiohead's future, and Yorke experienced writer's block, influencing him toward a more abstract, fragmented form of songwriting. Radiohead secluded themselves with producer Nigel Godrich in studios in Paris, Copenhagen, and Gloucester, and in their newly completed studio in Oxfo | eng_Latn | 15,806 |
A nuclear component which emits radioactivity for an industrial/commercial purpose is called a? | Radioactivity | Define Radioactivity at Dictionary.com radioactivity [rey-dee-oh-ak-tiv-i-tee] /ˌreɪ di oʊ ækˈtɪv ɪ ti/ Spell noun, Physics, Chemistry. 1. the phenomenon, exhibited by and being a property of certain elements, of spontaneously emitting radiation resulting from changes in the nuclei of atoms of the element. Expand Examples from the Web for radioactivity Expand Historical Examples It is focused, however, on questions found to be significant in studies of radioactivity in the sea. Duel on Syrtis Poul William Anderson Second, a neutron source—the type of radioactivity that produced neutrons—to accelerate the reaction. Vacuum-packed in moisture-proof containers, and free from radioactivity. The Return H. Beam Piper and John J. McGuire The amounts and kinds of radioactivity released to the environment. British Dictionary definitions for radioactivity Expand noun 1. the spontaneous emission of radiation from atomic nuclei. The radiation can consist of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for radioactivity Expand 1899, from French radioactivité, coined 1898 by the Curies; see radioactive . Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper radioactivity ra·di·o·ac·tiv·i·ty (rā'dē-ō-āk-tĭv'ĭ-tē) n. Spontaneous emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atomic nuclei or as a consequence of a nuclear reaction. The radiation, including alpha particles, nucleons, electrons, and gamma rays, emitted by a radioactive substance. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. (rā'dē-ō-āk-tĭv'ĭ-tē) The emission of radiation by unstable atomic nuclei undergoing radioactive decay. Our Living Language : In the nuclei of stable atoms, such as those of lead, the force binding the protons and neutrons to each other individually is great enough to hold together each nucleus as a whole. In other atoms, especially heavy ones such as those of uranium, this energy is insufficient, and the nuclei are unstable. An unstable nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy in a process known as radioactive decay. The term radioactivity refers to the particles emitted. When enough particles and energy have been emitted to create a new, stable nucleus (often the nucleus of an entirely different element), radioactivity ceases. Uranium 238, a very unstable element, goes through 18 stages of decay before becoming a stable isotope of lead, lead 206. Some of the intermediate stages include the heavier elements thorium, radium, radon, and polonium. All known elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 (bismuth) are radioactive, and many isotopes of elements with lower atomic numbers are also radioactive. When the nuclei of isotopes that are not naturally radioactive are bombarded with high-energy particles, the result is artificial radioisotopes that decay in the same manner as natural isotopes. Each element remains radioactive for a characteristic length of time, ranging from mere microseconds to billions of years. An element's rate of decay is called its half-life. This refers to the average length of time it takes for half of its nuclei to decay. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. | Issue 198 by East Cork Journal (page 54) - issuu issuu 44 Wednesday, July 6th, 2011 - The East Cork Journal 54 TEL. (021) 4630066 WITH OUR 4 4 7 24 23 SARAH MOYNIHAN, KILLEAGH 17. Top-up drink (6) 21. Amusing (7) 22. Fashion (5) 23. Aromatic flavouring (7) DOWN 2. Temperature scale (10) 3. Told (8) 4. Pain (4) R Test your concentration with this word ladder 19 Congratulations to last week’s winner: ACROSS 1. Disgrace (7) 7. One of mankind (5) 8. Chaos (7) 9. Underground r oom (6) 11. Last (5) 13. Legend (4) 14. Instruct (7) 15. Without hair (4) 16. Power of reason (5) Y E 5. Large (4) 6. Handle roughly (4) 9. Play unfairly (5) 10. Expect (10) 12. Student (5) 13. Recollections of the past (8) 18. Failure (4) 19. Noisy (4) 20. Grumble (4) ANSWERS TO LAST WEEK’S CROSSWORD: ACROSS: 1.Chapter 7.Media 8.Hammock 9.Solemn 11.Tweed 13.Hint 14. Economy 15.Stud 16. Frock 17. Brandy 21. Penguin 22. Filth 23. Dignity. DOWN: 2. Head waiter 3. Pampered 4. Each 5. Zero 6. Rice 9. Stool 10. Manuscript 12. Poppy 13.Hydrogen 18.Avid 19. Duty 20. Kepi. Name: ______________________________ Address: ____________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Tel (mobile):______________________________ Home:_______________________________ Entries to East Cork Journal, 1st Floor, Watersedge, Riverside Way, Midleton B I K E Five Minutes - Five Questions 1. Kebero, tabor, bodhran and cajon (pronounced cahon) are types of which musical instruments? 2. Porifera, meaning 'pore bearer' is a marine life-form better known by what name, now strongly associated with its traditional human use? 3. Which professional undertaking begins with the words ‘I swear by Apollo...?’ 4. When an orchestra tunes up before playing, what instrument conventionally provides the initial 'A' guide note? 5. The Roscher System and the Henry Classification System are used by the police for what? Answer to last week’s Medium 3 ANSWERS TO WORDGAMES: 1. TERABYTES 2. BAKE SAKE SAGE ANSWERS: 1. Drums 2. Sponge 3. Hippocratic Oath 4. Oboe 5. Fingerprint- 2 | eng_Latn | 15,807 |
Which is the only radioactive element which occurs naturally as a gas? | Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM - World Nuclear Association Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) (Updated December 2016) Radioactive materials which occur naturally and where human activities increase the exposure of people to ionising radiation are known by the acronym 'NORM'. NORM results from activities such as burning coal, making and using fertilisers, oil and gas production. Uranium mining exposes those involved to NORM in the uranium orebody. Radon in homes is one occurrence of NORM which may give rise to concern and action to control it, by ventilation. All minerals and raw materials contain radionuclides of natural origin. The most important for the purposes of radiation protection are the radionuclides in the U-238 and Th-232 decay series. For most human activities involving minerals and raw materials, the levels of exposure to these radionuclides are not significantly greater than normal background levels and are not of concern for radiation protection. However, certain work activities can give rise to significantly enhanced exposures that may need to be controlled by regulation. Material giving rise to these enhanced exposures has become known as naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). NORM is the acronym for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material, which potentially includes all radioactive elements found in the environment. However, the term is used more specifically for all naturally occurring radioactive materials where human activities have increased the potential for exposure compared with the unaltered situation. Concentrations of actual radionuclides may or may not have been increased; if they have, the term Technologically-Enhanced (TENORM) may be used. Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium and potassium and any of their decay products, such as radium and radon are examples of NORM. These elements have always been present in the Earth's crust and atmosphere, and are concentrated in some places, such as uranium orebodies which may be mined. The term NORM exists also to distinguish ‘natural radioactive material’ from anthropogenic sources of radioactive material, such as those produced by nuclear power and used in nuclear medicine, where incidentally the radioactive properties of a material maybe what make it useful. However from the perspective of radiation doses to people, such a distinction is completely arbitrary. Exposure to naturally occurring radiation is responsible for the majority of an average person’s yearly radiation dose (see also Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects paper) and is therefore not usually considered of any special health or safety significance. However certain industries handle significant quantities of NORM, which usually ends up in their waste streams, or in the case of uranium mining, the tailings dam. Over time, as potential NORM hazards have been identified, these industries have increasingly become subject to monitoring and regulation. However, there is as yet little consistency in NORM regulations among industries and countries. This means that material which is considered radioactive waste in one context may not be considered so in another. Also, that which may constitute low-level waste in the nuclear industry might go entirely unregulated in another industry (see section below on recycling and NORM). The acronym TENORM, or technologically enhanced NORM, is often used to refer to those materials where the amount of radioactivity has actually been increased or concentrated as a result of industrial processes. This paper addresses some of these industrial sources, and for simplicity the term NORM will be used throughout. Excluding uranium mining and all associated fuel cycle activities, industries known to have NORM issues include: The coal industry (mining and combustion) The oil and gas industry (production) Metal mining and smelting Building industry Recycling Another NORM issue relates to radon exposure in homes, particularly those built on granitic ground. Occupational health issues include the exposure of f | #19 - Potassium - K Potassium .862 grams per cubic centimeter Normal Phase Origin of Name From the English word potash, meaning pot ashes, and the Arabic word qali, meaning alkali. The symbol K comes from the Latin word kalium, meaning alkali. Date and Place of Discovery In 1807 in London, England Discovered by It was the first metal to be isolated using electrolysis. It catches fire when exposed to water. It burns with a violet flame. It is found in all living plant and animal cells. The human body uses it to promote regular heartbeat, help build muscles, help contract muscles, regulate blood pressure, and control the water balance in body tissues and cells. A diet low in potassium and high in sodium can lead to high blood pressure. Common Uses | eng_Latn | 15,808 |
Are smoke alarms radioactive? | Metal used in smoke alarms? | Why did your wrist watch stop ticking when you wear it? | eng_Latn | 15,809 |
How do you measure background radiation? | What do you measure radiation with? | What do you measure radiation with? | eng_Latn | 15,810 |
What are some of the risks of genetic engineering? | What is the risk for Tissue engineering? | Are gamma rays always dangerous? | eng_Latn | 15,811 |
Use 0f radioisotopes? | Why do you use radioisotopes in biology? | Name a specific radioactive isotope used in medicine? | eng_Latn | 15,812 |
Which radioactive substance changes in what by radiation? | Which two types of radiation are not emitte by radioactive substences? | Four properties of a chemical change that will never change? | eng_Latn | 15,813 |
Which type of radiation damagesn the external body the most? | Which type of radiation alphabetagamma is most dangerous to livig things? | How does an external environment affect business? | eng_Latn | 15,814 |
What are the danger of fusion powers? | You creating a fusion Dangerous? | You creating a fusion Dangerous? | eng_Latn | 15,815 |
What is alpha used in? | Wht is alpha radition used for? | Wht is alpha radition used for? | eng_Latn | 15,816 |
What are types of gamma rays? | Is the last type of radiation the gamma ray? | Is the last type of radiation the gamma ray? | eng_Latn | 15,817 |
Where does background ultravilet radiation come from? | Where does background ultra radiation come from? | Where does background ultra radiation come from? | eng_Latn | 15,818 |
What are the uses alpha radiation? | What are alpha and beta radiation? | Wht is alpha radition used for? | eng_Latn | 15,819 |
What has the greatest penetrating power of the three invisible radiations? | What is the type of radiation that has the greatest penetrating ability? | What is the type of radiation that has the greatest penetrating ability? | eng_Latn | 15,820 |
How does gamma help cancer? | Besides gamma rays what else can be used to kill pathogenic bacteria? | Can x-rays and gamma rays be used to treat cancer patients? | eng_Latn | 15,821 |
What is the alpha factor used for? | Why alpha naphthol is used in sakaguchi test? | Wht is alpha radition used for? | eng_Latn | 15,822 |
Gurdon 's recent research has focused on analysing intercellular signalling factors involved in cell differentiation , and on elucidating the mechanisms involved in reprogramming the nucleus in transplantation experiments , including the role of histone variants , and demethylation of the transplanted DNA . | Gurdon 's recent research has focused on analysing intercellular signalling factors involved in cell differentiation , and on elucidating the mechanisms involved in reprogramming the nucleus in transplantation experiments , including demethylation of the transplanted DNA . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,823 |
However , in the centre section of the bridge ( the `` high girders '' ) the bridge girders ran as through trusses above the pier tops ( with the railway inside them ) in order to give the required clearance to allow passage of sailing ships to Perth . | However , in the centre section of the bridge ( the `` high girders '' ) the railway ran inside the bridge girder , which could then run above the pier tops to give the required clearance to allow passage of sailing ships upriver ( e.g. to Perth ) . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,824 |
No element has nine stable isotopes . | For example , xenon has 9 isotopes . | Absence of any preservative in vaccine may result in adverse effects , such as Staphylococcus infection that , in one 1928 incident , killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative . | eng_Latn | 15,825 |
Visitors have to bring their own equipment as well as food and drink supplies . | Visitors must bring their own equipment as well as food and drink supplies . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,826 |
This Finnish use of the hand - or sling-thrown explosive against Soviet tanks was repeated in the subsequent Continuation War between the two countries . | This Finnish use of the hand - or sling-thrown explosive against Soviet tanks was repeated in the subsequent Continuation War . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,827 |
The molecules enter into the MS ( the source is a quadrupole or the ion trap itself in an ion trap MS ) where they are bombarded with free electrons emitted from a filament , not unlike the filament one would find in a standard light bulb . | The molecules enter into the MS ( the source is a quadrupole or the ion trap itself in an ion trap MS ) where they are hit with free electrons emitted from a filament . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,828 |
Nevertheless , its operating practices are the same as those of the three subway lines : the route is fully isolated from road traffic and pedestrians , the stations are fully covered , and the trains are boarded through many doors from high platforms within a fare-paid zone set off by a barrier . | The route is fully separate from road traffic and pedestrians , the stations are fully covered , and the trains have many doors that use high platforms . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,829 |
On the break , either a ball must be pocketed in a designated pocket or the cue ball and at least two additional balls must touch a rail . | To perform a legal break , either a ball must be pocketed in a called pocket or the cue ball and at least two additional colored balls must touch rails . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,830 |
For instance , lysosomes contain enzymes that break down the contents of food vacuoles , and peroxisomes are used to break down peroxide , which is toxic otherwise . | For example , lysosomes have enzymes inside them that break down the food the comes from food vacuoles , and peroxisomes have enzymes that break down peroxide , a poison , so it is not poisonous anymore . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,831 |
Some have argued that logic dictates , therefore , that the jar acts as a prison for `` Elpis '' as well , withholding it from the human race . | Some have argued that logic dictates , therefore , that the jar acts as a prison for `` Elpis '' as well , withholding it from men . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,832 |
The term `` spa '' is used for towns or resorts offering hydrotherapy , which can include cold water or mineral water treatments and hot thermal baths . | The term `` spa '' is used for towns or resorts which offer hydrotherapy ( making people better with water ) . This can include cold water or mineral water treatments and hot spring baths . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,833 |
The International Terminal is separated from the other two by a runway , therefore connecting passengers need to allow for longer transfer times . | The International Terminal is separated from the other two by a runway . Passengers needing to catch another flight need to allow for longer transfer times . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,834 |
They may also work outside the home , alerting to such sounds such as sirens , forklifts and a person calling the handler 's name . | The hearing dogs may work outside their owner 's home and be trained to hear sounds like sirens , forklifts and a person calling the owner 's name . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,835 |
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic , atomic , subatomic , and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics . | It studies them at macroscopic , atomic , subatomic , and particulate levels . | Radiation oncology is the medical specialty concerned with prescribing radiation . This is different than radiology , the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis ) . | eng_Latn | 15,836 |
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei . | Nuclear physics is the part of physics that studies the nucleus of the atom . | To spare normal tissues ( such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through in order to treat the tumor ) , doctors aim weaker radiation beams from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor , providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding , healthy tissue . | eng_Latn | 15,837 |
The report called for greater data collection of air and water data , as well as `` rigorous '' air pollution standards and mandatory disclosure of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process , among other steps . | The report recommendations include : greater data collection of air and water data , `` rigorous '' air pollution standards and mandatory disclosure of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,838 |
The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation also known as beta rays . | The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation sometimes called beta rays . | MacBook Air contains no BFRs and PVC wiring , meets Energy Star Version 5.0 requirements , has a recyclable enclosure , and is rated EPEAT Gold ; its screen is made from arsenic-free glass and does not contain mercury . | eng_Latn | 15,839 |
A number of other visiting diesel and steam locomotives have also seen service on the line . | A number of other visiting diesel and steam engines have also seen service on the line . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,840 |
Many parts of the body with exposed membranes but no taste sensors ( such as the nasal cavity , under the fingernails , surface of the eye or a wound ) produce a similar sensation of heat when exposed to hotness agents . | Many parts of the body with exposed membranes but no taste sensors ( such as the nasal cavity , under the fingernails , surface of the eye ( cornea ) or a wound ) produce a similar sensation of heat when exposed to such chemicals . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,841 |
Because of these different forms of interaction , the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies . | Because of the different forms of interaction , the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies . | Data storage equipment uses either : The following are examples of those methods : A typical way to classify data storage media is to consider its shape and type of movement ( or non-movement ) relative to the read\/write device ( s ) of the storage apparatus as listed : | eng_Latn | 15,842 |
By developing such energy sources developing countries can reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas , creating energy portfolios that are less vulnerable to price rises . | These can help developing countries reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,843 |
Benzer realized that by generating many r mutants and recording the recombination frequency between different r strains , one could create a detailed map of the gene , much as Alfred Sturtevant had done for chromosomes . | Benzer realized that by generating many r mutants and recording the recombination frequency between different r strains , he could make a detailed map of the gene , much as Alfred Sturtevant had done for chromosomes . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,844 |
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years without errors , and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs . | Embedded systems are often in machines that are expected to run for years without errors , and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,845 |
By increasing muscular strength and improving balance , weight training can also reduce falls by elderly persons . | By increasing muscular strength and improving balance , weight training can reduce falls by elderly persons as well . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,846 |
In addition , the player must monitor the status of three operating systems -- cameras , audio , and ventilation -- and reboot them whenever they begin to malfunction . | In addition , the player must monitor the status of three operating systems - cameras , audio , and ventilation - and reboot them whenever they begin to malfunction . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,847 |
Sovacool 's book addresses the current status of the global nuclear power industry , its fuel cycle , nuclear accidents , environmental impacts , social risks , energy payback , nuclear power economics , and industry subsidies . | Sovacool 's book explores the global nuclear power industry , its fuel cycle , nuclear accidents , environmental impacts , social risks , and economics . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,848 |
Other examples can be seen in the `` plastic '' casings of television sets , cell-phones and so on . | Other examples can be seen in the `` plastic '' casings of television sets , cell-phones and similar objects . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,849 |
This facility includes a large gymnasium , and cafeteria as well as meal preparation facilities . | The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,850 |
The absorbency of a reference substance is set as a baseline value , so the absorbencies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial `` zeroed '' substance . | The absorbancy of a reference substance is set as a baseline value , so the absorbancies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial `` zeroed '' substance . | Experimenters use the following elements that are used in beamlines for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station : The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load ( heating caused by the beam ) at the end station ; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station ; and the focus or collimation of the beam . | eng_Latn | 15,851 |
It is a well established fact that accelerating charges, positive or negative, emit radiation. Why then does a neutral object made up of equal amounts of positive and negative charge not emit any radiation when accelerated? | For example an electron radiates when accelerated. So does a positron. But is the radiation emitted by accelerated positronium the sum of the radiation emitted by each separately? If not, why not? If so, does this provide a way of testing whether a given neutral particle is composite? For example, does a neutron bremsstrahlung when decelerated? | I have to deal with a text classification problem. A web crawler crawls webpages of a certain domain and for each webpage I want to find out whether it belongs to only one specific class or not. That is, if I call this class Positive, each crawled webpage belongs either to class Positive or to class Non-Positive. I already have a large training set of webpages for class Positive. But how to create a training set for class Non-Positive which is as representative as possible? I mean, I could basically use each and everything for that class. Can I just collect some arbitrary pages that definitely do not belong to class Positive? I'm sure the performance of a text classification algorithm (I prefer to make use of a Naive Bayes algorithm) highly depends on which webpages I choose for class Non-Positive. So what shall I do? Can somebody please give me an advice? Thank you very much! | eng_Latn | 15,852 |
High levels of cellphone radiation linked to tumors in male rats: U.S. study | (Reuters) - Male rats exposed to very high levels of the kind of radiation emitted by cellphones developed tumors in the tissues around their hearts, according to a draft report by U.S. government researchers on the potential health risks of the devices.
Female rats and mice exposed in the same way did not develop tumors, according to the preliminary report from the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), a part of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The findings add to years of research meant to help settle the debate over whether cellphone radiation is harmful.
Although intriguing, the findings can not be extrapolated to humans, NTP scientists and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said on Friday. They noted that the animal studies were meant to test extreme exposures to cell phone radiation, and that current safety limits on cellphone radiation are protective.
However, the two 10-year, $25 million studies - the most comprehensive assessments of health effects and exposure to radiofrequency radiation in rats and mice to date - do raise new questions about exposure to the ubiquitous devices.
In the studies, about 6 percent of male rats whose entire bodies were exposed to the highest level of cell phone radiation developed schwannomas - a rare type of tumor - in nerve tissue near their hearts, while there were no schwannomas in animals that were not exposed to radiation.
“The intriguing part of this is the kind of tumors we saw were similar to tumors noted for quite some time in some epidemiological studies in heavy duty cellphone users,” John Bucher, a senior scientist with NTP, said in a telephone interview.
“Of course, these were in the nerves in the ear and next to the brain, but the tumor types were the same as we saw in the heart.”
Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society, noted that the studies were negative for common tumors.
“These draft reports are bound to create a lot of concern, but in fact they won’t change what I tell people: the evidence for an association between cellphones and cancer is weak, and so far, we have not seen a higher cancer risk in people,” he said in a statement on Twitter.
Brawley said if cellphone users are concerned about this data in animals they should wear an earpiece.
Unlike ionizing radiation such as that from gamma rays, radon and X-rays, which can break chemical bonds in the body and are known to cause cancer, radiofrequency devices such as cellphones and microwaves emit radiofrequency energy, a form of non-ionizing radiation.
The concern with this type of radiation is that it produces energy in the form of heat, and frequent exposure against the skin could alter brain cell activity, as some studies have suggested.
In the NTP study, rats and mice were exposed to higher levels of radiation for longer periods of time than what people experience with even the highest level of cellphone use, and their entire bodies were exposed all at once, according to the draft report.
Bucher said the effect likely only showed up in the male rats because they were larger, and likely absorbed more radiation than the female rats or mice.
Cellphones typically emit lower levels of radiation than maximum levels allowed, the draft report said.
Cellphone radiation quickly dissipates, so the risk, if any, would be to areas of the body in close proximity to the device emitting the radiation, Bucher said.
He said the findings are intended to help inform the design of future cell phone technologies. The study looked at only 2G and 3G frequencies, which are still commonly used for phone calls. It does not apply to 4G or 5G, which use different frequencies and modulation, he said.
NTP, a part of the National Institutes of Health, will hold an external expert review of its findings on March 26-28.
Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, head of the FDA’s radiological health division, said there is not enough evidence to say cellphone use poses health risks to people.
“Even with frequent daily use by the vast majority of adults, we have not seen an increase in events like brain tumors,” he said in a statement. “We believe the current safety limits for cellphones are acceptable for protecting the public health.”
Asked what the public should take from the study, Bucher said, “I wouldn’t change my behavior based on these studies, and I haven‘t.”
Nevertheless, the findings are potentially a concern for device makers, especially the world’s three biggest smartphone sellers, Apple Inc, Korea’s Samsung Electronics Co Ltd and China’s Huawei Technologies [HWT.UL].
The CTIA, the trade association representing AT&T Inc, Verizon Communications Inc, Apple Inc, Sprint Corp, DISH Network Corp, and others, said on Friday that previous studies have shown cellphone RF energy emissions have no known heath risks.
”We understand that the NTP draft reports for its mice and rat studies will be put out for comment and peer review so that their significance can be assessed,” the group said.
Samsung and Apple did not immediately respond to requests for comment. | Here are some of the top stories in healthcare, telemedicine, and mobile health that our sister site mHealthWatch has been monitoring this past week.
AdvancedMD Touts New Doctor Reputation Tool
MHW learned this morning that AdvancedMD — a pioneer in integrated provider and patient workflow for independent physician practices — has just launched AdvancedReputation.
NewYork-Presbyterian Named New York’s Top Hospital By U.S. News & World Report
This morning, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital — one of the largest and most comprehensive academic medical centers in the nation — is ranked New York’s No. 1 hospital for the 17th consecutive year (and No. 8 in the United States).
Reliq Health Technologies Touts Go-Live with Paz Home Health
Reliq Health Technologies Inc. — a developer of mobile health and telemedicine solutions for the Community-Based Healthcare market — has just announced the go-live of its remote patient monitoring and telemedicine solution with Paz Home Health LLC in Texas.
eWellness, Total Release Physical Therapy Ink Integration and Marketing Agreement
MHW learned Wednesday that eWellness Healthcare Corporation — a provider of telehealth solutions for clinical practices — has forged a new partnership with Total Motion Release Seminars (TMR).
CEO Departs ATA After 24 Years
After nearly a quarter-century of service, the longtime Chief Executive Officer of the American Telemedicine Association, Jon Linkous, announced that he is stepping down.
Want to get the latest mHealthWatch news and insight delivered straight to your inbox every morning? If so, sign up for our free newsletter today. | eng_Latn | 15,853 |
Get a Reflexology Assessment | You will get a reflexology assessment the first time you visit a reflexologist. Although the reflexologist may ask you to fill out some medical history forms and may ask you a few questions before starting the session, the bulk of the assessment is done during your reflexology treatment. | This wikiHow teaches you how to check your iPhone's radio frequency ("RF") exposure using Apple's RF Exposure web page. | cat_Latn | 15,854 |
what does radioiodine do | Radioactive iodine (radioiodine) therapy for thyroid cancer. Your thyroid gland absorbs nearly all of the iodine in your body. When radioactive iodine (RAI), also known as I-131, is taken into the body in liquid or capsule form, it concentrates in thyroid cells.The radiation can destroy the thyroid gland and any other thyroid cells (including cancer cells) that take up iodine, with little effect on the rest of your body.our thyroid gland absorbs nearly all of the iodine in your body. When radioactive iodine (RAI), also known as I-131, is taken into the body in liquid or capsule form, it concentrates in thyroid cells. | Radioactive iodine (commonly called radioiodine) is a form of iodine chemically identical to nonradioactive iodine. Therefore, the thyroid gland, which takes up iodine to make thyroid hormone, cannot distinguish between the two.adioactive iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism makes use of the thyroid gland's natural need for iodine to make thyroid hormone. The thyroid is the only part of the body that collects and retains iodine. | eng_Latn | 15,855 |
what is there is ulnar positive variance | Positive variance occurs when the level of the ulna is >2.5 mm beyond the radius margin at the distal radio-ulnar joint. Negative variance is when the ulna is â¤2.5 mm than the radius at the DRUJ 1. | Degeneration of the TFCC is found with repetitive pronation and axial grip loading in association with positive ulnar variance and impaction between the ulnar head and the proximal pole of the lunate. | eng_Latn | 15,856 |
What is the source of the earth's magnetic field that protects us from the sun's radiation? | The presence of the Earth's iron core. If you want to take a crack at the theory about how the field is created...here it is... | Not born, but people with "Erythema ab igne" have a greatly reduced ability to sweat due to damage to sweat glands from chronic heat exposure.\n\nStump your instructor.\nHeat induced skin lesions and skin cancer. Heat thins the skin. Common in foundry workers. | eng_Latn | 15,857 |
can a sauna sweat out toxins | Saunas are being used by some doctors to stimulate the release of toxins from the bodies of their patients. These chemicals are often toxic to the immune system, nervous system, endocrine system, and liver. âSweating it outâ reduces chemical stress on the body and generally leads to improved health. | Itâs said that using an infrared sauna will cause you to produce a sweat that is composed of 20 percent toxins, compared to only 3 percent toxins by using a traditional sauna. Keep in mind that sweating, especially heavy sweating, will cause your body to lose valuable fluids and electrolytes. | eng_Latn | 15,858 |
what is unsealed radiation | Unsealed Source. With respect to Radiation Protection , an unsealed source is is a source of Ionising Radiation in the form of Radioactive material which is not encapsulated or otherwise contained. The implication is that unsealed radioactive material can move around and if uncontrolled would lead to Contamination . | UV Radiation. UV radiation comes from the sun and from tanning beds. UV radiation damages our skin and adversely affects our immune system. As previously mentioned, one blistering sunburn increases your risk of developing melanoma, which is a very dangerous and lethal skin cancer. | eng_Latn | 15,859 |
what is a uvj | Effect of renal pelvic distension on the ureteropelvic and ureterovesical junctions and the urinary bladder: the renal pelvivesical reflex. Shafik A(1). Author information: (1)Department of Surgery and Experimental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.ffect of renal pelvic distension on the ureteropelvic and ureterovesical junctions and the urinary bladder: the renal pelvivesical reflex. Shafik A(1). Author information: (1)Department of Surgery and Experimental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. | Medical Definition of UVC. : radiation that is in the region of the ultraviolet spectrum which extends from about 200 to 280 nm in wavelength and that is more hazardous than UVB but is mostly absorbed by the earth's upper atmosphere. | eng_Latn | 15,860 |
what is uverse | Uverse is a fiber optics Internet and TV service similar to FiOS service from Verizon. The big difference between the two is that FiOS is fiber into the home while Uverse runs copper from the curb into the home. | Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions.V light is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light. UV can be separated into various ranges, with short-wavelength UV (UVC) considered germicidal UV. | eng_Latn | 15,861 |
Why couldn't Checkov beam Khan to the ship at the end of Star Trek Into Darkness, but after Khan and Spock fight he could? Towards the end of the movie Checkov claims there's no way to beam Khan aboard ship after Spock asks him to because "there is too much damage" and he "can't get a signal"... But after Spock and Khan fight he is not only able to beam Khan, but Spock and Uhura back aboard the ship... Like, huh? I thought there was too much damage. Made zero sense to me how all of a sudden he was able to beam them when he just claimed there was too much damage to retrieve a signal. | Why don't they use the transporter in the final fight in Star Trek Into Darkness? When Spock was chasing, and beating, Khan over a transport in San Francisco, Uhura orders them beamed both back to the Enterprise, while Chekov says something like: Its impossible, they are moving! But in the first movie, it was Chekov that transported back to Kirk and Sulu, avoiding hitting the Vulcan planet when trying to disable the Romulan drilling platform. | Why Doesn't the Adamantium Bone Covering Kill Wolverine? I've seen the here before, as well as on many sites on the web. I've also seen different info on what was covered. I'm not a huge X-Men fan, but I do enjoy the characters and stories, so I know I'm probably missing out on a lot, and may have missed the obvious along the way because I didn't read a particular series or something like that. I had a relative die from leukemia a few years ago and that reminded me of basic junior high science: that red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and must be able to reach from the marrow into the blood vessels. The leukemia my relative had was the kind where the "bad" cells would surround the marrow and prevent the new "good" blood cells from getting out to the rest of the body. So just how much of Wolverine's skeleton is covered with Adamantium? If it's the whole thing, there'd have to be openings for new red blood cells to get out if he is to remain alive. I've never seen a reference to this issue, is it ever addressed? That also raises another issue along the same line: Are hard to reach areas, such as ball and socket joints covered? If not, then stress on other covered areas could be transferred to the weaker uncovered areas, which would lead to breakage there. And if joints like that are covered, is there anything to say how it was done? Are there openings or gaps in the Adamantium covering on his body? Are there any references to any of these issues that deal with them? | eng_Latn | 15,862 |
Where do nuclear reactions occur in the sun? Why do they happen? | What causes nuclear reactions in the Sun? | What will happen if the earth or our sun got hit by a gamma ray burst? | eng_Latn | 15,863 |
what day did marie curie die | After the war she continued her fundraising for the Radium Institute, even traveling to the U.S. in 1921. There, in addition to donations and publicity, she received a gift of one gram of Radium-a gift that effectively doubled her research supply of the costly substance. By 1934, Curie's health was failing rapidly. The toll of heavy exposure to radiation was at last overpowering her impressive constitution. She did live to see Ir ne and son-in-law Fr d ric Joliot-Curie discover artificial radiation, but not long enough to see them win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this achievement. On 4 July 1934 she succumbed to aplastic anemia, or leukemia, induced by radiation exposure. | Marie Curie (1867-1934) was instrumental in the physics of radioactivity. She won two Nobel Prizes, the only person honored as such in two science categories. She was also a p ⦠rofessor at the University of Paris, the first woman to hold such an esteemed position. | eng_Latn | 15,864 |
what was one important discovery that the curies made? | Today, 117 years after the Curiesâ discovery of Radium, even the public is kept well aware of the potential dangers associated with the exposure of the human body to radioactive elements. Yet, from the very first years during which the scientists and their contemporaries were pioneering the study of radioactivity until the mid 1940s, little was concretely understood about both short and long-term health effects. | What is Discovery? Discovery is a process you can use to find out information from another party to support your lawsuit. The purpose of discovery is to find out the information you need to prove your case or defend against the claims being made against you. You must figure out who you believe knows information that may be important to your case. | eng_Latn | 15,865 |
when did marie curie discover radiation | View full size image. Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist and a pioneer in the study of radiation. She and her husband, Pierre, discovered the elements polonium and radium. Together, they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, and she received another one, for Chemistry, in 1911. Her work with radioactive materials doomed her, however. She died of a blood disease in 1934. | Weâve come a long way since 1903 when Marie and Pierre Curie first introduced radiation therapy as a means of treating cancer and lupus. The field of radiation oncology is continually being improved to provide patients with better long term disease outcomes, and fewer long term side effects. | eng_Latn | 15,866 |
what vault is curie in | Curieâs location Curie can be found in one of the vaults â Vault 81. She can be found on the lowest floor of the secret part of the vault. | The basis for the curie is the radioactivity of one gram of radium. Radium decays at a rate of about 2.2 trillion disintegrations (2.2 x 102) per minute. A picocurie is one trillionth of a curie. Thus, a picocurie (abbreviated as pCi) represents 2.2 disintegrations per minute. | eng_Latn | 15,867 |
Story about old man teleported to the future where earth is under heavy radiation | Science fiction short story: beam transporting people into the distant future | Person falls into radiotelescope and his mind gets transported to the far future | eng_Latn | 15,868 |
what kind of doctor is banner | Doctor Bruce Banner is a genius scientist who, due to exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into the Hulk whenever his heart beats at intensified speeds.Banner is a gifted scientist, one of the greatest of his generation.His attempt to recreate the Super Soldier Serum went awry and he was exposed to intense levels of gamma radiation instead of vita-rays. This resulted in Banner transforming into a super powerful man-creature known as the Hulk.anner is a gifted scientist, one of the greatest of his generation. His attempt to recreate the Super Soldier Serum went awry and he was exposed to intense levels of gamma radiation instead of vita-rays. This resulted in Banner transforming into a super powerful man-creature known as the Hulk. | Having more than 35 years of diverse experiences, especially in GASTROENTEROLOGY, INTERNAL MEDICINE, Dr. Bhaskar Banerjee affiliates with many hospitals including Banner-university Medical Center Tucson Campus, Banner-university Medical Center South Campus, and cooperates with other doctors and specialists in medical group Banner University Medical Group. | eng_Latn | 15,869 |
What type of radiation was Planck studying in the late 19th century? | In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms. The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits. If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then its thermal light emission is maximized. | Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy. | eng_Latn | 15,870 |
What product of uranium was used as toner? | Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules. | Nuclear claims between the U.S. and the Marshall Islands are ongoing, and health effects from these nuclear tests linger. Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Bikini Atoll exposed to radioactive fallout. From 1956 to August 1998, at least $759 million was paid to the Marshallese Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear weapon testing. | eng_Latn | 15,871 |
What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop? | Another extreme case of impedance matching occurs when using a small loop antenna (usually, but not always, for receiving) at a relatively low frequency where it appears almost as a pure inductor. Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop.[citation needed] This is implemented in most AM broadcast receivers, with a small ferrite loop antenna resonated by a capacitor which is varied along with the receiver tuning in order to maintain resonance over the AM broadcast band | Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans. | eng_Latn | 15,872 |
We are student form HK . Our school project are doing about the chinese five element.If you are interested in CHINESE FIVE ELEMENT..Please finish this questionnaire for us.\n\nClick the link below.\nhttp://www.my3q.com/home2/103/jt1b10/27233.phtml\n\nRemember to write down your nationality..It will help us to collect the information.\n\nThank you.Good day! | I don't like doing links, but my favourite Chinese element is Water and I'm English if that is any good to you, good luck. | You will find all sorts of information by searching "Chernobyl radiation effects." It's looks rather interesting & so I'm going to read it all now. It gives many different web sites to chose from. | eng_Latn | 15,873 |
need help about Chernobyl disaster? | On April 25th -26th, 1986 the World's worst nuclear power accident occurred at Chernobyl in the former USSR (now Ukraine). The Chernobyl nuclear power plant located 80 miles north of Kiev had 4 reactors and whilst testing reactor number 4 numerous safety procedures were disregarded. At 1:23am the chain reaction in the reactor became out of control creating explosions and a fireball which blew off the reactor's heavy steel and concrete lid.\n\nThe Chernobyl accident killed more than 30 people immediately, and as a result of the high radiation levels in the surrounding 20-mile radius, 135,00 people had to be evacuated. \n\nConstruction of the plant began in the 1970s, with reactor no. 1 commissioned in 1977, followed by no. 2 (1978), no. 3 (1981), and no. 4 (1983). Two more reactors, no. 5 and 6, capable of producing 1 GW each, were under construction at the time of the accident.\nThere are two conflicting official theories about the cause of the accident. The first was published in August 1986 and effectively placed the blame solely on the power plant operators. The second theory, proposed by Valeri Legasov and published in 1991, attributed the accident to flaws in the RBMK reactor design, specifically the control rods. Both commissions were heavily lobbied by different groups, including the reactor's designers, power plant personnel, and by the Soviet and Ukrainian governments.\nRight after the accident, the main health concern involved radioactive iodine, with a half-life of eight days. Today, there is concern about contamination of the soil. Several studies have found that the incidence of thyroid cancer. So far, no increase in leukemia.Scientists fear that radioactivity will affect the local population for the next several generations. However, there is little evidence so far of this.\nThe issue of long-term effects of Chernobyl disaster on civilians is controversial. Over 300,000 people were resettled because of the accident; millions lived and continue to live in the contaminated area. On the other hand, most of those affected received relatively low doses of radiation, there is little evidence of increased mortality – cancers or birth defects among them – and, when such evidence is present, existence of a causal link to radioactive contamination is uncertain. | Well, I do of course know why you asked no Americans to reply (with their propaganda view), but they have every right to voice thier opinion..\nAnyway go to the source below- the details are SHOCKING! | eng_Latn | 15,874 |
What actually caused the Chernobyl disaster? | Russia, then the U.S.S.R., uses graphite based fission reactors, as opposed to the U.S. design. Human error caused the incident. The second post to your question is a decent description as to the chain of events. | Nobody knows,but Tom Tancredo is pushing for disclosure on this!!!! I LOVE this guy!!! I would vote for him!! | eng_Latn | 15,875 |
Hello.\n\nI'm doing a persuassive speech in my oral communications class and as a more of a shocker-type statement I need help finding electric chair death penalty pictures gone wrong.\n\nThe ones like eyes hanging out of the sockets... just terrible things. I know this is weird to ask, but I've tried looking and I can't find any. And i'm also scared of what I do find. \n\nAs sick as it may seem, can anybody help me out here? I would greatly appreciate it. | Look through http://www.ogrish.com for some gruesome pictures. I haven't seen electric chair photos, but haven't dug around much either. | You will find all sorts of information by searching "Chernobyl radiation effects." It's looks rather interesting & so I'm going to read it all now. It gives many different web sites to chose from. | eng_Latn | 15,876 |
i just want article and power point presentation of the topic. | As for whether crime pays? Surveys noted that most drug dealers live with their mother's | You will find all sorts of information by searching "Chernobyl radiation effects." It's looks rather interesting & so I'm going to read it all now. It gives many different web sites to chose from. | eng_Latn | 15,877 |
if you could, links would be nice | It's called a Brayton Cycle:\n\nhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/brayton.html\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cycle | You will find all sorts of information by searching "Chernobyl radiation effects." It's looks rather interesting & so I'm going to read it all now. It gives many different web sites to chose from. | eng_Latn | 15,878 |
What was the main reason behind Chernobyl Nuclear disaster? Was it possible for this to be prevented? | What was the main reason behind Chernobyl Nuclear disaster? | What are advantages of nuclear safety? | eng_Latn | 15,879 |
How was US government able to collect Vibranium out of Wakanda given Wakanda was so protective about it? | Is there any reference where Captain America's shield is made from stolen Wakanda vibranium? | Cardinalities of the intervals $(-1,1)$ and $[-1,1]$ | eng_Latn | 15,880 |
who owns the plutonium | Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. | On January 16, 1943, General Leslie Groves officially endorsed Hanford as the proposed plutonium production site. Most residents of the affected area, including those living in Hanford, White Bluffs, and Richland, were given 90 days notice to abandon their homes. | eng_Latn | 15,881 |
what material was used in hiroshima | There are two ways residual radioactivity is produced from an atomic blast. The first is due to fallout of the fission products or the nuclear material itself--uranium or plutonium (uranium was used for the Hiroshima bomb whereas plutonium was used for the Nagasaki bomb)--that contaminate the ground.he first is due to fallout of the fission products or the nuclear material itself--uranium or plutonium (uranium was used for the Hiroshima bomb whereas plutonium was used for the Nagasaki bomb)--that contaminate the ground. | Little Boy was the bomb dropped first, on Hiroshima. It was a Uranium bomb, the nuclear material being Uranium-235. The bomb was not filled with it-there was only about ⦠140 pounds of U-235.There was a big mechanism inside the 10 foot long bomb.t was a Uranium bomb, the nuclear material being Uranium-235. The bomb was not filled with it-there was only about ⦠140 pounds of U-235. There was a big mechanism inside the 10 foot long bomb. | eng_Latn | 15,882 |
most radioactive thing on earth | Russiaâs Secret City: The Most Radioactive Place On Earth. âThe arms race is a race between nuclear weapons and ourselves.â âMartin Amis. In A Nutshell. Russiaâs Lake Karachay was used in the 1950s as a dumping site for radioactive waste. Now it is the most polluted place on the planet, with enough radioactivity to kill a person in less than an hour. At its height, it was putting more than 200,000 times the normal amount of radioactivity into the area due to poor waste disposal practices. | Chernobyl is the worlds worst nuclear disaster. It leaked 100 times the radiation than the two bombs dropped on Japan. Chernobyl is a nuclear power plant that it's reactor 4 e ⦠xploded.It is located in Pripyat, urkrain.It happened August 27, 1987.t leaked 100 times the radiation than the two bombs dropped on Japan. Chernobyl is a nuclear power plant that it's reactor 4 e ⦠xploded.It is located in Pripyat, urkrain. It happened August 27, 1987. | eng_Latn | 15,883 |
what is the exclusion zone in chernobyl | The Exclusion Zone covers an area of approximately 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq mi) in Ukraine immediately surrounding the Chernobyl nuclear power plant where radioactive contamination from fallout is highest and public access and inhabitation are restricted. | The majority of the radioactivity around Chernobyl is now coming from the gamma-beta activity of Cesium-137, which has a 30 year half-life. So the activity will drop by a factor of 2 every 30 years. At what point people could return there probably depends a lot on how much local cleanup can be done, and what level of radiation is deemed acceptable. | eng_Latn | 15,884 |
how did the chernobyl disaster happen | Key Facts. 1 The 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine, then part of the former Soviet Union, is the only accident in the history of commercial nuclear power to cause fatalities from radiation.It was the product of a severely flawed Soviet-era reactor design combined with human error.ey Facts. 1 The 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine, then part of the former Soviet Union, is the only accident in the history of commercial nuclear power to cause fatalities from radiation. | Chernobyl was a nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union. On 26 April 1986, it suffered a massive failure which caused it to spread radioactive waste across large parts ⦠of Europe. The accident began with a steam explosion that caused a fire, more explosions, and a subsequent nuclear meltdown. | eng_Latn | 15,885 |
why did the chernobyl disaster happen | Chernobyl in 1999: Human error was a major factor Reactor Four at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant began to fail in the early hours of 26 April, 1986. Seven seconds after the operators activated the 20-second shut down system, there was a power surge. | The April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyla nuclear power plant in Ukraine was the product of a flawed Soviet reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operatorsb. It was a direct consequence of Cold War isolation and the resulting lack of any safety culture. | eng_Latn | 15,886 |
when was chernobyl | At the time of the accident--April 26, 1986--the Chernobyl nuclear power station consisted of four operating 1,000-megawatt power reactors sited along the banks of the Pripyat River, about sixty miles north of Kiev in the Ukraine, the fertile grain-producing region of the southwestern USSR. | The Chernobyl Disaster. On April 26th, 1986, a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine failed violently during a scheduled test of the turbine system. The power of the reactor increased out of control from a low-power state, rapidly boiling water and causing a steam explosion that blew the roof off the the reactor. | eng_Latn | 15,887 |
What happened to and why aren't we using the relatively safe Thorium Cycle for nuclear power? | Why aren't we using thorium designs in nuclear reactors? | How come the media doesn't cover/talk about Trump alleged raping of a 13 yr old girl trial? | eng_Latn | 15,888 |
Battered Japan In Race To Cool Nuclear Reactor | An explosion at a nuclear power plant on Japan's devastated coast damaged a building Saturday and made leaking radiation — or even outright meltdown — the central threat menacing a nation just beginning to grasp the scale of a catastrophic earthquake and tsunami. Government spokesman Yukio Edano said the explosion damaged the exterior walls of the building where the reactor is placed, but not the actual metal housing enveloping the reactor. The government said radiation emanating from the plant appeared to have decreased after the blast, which produced an intensifying cloud of white smoke that swallowed the complex. "Radiation so far is onsite and it's not at acute lethal levels, but it is of great concern," NPR's Christopher Joyce reported. The danger was grave enough that officials pumped seawater into the reactor to avoid disaster and moved 170,000 people from the area. Officials also relieved excess pressure in the containment that houses a second reactor in the same nuclear complex. Pressure from steam can rise to dangerous levels and even destroy the containment building, which is designed to keep radioactive gases from escaping into the atmosphere in an accident, Joyce reported. Japan dealt with the nuclear threat as it was suffering from Friday's double disaster that pulverized the northeastern coast, leaving at least 686 people dead by official count. The scale of destruction was not yet known, but there were grim signs that the death toll could soar. The country has been rattled by more than 150 aftershocks since the initial quake, including a strong one off its eastern coast, closer to Tokyo. Local media reports said at least 1,300 people may have been killed. Trying To Cool The Reactor The extent of the ongoing danger from the explosion at the nuclear plant in Fukushima, 170 miles northeast of Tokyo, is unclear. Authorities pumped seawater mixed with boron into the damaged nuclear reactor, a strategy nuclear engineering experts in the U.S. may never have been tried before, Joyce reported. He said one expert called it a "hail Mary" effort. Boron helps dampen the nuclear reaction that produces heat in the reactor, Joyce said. Seawater has the advantage of being plentiful at the coastal power plant, but it will eventually corrode and ruin the metal structures in the cooling system. The reactor lost power following the earthquake and tsunami. Electricity is necessary to run the water through the reactor vessel and cool the uranium fuel rods, Joyce said. Japanese engineers have been struggling for two days to get the freshwater cooling system back up to keep the hot reactor core from melting. Edano said efforts to add cooling water to the reactor core had resulted in the production of hydrogen gas, which built up inside the building and then exploded. The explosion was preceded by a puff of white smoke that gathered intensity until it became a huge cloud enveloping the entire facility. After the explosion, the walls of the building crumbled, leaving only a skeletal metal frame. Tokyo Power Electric Co., the utility that runs the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant, said four workers suffered fractures and bruises and were being treated at a hospital. Evacuations Expand Around Power Plant Reporting for NPR, Doualy Xaykaothao said aftershocks continued to rattle the northeast part of the country. "I've felt at least three and they were quite strong," she reported from Fukushima. "There were times where many of us had to step out of the building, fearing that there would be some kind of collapse." She said local media warned there would be more tsunamis this weekend Evacuation in the city widened throughout the day, expanding from a 3-mile radius to 12 miles or more around the power plant. People in the expanded area were advised to leave quickly; 51,000 residents were previously evacuated. Officials have not given specific radiation readings for the area, though they said they were elevated before the blast: At one point, the plant was releasing each hour the amount of radiation a person normally absorbs from the environment each year. "The government continues to say that [the level of radiation in the area] is still not harmful," Xaykaothao said. According to official sources, it's not to a point where people should be alarmed. Authorities were planning to distribute iodine to residents in the area, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency. Iodine counteracts the effects of radiation. But, Xaykaothao said, "the community here is certainly not taking any chance; a lot of people are staying away — it's almost a ghost town on some of these streets." "Everyone wants to get out of the town. But the roads are terrible," said Reiko Takagi, a middle-aged woman, standing outside a taxi company. "It is too dangerous to go anywhere. But we are afraid that winds may change and bring radiation toward us." The Transport Ministry said all highways from Tokyo leading to quake-hit areas were closed, except for emerge | Energy policy leaders from around the world are gathering in San Francisco this week for the Clean Energy Ministerial conference on climate change and clean energy. One of the big issues on the table is air conditioning, namely how to make it more energy efficient and environmentally friendly. According to a recent study from the Berkeley National Laboratory, the world is set to install some 700 million air conditioners by 2030, and 1.6 billion by 2050. Most of that increase will happen in developing countries with hot climates, like India, Mexico and Brazil, where populations – and incomes – are rising. Here & Now‘s Jeremy Hobson talks with Nihar Shah, lead researcher on that study out of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, about the global air conditioning boom, and the push to decrease its negative effects on the environment.
More information about the Berkeley Lab study
Guest
Nihar Shah, researcher at the Berkeley National Laboratory. | eng_Latn | 15,889 |
Kentucky Nuclear Plant | NPR's Richard Harris reports on a Department of Energy report released today which describes how workers at a federal uranium enrichment site in Paducah, Kentucky, were unknowingly exposed to radiological and chemical hazards between 1952 and 1990. The report is the outcome of a DOE investigation which began last August after three employees filed a lawsuit alleging that former plant operators lied to the government about the extent of environmental pollution and worker exposure to radiation. The report says workers were not always told of the dangers they faced working with highly toxic radioactive materials. It says the intention to protect workers was apparent, but protection programs were not always conservative or consistent. | From member station WNYC, Beth Fertig reports on the passing of an era in the New York City schools, the last of the city's school buildings that get their heat from antiquated coal-fired boilers, and the workers who stoke them. | eng_Latn | 15,890 |
Some Japanese Children To Wear Radiation Detectors | Authorities in the Japanese city of Fukushima will give radiation detectors to 34,000 children between the ages of four and 15. They will wear the devices for three months, and readings will be taken on a monthly basis. The move is aimed at reassuring parents near the failed nuclear reactor that radiation levels are safe. | You know Spain's unemployment rate is bad when villagers cheer the arrival of a nuclear waste facility in their backyard — because of the jobs it will bring. That's the case in one tiny Spanish hamlet. The town has been chosen to host a nuclear waste plant that's expected to create much-needed jobs. The mayor calls it "magnificent news." | eng_Latn | 15,891 |
It's what your Lucy locket is -- Lucy lost hers, by the way | Lucy Locket - Wikipedia "Lucy Locket" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19536. Contents. [hide]. 1 Lyrics; 2 Tune; 3 Origins and meaning; 4 Notes. Lyrics[edit]. Common modern versions include: Lucy Locket lost her pocket,: Kitty Fisher found it;: Not a penny was there in it, ... The song shares its tune with "Yankee Doodle" which emerged in North... | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory - Wikipedia Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a federal research facility in Livermore, California, .... With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must ... The Lab's plutonium research is conducted in a specially designed facility called the SuperBlock, with emphasis on safety and security. | eng_Latn | 15,892 |
Is this product tested for radiation and pesticide residue? | You will have to decide whether or not you want to consume it. I found this article helpful when I was doing my own research. http://livingmaxwell.com/is-nori-safe-to-eat-radiation-japan | Hello, I am sorry, I shipped everything to Amazon. There is an ingredient list on the box. If you order it, you can return it if you find an ingredient you don't like. Thanks, Terry.. | eng_Latn | 15,893 |
Why does lead block radiation? | Why is lead used to prevent radiation? What's the speciality of lead atom? | How safe would the Southern Hemisphere be if a Nuclear War broke out between Russia and the United States? | eng_Latn | 15,894 |
Are the dangers for astronauts of radiation in space worse than NASA has acknowledged? | How are astronauts protected from radiation during space walks? | Is it possible to grow potatoes/other veg on Mars like in movie Martian. What will be the major challenges? | eng_Latn | 15,895 |
Is metal by itself radioactive? | Is metal alone radioactive? | Are mobile network towers on the top of buildings harmful for human health? | eng_Latn | 15,896 |
Oxygen discoverer Joseph Priestley dubbed the material he used as an eraser this | Joseph Priestley - Useless Information Joseph Priestley made many scientific discoveries without ever taking a ... When the heavy gas, as he called it, was dissolved in water, he found that it had a ... in plants - the fact that they take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. ... He then heated the material with a burning lens (essentially a magnifying glass used to... | jeopardy/305_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub A SPOT OF "T" | It's what was showered down upon Charles Lindbergh at a parade in NYC in June 1927 | ticker tape. right: Jonathan. Wrong: ..... Value: $2000. Number: 20. WORD ORIGINS | From the Latin for "uplifted", it's to divert energy associated with an unacceptable activity into more acceptable areas | sublimate. | eng_Latn | 15,897 |
This gas, symbol Xe, is used in stroboscopes & high-speed camera flashes | Xenon Flash Lamp - Topics A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp , commonly called a strobe , is a device used to ... Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54. ... Typically, such lamps use a noble gas ( argon , neon , krypton , and xenon ) or a mixture of these gases. ..... Video demonstration of high speed flash photography. | Trace Minerals and Livestock: Not Too Much Not Too Little Oct 31, 2012 ... Trace minerals must be provided to livestock in optimal ... In example Se, it has been known for a considerable time to be necessary for growth and fertility in animals ... example being Cu and Zn supplementation in pigs and poultry [18, 19] .... in cattle reared under intensive systems [35, 3739], even at liver... | eng_Latn | 15,898 |
Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium? | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+ 2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C. | eng_Latn | 15,899 |
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