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Different alien civilizations also should vary from the mild and peaceful to the malevolent and militaristic. | [
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The existential problem we're facing is that when we meet others between the stars, we have no way of telling who is peaceful or aggressive and what their true intentions are. | [
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Similarly, they might not understand or trust our intentions, even if we tell them that we are peaceful. | [
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On top of that, if we did discover another civilization and they discovered us, the light years between us would mean years of communication delay. | [
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Both sides would be in a state of uncertainty, wondering if the wisest move is to just attack, | [
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because there's another serious issue, technological explosions and the first strike advantage. | [
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We don't know where the limits of technology are, but we do know how much technological progress matters in war. | [
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A few hundred or thousand years can turn conflict with uncertain results into a one-sided massacre. | [
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Caesar's legions would stand no chance against Napoleon's army with their cannons and muskets, | [
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So the power level of different civilizations may vary massively, | [
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If your opponent is light years away, sending an invasion fleet takes so long that by the time it arrives, it might be hopelessly obsolete. | [
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So war between civilizations might be just about eliminating the other to remove an existential threat to yourself. | [
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In this environment, the only way to guarantee a win is to strike with such force and speed that the target has no chance of survival or time to counterattack or escape to seek revenge later. | [
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The stakes are the highest possible, with no room for error. | [
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If we assume that the majority of civilizations live on planets, that leaves them pretty vulnerable. | [
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All you need to do is throw something massive at a planet to make it uninhabitable. | [
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So the ultimate interplanetary annihilation weapon is probably something like a relativistic kill vehicle. | [
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A missile shot at a planet at a significant fraction of the speed of light. | [
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For example, a missile the size of a person going 95% the speed of light has as much energy as all nuclear bombs on Earth. | [
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If you shot a few dozen at the civilization you wanted to wipe out, success would be fairly certain, even a single hit would suffice. | [
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A civilization only slightly above us on the Kardashev scale would have enough energy to send multiple strikes against every planet it suspects of harboring life. | [
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since they would be so fast that it might be impossible to protect yourself effectively against them once they're launched. | [
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Conflict between civilizations may not be lengthy affairs, but rapid winner-takes-all situations, where the first one to shoot wins. | [
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It's unlikely that anybody has noticed humanity yet. | [
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The radio signals we've transmitted in the last 100 years traveled a relatively tiny distance and have long decayed into unreadable noise. | [
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At our technological stage, if we don't actively try to get noticed, and if nobody specifically looks at our pretty unremarkable solar system, we'll stay hidden. | [
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For the time being, it seems the best we can do is to carefully listen. | [
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And even if we see others step into a clearing and make themselves known, we should not reply right away, but carefully watch them from the undergrowth. | [
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Maybe the only way out of the dark forest is to step into the clearing together. | [
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And with this hopeful picture, we say goodbye to the year 12,021 of the human era. | [
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We have so many ideas for next year and big and ambitious plans that we can't wait to share with you. | [
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And all of this was and is possible because of your direct support. | [
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Thank you for watching. | [
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Millions of friendships, maybe lifelong friendships, that might have blossomed, will never exist, with profound long-term consequences for our collective happiness. | [
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If you suffer from chronic loneliness, you can also watch the video we made about it. | [
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Okay, as with all important things in life, making friends is infuriatingly simple, but not necessarily easy. | [
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This is how our ancestors formed their relationships, because humans lived in small, close-knit communities in which options for making friends were limited, | [
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This is why it's so easy to form new friendships in school and university. | [
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Society locks you and your peers in a building for several years. | [
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You share similar activities, but more importantly, similar schedules. | [
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Another study showed that being physically present in a class a lot, without saying a word, makes others more sympathetic to you. | [
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So the most important principle of making friends is to regularly spend time with people in the real world. | [
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This alone can make it happen automatically and trumps all other advice. | [
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But don't forget that making friends is not a numbers game or a competition, don't compare yourself to others. | [
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