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Only if your cells can make this distinction between friend or foe is your immune system able to fight an invader. | [
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But since there are billions of possible protein puzzle pieces, this means there are billions of possible enemy puzzle pieces. | [
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This is also one of the reasons we still have to deal with diseases like the flu each year. | [
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The influenza virus mutates very rapidly, and so the proteins that make up its hull constantly change a tiny bit. | [
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The soldiers of your innate immune system have a large number of the puzzle pieces for common bacteria and viruses memorized. | [
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That's why they are your all-purpose weapons. | [
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They are ineffective against many billions of mutations and adaptations that your enemies can develop. | [
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So the reason you are still alive is that your adaptive immune system is able to recognize between 1 billion and 10 billion different enemy protein puzzle pieces, | [
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How could your immune system possibly have this much of a variety to be prepared for every possible protein puzzle piece? | [
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Well, the cells of your adaptive immune system found a cheat code, mixing and matching their own genetic code to create this stunning variety of receptors. | [
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The details are way too complicated for this video, but in a nutshell, | [
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your adaptive immune cells have official permission to take a tiny part of their own genetic code and mix it in random ways to create billions of different receptors. | [
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A good way to explain this is by asking you to imagine an army of cooks, with each of them wanting their own special recipe. | [
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They have 100 different ingredients to choose from. | [
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Each ingredient stands for one tiny piece of genetic code in this metaphor. | [
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So each cook takes a few random ingredients and randomly mixes them together. | [
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Even with slight variation and with only 100 ingredients, there are billions of possible recipes. | [
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And likewise, with just a small selection of gene fragments, your cells create billions of receptors. | [
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The details of this are so cool that they should get their own video, or their own chapter in a book. | [
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In any case, by mixing up gene fragments, you get up to 10 billion different combinations. | [
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This is so fundamentally dangerous to your survival, that you have a whole organ that does nothing but work on preventing this. | [
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In your murder university, your immune system is putting your adaptive immune cells through an intense and deadly curriculum. | [
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2% graduate and get to do their job of protecting you for real. | [
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this can lead to autoimmune disease, where your immune system attacks your own body from the inside. | [
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And this, again, is another story for another time. | [
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Well, today finally marks the release of Immune! A Journey Into The Mysterious System That Keeps You Alive, | [
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Thank you so, so much for that! | [
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The book is written to be as fun and easy to grasp as Kurzgesagt videos, but is able to dive way deeper into its subject. | [
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Follow the link in the description to order it today. | [
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This is the end of a decade-long personal journey working on this, so thank you all so, so much for your support. | [
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And thank you for watching. And reading. | [
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The space we occupy is not like a stage under our feet. | [
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Okay, let's fill the universe up with things again and try to find out where you are right now, relative to everything else. | [
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Let's start this video at a familiar place and then get increasingly weird. | [
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But they don't fall down off the planet because gravity doesn't actually pull them down. | [
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Down is an illusion of your reference frame. | [
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To Earth's reference frame, gravity just pulls in. | [
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But for humans, there is an up and down, because within our frame of reference, that just makes sense. | [
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And we made our maps accordingly. | [
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Okay, so this is step one. | [
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Earth is orbiting a star, the Sun at the center of the solar system. | [
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While we usually imagine this as pretty orderly, someone looking at us from the outside would see something pretty messy. | [
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To see this more clearly, we'll exaggerate all these movements. | [
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This is not to scale. | [
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So we spend half the year sinking a little bit closer to the Sun, speeding up. | [
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And in another cycle of 112,000 years, the ellipse itself is drifting. | [
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In the end, we get an orbital path that looks like a wobbly circle with wavy edges. | [
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