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Biblical Proof of Jeremiah Unearthed at Ancient City of David
A completely intact seal impression, or "bula", bearing the name Gedaliahu ben Pashur was uncovered. The bula is actually a stamped engraving made of mortar.
Gedaliahu ben Pashur's bula was found a bare few meters away from the site where a second such seal, this one belonging to Yuchal ben Shlemiyahu, an elder in the court of King Tzidkiyahu, was found three years ago, at the entrance to the City of David.
According to Professor Eilat Mazar of Jerusalem's Hebrew University, who led the dig, the ancient Hebrew letters "are very clearly preserved." The seal impression was found in clay, she said.
In the Book of Jeremiah (38:1-4), both men were ministers to King Tzidkiyahu, who reigned from 597-586 BCE. The two, along with another pair demanded the death penalty for the prophet Jeremiah in response to his plea for the king to surrender the city to the oncoming hordes of the Babylonian conqueror Nebuchadnezzer.
The team of archaeologists led by Mazar focused its efforts on the layer of artifacts from the First Temple period located just outside the walls of the Old City, near the Dung Gate.
The seal impression that was found three years ago was uncovered inside a stone structure that Mazar said she believed was the Palace of David. Gedaliahu's seal impression was unearthed at the foot of the external wall of the same structure, under a tower that appeared to have been built in the days of Nechemia in the fifth century BCE.
Mazar has been excavating the site since 2005. She is a senior fellow at the Shalem Center, a Jerusalem-based research and educational institute, and heads its Institute of Archaeology. The Ir David (City of David) Foundation was the principal sponsor of the excavation, together with the Israel Antiquities Authority, the Hebrew University, and the Shalem Center.
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Mating, nesting or reproductive behavior can cover a plethora of actions, including increased shredding of paper and/or wood, seeking small dark places inside cabinets and/or under furniture, aggressive protection of said places, increased regurgitation to feed a perceived mate (person or otherwise), increased vocalizations, increased “clinginess” with pet birds, masturbation, and in female birds, egg laying.
This is a perfectly normal cycle for all birds (and their owners) to experience once the birds become sexually mature. Depending on species, age and individuals, nesting behavior can last from a couple of weeks to a month.
Under normal circumstances, there is little the owner should do during this period, other than to gently avoid encouraging amorous advances from their feathered friend. Owners need also to remember that increased aggression can be a component of reproductive behaviors, and they should be even more aware than usual of a bird’s body language. Aggression can usually be avoided if one is paying attention. Please note that serious physical and psychological problems can develop if pet birds remain in reproductive hormone behavior for prolonged periods. Such birds are considered to be in chronic reproductive status (CRS), and owners should seek the assistance of their avian veterinarian and/or a parrot behavior consultant to help resolve this situation.
Disclaimer: BirdChannel.com’s Bird Behavior Index is intended for educational purposes only. It is not meant to replace the expertise and experience of a professional veterinarian. Do not use the information presented here to make decisions about your bird’s health if you suspect your pet is sick. If your pet is showing signs of illness or you notice changes in your bird’s behavior, take your pet to the nearest veterinarian or an emergency pet clinic as soon as possible.
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A Monstera belongs to the Philodendron family, and is perhaps one of the easiest house plants there is. Propagation a Monstera is very easy because of the aerial roots that a Monstera grows. With these roots, taking cuttings from a houseplant is a piece of cake. Even if you don’t have green fingers.
Aerial roots are roots in the middle of the trunk of a Monstera. These roots don’t grow directly in the direction of the soil. It’s even possible that these aerial roots grow so big that they start to look like vines. A perfect plant for your Urban Jungle!
First clean the knife you might be using.
Keep the knife under hot water and clean them well. This prevents you from unnecessarily transferring bacteria during the propagation.
Do you happen to have disinfectant or pure alcohol? Disinfect the tools after using hot water. Let's get away with those bacteria and fungi!
Choose a nice stem. Does it happen to have an aerial root? That is ideal! You can cut off the stem from the plant 5 cm below the aerial root.
Doesn’t the plant have an aerial root where you would like to separate the plant from each other? Then cut the stem a bit oblique. There is a bigger chance that roots will grow on it, when you cut it oblique. Cuttings without an aerial root are therefore possible, but unfortunately not always successful.
Do you happen to have cutting powder at home? Then you can apply the cutting powder to the ‘open wound’ of the cutting. Let the powder dry well!
Don’t have any cutting powder? No problem. You can also easily propagate without. Although the use of cutting powder can stimulate root growth. So it is an interesting option to consider.
Fill a vase or glass with water. Put the cutting(s) in the vase. Make sure the cutting is touching the water, but avoid that the leaves touch the water too. Leaves that touch the water can cause rot.
If the leaf is in contact with water, all the energy of the cutting will go to rotting leaf. So make sure to remove any leaves that are touching the water.
Change the water once a week. This way you keep the cutting healthy!
As soon as the cutting starts growing roots, or the aerial roots have grown to roots of at least 5 cm, you can plant them in the soil. Roots will usually appear after 2-4 weeks.
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County: Cape May
In 2020, the Howell House begins its new life as the Harriet Tubman Museum. This museum was listed by Smithsonian Magazine as one of ‘The Most Anticipated Museum Openings of 2020’ and its transformation has been featured in local publications like Cape May Blog and across the country. Juneteenth 2020 is the Virtual Opening of the Harriet Tubman Museum and Walk for Social Justice.
Owned by the adjacent Macedonia Baptist Church since the beginning of the 20th century, the Howell House was used as a parish house until 30 years ago when a former pastor chose to live at another location. The building has been vacant since that time and is threatened by its advanced state of deterioration, a threat made more imminent by a recent “Unsafe Structure” declaration by the local construction official.
This wood frame vernacular house is a contributing resource to the Cape May National Historic Landmark district. It is particularly significant as a residence that pre-dates the fire that destroyed 30 blocks of Cape May in 1878 and led to the Victorian-era building boom that created the area’s still-celebrated late 19thcentury character.
The Howell House was owned by prominent Philadelphia merchant George Howell throughout the second half of the 19th century. The house was likely built before 1850 but altered significantly during the 1880s with the addition of a full-width front porch, a central Gothic-style gable and dormers all aimed at giving the house an updated, Victorian-era appearance.
Around 1909, when the neighborhood surrounding the Howell House was a thriving African-American community, George Howell donated his house and grounds, along with the adjacent lot, to the Macedonia Baptist Church. The congregation constructed a new church building on the adjacent lot and the Howell House became their parish house. Sometime after the construction of the church, the rear portion of the entire parcel was sold to the municipality for the construction of the Franklin Street School, a school for African-American children. The surviving school building is currently being restored by The Center for Community Arts, a local non-profit focused on Cape May’s African-American heritage.
In 2002, previous church leadership attempted to sell the Howell House to a developer without the proper authority. The deal was determined to be illegal, but not before the developer had entered the building and gutted the interior. Following this unfortunate scandal, the current church administration, convinced that the house is worth preserving, reached out to an architect for assistance. The church has also been working recently with the Cape May Historic Preservation Commission to secure the property and repair its porch roof and floor.
The Howell House is significant as an example of a pre-Victorian era residence in the overwhelmingly late 19th century Cape May historic district, and for its century of association with the Cape May African American community. Its situation is also demonstrative of a basic, yet prevalent, threat to all historic buildings: demolition by neglect. Buildings cannot maintain themselves, and must be properly cared for in order to survive. Without that care, deterioration can quickly imperil a landmark.
The Howell House has the potential for a bright and long future, but the house must be stabilized and put back into use as soon as possible. While the change in church leadership has allowed the current congregation to make saving the Howell House a priority, money is an issue for the small congregation. The members have done some fundraising, including a Sunday breakfast that is well-supported during the summer season, and their diverse congregation is growing, but they have a long way to go. PNJ encourages the congregation to continue to work with invested parties, and use the determination that the building is unsafe to galvanize increased support for their efforts to save this important piece of Cape May’s history.
The Harriet Tubman Museum
632 Lafayette Street
Cape May, NJ 08204
Hugh J. McCauley, RA
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Most of the debate on opinion polling in the United States is over whether the polls accurately measure public opinion and whether they reliably represent those measurements to the public. These are legitimate concerns, and there is good reason to suspect that many polls use flawed methods or selective data to arrive at their results. But to attack political polling by disputing the accuracy of its findings is to implicitly concede the legitimacy of the current role that polling plays in our democracy.
Fixating on the accuracy of the polls skips over the question of whether empirical polling is a good thing for our democracy. And it isn’t.
Even more problematic than the polls’ reliability is the fact that they are a means by which media entities and advocacy groups influence public policy. As such, we must question whether polls should play any meaningful part in democratic governance at all. Fixating on the accuracy of the polls skips over the question of whether empirical polling is a good thing for our democracy. And it isn’t.
The sort of polling that is common in America today is a relatively new phenomenon. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of polling: predictive polling (sometimes called “horse-race polling”) and what I refer to as prescriptive polling. The predictive polling surveys the public in an effort to predict which candidate will win an upcoming election. Historian and former Librarian of Congress, Daniel Boorstin, identifies the early 19th century as the time when the first American straw poll (ad hoc ballot polling) was conducted, but he notes that these polls were usually unscientific and unreliable. Modern forms of predictive polling can be traced back to when Alf Landon was widely favored to defeat Franklin Delano Roosevelt for the presidency back in 1936. The Literary Digest’s straw poll, based on ten million questionnaires mailed to its readers, was taken as a strong sign of an impending victory for Landon. This poll, and most others, were wrong. George Gallup, a professor of journalism and a newcomer to the polling game at that time, was not only one of the few pollsters who predicted a Roosevelt win, he also correctly predicted the degree of error in the models that anticipated a Landon victory.
While predictive polling remains common in election season, it is daily overshadowed by the second kind of polling: prescriptive polling, which purports to represent the range of opinion on a particular political issue and show how widely held each perspective is in the larger population. This type of polling was the sort that Gallup saw as having the most utility in a democracy. In the years after the FDR win, he refined his methods, increased his accuracy, and became the most familiar name in American polling.
But skepticism about the purposes of both forms of polling is warranted: why are predictions about who will win an election important? Why can’t we simply wait and see? Polling on the issues is often justified by the argument that we must know where the public stands so that the government can implement its policy preferences. Gallup viewed the frequent sampling and measuring of public opinion on the matters of the day as the only way elected officials could reliably know the will of the people they represent. Without scientific polling, he says with his co-author Saul Forbes Rae, there is no way to be sure that “the people have really spoken; the dictator […] can never be certain whether he is hearing the people’s voice or the echo of his own.”
The problem is that this presupposes that our leaders should always defer to the majority opinion; as I will show, American history reflects a deep ambivalence regarding whether and when the government should capitulate to the public will.
[caption id="attachment_189091" align="aligncenter" width="1920"] Gallup poll.[/caption]
CLASSICAL DEMOCRACY AND THE SILENT CONSENSUS OF OPINION
Pollsters like Gallup modified democracy in the modern era, reinventing what public opinion means, how it is expressed, and what role it plays in the process of governance. Sophisticated, scientific methods of polling the public gave rise to an administrative vision of democracy: one that reduced the role of the common people to the expression of preferences (in elections and polls) and empowered government officials to put those preferences into practice. Although this new model was advanced on the grounds that it increased the political power of the average citizen, it has actually expanded the power of people in positions of institutional and governmental authority, over and against the power of the demos—the mass of common people referenced in the term democracy.
On issues where people had assumed widespread public agreement, polling sometimes reveals that the consensus was an illusion, a revelation that frequently encourages divisions along party and class lines.
The importance that Gallup and Rae attached to the “voice” of the people and their ability to “speak” is relatively new. Polling represents one method for allowing the will of the people to be spoken, but this method would have been strange to the citizens of earlier democratic societies. The ancient Greek democracy, for instance, had a much different concept of public opinion, which they called doxa, or endoxa (roughly translated: “common belief”). Aristotle, perhaps the most prominent Greek theorist of doxa, defined it as the things that are evident to everyone. In The Topics, he explains that because the ideas that fall into the category of doxa are widely held to be true, they represent a kind of knowledge that lies silently below public debate on policy concerns: he claims that a view that is “generally accepted” requires no debate, but instead is readily recognized as the accepted opinion.
Because beliefs that qualify as doxa are almost universally accepted, they do not need to be spoken. By the Aristotelian definition, then, a claim that would fall into the category of doxa in today’s America might be something like “individual rights are important.” We argue about what those rights should be, what limitations ought to be imposed on those rights, and how to adjudicate competing rights-based claims, but never about whether or not rights should exist. Given that virtually everyone agrees that individual rights are important, no one really needs to say so. In other words, doxa is that which goes without saying.
Modern theorists of doxa often echo Aristotle’s perspective. Ruth Amossy, a scholar of rhetoric, has demonstrated that there are various accounts of doxa today: some that view doxa as an aid to public deliberation, and others that claim that doxa is a threat because it can be used by authorities to manipulate the people. But one important similarity among these modern accounts must be emphasized: most contemporary thinkers agree with Aristotle that, for better or worse, doxa plays a silent, unspoken role in democratic deliberation. Social critic Michael McGee, for example, cautions that “doxa is silent, and it should be kept silent.”
But everyday Americans tend to disagree with the scholarly opinion that doxa should remain silent; they tend to favor Gallup’s view and often argue not only that public opinion must be spoken, but that it must be heeded by elected officials. In many ways, the popularization of Gallup and Rae’s vision for the role of public opinion has increased tensions between the American masses and the elite. On issues where people had assumed widespread public agreement, polling sometimes reveals that the consensus was an illusion, a revelation that frequently encourages divisions along party and class lines. Thus, previously “settled” ideas become new sites of contestation: it was only twenty years ago that a bipartisan majority favored the construction of a border wall, a measure that is now routinely lambasted as pointless (at best) or racist (at worst). In another example, the previously accepted legal accommodations for those whose religious beliefs conflicted with certain laws have now come under attack, with people calling for an end to the tax-exempt status of churches that refuse to wed gay couples.
Increasingly, though, both the polling itself and the circulation of the resulting data reflects an effort to influence public opinion rather than just measuring it.
Despite the ways that polling can actually inflame policy disagreements, by the mid-20th century, most Americans agreed that polling was an important way to make explicit the voice of the public—a voice that, according to polling enthusiasts like Gallup, could not be heard otherwise. Gallup and Rae cautioned that “unless the ordinary citizen can find channels of self-expression, the common man can become the forgotten man. When such a situation develops, when public opinion cannot get itself expressed, democracy lays itself open to its hostile critics. For public opinion can be a satisfactory guide only if we can hear it and, what is equally important, when it can hear itself” (emphasis added). Walter Lippmann, well-known political commentator and author of the seminal Public Opinion (1922), similarly wrote that “representative government [requires] an independent, expert organization for making the unseen facts intelligible to those who have to make the decisions” (emphasis added).
In statements like these, we see how modern democratic practice rejects the older assumption that doxa should remain unspoken. Gallup, Lippmann, and others propagated a new model that insisted upon an explication and quantification of public opinion. Those measurements, approximated through polling, came to embody the “voice” of the people, which was then packaged and distributed through mass media channels. Initially, the publication of polling data was justified on the grounds that it served to inform our representatives what our preferences were. Increasingly, though, both the polling itself and the circulation of the resulting data reflects an effort to influence public opinion rather than just measuring it.
[caption id="attachment_189092" align="aligncenter" width="1920"] Polls.[/caption]
OPINION UNMUTED: MODERN TECHNIQUES OF ADMINISTRATIVE DEMOCRACY
Some might assume that Gallup believed that polling would empower the common people, but he actually had a fairly low opinion of the average citizen. In an essay called “The Absorption Rate of Ideas” (1955), Gallup complains that the public makes “an almost studied attempt […] to avoid anything informative,” before lamenting that, “The sad part of it is that many persons who attended high school and college are as ignorant about the happenings of the world as those who never went beyond grade school.”
[T]he same experts in journalism circulate these measurements to the public and government, clarifying that the “people” have “spoken.”
Gallup’s patronizing elitism remains the dominant mindset among the powerful in America today. From the (usually unstated) perspective of the elite, our democracy should work as follows: events happen, and then experts in journalistic and academic fields explain these happenings to the public, leading them to the “correct” understanding of these events. After a sustained information campaign aimed at manufacturing doxa (or public opinion) that mirrors that of the experts, pollsters sample and survey the public to learn what “their” opinion is. When democracy is functioning properly (in the view of the elite), the polling process will reveal that a majority has accepted the “proper” preference on a given issue. Then, the same experts in journalism circulate these measurements to the public and government, clarifying that the “people” have “spoken.” Finally, elected officials have no choice but to enact policy that fulfills the “will of the people,” which invariably and neatly conforms to the will of the expert class.
Notice how the media’s dissemination and interpretation of polling data is generally accompanied by commentary that clarifies how the data should be received by the public; oddly, this is the same public whose opinions the polls claim to represent. Consider, for example, the regular features online that explain to the public how to “correctly” read the data that purports to reflect their opinions.
This ever-present instruction in how citizens should understand their own opinions shows the experts believe that “interpreting” public opinion itself demands expertise (and thus implies that the public ought not concern itself too much with what its opinions are). That common people don’t get too wrapped up in polling data is important because the administrative class that is responsible for implementing the public preference are often unconvinced by a statistical majority. Rather, when a majority rejects or deviates from the elite agenda for the nation, those measurements are interpreted as evidence that the public lacks the intelligence or compassion to determine a proper course for society. This situation calls for more “education” of the public—more effort to move their views in the “correct” direction.
Some examples are in order. Most readers will remember the role that polling data played in the lead-up to the Obergefell decision (2015) by the Supreme Court, which legalized gay marriage nationwide. In story after story, outlets reported that public opinion on the right to marry someone of the same sex had become increasingly favorable. It is true there was a dramatic shift in opinion on this topic over the last 20 years, but when discussing this shift, most commentators pretend that this was an organic development that occurred without interference. In other words, they usually don’t acknowledge that this change in public opinion was largely the result of determined advocacy efforts in American media and culture.
For some reason, findings of this sort are rarely publicized in our debate about gun control, a debate that mainstream media outlets are clearly eager to have...
Polling data itself was one tool that was used in this campaign to change public opinion in anticipation of a case like Obergefell. People prefer to see their views affirmed by others: when polling consistently shows that one’s own belief is shared by only a small minority, this creates an incentive for that person to change that belief (or at least to stop attesting to it in public contexts). By the time the Supreme Court heard a case on the topic of gay marriage, it was generally thought that the court was obligated to recognize the right to same-sex marriage at the national level—any other decision would have meant that our democracy was unresponsive to public dictates on policy.
But there are also instances where majority opinion does not seem to demand the same unconditional deference from our government. For example, few would know that Gallup finds that support for a handgun ban was near an all-time low in 2020: only 25% say such a ban should be enacted. For some reason, findings of this sort are rarely publicized in our debate about gun control, a debate that mainstream media outlets are clearly eager to have (provided the terms of the debate lead to an affirmation of their preferred policies, of course).
Consider another example: asked who they sympathize with in the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians, the American majority consistently and significantly favors the Israelis, a trend that continues to hold in polling from this spring. Further, 75% of Americans view Israel favorably, compared to only 30% favorability toward the Palestinian Authority. Despite this overwhelming disparity, Gallup’s own headline manages to convey subtle regret for these facts, even finding a silver lining for the Palestinian cause: “Americans Still Favor Israel While Warming to Palestine.” And yet, these polling results failed to elicit media criticism of the Biden Administration’s policy in the region, which rejects Trump’s pro-Israel policy and makes concessions to the Palestinian Authority.
What we find, then, is that polling doesn’t simply serve to make public opinion known so that elected officials can implement the “will of the people.” Rather, polling serves to provide justification for the sociopolitical objectives of the left—objectives that are shared by most in the academic world (who conduct polls) and media (who disseminate polling data). When a majority of the public supports the desired policy of the institutional elites, that data will be widely shared and framed as evidence of an obligation to enact the public preference. But when a majority of the public rejects the desired policy of the cultural elite, the data will have limited distribution. If the information is publicly available, it will be ignored in the policy debates staged by the media. And if elites must acknowledge the findings, the numbers will be held up as evidence of the stupidity of the public—stupidity that justifies and necessitates an elite class who can make well-informed decisions in the “public interest.”
[caption id="attachment_189093" align="aligncenter" width="1920"] Polling.[/caption]
A VOICE UNHEEDED: DEMOCRACY WITHOUT A DEMOS
Issue-based polling in 2021 plays almost no role in empowering people in the way that advocates like Gallup claimed it would. An empirical, administrative democracy of the sort he helped bring into being instead deprives the masses of any meaningful political power. Rather than honoring the participatory role of the people in our democracy, their opinions are manipulated, conditioned, repackaged, and expressed in ways that ensure they advance the policy preferences of our oligarchs.
The basic function of polling is not informative (as pollsters insist) but is persuasive: the circulation of polling data is a way to modify the public opinion that it purports to measure. The findings then serve as evidence that the people have “had their say,” allowing the ruling class to decide how to leverage the people’s voice in a way that advances their own objectives. Although the polls might serve to amplify the people’s voice, the polling industry ultimately dissolves the potency of public opinion. The result is a democracy without a demos—a people with far less power than the term democracy implies.
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(NaturalNews) Basil is an aromatic plant that has been utilized for a very long time as a culinary herb in order to add a much appreciated fragrance to a wide variety of dishes. It has earned its credentials in many cuisines from the regular use of pesto, a mixture of basil, pine nuts and Parmesan cheese.
Basil, scientifically called ocimum basilicim, originates from the warmer climates of Asia's tropical regions. It's an incredible source of antioxidants and filled with nutrients. Basil presents a wide array of health benefits. It is recognized for its exceptional anti-bacterial, antimicrobial and anti-aging properties, amongst many others. Basil also helps fight critical medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes by controlling blood sugar levels, or even cancer thanks to the active phenolics present in the herb.
Phenolics are a group of organic compounds primarily found in fruits and vegetables. The main phenolics present in basil are the flavanoids, more specifically vicenin, orientin, eugenol and anthocyanins. These all play an important role because of their strong antioxidant properties. Although there is still an ongoing debate among them, most scientists do believe that antioxidants are vital in regards to an herb's outstanding ability to prevent cancer.
Can basil help you retain your youth?
Basil has been utilized in Ayurvedic medicines for hundreds of years if not more, therefore its healthy effects have also been studied a long time. It's no surprise that a more recent research conducted at the Poona College of Pharmacy in Maharashtra, India, came to the conclusion that basil does protect the body from premature aging.
Researchers discovered or rather validated that basil was effective in protecting the body against free radicals. Basil's flavanoids inhibited free radicals from causing significant damage to the body. Dr. Shinde stated the study clearly showed the herb promotes youth and it acts at a cellular level. She believes results validate its traditional use in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. She's far from the only one as many experts now also feel that basil is an anti-aging superfood.
The anti-bacterial properties of basil are also well referenced, but this time because of its volatile oils instead of its flavanoids. A study published in the July 2003 issue of the Journal of Microbiology Methods revealed that basil's essential oils were able to stop in its tracks strains of bacteria known as Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas. These pathogenic types of bacteria have not only become widespread, but also presented a health risk from being resistant to treatment with the generally used antibiotic drugs.
Last but not least, a few studies published in the February 2004 journal of Food Microbiology, presented evidence that washing food in a solution containing as low as 1 percent of basil in it, resulted in diminishing the number of Shigella cases, which is an infectious bacteria causing diarrhea with the potential to cause more serious damage in the intestinal tract.
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The power grid is a massively complicated network of generators, power converters, and transmission lines controlled through the cooperation of numerous private corporations and local and international agencies. Grid operators rely on long and short-term “to-the-minute” weather predictions and other inputs to predict demand and prevent disruption. Government policies and economic constraints of the coming decades require the grid in the United States (and elsewhere) to become even more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient.
Climate and Energy Project
Tracey Osborne is Assistant Professor in the School of Geography and Development and Director of the Public Political Ecology Lab at the University of Arizona. Her research investigates the political ecology of environmental markets, particularly carbon markets, and their implications for the lives and livelihoods of forest communities in the Global South. Specifically, she explores the intersection of carbon markets, development, and agrarian change as they relate to forestry-based carbon initiatives in Mexico.
Johannes Urpelainen is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University. His talk examines the potential for using renewable sources of energy, notably solar power, to combat energy poverty in India where two-thirds of the population relies on traditional biomass for cooking and one-third does not have access to basic household electricity.
Our featured speaker is Barbara Rose Johnston of the Center for Political Ecology. Barbara is an environmental anthropologist whose research explores the linkages between environmental crisis and human rights abuse, seeking acknowledgment and implementation of the right to a healthy environment, environmental equity, and the right to reparation and remedy.
Senator Murphy’s address, with presentations from speakers and questions and answers from the audience.
How will global warming affect New England in the 21st century and how is the region preparing for the coming changes? On September 13th Yale Climate & Energy Institute hosted a town hall meeting on these questions, featuring short talks by climate and infrastructure experts and a panel discussion with Senator Chris Murphy (D, CT).
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The continuous search and development for biological solutions that cater to reviving the youth in aging people have begun to welcome stem cell technology through a new study by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine.
What are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many other types of cells. They also have the ability to repair tissue damages in certain cases. Stem cells are divided into two forms:
Stem cells are used in various research, and in therapies and transplants when it comes to healthcare.
What is Stem Cell Technology?
Research from the Stanford University School of Medicine found out that “old human cells return to a more youthful and vigorous state after being induced to briefly express a panel of proteins involved in embryonic development”.
Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases.
How it helps bring the youth in old cells
According to the study, Yamanaka factors are the proteins that play a vital role in rejuvenating the cells. These proteins are commonly used to transform an adult cell into what are known as induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. IPS cells can almost turn into any type of cell in the body, regardless of the origin. They've become important in regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
According to Vittorio Sebastiano, PhD, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology and the Woods Family Faculty Scholar in Pediatric Translational Medicine and a senior author of the study, it is found that by tight control of the old human cells’ exposure to the proteins, it is able to rewind many of the molecular hallmarks of aging and renders the treated cells nearly indistinguishable from their younger counterparts.
There is also the isolation of cells from the cartilage of people with and without osteoarthritis and found temporary exposure to the Yamanaka factors reduced the secretion of inflammatory molecules and improved the cells’ ability to divide and function.
Exposure and RNA messages
When talking about the exposure of the cells to the proteins, there is a repetitive period of about two weeks important to early embryonic development. Short-lived RNA messages are introduced into the adult cells, and these messages encode the instructions for making the Yamanaka proteins. The proteins are then able to rewind the cells' developmental timeline until they resemble the young cells from which they originated.
Stem Cell is the New Skin Care
The advancements in stem cell researchers also helped prompt the rise of products that cater to revive the youth of stem cells such as the skincare sector. S-CELL’s stem cell rejuvenating face mask contains the finest ingredients that help produce healthy stem cells! Begin your healthy aging journey now with the aid of stem cell technology.
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National Robotics Initiative A Positive Step
Advanced Manufacturing Partnership:
On Friday, June 24th, at Carnegie Mellon University, President Obama launched the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP). The collaborative research effort brings together leading academic institutions, businesses, and government agencies to promote innovation and invention.
A total of $500 million has been allotted for AMP. Six universities are involved at this stage including CMU, Georgia Tech, Stanford and Michigan. Nearly a dozen businesses, including Ford Motor Co., Northrop Grumman Corp., and Caterpillar Inc., are also participating in the plan. The president of MIT, Susan Hockfield, and the CEO of Dow Chemical, Andrew Liveris will head up AMP. As it turns out, Robots are a major focus of the plan as well.
The National Robotics Initiative and the Future of Robots:
Seventy million dollars in AMP funding is earmarked for robotic research and innovation, termed The National RoboticsInitiative. The National Robotics Initiative is supported by a number of government agencies including NASA, the United States Department of Agriculture, National Science Foundation, and The National Institutes of Health.
Robots have an important role to play in reenergizing American manufacturing and ultimately creating new jobs. At CMU, Obama pointed out that the initiative's purpose is "to accelerate the development and use of robots in the United States that work beside, or cooperatively with, people."
The chief focus of The National Robotics Initiative is making collaborative human and robot work possible. Such technological advancements would truly change the way work is accomplished, the way robots are viewed, and manufacturing in general. There are many robotic transformations that will have to take place before this cooperation can occur - changes to robot software, hardware, etc. But federal backing and funding may be the best way to accelerate innovation.
Read more about the benefits of collaborative industrial robots.
Find information on the National Robotics Initiative.
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With the war over and the Federal government daily becoming more stable, the state decided to make an effort to dispose of the great tracts of unsurveyed and, to a large extent, unexplored lands in Northern New York. There was a reason behind this. The thin line of settlements along the Mohawk still bore the scars of the terrible Indian raids of the Revolution. There was no certainty of continued peace with England. Feeling still remained intense. The horror of border warfare was too recent and the knowledge that but a few years before English gold had been paid for American scalps at Carleton Island did not help. Furthermore the Union Jack still waved over the military posts at Oswego, Carleton Island and Oswegatchie. Theoretically the river and the lake was the boundary but the British still hung on stubbornly upon one pretense or the other to their old posts. Along the Northern bank of the St. Lawrence Sir John Johnson and his Tories were building new homes for themselves in the wilderness and waiting their chance for revenge. There, too, lived two sons and a sister of Benedict Arnold. It required but a small spark to set the whole border aflame once more.
It was probably with this in mind that the state of New York decided to establish the first line of defense along the trails leading from Canada in the form of sturdy settlers who might be depended upon to fight at the drop of a hat when their homes were threatened. Consequently in 1787 the Board of Land Commissioners of the state directed the Surveyor General to lay out ten townships in two ranges of five each, extending from the head of Long Sault Island to the present Oak Point. Each township was to contain 100 square miles and to be as nearly square as possible. By the same act under which the ten townships were sold, the legislature provided for laying out a military tract in the present Franklin and Clinton counties, to satisfy the claims of Revolutionary soldiers. But no part of this tract was ever patented to military claimants and it was sold like other land by the Commissioners.
In 1789 the legislature set aside a great tract of land westward of the Oswego river to be distributed to the soldiers of the Revolution and the Surveyor General was directed to divide it into towns, town No. 1 to be the one immediately west of Oswego Falls. Thus all the present Oswego county west of the Oswego river was included in the military tract, although but two of the towns into which the tract was divided were in any part within the limits of the present Oswego county, these being Hannibal and Lysander. The military town of Lysander embraced the greater part of the present town of Granby in Oswego county, the remainder of the town being in the present Onondaga county. The military town of Hannibal comprised the present towns of Hannibal, Oswego and a small part of Granby in Oswego county, and the present town of Sterling in Cayuga county.
The Ten Towns, so called, in the present St. Lawrence county were named Louisville, Stockholm, Potsdam, Madrid, Lisbon, Canton, DeKalb, Oswegatchie, Hague and Cambray and in 1787 the land included in them was practically all sold to Alexander Macomb, a resident of New York, who had made a fortune in the fur trade with John Jacob Astor. It was in his big house on Broadway, a little below Trinity Church, that President Washington resided when New York was the capital of the United States. Soon after the great treaty had been made between the State of New York and the Iroquois at Fort Stanwix in 1788 by which the Indians ceded a large portion of their lands in Northern New York to the state, this same Alexander Macomb, probably associated with two other New York men, William Constable and Daniel McCormick, purchased a large tract of nearly 4,000,000 acres comprising the major part of Northern New York at a price of eight pence an acre. The purchase was divided into six great tracts, Tract No. 1 being in general the present Franklin county, Tracts II and III being in St. Lawrence county, and Tract IV portions of Herkimer, Lewis and Jefferson counties. The division line between Tracts V and VI was never run. These tracts included portions of the present Oswego, Jefferson, Lewis and Herkimer counties.
The sale of such a great tract of land at such a low price caused a storm of criticism from enemies of the administration. The Land Commissioners were accused of dishonesty and also of complicity in a deep-laid plot to bring about the annexation of the territory to Canada. Even Governor Clinton was charged with conniving in a treasonable scheme. The fact that adjoining tracts had been sold a short time before for between two and three shillings an acre lent color to the charge. There was a legislative investigation which resulted in complete vindication of everyone accused, but it was apparent to all that the lands had been sold too cheaply and that someone had exercised a good deal of influence at Albany.
The lands were of course purchased for speculation at a time when gambling in “wild lands” had become a pastime of the wealthy and great portions of the tract soon passed to other hands. By far the larger portion, comprising Great Tracts IV, V and VI were soon taken over by William Constable for 50,000 pounds after Macomb had failed and had been lodged in prison for his debts. It is no intention of this writer to trace the intricate chain of land titles from the original owners and the constant subdivision of these tracts as the years went on. The student interested in these transfers is referred to the excellent histories of St. Lawrence and Franklin, Lewis and Jefferson counties by the late Dr. Franklin B. Hough, written some seventy-five years ago, and also to Mr. Crisfield Johnson’s History of Oswego County.
Soon after the Macomb Purchase, in August, 1791, John and Nicholas J. Roosevelt, merchants of New York, purchased of the state some 500,000 acres of land south and west of the Macomb Purchase. This great tract included all the present Oswego county west of the Oswego river, excepting that included in the Macomb Purchase, and also comprised some of the present Oneida county. George Frederick William Augusta Scriba, a wealthy New York merchant of Dutch birth, was interested in this purchase and on Dec. 12, 1794, a patent to the entire tract was issued to him. Benjamin Wright, the well known surveyor, subdivided the tract for him into twenty-four townships and great lots. He sold off considerable portions, one great tract largely in the present town of Richland to Alexander Hamilton, but for many years retained large tracts himself. Long before the turn of the century he had embarked on the most ambitious scheme for settlement of his “wild lands” of any of the landed proprietors of the North.
The Great Landed Proprietors
It is of interest to know something of the men who eventually gained ownership over great areas of land in the Northern part of the state. In such a list is marshaled much of the wealth of the infant republic. It is like reading a list of vestrymen of Trinity Church or a list of subscribers to Columbia College. Here were the elite of New York and Philadelphia, the friends of Washington and Jay and Hamilton. Many of them had homes on Wall street or on lower Broadway. They were the men who founded and supported the Federalist party and the Chamber of Commerce and who, for all their adherence to the Revolutionary cause in the late war, believed in the “rule of the rich, the well born and the able.”
Chief among them was that patron saint of Federalism, Alexander Hamilton, who had just resigned as secretary of the treasury after a notable administration. It was natural that Sriba should have sold some of his lands to Hamilton, who was not above a little speculation in “wild lands,” although it is not recorded that he took much interest in his possessions in the present town of Richland. His name, however, is still perpetuated in Oswego county in Hamilton Gore. Nicholas J. Roosevelt, who at various times owned large tracts of land in the present Oswego county, was a wealthy merchant, manufacturer and inventor. His father, Isaac, had been a member of the New York Provincial Congress and for many years was president of the Bank of New York. Later Nicholas became associated with Robert Fulton, generally credited with being the inventor of the steam boat, and, in fact, was an influential man in New York City until his death in 1854. His brother, James John Roosevelt, probably the John Roosevelt who owned lands in the North, was a law partner of John Jay.
John Jay owned a large tract in the present town of Hastings, Oswego county. It was owned by his estate for many years. No man was more highly respected by the Federalists of the “high-minded type than John Jay. Born in 1745, he had graduated from Kings College, now Columbia, in 1766. He was a member of the Continental Congress. He drafted the first state constitution. He was the first chief justice of the state. He was minister to Spain under the Revolution, one of the commissioners to negotiate peace after the Revolution, secretary for foreign affairs under the Articles of Confederation, instrumental in getting New York to accept the Federal constitution and appointed by Washington first chief justice of the United States. It was Jay who negotiated the treaty with Great Britain by which the British relinquished hold on the northern posts. At the time he made large purchases of northern lands Jay was governor of New York. After his death, his possessions passed to the hands of his son, Peter Augustus Jay, but the tract in Oswego county was always known as the Governor Jay tract.
George Scriba, who at one time owned nearly the whole of the Oswego county was a New York merchant possessed of a fortune estimated at a million and a half dollars. He had a house on Wall street and a store on Nassau street. He sank practically his entire fortune into his lands and in the attempt to build up his two proposed cities of New Rotterdam and Vera Cruz. About 1810 he moved to New Rotterdam, the present Constantia, and built himself a house there overlooking Oneida Lake. There he lived until his death in the 1830s and a Scriba still lives in the old mansion to this day.
Of all that company of great land barons, none was of greater note than William Constable, head of a family whose name is perpetuated in Constableville in Lewis county and Constable in Franklin county. More than any other, the Constables were responsible for the settlement and development of Northern New York. The contract under which they sold off their great holdings was written by Alexander Hamilton and remains a model of its kind to this day. James Constable rode hundreds of miles of forest trail in Northern New York on horseback, from clearing to clearing and from settlement to settlement, and the diary which he has left behind is perhaps the best source material we have of the Black River Country in the days of its first settlement.
In the present St. Lawrence county, the McVickars, a noted New York family of that day, bought largely, especially in Louisville. So did John Jay, who also, as we have seen, had lands in Oswego county. William Laight, a vestryman of Trinity church, and Capt. John Lamb, one of the Committee of One Hundred. Nicholas Low bought lands not only in Stockholm, St. Lawrence county, but also great tracts in the present Jefferson and Lewis counties. He has left his name at Lowville. Others who bought land in the present limits of St. Lawrence county were John Delafield, who helped endow Columbia College, Hezekiah B. Pierrepont, relative by marriage of the Constables, and the Gouverneurs, a prominent New York family of that day. The Pierreponts have left their name at Pierrepont Manor in Jefferson county and in the town of Pierpont, St. Lawrence county.
At Potsdam the Clarkson family bought many broad acres and today Clarkson College there testifies to their generosity. So did Major Nicholas Fish, president of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. Here, too, Herman LeRoy, a Federal appointee under Washington and the father-in-law of Daniel Webster, bought large holdings. The Ogdens, the Waddingtons and the Van Rensselaers also invested in St. Lawrence county lands. They have left their names at Ogdensburg, Waddington and Rennsselaer Falls. Judge William Cooper of Cooperstown, father of James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, bought a large tract, as did General Henry Knox, secretary of war under Washington and founder of the Order of Cincinnati, Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolution, Gouverneur Morris, diplomat and statesman, whose name is perpetuated at Morristown and Gouverneur, and John Ogden Hoffman, attorney general of the state and grand sachem of Tammany Hall.
In Franklin county, Richard Harison, one time law partner of Alexander Hamilton and classmate in Kings College of John Jay, owned great landed estates. The Harisons also owned large holdings in St. Lawrence county with manor houses at Malone, Canton and Morley. In Franklin county, too, Michael Hogan, the wealthy merchant, bought an entire township and named it Bombay after the residence of his wife, a princess of India. Daniel McCormick, friend of George Washington and president of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, bought large possessions here, as did Judge William Kelley, the Federalist office-holder, and the McVickars, whose descendants still live in Malone.
In Jefferson county, beside Nichaolas Low, William Henderson, Richard Harison and John O. Hoffman had great holdings, and later Gen. Henry Champion, the Ellises and Jacob Brown. In Lewis county, the Constables and the Pierreponts retained for years vast tracts, but Walter Martin, who has left his name at Martinsburgh, and Nathaniel Shaler, soon acquired substantial territories, as did Hopper Brantingham of Philadelphia, whose name is preserved in Brantingham Lake, former Governor Brown of Providence and James Watson, the merchant.
In general there were three routes leading from the settled portions of the state into the great wilderness country of Northern New York. The best known was of course the Mohawk river, Wood creek, Oneida Lake and Oswego river route which had been well traveled for a century at least. A second was eastward from Plattsburgh and the Lake Champlain country into the present Franklin county, while the third was across the divide from the Mohawk Valley to the Black river, following that river towards its mouth into the heart of the present Lewis and Jefferson counties. As the old Oswego trail was the best known route of all, it is not surprising that within the limits of the present Oswego counties were made the first permanent settlements in all Northern New York. As early as 1789 one Oliver Stevens was located at old Fort Brewerton, even then falling into decay, and was maintaining a tavern of sorts for the convenience of the boatmen on the Oswego river. Two years later another pioneer appeared in the neighborhood, a Frenchman, named Desvatines, concerning whom a great many fanciful tales have been written.
Desvatines was apparently a man of good birth. He has been variously represented as an aristocrat who fled from the Reign of Terror in Paris and as a Frenchman of noble birth, who woed and won a nun and was forced to flee from his native land. Probably neither of these stories is correct. Desvatines, himself, claimed to have been a seigneur from near Lisle, France, who, having lost much of his money, came to this country to recuperate his fortunes, bringing with him his young bride. He seems to have wasted much of the little money he had left before he decided to forsake civilization and find a home in the wilderness. About 1791 he appeared at Oneida Lake with his wife and two children and took up his residence on an island in the lake ever since known as Frenchman’s Island. He had a happy faculty of making friends with the Indians and spent most of his time in hunting, living a carefree existence and occasionally parting with some of the family silver or part of the library which he had brought into the wilderness with him when he required money. A distinguished citizen of Holland, Francis Adrian Vanderkempt, visited the Desvatines family in 1792, describing their habitation in the following words:
“Our path gradually increasing in breadth did lead us to the circumference of a cleared circle surrounded with limetrees; at both sides of the path was planted Indian corn already grown from four to five feet, while a few plants towards the middle of this path were six feet long, and this in the middle of June. A small cottage of a few feet square stood nearly in the center of this spot. It had a bark covering and, to the left of it, a similar one, three-fourths uncovered, and appropriated for a kitchen. Here was the residence of Mr. and Madame des Wattines (Vanderkempt’s rendering of the name), with their three children. They lived there without servants, without neighbors, without a cow; they lived, as it were, separated from the world. Des Wattines sallied forth and gave us a cordial welcome in his demesnes. The well-educated man was easily recognized through his sloven dress. Ragged as he appeared, without a coat or hat, his manners were those of a gentleman; his address that of one who had seen the higher circles of civilized life. A female, from whose remaining beauties might be conjectured how many had been tarnished by adversity, was sitting in the entrance of this cot. She was dressed in white, in a short gown and petticoat, garnished with the same stuff; her chestnut brown hair flung back in ringlets over her shoulders, her eyes fixed on her darling Camille, a native of this isle, at her breast, while two children, standing on each side of her, played in her lap. . . . Des Wattines introduced us to his spouse.
She received us with that easy politeness which well-educated people seldom lose entirely, and urged, with so much grace, to sit down, that we could not refuse it without incivility. . . .
“Des Wattines has laid out behind the cottage a pretty garden, divided by a walk in the middle. The two foremost beds, and rabats, against the house were covered with a variety of flowers; sweet williams, lady slippers, with a few decaying hyacinths. At the right hand were bush beans, large kidney beans at poles, cabbage, turnips, peas, salade, with that strong-scented herbage which you purchase so dear at your arrival in New York, although its culinary use in cakes and soup was then yet unknown there; at the left watermelons, cantelopes, cucumbers, persil, string peas, with a few of the winter provisions, all in great forwardness, with few or no weeds among them; behind the garden a small nursery of apple trees, which was closed with a patch of luxuriant potatoes, and these again were joined both sides by wheat describing a semicircle around it.”
When Dewitt Clinton, later to be governor of the state but then a member of the canal commission, passed through this section in 1810 he heard the story of Desvatines from the Stevens family, who still resided there. According to them Desvatines were very proud and reserved, always went bareheaded and bartered off some valuable books for two cows. Desatines’ countrymen in Albany raised a subscription which permitted the family to return to their native land. According to Mrs. Stevens, the family was apparently happy together but in her opinion the French woman had no extraordinary pretensions to beauty.
One Major Lawrence Van Valkenburgh had acquired an interest in lot 75 in the military tract and came to take up his land in 1792 with two laborers and a slave boy. The following year he returned with his family and a couple of other men to make a settlement near Oswego Falls. That same year Daniel Master, a blacksmith, became the first settler in the present town of Volney.
Although George Scriba’s patent was not issued to him until 1794, the year before that he began the first settlement on his land, selecting as a site the mouth of the present Scriba creek. He named it New Rotterdam, after the city of that name in his native Holland. Immediately he set to work building houses and mills. When agents of the Castorland company, of which more will be said later, passed through New Rotterdam that same fall, they found the settlement consisted of three log houses. By 1795 when the Due de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt visited the settlement, there were only a dozen log houses there, but Mr. Scriba was building a fine, frame house for a store and had started construction of a road through the woods to Vera Cruz, his other settlement, on the site of the present village of Texas. But Rotterdam, as it soon became known, was not destined to be the thriving city which Scriba had dreamed. When DeWitt Clinton visited it in 1810 he found that it contained but “eight or ten houses and exhibited signs of premature growth.” Today not even the name is retained because Rotterdam is the modern Constantia.
The Castorland Company
William Constable immediately took steps to dispose of some of his great land holdings in Northern New York. In August, 1792, he was in Paris. The French capital was in the throes of the Revolution, the king had been imprisoned and the Red Terror stalked through the streets. No man’s life was safe. Many of the aristocrats and the nobles had fled to foreign climes. Those who remained awaited their opportunity. Under these circumstances it was not difficult for Constable to interest a group of French gentlemen in a scheme for a great French colony to be set up in the trackless wilderness of the Black River Country.
Negotiations were started between Constable and Citizen Peter Chassanis at the latter’s house in the street of the Jussiene. Louis XVI was being tried, the streets ran with blood and Chassanis is reported to have locked the door of his home while negotiations were in progress with the statement that if the deal was not consummated then, there was no assurance that they would be able to meet again. Finally Constable sold to Citizen Chassanis and his associates, organized under the name of La Compagnie de New York a vast tract of over 600,000 acres lying in the present Jefferson and Lewis counties.
Not a single member of the company had any exact information of the country in which they had made this great purchase. The lands had not been surveyed and even the course of Black river was not known. But a colorful circular was issued setting forth the fancied advantages of the new land. Castorland, it was to be called, from the beaver which the French understood overrun their woodland empire. The promoters of the new company had visions of thousands of acres of vinelands and of the production of maple sugar becoming an industry of such extent as to supersede the production of cane sugar.
In the heart of the great woods, they proposed to build a little Paris, the home of happy mechanics and of French aristocrats, snatched from the blade of the guillotine, while on the lake shore a second city was to be erected which in time would become a great port from which the products of Castorland would be shipped to the world via Montreal. An elaborate organization was perfected, commissioners named, a lengthy constitution drawn up and adopted, a seal devised and a silver coin minted to compensate commissioners for attending meetings. With only the most imperfect maps available, a system of proposed roads was chartered and complete plans for the two cities drawn. No more visionary scheme was ever attempted. It was doomed to failure from the start.
First, it was decided, a trip of exploration must be made. So on July 7, 1793, the two commissioners for America, Simon Dejardines and Peter Pharoux, left the old wharves at Havre and in exactly two months arrived in the thriving port of New York, now a city nearing the 50,000 mark. Pharoux was an eminent architect of Paris and Dejardines an enterprising if somewhat visionary adventurer. At Albany the two commissioners met Marx Isambert Brunei, a countryman of theirs, just 24 years of age and a political exile. No more happy meeting could have taken place. Brunei was an engineer and surveyor, a natural leader and a born pathfinder. He readily threw in his lot with his two compatriots.
How valuable he was to them is apparent from the journal of the exploration which was painstakingly kept, later printed in Paris and many years ago translated by the late Dr. Hough, the historian, who planned to publish it but never did. The three hired four Americans supposed to have some familiarity with the lands to the northward and started for Black river bay by the old Indian route of Wood creek and the Oswego river. They found Oswego still in possession of British troops who looked with suspicion on the expedition and would permit the little party to proceed only when they left Brunei behind as a hostage. Even then the British refused to allow Brunei in the fort but forced him to camp by the river bank, justification enough in his mind to break the agreement and he escaped from the British and joined his companions.
It was a good thing for them that he did. Neither Pharoux nor Dejardines were the type of men to lead an expedition into unknown lands. Brunei took charge. The party coasted along the lake shore in a small sailing craft. At the mouth of Little Sandy they found an Indian and his wife in a bark canoe, the first humans they had seen since leaving Oswego. Then they ran into heavy weather as they approached Stony Point, called on the old maps Traverse Point. Even the pilot lost his nerve and “took so heavy a draught of rum that he knew not what he did and steered direct for the breakers/’
But Brunei was equal to the emergency. Sweeping the pilot to the bottom of the craft he took the helm, while his two companions each took a corner of the sail. Brunei steered for the open lake and one of the frightened Americans took out his knife to cut the halliards of the sail. It is recorded that Brunei, without letting go of the helm, reached over and dealt the panic-stricken boatsman such a blow on the head with a hatchet that he forthwith lost all interest in his fate. Finally the trio sighted the stream “called by the English Stony Creek and on the French maps, La Rivere de 1’Assumption,” and Brunei steered his speeding craft midway between Traverse Point and Galloo (sic) Island. A few minutes later they were safe in Henderson Bay.
The next day they set out in search of the mouth of Black river. It was a tedious job but finally they were successful and camped near the mouth of the river. Their fire attracted an Indian, his wife and two children who visited them but departed after receiving presents. The next day they started up the river, noting carefully the appearance of the country. They thought that Baron Steuben’s settlement near Utica could not be more than 30 miles distant and Pharoux with one of the boatmen, a man named Britton, took three days’ provisions, a gun, a hatchet, a flint and steel and blankets, and set out to see if they could reach the home of the old Revolutionary general. They succeeded in ascending the river only a little above the present city of Watertown.
Thus Pharoux describes in his journal the site of the city, the first description of which we have any record: “At noon we saw a great cascade in the distance, broken rock forming an island, through which the water flows. The smaller channel on the right, a rocky cliff on the left, and narrowing of the river above where it turns to the northeast. Low ground on the right and high on the left. Two ravines with banks, then another ravine, obscured with masses of trees. At 12:50 the great cascade, of which the torrent is on the left side, with a branch on the right, and a large, rocky island covered with pines. Land low on the right but steep at the bottom of the falls and high on the left. The cascade forms a cloud of mist At one we gained the head of the falls where the swift water announces the upper falls. At 1:15 the river turns and the land is steep on our side, course east, turning southeast, the land forming a very high hill and the vegetation fine. At 1:15 the stream is parted by an island with two falls at the head.” The next day Pharoux found the river still about as wide as “the Seine at Point Royal.” Indians had been there before them. They found three large trees cut by an ax with indications of a fire lately made.
The next year surveying of the great tract was started. It was then for the first time that the real course of Black river was discovered to the dismay of the French, who had thought that the river flowed due west from High Falls (now Lyons Falls) to the lake. This meant that their tract was not half as large as had been anticipated. They complained to Constable who cheerfully agreed to do everything that was fair but regretted that he could not alter the course of the river or compel the British at Oswego not to interfere with the surveyors. Pharoux was drowned in 1795 not far from the present city of Watertown with seven of his companions, white surveyors and Indians. Capt. Charles Brodhead, a Revolutionary veteran, was in charge of the party. They were being ferried across Black river on a raft of logs but discovered to their horror when in midstream that they had mistaken the place and were rapidly being drawn towards the great falls which Pharoux had noted in his journal two years before. Discovering that Pharoux could not swim Brodhead stayed on the raft with him instead of swimming for shore. The two passed over the falls. Pharoux was drowned but Brodhead was pulled senseless from the river by an Indian. Sometime later the body of the young Frenchman was found on an island at the mouth of Black river, since called Independence Island. James D. LeRay de Chaumont, the landowner, caused a tablet to be erected on the island bearing this inscription: “To the memory of Peter Pharoux this island is consecrated.”
In the meantime the first French families had arrived, pitifully unprepared to cope with the wilderness. First, there was the long tedious trip in a sailing vessel from Havre to New York. Then there was another on the barque to Albany and finally the difficult journey up the Mohawk and the trek through the wilderness with a brief stop at Baron Steuben’s cabin before the start of the wearisome journey. They carried with them grass seed to sow the spacious lawns they dreamed would some day lead from their homes to the river. They gathered young plum trees in the woods for their orchards. On the flats along Black river, near the present Lyons Falls, they built their log homes. At Long Falls, now Carthage, they built a saw mill in 1795. Carpenters and artisans were hired to do the work and occasionally an Indian assisted. They fashioned fantastic names on the rivers and streams in their forest domain, Deer creek, Siren creek, Swan creek, Pelican creek, French river, Linnet creek, Independence creek, Beaver river and Murmur creek.
Many of the settlers were men of wealth, breeding and education, accustomed to Parisian society, who dreamed of vast estates carved from the hemlock forests of the Black River Country where they might hunt and fish to their heart’s content. Such a man was J. T. Devouassoux, a retired officer of the old regime, who bought himself a lot on the river shore and proceeded to have a log hut erected on a beautiful spot which he hoped some day to convert into a beautiful expanse of lawn. One morning as the old officer in his dressing gown sat before his house admiring the view that stretched out before him James D. LeRay came along. M. LeRay noticed at once that the river in the spring would overflow the piece of ground upon which M. Devouassoux had erected his cabin. He called this to the attention of the old officer who was much surprised. Further inquiry brought out that the old soldier had never explored his lands but finding this beauty spot near the river and being passionately fond of fishing he had established himself on the bank of the river without further investigation.
Along the river, too, on a tract of some 1,200 acres, settled Louis Francois de Saint Michel, reputed to have been an officer of Louis XVI. Managing his log cabin was his daughter, a beautiful girl tenderly reared in the schools of Paris, who nevertheless gracefully adapted herself to the rigors of pioneer life. Not far away the Balmat family settled and the oldest boy, James, later became secretary to Joseph Bonaparte, brother of the emperor.
With no information at all on the topography of the land, engineers in Paris laid out a road. The map was sent to Castorland where the workers followed their instructions religiously and built a road which went up hill and down dale. Finally it came to a precipice but orders were orders so the workmen simply passed over to the other side and resumed their construction. This was known as the Old French road, the first to be built in the Black River Country, and was the highway followed by the first permanent settlers into the present Lewis and Jefferson counties.
The grand attempt at colonization was of course a failure. The proud cities of Castor and Basle were never built. Great sums of money were spent but all in vain. The log cabins which were to have given way to majestic mansions crumbled away in decay. Many of the colonists left in disgust. Others remained and their blood is still found in well known Northern New York families. But if the Castorland colonists were unsuccessful at least they had charted and mapped a substantial section of the Black River Country and the surveys which they made and even the fantastic road which they built were of infinite value to the first English-speaking pioneers when they penetrated the wilderness a few years later to build the first permanent settlements. Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale in his poem, “Castorland, pictures the dream of the French refugees:
“On an hundred thousand acres never trod by foot of men,
He had mapped out farms and vinyards, roads o’er precipice and glen,
And like scenes of an enchanter, rose a city wondrous fair,
With its colleges, its churches, and its castles in the air.”
And then came the bitter disappointment of the awakening:
“After toils and many troubles, self-exile for many years,
Long delays and sad misfortunes, man’s regrets and woman’s tears,
Unfulfilled the brilliant outset, broken as a chain of sand,
Were the golden expectations by Grand Rapides’ promised land.”
The First Settlements
The era of settlement was now at hand. The movement westward from the New England states had set in with a vengeance. In three days in the month of February, 1795, a resident of Albany counted 1,200 sleighs on their way westward. On Feb. 28th, that same year, 300 sleighs passed through Albany, headed westward, between sunrise and sunset. The landowners of the North Country were not slow to take advantage of this restless movement from the old villages of New England. They realized that there was but one way to enhance the value of their lands and make their investment a profitable one and that was to interest actual settlers in their holdings. Surveyors were sent far and wide through the expanse of the North Country. In the present St. Lawrence county Medad Mitchell and a man named Tupper worked as early as 1791, running the lines of Great Tracts Numbers I, II and III of the Macomb Purchase. They finished their work within the limits of the present Franklin county and setting their course by the compass started through the woods, hoping to reach Rome. Instead they emerged at the High Falls on Black river—now Lyons Falls—and were forced to cross the river and proceed to the present Oswego county before they could locate themselves. Tupper Lake bears the name of one of these early surveyors.
Benjamin Wright did much of the surveying for William Constable. From 1795 to 1798 he had worked throughout the northern forests laying out townships for the various proprietors. So when in 1799 he left Rome with a party of some twenty or more assistants to survey lands for Mr. Constable in the present St. Lawrence county, he was probably as familiar with Northern New York as any man then living. The party took the Oswego trail to the lake and went from there down the St. Lawrence to St. Regis. Wright established his headquarters at the mouth of the Racquette river. Camps were located at various sites. One camp was located near the present Norfolk, another in the neighborhood of Hannawa Falls, a third on the site of Pyrites and a fourth at Cooper’s Falls on the Oswegatchie.
At the mouth of the Oswegatchie, the Oswegatchie Indians drove the surveyors away for a time but the trouble was adjusted. Tory squatters, settled at this same point and claiming titles from the Indians, were also ugly but the surveyors were resourceful men, accustomed to life in the woods and in many cases veterans of the Revolution, and they persisted in spite of all difficulties. The worst situation, however, prevailed at Oswego which the red-coated British still held, arrogantly collecting customs and refusing American boats permission to pass into the lake. The British commander at Oswego would not permit the American surveyors to operate near the post which resulted in a great deal of inconvenience. But gradually the entire area was mapped. Town lines were run, towns known only by numbers, filled with giant trees and populated only by bears, wolves and panthers. For the first time accurate charts were available. It was evident that the Black river provided a great highway into the heart of the new country and that over the divide the Oswegatchie led to the St. Lawrence and Canada.
At first men did not venture far into the interior. A few clearings appeared along the Oswego trail, principally at Oneida Lake, but in 1796 Neil McMullen, a merchant of Kingston, N. Y., boldly appeared at Oswego, which had just been abandoned by the British, and set up a frame house which he transported in Durham boats, ready-cut, as we would say today, down the Oswego river. This house he erected on the west side of the river in the middle of the present Seneca street, and soon opened up a brisk trade with the Indians. That same season, Captain Edward O’Connor, a Revolutionary veteran, appeared and erected a log house, but he elected to spend the winter at Salt Point, now Syracuse. The following year the state legislature, foreseeing a great future for Oswego, laid out a city with wide streets, giving many of them names which they retain to this day, but they were streets then marked only with blazed trees. Soon Peter Sharpe had appeared and built a little log tavern on the east side of the river, and he and William Vaughan became owners of a little schooner. Before 1800 the embryo city of Oswego was assuming some little commercial importance.
As we have seen, there were early settlers in the present town of Volney and soon Major Lawrence Van Valkenburgh was operating a well known tavern which became a common stopping place for boatmen and others traveling between Salt Point and Oswego. John Van Buren and Ebenezer Wright were early comers, while Daniel Masters had located at the so called Upper Landing as early as 1793. The name, Oswego Falls, was given to the collection of clearings between the Upper and Lower Landings. It was not until 1826 that the name, Fulton, was applied to the village which gradually grew up between the two landings on the old portage path.
George Scriba’s “city” of Vera Cruz was the first place settled in the present town of Mexico, Oswego county. It was located on Mexico Point and the entire region from the mouth of Salmon creek to the present hamlet of Texas was laid out into city lots with even a plot for a city park. Scriba had great dreams for Vera Cruz, even though it had but a half dozen log houses. A tavern, mills and a shipyard were built and the little settlement showed every sign of fulfilling the expectation of its owner until a number of the men of the village lost their lives in the lake while trying to get to Kingston, Canada, for food, and from that time on the fortunes of the little place steadily declined. Today, like the grand cities planned by the Castorland colonists, it exists only in memory.
On the upper Salmon river one of the most promising settlements in the entire north had been established in 1795 by Captain Nathan Sage of Connecticut, who had commanded the warship Middletown with sixteen guns and 100 men in the Revolutionary war. From the first the settlement was named Redfield after the proprietor, Dr. Frederick Redfield, whom Sage represented as land agent. A number of strong men followed Sage into the new settlement, coming by way of a crude, forest road that led from Rome through the present town of Florence, Oneida county. Among them were Deacon Amos Kent and Eli Strong. The Oneida county assessment rolls for 1798 show thirty-two residents assessed in Redfield, while there were only twenty-six in all the rest of the present Oswego county, east of the Oswego river.
Before 1800, little log settlements had sprung up in a dozen, stumpy clearings within the limits of the present Oswego county – in the present City of Oswego, Oswego town, Granby, Volney, Scriba, Shroeppel, Mexico, New Haven, Hastings, Constantia and Redfield. Aside from Scriba’s great road from Rotterdam (Constantia) to Vera Cruz (Mexico Point) and the wood trail that led from Rome to Redfield, there wasn’t a road in the entire region, but the British abandonment of Oswego had opened up the water highways and boatmen on the Oswego river were soon doing a lively business. As an indication of the stimulus given to settlement by the British abandoning Fort Ontario at Oswego, in 1796 the population of the entire town of Mexico, which then included all of Oswego county east of the Oswego river and much territory in the present Oneida county, was only 246. The following year it had increased to 622.
Settlements Along the St. Lawrence
Far to the north a thin line of settlements had sprang up along the St. Lawrence within striking distance of Plattsburgh, on the one hand, and the Tory settlements along the northern bank of the river, on the other. Near the present village of Chateaugay in Franklin county, Benjamin Roberts had established himself the last year of President Washington’s administration, leading his family on a long trek through the woods from Plattsburgh, driving his cattle before him and carrying a teakettle full of rum in his hand. Within a year quite a settlement of Vermont men had been formed and crops of potatoes and turnips raised.
Near the present village of Massena in St. Lawrence county, settlers were located as early as 1792, leasing their lands from the St. Regis Indians. They came from the neighborhood of Montreal and built a sawmill on Grass river a mile below the present village. In the town of Madrid in the present St. Lawrence county river lots were being sold at $2.50 an acre and rear lots at $2 an acre long before the dawn of the 19th century. The signing of Jay’s treaty in 1796 under which the British were compelled to evacuate their posts within the limits of the United States removed the last impediment to settlement along the border. That year Nathan Ford, as agent for Col. Samuel Ogden, the owner, left New York to undertake the settlement of Oswegatchie. With his slave, Dick, and several boatmen and workmen whom he hired, he bought a boat, loaded on a quantity of merchandise and proceeded along the Mohawk, following the old Indian trail to the Oswego river and the lake. He was forced to pay his boatmen, whom he called an abandoned set of rascals, excessive wages, his boat sank and spoiled his casks of tea and dry-goods, but finally he reached Oswegatchie and established himself in the sergeant’s quarters in the old fort.
Ford proved himself to be exactly the type of an agent needed in a new country. The first thing he did was to summon the St. Regis chiefs to his quarters for a conference. “I treated them with the utmost civility and sent them all away drunk,” he wrote Ogden. Claims of Canadians to lands in Oswegatchie failed to worry Ford. “Those fellows only want to be treated with promptness to bring them to terms,” he informs Ogden in the same letter. Two years later when one Watson persisted in his claim Ford had him arrested and sent him to Rome for trial. Watson went to jail for a year and was only released after he had signed a quit claim deed. So Ford with characteristic energy removed flaws from the title, drew about him a nucleus of a settlement, brought up the sheriff of Herkimer county to chase squatters from his forest empire and by 1797 was able to write Ogden with optimism: “I am well convinced in my own mind that the country will settle and by our own countrymen, one of whom is worth six of his majesty’s beef eaters.” By 1798 he had sold eight or ten farms, had a grist mill in operation and settlers were beginning to find their way to the “Garrison” from Lake Champlain through the Chateaugay woods. By 1800 when Gouverneur Morris with his French chef and traveling “in the style of an Eastern prince,” to use Ford’s characterization, arrived at the village, he found Oswegatchie a respectable settlement viewed from a pioneer standpoint.
As little settlements sprang up close to the banks of the St. Lawrence in the North, others appeared along the Black river further South. From Boone’s Settlement, not far from Baron Steuben’s log cabin, hardy settlers pushed forward to establish the hamlet which soon became known as Talcottsville where Lemuel Storr’s frame house, the first within the present limits of Lewis county, stood. By 1799 there were 57 senatorial votes within the limits of the town of Leyden, which comprised this section, at a time when one must be a property owner to be able to vote. A rude road from Fort Stanwix led to Shaler’s settlement on the site of the present Constableville and there in a little clearing in the woods lived Jonathan Collins, veteran of Washington’s army, and a few hardy companions. A young Connecticut lawyer, Silas Stow, representing the owner, Nicholas Low, had just founded the settlement that was soon to be known as Lowville. From High Falls, now Lyons Falls, where a few of the French of Castorland days still lived, the river was the natural highway to Long Falls, now Carthage. There Jean Baptiste Boussant, a slovenly Frenchman who had come over with the Castor-land colonists, maintained a log tavern of sorts and kept the ferry across the river. Not far away in the fertile lands of Champion Noadiah Hubbard and a few others had built a cluster of cabins which soon were to attract men like Moss Kent, brother of the chancellor, and Egbert Ten Eyck, the lawyer. Towards the mouth of the Black river was located Jacob Brown, surveyor, school teacher and former military secretary to Alexander Hamilton, whose log cabin was soon to be replaced by the sturdy, stone mansion which stands to this day. Further south on the rich loam of the Sandy Creek country, the Ellises had settled, raising the first crops within the limits of the present Jefferson county. And just as the new century dawned, Henry Coffeen appeared from the Mohawk and built his cabin in the geometric center of the present City of Watertown.
Landon, Harry F. The north country; a history, embracing Jefferson, St. Lawrence, Oswego, Lewis and Franklin counties, New York, vol 1 of 3. Historical Publishing Company Indianapolis, Indiana, 1932.
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21,206 confirmed cases, 8,386 resulting deaths and counting.
These were the startling figures on the Ebola virus published by the World Health Organization at the beginning of 2015.
“The Ebola crisis is a shocking reminder to the international community that health systems need to be strengthened in order to tackle the problem at its roots and prevent the outbreak of costly epidemics in the long-run,” said Denis Porignon, a health policy expert at the WHO in Geneva.
Since the beginning of the epidemic, pledge after pledge has been made by the international donor community to help overcome what is characterized as the “Ebola crisis.” It would, however, be remiss to limit the use of this funding to emergency response: in order to sustainably address the epidemic and avoid future outbreaks, investments in health systems strengthening are indispensable.
Strengthening systems by aligning national and international efforts
Considerable efforts to align international partners behind this idea have already been made in the context of WHO’s innovative EU-LUX-WHO partnership program on Universal Health Coverage. In December 2014, a high-level international meeting convened by WHO at its Geneva headquarters with development partners from across the globe led to an agreement to consider the need for a type of “Marshall Plan” – referring to the U.S.-led economic recovery and stimulus package for Europe following the end of World War II –for building resilient health systems in the aftermath of the Ebola crisis.
During that meeting, WHO also committed to support the affected countries’ governments to convene follow-up meetings to review, revise, and cost national plans and to prioritize the main immediate and medium-to-long-term interventions needed to build resilient health systems.
In the coming weeks, WHO delegations will travel to the three countries most severely affected by the Ebola outbreak – Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone – to participate in national planning meetings and assess how WHO’s ongoing UHC partnership program can best respond to the impact of the epidemic by adjusting its health systems priorities accordingly.
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Emergency Operations Center Specifications
Planning to manage emergency events involves mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery planning. A critical part of this planning process involves preparing to operate an emergency command or operations center. Good response and recovery management requires a robust approach to information management. Emergency Operations Centers, supported by sound information management systems, hold the key to successfully managing potential problems associated with any disaster.
The Emergency Operations Center (EOC) has three vital tasks:
- Communication and Intelligence.
The EOC must be able to effectively communicate and receive information. It is important to undertake intelligence gathering to manage an incident and to provide notification to crisis managers, faculty, staff, students, governments, and the public.
- Command and Control.
The EOC must provide the command and control functions necessary to put multiple response and recovery plans into action – triggering them as needed, providing the triage structure required to allocate resources and personnel, and assuring effective direction of the response operations.
- Coordination and Documentation.
The EOC must create a mechanism to coordinate all of the steps taken to respond to an event and create a record of those actions to protect employees and infrastructure, as well as demonstrate adherence to "best practices" by documenting all information received and steps taken.
The EOC is ultimately a center for information management and decision making. Its primary function is to gather and process all of the information required to plan for and respond quickly and effectively to emergency incidents. Managing response and recovery operations involves a tremendous amount of information. The information may look like the following:
- Incident occurs
- Notification sent to staff
- Status evaluated by EOC managers
- EOC activated, incident log opened
- Standard Operating Procedures implemented using checklists
- Tasks assigned according to plan
- Resource allocation (tracked in log)
- Task performance (tracked in log)
- Status briefings and updates
In order to manage all of the response and recovery management processes, Missouri State University will need a strong information management system that can provide two-way communication, track multiple incidents and responses, and generate automated responses and recovery checklists. It must be robust and flexible enough to perform numerous critical functions yet easy enough to use during a crisis. The information management system should perform the following functions:
- Operate an Alert Network
- Event Alert Evaluation and Triage
- Incident Logging
- Team Tasking
- Resource Deployment and Monitoring
- Status Boards
- Executive Briefings
In addition to the information management system, the following requirements must be taken into consideration in choosing an EOC location.
- Secured entry
- Vehicle access
- ADA compliant
- Emergency generator
- Conditioned UPS power
- Communications capability
- Internal communications
- External communications
- Public communications
- Supplies and Equipment
- After assessing the various requirements of an EOC facility, the sub-committee recommends the JQH Arena as the primary EOC location and the Meyer Alumni Center as the alternate EOC location.
- Make sure each facility has an appropriately sized emergency generator and determine appropriate locations for conditioned UPS power.
- Provide redundant communication paths so voice and data communications will remain operative in at least one of the EOCs in an emergency.
- Upgrade telephone system and networking equipment to accommodate redundancy to both EOC locations.
- Provide backup Internet connections to each EOC in the event the University’s primary Internet feed is out of service.
- Determine the physical design and space layout of each EOC.
- Determine the organization and staffing requirements.
- Determine communication equipment needs such as telephones, data, fax machines, radios, cable TV, etc.
- Determine needs for furnishings, furniture, and supplies.
- Establish an EOC organization chart.
- Establish EOC Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
- Establish Emergency Operations Center Guidelines.
- Establish EOC training, exercises, and drills.
Because of a grant received through the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), the JQH Arena will have sufficient generator capacity. As noted in the Task Force’s Phase I report, $100,000 will be required to acquire an appropriately-sized generator for the Meyer Alumni Center. Also, $100,000 in one-time expenses and $20,000 in ongoing costs will be needed to provide redundant communication paths, to upgrade the telephone system and networking equipment in the EOC locations, as well as to provide backup Internet connections to each EOC. These latter amounts will be funded from the Telecommunications budget.
The committee reviewed the existing Civil Disorders/Demonstrations chapter in the current Emergency Response Plan and does not feel modifications to the existing policy are necessary at this time.
The committee solicited feedback from the Disability Services Advisory Committee (DSAC) for its recommendations on disability access. The group did a nice job delineating resources and provided possible strategies to be imbedded in the Emergency Response Plan. This report is included in its entirety in Appendix A. The Task Force believes the University may wish to further review and offer guidance concerning the DSAC proposals and that they be considered for implementation as appropriate.
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Preview the video: Mouth Healthy Moments: How to Brush Your Teeth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xm9c5HAUBpY
1. What kind?
Toothbrushes are most effective in plaque removal when they are replaced every 2-3 months or when bristles begin to show wear. In addition, it's best to dispose of your toothbrush after an illness such as a viral or bacterial infection to reduce re-contamination. Sharing of toothbrushes is not recommended. -soft bristles -appropriate size (child or adult) -standard or electric -post-surgical brush accessories -denture brushes -disposable toothbrushes
The next time you're out shopping, look at the toothbrush aisle and write down the many different varieties to choose from. It can take you a great deal of time if you're unsure of the most appropriate toothbrush that you and your family members need. For example, a child may need a smaller child size for best fit or after gum surgery you may need to maintain sensitive areas with an extra soft bristles and smaller attachment brushes to reach in between teeth. An electric toothbrush ais appropriate for people that have weaker hands or recommended by a dentist to improve home brushing.
2. How to?
The BASS technique is recommended by the dental profession which includes: -brushing in circular motions at a 45 degree angle reaching under the gum line -brushing the inside, outside, and tops of chewing surfaces -message the soft gingiva or gums to encourage healthy blood flow while removing plaque -remember to brush the top surface of the tongue to removal of plaque and reduce halitosis or bad mouth odor due to bacteria
Periodontal or gum disease occurs over time when plaque is not removed daily. For some individuals on medication, plaque removal is not enough to prevent oral diseases. Regular dental exam and cleanings are recommended for maintenance.
Prepare a short Power Point slide presentation (4-6 slides) or a storyboard to share your findings with the class after compiling your list of various types of toothbrushes you find while shopping. Research and describe each purpose for the toothbrushes you've selected. This is your time to be creative and share a comment or experience for each slide. Don't forget to add pictures or cartoon drawings to your presentation for a personal touch.
Post your completed presentation before the end of this lesson for peer review. Review at least two presentations. Respond to 3 or more replies. Continue discussion posting through the end of the lesson for group learning.
Return to: Lesson Two-Toothbrushes & Floss
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Princetonians, 1776-1783: A Biographical Dictionary
“Princetonians, 1776-1783: A Biographical Dictionary” is a captivating collection that delves into the lives of individuals associated with Princeton University during the crucial years of 1776-1783. This biographical dictionary offers a unique perspective on the lives and contributions of these remarkable individuals during a pivotal period in American history.
Unveiling the Lives of Princetonians
Through meticulous research and compelling narratives, this biographical dictionary sheds light on the diverse range of Princetonians who played significant roles in shaping the nation’s destiny. From influential politicians and military leaders to renowned scholars and intellectuals, each entry provides a comprehensive account of their lives, achievements, and impact on society.
Exploring the Revolutionary Spirit
During the years 1776-1783, the American Revolution was in full swing, and Princeton University served as a hotbed of intellectual and political activity. This dictionary captures the essence of this revolutionary spirit, showcasing the passion, dedication, and resilience of the Princetonians who were at the forefront of this transformative era.
Leadership and Statesmanship
Many Princetonians of this era went on to become influential leaders and statesmen. From James Madison, one of the Founding Fathers and the fourth President of the United States, to Aaron Burr, the third Vice President, these individuals shaped the course of American politics and governance.
Scholarship and Intellectual Pursuits
Princeton University has always been renowned for its academic excellence, and this period was no exception. The biographical dictionary highlights the contributions of scholars such as John Witherspoon, a prominent theologian and the university’s sixth president, who played a crucial role in shaping the institution’s intellectual legacy.
The American Revolution demanded bravery and sacrifice, and many Princetonians answered the call to arms. This dictionary pays tribute to military heroes like Hugh Mercer, a Scottish-American physician and Brigadier General in the Continental Army, who made significant contributions to the cause of independence.
Artists and Innovators
Princetonians were not limited to politics and academia; they also excelled in the arts and sciences. This biographical dictionary showcases the talents of individuals like Charles Willson Peale, a renowned portrait painter, and David Rittenhouse, an esteemed astronomer and inventor.
- Q: How many entries are included in this biographical dictionary?
- Q: Can I find information about lesser-known individuals?
- Q: Is this dictionary suitable for academic research?
A: This biographical dictionary features over 100 entries, providing a comprehensive overview of Princetonians during the years 1776-1783.
A: Absolutely! This dictionary aims to provide a comprehensive account of Princetonians from all walks of life, including lesser-known individuals who made significant contributions during this period.
A: Yes, this biographical dictionary is an invaluable resource for scholars, researchers, and history enthusiasts interested in the American Revolution and the role of Princetonians during this time.
“Princetonians, 1776-1783: A Biographical Dictionary” offers a captivating journey into the lives of individuals associated with Princeton University during a crucial period in American history. Through its comprehensive entries and engaging narratives, this biographical dictionary provides a deeper understanding of the contributions and legacies of these remarkable Princetonians. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a scholar, or simply curious about this transformative era, this biographical dictionary is a must-read.
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Peaches can add delight to summer days when they are picked fresh from trees in your own yard. Peaches provide vitamin A and C. They also contain potassium and fiber. Peach trees are typically propagated from softwood cuttings that are taken in the early summer. However, they can also be taken from semi-hardwood cuttings taken in the later parts of the summer or early fall. If you are planning to start your own home orchard of peach trees it is much easier to start from cuttings rather than seed.
Begin looking at your peach trees to find cuttings you can propagate new trees from in the morning hours in early summer. Choose a new shoot from that season that is about the width of a pencil and can easily be snapped from the tree.
Sterilize your pruning scissors by cleaning them with rubbing alcohol as you cut shoots from different trees to prevent the spread of disease. Use your scissors to cut a 6-inch-long shoot from your tree.
Cut off the leaves from the lower half of your new peach cutting. Cut any larger leaves at the top of your cutting in half. This enables the plant to use its water supply to develop roots.
Put about 1/2 teaspoon of rooting hormone into a paper cup. Dip the end of your peach cutting into the rooting hormone for 30 seconds. Rooting hormone will not only help your plant to develop roots, but can protect it from nematodes. Peach trees tend to be susceptible to nematodes in the soil. Discard the paper cup when you are done.
Add equal parts of sterile potting soil and perlite to a 10-inch pot. Bury the bare half of your cutting in the soil. Moisten the soil with water. Place a plastic bag over your cutting to increase humidity around your plant. Put the plant in an area where it will get indirect sunlight. You can transplant your tree outdoors the following spring.
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All About Cancer in Cats
Cancer in cats is unfortunately considered relatively common and more prevalent than ever before. But why?
In part, it's because cats are living longer. It's not unusual for veterinarians to see two or even three cats over the age of 15 every day. They're the beneficiaries of great home care, advanced nutritional research and modern veterinary medicine. Read on to learn about the signs to look out for and how to give your kitty the best possible oncology care if she ever needs it.
What exactly constitutes a cancer? Contrary to popular opinion, not every ugly mass, growth or cat tumor qualifies.
Cancer is best defined as a disorder caused by the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. A cancer may originate in one single tissue of the body, but it can sometimes affect faraway organs as it spreads, typically through the circulatory and lymphatic systems by a process vets refer to as metastasis. For example, cells dividing in a tumor that starts in your cat's ear could travel through the bloodstream to her liver.
Most Common Cat Tumors
Just like in people, cancer in cats is often hereditary, which makes it more prevalent within specific genetic lines. This means that some breeds of cats can be predisposed. It also means that some cancers are more common in cats than they are in people. Here are the most typical kinds of cancer in cats:
- Lymphoma: Often associated with the feline leukemia virus, the Cornell Feline Health Center notes that this is perhaps the most common cause of cat cancer overall.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: The oral version tends to be aggressive, destructive and painful, says Cornell Feline Health Center, but lesions tend not to spread. The skin form is similarly localized and primarily affects the skin of the nose and ear tips. Ultraviolet light exposure is strongly associated with this type of cancer.
- Fibrosarcoma or soft tissue sarcoma: This is a cat tumor that forms in a muscle or connective tissue of the body, writes Wag!. It can appear just about anywhere on your cat's body.
- Mammary tumors: Cornell Feline Health Center notes that these are considered relatively common in intact cats, but among cats spayed before puberty (like the vast majority of our household companions) they're deemed very rare.
Rare Cat Tumor Types
- Skin tumors are uncommon in cats, but since they tend to grow aggressively, most suspicious skin tumors should be removed.
- Lung tumors happen most commonly when other cancers spread through the blood and lymphatic system to the delicate lobes that comprise the lungs.
- Brain tumors can happen when cancers metastasize from elsewhere, but they can also originate in the brain.
- Nasal tumors tend to start in the nose and can be very aggressive.
- Liver tumors that originate as the first cancer site make up a small percentage of all cat tumors, but the liver is a popular site for metastasis.
Signs of Cancer in Cats
Unfortunately, cancer in cats, like so many other feline diseases, can be hard to detect. Like her wild ancestors, your cat is an expert at hiding her discomfort. After all, a sick cat in the wild is more likely to be preyed upon.
The signs of cancer also aren't at all straightforward (in most cases). Except for obvious lumps and other superficial lesions, they tend to be non-specific and similar to the signs of other kinds of internal disease. Here are the most common signs of cancer in cats:
- Weight loss: Losing weight in spite of no obvious change in appetite is among the most common signs cat parents should look out for.
- Poor appetite: Any change in appetite is a red flag that calls for immediate veterinary attention.
- Changes in eating style: Eating messily or chewing with one side of the mouth can be the sign of an oral tumor. (Dental issues are highly suspect here, too.)
- Lethargy: Moving around less or hiding behavior is common in sick cats.
- Lumps, bumps and skin lesions: These are the most obvious but not the most common.
- Vomiting and diarrhea: Cancer in cats often affects the digestive system.
- Breathing changes: Any changes in respiration are cause for concern. Some cancers can cause fluid or inflammation in or around the lungs.
Any of these should motivate a cat parent to take their pet to the vet immediately.
Modern veterinary medicine has made treatment of cancer in cats more effective and more humane than ever before. Treatment protocols geared to sensitive feline personalities are being developed every day. Ideally, they're undertaken in a home environment, but some part of the therapy is typically performed in a veterinary hospital setting.
While surgery is often in order for superficial cat tumors (squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and mouth, soft tissue sarcomas and mammary tumors, for example), chemotherapy may be required. Though it sounds scary, chemotherapy is different in cats than it is in people. Its goal is simply to send the cancer into remission without affecting your furry friend's quality of life. If at any time your cat becomes uncomfortable as a result of the therapy (usually injections), the treatment may be stopped. Radiation therapy is an option too, but it's less often undertaken for cats.
The aim of any cancer treatment, regardless of the kind of cat tumor, is to improve the patient's quality of life. If your cat is diagnosed with cancer, your vet can suggest the best course of treatment and help her back on her way to wellness.
Dr. Patty Khuly
Dr. Patty Khuly is an honors graduate of both Wellesley College and the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. She received her MBA at The Wharton School of Business as part of the prestigious VMD/MBA dual-degree program. She's now the proud owner of Sunset Animal Clinic in Miami, Florida. But that's not all. Dr. K is a nerdy reader, avid knitter, hot yoga fanatic, music geek, struggling runner, and indefatigable foodie. She lives in South Miami with three dogs, countless cats, two rescued goats and a hilarious flock of hens.
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History of Television
From Grolier Encyclopedia
Article by Mitchell Stephens
Few inventions have had as much effect on contemporary American society as television. Before 1947 the number of U.S. homes with television sets could be measured in the thousands. By the late 1990s, 98 percent of U.S. homes had at least one television set, and those sets were on for an average of more than seven hours a day. The typical American spends (depending on the survey and the time of year) from two-and-a-half to almost five hours a day watching television. It is significant not only that this time is being spent with television but that it is not being spent engaging in other activities, such as reading or going out or socializing.
Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old inventor who had lived in a house without electricity until he was 14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to conceive of a system that could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. Boris Rosing in Russia had conducted some crude experiments in transmitting images 16 years before Farnsworth's first success. Also, a mechanical television system, which scanned images using a rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral pattern, had been demonstrated by John Logie Baird in England and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States earlier in the 1920s. However, Farnsworth's invention, which scanned images with a beam of electrons, is the direct ancestor of modern television. The first image he transmitted on it was a simple line. Soon he aimed his primitive camera at a dollar sign because an investor had asked, "When are we going to see some dollars in this thing, Farnsworth?"
RCA, the company that dominated the radio business in the United States with its two NBC networks, invested $50 million in the development of electronic television. To direct the effort, the company's president, David Sarnoff, hired the Russian-born scientist Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, who had participated in Rosing's experiments. In 1939, RCA televised the opening of the New York World's Fair, including a speech by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was the first president to appear on television. Later that year RCA paid for a license to use Farnsworth's television patents. RCA began selling television sets with 5 by 12 in (12.7 by 25.4 cm) picture tubes. The company also began broadcasting regular programs, including scenes captured by a mobile unit and, on May 17, 1939, the first televised baseball gameÑbetween Princeton and Columbia universities. By 1941 the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), RCA's main competition in radio, was broadcasting two 15-minute newscasts a day to a tiny audience on its New York television station.
Early television was quite primitive. All the action at that first televised baseball game had to be captured by a single camera, and the limitations of early cameras forced actors in dramas to work under impossibly hot lights, wearing black lipstick and green makeup (the cameras had trouble with the color white). The early newscasts on CBS were "chalk talks," with a newsman moving a pointer across a map of Europe, then consumed by war. The poor quality of the picture made it difficult to make out the newsman, let alone the map. World War II slowed the development of television, as companies like RCA turned their attention to military production. Television's progress was further slowed by a struggle over wavelength allocations with the new FM radio and a battle over government regulation. The Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1941 ruling that the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) had to sell one of its two radio networks was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1943. The second network became the new American Broadcasting Company (ABC), which would enter television early in the next decade. Six experimental television stations remained on the air during the warÑone each in Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Schenectady, N.Y., and two in New York City. But full-scale commercial television broadcasting did not begin in the United States until 1947.
THE BEGINNING OF COMMERCIAL TELEVISION
By 1949 Americans who lived within range of the growing number of television stations in the country could watch, for example, The Texaco Star Theater (1948), starring Milton Berle, or the children's program, Howdy Doody (1947Ð60). They could also choose between two 15-minute newscastsÑCBS TV News (1948) with Douglas Edwards and NBC's Camel News Caravan (1948) with John Cameron Swayze (who was required by the tobacco company sponsor to have a burning cigarette always visible when he was on camera). Many early programsÑsuch as Amos 'n' Andy (1951) or The Jack Benny Show (1950Ð65)Ñwere borrowed from early television's older, more established Big Brother: network radio. Most of the formats of the new programsÑnewscasts, situation comedies, variety shows, and dramasÑwere borrowed from radio, too (see radio broadcasting and television programming). NBC and CBS took the funds needed to establish this new medium from their radio profits. However, television networks soon would be making substantial profits of their own, and network radio would all but disappear, except as a carrier of hourly newscasts. Ideas on what to do with the element television added to radio, the visuals, sometimes seemed in short supply. On news programs, in particular, the temptation was to fill the screen with "talking heads," newscasters simply reading the news, as they might have for radio. For shots of news events, the networks relied initially on the newsreel companies, whose work had been shown previously in movie studios. The number of television sets in use rose from 6,000 in 1946 to some 12 million by 1951. No new invention entered American homes faster than black and white television sets; by 1955 half of all U.S. homes had one.
In 1947 the House Committee on Un-American Activities began an investigation of the film industry, and Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy soon began to inveigh against what he claimed was Communist infiltration of the government. Broadcasting, too, felt the impact of this growing national witch-hunt. Three former members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) published "Counterattack: The Newsletter of Facts on Communism," and in 1950 a pamphlet, "Red Channels," listed the supposedly Communist associations of 151 performing artists. Anti-Communist vigilantes applied pressure to advertisersÑthe source of network profits. Political beliefs suddenly became grounds for getting fired. Most of the producers, writers, and actors who were accused of having had left-wing leanings found themselves blacklisted, unable to get work. CBS even instituted a loyalty oath for its employees. Among the few individuals in television well positioned enough and brave enough to take a stand against McCarthyism was the distinguished former radio reporter Edward R. Murrow. In partnership with the news producer Fred Friendly, Murrow began See It Now, a television documentary series, in 1950. On Mar. 9, 1954, Murrow narrated a report on McCarthy, exposing the senator's shoddy tactics. Of McCarthy, Murrow observed, "His mistake has been to confuse dissent with disloyalty." A nervous CBS refused to promote Murrow and Friendly's program. Offered free time by CBS, McCarthy replied on April 6, calling Murrow "the leader and the cleverest of the jackal pack which is always found at the throat of anyone who dares to expose Communist traitors." In this TV appearance, McCarthy proved to be his own worst enemy, and it became apparent that Murrow had helped to break McCarthy's reign of fear. In 1954 the U.S. Senate censured McCarthy, and CBS's "security" office was closed down.
THE GOLDEN AGE
Between 1953 and 1955, television programming began to take some steps away from radio formats. NBC television president Sylvester Weaver devised the "spectacular," a notable example of which was Peter Pan (1955), starring Mary Martin, which attracted 60 million viewers. Weaver also developed the magazine-format programs Today, which made its debut in 1952 with Dave Garroway as host (until 1961), and The Tonight Show, which began in 1953 hosted by Steve Allen (until 1957). The third network, ABC, turned its first profit with youth-oriented shows such as Disneyland, which debuted in 1954 (and has since been broadcast under different names), and The Mickey Mouse Club (1955Ð59; see Disney, Walt).
The programming that dominated the two major networks in the mid-1950s borrowed heavily from another medium: theater. NBC and CBS presented such noteworthy, and critically acclaimed, dramatic anthologies as Kraft Television Theater (1947), Studio One (1948), Playhouse 90 (1956), and The U.S. Steel Hour (1953). Memorable television dramas of the eraÑmost of them broadcast liveÑincluded Paddy Chayefsky's Marty (1955), starring Rod Steiger (Ernest Borgnine starred in the film), and Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men (1954). By the 1955Ð56 television season, 14 of these live-drama anthology series were being broadcast. This is often looked back on as the "Golden Age" of television. However, by 1960 only one of these series was still on the air. Viewers apparently preferred dramas or comedies that, while perhaps less literary, at least had the virtue of sustaining a familiar set of characters week after week. I Love Lucy, the hugely successful situation comedy starring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, had been recorded on film since it debuted in 1951 (lasting until 1957). It had many imitators. The Honeymooners, starring Jackie Gleason, was first broadcast, also via film, in 1955 (lasting until 1956 with the original cast). The first videotape recorder was invented by Ampex in 1956 (see video; video recording; video technology). Another format introduced in the mid-1950s was the big-money quiz show. The $64,000 Question (1955Ð58) and Twenty-One (1956Ð58) quickly shot to the top of the ratings. In 1959, however, the creator of The $64,000 Question, Louis C. Cowan, by that time president of CBS television, was forced to resign from the network amid revelations of widespread fixing of game shows (see Van Doren, Charles).
TELEVISION AND POLITICS
Television news first covered the presidential nominating conventions of the two major parties, events then still at the heart of America politics, in 1952. The term "anchorman" was used, probably for the first time, to describe Walter Cronkite's central role in CBS's convention coverage that year. In succeeding decades these conventions would become so concerned with looking good on television that they would lose their spontaneity and eventually their news value. The power of television news increased with the arrival of the popular newscast, The Huntley-Brinkley Report, on NBC in 1956 (see Huntley, Chet, and Brinkley, David). The networks had begun producing their own news film. Increasingly, they began to compete with newspapers as the country's primary source of news (see journalism).
The election of a young and vital president in 1960, John F. Kennedy, seemed to provide evidence of how profoundly television would change politics. Commentators pointed to the first televised debate that fall between Kennedy, the Democratic candidate for president, and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, the Republican's nominee. A survey of those who listened to the debate on radio indicated that Nixon had won; however, those who watched on television, and were able to contrast Nixon's poor posture and poorly shaven face with Kennedy's poise and grace, were more likely to think Kennedy had won the debate. Television's coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963, and of the events that followed, provided further evidence of the medium's power. Most Americans joined in watching coverage of the shocking and tragic events, not as crowds in the streets, but from their own living rooms. A newscast that would soon surpass the popularity of Huntley-Brinkley, The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, debuted in 1962 (and was broadcast until 1981). By the end of the decade Cronkite had become not just a highly respected journalist but, according to public opinion surveys, "the most trusted man in America." His role in coverage of the Vietnam War would be important. While the overwhelming majority of television news reports on the Vietnam War were supportive of U.S. policy, television news film of the fighting sometimes gave Americans back home an unfamiliar, harsh, and unromantic view of combat. Many believed it contributed to growing public dissatisfaction with the war. And some of the anger of those defending U.S. policy in Vietnam was leveled against television news. In 1965, CBS reporter Morley Safer accompanied a group of U.S. Marines on a "search and destroy" mission to a complex of hamlets called Cam Ne. The Marines faced no enemy resistance, yet they held cigarette lighters to the thatched roofs and proceeded to "waste" Cam Ne. After much debate, Safer's filmed report on the incident was shown on CBS. Early the next morning the president of CBS received an angry phone call from the president of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, accusing the network of a lack of patriotism. During the Tet offensive in 1968, Cronkite went to Vietnam to report a documentary on the state of the war. That documentary, broadcast on Feb. 28, 1968, concluded with what Cronkite has described as "a clearly labeled editorial": "It is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out will be to negotiate," he said. President Johnson was watching Cronkite's report. According to Bill Moyers, one of his press aides at the time: "The president flipped off the set and said, `If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America.'"
THE THREE NETWORKS AT THE HEIGHT OF THEIR POWER
In 1964 color broadcasting began on prime-time television. The FCC initially approved a CBS color system, then swung in RCA's favor after Sarnoff swamped the marketplace with black-and-white sets compatible with RCA color (the CBS color system was not compatible with black-and-white sets and would have required the purchase of new sets). During the 1960s and 1970s a country increasingly fascinated with television was limited to watching almost exclusively what appeared on the three major networks: CBS, NBC, and ABC. These networks purchased time to broadcast their programs from about 200 affiliates eachÑstations in each of the major cities or metropolitan areas of the United States. In the larger cities, there might also be a few independent stations (mostly playing reruns of old network shows) and perhaps a fledgling public broadcasting channel. Programming on each of the three networks was designed to grab a mass audience. Network shows therefore catered, as critics put it, to the lowest common denominator. James Aubrey, president of CBS television, doubled the network's profits between 1960 and 1966 by broadcasting simple comedies like The Beverly Hillbillies (1962Ð71). In 1961, Newton Minow, then chairman of the FCC, called television a "vast wasteland." Programming became a little more adventurous with the arrival of more realistic situation comedies, beginning with CBS's All in the Family in 1971 (broadcast until 1979). Along with situation comediesÑusually a half-hour focused on either a family and their neighbors or a group of co-workersÑthe other main staple of network prime-time programming has been the one-hour drama, featuring the adventures of police, detectives, doctors, lawyers, or, in the early decades of television, cowboys. Daytime television programming consisted primarily of soap operas and quiz shows until the 1980s, when talk shows discussing subjects that were formerly taboo, such as sexuality, became popular.
The three major networks have always been in a continual race for ratings and advertising dollars. CBS and NBC dominated through the mid-1970s, when ABC, traditionally regarded as a poor third, rose to the top of the ratings, largely because of shrewd scheduling.
A Carnegie Commission report in 1967 recommended the creation of a fourth, noncommercial, public television network built around the educational nonprofit stations already in operation throughout the United States (see television, noncommercial). Congress created the Public Broadcasting System that year. Unlike commercial networks, which are centered in New York and Los Angeles, PBS's key stations, many of which produce programs that are shown throughout the network, are spread across the country. PBS comprises more than 300 stations, more than any commercial network. Some of the most praised programs on PBS, such as the dramatic series Upstairs, Downstairs (1971), have been imports from Britain, which has long had a reputation for producing high-quality television. Perhaps the most influential of PBS's original contributions to American television were the educational program for preschoolers, Sesame Street, which first appeared in 1969Ñand is still a popular programÑand a thoughtful news program called The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (1995; originally The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, first broadcast in 1975Ñsee MacNeil, Robert and Lehrer, Jim). Among the many special series produced for public broadcasting, The Civil War (1990), a five-part historical documentary, was particularly successful and won some of the largest audiences ever achieved by public TV. PBS funds come from three major sources: congressional appropriations (which suffered substantial cuts beginning in 1982), viewer donations, and private corporate underwriters. None of these types of contributions are problem-free. Government funding brings the possibility of government interference. Conservatives, dating back to the Nixon administration, have pressured PBS to make its programming less liberal. The search for viewer donations has led to long on-air fundraising campaigns. And some critics contend that the need to win corporate support discourages programming that might challenge corporate values.
THE RISE OF CABLE
The force that would challenge the dominance of the three major television networks and offer Americans the choice of dozens and potentially hundreds of television channelsÑcable TVÑbegan quietly in a few geographically isolated towns. Large antennas erected in high places gave everyone connected the chance to receive all the channels available in the nearest city. By 1960 the United States had about 640 such CATV (community antenna television) systems. It soon became apparent, however, that the "television deprived" were not the only viewers who might want access to additional channels and additional programming. In New York City, cable operators contracted to broadcast the home games of the local basketball and hockey teams. By 1971 cable had more than 80,000 subscribers in New York. Then networks specifically designed to be distributed by the cable system began to appear: Time Inc.'s Home Box Office (HBO) in 1975; Ted Turner's "superstation," soon renamed WTBS, in 1976; C-SPAN (live broadcasts of the House of Representatives), ESPN (sports), and Nickelodeon (children's programming), all in 1979. Turner followed with the Cable News Network (CNN) the next year.
Television's development followed different patterns in other countries. Often government, not private corporations, owned some, most, or all of the major networks. In Great Britain the British Broadcasting Corporation, the country's dominant radio broadcaster, established and retained dominance over television. The BBC, funded by a tax on the sale of television sets, established a worldwide reputation for producing quality programming. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, also freed by government support from many commercial pressures, was praised by some observers for the seriousness of much of its news and public-affairs programming. France's major television networks were also supported by the government; however, in France that support was seen as encouraging a tilt in news coverage toward the side of whatever party happened to be in power. By the late 1980s and 1990s, as cable and direct-satellite television systems increased the number of channels, the hold of these government-funded networks began to weaken. Most countries around the world began moving more toward the U.S. model of privately owned, advertiser-supported television networks.
POLITICS ADAPTS TO TELEVISION
By the 1980s politicians and government leaders were familiar enough with the workings of television to be able to exploit the medium to their own ends. This seemed particularly apparent during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, himself formerly the host of a television show (General Electric Theater, 1954Ð62). Reagan's skilled advisors were masters of the art of arranging flags and releasing balloons to place him in the most attractive settings. They also knew how to craft and release messages to maximize positive coverage on television newscasts. The Persian Gulf War in 1991 provided further proof of the power of television, with pictures of U.S. bombs falling on the Iraqi capital broadcast live in the United States. Both Iraqi and U.S. leaders admitted to monitoring CNN to help keep up with news of the war. However, the U.S. Defense Department, armed with lessons learned in Vietnam, succeeded in keeping most reporters well away from the action and the bloodshed. Instead, pictures were provided to television by the military of "smart" bombs deftly hitting their targets.
In the 1980s, home videocassette recorders became widely available. Viewers gained the ability to record and replay programs and, more significantly, to rent and watch movies at times of their own choosing in their own homes. Video games also became popular during this decade, particularly with the young, and the television, formally just the site of passive entertainment, became an intricate, moving, computerized game board. The number of cable networks grew throughout the 1980s and then exploded in the 1990s as improved cable technology and direct-broadcast satellite television multiplied the channels available to viewers. The number of broadcast networks increased also, with the success of the Fox network and then the arrival of the UPN and WB networks. The share the broadcast networks attracted continued to erode, from well over 90 percent in the early 1980s to under 50 percent by 1997. Although the population of the United States has continued to grow, the Nielson Media Research company estimated that fewer people watched the highly publicized final episode of Seinfeld in 1998 (first aired in 1990; see Seinfeld, Jerry) than watched the final episode of MASH in 1983 (first aired in 1972). The trial of former football star O. J. Simpson in 1994 for the murder of his wife (he was acquitted) further demonstrated the hold that cable networks had on American audiences. Some stations carried almost every minute of the lengthy trial live and then filled the evening with talk shows dissecting that day's developments. The effects of television on children, particularly through its emphasis on violence and sex, has long been an issue for social scientists, parents, and politicians (see children's television). In the late 1980s and 1990s, with increased competition brought on by the proliferation of cable networks, talk shows and "tabloid" news shows seemed to broaden further frank or sensational on-air discussion of sex.
In response to government pressure, the television industry decided to display ratings of its programs in 1996. The ratings were designed to indicate the age groups for which the programs might be suitable: TV-G (for general audiences), TV-PG (parental guidance suggested), TV-14 (unsuitable for children under 14), and TV-MA (for mature audiences only). In response to additional complaints, all the networks except NBC agreed the next year to add V (for violence), S (for sex), L (for course language) and D (for suggestive dialogue) to those ratings. Also, the "V-chip" imbedded in new television sets, in accordance with a provision of a telecommunications bill passed in 1996, gave parents the power to automatically prevent their children from watching television programs with inappropriate ratings. Critics of the ratings saw them as a step toward censorship and questioned whether a TV-14 rating would make a program seem more, not less, attractive to an inquisitive child. In 1997 the federal government gave each U.S. television broadcaster an additional channel on which to introduce high definition television, or HDTV. Initial transmissions of this high-resolution form of television, in which images appear much sharper and clearer, began in 1998. Standard television sets cannot pick up HDTV and will presumably have to be replaced or modified by 2006, when traditional, low-definition television broadcasts are scheduled to end and broadcasters are scheduled to return their original, non-HDTV channel to the government. The HDTV format approved in the United States calls for television signals to be transmitted digitally. This will allow for further convergence between computers, the Internet, and television.
In 1998 it was already possible to view video on the World Wide Web and to see and search television broadcasts on a computer. As computers become more powerful, they should be able to handle video as easily as they now handle text. The television schedule may eventually be replaced by a system in which viewers are able to watch digitally stored and distributed programs or segments of programs whenever they want. Such technological changes, including the spread of new cable networks, have been arriving slower in most other countries than in the United States. Indeed, according to one survey, it was only in the 1990s that the spread of television transmitters, television sets, and electricity made it possible for half of the individuals in the world to watch television. However, television's attraction globally is strong. Those human beings who have a television set watch it, by one estimate, for an average of two-and-a-half hours a day.
Bibliography: Barnouw, Erik, Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television, 2d ed. (1990); Fisher, David E. and Marshall J., Tube: The Invention of Television (1997); Stephens, Mitchell, Broadcast News, 3d ed. (1993), A History of News (1996) and The Rise of the Image, the Fall of the Word (1998); Watson, Mary A., Defining Visions: Television and the American Experience since 1945 (1997).
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The Lunar New Year is determined by the lunar calendar from the cycles of the moon, so the start of the new year falls on a different date every year, sometime between late January and early February in the western calendar. Therefore, a person born in January or early February may have the zodiac animal sign of the previous year (this means you are a year older too!).
Most Asian countries have adopted the western calendar, but the lunar calendar is still often used for selecting an auspicious date for special occasions such as weddings, funerals or opening of a business. Certain holidays are also based on the lunar calendar, for example, the Chinese and Vietnamese celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival which occurs on the 15th day of the eighth month in the lunar calendar, during a full moon, which is in late September or early October in the western calendar. During the Mid-Autumn festival, mooncakes are eaten.
The Lunar New Year is the most important celebration for Asians. My family doesn’t really celebrate Christmas, we’ll get together and have a feast (this holiday is just another excuse to eat!) but it won’t be anything traditional, and I’ve never had a Christmas tree.
Although the Lunar New Year would be the more appropriate and relevant name for this holiday, it is often just called Chinese New Year in cities, even though it’s celebrated by many others besides the Chinese – the Vietnamese, Japanese, Thai and Koreans etc. Maybe because China has a longer history and there are a greater number of Chinese living in cities that celebrate it, so their traditions tend to dominate. Regardless of the name, the celebration of the Lunar New Year in many Asian cultures is similar but each would also have their own specific traditions.
Being Chinese Vietnamese (my grandparents are from China but my parents were born and grew up in Vietnam), I get the best of two worlds!
The Chinese and Vietnamese have almost identical zodiac animal signs for their lunar calendar except that the Vietnamese have the water buffalo instead of the ox, the rabbit is replaced by the cat and goat rather than sheep.
The Vietnamese New Year is called Tét.
Tét is the abbreviation of Tét Nguyen Dan which means the ‘first morning of the first day’ of the new period. In Vietnamese language, to celebrate Tet is to “ăn Tét”, literally meaning “eat Tét”, where you will often get asked "will you eat Tết with your family?" or "where will you eat Tét this year?". So as you can imagine, food is an important part of the celebrations!
Bánh tét is a traditional Vietnamese sticky rice cake that is consumed during the Lunar New Year. You can buy it at Asian groceries but only in the lead up and during the Lunar New Year or you can make it at home. Bánh tét keeps for a long time, it can be kept at room temperate for a few days, then a week in the fridge or frozen for up to 3 months. This makes it perfect food for celebrating the New Year because it’s something you can prepare (or buy) in advance and it’s ready to eat, so you don’t have to worry about cooking and have more time to enjoy the company of family and friends.
Its ability to keep well and portability also made bánh tét food that Vietnamese soldiers took to war as iron rations for a nutritional, sustaining one dish meal.
I love eating bánh tét. I love how the sticky rice is perfumed with the flavour of banana leaves, and the filling of nutty mung beans and meaty fatty pork that has been marinated with fish sauce, pepper and a bit of sugar is a simple combination of ingredients that taste great together, especially sliced and fried until golden and crispy. Chewy and soft on the inside but crisp on the outside!
like savoury pancakes!
For thousands of years, the Vietnamese continue to make these sticky rice cakes. I love that this ancient method of cooking has been preserved and it maintains a central place at the family table, and is provided as an offering for the ancestor worship altar as a way of expressing gratitude. It has become a tradition to eat bánh tét during the New Year. Even though the New Year is filled with themes and messages of prosperity and abundance, with extravagant banquets and gifts, I love the fact that this dish feels contrary to all that - it presents something that is really humble and accessible to everyone as it is cheap and easy to make.
Bánh tét is prepared using just a few ingredients (rice, mung beans and pork), the method is simple once you get the hang of wrapping the filling in the banana leaves but takes a long time to cook, you need to set aside about 8-10 hours.
Traditionally, families came together before the new year to make bánh tét as it is time consuming and each member of the family would help out with different tasks, as well as take turns keeping watch over the boiling pot as the packages cook for hours, replenishing with water as needed. Each package would be made together with a lot of love and care.
These days, something so time consuming is made less and less in families who opt to buy it from the shops instead.
The bánh tét that I have grown up eating has always been bought from an Asian grocery as it was not something that my parents had the time to make as they were always busy running a restaurant. So this year I decided to learn how to make bánh tét. When I brought my first batch over to my parents place two weeks ago, the initial reaction from my mum was that she thought I had bought them, and was surprised that I had pretty much spent half my day making them. (Note: when you run a restaurant, spending hours of your time cooking outside of it feels a little crazy!)
It also feels crazy sometimes when you think about how long a dish can take to make and then it’s consumed in an instant. It makes you wonder if it was worth the time. I had spent almost 2 hours wrapping the bánh tét as it took me a while to get the hang of the technique and I also had to go out and buy proper string. I started off using butchers string that I had at home but I couldn’t get it tight enough around the package, so I went out and bought the type of string that is usually used for wrapping these cakes - raffia string which has a plastic texture. Then I watched over it for 7 hours boiling away in a pot, rotating the parcels every now and then to make sure that they were cooking evenly, and regularly replenishing the water in the pot as it boiled away. The end product doesn’t seem to amount to much in the big scheme of things - like I must have better and more important things to do with 9 hours of my time?!…but the thought and time that you put into making something is the most valuable thing you can give to someone. The best presents are food presents, especially home made ones and from now, each year I will set aside the 8-10 hours needed to make bánh tét so that I can give them away to my family for the Lunar New Year.
HAPPY LUNAR NEW YEAR!
Eat Bánh Tét :)
Bánh Tét – Traditional Vietnamese Tét Sticky Rice Cakes
Recipe adapted from Into the Vietnamese Kitchen by Andrea Nguyen. In the book, Andrea Nguyen makes bánh chưng which are the square shaped sticky rice cakes but I made bánh tét which are the cylinder shaped sticky rice cakes. Vietnamese from the North consume the square banh chung cakes, whereas the Central and South Vietnamese prefer the round banh tet cakes. My parents are from the South – Ho Chi Minh City.
I also made adjustments to the Andrea Nguyen’s recipe – using different quantities of rice and mung beans, adding shallots and sugar to the pork marinade, and I used pork belly instead of pork leg.
• 4 large pieces of banana leaves, plus more in case the leaves split or you need extra to cover the ends
• 1 ¼ cup dried yellow mung beans
• 1 kg long grain glutinous rice
• 1 ½ tablespoons salt
• 500-600g pork belly, skin removed and cut into strips about 2cm wide, 10cm long
• 1 shallot, finely chopped
• 3 tablespoons fish sauce
• 2 ½ teaspoons freshly ground black pepper
• ½ tablespoon brown sugar
• vegetable oil
Plus raffia string, glad wrap and foil.
sticky rice and mung beansMethod
Prep Night Before
Wash the long grain glutinous rice in 2-3 rinses of water and soak the rice overnight in a large bowl, add water to cover by 2 inches.
Wash the dried yellow mung beans in 2-3 rinses of water and soak the mung beans overnight in a bowl, add water to cover by 1 inch.
Prep for Yellow Mung Beans
Drain the soaked mung beans and spread them out evenly on a steamer tray. Steam for about 8 minutes or until the mung beans are tender. Remove the mung beans and let them cool.
When the mung beans are cool, process them in a food processor until it is ground and resembles fine cornmeal but it will hold together when you pinch it between your fingers.
Prep for Rice
Drain the long grain glutinous rice in a colander and then return to the bowl, and sprinkle all over 1 ½ tablespoons of salt and mix in well.
Prep for Pork Belly
Put the pork belly strips in a bowl and add 1 finely chopped shallot, 3 tablespoons of fish sauce, 2 ½ teaspoons of freshly ground black pepper and ½ tablespoon of brown sugar and mix well. Marinate in the fridge for 1 hour.
Then cook the pork by heating some oil in a frying pan over medium high heat and add the pork into the pan in a single layer with all the marinade. Cook, turning once, for about 2 minutes each side, or until the pork is just cooked through.
Assembling the Bánh Tét
Note: Wrapping the bánh tét is tricky and I watched a few You Tube videos to get the technique – check out this and this (btw the videos are in Vietnamese but a good reference to visualise the wrapping process).
Here is a rough guide where I attempt to explain how I made the bánh tét packages - more useful to watch the videos.
On a piece of banana leaf, spread some of the rice on it to form a rectangle about 3-4 inches wide and 6 inches long (amount of rice added depends on size of banana leaf, leaving a gap for the top and bottom).
Spread some ground mung beans on top of the rice, then add piece(s) of pork on top. Cover the pork with more ground mung beans and rice. Roll up the banana leaf with the filling into a cylinder shape and use string to tie up the roll at intervals. Then stand on one end to add a little bit of rice (make sure the filling is packed in) and fold over the banana leaf (it’s like wrapping a present!), turn over and stand on the other end, add a little bit of rice and fold over the banana leaf. Use string to tie up the cylinder and seal the ends. You want to make the package to be secure and tight but don’t tie it too tightly as the rice expands during cooking.
Note: I found that the banana leaves can split when you are rolling and wrapping up the package, so have extra pieces on hand and use to patch, double up the ends and tie with string.
To make it water tight, I then wrapped the rolled sticky rice cake package in glad wrap and then a piece of foil and tied it up.
Repeat. I made 4 rolls of bang chung about 16-17cm long and 6-7cm wide.
Fill a large stockpot ~2/3 full of water and bring to boil. Add the packages and to keep them from floating, weight it down with an empty saucepan on top. Cook uncovered for 6-7 hours. Keep the water at a gentle boil/simmer. As the packages cook they will expand and gain weight, and at about 3-4 hours of cooking time, they will no longer float so you can remove the saucepan as a weight. Keep a kettle/saucepan of boiling water on the stove to replenish the water in the pot as needed to keep the packages submerged in water. Every hour or two, rotate the packages around so that they will cook evenly.
after 7 hours of boiling the foil has gone black!
After the packages have finished cooking, use tongs to transfer packages to a tray/plate to cool. I left it to cool overnight. Then next day I removed the foil and glad wrap. I peeled off the banana leaves and sliced the bang chung into ~1cm rounds and fried them in a frying pan with a bit of vegetable oil for a few minutes on each side until the rice had softened and the outside is crispy and golden.
You can also eat the bánh tét at room temperate or warmed by steaming or microwaving.
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The bombardment of Fort Sumter from Fort Moultrie began at dawn of April 12, 1861, and continued without remission for about 36 hours, or until noon of the second day. During that time, though shot and shell played havoc with the walls of both the besiegers and the besieged, no human being was hurt, – a strange preliminary, indeed, to the most murderous civil war since the invention of gunpowder in the history of the world. This has been called the first time in history that two forts waged battle against each other. It was like two strong men, tied by the feet, almost beyond reach of each other, being allowed to strike at each other until one or the other should fall.
To understand something of the conditions, which governed this very historic bout between Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie, one must have some idea of the lay of the land at Charleston. Charleston, itself, it may be pointed out, is situated on a long narrow spit of land at the juncture of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. The arrowhead formed by these two rivers points almost directly toward the mouth of Charleston Bay; where the waters of the two rivers joined mingle with the Atlantic Ocean. Let us go to the point of the arrowhead upon which Charleston is situated, to the Battery, that is, Charleston’s most famous public park, and gaze seaward: Five miles away, across a shimmering blue, we see a little geometrical dot almost midway between the jaws which hold Charleston Bay. This is Fort Sumter, a little stonework built by the United States Government in 1828 on a sandy shallow. Fort Moultrie is situated on Sullivan’s Island, on the northern one of the two jaws of the bay, a body of land really distinct from the mainland but which seems from this distance to be a part of that land. Of the two fortifications. Fort Moultrie is the older and by long odds the more interesting as to past.
Wise heads of both sections in 1860 saw that war was inevitable between the North and the South, though patriots did their best to prevent armed conflict. But the doctrine of State individualism or State’s Rights was too firmly established to be gotten from the body corporate without a purging of blood, just as individual rights in the social structure can never be enforced to the last limit without conflicting with the community purpose. So when, on Christmas night, 1860, Major Anderson, commanding at Fort Moultrie, moved his whole force secretly over to the subpost. Fort Sumter, and sent his women and children to Charleston, with the request that they be sent north, the citizens of Charleston, at least, knew that the issue had been squarely met, to be settled at the court of last resort.
Mrs. St. Julien Ravenel, in her delightful reminiscences of Charleston, writes:
Doubt and delay were gone. Then came the call to arms . . . January, February, and March were so full of crowded life that they seemed an eternity, yet one dreaded lest eternity should end. End it did when one night at eleven o’clock seven guns thundered out over the town and every man sprang up, seized his rifle and ran to the wharves. It was the signal that the relieving fleet (from the north) was on its way south, and that the whole reserve must hurry to the islands.
During all this time Fort Sumter had been supplied with provisions and necessaries by the citizens of Charleston.
When Major Anderson in command at Fort Sumter accepted Beauregard’s terms of surrender and saluted the new flag, he was conveyed, with all the honors of war, in the steamer Isabel to the United States fleet, which had lain idle in the offing.
From this time until the end of the Civil War Charleston was in a state of siege. There was a short period of preparation on both sides before the Federal fleet appeared, November 1861, outside the quaint old city. The city maintained its integrity complete against attacks by water, and finally fell to a move in force by land in the last year of the war, when the defenders of Charleston were withdrawn and all of the men of the remnants of the armies of the Confederacy were being concentrated for one last desperate protest against the inevitable.
After the Civil War Fort Sumter was repaired and strengthened and is still a seat of military power as a subpost of Fort Moultrie.
“To reach Fort Moultrie one goes from Charleston by ferry to the northern side of the Cooper River and takes a trolley which leads seaward along the coast across an inlet to Sullivan’s Island, which has become a popular summer place with many people of Charleston.
Fort Moultrie, when once it is reached, is not a pretentious place, the old works, that is, being simply a star shaped fort of brownish red brick on which the hot southern sun pours down in quantity. It overlooks a rumpled beach and the sea on one side and flat uninteresting land on the other. To the seaward one can gaze upon Fort Sumter and find it not more interesting of aspect close at hand than it is at a distance. Beside the gate of Fort Moultrie is a small marble shaft, which marks the grave of Osceola, the Seminole chieftain. If one has devoured Indian tales in his youth he will no doubt be more interested in this simple memorial than in the immediate aspect of military things around him. It was in Fort Moultrie that Osceola was jailed after his capture in Florida and it was here that he died, from a broken heart, if one is still interested in Indian stories!
The present Fort Moultrie was started in 1841 on the site of a famous old palmetto structure of the same name, which had stood since early Revolutionary days. In 1903, with the exquisite tact which it displays occasionally, army headquarters in Washington decided to change the name of the fort to Fort Getty in honor of some deserving soldier whose career is recorded in the files of the Army Department, but the loud chorus of indignation that greeted this move carried all the way from Charleston to Washington, and the name of that delightful old Revolutionary character, William H. Moultrie, is still preserved at the spot where his first battle was fought.
The foundations of Fort Moultrie were laid in January 1776, when a Mr. Dewees, owner of the island which bears his name, was ordered to deliver at Sullivan’s Island palmetto logs eighteen to twenty feet long and not less than ten inches in diameter in the middle; and Colonel Moultrie was ordered to superintend the erection of a fort from this material. It was not completed in June when the British came into view. In design a double square pen it was built of palmetto logs piled one upon the other and securely bolted together; the space between the outer and inner pen was about sixteen feet and this was filled in with sand; there were square bastions. The walls were intended to be ten feet high above the gun platforms where were mounted 64 guns.
The British fleet bearing a land force was under the command of Admiral Sir Peter Parker, and reached Cape Fear early in May, where it was joined by Sir Henry Clinton from New York with a portion of the troops, which had participated in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Clinton assumed command of all the land forces. On the 4th of June the fleet appeared off Charleston bar and a small force of men was landed on Long Island, the island just north of Sullivan’s Island, and on the 28th of June advanced under Sir Peter Parker to give battle to Fort Sullivan, as Moultrie was then known. There were brought into action in this engagement the following English vessels: The Bristol and Experiment of 50 guns each; the frigates Active, Solebay, Act eon. Siren, and Sphinx of 28 guns each; the Thunderbomb and Ranger, sloops, of 28 guns; and the Friendship of 22 guns, in all, a very powerful squadron. The Americans had their unfinished palmetto fort, 64 guns and 1200 men. Several days before the battle the fussy General Charles Lee, whom Washington afterwards in his only recorded uncontrolled exhibition of temper called, at the battle of Monmouth, “a damned poltroon,” had removed to another defense of the city half of the small quantity of gunpowder which Moultrie had been given for the defense of his fort.
The command of the defense of Charleston had been given to General Lee by the Continental Congress, and General Lee had appeared in the city on the same day that the British fleet was sighted off the bar. From the first he seems to have been in conflict with Moultrie. Moultrie’s fort, he said, was poorly designed, and doubtless it was; Moultrie should provide a means of retreat for his men, and Moultrie replied that they would never use it; and Moultrie this and that. Moultrie himself, his admirers were forced to admit, was “a man of very easy manners, leaving to others many things which he had better have attended to himself.”
But the point is that Moultrie carried this same easiness of manner and mental poise into battle with him and was on this account an ideal officer to direct a fight. He had, moreover, the unlimited confidence and affection of his men and he knew the people he was working with.
The British appeared off Fort Sullivan just when the feeling between General Lee and Moultrie was at an acute stage. We find Moultrie now at face with the problem of defending his “slaughter pen” fort against an overwhelming force with the insufficient quantity of gunpowder which General Lee had left him.
The ships formed in double column and poured a terrific fire upon the fort. Moultrie feared that the concussion of the shells would rock his guns off their platforms. “Concentrate upon the Admiral, upon the fifty gun ships! ” This was Moultrie’s direction to his men. The Americans, expert marksmen that they were, obeyed his commands and the Bristol and the Experiment suffered fearfully, the captains of these two great ships being mortally wounded.
The Americans now began to run short of powder. Colonel Moultrie sent a despatch for more. He was in pressing need, but no one would have guessed it from his message, which read as follows:
I think we shall want more powder; at the rate we go on I think we shall. But you can see for yourself; pray send more if you think proper.
Rutledge sent 500 pounds, and Lee, who was at Haddrell’s with 5000 pounds he had taken from Fort Sullivan, sent no powder but the message:
If you should unfortunately expend your ammunition without driving off the enemy spike your guns and retreat with all the order you can. I know you will be careful not to expend your ammunition.
General Lee had an idea that battles were fought with bows and arrows and gunpowder kept to celebrate the victory afterwards with! And he was determined that that retreat should take place, because he had prophesied a retreat by all the laws of war some weeks before.
The cannonade went on, the fire from the fort being at a much slower tempo than that from the ships. And now a new fact was discovered in the art of war: The soft palmetto logs with sand in between were a better bulwark than solid stone. Cannon balls entered them easily and stopped just as easily without sending splinters all around. Shells threw the sand up in the air and the sand fell back again to the spot whence it had risen.
The Bristol, the flagship, suffered more than any other of the British vessels. At one time Sir Peter was the only man unwounded on the quarterdeck, and he, too, presently was hurt.
The Act eon went hard aground on the shoal where Fort Sumter was afterwards to be raised and had to be abandoned, being set on fire before she was deserted.
The rattlesnake flag flying over the American fort was shot down, and Sergeant Jasper, leaping over the parapet, braved the fire of the British to recover the emblem. Sergeant Jasper lost his life at Savannah in an effort to duplicate this same feat.
At length the British drew off beaten. They had lost heavily, on the flagship alone 104 men being killed. The American loss was 12 killed and 25 wounded. When the news of this defeat reached England, though the intelligence was given out by the Admiralty in the most politic fashion possible, it was a terrible blow to English pride. “That an English admiral with a well appointed fleet of 270 guns should be beaten off by a miserable little half built fort on an uninhabited sand bank was incomprehensible,” wrote a correspondent from London. Had Moultrie had powder enough the British loss must have been much heavier than it was.
On the 9th of April 1780, Fort Moultrie was again in action, when it opened upon Admiral Arbuthnot’s fleet, which was sailing into the harbor in the course of the operations against Charleston that year. It was unable to prevent the passage of the fleet but it inflicted some damage to the vessels and killed 27 of the enemy. Shortly after Fort Moultrie fell to an overwhelming force of British who attacked by land, and was not again in action during the Revolution.
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Why Hunter Education?
You will learn a great deal about hunting, firearms and wildlife in this course. You will learn that hunting involves more than shooting and killing an animal. You will also learn that safe and responsible hunting involves more than just following a few rules.
Many hunters hunt their whole lives and never stop learning. In fact, you will probably learn something new every time you hunt. This course is only an introduction. It's your responsibility to get any additional information from other sources.
To learn more about hunting, outdoor skills, and other important subjects talk to your Hunter Education Instructor, your parents, or a mentor (someone you look up to and respect). You can also ask your local game warden or wildlife biologist (a person who studies wild animals). One of the best ways to learn about hunting is to spend time with an experienced hunter you know and respect. Also, check out Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks' website fwp.mt.gov for more information about hunting.
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A recent study looking at installations of solar panels in California has found more middle class suburban homes are adopting the energy saving technology. Not surprisingly, the trend, now eight years long and going strong, seems to correlate with solar power becoming more affordable and with the availability of a greater number of financing plans.
The report, which was conducted and released by Kevala Analytics, studied solar interconnection data from the California Public Utilities Commission going back to 2008 up to the present, a period during which about 386,000 net-metered solar systems were installed. Kevala found that as the number of these systems increased across the state, more and more of them were being installed in ZIP codes centering on low- and middle-income neighborhoods. Accordingly, at the same time there was a downward trend for solar in upper-income ZIP codes.
One particular area is emblematic of the trend as a whole. Fresno County has long been a leading center in deploying solar power. The study showed that ZIP codes with median incomes in the $40,000 to $55,000 range account for about half of installations. Even more telling, there are now more solar installations in the lowest income group — less than $40,000 — than in the county’s two highest brackets.
It makes sense that those who need to keep a closer watch on their wallets might tend to be more concerned with finding ways to cut their expenses, and the Kevala study seems to bear that out, showing that demand for rooftop solar is highest among folks to whom electricity savings of 10 to 20 percent can make a significant difference. Although their savings could be undercut by changes to net metering if utility companies get their way. The changes, if approved by the CPUC, could increase the cost of solar next year.
Ken Blanco, an auto mechanic in the county seat of Fresno, says he had considered solar “for a really long time,” and finally “bit the bullet,” as he put it, early last year. “I finally figured that the initial cost of having solar panels installed in my home seemed worthwhile in the long run and would pay for itself just a few years down the road.”
The Kevala study shows that Blanco is typical of many people in his income range. His decision to go solar no doubt pleases Bernadette Del Chiaro, the executive director of the California Solar Energy Industries Association.
“Middle-class consumers are seeking to generate their own power as part of a tangible solution to rising electricity costs,” she says. “Our goal is to make solar power as commonplace and accessible as cell phones.”
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In 2004, the autonomous region of Catalonia, Spain, launched an ambitious project to transform how it delivered services to citizens. Services from all 16 government departments, scattered across a patchwork of 270 separate networks - often hard to locate - were to be grouped according to user needs.
Technologically the transformation called for upgrading the government's internal network to all-Internet protocol (IP) and widespread broadband deployment. By replacing numerous public networks with a shared services center, Catalonia gave its citizens access to all government departments through a common portal using a single telephone number or URL.
Today, Catalonia reports that citizen satisfaction with service speed doubled in six months. Project cost savings are $22 million over three years, and the government expects a 30 percent reduction in the time it takes constituents to find services.
Unlike Catalonia, most government agencies and bureaus still maintain their own individual processes, networks and information systems to accomplish local tasks. However, these governmental IT and communications "silos" have created several situations that warrant improvement:
Fortunately technology is coming together with government programs and policies to transform what were independent systems and processes into a more connected government. As governments realize the inefficiencies of a segmented and isolated organization, policymakers are enacting regulations that allow, and sometimes require, government agencies to share information and processes across boundaries.
Simultaneously, IP-based shared-services technologies have emerged that allow governments to pull together their processes and information resources in a collaborative way. These technologies, which are now embedded in the basic network infrastructure, are:
Virtualization/service-oriented architecture is at the heart of building shared services. Hardware virtualization links multiple computing systems and WANs into one large pool of resources that an entity can use. Virtualization also logically segments user groups across the data center, as well as LANs and WANs, so they operate securely across distributed entities and departments while maintaining privacy.
In addition to hardware virtualization, service virtualization -- also called a service-oriented architecture -- relies on standard software tools and design principles to turn individually hosted applications into networkwide services that operate independently of user-access devices, local computing hardware platforms and operating systems. This infrastructure fosters interactive, real-time collaboration within and among agencies.
Collaboration/unified communications. Unifying communications systems by linking applications to one another enables the transparent use of processes and resources across systems. It also accelerates communication among employees, between employees and citizens, and between agencies with public safety or intelligence information to share.
Unified communications systems include IP telephony infrastructure and related conferencing applications, integrated voice and data messaging systems, video-conferencing systems, and contact/call centers. They also comprise special IP equipment and applications enabling the interoperability of wireless radio systems that empower police officers, firefighters and other public safety personnel to communicate with one another.
Collaboration is a large focus area for government CIOs: In November 2006, Forrester Research surveyed 64 government technology decision-makers in North America to discover where they planned to invest their software budgets in 2007. The study found that upgrading e-mail, messaging and collaboration systems were the top priority for government CIOs.
Mobile and wireless. Mobility constitutes a significant portion of the collaborative, shared-services government environment, particularly from a public safety perspective. Mobility is delivered by mobile WANs (cellular networks), as well as wireless LAN technology used to build mesh networks that deliver high-speed mobility (at LAN speeds) throughout municipalities. These standards-based networks operate with corresponding wireless client devices, such as cell phones, tablets, two-way radios and laptops used by mobile personnel.
Typically, however, various public safety radio networks run on different frequencies and are not interoperable. So when an emergency requires collaboration among the local fire and police departments, and state police, to name a few, voice and other communications must take place with each entity individually.
Now intelligent IP systems can connect dissimilar radio systems at the push of a button. When safety agencies share video feeds, building blueprints and hazardous-materials databases across disparate radio systems and other public safety organizations, agencies can dispatch the appropriate personnel and arm them with relevant information about the environment they are entering.
IP-based radio intercommunications systems can also convert other communications systems - including computers, cell phones and public address systems - into ad hoc radios, so key people can be reached during an emergency no matter where they are, and connected to a central communications channel.
These networks support push-to-talk (walkie-talkie) and cellular voice capabilities for interactive and broadcast communications, and will soon gain data and video functions to further boost public safety efforts. For example, an officer with a wireless display could download local maps and other data that could be helpful in an emergency. A video camera mounted on a fire marshal's helmet could link to local surveillance cameras in a burning building so emergency personnel on the scene could see what's going on inside and avoid injury.
Mobile networks provide other gains to the public safety sector. Because emergency responders can file reports electronically, for example, they can remotely update public safety databases in real time and download information from the records-management system. This not only saves responders time by not having to drive to the station to retrieve reports and files, but also keeps the centralized information freshly updated for access by other personnel, who may be researching cases of their own.
Finally video surveillance can join the government's IP network. Tying the surveillance system into the network makes video content accessible from anywhere across the network, including mobile security personnel's PDAs and mobile phones. With viewing no longer restricted to banks of monitors housed in special rooms, security professionals can see what's happening in multiple places throughout an organization.
Secure Information Sharing. Common applications and cross-department computing systems must be wrapped in a strong layer of security that allows information to be shared among authorized government personnel while protecting sensitive data. Sharing information among organizations while consolidating government onto a shared infrastructure appears to pose contradictory objectives to the CIO. Fortunately industry partnerships and technology developments have come together to meet these seemingly opposing objectives.
To help foster a highly secure architecture at the computing, application, storage and network levels, Cisco, EMC, and Microsoft announced in July 2007 an alliance and related architecture for secure information sharing across government boundaries. It's called the Secure Information Sharing Architecture (SISA), and it blends secure-networking components, identity management and storage subsystem technology with other off-the-shelf secure components to achieve a shared service infrastructure while maintaining policy-based security centered on communities of trust.
SISA's goal is to break down the barriers at the traditional organizational and jurisdictional IT infrastructure boundaries, while applying policies that achieve information security and privacy so sensitive information is better protected and can be shared among authorized communities more effectively.
Drive Toward Unification
When various arms of a given government interconnect their resources, they can gain interoperability among applications, and synchronize their databases and backup storage resources. Cross-boundary personnel can then access consistent data, see the larger picture and collaborate effectively with their counterparts in other organizations to improve service levels.
A market research firm, Kearney, which recently conducted a survey of C-level executives about shared services, estimates that organizations save 20 percent to 50 percent in operations costs with shared services. The survey also found that shared services improve productivity by 10 percent.
Hard cost savings are only one benefit of shared services. It also enables entirely new capabilities that empower government leaders, emergency responders and constituents. For example, a single repository of constituent information accessible by authorized personnel allows citizens to update their information just once, instead of having to contact the property tax collector, department of motor vehicles, voter registration department, library and so forth. Some countries, such as the Netherlands, forbid a government organization to request information from a citizen if that person has already provided it to another agency.
Similarly, public safety officials who access consistent, updated, real-time information from a single source can take appropriate action in emergency situations faster. Eventually shared services could allow public health officials to monitor confidential data - on pandemics, say - found in different government agencies and private-sector databases. They could then use the shared-services infrastructure to coordinate response efforts with both government agencies and critical private-sector partners.
Like the private sector, governments are investing in the unification of their technology infrastructures both to save substantial amounts of money, and improve citizen experiences and interactions.
Unifying IT and networking infrastructures, and instituting cross-agency collaborative applications in a shared-services environment, require a re-engineering of governmental back offices into a citizen-centric entity that acts as a single enterprise rather than disconnected agencies and bureaus.
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| 0.932816 | 1,789 | 2.609375 | 3 |
USING FINGERS TO COUNT – DIY
Chintu is so much into counting these days. When there is a new counting activity he is super excited and happy, sometimes he even happens to ask me, “Amma Chintu wants new 123 activity.”
When he happen to ask me last Friday, I had to quickly set an activity for him. This was set in like just 10 minutes. All you need is :
- surgical gloves
- raw rice (any grains you can choose) / flour
- number cards
Add in some raw rice into the gloves, tie the end. The gloves is ready for play. Place both the gloves on a tray along with the number cards. .
Now invite the child to recognise the number and use the fingers of the glove for counting.
This activity helps in number recognition, counting along with some sensory experience. Also some good work for the little finger muscles as the child tries to move the rice to fold/open the fingers.
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https://atoddlerdrama.com/activities/numeracy-and-literacy/using-fingers-to-count-diy/
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| 0.964321 | 206 | 2.828125 | 3 |
William Buchwalter Van Nortwick (1911-1988)
William Buchwalter van Nortwick descended from five generations of successful van Nortwicks in Batavia, Illinois. Born in 1911, his forbears included the Superintendent of Repairs for the Champlain Canal in New York and the chief engineer for what later became the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. His interest in art began at a young age while viewing his family’s personal collection of steel engravings depicting Parisian architecture. Learning that many of these monuments were damaged during World War I inspired him to study ancient monuments and architecture at Princeton University, graduating cum laude in 1934.
Van Nortwick was commissioned in the U.S. Army Armored Force in July 1942. Following extensive training, he was assigned to the 784th Tank Battalion at Camp Hood, Texas. His unit arrived in Wales, United Kingdom, in October 1944 and advanced from Prontypridd in the Taff Valley through Paris and into Germany. In Rouen, he was invited to play the organ accompaniment during the military Christmas mass at the majestic Church of St. Ouen (the inspiration for St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York City). The service was the first held in the sanctuary since the German occupation.
In April 1945 van Nortwick came across an advertisement posted by the MFAA seeking personnel with knowledge of art history. His application was promptly accepted. Van Nortwick received transfer orders that took him to the British Zone of Occupation at Kreis Beckum in Westphalia. There, he placed “off limits” notices at protected monuments and repositories, including Hauses Craccenstein, Vorhelm, and Assen, grand manor houses used to store works of art evacuated from the museums in Münster, Germany. In July 1945 van Nortwick was assigned to Karlsruhe, Germany in the U.S. Zone of Occupation, where he worked alongside Monuments Men Lt. Robert A. Koch and Capt. James J. Rorimer. His duties included the evacuation of works of art and other cultural objects discovered in the Heilbronn and Kochendorf salt mines to the Wiesbaden Central Collecting Point for sorting, processing, and eventual restitution to the countries from which they had been stolen. He also interrogated multiple German museum officials, many of whom were members of the Nazi Party, regarding the locations of further repositories.
Van Nortwick continued his inspections of monuments, museums, and repositories in North Baden until February 1946, when he returned to the United States. He published two articles recalling his experience as a Monuments Man in English Country Life magazine, “Looking After the Ruins” and “Treasures of the Third Reich.” Following meritorious service during the Korean War, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star, van Nortwick settled in New York City. He began plans for a museum to house his large personal collection of art and fine linens in his hometown of Batavia, Illinois. Following his death, however, his will was disputed by his estranged wife, who thwarted his dream by claiming ownership of the objects, which she subsequently sold at auction.
William van Nortwick died in New York City on December 8, 1988.
Photo courtesy of the Geneva Republican.
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| 0.979622 | 675 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A container has a volume of #15 L# and holds #9 mol# of gas. If the container is compressed such that its new volume is #12 L#, how many moles of gas must be released from the container to maintain a constant temperature and pressure?
7.2 moles of gas must be released from the container.
Let's use Avogadro's law:
The number 1 represents the initial conditions and the number 2 represents the final conditions.
• Identify your known and unknown variables:
• Rearrange the equation to solve for the final number of moles:
• Plug in your given values to obtain the final number of moles:
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| 0.89165 | 140 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Establishing and working within tolerances is essential for maintaining product functionality, uniformity and aesthetics. Without tolerances, manufacturers compromise their product’s quality — and their revenue. As such, manufacturers must prioritize systems and solutions that ensure high-quality products.
Vacuum coating is an internal manufacturing process that helps protect product surfaces from water, weather, corrosion and other damage. It’s also a method for minimizing errors and ensuring consistently high-quality products.
Vacuum coating is an excellent method of creating thin protective layers on object surfaces. With vacuum coating systems, manufacturers can apply an even coating on surface substrates for improved durability, efficiency, functionality and aesthetic appeal.
Vacuum coating or film deposition is applying a thin coating layer to substrate surfaces like medical equipment to protect it from wear. It works through a vacuum chamber process that transfers atoms or molecules to the product’s surface.
You can use vacuum coating technology for applications like car and aerospace components. These coatings can prevent water and heat damage and other deterioration of equipment and products. You can also use various types of coatings applied via vacuum deposition chamber depending on the industry and the product requirements. Different vacuum or deposition coatings provide equipment and products with unique finishes and protection levels.
Understanding the meaning of vacuum coating begins with identifying different coating techniques.
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a common coating technique used in various industries. It uses a vacuum deposition chamber process that vaporizes a solid metallic material. The vaporized metal or atoms then penetrate the product’s surface and form a protective layer or coating.
The coating becomes an integral part of the surface, creating an impenetrable layer around the components. PVD coating provides products with a protective layer that will not crack or peel. Manufacturers rotate products while in the chamber to ensure they develop an even coat. PVD coating can be performed via different methods, including sputtering and cathodic arc:
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coating uses hydrogen to transfer a chemical vapor onto a substrate’s surface. The chemicals are moved and deposited onto an object through thermal activation.
The chemical vapors break down and then collect on the substrate’s surface to create compounds like nitrides. You can also use plasma to enhance the extraction and coating process. Plasma allows chemical breakdown and deposition to happen at lower temperatures.
Thermal evaporation is a traditional coating method that transfers vapor onto a substrate. Here, metal material is melted, vaporized at high temperatures and deposited onto an object to create a thin coating. You can use various thermal evaporators to accomplish this process, such as tungsten wires and electron beams.
Manufacturers can use thermal evaporation for coating and enhancing optic lenses. Coating optic lenses can improve protection against ultraviolet light. Manufacturers can also use thermal evaporators to create aluminum film layers in consumer product packaging such as chip packets. The coating or film prevents air and moisture from entering the packaging.
A vacuum coating system has numerous parts, each of which plays a vital role in coating a substrate. The following are some definitions of vacuum coating components:
A vacuum chamber is used for holding and protecting a workpiece during the coating process. To begin coating, you must place a workpiece into a clean, empty chamber. The vacuum chamber vaporizes and transfers materials onto the substrate while maintaining a contaminant-free environment to ensure successful coating application. A PVD vacuum coating machine may require repositioning and rotating an object in the chamber for sufficient coating.
Vacuum machine pumps create suction in the chamber for extracting and transferring materials onto an object. Vacuum deposition equipment may use various types of pump systems, such as cryogenic, turbomolecular or diffusion options.
Thermal evaporation systems have numerous evaporators, like wires and electron beams. Heating wires electrically or coating them in a metal container that has a high melting point creates vapor. The chemical vapor is suctioned by pumps in the vacuum chamber and transferred onto a workpiece. You can also use an electrical beam to melt metal materials, creating high evaporation rates.
Industries use vacuum coating in multiple applications, including the production of manufacturing tools and automotive, aerospace and medical components. The following are a few common uses for coatings in these sectors:
Automotive industries vacuum coat parts like engines, steering columns, and interior and exterior car components. Coatings enhance car components’ aesthetics, functionality and durability. Vacuum coating can also help protect brakes from overheating, corrosion and deterioration.
Aerospace components must work under extreme conditions while subject to factors like high heat and the elements. Vacuum coating protects aerospace equipment at high speeds and altitudes from heat damage and friction.
Vacuum coating is excellent for protecting tools from wear and damage. It helps reinforce cutting edges while maintaining their ability to hold tolerances. The right coating will provide a protective layer that imparts tools with enhanced characteristics like heat and friction resistance to improve their performance and longevity.
Vacuum coating is used for various medical tools like dental and surgical instruments. Coating medical devices can enhance their antimicrobial properties while reducing the likelihood of allergic reactions to chemicals like nickel. It also reduces friction and improves aesthetics.
Vacuum coating is often used to create durable furniture and decorative finishes. Manufacturers can use it for coating hardware like door knobs and kitchen and bathroom faucets. Vacuum coating can also enhance the aesthetics and durability of jewelry and watches.
At Dubois Equipment, we offer quality vacuum coating systems and solutions for protecting and finishing components. We focus on understanding our customers’ needs to provide precise machine integrations that work for their specific purposes.
With our years of industry experience, we know how to deliver customized solutions for your applications. In partnership with Timesavers, we provide quick turnaround times on machines to ensure you have everything you need to maximize your productivity.
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en
| 0.913862 | 1,215 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The demography of South Asia from the 1950s to the 2000s. A summary of changes and a statistical assessment
AbstractThe countries of South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) cover less than 4% of the Earth?s surface, but their combined population of some 1.6 billion inhabitants in 2007 represents nearly a quarter of the world total. India, the largest country in the region, alone has 1.17 billion inhabitants. This chronicle charts the main demographic trends since the 1950s, which are explained in part by the countries? diverse levels of development. Their demographic transitions also exhibit broad diversity. There is no single transition model specific to the region, just as there is no single transition in India, as the comparison of its states makes clear. Except in Sri Lanka, where the process is complete, the fertility transition is ongoing, and the mortality transition is in general very advanced. The potential for demographic growth remains high in South Asia, and the United Nations expects the region?s population to grow by 600 million inhabitants up to 2040. The future course of demographic change has major implications for development, since most of the countries need to reduce poverty and raise educational levels while at the same time coping with rapid urban growth and addressing environmental issues.
Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED) in its journal Population (english edition).
Volume (Year): 63 (2008)
Issue (Month): 1 ()
Contact details of provider:
Web page: http://www.cairn.info/revue-population-english.htm
You can help add them by filling out this form.
CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
- Magnus Hatlebakk, 2012. "Son-preference, number of children, education and occupational choice in rural Nepal," CMI Working Papers 8, CMI (Chr. Michelsen Institute), Bergen, Norway.
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http://ideas.repec.org/a/cai/poeine/pope_801_0009.html
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| 0.913385 | 708 | 2.984375 | 3 |
George Washington could be considered America's greatest general by many. Washington's brilliant leadership was able to transform a rag-tag militia into a fighting force which defeated the world's greatest army at the time: the British Empire. Furthermore, Washington had the foresight to inoculate his troops against smallpox, a deadly disease at the time, which claimed many soldiers.
There have been other good generals in the United States, but George Washington is the greatest. Not only did he inoculate his troops, he won against overwhelming odds against the British. He had a brilliant ground game, and that is how he was able to defeat larger armies. He also inspired his troops more than anyone.
George Washington is this country's greatest general. He rallied the underdog troops, which were at a severe resource disadvantage to the British, for the long war. He also voluntarily gave up his power, showing the separate powers for the military and the government. He is the standard in which all future generals were to be held.
There have been generals since then that might have actually scored bigger victories on the battlefield and possibly even have been better strategists. However, with Washington, our country would not even exist, so an argument can be made he is our best ever. Some other generals might deserve consideration, but it is subjective in the end.
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http://www.debate.org/opinions/george-washington-inoculated-his-troops-against-smallpox-reducing-a-17-death-rate-from-the-disease-down-to-1-is-he-the-countrys-greatest-general
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| 0.988763 | 267 | 2.703125 | 3 |
First Bishop of Manchester, New Hampshire , U.S.A. b. 25 February, 1846, at Castle-island, County Kerry, Ireland ; d. at Manchester 13 December, 1903. Shortly after his father's death his mother, with a family of five, emigrated to the United States and settled at Manchester. He was then eight years old. After attending the local schools, he was sent to Holy Cross College, Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1863, and closed his academic career there in June, 1867. He was then enrolled as an ecclesiastical student at St. Joseph's Seminary, Troy, New York, where he was ordained priest 3 June, 1871. Shortly after this he was located at Portland, Maine, under Bishop Bacon, and subsequently under Bishop Healy, by whom he was appointed rector of the cathedral and chancellor of the diocese. In June, 1881, he was made pastor of St. Joseph's, Manchester, which became his cathedral when he was consecrated first Bishop of the new See of Manchester, 11 June, 1884. He had the honour of being the first alumnus of St. Joseph's Seminary of Troy, New York, to be raised to the episcopacy.
In the rural sections of New Hampshire thee were many scattered Catholics who up to that time had few facilities for practising their faith, and his first and earnest efforts were directed towards providing for them, and with the most gratifying results. He held the first synod of the diocese 24 October, 1886, and under the energizing influence of his zeal and enthusiasm there was a general upbuiliding of Catholicism throughout the State. The silver jubilee of his ordination was made the occasion of a striking demonstration of his great personal popularity, and this had another manifestation when every non-Catholic pulpit in Manchester bore sincere testimony to the loss his death had occasioned to the city and to the State.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online
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en
| 0.978548 | 771 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Fukushima leak may have flowed into Pacific: TEPCO
About 12 tonnes of radioactive water has leaked at Japan's crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, with the facility's operator saying Thursday that some may have flowed into the Pacific Ocean.
Tokyo Electric Power Co. said the leak was found early Thursday from a pipe attached to a temporary decontamination system, and the water had already gone through some of the cleansing process.
"Our officials confirmed that cooling water leaked at a joint in the pipes," a TEPCO spokesman told AFP, adding that "it is possible that part of the water may have flowed outside the facility and poured into the ocean".
The leak has since been plugged, the spokesman added, saying the utility was probing the cause of the accident and how much, if any, water flowed into the Pacific.
The accident was the latest of several leaks of radioactive water at the troubled plant, undermining the government's claim made in December that the shuttered Fukushima reactors were now under control.
In one incident last month, about 120 tonnes of radioactive water leaked at the plant's water decontamination system and about 80 litres (21 gallons) seeped into the ocean, according to TEPCO.
The plant about 220 kilometres (135 miles) northeast of Tokyo was crippled by meltdowns and explosions caused by Japan's massive earthquake and tsunami in March last year.
Radiation was scattered over a large area and made its way into the sea, air and food chain in the weeks and months after the disaster.
Tens of thousands of people were evacuated from their homes around the plant and swathes of this zone remain badly polluted. The clean-up is proceeding slowly, amid warnings that some towns could be uninhabitable for three decades.
(c) 2012 AFP
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| 0.974456 | 367 | 2.875 | 3 |
They agreed that black prisoners should receive fair trials, that black Americans should not die years earlier than white counterparts, that black workers should be afforded a living wage, and that black candidates should be given opportunities to craft legislation that affected their communities. They shared a collective outrage. In 1972, organizers asked them – Americans of color affiliated with Socialists, Democrats, Republicans, Nationalists, and the Black Panthers- if they could overcome differing ideologies to channel this outrage into political action at the National Black Political Convention (NBPC) held in Gary, Indiana. Black poet and activist Amiri Baraka (formerly LeRoi Jones) advocated for the gathering to practice “unity without conformity.”
According to an essay in Major Problems in African American History, the Gary convention was the culmination of a series of uprisings in protest of discrimination, which historians refer to collectively as the Black Revolt. Black Americans were emboldened by tragic events, such as the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, as well as legislative progress, like the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In an interview, North Carolina convention delegate Ben Chavis recalled:
I had gotten tired of going to funerals. . . . so much of the Movement had been tragic. You know. And I have to emphasize [Rev. Martin Luther] King’s assassination was a tragic blow to the Movement. And so four years later, March of ’72, for us to be gathering up our wherewithal to go to Gary, Indiana–hey, that was a good shot in the arm for the Movement.
Historian Stephen Grant Meyer identified 1968, when King was assassinated, as the year in which the modern civil rights movement began to diverge. No longer was integration the primary means to make political and economic gains. This fracture gave rise to a Nationalist faction, which sought to promote black identity and improve living conditions through a separate black nation. The polarization was reminiscent of the late-19th and early-20th century debates between reformer Booker T. Washington and intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois, who both worked to ease the economic and social plight of African Americans. Washington believed this was best achieved by earning the respect of white citizens through hard work and self-help. Du Bois, on the other hand, believed white oppression should be cast off by protests and political activism, in large part through the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an organization he co-founded.
NBPC organizers, who had begun planning the conference in 1970, struggled to find a city willing to accommodate an influx of politically-engaged black Americans. Gary Mayor Richard G. Hatcher, an advocate of civil rights and minorities and one of the first African American mayors of a major U.S. city, volunteered his predominantly black city. Not since the 1930s, with the first meeting of the National Negros Congress in Chicago, had such a massive and diverse gathering of people of color convened to advance their rights. Approximately 3,000 official delegates and 7,000 attendees from across the United States met at Gary’s West Side High School from March 10 to March 12. The attendees included a prolific group of black leaders, such as Reverend Jesse Jackson, Coretta Scott King, Amiri Baraka, Muslim leader Minister Louis Farrakhan, Black Panther co-founder Bobby Seale, and Malcolm X’s widow Betty Shabazz. Organizers sought to create a cohesive political strategy for black Americans by the convention’s end.
A bomb threat was called into convention headquarters at the Holiday Inn and a local gang reportedly deposited guns in school lockers. These threats to disrupt the convention necessitated additional security. Uniformed and plainclothes policemen reinforced the northwestern Indiana city. Armed civil defense personnel supplemented the police presence and boxer-turned-activist Muhammad Ali served as sergeant-at-arms.
The high school, decorated with red, white, and blue bunting, thrummed with activity. As vendors sold books, banners, and souvenirs, a band prompted snapping and feet-tapping with “gutsy,” drum-driven music. The Munster Times reported “Two or three white reporters, their faces split with grins, were lost somewhere with the music. A policeman absentmindedly slapped the butt of his pistol to the beat.” Delegates ranging from “pinstripe-suited conservatives to youngsters in colorful flowing robe-type shirts [dashikis] and mod fashions to the black-uniformed para-military” milled about the gym waiting for the delayed convention to finally start. Organizers scrambled to respond to complaints that the elevated platform for journalists blocked the stage.
Entertainers like James Brown and Harry Belafonte lent their support to the convention by performing. Comic and civil rights activist Dick Gregory, weighing 90 pounds as a result of fasting to protest the Vietnam War, addressed the audience about issues of policing and drug access and asked, “‘[H]ow can a black kid in Harlem find a heroin pusher and the FBI can’t?'”
State delegations, national organizations, and individuals proposed resolutions in the creation of “A National Black Agenda” (Muncie Evening Press). This agenda would extend the movement beyond the convention. As convention attendee and Distinguished Lecturer at York College City University of New York Dr. Ron Daniels noted, the Black Agenda was “integral to holding candidates, who would seek Black votes, accountable to the interests and aspirations of Black people.”
Delegates from Illinois suggested fines and prison sentences for businessmen found guilty of discriminatory practices. North Carolina attendees proposed a bill of prisoners’ rights that included humane treatment and fair trials. Delegates from Indiana and other states demanded that the U.S. dedicate resources to the plight of black Americans rather than the Vietnam War and end the conflict immediately. North Carolina representatives also urged that black men receive Social Security benefits earlier than white men since their life expectancy was eight years shorter. The Muncie Evening Press noted that “Politicking was intense . . . as state delegations tried to compromise their own views with positions they felt other delegations could support.” Tensions ran so high that part of the Michigan delegation walked out of the convention.
Keynote speakers Reverend Jackson, executive director of P.U.S.H. and Operation Breadbasket, and Mayor Hatcher ignited the crowd and “stoked rhetorical fires aimed at molding the diverse black communities represented here into a solid unit that can tip the political balance this presidential election year and from now on” (Munster Times).
While similar in many aspects, the men’s speeches hinted at the divergence in philosophies pervading the convention. Hatcher believed change could come from within the existing two-party system, so long as the parties responded to the needs of African Americans. However, if legislators continued to neglect black constituents, black Americans would create a third party and, he told attendees, “we shall take with us the best of White America . . . many a white youth nauseated by the corrupt values rotting the innards of this society . . . many of the white poor . . . many a White G.I. . . . and many of the white working class, too.” The party would also welcome “chicanos, Puerto Ricans, Indians [and] Orientals” (Indianapolis Recorder).
However, Jackson, appealing to Nationalists, urged the immediate formation of a black party, potentially called the “Liberation Party.” He asserted “‘Without the option of a black political party, we are doomed to remain in the hip pocket of the Democratic party and in the rumble seat of the Republican party'” (Kokomo Tribune). Jackson also called for the establishment of black institutions to oversee black educational, economic, and judicial matters. He asked the crowd “what time is it?” and the audience, electrified, shouted “It’s Nation Time!”
Jackson’s proposal drew criticism from some black organizations, like the NAACP, which believed that continued segregation, albeit black-led, would impede progress. According to Major Problems in African American History, the NAACP circulated a memo at the convention denouncing the proposal of a separate nationhood for African Americans and criticizing the rhetoric for being “‘that of revolution rather than of reform.'” An Indianapolis Recorder editorial articulated this point, noting “The only road to nationwide achievement by a minority is through cooperation with the majority.”
Another contentious issue in the 1970s: school desegregation through the forced busing of black children to white schools. The Jackson faction opposed busing and defined successful black education not as being able to attend white schools, but rather as children attending black-led schools. The endorsement of the presidential candidate that would best represent black interests also generated conflict at the convention. Some delegations supported Democrat Shirley Chisholm, America’s first black Congresswoman, while many Nationalists wanted a leader from a black party.
After intense debate, a steering committee tentatively adopted a National Black Agenda. The committee officially published the 68-page document on May 19, Malcolm X’s birthday. The resolutions included black representation in Congress proportionate to the U.S. black population, a guaranteed minimum income of $6,500 for four-person households, a 50% cut in the defense and space budgets, and an end to national trade with countries that supplied the U.S. drug market. The resolutions, designed to move black Americans towards “self-determination and true independence,” represented major, yet tenuous compromise among the black community.
The steering committee also formed the National Black Political Assembly, a body tasked with implementing the Black Agenda. Dr. Daniels noted that, although many of the agenda’s resolutions never materialized, “thousands of Black people left Gary energized and committed to making electoral politics a more relevant/meaningful exercise to promote Black interests.” He attributed the quadrupling of elected black officials by the end of the 1970s, in large part, to the Gary convention and the “audacity of Black people to . . . defend black interests.” The NBPC was notable too for its inclusion of black Americans from all walks of life, rather than just prominent black figures, in formulating how to ease the struggles of the black community. The Recorder also noted that Mayor Hatcher’s reputation “has been considerably burnished in the white community as well as the black by the success of the historic event” (Indianapolis Recorder).
In 2012, Gary hosted the 40th anniversary of the National Black Political Convention. Speakers discussed the issues that had prevailed into the 21st century, such as a disparity in prison sentencing and poverty. One speaker remarked that without Shirley Chisholm, America’s first black president Barack Obama would not have occupied the White House. Another speaker, who ran for mayor of Baltimore, lamented that forty years after the convention “we’re still asking what to do instead of how to do it.” When asked if it was still “nation time” one speaker responded “it’s muted nation time.” Black Americans, they agreed, needed to “have the audacity.”
“Black Convention Split Over Separation,” Terre Haute Tribune, March 11, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
“Black Meet Without Incident Bodyguards, Police Vigilant,” Munster Times, March 12, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
“Black Political Movement Born in Gary,” Lafayette Journal and Courier, March 13, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
“Creation of ‘The National Assembly’ Concludes Black Political Convention,” Kokomo Tribune, March 13, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
Dr. Ron Daniels, “It’s Nation Time: The 40th Anniversary of the Gary National Black Political Convention,” Institute of the Black World 21st Century, March 28, 2012.
Harry Williams, “Convention Raps Busing,” Columbus Republic, March 13, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
“Hatcher to Keynote Black Convention,” Indianapolis Recorder, March 11, 1972, accessed Hoosier State Chronicles.
Jay Harris, “Black Political Agenda Hit on Busing, Israel,” Wilmington (DE) Evening Journal, May 19, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
John Hopkins, “Leaders Mold Black Power: Warn Parties” and James Parker, “Blacks Marching to Different Drums,” Munster Times, March 12, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
“Keeping Watch,” Lafayette Journal and Courier, March 10, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
Major Problems in African American History: Documents and Essays, Second Edition, eds. Barbara Krauthamer, Chad Williams, and Thomas G. Paterson (Cengage Learning, 2016): 510-515.
“National Black Agenda Calls for Permanent Political Movement,” Kokomo Tribune, March 12, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
“Plans Span Wide Range of Opinion,” Muncie Evening Press, March 11, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
“Wants Changes,” Valparaiso Vidette-Messenger, March 11, 1972, accessed Newspapers.com.
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Countering the ‘Pandemic of Disinformation’
A group of young nurses and students dismantled prevalent misconceptions and anxieties around the COVID-19 vaccination in their community.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Zarki were concerned by the prevalence of misinformation and disinformation being shared in their communities, particularly conspiracy theories and vaccine-related disinformation. They wanted to ensure that other young people were well informed and reassured of the safety of vaccines, and proactively engaging in countering the spread of disinformation in the wider community.
They organised awareness-raising meetings where science-driven public health information was given to 76 participants to challenge any negative perceptions they held of the vaccine. They further used the meeting to go through several key conspiracy theories and disinformation trends to equip the participants with the skills to identify other mis- or disinformation. Finally, the team interviewed four well-respected community role models – doctors, municipal stakeholders, athletes – deploying them as credible messengers to help explain both the safety of the vaccine and benefits of countering misinformation and disinformation.
People Engaged Directly76
Social Media Reach387,007
Using Dialogue Opportunities to Identify Gaps in Understanding.
The team managed to raise awareness among tens of thousands online and in their community about COVID-19 and concerns associated with vaccines at the time. The response was overwhelmingly positive and the resources, trainings and social media infographics they shared sparked several discussions online around debunking fears and myths about the current pandemic. The team identified several gaps in public understanding which they went on to bridge through a research initiative covered by their Ambassadors’ grant.
Find Out More
Find out more about the impact of the project in Zarqa.
Get In Touch
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The sealing and non-leakage of glass bottles is one of the main testing standards for glass bottles. Most glass bottles contain food, especially pickle bottles. If the glass bottle leaks, it will affect the shelf life of the food. After entering the air, human consumption It will affect the body later! So how to check whether the glass bottle has good sealing performance? Here is a small editor to briefly talk about it.
Food packaging bottle sealing inspection is divided into three steps
1. Check the lid of the glass bottle.
2. Observe whether the mouth of the glass bottle is flat without cold rolling.
3. Measure the tightening position of the lid. When measuring, first measure the distance between the silk pattern of the bottle neck of the glass bottle and the starting edge of the closest lid claw at two-thirds of the silk pattern of the glass bottle with a ruler, which is the tightening position. The detection value should look at the positive value on the right side of the bottle neck of the glass bottle, and the negative value on the left side of the bottleneck of the detected glass bottle. The above is the article on how to check the tightness of the glass bottle mouth. I hope it will be helpful to the readers.
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“My goal is to make them love French,” Jody McQuillan says as she begins her French A class for sixies. The introductory middle school French class combines language learning with study skill practice, building students’ confidence not just in French, but throughout their academic lives.
McQuillan, who earned her Ph.D. in French from Brown University, is in her tenth year of teaching at Nobles. Like all modern language teachers here, she focuses on building communicative competence, the ability to speak a second language conversationally. McQuillan explains, “It’s great if the kids can fill out a worksheet, but that’s not going to help them much if they’re in the middle of Paris.”
McQuillan has taught French to pre-kindergarten through college students, but says, for the middle school, there is a special “joy and a fascination to watching students learn the French language .” She explains the “épiphanie” her students experience when they realize that many French words are just like their English counterparts, but different. “It helps them appreciate difference, across content areas.”
The middle school students learn French through a variety of games (“they don’t even realize they’re learning French,” McQuillan says) and through their ePortfolios, a language learning tool that McQuillan and Nobles Spanish teacher Laura Yamartino are in their second year of piloting.
The ePortfolio, defined as “a collection of digital evidence created and curated by a student,” enables students to track their language study progress through their years at Nobles. French A and Spanish A students regularly record themselves speaking their target language, write scripts for their recordings and then write reflections in English about their accomplishments and goals. The teacher then includes her own remarks on each ePortfolio page.
“They can look back on these when they’re older and see how far they’ve come,” McQuillan explains. The ePortfolios provide continuity through years of language study, enabling communication from one teacher to the next. They also encourage self-assessment and provide another study tool for new language learners.
Eventually, the French A students may go on to French B and through the upper school French courses, and maybe up to McQuillan’s honor’s class where they will read Molière and analyze World War II French propaganda posters.
However, they first need that love of the language to set them on that academic path. Using games like a fast, French version of “Heads, Shoulders, Knees and Toes” and online tools like the ePortfolio, McQuillan’s class teaches students the fun of learning French. As one student exclaims in her French language skit, “J'adore la classe de français!”
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Before I started researching sunscreens a few years ago, I had believed what most people still do today – that we should always use sunscreen and even a moderate amount of sun exposure is dangerous for us. But here are a few facts about sun exposure and typical commercial sunscreens that have led me to think otherwise:
- Dangers of sunscreens – Commercial sunscreens typically contain oxybenzone or other carcinogenic or endocrine disrupting ingredients, and can actually promote skin cancer and produce free radicals in your body.
- Increased rates of skin cancer – Despite the increased use of sunscreens, the rates of skin cancer have continued to increase.
- Vitamin D deficiency – Most of us don’t work outside on a daily basis so we don’t get enough Vitamin D. In fact, many of us are deficient in Vitamin D. This important vitamin plays a vital role in the production of hormones and calcium and phosphorous absorption, which is important for bone growth and maintenance. It is also crucial in the creation and function of T-cells, which help our bodies fight off infections, kill off cancerous cells, and develop important immune responses.
- Sun exposure is the best way to get Vitamin D. It is natural and free. Your body automatically produces Vitamin D when sunlight is absorbed by your skin (how awesome it that?!). Plus, there are very few dietary sources of Vitamin D, and oral supplementation is effective but definitely a more expensive option.
How Much Sunlight Do You Need?
To get your body to make a sufficient amount of Vitamin D (10,000 to 25,000 IU), you need approximately 15-30 minutes of sun exposure per day. How much time is required is determined by a number of factors:
- The fairness of your skin – Those who are fair-skinned will require less time than who have darker skin to get the Vitamin D they need. This is because people with darker skin have more melanin in their skin, which has evolved within humans to naturally block sun rays.
- Time of year – Your skin produces more Vitamin D during summer months than winter months, when the sun’s rays enter the Earth’s atmosphere at too much of an angle and as a result the atmosphere blocks the ultraviolet B part of the rays.
- Time of day – Your skin produces more Vitamin D if you expose it to sunlight in the middle of the day, when the sun’s rays are entering the Earth at less of an angle.
- Where you live – The closer to the equator you live, the easier it is for you to produce vitamin D from sunlight all year round.
- How much skin is exposed – The more skin that is exposed, the less time is required
In general, around half the time it takes for your skin to begin to burn is a good measure.
When You Do Need Sun Protection, What Offers the Best Protection?
Once you’ve had enough exposure to the sun or if you are spending time under intense sun rays, or if you have a condition that makes you sensitive to sun exposure, then finding shade and wearing protective clothing such as a hat and long sleeve clothing are your best ways to protect yourself. If sunscreen is really necessary, then choose one that uses zinc oxide or titanium dioxide as their active ingredients. Even better, you can use the recipe below and make your own natural whipped mineral sun protection lotion!
No time to make your own sun protection lotion?
You can order my premade Holistic Essentials Whipped Mineral Sun Butter.
Important Note: This is a natural recipe and has not been tested by a regulatory organization for exact SPF (sun protection factor). For this reason, I can’t make any claims about the combined SPF.
- 1/2 cup Almond Oil (natural SPF 5)
- 1/4 cup Coconut Oil (natural SPF 4)
- 1/4 cup Beeswax – makes the sunscreen water resistant (you will still need to reapply after swimming)
- 2 tbsp Shea Butter (natural SPF 4-5)
- 1/4-1/2 cup non-nano Zinc Oxide (Be careful not to inhale the powder) – the more you add, the higher protection
- 1-2 tsp Red Raspberry Seed Oil or Carrot Seed Oil (natural SPF 30-40) – get the carrier oils, not the essential oils. Skip the carrot seed oil if you are pregnant.
- 1 tsp Vitamin E – Antioxidant, natural moisturizer, anti-inflammatory, helps preserve shelf life of sunscreen
- Mix all ingredients except zinc oxide and Vitamin E in a double boiler or glass bowl over a small saucepan with an inch of water. Bring water to a boil and lower the heat to a simmer, and stir until the ingredients are melted.
- Remove from heat and cool slightly before adding zinc oxide and vitamin E oil.
- Put in the fridge for 30 minutes until the mixture hardens.
- Whip for 5 minutes or so with a hand mixer until it has the texture of frosting.
- Transfer into container with a tight-fitting lid.
- Store in a cool, dark place or in fridge.
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Personalized Learning: Panel Examines Ed Tech, Personalized Learning
Personalized Learning: Participants discuss policy’s impact on U.S. innovation
Effective, efficient, research based and market proven, personalized learning technology is currently available that provides the following
Personalized Learning: By Laura Devaney, Managing Editor, eSchool News, October 7th, 2011
Read more by Laura Devaney
Education policy in the United States should change and adapt to digital technologies that make personalized learning a reality, agreed a number of panelists during an Oct. 6 Brookings Institution discussion.
Greater access to high-quality education is much-needed, said Darrell West, a Brookings Institution senior fellow and the panel moderator, during “Educational Technology: Revolutionizing Personalized Learning and Student Assessment.”
“Technology innovation represents an important part of that overall puzzle,” he said. “Technology has the potential to improve education by personalizing learning, enabling different forms of student assessment, and making class time more flexible.”
Panelists discussed the different ways in which educators and stakeholders can leverage educational technology in the classroom to enhance learning.
Personalized learning environments are extremely helpful when it comes to addressing each student’s unique learning needs, said Chip Hughes, executive vice president of school services for online-learning provider K12 Inc.
“Students working at their own pace … aren’t bound by the circumstances of all the other students in the room,” Hughes said.
Using Technology to Personalize Learning and Assess Students in Real-Time:
To Discuss how these Solutions will add value for you, your organization and/or your clients, Affinity/Resale Opportunities, and/or Collaborative Efforts, Please Contact:
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FAQ - General Information
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases.
A novel coronavirus is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans.
COVID-19 is a respiratory illness that can spread from person to person. The virus that causes COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China.
COVID-19 is currently spreading from person to person globally. The risk of infection is higher for people who are close contacts of someone known to have COVID-19. Other people at higher risk for infection are those who live in or have recently been in areas with ongoing spread of COVID-19. Older adults, individuals with compromised immune systems, and those with underlying health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and lung disease have a higher risk of developing complications from COVID-19.
Human coronaviruses most commonly are spread from an infected person to others through:
- Coughing and sneezing;
- Close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands;
- Touching an object or surface with the virus on it, then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes before washing your hands; and
- Rarely, fecal contamination.
Decisions related to US-Mexico border closures are made by the Department of Homeland Security. The public is encouraged to visit their official website for accurate and updated information on COVID-19: https://www.dhs.gov/news-releases/fact-sheets.
Due to confidentially reasons, we do not share specific patient information for local cases. For more detailed information about active cases, visit our page icphd.org
Persons who have tested positive for COVID-19 or are awaiting test results must isolate at home. Individuals found to have been in close contact with someone who has tested positive are required to quarantine. Close contacts are individuals who live or have stayed in the same home, are intimate sexual partners or have provided care without wearing a mask, gown or gloves.
Your healthcare provider or testing facility will give you detailed written instructions explaining everything you need to do, what you cannot do, and how long you must remain in isolation or quarantine. Detailed instructions about how to isolate and quarantine at home are also available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/quarantine-isolation.html and on the Imperial County Public Health Department website.
A Quarantine Order is issued to all persons exposed to COVID-19, a Quarantine Order means that individuals will need to stay home for fourteen (14) days and keep a 6-foot distance between themselves and others. An Isolation Order is issued to all persons with positive or likely to be positive with COVID-19, an Isolation Order means that individuals will need to isolate themselves from others completely and not leave their place of isolation.
Yes. A COVID-19 positive person may leave their place of isolation to receive necessary medical care.
To be considered a COVID exposed person, an individual needs to be a household contact, intimate partner, caregiver, and/or a person who has been in close contact with a person either diagnosed with COVID-19 or likely to have COVID-19. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) defines a close contact as anyone who has been within 6 feet of an infected person for a prolonged period, as well as those who have had direct contact with the infected person’s secretions such as coughs and sneezes.
No, to protect patient privacy, individuals are only informed that they may have been exposed to a patient with the infection. They will not be told the identity of the patient who may have exposed them. In many cases individuals will be notified directly by the person who has tested positive. The Health Officer Order requires that persons who test positive to notify those they have been in close contact with and share with them a copy of the Health Officer’s quarantine order.
Imperial County Public Health Department staff will send a copy of the Isolation Order to all COVID Positive Persons via e-mail, if the COVID positive person does not have access to e-mail, then a hard copy of the Order will be mailed to the COVID positive person’s place of isolation.
A COVID exposed person may attend work if the following conditions are met:
- Does not have any symptoms associated with COVID-19. The individual must continue to self-monitor for COVID-19 symptoms. If the individual develops symptoms they must immediately return to their place of quarantine.
- The COVID exposed persons employers has in place a process to prescreen employees and visitors for COVID-19 symptoms, including temperature checks.
- The individual wears a face covering at all times while outside of their place of quarantine and
The individual exercises social distancing and maintains a minimum of six (6) feet of distance from other individuals at all times whenever possible.
There are sectors that need to continue with activity or essential services to maintain the continuity of operation of the federal critical infrastructure sectors, critical government services, schools, childcare, and construction, including housing construction. Those sectors are listed below.
- Commercial Facilities
- Critical Manufacturing
- Defense Industrial Base
- Emergency Services
- Financial Services
- Food & Agriculture
- Government Facilities
- Healthcare & Public Health
- Information Technology
- Nuclear Reactors, Materials and Waste
- Transportation Systems
- Water and Wastewater
Please visit the Department of Homeland Security’s website for more information: https://www.cisa.gov/identifying-critical-infrastructure-during-covid-19.
Yes. In addition to the statewide order, the local stay at home order remains in effect.. All residents must comply with the restrictions in both the County and State Orders. If the restrictions in the two orders are different, you must comply with the stricter of the two orders.
No. For your safety as well as their safety, we need to help each other fight the spread of COVID-19 by staying at home.
Yes. Drug stores and other medical supply stores are allowed to operate. When possible you should have prescription medicines and health care supplies delivered to your home.
Yes, mental health appointments can continue. Patients should consult with their practitioners to determine whether it is appropriate and feasible to conduct individual mental health appointments remotely.
All participants in group counseling services must attend meetings remotely if they are equipped to do so. Groups should make accommodations for remote support to the maximum extent feasible. If remote participation is not feasible or advisable under the circumstances, participation may occur in person provided that there is compliance with the social distancing requirements set forth in the Governor’ Order, including maintaining at least 6-foot distance between individuals, capping group size to reduce in-person interactions, and implementing the use of a face cover.
The following resources are available to help people who may be experiencing distress or heightened anxiety right now (during this pandemic):
24/7 Imperial County Behavioral Health Services: (760) 352-7873
Crisis Text Line: Text RENEW to 741741
Suicide and Crisis Hotline 24/7: 1 (800) 273-8255
CDC Disaster Distress Helpline: 1-800-985-5990, or text TalkWithUs to 66746
National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-7233 and TTY 1-800-787-3224
If you are experiencing an emergency, please call 911 immediately.
You can still get your health needs addressed. Contact your health care provider to see if they are providing regular services. Some services, especially elective procedures, may be postponed or canceled. If you are feeling sick, please first call your doctor, a nurse hotline, or an urgent care center. Do not go to the emergency room of a hospital unless you are having an actual emergency.
If you or a family member are experiencing a sickness, you should seek advice from your doctor, a nurse hotline, or an urgent care center. Avoid hospital emergency rooms unless you are experiencing a life-threatening issue. For non-emergency concerns, always contact your primary care provider to determine next steps. For information regarding COVID-19 symptoms, visit: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
Yes. The Governor’s Order exempts travel by court order or law enforcement.
Yes, blood banks, blood donation centers, and blood drives are exempt healthcare operations. If you are healthy and do not have symptoms of COVID-19, you are encouraged to donate. The need for adequate blood donations from healthy people is critical.
C4Yourself is an online application system that allows you to apply for benefits such as Cash Assistance, Food & Nutrition (CalFresh), and Medi-Cal. Applying for services is easy. Start an application online at www.c4yourself.com or you may request an application by mail by calling the Imperial County Department of Social Services at (760) 337-6800.
Effective Friday, March 20, Covered California opened the health insurance exchange to any eligible uninsured individuals who need health care coverage amid the COVID-19 national emergency. Anyone who meets Covered California’s eligibility requirements, which are similar to those in place during the annual open-enrollment period, can sign up for coverage through June 30. Visit CoveredCA.com for more information on how to enroll.
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Too many students end their study of mathematics before ever taking an algebra course. Others attempt to study algebra, but are unprepared and cannot keep up. Key to Algebra was developed with the belief that anyone can learn basic algebra if the subject is presented in a friendly, non-threatening manner and someone is available to help when needed. Some teachers find that their students benefit by working through these books before enrolling in a regular algebra course–thus greatly enhancing their chances of success. Others use Key to Algebra as the basic text for an individualized algebra course, while still others use it as a supplement to their regular hardbound text. Allow students to work at their own pace. The Key to Algebra books are informal and self-directing. Book 6 covers Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions.
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Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat sources clipart monounsaturated fat go red for women clipart monounsaturated sources polyunsaturated and fat
The coloring pages alone will keep the little ones busy. They can select a favorite character and print it, or they can even color the picture online. Alongside each picture is a palette of paints that they can click and drag to the outline to paint it before they print it. This option gives your kids the computer skills they'll be using when they go to school. It's fun and educational to visit Disney coloring pages! Coloring sheets which prove helpful by coloring the things within the surrounding - to be connected and gain the knowledge about the surrounding, coloring is a great means to help a child learn to distinguish the stuff around him or her. The coloring sheets which offer natural features can also be found from the internet. It can be hard to host a party or other gathering at your home if you don't have lots of activities for the kids to be involved with. You can have a supply of crayons, markers, colored pencils, and even water paints on hand. These will allow them to complete the Spongebob coloring sheets in a creative way. Children are very curious so while coloring any picture they will ask many questions about the drawn subjects. And all the information kids get during this enjoyable activity they absorb as a sponge.
We found 41++ Images in Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat sources clipart:
#polyunsaturated and monounsaturated | polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat | polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat foods | polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats | polyunsaturated and monounsaturated foods | polyunsaturated and saturated fats | polyunsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids |
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§ forms of the south and the Midland fell together and became –ing in ME terms § this form survived into Modern English è pronouns o north: they, their, them o south: hi, here (hire, hure), hem o northern forms survived into Modern English o loss of unstressed vowels è sounds o initial f and s often
Forms of English Past and Present 5.3.2009 History started in the 5th century and is still going on today New words: to google, gossip, to facebook, to handbag (to convince somebody with a little bit of force) Periods of the History of English: Old English (450-1150) Middle Engl. (1150-1500) Geoffrey
Du nimmst die Zeitung. ______________________________________ Nimmst du die Zeitung? ______________________________________ Wir lasen ein Buch. ______________________________________ Lasen wir ein Buch? ______________________________________ 2. Fill in the correct
Worksheet, Past tense, Present Perfect, Blackout, Interview 2012
Worksheet: Past Tense versus Present Perfect
1. Blackout – Fill in pasttense or present perfect.
Last Monday the overloaded generators of our city has broken (1. break) down. Since then we had (2. have) a complete blackout.
The first day the children ate (3. eat) practically nothing but ice‑cream, because the deep‑ freezer in our supermarket stopped (4. stop) working, of course, and they gave (5. give) free ice-cream to everybody.
At home, no refrigerator! Since then we have eaten (6. eat) nothing but bread with soft butter and half‑melted cheese. No electric cooker! I have not (7. not have) a single cup of coffee or tea in three days.
No elevator! I seldom walked (8. seldom walk) up and down so many stairs in my life. No vacuum cleaner! My husband has just discovered (9. just discover) the usefulness of the old‑.....[read full text]
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- 157 is a prime number.
- Prime factorization: 157 is prime.
- The exponent of prime number 157 is 1. Adding 1 to that exponent we get (1 + 1) = 2. Therefore 157 has exactly 2 factors.
- Factors of 157: 1, 157
- Factor pairs: 157 = 1 x 157
- 157 has no square factors that allow its square root to be simplified. √157 ≈ 12.52996
How do we know that 157 is a prime number? If 157 were not a prime number, then it would be divisible by at least one prime number less than or equal to √157 ≈ 12.5. Since 157 cannot be divided evenly by 2, 3, 5, 7, or 11, we know that 157 is a prime number.
Excel file of puzzles and previous week’s factor solutions: 10 Factors 2014-06-23
A Logical Approach to FIND THE FACTORS: Find the column or row with two clues and find their common factor. Write the corresponding factors in the factor column (1st column) and factor row (top row). Because this is a level three puzzle, you have now written a factor at the top of the factor column. Continue to work from the top of the factor column to the bottom, finding factors and filling in the factor column and the factor row one cell at a time as you go.
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These 5 Iconic Cartoons Would Offend People if on Air Today
As times change, it’s easy to see how perceptions of societal issues have evolved. Looking back, old children’s cartoons have several traces and symbols of racism. We will be looking at some of the cartoons that would be considered offensive if they debuted now.
The first on our list is the famous Mister Magoo. Asides from the main character being offensive to the visually impaired, the series featured the blatantly racist character “Cholly” (Charlie). Cholly was an offensive stereotype of Chinese people with big fangs and small eyes.
Tom and Jerry
Many people still love Tom and Jerry. Sadly, closer examination shows that the early episodes of the classic program were filled with racial stereotyping. The owner of Tom’s character, Mammy Two Shoes, who personified the “mammy” stereotype, is one example.
Additionally, several episodes had explosions that coated Tom and Jerry in soot, comparable to blackface, underscoring the offensiveness of the content.
Popular 1980s cartoon, The Transformers, came under fire for its cultural insensitivity. In particular, episodes like “Aerial Assault” portrayed Middle Eastern characters as villains, linking them to prejudices prevalent at the time, including the Iran-Contra scandal.
The “Thief in the Night” episode also included an Arab monarch called Abdul Fakkadi from the made-up nation of “Cambombya.” This was considered insulting even at the time.
Family comedy “The Jetsons” chronicles the space-age antics of the show’s titular family: George (the patriarch), his wife Jane, their children Judy and Elroy, their adorable dog Astro, and the helpful robot maid Rosie.
The Jetsons provided a delightful future vision with flying cars, robots, and sky-high cities. However, the cartoon lacked diversity, as every character was white, raising concerns about racism by omission.
While this program amused viewers with its timeless humor, it also highlighted the sexism and misogyny common in the 1950s. Fred Flintstone often acted threateningly toward his wife, Wilma.
The portrayal of Wilma and her companion Betty as stay-at-home wives who take care of their husbands’ needs reinforced conventional gender roles In the “The Happy Household” episode, Fred sabotaged Wilma’s profession to support the notion that a woman’s only duty was to her husband.
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Miss McKean's year 3/4 watched a video on E safety on the internet safety website and discussed what we had heard. Next we loooked at Emoji characters and tried to match them up to their emotions. Children then designed their own Emoji Characters that would promote a postive message or show an internet safety tip. See some of our examples below:
Here are a few snaps of our learning about the importance of E safety in Miss Gunn's class. We not only discussed how we can keep safe on online devices such as computers, tablets and playstations etc. We also thought about how we could make the internet kinder. We talked about how hurtful comments online, are just as bad on a screen as they are in person!
Safer Internet Day 2016
Miss Harper's English group discussed rules for keeping safe online. They collaborated ideas and created amazing e-safety posters with clear messages. Well done guys!
The finished products!
In Year 1/2 we watched a super video all about being kind to people online. We also learnt that we had to think before clicked on anything that could be harmful and to tell an adult.
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Each of x, y and z is a positive integer satisfying:
x2+y2+z2 = 2014
How many solutions are there? For which triplets is x+y+z a perfect square? How many distinct values can x+y+z have?
*** Disregard permutations. For example, (p,q,r) and (p,r,q) should be treated as the same solution.
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One thing Dartmoor is not lacking in is cairns, there are big ones, little ones, ancient ones and modern ones. It is impossible to look on a map of the moor and not see one somewhere. But what are there purpose? The explanation for the modern ones initially appears simple, they have been built to aid navigation in a featureless landscape. Walk along any of the old peat passes and you will see small piles of rocks marking out the now indistinguishable tracks. In November 2006 the Lake District National Park Authority asked walkers not to build or add to cairns as there is now a needless proliferation of them. In their (and many other people's) opinion the cairns are detracting from the natural landscape and the sheer numbers are causing confusion when trying to navigate in adverse weather conditions. It also appears that the stones are being taken from foot paths which are then becoming the subject of serious erosion. But is it that simple? Why is it that on most notable peaks and mountains there are ever growing piles of rocks? There seems to be an innate urge in many people to add a rock in order to signify their visit. Could this be the original idea of the pre-historic cairn builders?
Archaeologists have come up with numerous suggestions as to what was the original significance of cairns. The general consensus is that they were either intended as memorials or as boundary markers and possibly navigational aids, it is even possible that there are a combination of all three. Another theory is that just before tribes went to war each warrior would take a stone and place it in a pile. Then if and when they returned they would take out their particular stone. Those that were killed obviously could not remove their stones so a cairn slowly formed over time and acted as a memorial for the fallen. In a way this is akin to the modern war memorial except instead of individual stones acting as a marker for the dead their names are carved on one big stone. I think this theory very unlikely in terms of Dartmoor because there are that many cairns which would mean that the prehistoric population was huge and that they were constantly killing each other.
The other problem associated with these enigmatic heaps of rocks is that they are very hard to classify, mainly because there are no uniform constructions but also many of the original stones have been removed for later building projects such as enclosure walls.
What is apparent on Dartmoor is that whatever their purpose they were a popular feature of the pre-historic landscape. The majority of the cairns date back to the Bronze Age although there are some earlier examples. The Dartmoor cairns have suffered greatly at the hands of the despoilers with many newtake walls, shelters and shooting butts having been built at their expense. Many have also suffered at the hands of the tomb raiders who dismantled them in the hope of finding hoards of treasure.
Gerrard (1997, pp. 54 -61) states that there are two main types of cairns - round cairns and ring cairns. By far the most common type is the round cairn with around 1,312 recorded examples. These tend to be a circular mound of stones which can vary from diameters of 1m. to 43m., they can stand from between 0.1m to 4m high The average Dartmoor cairn has a diameter of 8.83 m. and stands at 0.68 m. high. At the centre of the cairns was a burial that was either placed in a kist or a small pit. It has been suggested that both inhumation and cremations were placed under the cairns.
A Round Cairn on Black Hill
Excavations have revealed over 116 cairns that have associated kists and 16 which have yielded evidence of cremations in the form of burnt bone. Over 53 cairns have produced grave goods which includes; flint tools, flint arrowheads, pottery, quartz crystals, dress fasteners, bronze knives, bronze spearheads, beads, cooking stones, stone hammers, a stone amulet and a spectacular dagger pommel. Most of these artefacts have been dated to the Early Bronze Age which places them to between 2300 and 1400 BC. The dagger pommel was retrieved from a cairn on Hambledon Hill in 1877 and Pearce (1978, p.47) considers that the dagger pommel is:
"The most splendid 'Wessex' object from Devon... which was unfortunately destroyed during the bombing of Plymouth in 1943. Old records show that it measured 2.3 by 1.3 inches, cut from a single amber piece. The upper part was oval and the lower part fitted with a tang so it could be fastened to the weapon's hilt. More remarkable still, the amber surface was enhanced by the drilling of hundreds of tiny close holes set in a cruciform pattern on the upper surface into which were inserted pins of gold wire. A segment had been broken off the side and the piece repaired by the attachment of an amber piece with gold pins before it was deposited in the grave."
The same cairn also revealed a cremation and a bronze dagger so considering the high status grave goods this surely must have been the burial of a very esteemed person.
Ring Cairns mostly consist of a ring-bank of stone or earth which encompasses either an open area or a mound, in some cases a tor outcrop. There are around 212 known examples of ring cairns on Dartmoor and the internal diameters range from 1.7m to 41m. The heights of the ring bank vary from about 0.1 m. to 4 m.
Butler (1997, p.166) considers that although there is no defining design there are some similarities to be found amongst the surviving cairns on Dartmoor. Firstly, many of the summit cairns have small, natural rock piles at their centre which could have been either to emphasise the structure. It would also save on the collecting of small rocks with which to build the cairn. It also appears that cairns with a diameter of more than 15 m. are usually located on the peaks and hilltops of the moor where they were a focus for additional burials. There is also a class of cairn that has been described as 'prestige cairns', these have a diameter of more than 20 m. and tend to be located at highly visible places. These cairns tend to be located on the moorland edges and are in spots that are away from any settlement, they are also intervisible from other nearby monuments. This may have been to impress any neighbouring groups and possibly to signify to any strangers that the area was already occupied. These large cairns would have taken a great deal of social organisation to construct which would have necessitated a ruling class. In itself this would be reflected in the prestige cairns which clearly spelt out the fact that the head man had control over a large workforce.
The smaller cairns tended to be located on lower ground which made them more visible from the lower slopes. Where a cluster of 5 or more cairns is present they are classed as a 'cairn cemetery'. Grinsell (1984, p.19) also notes how the smaller cairns tend to be located near rivers and streams and most have a central kist. Parker Pearson (2005, p.90) also points out that some of the stones for the smaller cairns came from field clearances prior to cultivation which brings us nicely to a third type of cairn - the 'clearance cairn'. These are usually found at the sides of fields or enclosures and can vary in both size and date. Whenever a field was required for cultivation the first step had to be the removal of any surface rocks and stones. Some of these were large boulders which in later times were blasted out of the ground, prior to that a great deal of labour was needed to accomplish the task. All the rocks etc were the piled up on the edges of the enclosures thus creating a large heap or 'cairn'. Some of these clearance cairns can be huge as shown in the picture below:
In later history the cairns have been used to define various boundaries which range from the Forest of Dartmoor down to local parish and manorial limits. In some cases the cairns have taken on specific place-names within the landscape other than the normal descriptive names:
Other indications of a cairn in Dartmoor place-names is the suffix , barrow, burgh, burrough and corn (Celtic Carn).
Quite often summit cairns are accompanied by Ordnance Survey trig points which is hardly surprising as both command prominent high points. This in itself reinforces the theory that the cairns were built on highly visible promontories. The other strange fact is that there are very few legends attached to the cairns which when considering their sepulchral origins should mean some story of ghosts or demons.
Over recent years the prehistoric cairns have suffered varying degrees of damage, this has resulted in the stones being used to build mounds and temporary shelters both of which place the ancient monuments at risk. The Dartmoor National Park Authority clearly place the blame for this at the feet of visitors but I know of instances where the military have have been just as guilty. The main concern is that if the stones continue to be removed from the cairns then eventually the archaeology will be exposed which clearly could be a problem. If anybody is found taking stones from a cairn it could also be a big problem for them as it an offence to remove stones from a scheduled monument without prior consent.
A modern 'shelter' at Eylesbarrow cairn - 2007
In 2005 the Dartmoor Preservation Association began a 'Cairn Restoration Project' whereby 21 damaged cairns on the south moor were identified and ear-marked for survey and repair. By 2007 the project was well underway with the Three Barrows cairn being repaired which was the biggest of the cairns so far tackled.
Butler, J. 1997 Dartmoor Atlas of Antiquities - Vol. V, Devon Books, Exeter.
Gerrard, S. 1997 Dartmoor, Batsford, London.
Grinsell, L. V . 1984 Barrows in England & Wales, Shire Pub., Aylesbury.
Parker Pearson, M. 2005 Bronze Age Britain, Batsford, London.
Pearce, S. 1978 Devon in Prehistory, Exeter City Museums, Exeter.
If you have found this website helpful please help towards its upkeep - see HERE
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Event-driven architecture (EDA) is a design pattern built around the production, detection, and reaction to events that take place in time. It is a design paradigm normalized for dynamic, asynchronous, process-oriented contexts. Event-driven architecture enables minimal coupling, which makes it a good option for modern, distributed application architectures. And in this article, you will find key event-driven architecture benefits and considerations that will help you make the right decision.
EDA focuses on the generation and handling of event notifications. This concept defines strongly flexible architectures, in which the elements generating event notifications do not need to know the receiver components. In addition to that, an event-driven architecture has not a deterministic response time for processing input events, but it is much faster adapting to changes. This paradigm makes possible to create real-time responsive architectures. Event notifications imply modifications in the current state of the system. Notifications can be triggered by external sources such as user inputs, or needs of the market. However, there are also internal notifications of events, such as data sending for the pipeline work-chain, multicast of parameters for heterogeneous processing, internal triggers for certain services and generation of outputs. In the end, events can be understood as something similar to messages between different modules of the system, containing relevant information for the general and particular functioning of the system and its services.
An event-driven architecture uses events to trigger and communicate between decoupled services and is common in modern applications built with microservices. An event is a change in state, or an update, like an item being placed in a shopping cart on an e-commerce website. Events can either carry the state (the item purchased, its price, and a delivery address) or events can be identifiers (a notification that an order was shipped).
An event-driven architecture consists primarily of event creators, event managers, and event consumers. The event creator, which is the source of the event, only knows that the event has occurred and broadcasts a signal to indicate so. An event manager functions as intermediary managing events. Consumers are entities that need to know the event has occurred and typically subscribe to some type of event manager.
To understand it better, let’s look at a very good example: an online accommodation service where event creators ( property owners) broadcast the availability of their accommodation to the event manager (the online platform), which would aggregate these, and event consumers (people looking for accommodation) could subscribe to the platform’s mailing list sending them notifications for any new relevant listings.
One of the main event-driven architecture benefits is that it enables large numbers of creators and consumers to exchange status and response information in near real-time.
Many famous companies work with EDA, for example, Uber, Deliveroo, Monzo Bank or Centrica among others. All of them share a smart use of real-time information provided by the customers, IoT networks, and movements in the market.
An event driven architecture may be based on either a pub/sub model or an event stream model.
This is a messaging infrastructure based on subscriptions to an event stream, keeps track of subscriptions. With this model, after an event occurs, or is published, it is sent to subscribers that need to be informed.
Event streaming model
With an event streaming model, events are written to a log. Event consumers don’t subscribe to an event stream. Instead, they can read from any part of the stream and can join the stream at any time.
- Event-based architectures are asynchronous without blocking. This allows resources to move freely to the next task once their unit of work is complete, without worrying about what happened before or will happen next.
- Services don’t need knowledge of, or dependencies on other services. When using events, services operate independently, without knowledge of other services, including their implementation details and transport protocol.
- Services under an event model can be updated, tested, and deployed independently and more easily.
- Since the services are decoupled under an event-driven architecture, and as services typically perform only one task, tracking down bottlenecks to a specific service, and scaling that service becomes easy.
- An event-driven architecture with a queue can recover lost work by “replaying” events from the past. This can be valuable to prevent data loss when a consumer needs to recover. This pattern achieves high performance through its asynchronous capabilities, the ability to perform decoupled, parallel asynchronous operations outweighs the cost of queuing and dequeuing messages.
- Scalability is naturally achieved in this pattern through highly independent and decoupled event processors. Each event processor can be scaled separately, allowing for fine-grained scalability.
- Real-time situational awareness means that business decisions, whether manual or automated, can be made using all of the available data that reflects the current state of the systems.
Nowadays, many emerging companies use business models based on the On-Demand Economy. In addition to that, the acquisition of information is getting massive thanks to technological and sociological trends like social media and IoT. EDA is the natural paradigm for making use of this real-time information and designing flexible systems able to adapt to the changes.
However, event-driven architecture pattern is a relatively complex pattern to implement, primarily due to its asynchronous distributed nature. When implementing this pattern, you must address various distributed architecture issues, such as remote process availability, lack of responsiveness, and broker reconnection logic in the event of a broker or mediator failure.
One consideration to take into account when choosing this architecture pattern is the lack of atomic transactions for a single business process. Because event processor components are highly decoupled and distributed, it is very difficult to maintain a transactional unit of work across them. For this reason, when designing your application using this pattern, you must continuously think about which events can and can’t run independently and plan the granularity of your event processors accordingly. If you find that you need to split a single unit of work across event processors—that is, if you are using separate processors for something that should be an undivided transaction—this is probably not the right pattern for your application.
And if you are interested in knowing more about Event-driven architecture benefits, I highly recommend you to read “Event-Driven Architecture: How SOA Enables the Real-Time Enterprise: How SOA Enables the Real-Time Enterprise” book by Hugh Taylor.
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- For Teachers
When people register with our site forum, they are asked what their first language is. Though not a complete list, many have submitted their first language and the range is interesting. We have no fewer than 66 first languages from Africa, America, Asia and Europe.
Asia comes first, with Europe slightly behind, then Africa and America:
The figure for America doesn't reflect the number of people coming from America, as most from the United States speak English, while many from Central and South America speak Spanish or Portuguese, which are classified as European languages. The breakdown of languages by continent is as follows:
In terms of numbers of speakers on the forum, those with European first languages are ahead:
This gives a mean average of just under 17 speakers for each, and a median of 4, though the numbers are dominated and distorted by a small group. Among the transnational languages and languages with different forms and dialects, few distinguished their variety. Of the English speakers, just four specified American English, of whom one said 'American', without mentioning English, which interestingly suggest that this person might see it as a separate language. In Spanish, two said Castilian and two Catalan. Among Chinese speakers, six specified Mandarin, four Cantonese and two Taiwanese. One Brazilian specified Brazilian Portuguese. Two people who claimed to speak 'Engrish' were categorised as Japanese speakers. The following list gives the numbers of speakers of each language:
The figures are open to much interpretation. For instance, we have more Polish speakers than Russian, though russia has a greater population. Whether this is chance, reflects the internet use, the desire to learn English, or whether our site meets certain needs is far from clear. However, it does look as if a healthy selection of the world's languages are to be found visiting our site, which is very pleasing.
Categories: Global English
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Watch your tone if you want to be heard
The mother in front of me leaned down to her daughter and whispered in her ear.
The girl looked a bit chagrined, then muttered in return, "Sorry, Mom."
Later I had a chance to ask the parent in question about this interchange. I was curious as to the meaning of the acronym "T-O-V."
"Tone of voice," she said. "It's a shorthand we developed. When one of the kids sounds disrespectful, I just say 'T-O-V' and they know exactly what I mean. Usually they don't even know they did it, but it sure gets on my nerves."
I suspect that's true for all parents. Whether it's the whining "I can't" of a 2-year-old, the dismissive "I know" of a 7-year-old, or the irritated "What!?!" of a 17-year-old, we all can identify those times when our children's words may be acceptable in and of themselves, but their tone of voice says something totally different.
Of course, this isn't true just for kids. Think about your last argument with a friend, co-worker or spouse. How much of the communicating was done not through the words that were used but the tone of voice used in saying them? This is especially true when it comes to emotions.
Take, for instance, the word "thanks." Just by altering our tone of voice we can express gratitude, surprise, irritation, impatience or rejection. And we can easily deny the underlying emotional content of our words: "What do you mean? I said 'thanks!'"
Actually, I think the older we get the better we get at using T-O-V. We adults are able to make our words say all kinds of things they might not otherwise say. And our arguments frequently degenerate into angry exchanges about what was really meant vs. what was actually said, all based on our interpretations of each other's tone of voice.
Tone of voice may help us communicate, but it doesn't help us communicate all that constructively. It is a good idea, then, to develop other ways of letting people know what we feel, think, want and so on.
Probably the best way to do that is to simply say what is in our hearts or on our minds. Putting our emotions and thoughts into words can be risky, and there are good ways and bad ways to do it.
Usually putting a name to our feelings ("I feel angry" or "I'm scared" or whatever) and expressing our ideas tentatively ("It seems to me" or "this is just my opinion") are a good start. And it is always important to take responsibility for our own emotions (avoid "you make me feel") and respect other peoples' ideas (not "there's one way -- my way").
Learning to communicate clearly, and especially avoiding the temptation to use our tone of voice to say indirectly what we are afraid to say directly, is not easy. If we don't at least try, however, our emotions in particular will almost always leak out. Then we are not only dealing with whatever issue we are struggling to talk about, but with each others' confusion as to what is really being said.
Sometimes it doesn't hurt to have a little coaching when it comes to tone of voice and other communication skills. Most marriage and family therapists are trained to help people take a look at and improve how they communicate. Some even offer classes on communicating more effectively. Check out the resources in your area.
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What do you think about this article? Rate it using the stars above and let us know what you think in the comments below.
Summary: Avoiding 6 common foods that lower your mood will help you keep it in check.
You’ve probably heard that certain foods can play a role in brightening your mood, especially certain fruits and vegetables like spinach, swiss chard, citrus, bananas, and berries. These foods contain certain micro nutrients that can decrease inflammation or boost things like serotonin, which increases your feeling of happiness.
On the flip side, there are also certain foods that can ruin your good mood. Your stomach is referred to as your second brain, and that’s because there is a significant mind-gut connection. 80-90% of your body’s serotonin is produced in your gut, meaning what you eat can make or break your upbeat attitude. While you can eat tons of good foods, you can also easily ruin their effects with something that will bring you down. To help you avoid that bad mood, here are six foods that you should avoid.
Fast Food. You might have noticed that you don’t feel good after a greasy meal, and for a good reason. Fast food is filled with trans fats and partially hydrogenated oils, which cause an imbalance in your omega-3’s and can increase depression, aggression, and pessimism.
Diet Soda. Diet sodas are calorie-free because an artificial sweetener replaces the sugar in a regular soda. These sweeteners contain an amino acid called phenylalanine, which hinders your production of serotonin.
Margarine. As we mentioned above, trans fats are not great for your mood and margarine is pure trans fat. Grab some real butter instead, and you’ll be doing your body and mind a world of good.
Canned Food. Canned foods often contain large amounts of sodium and MSG, which has been shown to interfere with mood and memory. When buying something canned, look for lower sodium and BPA-free cans.
Cereal and Snack Bars. While you might think you’re choosing something healthy for your body by grabbing a granola bar, be sure to check the label first. These cereals and bars can be filled with sugar, which may give you a temporary boost but end up in a longer-term crash.
Packaged Sweets. As mentioned above, sugar is not a good mood-booster, but beyond that, packaged sweets often contain artificial colors. This artificial coloring is known to decrease attention spans, especially in children.
LawCrossing is fantastic! When I am looking for a job, it is the first place I come to. The service is very good and I enjoyed the emails. LawCrossing has more jobs and it is more tailored. Other sites gave a lot of irrelevant results. Your site may have a great algorithm, but it felt like an actual person choosing jobs they felt would be good based on my search. I will always recommend this site!
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Definitions for Fu Manchu
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Fu Manchu
A Fu Manchu moustache.
A series of books by British author Sax Rohmer about a villain that sports a Fu Manchu moustache, and other media based on them, such as comic books and movies.
The villain who is the title character of that series.
Origin: The first book with the character was The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu, from 1913.
Dr. Fu Manchu is a fictional character introduced in a series of novels by British author Sax Rohmer during the first half of the 20th century. The character was also featured extensively in cinema, television, radio, comic strips and comic books for over 90 years, and has become an archetype of the evil criminal genius while lending the name to the Fu Manchu moustache.
Find a translation for the Fu Manchu definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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Why does the rustle of sheets wake us up on some nights, but we sleep through the sound of our alarm clocks going off on others? A new study implicates a type of brain activity known as alpha waves. With better monitoring of these waves, researchers might be able to develop therapies that could help all of us get a better night's sleep.
Our brain activity changes throughout the day. When we're awake, our neurons chatter in short, frequent bursts. Measured on an electroencephalogram (EEG), these "alpha waves" look a lot like earthquake squiggles on a seismograph. When we sleep, our neuron chatter slows down, resulting in less squiggly theta and delta waves. Scientists have shown that alpha waves help us respond to the sights and sounds of our environment. Yet they seem to disappear during sleep, even though we are still able to respond to environmental cues, such as smoke or a passing police siren.
So do alpha waves really disappear when we slumber? Sleep scientists Scott McKinney and Jeffrey Ellenbogen of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and colleagues used a sophisticated computer program to find out. Rather than eyeballing EEGs, as researchers had done in the past, the program teases apart the complicated patterns of brain activity. During sleep, the researchers found, alpha waves are still present—they're just drowned out by the theta and delta waves, like the din of a noisy restaurant drowns out individual conversations.
To find out what role these nighttime alpha waves play, McKinney and colleagues recruited 13 healthy subjects to spend several nights in the hospital's sleep lab. When the subjects' EEGs showed that they were sleeping deeply, the researchers played a variety of noises, from a jet engine to an ice machine. The noises started softly, at approximately 40 decibels—about as loud as a quiet home. The researchers gradually increased the noise until the person's EEG spiked, a sign that sleep had been disrupted.
"If you need a louder sound to wake them up, they're in a very deep phase of sleep," McKinney says. "If you only need a relatively quiet sound, they're in a more fragile or delicate phase of sleep." During these more fragile sleep phases, the hidden alpha waves were the strongest, the researchers report online today in PLoS ONE. So the strength of alpha waves was a good predictor of how easily a person could be roused from sleep.
"This is a very nice demonstration that there is a lot going on during sleep and a lot of short-term fluctuations," says psychiatrist Mathias Basner of the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in Philadelphia, who wasn't connected to the research. Sleep is usually divided into five different phases, and people were generally thought to move through these sleep phases in periods lasting 15 to 30 minutes. This study shows that the brain doesn't always sleep in these well-defined phases, Basner says.
McKinney hopes the findings will inform the development of more advanced sleep therapies. For example, drugs that will be administered only when a person is in danger of waking up, as determined by a small, portable EEG machine that might look like a headband. Today's sleep medications are very crude, McKinney says, and act kind of like a giant frying pan over the head, knocking you out for the whole night. "This [study] opens the door to administering a sleep drug using a real-time sleep monitor" similar to how doctors administer anesthetic, McKinney says.
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Hearing aids are the most effective and common treatment option for most types of hearing loss. Since children’s language and social skills have not fully developed, getting the highest quality of sound delivered to your child’s ear is a top priority.
Pediatric Hearing Loss
Immediate treatment of pediatric hearing loss is vital to developmental, learning and behavioral abilities. Hearing aid options will be based on the type, severity and frequency location of your child’s hearing loss. A pediatric audiologist will offer treatment guidelines after learning about your child’s medical history and doing a complete hearing assessment.
Hearing Aid Styles
There are several styles of hearing aids for adults, but children are typically fitted with Behind The Ear (BTE) style of hearing aids. BTE hearing aids have a casing that sits behind the ear and houses all the electronics. This piece then attaches over the top of the ear by wire to a speaker, which sits in the ear canal.
These hearing aids are the most powerful and effective for relaying consistent sound. Due to their reliability and power, they are considered the best option for children whose language skills development is a higher priority than cosmetic concerns.
In some cases, especially in older children whose language is mostly developed, a pediatric audiologist may suggest other models of hearing aids for your child. While these hearing aids may not be as effective, they are appealing due to their cosmetics and comfort. Smaller, sleeker styles include: In The Ear (ITE), In The Canal (ITC), Completely In the Canal (CIC) and Receiver In the Canal (RIC) hearing aids.
Hearing Aid Accessories
Along with your child’s hearing aids, there are a number of important accessories that can improve language and learning. Children and adults alike commonly use classroom-specific hearing aid accessories, as classes and lecture halls prove to be some of the hardest places to focus for those with hearing loss.
For older children who understand their hearing loss, wireless remote control accessories and apps allow for precise hearing aid adjustments without having to touch the tiny and delicate controls on the hearing devices themselves. Other similar accessories can allow your child to wirelessly connect directly to important equipment like televisions, cell phones, computers and MP3 players. Accessories can help patients relate more easily to their peers and family members.
Call Southwest Idaho ENT at (208) 367-3320 for more information or to schedule an appointment.
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Psychic knowing or claircognizance is a strong psychic sense that many people have. It is where your guides, or perhaps even your higher self, simply makes a direct contact with your mind.
This psychic ability is very similar in many ways to intuition. There are a number of psychic senses, and often the lines are blurred between them.
What they have in common is that they are all about communicating with spirit. Yet these are two separate gifts, even though they are very closely linked.
Although many people have a mixture of psychic powers, the gift of claircognizance can be used by spirit at a time separate to any other communication.
Psychic knowing may be a quite strong communication, and this could be because spirit particularly wants you to have information that they need you to know, so that you can take action on it.
The other psychic gifts are also communications from spirit, and many of you will have more than one operating simultaneously. At the beginning these gifts may operate one at a time, especially when important information is coming through from spirit.
Psychic knowing uses the sense of claircognizance. This direct contact from Spirit happens directly and immediately, and similar to psychic hearing, the information is implanted directly into the brain.
This is unlike the way most people receive intuition, through having an instinctual or gut feeling. Most of you would have heard about intuition and felt it in action, as it is quite strongly connected to clairsentience or psychic feeling.
Clairvoyance is the gift of seeing psychic visions. This is where you make contact with spirit, and you see psychically a message from spirit, like a vision in your mind.
Clairaudience is the gift of psychic hearing. You make contact with spirit and hear the message, using your actual hearing.
To assist the development of this psychic gift, regular meditation is important and also very effective. Meditation helps you to learn ways to be psychic, as it works by changing your brain waves.
As your brain slows from your normal day to day beta wave to the slower alpha wave, you will find that the flow of information from source will increase.
Two specific areas of the brain, the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, are said to be connected with developing these abilities.
By using isochronic tones, you may activate these areas of the brain and you may find that your gifts develop more quickly, and more smoothly.
At the beginning you may not trust yourself or believe in this gift. As you work with this new gift, your prophetic talents may begin to open up as well.
Through this you may experience a deep awareness of the truth about many things that are happening in your daily life.
To develop your ability to channel your psychic knowing, an easy way to get started, is to begin to write in your journal every day.
If do any new things to aid your development, such as using a new crystal, record this in your journal. The insight that comes down through crown chakra, may be used to anticipate problems, if you take notice of the information that comes in.
Psychic knowing comes into the brain directly from spirit and although it happens quickly it is actually following a specific path.
These thoughts, or spiritual energy, come down through the crown chakra into the nerve bundle in the center of the brain, and they are immediately available in your thoughts.
There are a number of crystals, including Green Prehnite, Shattuckite and Labradorite Crystals that are powerful stones that help the development of this gift.
Use Labradorite at the higher chakras to clear any negative energy there. If you desire to develop this gift, use visualization.
Picture the energy flowing into the crown chakra from the higher transpersonal chakras, including from the soul star chakra.
To allow the psychic knowing to flow more easily, the stellar gateway above the crown chakra needs to be able to allow this flow.
One way to aid the process is to work with crystals that stimulate the soul star chakra and the crown chakra, so that these areas permit this flow.
If you work on these chakras, you may find that the gift of claircognizance may develop during the process.
Channelling in this way is claircognizance in written form and is commonly known as automatic writing. White Magnesite is a stone that is very helpful to develop claircognizance.
Once you start a journal, and record these things for your own information, it will aid you to be more certain going forward.
This is the easiest way to use this sense, as it comes directly to your hand from spirit.
Later you may find that you develop the ability to channel directly from spirit. If you do automatic writing on a regular basis, and at the same time each day, it will work best.
Psychic knowing is called that, because so many people just know it. Sometimes this knowing is so very subtle that you could miss it, yet once you develop your other psychic senses this one seems to be elevated.
It is very quick and sometimes quite fleeting. So how do you know it is
spirit speaking to you, and not just your imagination doing overtime?
The ego rules the conscious mind, and this often keeps your thoughts centered around your life and your self, and things that are of benefit to you. The ideas that come from spirit come from a higher perspective, and are often ideas that may aid others, or your own spirituality.
These ideas that just popped into your mind, you later find out had validity. Yet at the time there was no link with anything you had been thinking about.
To the degree often they may be totally unknown to you at all, at that time. This gift may also be associated with having strong premonitions, about events to come.
The books and the CD set shown below are excellent aids to help you if you are working on developing psychic abilities, including developing your intuition and psychic knowing.
In her books Sonia provides lots of excellent information on how to work with your guides, and information on writing in a journal and recording your own experiences of your contact with spirit.
Sonia Choquette has been working as a psychic reader, and as a teacher in the development area for many years, so she brings this wealth of experience to her writing.
Although her books cover a range of different aspects, they all take you through the processes that aid you to develop your psychic gifts, and they are all excellent books to help you to place your feet on the path that leads you to develop genuine psychic abilities.
If you wish to read reviews of these Sonia Choquette books Click Here.
Doing regular meditation to develop psychic powers is helpful for anyone who is working on strengthening any of your psychic gifts. This includes working to develop your intuition as well as your psychic knowing.
You should ensure that when you open to spirit that you have protected yourself from any negative entities.
Ensure you use psychic protection methods every day, and if you want, add the specific highly protective crystals. Working within any of the higher chakras can make you ungrounded so use spiritual grounding methods to protect yourself.
Psychic knowing is a gift that many people already have, yet are not really aware of the fact that it is operating in their life until they read about it.
If you have already developed this gift, allow the valuable ideas that come to you from the Divine source to guide your life. You may find that you are led to the life that you really desire.
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The picture of an 8-year-old wife posing beside her 27-year-old husband appears at the beginning of an article in the June 2011 issue of National Geographic. The caption of the picture begins by quoting her memory of what it was like two years before, shortly after they married: “Whenever I saw him, I hid. I hated to see him.”
Unfortunately, this is what many people think of when they hear the words, “arranged marriage.” Of course, the marriage described above was arranged, but it was also forced and illegal! Arranged marriages, but not forced marriages, were the norm in many cultures for thousands of years.
Arranged marriages are ones in which someone other than the couple marrying selects the spouses, curtailing the process of courtship. This is done with the consent of those getting married. It becomes a forced marriage if the singles are required to marry against their will. Following is a description of a system of arranged (but not forced) marriage that lasted 500 years.
Japan until mid 20th Century
Arranged marriage was very common in Japan from the 16th century until the last half of the 20th century and still exists today. The following information comes not only from available written sources but also from cross-cultural workers who have served scores of years in Japan observing and participating as go-betweens. The typical procedure was (and is) as follows.
- Parents. When the parents think it is time, usually when their son or daughter is 20-30 years old, they contact “go-betweens” (nakodo) to begin the process. Singles wanting to marry may contact nakodos themselves.
- Go-betweens. Go-betweens may be older individuals or couples who are highly respected people of integrity with many contacts. They may be family, friends, or professional nakodo. From the people they know who are considering marriage the go-betweens select several portfolios, each having a brief personal history (name, age, health, education, social status, etc) and photographs.
- Preliminary Selection. The parents and prospective mates sit down with the go-betweens and eliminate people in which they have no interest. They order the remaining portfolios in terms of desirability, and then they ask the go-betweens to investigate their top choice.
- Full Investigation. The go-betweens then check out “everything” about the chosen person including family lineage, social status, religion, medical and mental illness in the family, criminal records in the family etc. They use everything from available legal records to detective agencies, to neighbors and shopkeepers. Of course, this may cost much money, but the family believes it is worth it to find the best mate.
- Meeting. After both sets of prospective mates and their families have studied the reports and give their approval, the go-between arranges a meeting (miai) between both families. This is usually in a large hotel where they can eat and engage in small talk for a while. Near the end of the meeting, the potential couple move off to spend some time together to get better acquainted.
- Decision. If all goes well at the first meeting, the potential couples continue to meet until they reach a decision. If either the potential bride or groom or one of their families does not think the first meeting or any of the following meetings went well, they can tell the go-betweens later. The go-betweens then let the other family know; both families have saved face, and they go back to preliminary selection.
- Engagement and wedding. If the couples choose to marry, they go through formal betrothal ceremonies, and later weddings. At the weddings the go-betweens walk both bride and groom down the aisle and are part of the ceremony, including standing next to the bride and groom in the family pictures.
- During the marriage. The go-betweens are available to help mediate differences between the husbands and wives if marital disputes arise during the marriages.
Much more information about the whole process is available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miai
Christian Workers in Japan late 20th Century
During the last half of the 20th century, the Japanese increasingly adopted the Western pattern of courtship with many of the young people choosing their mates on the basis of romance and “love.” However, some of the marriages are still arranged.
Young men and women who convert to Christianity sometimes find their parents are quite unhappy when they become Christian workers. In fact, the parents may refuse to get go-betweens to find spouses for their offspring. These singles then may ask others to be their go-betweens.
Denominational leaders, pastors, and cross-cultural workers who teach in Bible schools or seminaries may then be asked to serve as go-betweens. Knowing that they may be asked to do this, professors and administrators at such institutions may observe singles at their institutions thinking about which ones may make good couples.
When asked to be go-betweens, these cross-cultural workers are usually willing to serve. Since asked by the students themselves, the professors usually discuss with both the males and females who they may be matched with. At that point, either of the prospective singles can end the process. If they continue with the relationship, no one else knows. At their first annual conference, the couple’s names are read as being assigned to serve in the same city. That is the announcement to the other students and faculty that they are getting married. Everyone listens intently to assignments!
Arranged Marriages Today
In the 21st century, another type of arranged marriage has been developed, online dating services. Hundreds of such websites exist, and they have many millions of singles from all over the world. Consumer-Rankings.com has rated the top five sites http://www.consumer-rankings.com/dating/, and they report that the first month costs $40-$60, but the cost per month decreases the longer people continue as members. Criteria for matching vary widely. Their top-rated one was match.com which has 29 million singles.
eHarmony.com, also in the top five, seems to be the most popular among cross-cultural workers. This is probably because it emphasizes long-term relationships, was developed by a Christian psychologist teaching at a Christian graduate school, and matches singles on the basis of their answers to several hundred questions on 29 dimensions of compatibility in a research-validated questionnaire . eHarmony has 20 million singles from 200 countries and results in 44,000 weddings each year (120 every day).
Remembering that “arranged marriages are ones in which someone (or something) other than the couple marrying selects the spouses, curtailing the process of courtship,” here are the corresponding steps.
- Parents. Single cross-cultural workers wanting to marry usually contact the go-between themselves. Parents are often not involved.
- Go-betweens. The go-between is a computer program with a database of millions of singles from all over the world who would like to get married.
- Preliminary Selection. All selection is made by the go-between (computer program) with no consultation with either singles or parents.
- Full Investigation. No further investigation is made by the go-between (computer program). All matches are made on the basis of information supplied by the singles themselves when they joined. This information may be biased or even false.
- Meeting. The prospective mates usually make first contact through email or telephone. This may be followed by a Skype conversation before actually meeting in person.
- Decision. If the first communication is positive, the potential couple continues to communicate, to meet, and to date. If the communications do not go well, one or both of the singles stop the process.
- Engagement and Wedding. These events are the responsibility of the couple.
- Here are some similarities and differences when using people or computer programs as go-betweens. Some similarities are as follows.
- A wide variety of both people and online dating services are available.
- Both people and websites suggest people who would be a good match.
- Both people and websites provide information.
- Both methods involve payment for services.
- Both methods suggest other possibilities if the first ones do not work out.
Some differences are as follows.
- Human go-betweens are usually hired by parents, but online dating services usually do not involve parents at all.
- Human go-betweens select from a rather small population in a local area, but online dating services have databases of millions of people from around the world.
- Human go-betweens get additional information from a wide variety of sources, but online dating services have only information provided by the persons themselves.
- Human go-betweens initiate and facilitate initial face-to-face meetings, but online services leave those first meetings to singles to make using email, telephone or Skype.
- Human go-betweens have a continuing relationship into the engagement, wedding and marriage, but online dating services provide only the selection.
God uses many means to bring single cross-cultural workers who want to marry together. One of those means is arranged marriages whether by people or by websites.
Member Care Consultant
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Florence Nightingale rose to fame for her nursing of army patients during the Crimean War. A close ally of Edwin Chadwick, Nightingale believed that there was a link between unsanitary conditions and disease. As a result, cleanliness was a priority for her in her wards during the war.
Nightingale believed that a nurse’s duty was to ventilate and warm the ward and to ensure cleanliness, comfort and hygiene in order to prevent illness and disease. Florence Nightingale wrote on the subject of sanitary nursing (as opposed to surgical nursing), grounding her advice on her work and insights of the poor laws and workhouses in her book Notes on nursing: what it is and what it is not.
‘In watching disease … the thing which strikes the experienced observer most forcibly is this, that the symptoms or the sufferings generally considered to be inevitable and incident to the disease are very often not symptoms of the disease at all, but of something quite different – of the want of fresh air, or of light, or of warmth, or of quiet, or of cleanliness, or of punctuality and care in the administration of diet, of each or of all of these.’
While Nightingale is often cited as having founded the nursing profession, nursing was already being taken seriously by major hospitals, and the St John’s House and Sisterhood, the first nursing order for the Church of England, founded a nursing school and introduced a system of training and promotion. St John’s House was asked to provide the nursing service for King’s College Hospital in 1856. Its model was adopted by other religious orders that provided nursing services for other hospitals. In 1860, Nightingale established a secular training school for nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital in London.
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Have you ever wondered what typical labia look like and how yours compare? Maybe you’ve grabbed a mirror at some point and checked things out. (If not, have a look!) Now that you're expecting, you may also wonder how pregnancy and childbirth may affect your labia's shape and size. Since plenty of women haven’t seen many, if any, other labia in real life, you’re not alone if you wonder what's "normal" and how having a baby may change things down there.
Labia before pregnancy and childbirth
Women come in all shapes and sizes, and so do their labia. That means “normal” is a relative term. The labia majora (outer lips) of the vagina can range anywhere from full to flat and can fluctuate a bit with changes in your weight, just like your bra size. The labia minora (inner lips), measured from the upper-most skin fold to the lowest hanging edge, are typically anywhere from .7 to 5 centimeters in length. They may be completely hidden by the labia majora, or the bottom edge may hang below it. For the most part, the size and shape of your labia (both outer and inner) are determined by your genetics — not your hormone levels or your sexual activity. Mother Nature just gave you what you’ve got.
Labia changes during pregnancy
During pregnancy, you know the role that hormones play in all sorts of wacky changes throughout your body, from nasal congestion to swollen feet. Many of these pregnancy symptoms are due to a pregnancy-induced increase in levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which boost blood flow throughout your body to support your baby — including to your labia. As a result, your labia majora and minora may become swollen, increasing slightly in size for the duration of your pregnancy. The color of your skin on both your inner and outer lips may also temporarily darken due to this increased blood flow. Sometimes the outer lips may slightly retract, which can make the inner lips look bigger or expose them for the first time.
More About Sex During Pregnancy
Labia changes due to childbirth
If you're concerned about how pregnancy and childbirth will affect the size and shape of your vagina and labia, you're not alone. The reality is, the tissue down there is very elastic and generally remains intact. While labor and delivery shouldn’t stretch the outer lips, the labia minora can sometimes slightly stretch or tear. Just as with tears to your vagina, tears to your labia will usually heal within seven to 10 days but may remain sore for a few weeks.
Will my labia return to the way it was before pregnancy?
Virtually all the changes that happen to your labia during and after pregnancy are temporary. Once you've given birth, your typical coloring will return as blood flow goes back to normal. Upon baby's arrival, the size of the labia minora should retract to their previous size with decreased blood flow; for some women, labia may even shrink a bit more. Longer-lasting changes to your labia, if any, are typically minor, and there’s a good chance they’ll go unnoticed by both you and your partner, if you have one.
In rare cases, some women's doctors may recommend a surgical procedure called labiaplasty — or contouring performed on the labia — for physical complications that arise when the inner lips protrude prominently past the outer lips, resulting in irritation from snug clothes or increased friction during certain activities like bike rides. During sex, the penis may push the loose folds of the labia minora into the vaginal cavity, resulting in abrasions or ulcerations. Extra tissue can also result in repeated yeast infections or UTIs because of trapped moisture or urine. If you experience more than four of either infection per year, talk to your doctor about whether it could be caused by your labia minora.
If you're considering labiaplasty for cosmetic reasons, however, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the country’s leading group of OB-GYNs, cautions against the procedure. Their experts have noted that women could benefit from a frank discussion with their doctor, since appearance varies significantly. As with any surgery, there are also risks, including post-surgery complications like bleeding and infections; increased dryness in the genital area; discomfort later in life as tissues naturally thin out; and dissatisfaction with your results. So talk to your OB-GYN the next time you visit — she should be able to ease any concerns about the appearance of your genital area.Bottom line: Healthy labia vary vastly in size and appearance. So don't worry. Rest easy knowing that yours fall somewhere in the range of normal and normal.
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Don’t panic just yet: but in a few years, your fridge could become a target for cyber criminals. As the number of devices in the Internet of Everything grows, so does the likelihood that connecting these devices and networking them together could increase the number and type of attack vectors we will see in the future. And that means we need to think differently about IT security and the levels of protection needed for this new, connected world. Protecting all of IoE interactions is crucial in enabling people and organizations to benefit from these advances.
The IoE builds on the foundation of the Internet of Things, or IoT. By comparison, the IoT refers to the networked connection of physical objects (doesn’t include the “people” and “process” components of IoE). IoT is a single technology transition, while IoE is a superset that includes IoT.
Dima Tokar, co-founder and chief technology officer at MachNation, an Internet of Things (IoT) consultancy, says: “IoT brings efficiency to processes and infrastructure while introducing new technologies that bear security risks which need to be considered and addressed.”
He adds: “IoT devices create new attack vectors for hackers, which can be exploited to get access to sensor data and sensitive personal data. Hackers can also take advantage of poorly secured IoT solutions to interfere with processes and critical infrastructure.”
Thankfully, right now the level of risk from IoT-connected devices is largely a matter of conjecture, according to Professor Rolf H Weber, an IoT expert who is chair for International Business Law at the Faculty of Law in the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
“In theory the risk is substantial, but so far I have not yet seen examples of IoT technologies being compromised,” he says. “However, this could be since the IoT only has a limited practical volume for the time being, which makes it less attractive for hackers.”
What is clear, though, is that the advent of the IoT and the Internet of Everything will demand a re-think on security strategies.
According to the Cisco 2014 Midyear Security Report: “To some, it might seem far-fetched to think something as mundane as a wearable device for tracking fitness or a digital video recorder could pose a significant security risk or would be of any interest to a hacker.
“But as cars and other nontraditional computing devices start to resemble standard computing platforms more and more, they could be vulnerable to the same threats that target traditional computing devices.”
One of the security challenges with the IoT is that hackers could potentially gather much more personal data than at present.
The Cisco report warns: “When adversaries reach a point where they can begin correlating information from different sources … they will be able to gain a much bigger picture about a user than if they were looking at information from only one device, system, or application.”
How to deal with this growing potential threat? Experts say security may need to be built into the fabric of the IoT in an integrated way. Piecemeal or silo-based systems won’t do.
Organizations have a wide range of disparate technologies and processes to protect their information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) networks, as well as their physical spaces. The combined IT and OT networks are evolving to become IoT networks, equally affected by the wealth of devices and increased attack surface the IoT brings. Decision makers in enterprises need to shift their vision of security to recognize that since every aspect of the network is now working together, cybersecurity and physical security solutions must also work together with a coordinated focus on threats.
Tokar says: “The security risks of an IoT solution are a combination of existing risks from each component of the value chain, as well as new risks introduced by the solution as a whole.”
Hence, he advises: “A secure IoT solution must not only rely on security best practices for each component used in the solution but also take a holistic pass at security end-to-end.”
Research from the SANS Institute predicts the biggest challenge for IoT security could be patch management, implying that software updates and the like may increasingly need to be delivered in a fully automated way via the network.
The fear that IoT devices could spread malware to companies, or be subject to denial-of-service attacks, were concerns voiced by 26 percent and 13 percent of people surveyed by the SANS Institute.
About half of respondents thought devices might pose a risk by virtue of being connected to the Internet. Almost a quarter felt the command and control channel to the device could be an attack risk, while 10.7 percent cited the device’s OS.
But the research also highlights how the IT community has got IoT security in its sights. About half of respondents said they were either completely prepared for it or could cope with minor modifications to their existing setups.
“Security professionals are already dealing with the first several waves of Internet-connected things and have begun to plan for the next wave of more diverse, more complex devices,” says the Institute’s report.
However, it adds: “The basic critical security controls … will face new barriers to success if manufacturers don’t increase their level of attention to security and if enterprise security processes and controls don’t evolve.”
Weber agrees that infrastructure and service providers may need to improve security measures. “Furthermore, data protection rules in cross-border data delivery must be strengthened,” he says.
MachNation’s Tokar concludes: “The best IoT solutions have tight end-to-end security. This includes securing the entire IoT value chain, from endpoint devices to networking infrastructure, applications, platforms, and connectivity.”
Article and image courtesy: The Network
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Building Ethical Kids
The middle school years are exciting – and challenging. It’s a brave new world for adolescents, and Westtown offers a series of special programs that help them navigate self-image, peer group and friendship issues.
We believe education should include more than excellent academic classes. Values can be learned, too, and young people need a safe environment where they can practice them. Building on their own innate enthusiasm and keen sense of justice, we help them acquire the skills they need to become ethical young adults. Here are some of the ways:
In Quakerism, a leader is known as a “clerk”. And at Westtown, leadership isn’t a popularity contest. All students who want to develop their leadership skills are welcome to join the Student Clerks and help shape Middle School activities – from service and fundraising events to writing queries and greeting for our weekly Meeting for Worship.
We believe there are many kinds of leadership that will benefit our world, and so we consciously nurture both the charismatic extroverted leader and the quiet consensus builder.
Signature Middle School experiences are a series of overnight canoe trips, one at each grade level, that begin with relatively minor physical challenges in 6th grade and progress to a two-night, whitewater experience by 8th grade.
Students practice on the water for weeks before each trip. They pack for any kind of weather. And when they come back to school – and they all do! – dirty, tired and sometimes wet because it’s rained or a canoe has capsized, they are so proud of what they’ve accomplished.
They’ve been leaders, they’ve taken on responsibilities (including their own safety and that of their classmates) and they’ve challenged themselves in all kinds of new ways. They’ve learned they can push themselves to whatever their limits are because they have teachers and peers who are there to help if they run into trouble. They’re more resilient – and they have a greater appreciation for the collective power of the whole.
Remember what lunch was like when you were in middle school? For some adults, it was a painful experience: Who do I sit with? What if they won’t let me sit there? What if they laugh at me?
And now imagine middle school students dining in a formal setting with N.C. Wyeth’s magical painting, The Giant, as a backdrop. Tables, with flowers and linens, seat an assigned mix of sixth, seventh, and eighth graders plus a faculty member. Crews of students serve the food, take care of cleanup and reset the tables afterward.
Conversations are polite – and sometimes scintillating. Food is served family style, with a salad bar and vegetarian selections as options, and as part of the Farm to School movement, much of Westtown’s food comes from local providers. In this setting, meals nourish the spirit as well as the body.
Visitors are frequently amazed that lunchtime for middle schoolers can be this civilized. And parents often cite the lunch program with its informal interactions between students and teachers as one of the things they value most about Westtown.
And the inclusiveness, acceptance, and sense of community so evident in the dining room are also present throughout the Middle School. No one is left out, and students are always encouraged to share their opinions.
Middle School students serve tables, clean up and reset the dining room as part of the school’s organized Work Program, in which every child rotates through jobs such as “serve,” “set,” “wash” and “janitorial.” Work Program began out of necessity during WWII, when labor was scarce, but it quickly became an important part of a Westtown education.
Work Program reaffirms the goodness of service to others and the dignity of all work, in accordance with Quaker values. It also offers middle schoolers opportunities for leadership: older students can become “Work Captains,” supervising a work rotation as they gain valuable skills in working with others.
SPARK! – Spirit, Participation, Academic Excellence, Respect, and Kindness – is Westtown’s teacher-developed social curriculum. Middle Schoolers SPARK each other, for example, as they recognize other students on the SPARK board in the lobby for specific actions that embody SPARKiness.
Much like the competition between the four houses of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter books (but much friendlier!), students explore these same themes all year long as part of competitive Brown & White teams, while queries help them focus: Have I done my best? Have I been kind? Have I taken a risk?
In Westtown’s Middle School, service is a three-year program that’s tied into the curriculum and honors the emerging empathy of this age group, as well as their ability to connect to and organize their service work.
All-School Service Opportunities: Middle School Student Clerks - our student leaders - organize events and fundraisers to meet local, national and international need. An UnHalloween toiletries drives for the local Food Cupboard, Spirit Dayz (where proceeds go to help people affected by natural disasters), and a Drop in the Bucket campaign for drilling water wells in East Africa are just a few of the activities this group has coordinated. Each grade also engages in annual service learning:
6th Grade– Service on Westtown’s Campus allows students to support others in our community and care for the school's 600-acre campus.
7th Grade: Service in the Local Community helps students to care for and give to others in our local community – and recognize that they’re a part of it.
All year: Think, Care, Act projects begin in advisories where students identify their strengths, affinities, interests, and talents. Next, we focus on what they care about in the community and the world around us. In our third step, we try to connect the first two pieces into a service project that helps others by putting passions and skills to good use. Finally, students present their projects to parents, teachers, sixth graders, and classmates at our Think, Care, Act fair.
8th Grade: Service in the Greater and Global Communities helps students look beyond themselves to the broader, global community.
All Year: Building on the 7th grade Think, Care, Act projects, 8th graders complete 20 hours of work on individual projects and write reflections on their experiences; developing a pen pal relationship with students at Westtown’s sister school, Heritage Academy in Ghana.
As schools everywhere recognize the harmful effects of bullying on everyone in their communities, Westtown has pre-emptively confronted the problem by adopting the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP), the most researched and best known program of its kind. The comprehensive program developed in Norway by Dr. Dan Olweus is used in all three Westtown divisions, and it has special relevance for middle schoolers because peer relations become increasingly important to young adolescents.
Goals of the OBPP program include preventing bullying, reducing existing problems, and creating a culture of respect among all students. At Westtown, it’s incorporated into the SPARK! social curriculum and addressed in advisories, Meeting for Worship and elsewhere throughout the Middle School.
Westtown’s mission calls for seeking out and honoring that of God in each person, challenging students to realize their individual gifts while learning and living together in a diverse community. The school is serious about creating a respectful environment, and using supplemental programs like OBPP, it offers young people the skills they need to act as ethical members of such a community.
With adoption of a 1:1 iPad program in 2012-13, Westtown’s Middle School is more committed than ever to teaching young people how to use technology to enhance their learning in responsible ways.
Westtown 7th graders use lessons from CSM’s Digital Literacy and Citizenship Curriculum to supplement existing school-wide technology guidelines. To learn more, visit Common Sense Media.
Units like Safety and Security, Digital Citizenship, and Research and Information Literacy have been informed by research in Howard Gardner's GoodPlay Project at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and they support the school’s own responsible use policy.
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The natural managed and constructed features of places, their locations, how they change and how they can be cared for (ACHGK005)
The weather and season of places and the ways in which different cultural groups, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, describe them (ACHGK006)
The ways the activities located in a place create its distinctive features (ACHGK007)
The ways that space within places, such as classroom or backyard, can be rearranged to suit different activities or purposes (ACHGK008)
Places have natural features that can change. The natural features of a place need to be looked after.
Places may have constructed features. People may put up new constructed features or take down old ones. Constructed features need to be look after.
Places may have managed features that can change. The managed features of a place need to be looked after.
Some environments include a mixture of natural, constructed or managed features.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander stories tell how the natural features of a place came to be there.
Changes to natural, constructed or managed features of a place can be observed in photographs.
Features in a place such as heritage buildings are important. They can be described and cared for.
Features in places such as national parks are important. They can be described and cared for.
Features in areas such as a wetland are important places. They are important for different reasons. They can be described and cared for.
The weather of a place may be described over a short term such as day and over a long term such as a season. Descriptions of the daily and seasonal weather may include the amount of rainfall; the temperature; whether it is sunny or windy, cloudy or rainy. The daily and seasonal weather of two or more places can be compared. The weather is a feature of a place.
The seasons are a feature of a place. Season may be described using the months; weather, including the amount of rainfall; the temperature; whether it is sunny or windy, cloudy or rainy. The seasonal weather of two or more places can be compared. Seasons give long-term descriptions of place.
Rainfall and Temperature, as part of weather and seasons, are features of a place. They may be used to describe a place.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have seasonal calendars that are different from the four Europeans seasons. The seasons help Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people find out about food and water and help them survive.
The features distinguish one place from another. The features in a place such as a community include the activities people do there.
The features distinguish one place from another. The features in a place such as an amusement park include the activities people do there.
The features distinguish one place from another. The features in a place such as a caravan and camping park include the activities people do there.
Spaces within places such as a classroom can be rearranged to suit different activities and purposes.
Spaces within places such as a backyard can be rearranged to suit different activities and purposes.
Spaces within places such as a bedroom can be rearranged to suit different activities and purposes.
Key inquiry questions
What are the different features of places?
How can we care for places?
How can spaces within a place be rearranged to suit different purposes?
Geographical Inquiry and Skills
Pose questions about familiar and unfamiliar places (ACHGS007)
Collect and record geographical data and information, for example, by observing, by interviewing, or from sources such as photographs, plans, satellite images, storybooks and films (ACHGS008)
Represent data and the location of places and their features by constructing tables, plans and labelled maps (ACHGS009)
Draw conclusion based on the interpretation of geographical information sorted into categories (ACHGS010)
Present findings in a range of communication forms, for example, written, oral, digital and visual, and describe the direction and location of places, using terms such as north, south, opposite, near far (ACHGS011)
Reflect on their learning and suggest responses to their findings (ACHGS012)
Which countries have over 100 million inhabitants? What is the most widely spoken language in the world? Discover the answers to these and many more questions in Australian Curriculum Geography, a seven-book series which will see students navigating through continents, wading through oceans, and discovering cultures, creatures and creations from around the world.
4-page units each with a supporting Teachers page and three student activity pages
organised into sections according to the content descriptions in the Geographical knowledge and understanding strand for each year
a general note on the importance of geographical skills and an overview and explanation of the skills specific to the year level
a geographical skills class record for teachers to record each student’s progress
a list of additional R.I.C. resources that support the teaching of geography at each year level
where appropriate, links between the content of each unit and the general capabilities and cross-curriculum priorities have been recognised
**This ebook is not transferable, nor can it be on-sold or uploaded to an intranet site. For full copyright details, please see the Copyright Notice outlined in the ebook or refer to the Copyright Agency Limited www.copyright.com.au
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The science is coming in thick and fast to back up what parents have long suspected: there is a fundamental difference between the behaviours of boys and girls, and there’s not a lot you can do to influence it. Evidence on brain development suggests that babies start to exhibit different gender behaviour from as early as two months. Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, a Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at Cambridge University, claims this is because girls focus more on emotions, while boys are simply interested in how things work. According to Baron-Cohen, every child is born with a particular brain type – male, female or balanced. The empathising or ‘E-type’ brain is generally found in girls who respond more to the distress of others, showing greater concern through sad looks, sympathetic gestures and comforting while boys more often possess the systemising or ‘S-type’ brain. They love putting things together, building towers or playing with vehicles.
However, neat though this theory is, it is important to point out not all girls will have E-type brains, and not all boys type S. Some girls are ‘tomboys’ and some boys are more sensitive than their rough-and-tumble mates. Some children have balanced brains with a mix of the E- and S-types, it’s all part of the nature versus nurture debate. “In the Sixties and Seventies, gender differences were put down to parenting, or “nurture”” says Baron-Cohen. “Today, it is recognised there may be a partly genetic, or “nature” component.” Kelley King is a Master Trainer at the Gurian Institute in the US, a centre that trains schools and workplaces on how to help both girls and boys reach their full potential. King recommends parents try simple exercises to help their child achieve a balance of skills. “Girls generally have difficulty judging space and distance, so create games using basic maps or building blocks”, suggests King.
“Get your child to draw a map of your living room or garden, and colour it in with crayons or markers. Or, when you’re driving your child to school or nursery, ask her to tell you which way to go.” Boys tend to struggle more with fine motor skills, which can lead to sloppy handwriting. “Encourage your child to thread beads onto a piece of string to develop hand-eye coordination”, recommends King, “To help him manage his emotions, look at books that show people’s faces, and discuss what their expressions mean orget him to talk when you’re shoulder to shoulder, like walking together or sitting in the car which he may find easier than direct eye contact.”
This article previously appeared in Junior magazine as a print article
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NEPA is fortunate to have many bright, altruistic and dedicated pediatricians. Over the past thirty years, I have had the pleasure and privilege to work with them and their patients. One of the most common problems referred to physical therapy by pediatricians is infant torticollis. Torticollis, also referred to as wryneck, means “twisted neck” in Latin. While adults often wake up in the morning with a stiff neck from sleeping in an awkward position, (acute or acquired torticollis), infants too, suffer from this condition when they are born with a stiff neck, locked in one position called infant or congenital torticollis. In one case, young “Packie” fought with his two brothers for space in his mother’s uterus. As a triplet, it is believed his head was tilted to one side for an extended period of time which caused him to be born with infant torticollis. In another case, little Britany, had a difficult birth and may have suffered some minor trauma to her neck muscles in the birthing process, resulting in infant torticollis. In the case of baby Mason, there was no history of trauma during or after birth and his stiff neck may have been due to uterine positioning.
WHAT IS INFANT OR CONGENITIAL TORTICOLLIS?
Infant or congenital torticollis occurs when an infant’s head is tilted to one side and rotated toward the other. For example, the infant's head is tilted with the right ear toward the right shoulder and the chin is rotated to the left due to the shortening of the muscle responsible for this position (See Photo 1 for example).
Infant torticollis is most often discovered at birth or shortly thereafter. Often, a parent will notice that the infant has a preference for looking in one direction and avoids the other. It is especially apparent when feeding, nursing, playing, resting, or sleeping.
Photo 1: Baby Mason Schneider (3 months) with “Infant Torticollis” demonstrates a shortening of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle of the neck which tilts his head to the right and rotates it to the left.
The medical literature cites several possible causes of infant torticollis. Most often it is due to poor positioning of the baby in the uterus especially when space is limited as in the case of twins or triplets. Infant torticollis can also occur when a fetus is in a breech position in the uterus. In breech, the baby’s buttocks face the birth canal and can also cause awkward positioning and difficult birthing. A difficult delivery using a forceps or vacuum device may contribute to the problem. In all of these cases, one of the neck muscles called the sternocleidomastoid, is traumatized which leads to shortening and tightening. Over time, the baby assumes the more comfortable shortened position which tilts the head toward the side of the tight muscle. In rare cases, the condition is associated with damage to the nervous system, spine or blood supply.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The classic sign of infant torticollis is limited range of motion of the neck as it tilts to one side more than the other. The classic head tilt may not be as noticeable immediately after birth and it is often detected by the parents while bathing, feeding, and playing with their infant. Once detected, it is important to bring it to the attention of your pediatrician because early intervention is very important. Remember, not all of the signs and symptoms need to be present to have infant torticollis, as there are various degrees of involvement.
Physical therapy is the treatment of choice for infant torticollis. However, it is important to note that the most important treatment given to an infant with torticollis is given, not by the pediatrician or physical therapist, but by the parents. The physical therapist will evaluate and treat the infant once or twice a week, but the parents will be instructed to continue the treatment several times a day for an optimal outcome.
Physical therapy involves stretching the tight and strengthening the weak muscles of the neck. The muscles can be prepared for stretch by employing a very light massage to the tight cord-like muscles. Care not to irritate the skin is important and skin care techniques may be required if the skin is open or irritated. Then, a mild to moderate passive stretch to the tight tissues is employed by the physical therapist. It should be slow, gradual and sustained for 30 to 60 seconds. It is expected that the infant will cry due to pain during the stretch but as the tissue elongates, the pain will dissipate. A pediatrician or physical therapist will teach the parents how to perform the stretch safely. Following the stretch, the infant will be placed in a position, often a car seat, with a towel roll to maintain a mid-line head position. This is also the position of choice throughout the day to maintain the head in mid-line. (See Photo 2 for example)
Additional instructions for the parents include: holding, feeding and playing with the child in positions that stretch the tight side and encourage movement in the opposite direction. Even when doing something as simple as holding the child face to face, the parents head can be used to maintain a mid-line position. (See Photo 3 for example).
PROGNOSIS – OUTCOMES
Not surprisingly, the earlier the detection and intervention, the better the outcome. I am pleased to report; in most cases, when treatment is employed within the first 3-4 months after birth, the outcomes are excellent in 3-6 months, depending on the severity of the problem. When parents are committed to participate and implement the program at home, progress is expedited. While rare, in more difficult cases, additional medical tests are often used to rule out other potential problems.
If you suspect that your infant may have torticollis, contact your pediatrician for a consultation.
MODEL: Mason Schneider– 3 months old
NEXT MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum” in the Scranton Times-Tribune.
This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: [email protected] J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at The Commonwealth Medical College.
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Consider an audiosignal that has approximately uniform power in the range
from 1 KHz to 4KHz.
(a) This audio signalis used to amplitude modulate a 5 MHz carrier. Sketch thespectrum
(positive and negativefrequencies).
(b) Repeat part (a) forVestigial Sideband AM (lower sideband suppressed).
(c) Repeat part (a) forSingle Sideband AM (lower sideband and carriersuppressed).
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Names of CCI participants: Carmen Daggett, Jasmine Saros, Caleb Slemmons, Krista Slemmons, Courtney Wigdahl, Dominic Winski,
Names of collaborators: Krista Slemmons and Jasmine Saros
Location: Beartooth Mountains (central Rockies), Montana and Wyoming
Dates: August, 2010
Description of research expedition: The goal this expedition was to understand how melting mountain glaciers affect the structure and function of alpine lake ecosystems. Specifically, we hoped to address how primary producers in alpine lakes respond to changes in nutrient flux and water clarity from glacial meltwater. Data collected will also be utilized to predict the fate of these important phytoplankton communities. It is expected that changes in nutrient levels from an increase in glacial meltwater may disrupt diatom assemblages and overall lake productivity. Few studies have addressed this issue or made an attempt to determine the true impact of the recession and ultimately the cessation of glaciers on alpine lake ecosystems. We are addressing two key questions: 1) How does the nutrient chemistry of glacial meltwater alter the productivity and biodiversity of lake ecosystems? 2) What happens to biodiversity and water clarity of lake ecosystems after glaciers completely disappear? In addition, the field crew collected profiles from 10 lakes, several which were sampled for the first time, to be included in a database of profiles covering the last ten years and additionally collected samples from the inlet and outlets of glacially fed lakes to be included in research studying the fate of glacial nutrients as they enter a lake ecosystem
Figure 1. Day 1: Heading out to profile Rainbow Lake (elevation» 8,000ft ), a glacially fed lake in the Beartooth Mountains
Figure 2. Day 1: Hike towards Rainbow Lake.
Figure 3. Day 1: Rainbow Lake.
Figure 4. Day 1: Carmen Daggett, Dominic Winski, Krista Slemmons and Caleb Slemmons filtering phytoplankton samples for chlorophyll analysis from lake water.
Figure 5. Day 3: Hiking along a 7 mile (11.2 km) trail to Jasper and Albino lakes (elevation»10,000ft).
Figure 6. Day 3: Profiling Jasper Lake: Collecting water from three depths for nutrient and phytoplankton analysis and surveying lake for chemical characteristics such as light attenuation, pH, temperature, etc. Pictured: Carmen Daggett, Coutney Wigdahl and Krista Slemmons.
Figure 7. Google Earth image of Jasper (glacially fed) and Albino (snow fed) lakes. These lakes are showing differences in phytoplankton community form and function even given the close proximity.
Figure 8. Day 4 Setting up nutrient addition experiment in Beauty Lake. Experiment consisted of water samples from 7 lakes with treatment of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen + Phosphorus and Control. Experiments were incubated for one week. At the completion of the experiment, water was sampled for chlorophyll and phytoplankton.
Figure 9. Day 4: Beauty Lake, location of nutrient addition experiment
Figure 10. Day 5: Set-up for primary productivity experiment of 7 lakes using 14Carbon uptake.
Figure 11. Day 8: Lake sediment core extracted from Jasper Lake. Jasmine Saros and Courtney Wigdahl setting up for extruding lake core
Figure 12. Day 8: Krista Slemmons and Courtney Wigdahl extruding sediment in 0.5 cm increments from Jasper core. Background: Jasper Lake, a glacially fed lake.
Figure 13. Day 9: Carmen Daggett packing up coring rods from Albino Lake for 7 mile hike to trailhead.
Funding support: Dan and Betty Churchill Fund
Leave a Reply
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Stella II Examples
Geoscience examples using Stella II.
- Daisyworld: Stella Mac or PC
After constructing a Stella model of Daisyworld students perform guided experiments to explore the behavior of Daisyworld to changes in model parameters and assumptions.
- Energy Balance Climate Model: Stella Mac and PC
Students explore a Global Energy Balance Climate Model Using Stella II. Response of surface temperature to variations in solar input, atmospheric and surface albedo, atmospheric water vapor and ...
- Fishing Game: Stella PC and Mac
As manager in the fish and wildlife service you are charged with making policy regarding the management of a regional fishery.
- Salmon Smolt: Stella PC and Mac
The Stella Smolts Migration Model focuses on the spring migration of hatchery smolts to the ocean. It may be used to test the relative merits of barging fish or drawing down the reservoirs to help ...
- Trace Gases: Stella II Mac and PC
This Stella model allows students to learn about chemical mass balance in the atmosphere and apply this to atmospheric chlorofluorocarbon and carbon dioxide concentrations.
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HomeMySQL Page 5 - Security and More in MySQL Databases
4.3.2 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers - MySQL
If you need to administer MySQL, this article gets you off to a good start. In this section, we discuss system and other variables, then begin to look at general security issues. The second of a multi-part series, it is excerpted from chapter four of the book MySQL Administrator's Guide, written by Paul Dubois (Sams; ISBN: 0672326345).
When you connect to a MySQL server, you should use a password. The password is not transmitted in clear text over the connection. Password handling during the client connection sequence was upgraded in MySQL 4.1.1 to be very secure. If you are using an older version of MySQL, or are still using pre-4.1.1-style passwords, the encryption algorithm is less strong and with some effort a clever attacker who can sniff the traffic between the client and the server can crack the password. (See Section 4.4.9, "Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1," for a discussion of the different password handling methods.) If the connection between the client and the server goes through an untrusted network, you should use an SSH tunnel to encrypt the communication.
All other information is transferred as text that can be read by anyone who is able to watch the connection. If you are concerned about this, you can use the compressed protocol (in MySQL 3.22 and above) to make traffic much more difficult to decipher. To make the connection even more secure, you should use SSH to get an encrypted TCP/IP connection between a MySQL server and a MySQL client. You can find an Open Source SSH client at http://www.openssh.org/, and a commercial SSH client at http://www.ssh.com/.
If you are using MySQL 4.0 or newer, you can also use internal OpenSSL support. See Section 4.5.7, "Using Secure Connections."
To make a MySQL system secure, you should strongly consider the following suggestions:
Use passwords for all MySQL users. A client program does not necessarily know the identity of the person running it. It is common for client/server applications that the user can specify any username to the client program. For example, anyone can use the mysql program to connect as any other person simply by invoking it as mysql -u other_userdb_name if other_user has no password. If all users have a password, connecting using another user's account becomes much more difficult.
To change the password for a user, use the SET PASSWORD statement. It is also possible to update the user table in the mysql database directly. For example, to change the password of all MySQL accounts that have a username of root, do this:
shell> mysql -u root
mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET
Password=PASSWORD('newpwd') -> WHERE User='root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Don't run the MySQL server as the Unix root user. This is very dangerous, because any user with the FILE privilege will be able to create files as root (for example, ~root/.bashrc). To prevent this, mysqld refuses to run as root unless that is specified explicitly using a --user=root option.
mysqld can be run as an ordinary unprivileged user instead. You can also create a separate Unix account named mysql to make everything even more secure. Use the account only for administering MySQL. To start mysqld as another Unix user, add a user option that specifies the username to the [mysqld] group of the /etc/my.cnf option file or the my.cnf option file in the server's data directory. For example:
This causes the server to start as the designated user whether you start it manually or by using mysqld_safe or mysql.server. For more details, see Section A.3.2, "How to Run MySQL as a Normal User."
Running mysql as a Unix user other than root does not mean that you need to change the root username in the user table. Usernames for MySQL accounts have nothing to do with usernames for Unix accounts.
Don't allow the use of symlinks to tables. (This can be disabled with the --skip-symbolic-links option.) This is especially important if you run mysqld as root, because anyone that has write access to the server's data directory then could delete any file in the system! See Section 220.127.116.11, "Using Symbolic Links for Tables on Unix."
Make sure that the only Unix user with read or write privileges in the database directories is the user that mysqld runs as.
Don't grant the PROCESS or SUPER privilege to non-administrative users. The output of mysqladmin processlist shows the text of the currently executing queries, so any user who is allowed to execute that command might be able to see if another user issues an UPDATE user SET password=PASSWORD('not_secure') query.
mysqld reserves an extra connection for users who have the SUPER privilege (PROCESS before MySQL 4.0.2), so that a MySQL root user can log in and check server activity even if all normal connections are in use.
The SUPER privilege can be used to terminate client connections, change server operation by changing the value of system variables, and control replication servers.
Don't grant the FILE privilege to non-administrative users. Any user that has this privilege can write a file anywhere in the filesystem with the privileges of the mysqld daemon! To make this a bit safer, files generated with SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE will not overwrite existing files and are writable by everyone.
The FILE privilege may also be used to read any file that is world-readable or accessible to the Unix user that the server runs as. With this privilege, you can read any file into a database table. This could be abused, for example, by using LOAD DATA to load /etc/passwd into a table, which then can be displayed with SELECT.
If you don't trust your DNS, you should use IP numbers rather than hostnames in the grant tables. In any case, you should be very careful about creating grant table entries using hostname values that contain wildcards!
If you want to restrict the number of connections allowed to a single account, you can do so by setting the max_user_connections variable in mysqld. The GRANT statement also supports resource control options for limiting the extent of server use allowed to an account.
4.3.3 Startup Options for mysqld Concerning Security
The following mysqld options affect security:
If you start the server with --local-infile=0, clients cannot use LOCAL in LOAD DATA statements. See Section 4.3.4, "Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL."
With this option, the SHOW DATABASES statement displays the names of only those databases for which the user has some kind of privilege. As of MySQL 4.0.2, this option is deprecated and doesn't do anything (it is enabled by default), because there is now a SHOW DATABASES privilege that can be used to control access to database names on a per-account basis.
If this is enabled, a user cannot create new users with the GRANT statement unless the user has the INSERT privilege for the mysql.user table. If you want a user to have the ability to create new users with those privileges that the user has right to grant, you should grant the user the following privilege:
mysql> GRANT INSERT(user) ON mysql.user TO
This will ensure that the user can't change any privilege columns directly, but has to use the GRANT statement to give privileges to other users.
Disallow authentication for accounts that have old (pre-4.1) passwords. This option is available as of MySQL 4.1.1.
This option causes the server not to use the privilege system at all. This gives everyone fullaccess to all databases! (You can tell a running server to start using the grant tables again by executing a mysqladmin flush-privileges or mysqladmin reload command, or by issuing a FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement.)
Hostnames are not resolved. All Host column values in the grant tables must be IP numbers or localhost.
Don't allow TCP/IP connections over the network. All connections to mysqld must be made via Unix socket files. This option is unsuitable when using a MySQL version prior to 3.23.27 with the MIT-pthreads package, because Unix socket files were not supported by MIT-pthreads at that time.
With this option, the SHOW DATABASES statement is allowed only to users who have the SHOW DATABASES privilege, and the statement displays all database names. Without this option, SHOW DATABASES is allowed to all users, but displays each database name only if the user has the SHOW DATABASES privilege or some privilege for the database.
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What is dental charting?
Dental charting is a process in which your dental healthcare professional lists and describes the health of your teeth and gums. Periodontal charting, which is a part of your dental chart, refers to the six measurements (in millimeters) that are taken around each tooth.
The charting is usually done during dental checkups. It’s a graphic method of organizing information about your dental health.
After your dental appointment, it’s best to incorporate the advice you’re given about maintaining healthy teeth and gums. And try to make sure you go back for regular checkups and charting.
A dental chart is a graphical tool for organizing all the important information about your teeth and gums. Your hygienist, who checks the inside of your mouth, typically makes your dental chart.
By investigating your mouth, your hygienist gets information about your teeth and gums, and then makes notes on the chart about any important information that needs to be recorded.
The chart your hygienist produces can take a variety of forms. It’s a graphical, or pictorial, representation of your mouth. It shows every tooth, and includes spaces for making shorthand notes about the condition of your teeth and gums.
Conditions and issues that may be described in your dental chart include:
- areas of decay (cavities)
- missing teeth
- depths of your gum pockets, bleeding points during probing, and gum recession
- abnormalities in your teeth, such as rotations, erosion, or abrasions in your teeth or enamel
- damage to your teeth
- presence of crowns, bridges, implants, and fillings
- attachment of your teeth to the gums
- any movement in your teeth
- any bleeding in your gums
Your hygienist or dental assistant creates a dental chart of your mouth because it’s a good way of organizing the important information about your dental health. By creating this chart, your dentist has all the information that they need to access your dental health, in one place in a simple format. They will update your chart every time you have a dental checkup so they can track the progress of your dental health.
If you’re making a first visit to a new dental office, you can expect that your hygienist will perform a complete dental charting of your mouth. You may only need a brief check of your mouth and an update of your chart during future visits. If you have problems that require treatment, you may need to get a full charting at your next checkup to track improvements.
Your hygienist will begin by counting and numbering your teeth on the chart. Any notable issues you have can then be assigned to the appropriate tooth and marked with a shorthand note on the chart.
Once your teeth are numbered, your hygienist will examine your teeth. They may probe your gums to check the depths of your gum pockets. Usually six readings per tooth are recorded. This is called periodontal charting. Your hygienist will use an instrument to check the tops of your teeth for decay.
After your charting is complete, your hygienist will usually clean your teeth. Then your dentist will do an examination. If there is anything of concern marked on your chart, your dentist will investigate it more thoroughly.
There are many benefits to keeping a dental chart of your teeth and gums.
Benefits for you
- Your dentist is able to keep a good record of your health issues.
- Your dentist is able to give you the best care possible and track your progress if you have issues that require treatment.
Benefits for your healthcare providers
- The chart gives both you and your dentist a point of reference to see if you’re making progress in your dental health. With better home care, for example, gum pockets could improve.
- They are able to keep an organized and easy-to-read record of the condition of your mouth.
- They can refer back to this chart during future visits and compare your gum pocket depths.
- They can update it to keep an accurate record of what is happening in your mouth.
After a regular checkup and a dental charting, your dentist will tell you what you need to do next. If there are issues of concern, your dentist will recommend things you can do at home, such as regular flossing, or using an electric toothbrush. They will probably also schedule another appointment for any procedures that are needed, like filling a cavity.
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According to Fire & Rescue NSW (FRNSW) data, 56 per cent of fatal home fires between 2000 and 2014 occurred in homes where no smoke alarms were present. A working smoke alarm provides a critical early warning giving people time to escape.
Smoke Alarms’ legislation defines that Smoke Alarms are necessary in all buildings where people sleep. Meeting the requirements of Australian Standard AS 3786 (also to be hard wired), under Clause 146A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment, and Division 7A of Part 9 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000.
Even though the legislation covers the minimum level of protection, it is recommended by the Fire & Rescue NSW that the owners and occupants should provide a higher level of protection.
Tennants - responsible for replacing the battery if needed in battery operated smoke alarms.
Landlords - responsible for ensuring the residence meets the minimal requirements of having at least one working smoke alarm installed on every level of the home. Hard-wired smoke alarm back-up batteries are to be replaced by landlord.
Homeowners - It is mandatory to have smoke alarms installed on every level of their home.
Fire & Rescue NSW (FRNSW) explains the following procedure in order to maintenance the Smoke Alarms:
Once a month - Test the smoke alarm batteries by pressing and holding the test button for at least five seconds until you hear the beeps.
Every 6 months - Vacuum dust off your smoke alarms every six months. Keeping the smoke alarm free of particles.
Every year - Replace lead or alkaline batteries every 12 months.
Every 10 years - Replace all smoke alarms.
Fire Safety. Retrieved from http://www.fire.nsw.gov.au/page.php?id=439. Accessed on 20/09/2017
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome or IBS is a very common problem that affects about twenty percent of the American population. Irritable bowel syndrome is also known by other names such as spastic bowel, spastic colon, spastic colitis, and functional bowel syndrome.
In most cases Irritable bowel syndrome can be treated with the correct antibiotics, and medical treatment; however cases more severe may require surgery.
While every effort from hospitals is taken to ensure the safety of patients, there is always a slight chance that someone doesn’t receive the best of care they should medical claims provides information on the claims process, should you be unfortunate enough to have to pursue that avenue.
IBS is usually classified as a functional disorder. A functional disorder refers to a disorder where the abnormality in how the body works is the problem, but somehow or the other the causes of that disorder are difficult to identify.
Usually, through regular methods, a functional disorder cannot be diagnosed. The reason behind this is that it is not an infection. It is not an inflammation. And it is not a structural abnormality either. Because of that, commonly used testing methods such as x-rays or blood tests cannot detect it.
The IBS symptoms may include constipation, diarrhea, abdominal cramps and pains, bloating after eating, excessive flatulence, and nausea. Consult a physician, if you have been encountering these symptoms over a period of time.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diagnosis
Visit your doctor to determine if you have IBS. The doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms. He will try to distinguish a pattern; such as how long you have been suffering, what food you have been eating, etc. This line of questioning may lead to information concluding that you have IBS.
The time factor is important here; it is probable that you have the disorder, if you have had the irritable bowel syndrome symptoms for an extended period of time; if not, something else might be the cause. Your doctor will conduct further tests if the diagnosis cannot be easily reached.
The truth is that food does not lead to the disorder, even though it may seem that food is the direct source of your irritable bowel syndrome problems. However, food can make you feel worse. Your symptoms can become much worse, if you eat the wrong types of food, which means more pain and discomfort for you.
Avoid fatty foods like chocolate. The same thing goes for with milk, ice cream, and other dairy items. Alcohol, carbonated drinks, and caffeine should be kept at a minimum as well.
Remember to take note of the foods which seem to lead to irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Keep a food “diary”. It will help you to pinpoint the offending food items. Avoid them like you do rattlesnakes, once you have identified these foods.
You will be sacrificing a small portion of your gastronomic possibilities, true, but remember that you will be giving yourself more comfort and better health. Eating a bar of chocolate might make you feel good for about ten minutes, but keep in mind that it might cause you hours of bathroom misery.
On the other hand, certain types of food might help you keep the IBS symptoms at bay. It is highly recommended to take Fiber rich foods. Fruits like peaches and apples, and vegetables like broccoli are excellent choices. Dried and stewed fruits like prunes, raisins, and apricots are also helpful.
You might want to consult a few health books and find fiber rich foods that you would like. Do not increase your fiber intake too quickly though; give your body a little time to adjust to the change. Persevere in your new and improved IBS diet though, and you will soon see results. If you have studied IBS you may have heard of probiotics like Acidophilus.
For cosmetic surgery information and advice visit Mya
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A hammertoe is a toe that has become misshapen, assuming a claw-like appearance. Hammertoes can develop in any toe except the big toe. They occur when tendons and ligaments that support the toe begin to pull on the toe, causing it to curve downward. Often, hammertoes are accompanied by corns that develop on the upper surface of the toe where the bend rubs against the inside surfaces of shoes. Hammertoes are most likely to develop in people with specific foot shapes that makes them more predisposed to the condition as well as people who regularly wear shoes that are too tight or otherwise do not fit properly.
Initially, hammertoes are flexible, and treatment can be accomplished with the use of splints and custom orthotics to coax the toe back into its normal shape. Orthotics can relieve pressure on the toe in addition to providing support for the tendons, ligaments, and muscles that support the toe. Stretching exercises can also help by promoting better flexibility in the joint. If hammertoes are not treated promptly, they can become stiff, and surgery may be necessary to reposition the tendons and other tissues to enable the toe to resume its normal shape. In some cases, the joint may need to be surgically “fused” to provide stability and prevent pain when walking.
One of the best ways to prevent hammertoes is to switch to shoes that provide more room in the toe area so the toes are not cramped or pushed forward. Avoiding high heels can also help. It's also very important to schedule an office visit at the first sign of pain or stiffness, or if the shape of the toe begins to change to ensure treatment can be provided while the joint is still flexible.
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The term “Dating” is used explain countless different kinds of relationship. “Dating” suggests various things to totally different individuals. What does dating mean to you? “Dating” can define an intimate relationship of two individual. The relation could also be sexual, however it doesn’t mean dating. It is going to be serious or casual, straight or gay, short or long-run only. In very simple words, dating refers to mutual agreed upon social activity in public or meeting & engaging as a couple.
Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in an intimate relationship. It is a form of courtship, consisting of social activities done by the couple, either alone or with others. The protocols and practices of dating, and the terms used to describe it, vary considerably from country to country and over time. While the term has several meanings, the most frequent usage refers to two people exploring whether they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other. With the use of modern technology, people can date via telephone or computer or meet in person.
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The Daughters of the American Revolution was founded on October 11, 1890 by four determined women and a supporting cast of patriotic citizens. Decidedly not ladies of leisure, the four founders were anything but traditional. Learn more about the formative years of the organization and the brave women who lay the groundwork for the Society that is still going strong 125 years later.
Mary Desha was born on March 8, 1850, in Lexington, Kentucky. She was well educated and for a short time studied at what is now the University of Kentucky. When her family was impoverished by the Civil War and the women were needed to provide an income, Miss Desha and her mother opened a private school in which they taught their friends’ children. Several years later, Miss Desha accepted a position with the Lexington public school system and remained there until she took a job as a clerk in Washington, DC, in December 1885.
After spending a few years in Washington, Miss Desha accepted a teaching position in Sitka, Alaska, in 1888. She found the living conditions endured by the Alaskan natives unacceptable and her written protest to the government in Washington resulted in a federal investigation. She returned to Lexington in 1889, but shortly thereafter accepted a post in Washington as a clerk in the pension office. She later worked as a copyist in the Office of Indian Affairs.
Miss Desha continued in the civil service until her death and also spent her own time after working hours acting as an Assistant Director of the DAR Hospital Corps during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Mary Desha died on January 29, 1911. Her fellow Daughters honored her memory with the first memorial service ever held in Memorial Continental Hall.
Mary S. Lockwood
Mary Lockwood was born in Hanover, Chautauqua County, New York, on October 24, 1831. She moved to Washington, DC, in about 1878. Mrs. Lockwood’s residence was Washington’s elegant and imposing Strathmore Arms, and it was there on October 11, 1890, the formal organization of the NSDAR took place.
Mrs. Lockwood was the NSDAR’s first historian and the Society, inspired by Mrs. Lockwood’s commitment to historic preservation, resolved on October 18, 1890, to “provide a place for the collection of Historical relics which will accumulate…and for historical portraits, pictures, etc. This may first be in rooms, and later in the erection of a fire-proof building.” She held many other national offices as well and served as editor of the DAR Magazine from 1894 to 1900.
Mrs. Lockwood was also a prolific author and wrote many noteworthy books. Her last book, The Historic Homes of Washington, was dedicated to her older brother to whom she became close after her mother’s death when Mrs. Lockwood was only four years old. She was an avid promoter of the work of women’s clubs and was both the founder of the famous Travel Club and for a time president of the Women’s Press Club. She also held the position of Lady Manager at Large at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.
An acquaintance noted that “she is friendly to all progressive movements, especially so in the progress of women.” Mary Lockwood died in Plymouth, Massachusetts, on November 9, 1922, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC. She was not only the last surviving Founder, but is also the only Founder buried in Washington.
Ellen Walworth was born on October 20, 1832, in Jacksonville, Illinois. When she was about 12 years old her father, John Hardin, became a United States Congressman. In 1846 Mr. Hardin entered the army to fight against Mexico and was killed while leading his regiment at the battle of Buena Vista. The family continued to live in Jacksonville until 1851, when Mrs. Walworth’s mother married the Honorable Reuben Hyde Walworth and moved the family to Saratoga Springs, New York.
Mrs. Walworth earned her law degree at New York University and was entitled to practice before the Court of New York and the District of Columbia. In 1852 she married Mansfield Tracy Walworth, her stepfather’s youngest son. Mrs. Walworth opened her home as a boarding and day school after her husband’s death in 1873. The school’s success required her eventually to remodel and enlarge the facilities. Mrs. Walworth continued to live on the property year round until finally the cold New York winters affected her health and she began to make her home in Washington, DC, in winter.
One of Mrs. Walworth's earliest public efforts was her moving plea to the members of her local community to contribute to the fund to renovate George Washington’s home, Mount Vernon, in Alexandria, Virginia. Mrs. Walworth wrote constantly on patriotic and historic subjects. She was an authority on the battlefields of Saratoga and also published an account of the Burgoyne campaign. She served as director-general of the Woman’s National War Relief Association of 1898. Mrs. Walworth was the first editor of the official publication of the NSDAR, the American Monthly Magazine, serving from the spring of 1892 until July 1894. Ellen Walworth died on June 23, 1915, and was laid to rest in the family lot at Green Ridge, near Saratoga, New York.
Eugenia Washington was born on June 24, 1840, near Charlestown in what is now West Virginia. She was the daughter of William Temple Washington and Margaret Calhoun Fletcher, a great niece of Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. In 1859, when she was nineteen years old, her father moved the family to Falmouth, Virginia, just north of Fredericksburg. Her mother died near this time, and her father was disabled and relied on his daughter to care for him.
When the Battle of Fredericksburg was imminent in December 1862, she wanted to escape with her father to a place of safety quickly, but was delayed one full day because a wounded federal officer was brought to her door and placed in her care while he waited for a surgeon. The battle had begun by the time she was ready to flee, and she and her father were caught on the battlefield. She found shelter for both of them in a small trench left by a cannon. They were forced to remain in that spot for a whole day and witnessed the entire battle from that position. It is said that Miss Washington’s experiences that day inspired in her a will to assist women from both the North and the South in the worthy cause of preserving their shared heritage and that this was her purpose in helping to found the NSDAR.
At the close of the war, Miss Washington was offered a government position with the post office department, and so she and her father moved to Washington, DC. Known fondly as “Miss Eugie” she was considered quite attractive and always received a great deal of attention wherever she went. Eugenia Washington died at her home in Washington on Thanksgiving Day, November 30, 1900.
A Brief History of the Founding of DAR
On October 11, 1890, eighteen women and four men met in Washington for the purpose of organizing the Daughters of the American Revolution.
The Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) had recently been founded in New York City on April 30, 1889. Some SAR societies permitted women and some did not. At the next year’s general meeting on April 30, 1890, the matter was put to a vote and the SAR decided to officially exclude women from its membership.
This event sparked controversy and discussion in the national press, and caught the attention of Mary Smith Lockwood. Incensed that the contributions of women to the American Revolution were not being recognized, Mrs. Lockwood wrote a fiery editorial that was published in the Washington Post on July 13, 1890. In it, she demonstrated convincingly that women had contributed much to the Revolutionary cause that had previously been overlooked and ignored. She asked, “Were there no mothers of the Revolution?”
William O. McDowell, Vice President General of SAR, disagreed with the vote and believed that women should form their own similar patriotic organization. He wrote his own letter to the Post, which was published on July 21, urging women to organize and offering his assistance. Six women soon replied, including Miss Mary Desha who wrote, “I am good for any amount of work.”
Eighteen women attended the first official organizing meeting held on October 11, 1890 at the Strathmore Arms boarding house at 810 12th Street, the home of Mrs. Lockwood. These include the four women traditionally considered to be the organization’s founders: Mrs. Lockwood, Miss Desha, Miss Eugenia Washington, and Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworth. Four men also attended the meeting and formed the first Advisory Board to the NSDAR.
During the meeting, the first slate of national officers was elected, with the nation’s first lady, Mrs. Benjamin Harrison, as President General. The women adopted a tentative constitution, discussed the scheduling of annual meetings, and decided that October 11 would be the permanent anniversary of the society. Their first resolution pledged support toward completing the memorial monument to Mary Washington, mother of George Washington. And so the first meeting of the DAR was adjourned, having laid the groundwork for a long tradition of patriotic service to the nation.
Based on the account in A Century of Service: The Story of the DAR by Ann Arnold Hunter. NSDAR: Washington, D.C., 1991.
On April 17, 1929, under the leadership of President General Grace L. H. Brosseau, the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution dedicated this memorial to its four founders: Mary Desha, Mary Smith Lockwood, Ellen Hardin Walworth, and Eugenia Washington.
Noted artist and DAR member Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney sculpted this beautiful monument from Tennessee marble. The graceful, feminine form depicted here is typical of Whitney’s sculptures. The human figure was her favorite medium through which to illustrate the expanse of human emotions and ideas.
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Encouraging literacy development
The growth of literacy skills is a vital part of your child’s overall development. It’s central to her future success at school and later in the workplace. But before your child learns to read and write, she needs to develop the foundations for literacy – the ability to speak, listen, understand, watch and draw.
With time, and your assistance, your child will also come to understand the connection between letters on a page and spoken words. For this to happen, he’ll need plenty of experience with:
- pictures and objects – how you can use words to talk about them
- letters and words – their shapes, sounds and names
- sounds – how words can rhyme, begin and end with the same letters, be broken up into parts (for example, syllables), be formed by blending different sounds, and so on.
This will give your child a great headstart when he reaches school and starts learning the more formal aspects of literacy.
You can help your child’s literacy development by communicating with her, reading with her and teaching her about sounds in ways that are fun for both of you.
The language experiences that children have before they’re six help form multiple and powerful brain connections. These connections are used for language and thinking. Without activities like talking, singing and reading, the brain doesn’t develop this rich network of connections.
Communicating: its importance in literacy development
Bonding and interacting with your baby or child helps create a sense of security in him, and a desire for him to interact with you in return.
You might notice your baby responds to your smiles and baby-talk, and might try to imitate your sounds and facial expressions. When you repeat your toddler’s babble, it lets her know she’s communicating. Singing to her teaches her about the rise and fall of sounds. It also introduces her to the music and stories of her culture. All of these communications are getting your child ready for speech and its rules and conventions.
What you can do
- Don’t be afraid to use baby-talk – it helps babies understand how language is put together.
- Sing to your child (you can visit our Baby Karaoke page for ideas on what to sing).
- Talk to your child about the everyday things you’re doing and seeing together. For example, ‘Let’s get the washing now’, ‘Look at the red bird’ or ‘Yum, what a nice lunch we’re having’.
- Name people and point out special features on different objects (for example, the Velcro on shoes or buttons on a shirt).
- Talk about feelings, chatting about whether your child is happy or sad. You can help out by giving him the words to describe his emotions. This can help him understand how others feel, too.
- Listen to your child. Follow his lead and talk about things he brings up. If he asks a question, give him the chance to come up with answers before you step in.
- Tell your child stories. You could share funny or interesting stories from your childhood or tell him about your family’s past.
- As your child gets older, teach him that words can be broken down into segments. For example, ‘man’ is made up of m-a-n. Also show how parts of spoken words can be blended to produce whole words. For example, r-u-n or r-un or ru-n makes ‘run’.
Reading: its importance in literacy development
It’s a good idea to read with your child often – you can start from birth onwards. Children who have had experiences with language and print from an early age are more likely to develop a solid literacy foundation.
Reading with your child:
- gives you enjoyable time with her as you share an activity, looking at pictures and playing with words
- helps her start to appreciate what books have to offer, and shows her that books can give both pleasure and information
- helps her learn the sounds of letters in spoken language
- helps her understand that stories aren’t coming from you, but from the words on the page – this teaches her about how the printed word works
- helps her develop a larger vocabulary, which increases her understanding, pleasure and interest in reading (this is because books offer more unusual words than are used in everyday language or on television)
- improves her thinking and problem-solving skills.
What you can do
- Read to your child. You can start from birth, but it’s never too late to begin.
- When your child is old enough, encourage him to hold the book and turn the pages. This will help him start to understand that the book should be a certain way up, and that pages are always turned in the same direction.
- Guide your finger on the line as you read, pointing out each word. This indicates to your child that we always start on the left and move to the right when reading English, helping him start to understand the rules of reading.
- Point out pictures and describe them in words.
- Make the sounds of animals or other objects in the book – have fun!
Rhyme: its importance in literacy development
Rhyming is a great way to teach children the connection between the sound of a word and how it’s written.
What you can do
- Play games that involve rhyming. Rhyming words helps children appreciate beginning and ending sounds – for example, cat, pat and mat. You can play them at any time – in the car, while shopping or at the dinner table.
- Play games that involve the sound and rhythm of words. You could try ‘I Spy’ and tongue twisters such as ‘She sells seashells by the seashore’.
- Read rhyming books, such as The Cat in the Hat or Doodledum Dancing.
Signs of early difficulties
Children develop at different rates. While some children with foundational literacy difficulties will catch up to their peers, children who make slow early progress often need extra help. If they don’t get it, they can experience delays in literacy development over the long term.
There are some early signs that your child might be having trouble with foundational literacy skills. These signs involve both oral language (vocabulary and listening skills) and knowledge of word structure (knowing letters, rhyming, sounding out and blending sounds in simple words).
Seek help or advice if most of the time your child has trouble with three or more of the following activities:
- telling you what action is going on in a picture book (running, barking, eating)
- using all of the necessary words to make a complete sentence – for example, ‘I'm going to the zoo’ rather than ‘I going zoo’
- listening to an adult read to her on a regular basis
- remembering a previously read book when shown its cover
- showing an awareness of how books are handled
- naming simple objects represented in books
- concentrating on and responding to print, such as the letters in names, signs and so on
- scribbling to make shapes that look like letters
- stringing similar-sounding words together (‘cat, bat, hat’)
- repeating at least parts of nursery rhymes.
Seek help or advice if most of the time your child can’t do the things listed above, and struggles with three or more of the following.
In spoken language:
- understanding everyday spoken directions
- incorporating new words when he speaks, and noticeably using longer sentences (often more than five words)
- recognising the beginning of words and sounds that rhyme, and producing examples
- breaking simple words into their parts (syllables or single sounds), and putting sounds together to make words
- using the proper endings of words – for example, ‘He played football with me’ rather than ‘He play football with me’
- using comparison words, such as ‘heavier’, ‘stronger’ or ‘shorter’. For example, if you said, ‘A car is big, but a bus is ______?’, your child should reply, ‘Bigger’.
- showing interest in books and reading
- trying to read – for example, your child might say, ‘This word says cat. See, I can read!’
- following the sequence of events in stories
- relating what happens in books to her own life events
- listening attentively when books are read aloud, deriving meaning and pleasure from it.
In understanding print concepts:
- knowing that words in print are different from pictures, and are there to be read
- observing and commenting on print in different settings, such as on TV, food packets and so on
- appreciating the different purposes of print – for example, locations, prices, assembly instructions
- knowing that each letter in the alphabet has a name and a sound, and being able to name at least eight of them
- understanding that writing is a tool for communication, and scribbling his name, messages and so on (regardless of whether you can read what he scribbles).
If you need professional help or advice, you could start by talking to your local child health nurse, your GP, paediatrician, speech pathologist, or your child’s preschool teacher. They may be able to direct you to other services and support.
Helping your school-aged child
Prepare your child for reading and writing tasks at school by giving her lots of opportunities to experience language and print in all its forms.
If you think your child is having difficulties, try the following:
- Check with her teacher about progress, and work on an intervention plan together. The earlier you and the teacher step in to help your child, the better she will progress in the long term.
- Provide your child with lots of encouragement for trying, even if she repeatedly makes similar errors.
- Make sure your child is ready to learn by being organised in the morning. It will help her to have set routines and quiet times to do her reading.
- Schedule times for you to read with your child. You can alternate between your child reading to you and you reading to your child. If she’s struggling, this will help her avoid becoming too frustrated. If she’s tired at the end of the day, try to schedule time during the day for reading.
Children whose pre-literacy skills haven’t developed at the same rate as their peers might find that they don’t enjoy tasks involving reading and writing. This can become a cycle – a child who’s unable to read might avoid reading, and fall further behind his peers.
If you continue to be concerned about your child’s progress, talk to your local healthcare professional about seeking further professional advice from an educational psychologistor literacy specialist.
Two languages or more
For most children, learning to speak more than one language is a good thing.
If English is your second language, you might wonder which language you should be encouraging – your first (or ‘home’) language or English. It’s up to you, or course, but here are a few things to consider:
- Young children can pick up a new language more quickly and easily than an adult.
- Language and literacy development in your first language can support English language and literacy development.
- Speaking two or more languages in your home is unlikely to negatively affect your child’s development of literacy skills in the longer term.
- It might take some children a little longer to learn all the rules of both languages, and to learn as many words as their English-only speaking peers. But most children who speak two languages do catch up with their peers. By about 10 years of age, they’re usually just as effective in all aspects of language.
If you have concerns about your child’s progress, speak to the classroom teacher.
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Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)
Emergency Medical Technicians have the skills and basic knowledge to stabilize and transport patients, whether it’s a non-emergency or life-threatening emergency. EMTs provide emergency medical care and transportation to critical and emergent patients, outside of a hospital.
Emergency Medical Technicians function under medical oversight within the EMS response system. EMTs use basic equipment typically found on an ambulance to provide interventions between the scene of an emergency and the health care system.
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Find a copy in the library
Finding libraries that hold this item...
Maps Early works to 1800
|Material Type:||Government publication, National government publication|
|All Authors / Contributors:||
John Filson; Henry D Pursell; Ternon Rook; United States. Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission.; Geological Survey (U.S.)
|Notes:||Reprint of map published in 1784 in Philadelphia.
In lower border: portion of A New Map of the States of Georgia, South and North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland ...
In upper border: Virginia (Western Part, i.e., Kentucky) at the time of the ratification of the Constitution, from 1784 and 1789 maps in the Library of Congress at Washington, issued by the United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission.
Relief shown pictorially.
Prime meridian: Philadelphia.
|Description:||2 maps : col. ; 66 x 51 cm. on sheet.|
|Cartographic Mathematical Data:||Scales differ.|
|Responsibility:||by their humble servant, John Filson. Engraved by Henry D. Pursell & printed by T. Rook.|
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The Azure Data Architecture Guide:
The guide is structured around a basic pivot: The distinction between relational data and non-relational data.
Relational data is generally stored in a traditional RDBMS or a data warehouse. It has a pre-defined schema (“schema on write”) with a set of constraints to maintain referential integrity. Most relational databases use Structured Query Language (SQL) for querying. Solutions that use relational databases include online transaction processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP).
Non-relational data is any data that does not use the relational model found in traditional RDBMS systems. This may include key-value data, JSON data, graph data, time series data, and other data types. The term NoSQL refers to databases that are designed to hold various types of non-relational data. However, the term is not entirely accurate, because many non-relational data stores support SQL compatible queries. Non-relational data and NoSQL databases often come up in discussions of big data solutions. A big data architecture is designed to handle the ingestion, processing, and analysis of data that is too large or complex for traditional database systems.
Within each of these two main categories, the Data Architecture Guide contains the following sections:
- Concepts. Overview articles that introduce the main concepts you need to understand when working with this type of data.
- Scenarios. A representative set of data scenarios, including a discussion of the relevant Azure services and the appropriate architecture for the scenario.
- Technology choices. Detailed comparisons of various data technologies available on Azure, including open source options. Within each category, we describe the key selection criteria and a capability matrix, to help you choose the right technology for your scenario.
This guide is not intended to teach you data science or database theory — you can find entire books on those subjects. Instead, the goal is to help you select the right data architecture or data pipeline for your scenario, and then select the Azure services and technologies that best fit your requirements. If you already have an architecture in mind, you can skip directly to the technology choices.
- Online analytical processing (OLAP)
- Online transaction processing (OLTP)
- Data warehousing and data marts
Big data and NoSQL
- Non-relational data stores
- Working with CSV and JSON files
- Big data architectures
- Advanced analytics
- Machine learning at scale
- Batch processing
- Real time processing
- Free-form text search
- Interactive data exploration
- Natural language processing
- Time series solutions
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Serious Games guiding players through the process of analyzing evidence and recreating a crime scene
Via: e-semble – Kick-off CSI Serious Games ProjectVia: Boston College - Virtual Forensics Lab
On 13 January, the kick-off of the CSI Serious Games Project took place in the Field Lab of the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI). This meant the entry of the project, which is part of CSI The Hague, at the NFI Academy (please find also Serious Games To Solve Crimes)
The kick-off of the CSI Serious Games Project is the start of the development of Serious Games for the CSI The Hague Project In cooperation with the NFI, E-Semble will develop a virtual reality training game to train forensic awareness that contains board game elements as well as virtual reality elements.
The learning objective of the game is to create awareness for the traces on a incident scene or crime scene. Furthermore, the game also teaches rescue professionals how to be part of the forensic chain.
E-Semble is closely involved in the development en application of the board game elements as well as the virtual reality elements of the game for which several forensic scenarios will be developed. The pilot of the CSI Serious Games project will take place in May 2012.
The opening of the CSI Lab was an important first step in the project. The CSI Lab offers new possibilities for the training of forensic detectives in the police force. The CSI project, in which the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) collaborates with several partners such as TNO, Delft University of Technology and E-Semble, is a successful public-private collaboration in which diverse expertise is brought together.
Another example of Serious Games for teaching forensics is the Boston College’s Virtual Forensics Lab
The Serious Game allows students to examine a re-created crime scene
The Virtual Forensics Laboratory is designed to teach applied forensic science through Serious Games. Set in a three-dimensional game space, the lab enables students to both practice photographing and collecting evidence, such as fingerprints, blood spatter, and weapons in a recreated crime scene, and examines related case materials such as 911 calls, psychological examinations, and police interrogations. By guiding them through the process of analyzing evidence and recreating the events of the crime, the virtual lab helps student practice the critical thinking skills involved in deducing the motivations for crimes and identifying likely offenders.
Nursing professor Ann Burgess received an ATIG grant to develop this unique tool for teaching forensic science through game-based learning. In the past, she simply used manikins and fake blood to create a simulated crime scene for her students to examine, but her goal was to create a richer and more interactive environment for learning forensics methods.
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Image: Wikipedia Creative Commons
Description: The Garter Snake is the most widely distributed snake in North America. Coloration is variable and may be green, brown, or gray, but most garter snakes have a well-defined stripe on the back and side. Garter snakes can range in size from 18 to 50 inches. They use their forked tongues to smell. Garter Snakes are the most commonly encountered snake in North America. They are most active during the day, and in southern parts of their range, they may remain active all year. Northern populations, large numbers of garter snakes hibernate in communal dens.
Diet: Frogs, toads, salamanders, earthworms, rodents.
Habitat/Range: Garter snakes occur near water, in wet meadows, marshes, prairie ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches, damp woodland, farms, and parks. Garter snakes may also show up under houses or in basements. This snake is found across North America except for in the desert southwest.
Breeding: Garter Snakes give birth (rather than lay eggs) to 7-85 young in the summer. Young snakes are 5 to 9 inches in length. Garter snakes become mature in two years.
Status: Garter Snakes are very common, though, the San Francisco Garter Snake, a sub-species, is an endangered species.
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Local children’s programming in the Philadelphia area flourished during the “Golden Age of Television,” from the rise of commercial broadcasting after World War II to the early 1970s. During its heyday the hosted children’s show was a mainstay of locally produced programming. In the Philadelphia area, original children’s shows were produced by the three local broadcast affiliates – WPZT (later KYW), Channel 3 (NBC, now CBS), WFIL (later WPVI) Channel 6 (ABC), and WCAU Channel 10 (CBS, now NBC) – and reached viewers throughout Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, Delaware, and even northern Maryland. The Philadelphia shows were not only financially successful, garnering large audience shares for their time slots and generating substantial advertising income for the stations, but were also critically well-received by reviewers, children, and parents.
When commercial television began, national networks typically did not begin their weekday broadcasts until after seven o’clock at night. Local stations had to fill the rest of the air time during each weekday. Children’s shows became a popular choice for economic reasons. The local children’s programs kept their production costs very low: the sets were minimal; there were no writers (most shows were ad-libbed); and the star (the host) performed live.
From Radio to TV
Most of the shows followed the same formula. The role of host was similar to the role of a disc jockey on the radio. Indeed, several of the popular children’s show hosts in the Philadelphia area were originally radio personalities. The host introduced cartoons or film shorts (such as Popeye, Little Rascals, and The Three Stooges), which program directors purchased in bundles from the controlling motion picture studios or from brokers such as King Features Syndicate. Hosts filled the time between the segments with singing, improvised “dialogue” with the child-viewer at home, and story-telling often accompanied with drawings by the host done in real time. The host also served as the spokesperson for the show’s sponsors. Inexpensive to produce and popular with the child-viewer, these shows became attractive vehicles for local businesses eager to tap into the new advertising medium of television.
Hosts such as Sally Starr (Popeye Theater) and Bill “Wee Willie” Webber (Breakfast Time), whose personalities transcended the shows’ limited production values, attracted the children who tuned in daily. Many program directors felt that since there was so much time to fill, they could afford to give any reasonably good idea a chance. This atmosphere fostered creativity and encouraged experimentation. Children’s entertainers had the opportunity to land their own shows if they could craft a unique concept. In addition to Starr and Webber, some of the most popular hosts—based on both the longevity of the shows and market share of viewing audiences—were Jane Norman (Pixanne), Gene London, “Uncle” Pete Boyle, Traynor Ora Halftown (Chief Halftown), and W. Carter Merbreier (Captain Noah).
By the early 1970s, the heyday of children’s programming in Philadelphia had ended. New Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations prohibited the hosts from performing commercials for the sponsor’s products, thus making them less attractive to local businesses. The rise of educational programming, UHF stations, and the introduction of the Saturday-morning cartoon block resulted in increased competition for the locally produced shows on the network affiliates. Thus increased government scrutiny and regulation in conjunction with major industry changes reduced the financial viability of these shows and helped to bring about their demise in stations across the country.
Host Bill Webber
By decade’s end, most of the local hosted children’s shows were gone. Some hosts, like Bill Webber, made a successful transition to UHF. From the mid-1960s through to the end of the 1970s, Webber hosted cartoon shows for local stations Channel 17 (WPHL) and Channel 48 (WKBS). Captain Noah and His Magical Ark (which began in the late 1960s) sailed its final voyage in 1994. Chief Halftown’s weekend show continued on the air until 1999, although the format had changed from a cartoon show to a children’s talent showcase.
Even though the hosts of the shows were no longer on television they continued to personal appearances and draw crowds of former child-viewer fans at local parades and amusement parks throughout the area. Bill Webber, Ora Halftown, and “Uncle” Pete Boyle are now deceased. Many of the remaining hosts have reinvented themselves and have had second careers. Jane Norman has had a highly successful career as an author and currently tours and records as an interpreter of the Great American Songbook and jazz standards. Sally Starr was a radio show host (WVLT Vineland, N.J.) until her retirement in 2011. Gene London became a historian and curator of movie costumes. His collection has been featured in museums nationally and internationally. Although now retired, W. Carter Merbreier continues to write for children and is active in professional organizations such as the Broadcast Pioneers. (The set of Captain Noah is on permanent display at the Please Touch Museum in Philadelphia.)
Though their reign over the “Golden Age of Television” was brief, children’s television show hosts in the Delaware Valley left an indelible mark on the children of the era who were comforted by the hosts’ warmth and charm. Television stations produced inexpensive yet high-quality programming, and Baby Boomer children in the Philadelphia region reaped the benefits.
Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic is a reference librarian at the Paul Robeson Library of Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. Brandi Scardilli graduated from Rutgers University–Camden with an M.A. in history.
Copyright 2012, Rutgers University
Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia. Accessed February 18, 2012.
Hollis, Tim. Hi There, Boys and Girls!: America’s Local Children’s TV Programs. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001.
Philly’s Favorite Kids Show Hosts. Produced by Ed Cunningham. 2007. Philadelphia: WHYY-TV.
The Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection. University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
Places to Visit
Please Touch Museum, Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, 4231 Avenue of the Republic, Philadelphia.
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VIP Class Notes (Nemo)
marble (n): a small ball, usually made of coloured or transparent glass, that is used in children’s games
egg white(n): the transparent part of an egg that turns white when it is cooked
yolk (n): the yellow, middle part of an egg
E.g.: I like eggs lightly cooked so that the yolk is still runny.
æåæ¬¢ç ®å¾å«©äºç鸡èï¼è¿æ ·èé»è¿æ¯æºå¿çã
E.g.: Separate the yolks from the whites.
recycle (v): 1-to sort and collect rubbish in order to treat it and produce useful materials that can be used again
E.g.: The Japanese recycle more than half their waste paper.
E.g.: Shall I just throw this bottle away, or do you recycle?
ææ¯ä¸æ¯æè¿ä¸ªç¶åæäºï¼æè ä½ ä»¬åæ¶ï¼
2-to use something again for a different purpose
E.g.: Why not recycle Christmas cards as gift tags?
E.g.: Students can sometimes recycle old essays to make them fit new questions.
layer (n): a level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, that is different from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance
E.g.: the ozone layer
E.g.: A thick layer of clay lies over the sandstone.
E.g.: There was a thin layer of oil on the surface of the water.
engine (n): a machine that uses the energy from liquid fuel or steam to produce movement
E.g.: a jet engine
E.g.: a car engine
E.g.: My car’s been having engine trouble recently.
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Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Effective for Younger Patients with AML
According to an article recently published in the journal Blood, patients with AML who are at a high risk of cancer progression following standard therapy may benefit from an unrelated allogeneic stem cell transplant.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood characterized by the rapid, uncontrolled growth of immature white blood cells known as myelocytes. The disease is more common in adults than in children; average age at diagnosis is more than 65 years.
Treatment of AML often begins with induction therapy (initial treatment) that includes chemotherapy to produce a complete remission (defined as the disappearance of leukemia cells in the bone marrow and normalization of the white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet levels). After induction therapy, patients generally receive additional treatment (consolidation therapy) to reduce the likelihood of leukemia recurrence. Depending upon prognosis, age of the patient, and/or other existing medical conditions, consolidation therapy can range from extremely aggressive to less aggressive.
An allogeneic stem cell transplant, considered an extremely aggressive treatment option, involves the use of high doses of therapy, which kill a greater amount of cancer cells than standard doses. Unfortunately, the high doses of therapy also cause a significant reduction in blood cells, resulting in a patient’s susceptibility to infection, bleeding, and the need for blood transfusions. Often, the infections caused by these high doses of therapy are life-threatening.
To restore levels of blood cells, stem cells, which are immature blood cells, are collected from a donor and infused into the patient following high-dose therapy. These donor stem cells can also mount an attack against the patient’s cancer cells. Unfortunately, these donor cells can also attack a patient’s healthy cells, causing a potentially life-threatening condition called graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Stem cells donated by a relative (related donor) tend to carry a lower risk of GVHD than those from an unrelated donor.
A drawback of an allogeneic stem cell transplant is that treatment-related mortality and side effects can be substantial; researchers have thus focused on curative options that are more easily tolerated. However, for patients with very aggressive AML and those who are younger, an allogeneic stem cell transplant still appears to provide optimal outcomes.
Researchers affiliated with the International Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry recently conducted a clinical study evaluating the use of allogeneic stem cell transplants with unrelated donors for patients with AML. This trial included 261 patients with AML in first remission (when disease is undetectable for the first time following treatment) or second remission (the second time following two different treatment courses that disease is undetectable) who were 60 years of age or younger. Patients in this trial were divided into three groups: those who had a high, intermediate, or low risk of developing a cancer recurrence following standard therapies.
The following results include patients in first remission:
• At five years overall survival was between 29–30% for all groups of patients.
• At five years mortality related to treatment was 47% for patients at a high risk of developing a recurrence, 53% for patients at an intermediate risk of developing a recurrence, and 63% for patients at a low risk of developing a recurrence.
• Cancer recurrence rates were 8%, 17%, and 26%, respectively for patients with low, intermediate, and high risks of developing a cancer recurrence.
The following results include patients in second remission:
• At five years overall survival was 45%, 37%, and 36%, respectively, among patients with a low, intermediate, and high risk of developing a cancer recurrence.
• At five years mortality related to treatment was 46%, 46%, and 30%, respectively among patients with a low, intermediate, and high risk of developing a cancer recurrence.
• Cancer recurrence rates were 12%, 18%, and 32%, respectively, among patients with a low, intermediate, and high risk of developing a cancer recurrence.
The researchers concluded that an unrelated allogeneic stem cell transplant can provide AML patients 60 years of age or younger who are in first remission and have a high risk of a cancer recurrence overall survival rates at five years that are comparable to those among patients with a lower risk of a recurrence. However, this trend did not seem to hold true for patients in second remission. Furthermore, mortality related to treatment was high.
Patients with AML who are at a high risk of developing a cancer recurrence and do not have a related donor for an allogeneic stem cell transplant may wish to speak with their physician regarding their individual risks and benefits of an unrelated stem cell transplant.
Reference: Tallman MS, Dewald GW, Sandham S, et al. Impact of cytogenetics on outcome of matched unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in first or second complete remission. Blood. 2007; 110:409-417.
Copyright © 2018 CancerConnect. All Rights Reserved.
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Virginia men of law constituted one of the first learned professions in colonial America, and Virginia legal culture had an important and lasting impact on American political institutions and jurisprudence. Exploring the book collections of these Virginians therefore offers insight into the history of the book and the intellectual history of early America. It also addresses essential questions of how English culture migrated to the American colonies and was transformed into a distinctive American culture.Here are two endorsements:
Focusing on the law books that colonial Virginians acquired, how they used them, and how they eventually produced a native-grown legal literature, this collection explores the law and intellectual culture of the Commonwealth and reveals the origins of a distinctively Virginian legal literature. The contributors argue that understanding the development of early Virginia legal history—as shown through these book collections—not only illuminates important aspects of Virginia’s history and culture; it also underlies a thorough understanding of colonial and revolutionary American history and culture.
This splendid essay collection brings to life the richness of Virginia's colonial legal culture—a necessary book for anyone interested in colonial Virginia lawyers.Update: And don’t miss the book launch: Wednesday, March 29, 2017 from 4:00 PM to 6:00 PM (EDT), in Law Library, Room L30, University of Richmond School of Law. RSVP.
Mary Sarah Bilder, Boston College Law School, author of Madison's Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention
This is much more than a book about books. It takes the reader into the world of lawyers and statesmen in the formative years of American law. We sit by the side of George Wythe, Patrick Henry, St. George Tucker, and other eminent figures as they draw upon English law to give a distinctive shape to life and law in colonial and early republican Virginia. The respected contributors to this collection have themselves produced an ‘esteemed booke’—and, in doing so, they have enlarged our understanding of how law lies at the very base of American government and society.
A. E. Dick Howard, University of Virginia, author of The Road from Runnymede: Magna Carta and Constitutionalism in America
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We must help students participate as a citizen of local, global and digital communities simultaneously ... issues of ethics, social perspectives, and community participation occur within three community domains: local, global and digital. Education must participate in all three.Reading onto the second chapter of the book, and thinking about terms like digital citizenship and global citizenship, it's clear that today geography plays only a small part in determining the communities of which we are a part. Local, global and digital in fact overlap in many ways and as educators it is our job to help students understand them and be able to participate in them effectively. The local community could well be the school - the people who can communicate with each other face to face. It could include the students in a class, in the school as a whole, the families of those students, and even people in the neighbourhood where the school is located. Often it's important for students to understand the impact of something locally in order for them to consider the impact of the issue globally. Ohler writes:
We live on a very interconnected but culturally diverse planet ... addressing issues, opportunities and problems that cross political and cultural boundaries will require building new kinds of social bridges.Digital communities may be global, but often they feel very local because we are in these communities by choice, common needs and curiosities. Ohler points out that social media makes us part of a digital community that actually feels "local" and helps us appreciate issues that are affecting people in the global community. Although we are geographically very distant and may in fact never have met the people in our digital communities, we have an emotional and intellectual connection with them that is very real.
How can teachers help students to be active members in local, global and digital communities? Ohler calls on teachers to "help students connect their personal networks to global realities that are personally meaningful and academically important" in the following ways:
- Deepening the time spent on the global web - developing a deeper understanding of the world
- Connecting with others in a global context
- Inquiring into global issues
- Promoting local connections
- Focusing on what is unique as well as what is universal
Today I was reflecting on my own connections and how these can add perspective to issues that are affecting the world today. Locally, I work with someone who was once part of the Gaza peacekeeping force. Globally I am in contact through Facebook with an ex-student who has just finished his military service in the Israeli army and who may well be called upon to take military action against Gaza. Digitally I am connected through the Google Teacher Academy with a teacher who lives on a kibbutz just 2 kms away from the Gaza border. More than anything I could read online, any report I could watch on the news, the personal connections with these three members of my various communities help me to understand the issue facing the region today.
Photo Credit: In The Beginning by Bill Gracey, 2002
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A piece of language is said to be coherent (therefore discourse) if it has a discernible, unified meaning.
A piece of discourse is said to be cohesive if its components (ie. sentences/phrases/words) are bound together through linguistic and non-linguistic features to form a unified whole.
The linguistic features used to link one word/phrase/sentence to another are called formal links.
Some common formal links are:
The most obvious example of formal link is third person pronouns
In a piece of language, cohesion is achieved by using these referring expressions that direct the hearer/reader to look elsewhere for their interpretation.
Reference expressions can be:
Endophoric references are linguistic references to something within the same text.
There are two types of endophoric references:
Anaphoric references refer back to another unit that was mentioned before.
Aiminaibee asked Thakuru to buy her a diamond ring.
Cataphoric references refer ahead to another unit that is mentioned later.
Waving at him happily, Thakuru saw Aiminaibee come out.
Exophoric references refer to entities outside the text, in the context of the utterance or speaker.
That is where Aiminaibee first saw the Foolhudhiguhandi.
(said while pointing to the place)
Repetition of a key term or phrase in the text helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader/listener on track.
The problem with modern art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Modern art is deliberately abstract, and that means it often leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.
Lexical chains are also a form of repetition but without repeating the exact same phrase/word.
i.e. use different words that are lexically related (e.g. hypernyms)
Myths are an important part of a country’s heritage. Such traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.
Cohesion is often achieved by substituting special words for ones that have already been used.
The most common substitutes used in English are
Each of these are used to substitute for a different type of clause
‘one’ is used to substitute for nouns / noun phrases:
I left the school and went to the one in Thuraakunu.
I left Hithadhoo secondary school and went to the Thuraakunu one.
I left the Hithadhoo secondary school with many students and went to the one with few students.
I left the Hithadhoo secondary school with few students and went to the Thuraakunu one with few students.
Verbs are substituted with ‘do’.
Since do is a verb (and an irregular one at that) is also has the forms does, did, done and doing.
I have not finished yet, when I do you can start.
I like coffee and so does he.
The word ‘so‘ is often used to substitute for a whole clause:
Thakuru: “We’ll be watching you close, smart guy.”
Haadi: “I hope so. You might learn something.”
Thakuru: “I think we have got rid of him for good.”
Aiminaibee: “You really think so?”
In certain contexts it is possible to leave out a word/phrase rather than repeat it.
This device is called ellipsis.
A child learns to speak almost ‘by chance’. He imitates his parents without knowing why < >.
Students continue to wear faded jeans to class even after being told not to < >.
Connectives are words/phrases used to indicate a specific connection between different parts of a text.
Various kinds of words and phrases can function as connectives:
It posed several problems for me, but it was all worthwhile.
It posed several problems for me; nevertheless, it was all worthwhile.
In spite of the severe problems it posed for me, it was all worthwhile.
There are 4 basic types of connectives:
Addition connectives (AC)
adds on to the idea presented before (also, and)
Opposition connectives (OC)
contrasts with the idea presented before (but, nevertheless )
Cause connectives (CC)
shows a causal connection with the ideas presented before (therefore, since)
Time connectives (TC)
shows a sequence or simultaneous actions (first, finally)
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Case Study 5: Personal progress: Assessing students against themselves
A Case Study from the University sector. Part of the Enhancing the Effectiveness of Tertiary Teaching and Learning through Assessment project.
The University Sector
Name: Dr Julie Jackson-Gough
Organisation: The University of Waikato
Researcher: Jill Musgrave
'Students are not assessed against each other; they are assessed against themselves. In this course, they are rewarded for putting in the effort.'
A university lecturer who teaches music to students preparing to be primary school teachers makes full use of her own skills and experience to promote individual student progress. She says, 'My passion is music, and my students should take music into the schools confidently and competently.'
Assessment tasks focus on individual progress with students being rewarded for the amount of progress they make compared with their starting point. For example, two students who begin the paper with vastly different levels of ability and expertise might finish the paper with similar grades. It depends on the amount of personal progress each student has made.
Julie reports that students understand and value this approach to assessing their progress.
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Image: A Pulsar ad for the Time Computer.
The First LED Watch
The centuries-old art of watchmaking also felt the presence of the LED when, in 1972, Pulsar introduced the first LED watch. Dubbed the Time Computer, the watch was reportedly accurate to within 60 seconds per year. It cost $2,100 because it was the first to utilize LED technology in a small package and it relied on electronics to tell the time. Unfortunately, all this new technology devoured batteries, which is why the watch required the wearer to press a button to see the time.
Pulsar introduced a calculator watch in 1975, which, not coincidentally, is right about the time teachers started requiring students to show their work on math tests.
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The President of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte, signed a law evacuating confinements ashore secured by free licenses. This law would enable farmers to make their property titles promptly trade-able, and bankable --- giving them access to credit and capital.
Images from Eco-business | PNGimage
Under the Public Land Use Act instituted in 1936, an agrarian free patent is issued to the individuals who have "consistently involved and developed" tracts of farming open land. In any case, patent holders are precluded from selling or selling their property inside 5 years from the issuance of the patent.
Duterte on the 22nd of February marked Agricultural Free Patent Reform Act which evacuates this confinement. "Agrarian expense patent will presently be considered as title in charge basic and will not be liable to any limitation on encumberance or distance," read a duplicate of the law marked by Duterte.
Image from Facebook/SenatorGordon
This is relied upon to "permit the productive and viable usage of these grounds so as to add to riches creation, business, and monetary advancement," it included. The law was wrote by Sen. Richard Gordon.
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Before the COVID-19 crisis, encouraging signs across a number of indicators suggested that income inequality was narrowing. In many countries, for instance, the incomes of the poorest people rose faster than the national average, though inequalities in other areas persisted. Now, the effects of the pandemic appear to be reversing any positive trends. Those with relatively low incomes are at risk of falling behind. The pandemic has also intensified structural and systemic discrimination. Emerging markets and developing economies are experiencing slow recoveries, widening disparities in income between countries. The number of refugees worldwide reached the highest absolute number on record in 2021; sadly, that year also saw a record number of migrant deaths. Meanwhile, the war in Ukraine rages on, forcing even more people from their homes and creating one of the largest refugee crises in recent memory.
The war in Ukraine is adding to already record numbers of refugees worldwide
By mid-2021, the number of people forced to flee their countries due to war, conflict, persecution, human rights violations, and events seriously disturbing public order had grown to 24.5 million, the highest absolute number on record. For every 100,000 people worldwide, 311 are refugees outside their country of origin. This is a 44 per cent rise from 216 per 100,000 people in 2015. In absolute terms, countries in Northern Africa and Western Asia were the largest regional source of refugees (8.4 million), followed by countries in sub-Saharan Africa (6.7 million), and Latin America and the Caribbean (4.5 million).
The ongoing war in Ukraine has created the worst refugee crisis in recent history. As of 23 May 2022, the movement of more than 6 million people from Ukraine to other countries has been registered, the majority of whom are women and children. In addition, at least 8 million people have been displaced inside the country to escape the conflict.
Large numbers of migrants lost their lives last year on sometimes treacherous migratory routes
Last year, 5,895 people died fleeing their countries via various – sometimes dangerous – routes. This surpasses pre-pandemic figures and makes 2021 the deadliest year on record for migrants since 2017, according to the International Organization for Migration's Missing Migrants Project. The widespread impact of the pandemic forced many people seeking safety, reunification with family, decent work and better opportunities to take risky migratory routes.
At least 3,411 people died on maritime and land routes to and through Europe in 2021 - the majority of migration-related fatalities recorded worldwide. On the overseas route in the Atlantic towards Spain's Canary Islands, nearly 1,180 deaths were recorded, the most fatalities on this route since data collection began in 2014. It was also the deadliest year on record for migrants along the border between the United States and Mexico, where at least 717 people died, 51 per cent more than in 2020.
COVID-19 increased relative poverty in many countries, but others bucked the trend
The proportion of the population living on less than half the national median income is an important measure of social exclusion, relative poverty and inequality of income distribution within a country. If this proportion grows, it indicates the poorest are falling behind in relative terms. Before COVID-19, 13 per cent of people, on average, lived on less than half the national median income. However, this average share masks wide variations, from less than 5 per cent in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to around 25 per cent in Brazil and South Africa.
Currently, only 18 countries have data for 2020, most of which are in Latin America and the Caribbean. Among those, two thirds saw rates of relative low income increase in 2020, suggesting that the effects of the pandemic have intensified social exclusion. However, other countries experienced large declines. Brazil, for example, lowered the share of people living on less than half the median income from 24.1 to 18.3 per cent, thanks to large social transfers targeted to the poorest people in that society.
Proportion of the population living below 50 per cent of the national median income, 2019 (percentage)
* Excluding Australia and New Zealand.
Note: Unweighted average across countries with available data within each region. Differences in levels need to be interpreted carefully, due to a mix of income and consumption surveys being used across countries. Where country-level data are not available for 2019, the most recent data point is used.
The pandemic has caused a rise in income inequality, jeopardizing two decades of steady progress
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is exacerbating global income inequality. As a result, the steady progress over the last two decades is now in jeopardy. Projections suggest that between-country inequality rose by 1.2 per cent between 2017 and 2021, the first such increase in a generation. Before the pandemic, inequality was expected to have fallen by 2.6 per cent over the same period.
Forecasts suggest that income inequality within countries will also have increased in emerging market and developing countries. Although the magnitude of this increase is expected to be relatively small – around 1 per cent, on average – it halts the steady decline in income inequality seen in these countries since the start of the millennium. Worse yet, this increase may become entrenched, since pandemic-induced disruptions to education and the disproportionate adverse effects on low-income households may worsen intergenerational mobility. Meanwhile, high inflation and surging public debt levels may hamper countries' ability to support these vulnerable groups.
Change in between-country income inequality, 1988-2021 (percentage change)
Note: Income inequality is measured using the mean log deviation.
Discrimination remains widespread, with women and persons with disabilities at heightened risk
The spread of COVID-19 has intensified structural and systemic discrimination and pervasive inequalities, which harm millions of people and hold back every society. Addressing discrimination through evidence-based policies allows societies to transform into more inclusive, equal, resilient, just and sustainable systems anchored in human rights.
Roughly one in five people have experienced discrimination on at least one of the grounds prohibited under international human rights law, according to data from 49 countries and territories collected between 2017 and 2021. In countries where disaggregated data are available, women are more than twice as likely as men to experience discrimination on the grounds of sex. Moreover, women living in urban areas are slightly more likely to experience discrimination than their rural counterparts. Among persons with disabilities, it is pervasive, with about one third reporting personal experiences of discrimination.
Proportion of the overall population experiencing discrimination, by grounds and sex, 2017-2021 (percentage)
Workers' share of national income is eroding, exacerbating income inequality
Labour income data are key to understanding inequality. Measuring labour's contribution to GDP provides an indication of whether higher national income will lead to increased material living standards for workers. While employment is the main source of income for many workers, income derived from capital disproportionately benefits the affluent. Therefore, a decline in the labour share of income from 2014 to 2019 ‐ from 54.1 per cent to 52.6 per cent ‐ represents upward pressure on inequality. This drop is consistent with other related evidence going back to the 1970s, suggesting that workers are losing relative earning power over the long term.
As a region, Europe and Northern America is driving the decline in the labour income share, given its weight in overall global income. Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand) and Central and Southern Asia have also experienced significant declines. On a more positive note, data from sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia showed increases in the labour income share, though these increases are typically occurring from a lower starting point.
Labour income as a share of GDP, 2014 and 2019 (percentage)
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Dog bite prevention is a necessity in today's world. Dogs are everywhere, and some are friendlier than others. As dog owners, we must take responsibility for training our dogs and keeping them under our control at all times. We must also help spread awareness to others about proper behavior around dogs, dog safety, and preventing dog bites. It is important to understand that ANY dog is capable of biting, regardless of breed or size. Even the nicest dog can snap or bite when injured or afraid. All children and adults should learn how to keep themselves safe around dogs. Most importantly, dog owners must be responsible for their dogs.
Prevent Dog Bites
•Put your dog through basic obedience training. Continue to keep up with a training program throughout your dog's life. •Allow your dog to meet and interact with different types of people under calm and positive circumstances, especially children, disabled persons and elderly people.
•Expose your dog to various situations on a regular basis, such as other animals, loud noises, large machines, bicycles, and anything else that might cause fear. Start at the youngest age possible, and keep the experiences positive.
•Do not discipline your dog with physical, violent, or aggressive punishments.
•Always keep your dog on a leash or in a fenced area. Know your dog well before letting him off-leash in permitted areas. Keep your dog in your sight at all times.
•If you suspect or know that your dog has fearful or aggressive tendencies, always warn others. DO NOT let your dog approach people and other animals unless the situation is highly controlled. Use a muzzle if necessary.
•Keep your dog's vaccinations current (especially Rabies) and visit your vet routinely for wellness check-ups.
•Always reward and praise your dog for good behavior.
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The Mikumi National Park is a national park in Mikumi, near Morogoro, Tanzania. The park was established in 1964, currently covers an area of 3230 km² and is the fourth largest in the country
The Mikumi belongs to the circuit of the wildlife parks of Tanzania, less visited by international tourists and better protected from the environmental point of view. Most of the routes that cross the Mikumi proceed in the direction of the Ruaha National Park and the Selous. The recommended season for visiting the park is the dry season between May and November.
The landscape of Mikumi is often compared to that of the Serengeti. The road that crosses the park divides it into two areas with partially distinct environments. The area north-west is characterized by the alluvial plain of the river basin Mkata. The vegetation of this area consists of savannah dotted with acacia, baobab and tamarinds.
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Most user-friendly desktop operating systems allow you to set-up Internet sharing from a USB modem to an internal network. Ubuntu (Gnome) currently lacks this feature, so this video will guide the user to configure Firestarter instead. Could involve wireless too, as a bonus.
- Desktop users migrating from Windows who are already quite competent with networking, but just lack experience.
- Desktop users that are experienced in computing, but have little networking knowledge.
- Non yet, but an introduction to networking guide would be useful.
- How to set-up an Internet connection (Cable or ADSL modem/router)
- How to install packages from the universe repository.
- Understand basic networking concepts such as what network interfaces and modems are and how to link Ethernet cables together.
- Difference between hubs, switches and routers.
- Network troubleshooting tools e.g. ping
- Understand manual IP address assignment and subnetting.
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS) and Network Address Translation (NAT)
- Check Internet configuration - must already be present and working.
- Configure internal network settings.
- Install and set-up Firestarter.
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Weather 'Board Game'Gru Languages
Weather Board Game
Level 1 English Communication Game
Target language: Sunny, Windy, Rainy, Cloudy, Hot, Cold, Say, Draw, Spell, Sing
Instructions: in pairs or small groups the children take it in turns to roll the dice. After rolling the first dice the child moves their counters forward the number of spaces shown on the dice, this number also indicates the action. Then the child roles the second dice, which indicates the key word.
For example, if they roll a 2 and after a 4, they first move forward 2 places on the board and then they must spell "C-O-L-D".
If they roll a 6 and after a 1, they first move forward 6 places on the board and then they must say sunny 10 times "SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY, SUNNY" and so on.
You will need: one worksheet and one dice per pair or small group and one counter per child.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://grulanguages.com/products/weather-board-game-nm
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| 0.859406 | 228 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Cardiology deals with a variety of medical conditions ranging from angina, arrhythmias to congenital heart disease and coronary artery disease. Consulting a cardiologist is vital for successfully treating heart diseases, which often have to be managed extensively over several years with the aid of medications and surgery. Cardiovascular diseases are importantly diagnosed with the aid of tests and procedures, which are performed by cardiologists.
The prevalence of heart disease in India and the world
Worldwide and in India Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the top cause of mortality and as a result demand for cardiologists keeps increasing. Statistics collected by the WHO in 2016 show that worldwide 17.9 million people lost their lives due to CVDs. Additionally, CVDs are increasingly common in India where associated death rates were around 209.1 per 100,000 in 2016. In India the correlation between population aging and the death rate attributable to CVDs is high, and studies have shown that at the state level there is a large variation when it comes to age-adjusted Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) and stroke.
Image 1: State-level variation in age-adjusted ischemic heart disease (A) and stroke (B) mortality rate per 100,000 in India (2016) (Source: sciencedirect.com)
What you need to know to understand cardiovascular disease
The types of Cardiovascular Disease that a cardiologist has to deal with are many and range from myocardial infarction (heart attack) to narrowed arteries and veins, arrhythmias and diseases of heart valves. Congenital diseases of the heart, pericardial and heart muscle diseases are some of the other conditions that are grouped under CVDs. In India, especially as the population ages the instances of CVDs have steadily climbed. Worldwide WHO statistics indicate that 31% of all deaths were due to CVDs in 2016. Another statistic from the WHO shows that around three-quarters of all CVD related deaths occur in countries where the average income is either low or classified in the middle income category. In such a global scenario when cardiovascular diseases are the highest cause of mortality, cardiologists continue to play an important role and demand for their services will grow in future.
The role of a cardiologist in treating cardiovascular disease
Globally and in India a cardiologist helps in the diagnosis and treatment of those with CVDs. People with a variety of symptoms ranging from chest pain, to changes detected in routine ECGs are referred by general physicians to Cardiologists. Upon referral Cardiologists counsel patients on how to change their lifestyle so as to reduce their symptoms. In other cases cardiologists put patients through a variety of tests and then based on the results recommend or provide medications and treatment to patients. Trained to perform a variety of procedures when they study cardiology, cardiologists can perform several interventional procedures and also assist a heart surgeon when required.
Symptoms and Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases
Sedentary lifestyles, improper diet along with metabolic risk factors such as high blood pressure have contributed to the increased occurrence of CVDs. With symptoms of Cardiovascular Diseases often ranging from shortness to breath, fainting spells, to chest pain and abnormal rhythms, cardiologists have to deal with people who have one or more of them. Cardiologists also deal with heart attacks, ischemic strokes and other medical emergencies. Also in the case when patients need interventional surgery or non-invasive surgery cardiologists who have the right training and experience step in to handle procedures.
Figure 2. CVD DALYs Attributable to Metabolic Risk Factors, Globally, in India, and in the United States From 1990 to 2016 (Source: sciencedirect.com)
Image 3: Cardiovascular Disease Disability-Adjusted Life-Years Attributable to Behavioral Risk Factors (Dietary Risks, Tobacco Use, and Low Physical Activity), Globally, in India and the United States From 1990 to 2016 (Source: sciencedirect.com)
What differentiates a cardiologist from a cardiac surgeon?
A cardiothoracic surgeon is trained over several years to operate on the heart, lungs and adjacent organs in the upper chest. Other cardiac surgeons often only specialize in surgeries of the heart and its valves. Cardiologists meanwhile are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, ranging from mild cases of hypertension to problems such as angina and even heart rhythms issues. Some of the work that cardiologists do such as implantation of pacemakers can also be done by a cardiac surgeon. However, minimally-invasive cardiology and interventional procedures such as angioplasty, heart catheterizations, and stenting are performed by cardiologists. Cardiologists also play an important role in evaluating patients before heart surgery and work with cardiac surgeons to manage patients after surgery.
Invasive – Cardiology surgeries that require tissues and membranes to be incised and the chest to be opened.
Non-invasive – Under non-invasive cardiology the focus is on the use of tests and procedures carried out externally which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs.
Interventional – Based on the use of catheters, interventional cardiology minimizes scaring and pain after surgery, and includes procedures such angioplasty, Valvuloplasty and percutaneous coronary intervention.
Current shortage of cardiologists in India
As India continues to be battered with a rising tide of heart diseases, the amount of cardiologists available to handle them are not sufficient. This shortage means that India in 2018 had about 4,000 cardiologists when actually a far higher amount of 88,000 was required. The shortage of cardiologists in India is expected to continue in the future as fewer medical students opt to be trained in cardiology.
Training and courses for cardiologists in India
Students with a completed MBBS and who are interested to study cardiology have to enroll in further courses that last over 6-7 years to qualify as cardiologists. Many however opt for a shorter Fellowship path at this stage. The next step for those wanting to become fully qualified cardiologists is the completion of a three year PG Doctor of Medicine (MD) course. Those who want to become fully certified cardiologists, have to finally complete a DM in Cardiology which lasts for three years.
Difficulties of getting a cardiology seat in India
Fewer people choose to study cardiology in India and hence only a limited number of 395 seats are available in the whole country as per MCI 2019. Many factors, such as an intensive and long training period which sometimes can last for a decade are major hurdles, and cause students to choose other super specialties over cardiology. There are also high costs involved, with average fees for a DM in Cardiology ranging anywhere from 5-10 lakhs per year, and this is another factor which results in students choosing a Fellowship instead.
Benefits and importance of Non-Invasive Cardiology
Non-invasive cardiology tests and procedures are routinely used to manage cardiovascular diseases more effectively, monitor rhythm issues in the heart and diagnose them. The benefits of these tests and procedures include better monitoring of patients who have cardiac disease. Early detection of a range of CVDs using nuclear cardiology, echocardiography, heart monitors and CT scans before they become serious issues and result in a major cardiac related problem is also another benefit.
A Fellowship in Non-Invasive Cardiology at Texila American University is the right choice for many, as it not only helps meet the increased demand for cardiologists, but also provides a specifically-designed Academic Curriculum that focuses on both theoretical and clinical components. This allows one to gain global exposure, and is a solid pathway to becoming a cardiac specialist. The program pathway allows for a Master of Medical Science (MMSc) Degree upon completion of a thesis, and includes opportunities to earn a stipend when training in hospitals.
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As the 1980 documentary “Maasai Women” illustrates, the role of women in that tribe’s culture and society has remained structurally subordinate to men. The Maasai tribe, a high-lands people who reside primarily along the Kenyan-Tanzanian frontier, are an ancient people with customs and traditions markedly primitive in how they view the role of women. As the film demonstrates, theirs is a difficult existence, made more so by the poverty endemic to such indigenous groups.
The Maasai are traditionally a sheep and cattle-herding nomadic people whose existence is consistently encroached upon by the far more modernized groups concentrated in the heavily populated urban areas of both Kenya and Tanzania. While the governments of both countries have repeatedly attempted to incorporate the Maasai into their societies, the tribe has resisted such efforts and clings tenaciously to its ancient customs. Among those customs are the “formalized” subordination of women to men. As a herding society, the Maasai place tremendous value on their livestock, especially the cattle. Women’s role in this structure involves the day-to-day care of the cattle in addition to the more traditional responsibilities of raising the children and serving the men. Multiple wives per male are not uncommon, and the women work together to fulfill what is expected of them. Maasai girls are increasingly receiving an education under the aegis of nongovernmental organizations like Maasai Women Development Organization (MWDO), but this process continues to be resisted by many tribal men, especially among the elders. To these men, education for girls is a superfluous exercise and arranged marriages at a young age more in keeping with the practical responsibilities of the female as traditionally defined.
It is in the context of the subordinate role of women in Maasai culture that the myth of “the women’s cattle” was born. According to this myth, women responsible for tending the tribe’s cattle made the egregious error of allowing those cattle – again, the most prized commodity – to wander off while preoccupied with their children. Men, then, were vital to the tribe’s survival, as they would never make such a perilous mistake. The myth of “the women’s cattle” is solidly grounded in Maasai culture. Whether efforts by groups like MWDO are ultimately successful in improving the lives of Maasai women remains to be seen, although, as this and other documentaries illustrate, progress has been made. More and more Maasai women are beginning to appreciate the value of education not just for their female children, but for themselves. As with the long-term prognosis for the education of Maasai girls and women, the ramifications of such developments for tribal customs and survival are yet to be determined.
Discuss your observations of the film, Masai Women. Consider the social structure and gender roles you observed among the Masai in the film. How does the myth introduced at the end of the film justify and support this social structure? What are some of the key values in Masai society, as depicted in the film? How do the rituals of society communicate and sustain these values?
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SACCAMKIRA JĀTAKA (NO.73)
MERITS CAN MAKE, YET BREAK A MAN
The Buddha told this story while residing in Bamboo Grove.
Once upon a time, King Brahmadatta of Benares had a son who grew up to be a very cruel and wicked man. He was always quick tempered and people inside and outside the palace avoided him like the plague. One day, the prince decided to go swimming in the river with his servants and attendants. Suddenly, the sky turned dark and gloomy and a great storm broke. Eager to show that he was a courageous person, he yelled at his servants to take him into the river and bathe him before bringing him back to the shore again. Following his orders, the servants took the prince out to midstream. “This is our chance! Let’s kill the evil prince. Whatever we do here, the king will never find out,” they whispered to one another. “Into the flood waters you go, you good-for-nothing!” With that, they threw the prince into the stormy river and he was swept along by the raging waters. Fortunately, he was able to grab hold of a floating dead log which he clung onto for his dear life.
Now, a very rich man had just died in Benares. He had buried his treasure trove of forty million gold coins in the riverbank along the same stretch of river. Due to his miserly ways and attachment to wealth, he was reborn as a snake at the same spot where he had buried his treasure to guard it. Similarly, at a nearby spot on the same riverbank, another rich miser had also stashed away a treasure of thirty million gold coins. Likewise, due to his stinginess and craving for money, he had been reborn as a water rat at that exact same place to watch over the gold. When the river water rose, both the snake and the water rat were flooded out of their holes and swept into the raging river. Like the prince, they both happened to grasp on to the same dead log that was carrying the frightened, wailing prince. The snake climbed up on one end and the water rat on the other.
At that moment, a young parrot was washed up onto the same dead log. This parrot had been roosting in a tall cotton tree that grew nearby the river. However, when the rainstorm came, the cotton tree was uprooted and the little parrot fell into the water. The heavy rain and the strong winds hampered the parrot when it tried to fly.
So these four floated downstream together upon the log, towards a bend in the river. A holy man happened to be living humbly in a little hut nearby. This holy man was the future Buddha. When the log floated pass the holy man’s hut at midnight, he heard the panicked shrieks of the evil prince. “I will not let this poor frightened human being perish before my eyes. I must rescue him from the water and save his life. Don’t be afraid! I will save you!” he shouted as he ran down the river and jumped into the rushing torrent. With great strength and effort, he grabbed the log and pulled it safely to shore.
When the holy man noticed the poor wet animals, he brought all three animals and the prince into his cosy little hut. He started a small fire and thinking that the animals being weaker were in greater need, warmed them first before allowing the prince to warm himself. Next, the holy man gave out some fruits and nuts. Again, he fed the more helpless animals before attending to the waiting prince. Not surprisingly, this made the evil prince furious. “How dare this holy man value these dumb animals more highly than me, a great royal prince!” he thought angrily. As a result of this thinking, he nursed a bitter grudge against his saviour.
A few days later, all four had recovered their strength and the waters had subsided. It was time for them to leave. The snake approached the gentle future Buddha to say goodbye first. It bowed its head respectfully and said, “Venerable one, I am grateful to you for saving my life. I have buried a treasure of forty million gold coins in a certain place. To repay your kindness to me, I will gladly give it to you for all lives are priceless! Whenever you are in need of money, just come down to the riverbank and look for me by calling out, ‘Snake! Snake!’” The water rat was next to bade the holy man farewell. It bowed its head respectfully and said, “Venerable one, I cannot thank you enough for saving my life. I, too, have buried a treasure of thirty million gold coins in a certain place. To repay your kindness, I will also gladly give it to you for all lives are priceless! Whenever you are in need of money, just look for me at the riverbank by calling out, ‘Rat! Rat!’” The depth of gratitude and generosity shown by the snake and the water rat was a far cry from their previous stingy human lives! Then, came the parrot’s turn to say goodbye to the holy man. It bowed its head respectfully and said, “Venerable one, I am grateful to you for saving my life, but I do not possess any silver or gold. However, if you are ever in need of the finest rice, just look for me at the riverbank by calling out, ‘Parrot! Parrot!’ With the help of my relatives from all the forests of Himalayas, we will bring you cart-loads of the most precious fragrant rice, for all lives are priceless!”
The evil prince was the last to take his leave. As his mind was bent on avenging the insults he thought he received from the holy man, he was far from feeling grateful to him for saving his life. In fact, he thought only about killing the holy man. But he masked his true intent and said, “Venerable one, please come to me when I’m the king and I will provide you with the four necessities – food, clothing, shelter and medicine.” With that, he returned to Benares and was soon crowned as the new king.
Later, the holy man decided to check if the gratitude of these four was real. So, he went down to the riverbank and called out “Snake! Snake!” At the sound of the first word, the snake slithered out of its home under the ground. It bowed respectfully and said, “Holy one, under this very spot lay forty million gold coins. Dig them up and take them with you!” “Very well,” replied the holy man, “When I am in need, I will come again.” Saying goodbye to the snake, he walked along the riverbank to where the rat lived, and called out “Rat! Rat!” The water rat appeared and just like the snake, it too showed the spot where his treasure lay and offered his hoard to the holy man. Next, he called out “Parrot! Parrot!” The parrot flew down from its home at the top of the tree, bowed respectfully and said, “Holy one, do you need fine fragrant rice? I will summon my relatives and we will bring you the best rice in all of Himalayas.” The holy man replied, “Very well, when I am in need, I will come again.”
Finally, he set out to see the king. In a very humble and dignified manner, he went to collect alms in the city of Benares. On that same morning, the ungrateful king, happened to be leading a vast procession around the city, seated on a magnificently adorned royal elephant. When he saw the future Buddha coming towards him from a distance, he thought, “Aha! This lazy homeless bum is coming to sponge off me. Before he can brag to everyone how much he did for me, I must have him beheaded!”
So the king ordered, “This worthless beggar must be coming to ask for something. Don’t let the lazy good for nothing get near me. Arrest him immediately, tie his hands behind his back and whip him at every street corner. Take him out of the city and have him executed.” The king’s men followed his cruel orders. They tied up the innocent holy man and whipped him mercilessly at every street corner on the way to the execution place. But no matter how hard the whip cut into his flesh, the future Buddha remained dignified. After each slash of the whip, he simply exclaimed, for all to hear, “This proves that the old saying is still true ‘A log pays better salvage than some men’.”
Some of the onlookers began to wonder why he said that at each street corner. “This poor man’s pain must have been caused by an ungrateful man,” they said to one other. “Oh holy man, how have you helped an ungrateful man?” they asked. Then he told them the whole story and in conclusion, he said, “I rescued this king from a terrible flood and in doing so, I brought this pain upon myself for I did not follow the saying of the wise and the old. That’s why I repeatedly say ‘It pays to pull logs from a river than to help an ungrateful man’.”
After hearing this story, the people of Benares became enraged. “This good man saved the king’s life, but instead of repaying his kindness, he has treated him so cruelly. How can such an ingrate possibly be a good king? He can only be dangerous to us. Let’s overthrow him!” Rage turned the citizens of Benares into a mob. They pelted the king as he rode on his royal elephant with arrows, knives, clubs and stones, thus, killing him. Then, they made the holy man their new king and he ruled Benares in righteousness.
In that life, Devadatta was the wicked king, Sāriputta was the snake, Moggallāna was the rat, Ānanda was the parrot and the Buddha was the righteous holy man who won a kingdom.
The future Buddha with an uncompromising stance, had indirectly led a rebellion against a deviated governance, conquering a sovereignty that self-corrupts. The rebellion was dependently a condition to win a true kingdom. Eventually, he became a great king who not only ruled the country but was sovereign over self and all.
Every person possesses the powerful force that can create his own karmic destiny even as great as a king. As in this tale, the very force that had empowered Brahmadatta to be king had also driven him to be impervious to the attempted assassination by his people at the river. Later, this very same force further blinded him to even lay the most cruel hand towards his own saviour and consequently, caused his death for being a wicked king.
The very quality of Necessity of Dependent Origination warns us to navigate skilfully, abiding to the conditionality of consequential consequences which is the very quintessence of the law of kamma. The merits of every person should be safeguarded by the crown knowledge of Dependent Origination so that enthronement does not lead to dethronement.
In the midst of the force of good which co-arises with evil,
the future Buddha remained in great equanimity
of all conditionality.
While he was able to save the snake, the rat, the parrot
and the prince from the great flood,
they had to individually save themselves.
The prince’s (the past Devadatta) merits was far greater than the snake (the past Sāriputta),
the rat (the past Moggallāna)
and the parrot (the past Ānanda).
However, each of them had to be tested individually
by the future Buddha.
The miserly snake, the stingy water rat and the thrifty parrot
all passed their test.
Surprisingly, the prince,
who had the most merits to be born as a prince,
treated the benefactor most ungratefully.
He even went to the extent of ordering the sage
to be whipped to death.
He was consumed by his own past merits
due to his pride of his royal birth.
Departing from the common Buddhist emphasis
on the importance of merits,
without the knowledge of Dependent Origination
merits which crown you as a king,
will also cause your downfall.
From being a practising ascetic, the future Buddha
conveniently assumed the role of a king
to fulfil the will of the people.
This enthroned him not only as a new king
but also portrayed the victory of conditionality over merits.
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The conventional banking model is based on deposits. Banks accept deposits and use the money to offer interest-bearing loans to individuals and businesses. This is a standard model used all over the world, and is now being used even by many microfinance institutions that emerged as non-bank entities from the 1960s onwards. In Pakistan , the State Bank of Pakistan is encouraging microfinance institutions to set up microfinance banks to ensure that such activities are brought into a tight regulatory net. Such is the power of the deposit-based banking model that even some otherwise successful non-bank institutions offering interest-free loans are tempted to set up banks to further expand their activities. Some glaring examples of charity-based institutions are Edhi Trust and a relatively new micro lender, Akhuwat. Shaukat Khanam Memorial Cancer Hospital also continues to benefit from generous donations from across the country and from overseas. Charitable giving is so powerful that almost all medical research bodies, including Cancer Research UK , heavily rely on charitable giving to partially fund their operations. According to an ICM Research survey, UK Muslims give more in charity than any other faith-based group, including Jews and Christians. In 2012, amongst the surveyed respondents, Muslims gave on average $567 per capita, Jews $412 , Protestants $308 and Roman Catholics $272 . Contribution from the atheists was merely $177 per capita. This is a remarkable finding, which should be considered seriously for developing social enterprises in developing countries around the world, including Pakistan , where charity plays a tremendously important role in the absence of a state-run social security system. According to on-going research by Edbiz Consulting , a UK -based think tank, a charity-based system can be developed in Pakistan to generate Rs18 billion on a monthly basis from the top 10% population of the country. It is based on an assumption that each affluent individual in the top 10% of the population is incentivised to contribute Rs1,000 on a monthly basis. This model of charitable giving also has the potential to improve social behaviour. It is interesting to note that loan recovery rate for Akhuwat is 99.85%, the highest of its kind in the world. It proves the point that charitable giving and support for the poor helps in curbing the moral hazard problem - something of a major concern for banking institutions. Given the success of the likes of Akhuwat, it is worth considering development of a donation-based, as opposed to the existing deposit-based, model of banking. The proposed model should have donation as the main product, rather than a deposit. There could be two main donations - a reversible donation and an irreversible donation. The former is a time-linked interest-free deposit that the donors should deposit with the bank for a specific time period. The latter is a simple donation that the donors should give through the bank. The money thus raised could be used for extending interest-free business loans and financing based on the principle of profit sharing. While the poorest segments in society must be helped with interest-free loans, there is some anecdotal evidence that 70% of self-employed individuals and families have some kind of preference for profit sharing-based financing. This kind of institutional arrangement is far superior to the newly initiated Prime Minsterís Youth Business Loan Scheme, which is aimed at extending Rs100 billion in the form of loans of Rs100,000 to Rs2 million to about 100,000 individuals in the age bracket of 25 to 45 years. The way the government is attempting to disburse loans amongst youth is at best ad hoc in its nature. There seems to be no deep planning in the whole programme, and it appears as if the government is trying to counter the threat posed by PTIís apparent popularity amongst the youth. If the government plays smartly, a youth empowerment programme can be self-funding. There is a need to unlock the potential of charity in this country, where tens of thousands of families are already receiving support from charitable organisations, businesses and individuals. Given the huge potential of charity, there is a need to create a separate department within the Ministry of Finance , which should develop a framework for charity regulation, with the help of the likes of the State Bank of Pakistan . Despite the claim of having exceptionally intelligent personnel, the Ministry of Finance and Planning Commission have failed to develop a genuinely innovative development model for the country. There have always been foolhardy suggestions from personnel from these departments for productivity enhancement and growth. Nevertheless, they have yet to develop an approach that takes into account ground realities and ideological foundations of the country. The charity sector offers an opportunity for such personnel to develop an innovative approach to finance and development. If they fail to recognise the potential of charity, the West will once again take a lead role, and the so-called intelligentsia of the country will merely follow what others would have already developed and tried and tested.
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In the first part of this series, we covered six ways that designers, scientists, and engineers have studied past bridge failures to figure out how to build better structures in the future. Here are six more.
1. Fireproofing bridges
At a time when more and more bridges are vulnerable to wildfires, terrorist threats, and destructive collisions by large boats and vehicles, modern fireproofing is becoming an integral part of many new and retrofitted bridges. Fire blankets are used to protect vulnerable areas, including gas lines and other utility infrastructure, from the most extreme types of heat and fire damage.
2. Seismic design and retrofit
Apart from wind damage, earthquakes have caused some of the most devastating damages to bridges — and complete failures — in history. That’s why scientists all over the globe have been developing systems for evaluating the potential risk of damage to bridges when they are impacted by seismic activity.
Historically, linear evaluations were the most common way to evaluate potential earthquake damage. Now, case studies are done using nonlinear analysis. This is valuable because bridges are subject to multidimensional behaviors when severe earthquakes happen. This includes twisting and bending. The resulting damage from these factors is costly, dangerous, and difficult to repair.
Engineers today use multidimensional analysis, supported through computer models, to develop new bridges and retrofit older ones.
3. Floating bridges
Do bridges actually have to rise above waterways? Of course not, and the state of Washington has proven it!
Several of the state’s waterways were impossible to cross with conventional structures. So, engineers found a way to build bridges on pontoons that float on the water instead. Watertight pontoons are connected together using steel cables that prevent sway. Next, a specialized type of concrete that’s able to withstand saltwater damage is applied to create the roadway. Pipelines are installed at the bottom of the pontoons to maintain a consistent temperature so the concrete on the roadway or walls doesn’t crack or separate while it’s being poured or drying.
4. Composite material bridge decks
Asphalt is a common bridge and road surface. It’s relatively inexpensive and easy to apply.
The issue: Asphalt doesn’t last long, especially when it’s used in areas where rain, snow, and other types of inclement weather impact it.
The solution: Bridge decks are now built using composite and recycled materials layered on top of each other. This increases the strength and durability of bridge surfaces. It also prevents cracking and helps remove water on road surfaces. It may cost a little more, but most bridge designers find it a worthwhile long-term investment.
5. Aesthetic bridge rails
Have you ever found yourself traveling across a bridge promising a beautiful view of a cityscape, waterfront, or valley only to have it blocked by a high, unattractive railing?
This was often the case along the Pacific coast in California. The state lead the way in developing aesthetically pleasing see-through railings that are as safe as old-school rails. They’re strong, even being made from lighter substances like aluminum and composite, recycled materials. The rails developed in California are used to preserve beautiful views across the United States.
6. New technology for inspecting submerged support structures
Conducting underwater bridge inspections is extremely dangerous. Highly experienced divers do visual inspections to figure out whether substructures are in good condition. They’re often hampered by murky water, strong currents, or floating hazards.
Robotic vehicles have replaced many human inspections, providing good visual information in a safer way. More recently, acoustic imaging has proven to be an even better alternative. It gives engineers the information needed to find structural issues that require a closer look. Only then do they send in divers for close-up, personal inspections.
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Short-term debt is defined as a loan for a period of one year or less, according to InvestorWords.com. Businesses benefit from using short-term debt in different ways. Indeed, businesses of all types often rely upon short-term debt to keep their doors open, according to "Loan Financing Guide for Small Business Owners" by D. Neil Berdiev.
Operating capital is defined as cash available to pay for the day-to-day operations of a business, according to BusinessDictionary.com. Ideally, operating capital is available from the revenue generated by business operations. During the initial period a business is in operation, and at other times during its existence, revenue may not keep up with operational expenses.
One of the advantages of short-term debt is ensuring that cash is available to satisfy the operating capital needs of a business. Short-term debt literally is used to keep a business running during times when the revenue stream temporarily is insufficient to meet operational needs.
There is no way a business owner or manager can plan for every possible emergency situation. Although a business ideally maintains a reserve cash fund to at least deal with some expenses associated with an emergency situation, such an account is not always possible or funded sufficiently.
Short-term debt assists a business in dealing with an emergency situation, according to "How to Get the Financing for Your New Small Business" by Sharon L. Fullen. For example, if a piece of equipment at a manufacturing business fails, short-term debt allows for the replacement of the hardware.
Few business owners start a venture with the idea that it will remain the same size into the future. Most business owners desire at least some degree of expansion. Short-term debt provides a business with ready cash to initiate an expansion program, according to "Loan Financing Guide for Small Business Owners." For example, short-term debt is used to lease additional space to house the business' growing operations.
- cash image by Alexey Klementiev from Fotolia.com
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Open Circuit Voltage Coupled into a Semi-Infinite Transmission Line by an Exponential, Plane Waveform
This Demonstration calculates the open circuit voltage coupled into a semi-infinite transmission line above a conductive ground by a plane incident electric field with an exponentially decaying magnitude. The graph shows the variation of the voltage as a function of time for three transmission line heights: 5 meters (green), 10 meters (red), and 15 meters (blue). The peak magnitude of the incident electric field is 1 volt/meter. The calculated voltage waveform has been normalized by a directivity function that depends on the elevation and azimuthal angles of the incident field and the attenuation and propagation constants of the transmission line.
You can vary the time constant of the exponential decay, the elevation angle of the incident field's arrival, the conductivity of the ground, and the polarization of the incident electric field. The first snapshot is an example where the time constant and the incident angle are taken to opposite extremes. All three voltage waveforms are present but overlapping. The second snapshot changes the ground beneath the transmission line to a perfect conductor, creating the sharp transition point when the ground bounce arrives. The third snapshot changes the polarization of the electric field. In each case, all variables other than those specified as being changed are the same as in the original plot.
Based on Equation 3.30, page 54, in the textbook, Edward F. Vance, Coupling to Shielded Cables, New York: Wiley, 1978.
Approved for Unclassified-Unlimited release as SAND2009-0187P.
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When First Nations artist Carey Newman first came up with the idea for a Witness Blanket more than four years ago, he never imagined he’d still be on the emotional journey.
Already an artist following the traditions of his Kwagliuth culture, Newman was called upon to create a commemorative national monument to mark the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission — established by the federal government in 2008 with a five-year mandate of informing all Canadians about what happened at Indian Residential Schools.
Gathering pieces of the schools, government buildings, churches and other related artifacts such as severed braids of hair, moccasins, old-fashioned skates and photographs, Newman created a 40-foot long, eight-foot tall, wood-based structure containing 887 objects from 77 communities across Canada. Some spaces were left empty to honour the children who never came home.
After two years of travelling through communities across Canada, the Witness Blanket (inspired by a woven blanket), has now come back to Victoria for the upcoming visit of Prince William and his wife Kate. Newman still gets emotional whenever he talks about the journey.
“It’s brought me closer to my family. My dad’s told us more and more about his time at residential schools and I have a better understanding of him and therefore I have a better understanding of me. If that happens for a few other families or individuals who take part or come and see the blanket, then I think that’s what the whole thing’s about,” said Newman, noting the tour will continue for the next five years.
The pieces that resinate with him most are in a box that has a piece of the apple tree from the orchard of the school his father went to, along with braids from his sister, who cut her hair in honour of her father and the children who had to cut off their braids in order to attend school.
“It’s been a very emotional journey and it continues to be. I keep thinking that eventually I’ll get to a point where I’ve seen or heard everything, but every time I go to a new city or town to talk about the blanket, I meet somebody who has a story.”
Indian Residential Schools date back to the 1870s, with more than 130 located across the country at one point, the last one closing in 1996. More than 150,000 First Nations, Metis and Inuit children were taken from their families and placed in the government-funded, church run schools. Many were forbidden to speak their language and practice their own culture. Some also suffered emotional, physical and sexual abuse.
The tour of the Witness Blanket was first launched in Victoria in 2014. Some of the stops included a stay in Ottawa during the closing ceremony of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and an exhibit at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights.
Last week, the blanket was installed at Government House where it will privately be on display for the royal couple’s visit to Victoria Sept. 24, Sept. 29 and Oct. 1. Following their stay, the blanket will be moved to Vancouver Island University in Nanaimo for the rest of the year.
So far, Newman said the response to the Witness Blanket has varied.
“A lot of the impact that it has is amongst people who didn’t know before about residential schools…I think it creates a different kind of access point for us to open the conversation around reconciliation,” said Newman, who lives in Fernwood. “Our hope is people from every community across the country join us by standing witness to this important part of Canadian history. We, as a country, need to collectively honour the survivors, remember the children who were lost and find a better way to move forward.”
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New Mexico Rocks and Minerals
Varieties of agate, jasper, chert, or petrified wood are found in 15 of New Mexico's 32 counties.
The New Mexico state gemstone is Turquoise. Probably one of the most recognized semiprecious gemstones in existence, turquoise has been popular since prehistoric times. Beads dating back to 5000 BC have been found in Iraq. In New Mexico turquoise and ochre was mined near Santa Fe in pre-Columbian times.
In New Mexico numerous rock and mineral mines were developed and worked beginning in the early 1800s. Especially in the southwestern region. Copper was extracted beginning in 1804 at Santa Rita. This copper mine is still operating today and is known as the Chino Copper Mine. Beautiful Magnetite and Pyrite comes from that mine.
There are lots of great places to rockhound in New Mexico and a rich variety of rocks and minerals can be found. Just to name a few: ricolite, fire agates, drusy quartz, apache tears, agates, rhyolite, quartz, and fluorite.
One of the most profitable rock and mineral mining areas is in the Magdalena Mountains near Socorro in central New Mexico. Lots of lead ores came from this area, and some truly fine smithsonite! The area is covered with small mines but the most important are the Kelly, Juanite, and the Waldo-Graphic mines.
There is actually a place in New Mexico designated for rockhounds! The Rock Hound State Park is in Luna County near Deming, New Mexico. The area is set aside for the non-commercial collecting of agate, jasper, and petrified wood. From Highway 70 east of Safford, Arizona approximately 50 miles, travel into New Mexico to just beyond milepost 5. Take the dirt access road on your right for 12 miles, following the signs to the Rockhound Area. Other Fee Dig sights to check out include: http://epswww.unm.edu/harding/harding_.htm, and www.peaktopeak.com/blanchard/.
The only facet-quality dolomite in the United States is colorless material recovered from a deposit in New Mexico. Gem-quality fluorite is produced from deposits in Bernalillo, Catron, Dona Ana, Grant, Hidalgo, Lincoln, Luna, Rio Arriba, Socorro, Sierra, and Taos Counties. Facet-quality linardite is recovered in Socorro County. The finest, facet-quality moonstone in the United States comes from a deposit in Grant County. Until the 1920's, New Mexico was the United States largest producer of turquoise. However, since then Arizona and Nevada has surpassed it in terms of both annual and total production. Production of turquoise from deposits in the Cerrillos Hills, Santa Fe County; the Burro Mountains and Little Hachita Mountains, Grant County; the Jarilla Hills, Otero County; and the Guadelupe Mountains, Eddy County; can be traced to prehistoric Indians. New Mexico also has many areas where fossils are found too.
See my page on Rockhounding Rules for general information on the rules of collecting rocks on various lands.
OakRocks has been in the rock and mineral business for 30 years. We have a great source for New Mexico Rocks and Minerals and we carry a large variety of both finished and rough materials. We do the Tucson show under our wholesale business name-Barlow's. We do not have a storefront, but you might be able to visit by appointment-just give us a call!
Click here to see some of the great materials that come from New Mexico!
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