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Publisher: University of Virginia Special Collections
A Spinner at Dan River Mills
A woman working at the Dan River Mills in Danville in the 1940s tends a long row of bobbins being wound with thread on spinning frames. Women who performed this job were known as spinners, and they had to move quickly up and down rows of bobbins, repairing any breaks or snags in the thread. Demand for textiles was high at the time because of World War II military orders.
Citation: Picture file from the Richmond Times-Dispatch and Richmond News-Leader, Accession #9698, Special Collections, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
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I was watching a lecture of chemistry teacher. He gave the following question:
Q Arrange in terms of increasing ionic character: LiF,NaF,KF,RbF,CsF?
My try: I tried two approaches: Approach 1: As F is common to all compounds, therefore its metal that affects the ionic character. As we move down the group as in this case, the shielding effect increases and hence it becomes more easier to abstract an electron from the outermost shell or in other words, Ionization energy decreases as we move down the group, therefore CsF>RbF>KF>NaF>LiF should be the order.
Approach 2: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs have same electrovalency. As Cs has more larger size, the positive charge intensity on the atom decreases and thus by formula of electrostatic force F=-kq1q2/r^2, the electrostatic force of attraction decreases and thus lattice energy decreases and therefore order is: LiF>NaF>KF>RbF>CsF.
According to me lattice energy should determine ionic character as lattice energy determines ionic bond strength I think and therefore approach 2 should be more legitimate but when I checked the answer, the answer by Approach 1 was correct. Why is it so? Which of the approach is right and which is wrong and why? Is there any other approach?
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“The Salt,” National Public Radio • Sept. 19, 2015
If you are looking for proof that Americans’ vegetable habits lean towards french fries and ketchup, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has it: Nearly 50 percent of vegetables and legumes available in the U.S. in 2013 were either tomatoes or potatoes. Lettuce came in third as the most available vegetable, according to new data out this week.
And while the USDA’s own dietary guidelines recommend that adults consume 2.5 to 3 cups of vegetables a day, the agency’s researchers found that only 1.7 cups per person are available.
“The dietary guidelines promote variety,” Jeanine Bentley, a social science analyst at the USDA’s Economic Research Service, tells The Salt. “But when you look at it, there isn’t much variety. Mostly people consume potatoes, tomatoes and lettuce.” (The data technically tally domestic production and imports, then subtract exports, but researchers commonly use them as a proxy for consumption.)
The federal dietary guidelines do not recommend relying primarily on potatoes, tomatoes and lettuce for most of our vegetable needs. They prescribe a varied mix that includes dark leafy greens, orange and yellow vegetables, and beans—along with those potatoes and tomatoes. And they want us to eat them because they help reduce the risk for heart disease, stroke and some cancers as well as help keep us at a healthy weight.
So the vegetables that are available don’t really match what we’re supposed to be eating. What about what we are actually eating?
Some 87 percent of adults failed to meet the vegetable intake recommendations during 2007-2010, according to recent survey data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The survey found a lot of variation state to state — with 5.5 percent of people in Mississippi getting enough vegetables to 13 percent in California meeting the recommendations.
Most people are likely to be eating tomatoes and potatoes, but as the USDA has noted, we often get them in the not-so-nutritious forms of french fries and pizza. About one-third of potatoes, and two-thirds of tomatoes, were bound for processing — think chips, sweetened pizza sauce and ketchup.
All these numbers beg some questions: Do our lopsided habits mean that Americans are merely eating what’s on offer, a kind of supply-side theory of diet? Or are all those potatoes and tomatoes crowding out spinach and Brussels sprouts because they’re what consumers demand?
“We have a serious disconnect between agriculture and health policy in our country,” said Marion Nestle, a leading nutrition researcher and author at New York University. “The USDA does not support ‘specialty crops’ [like vegetables] to any appreciable extent and the Department of Commerce’ figures show that the relative price of fruits and vegetables has gone up much faster than that of fast food or sodas.” So while Americans are told to eat fruits and vegetables for their health, the government has meanwhile mostly just subsidized other crops that end up in cheaper, less healthy processed food. “Price has a lot to do with this,” she adds.
Although this week’s USDA report focuses on the limited variety of vegetables available to American shoppers, other agency data suggest that the country simply doesn’t offer enough vegetables, period. A 2010 study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine estimated that the U.S. vegetable supply would need to increase by 70 percent — almost entirely in dark leafy greens, orange vegetables and legumes — in order for Americans to meet recommended daily allowances at the time.
With a dietary landscape like that, it’s entirely possible that Americans are choosing potatoes and tomatoes, at least for now, says Lindsey Haynes-Maslow, a food systems and health analyst at the Union of Concerned Scientists.
“What I see here with lots of potatoes, tomatoes and lettuce … [is] that people are used to these items, and habits are hard to break,” says Maslow, adding that relying mostly on the potatoes, tomatoes and lettuce “doesn’t cut it,” nutrition-wise.
Still, she says, “If more Americans got used to eating more fruits and vegetables they might be demanding more of it,” she says. “But it’s really hard to demand something you’ve not grown up with.”
That’s why behavioral economists are so keen to figure out how to nudge kids to try and develop a taste for more vegetables — they’re researching everything from financial incentives to arranging food differently on the lunch line. And there’s some hopeful news in that department: The CDC recently reported that, since the passage of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, there’s been a big increase in the number of schools serving two or more vegetables and whole grain-rich foods every day.
Most interesting of all, that food isn’t just on kids plates: It’s getting eaten, too. A Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity study of kids’ lunch habits following the passage of the bill found that kids ate more fruit, threw away fewer vegetables and ate more of their now-healthier entrees, too.
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A focused and successful high school path is the road to
future success in higher education, workforce training, and career. Revised
state requirements and HISD’s own rigorous standards — along with a broad
choice of career pathways — help students work with parents and educators to
map their coursework to align with their aptitudes and interests. Planning a
path — identifying a direction and setting goals — helps make education
relevant to a student’s future.
Students take grade-level STAAR tests in Reading, Math, Writing, and Science.
|Grade 3||Reading and Math|
|Grade 4||Reading, Math, and Writing|
|Grade 5||Reading, Math, and Science|
Students take grade-level STAAR tests in Reading, Math, Writing, Science, and Social Studies.
|Grade 6||Reading and Math|
|Grade 7||Reading, Math, and Writing|
|Grade 8||Reading, Math, Science and Social Studies|
Entering ninth-graders are now required to pass five End-of-Course (EOC) exams to graduate.
|Required End-of-Course (EOC) Exams|
|Algebra I||English I||English II||Biology||U.S. History|
The English I and II exams combine reading and writing into one five-hour test.
For next year’s entering ninth-graders:
Students will enter under the new 26-credit Foundation High School Program with an endorsement – and take Algebra II at the appropriate time – which will allow them to earn a Distinguished Level of Achievement and become eligible for automatic admission into state universities if they graduate in the top 10% of their class.
With the help of teachers, counselors, and parents, students will decide on one or more endorsement plans:
These endorsements will help create a personalized learning plan in line with a student’s career interests and goals. Families will be given a school-by-school breakdown of student options well in advance, to assist them in selecting a high school endorsement and career pathway that meets the student’s career interests and post-secondary goals.
Students may earn up to FIVE performance acknowledgements, which will be displayed on diplomas and transcripts:
|Dual credit courses||PSAT/SAT/ACT and or ACT-Plan exams|
|Bilingualism and bi-literacy||Business and industry certifications and/or licenses|
|AP and IB exams|
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If you don’t already have Lego’s new “Women of NASA” play set, you’d better hustle.
The toy became a massive seller in the 24 hours following its release on Nov. 1, briefly selling out on Amazon. Parents are falling over themselves, rightly so, to expose their girls—and boys—to inspiring role models in a field where women’s participation has been under-recognized, and women and girls’ participation under-encouraged.
The public has known the toy set was coming since March, when Lego announced that the concept, proposed by MIT News deputy editor Maia Weinstock, had risen above other submissions in Lego’s public solicitation of product ideas. It features four women: Mae Jemison and Sally Ride, both astronauts; Margaret Hamilton, software engineer; and the astronomer Nancy Grace Roman. Each figure stands in a tableau featuring their particular scientific focus.
Last year, Hamilton, who is best known for writing the code that brought Apollo 11 to the moon—and widely credited with coining the term “software engineering,” spoke to the science and tech website Futurism about her career in science. She shared some advice for girls who want to enter science, and for their parents. Some of what she said will challenge the current fashion of sending kids to highly focused summer camps or high schools, and the trend of early specialization that’s meant to make college kids more employable:
Regarding one’s education related to any field, I think it is important to bring together what I would call the necessary experiences for both a ‘streetwise and a formal education. From a streetwise perspective, the more jobs a kid has, and the more varied they are, during his or her youth, the better prepared one is for going out into the world. When considering the formal part of a kid’s education, learning subjects like English and other languages, history and STEM [science, technology, engineering and math including logic], including how to use computers…this is important in preparing for all parts of our modern society.
Software engineering related courses are important for all aspects of STEM including that of helping one to become more creative, a better problem solver—including being a good detective and how to understand the world in terms of a system of systems—to learn how to be analytical and objective, about abstraction, and how to think outside of the box. How to learn from your mistakes and turn that into a positive result can also be learned from software engineering related courses. I believe it is also important to learn (or be around) things like music, art, philosophy, linguistics, and math including logic; any of which could help improve one’s being an excellent programmer/problem solver/thinker and to have a more global perspective on things. The ultimate goal would be that of teaching one how to think (design).
Beyond education, Hamilton also talked more broadly about not letting fear stop her from learning or trying something new.
One should not be afraid to say ‘I don’t know’ or ‘I don’t understand,’ or to ask ‘dumb’ questions, since no question is a dumb question. To continue even when things appear to be impossible, even when the so called experts say it is impossible; to stand alone or to be different; and not to be afraid to be wrong or to make and admit mistakes, for only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly.
From anyone else, it might sound trite, but not from Hamilton, who was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016, when she was 80. At the time, then-president Barack Obama said that Hamilton “symbolizes that generation of unsung women who helped send humankind into space,” and that “her example speaks of the American spirit of discovery that exists in every little girl and little boy who know that somehow to look beyond the heavens is to look deep within ourselves and to figure out just what is possible.”
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Most of the pollution in our cities is invisible. We can smell it, feel it, and on occasion (thanks smog!) see it, but visualizing the extent to which grit and fumes blanket our cities is difficult to do. Dmitry Morozov, a media artist living in Moscow, created a contraption that sniffs out pollution in the air and turns it into glitch art.
The project began after Morozov was pondering how to turn air data into art. “I wondered, what can I do with sensors, a small printer and the polluted air in Moscow?” says Morozov. He built his portable, Bluetooth-connected device out of sensors that measure dust and various gases like CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), HCHO (formaldehyde), and CH4 (methane). The sensors translate air data into volts, and an Arduino algorithmically translates those volts into the shapes and colors you’re seeing.
Each image is translated to a movie, sort of like a real-time visual pollution meter, but Morozov’s device allows you to take a snapshot of a certain moment and print it out. Think of it as an artistic grading system for air quality.
Morozov traveled around Moscow measuring various areas. The worst spots, not surprisingly, were on busy streets during rush hour. Morozov says gasoline quality isn’t as regulated as in the U.S., so the stuff coming out of the exhaust pipes can produce some crazy colors and images. The brighter the image, the dirtier the air. Green in the images indicates clean air (mostly found in parks), but those aren’t as intriguing to Morozov as the glitchy burst of colors you find with smoke or melting plastic. “The more pollution I get, the more beautiful the images are,” he says. “It’s a little bit ironic.”
Every Tuesday is Art Tuesday here at Adafruit! Today we celebrate artists and makers from around the world who are designing innovative and creative works using technology, science, electronics and more. You can start your own career as an artist today with Adafruit’s conductive paints, art-related electronics kits, LEDs, wearables, 3D printers and more! Make your most imaginative designs come to life with our helpful tutorials from the Adafruit Learning System. And don’t forget to check in every Art Tuesday for more artistic inspiration here on the Adafruit Blog!
Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps!
Maker Business — “ORANGE PI: MEETING WITH STEVEN ZHAO IN SHENZHEN”
Wearables — Putty in your hands
Electronics — Multimeter Bandwidth – AC Signal
Biohacking — Google Searching for “My Eyes Hurt” Peaked After Yesterday’s Eclipse
No comments yet.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
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On the Road to 100 Miles a Gallon
Kentucky electric co-ops help develop efficient test car
A maintenance bay at the Louisville offices of
Kentucky’s electric co-ops spent a day late last year hosting the nation’s drive for energy efficiency.
Two Toyota Prius hybrid cars rolled in from out of town for an operation to boost their already thrifty 45 miles per gallon to more than 100 miles a gallon.
“Electric co-ops are going to have to get out front and be leaders and resources for their members for dealing with higher energy costs,” says Dan Brewer, president and CEO of Blue Grass Energy co-op based in Nicholasville, which owns one of the two hybrids converted that day. “We had the opportunity to get some experience with this technology and we took advantage of it.”
The technology involves installing an additional battery into the Prius to provide enough energy to allow the car to be driven up to 40 miles on electric power at low speeds. The additional battery is recharged by plugging it into a standard electric outlet. In addition to the advantage of lowering gasoline use and costs, a national group of utility scientists and engineers has identified plug-in hybrid vehicles as one of the major ways to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases that have been blamed for global warming.
Toyota’s Prius gets high gas mileage by switching between gasoline and batteries that are recharged by excess power produced when the car is using gas. A Canadian company called Hymotion developed a way for the Prius to get even higher mileage, by installing a battery pack that could be recharged from any home electric outlet.
A Massachusetts company named A123 acquired Hymotion, and is producing conversion kits for newer model Priuses.
Those conversion kits got the attention of the Cooperative Research Network, part of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association. It just so happens that Blue Grass Energy co-op’s Dan Brewer chairs the committee that oversees CRN. So when the research group made plug-in hybrids one of its national test projects, Blue Grass Energy co-op volunteered to help.
The research involved electric co-ops across the country test-driving the converted hybrids. When the Illinois electric co-ops also signed on, the co-op garage in Louisville surfaced as the logical spot for the conversions.
With the two, four-hour installations, the Illinois and Blue Grass cars became the 10th and 11th plug-in hybrids being tested in the Cooperative Research Network program.
The CRN hybrid conversion includes installation of a transmitter that sends performance data to be used in the study. CRN will use that information to analyze the most efficient ways to use plug-in hybrids, including how the batteries might be charged using electricity at the most cost-effective times of day, to make the most effective use of power plants.
Brewer says, “We want to be able to figure out what will happen when people start plugging in thousands of these hybrids.”
IS A PLUG-IN HYBRID FOR ME?
For the best deal in getting 100 miles a gallon, wait a while.
Although the mileage sounds tempting, the plug-in hybrid cars described on this page are still experimental, and expensive.
In addition to buying one of the newer Toyota Prius hybrid cars, the conversion costs more than $10,000. As with so many innovations, plug-in hybrids are expected to get more convenient and less expensive as they get more popular.
Other conversion kits are available besides the Hymotion package featured on these pages, but pay careful attention to cost, performance, and your own abilities if you are considering a do-it-yourself installation. One reason electric co-ops are working with the package produced by Hymotion is that it has been approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation, including meeting crash-test standards.
Here are some good spots on the Internet to learn more about plug-in hybrid vehicles:
• The site of the company that performed the conversion described on these pages, the Advanced Vehicle Research Center, can be found at www.avrc.com. That site includes information on a new leasing program for plug-in hybrid Toyota Priuses and Ford Escapes.
• The site of the company that developed the rechargeable battery pack used to convert the Prius, Hymotion, can be found at www.hymotion.com. That site includes locations of conversion kit installers (the closest one to Kentucky is Washington, D.C.).
• Kentucky Living published an in-depth look at the electric co-op plug-in hybrid test program in May 2008. To find that report, go to plug-in.
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- Warm summer sees number of butterflies increase in Britain
- Sightings of moths, bees, crickets and grasshoppers also increased
- Orchids, snowdrops and bluebells also ‘grew’ during 2013
19:48 EST, 26 December 2013
09:27 EST, 27 December 2013
After six disappointingly damp years, 2013 finally saw the return of the Great British Summer.
As we celebrated those long, hot days of July and August, the country’s wildlife was thriving too.
And no species took more advantage of the balmy weather than the butterfly – the real wildlife winner of the year.
natures winners and losers in 2013
Sightings increased by an average of 80 per cent during the summer’s three official counts. Matthew Oates, a wildlife specialist at the National Trust, said: ‘It has been a fantastic year for butterflies.
‘They are one of nature’s true opportunists and they will exploit good weather ferociously.’
The cabbage white was one species that did particularly well, and conservationists were excited to see the rare long-tailed blue nesting in Kent. The extended period of warm and dry weather also saw a boom in moths, bees, crickets and grasshoppers, despite the cold, late spring.
The tree bumblebee, which spread to the UK from Europe in 2001, expanded considerably – crossing north of Hadrian’s Wall for the first time.
Conditions were perfect for plants like orchids, which flowered successfully in the meadows of southern England and Wales. The cool spring provided a long flowering season for early bloomers such as snowdrops, primroses and bluebells.
Fluttering upwards: There was an increase in sightings of the cabbage white butterfly, pictured, as well as the long-tail blue
Later in the year, there was an explosion of berries, nuts and seeds, particularly mistletoe, followed by huge numbers of mushroom varieties. However, the cold, late spring meant food was in short supply for migrant birds such as swallows and martins.
It was one of the worst years on record for barn owls, with less than 1,000 breeding pairs compared with the usual 4,000. And lack of nourishment hit breeding frogs and toads and mammals coming out of hibernation.
A slug population decimated by a triple whammy of a cold winter, long spring and hot summer was good news for gardeners, who faced an infestation of the pests last year. But it also cut the number of aphids, which are an important food source for seven-spot ladybirds, hoverflies and birds like tits that feed on them.
However, Mr Oates said 2013 was still ‘one of the most remarkable wildlife years in living memory’, with more winners than losers.
‘The way our butterflies and other sun-loving insects bounced back in July was utterly amazing, showing nature’s powers of recovery at their best,’ he said. ‘Great wildlife experiences make special places extra special. Best of all, this year has set up 2014 very nicely.’
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1. What is trademark dilution?
Trademark dilution is defined as the lessening of the capacity of a famous mark to identify and distinguish goods or services, regardless of the presence or absence of competition between the owner of the famous mark and other parties or of likelihood of confusion. This typically occurs as the result of blurring or tarnishment of the famous mark.
The law protects marks from the existence of subsequent “confusingly similar” marks. Claiming a likelihood of confusion requires a showing of similarity of the marks in sight, sound or meaning, combined with evidence that the marks being compared are associated with identical, competing, similar or related goods/services. Under this analysis, similar and possibly even identical marks used with distinguishable goods/services or goods/services traveling in different channels of trade may coexist in the same market.
Dilution developed from the concept that some marks are so well known and “famous” that they deserve an extra level of protection beyond the likelihood of confusion analysis. Dilution theory seeks to prevent the coexistence of marks that are sufficiently similar to a famous mark regardless of the goods/services associated with the allegedly diluting mark.
2. Which jurisdictions recognize the concept of dilution?
Most countries recognize some form of trademark dilution and a need for businesses to have some recourse to thwart related activities. However, the definition, the elements and the resulting penalties or forms of compensation imposed upon a trademark diluter can vary across jurisdictions. This fact sheet explains the general concept of dilution with principles that can be applied to many jurisdictions.
Some representative jurisdictions that expressly recognize forms of dilution include: the United States, the European Union (EU), several countries of Central and South America, South Africa, India and Japan.
The recognition of dilution is sometimes the result of harmonization efforts. For instance, within the EU, the Trade Mark Directive, which establishes rules that must be implemented in the national legislation of all member states, includes provisions against dilution. Likewise, WIPO's Joint Recommendation concerning provisions on the protection of well-known marks also includes a provision on dilution. The Joint Recommendation has a binding effect upon the Contracting Parties to the Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement (United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic).
It is important to note that there may be other jurisdictions that do not recognize trademark dilution per se but may have their own similar concept. Canada, for example, recognizes the concept of “depreciation of goodwill,” which provides remedy against depreciation of the value of the goodwill attached to a registered trademark. Australia is another jurisdiction that does not use the term dilution. However, well-known marks are granted added protection by allowing their owners to oppose (even if the well-known mark is not registered), seek “defensive” registration (even if there is no real intention to use the mark in connection to those goods or services) or initiate an infringement action if a person uses the same or similar mark in relation to unrelated goods or services and it is likely to be taken as to indicate a connection with the well-known mark.
3. What are the common elements of dilution?
4. What are the forms of dilution?
- Fame – A mark that enjoys a certain degree of reputation or recognition. Also related to this is a “Well-Known Mark,” which is a mark that in view of its widespread reputation may enjoy broader protection than ordinary marks. In the U.S., the 2006 Trademark Dilution Revision Act requires a well-known mark be widely recognized by the general consuming public. There can be no claim of dilution if the mark is not at least well known. In the EU, this is also a required element but it is left up to the courts to determine the notion of reputation as the Community Trade Mark (CTM) Regulation does not determine the meaning of reputation. Certain jurisdictions, such as China and Mexico, maintain well-known marks registries. In most jurisdictions, though, the courts and trademark offices decide whether a mark is famous or well-known on a case-by-case basis. Contrastingly, there are some countries that do not require a mark to be well-known for dilution protection. For example, in Andean Community Countries such as Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, the Andean Court indicates that protection against dilution is not only recognized regarding well-known marks but should also be extended to trademarks in the same content and commercial category.
- Protects the Strength of a Mark for the Owner – Instead of protecting consumers from confusing the source of competing, similar or related goods because of the similarity of the marks, dilution protects the owner of an unusually strong or well-known mark from experiencing a decrease in the strength or value of its mark because of another allegedly similar mark regardless of how that allegedly similar mark is used.
- Necessary Showing – In the United States, case law had developed in many states that a plaintiff had to show actual dilution of its mark before being granted relief. This carried over to the interpretation of the federal Lanham Act when it was amended to include a dilution cause of action. In 2006, U.S. Congress passed the Trademark Dilution Revision Act in response to that case law to modify the federal statute to codify that only a likelihood of dilution need be shown by the plaintiff to be awarded relief. It is expected to be easier to have evidence that dilution is likely occurring rather than actually occurring. In South America, evidence is also required by the plaintiff to show that the trademark is well known, and specifically in Andean Community countries, the court stipulates that the risk of dilution of the trademark must be proven. In Australia, the owner must prove that its trademark is well known and that use of a similar mark by others is likely to indicate a connection and/or deceive or cause confusion. In South Africa, according to the South African Constitutional Court, the detriment to a mark’s distinctive character or reputation, which is required in section 34(1)(c) of the South African Trade Marks Act, must be proven to cause substantial harm to the uniqueness and reputation of the mark in light of established facts, not mere allegations.
Additional INTA Resources
Famous and Well-Known Marks
- Blurring - Weakening the distinctiveness of a famous mark. This is the traditional notion of dilution – using an identical or virtually identical mark on goods or services that may be completely different and unrelated to the plaintiff’s product/service. The belief is that a mark that is highly similar or identical to the plaintiff’s unique, distinctive and well-known mark can detract from consumers’ strong association of the plaintiff’s mark with the plaintiff’s goods and services therefore lessening the strength or value of the plaintiff’s mark as an identifier of its goods/services. In the U.S., the parties tend to debate how unique, distinctive and well-known a plaintiff’s mark must be in order to have sufficient strength or value as a source-identifier that a mark used in a different trade channel can diminish that strength. In the EU, the CTM Regulation also recognizes dilution in the form of blurring if it is detrimental to the distinctive character of an earlier trademark. In South America, blurring of a mark diminishes the value of the trademark in the market and can also be considered unfair competition.
- Tarnishment - Weakening the distinctiveness of a famous mark, usually through inappropriate or unflattering associations. Examples include using a similar mark, or a term that plays on one’s mark, in association with sexual or offensive content, with subject matter contrary to or critical of the mark owner and its beliefs or philosophies or to attract the mark owner’s customers to directly criticize or attack the mark owner or its product/service. This form of dilution can conflict with free speech rights protected in the U.S. Constitution and can be considered a “fair use” exception to liability. Examples of uses that are sometimes permissible under a fair use exception include referring to a competitor’s product, and parodies and criticisms of a product. This fair use exception is typically asserted as a defense to dilution by tarnishment in U.S. courts. In the EU, CTM Regulation also sees dilution in the form of tarnishment if it is detrimental to the reputation of an earlier trademark. In South America and South Africa, tarnishment of a mark diminishes the value of the trademark in the market and can also fall within the realm of unfair competition.
Topic Portal: Dilution
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for Famous and Well-Known Marks - An International Analysis
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Mercury shows off its colourful side
Scientists working on Nasa's Messenger probe to Mercury have shown off a stunning new colour map of the planet.
It comprises thousands of images acquired by the spacecraft during its first year in orbit.
This is not how we would see Mercury, which would look like a dull, brownish-grey globe to our eyes.
Rather, the map represents an exaggerated view of the planet that is intended to highlight variations in the composition of its rock.
"Messenger's camera has filters that go from the blue to the near-infrared of the spectrum, and we are able to use computer processing to enhance the very subtle but real colour differences that are present on Mercury's surface," explained Dr David Blewett from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab.
"The areas that you see that are orange - those are volcanic plains. There are some areas that are deep blue that are richer in an opaque mineral which is somewhat mysterious - we don't really know what that is yet.
"And then you see beautiful light-blue streaks across Mercury's surface. Those are crater rays formed in impacts when fresh, ground-up rock is strewn across the surface of the planet," the mission scientist told BBC News.
Dr Blewett displayed the map here in Boston at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
He was giving a sneak preview of the data that is about to be deposited in Nasa's planetary archive.
This will include a black-and-white, or monochrome, map of the entire surface of Mercury at a resolution of 200m per pixel (the colour map has a resolution of 1km per pixel and is just short of 100% coverage).
Mercury: The inner-most planet
- Mercury was visited first by the Mariner 10 probe in the 1970s; and by Messenger currently
- The planet's diameter is 4,880km - about one-third the size of Earth
- It is the second densest planet in Solar System; 5.3 times that of water
- The Caloris Basin is the largest known feature (1,300km in diameter)
- Scientists speculate there is water-ice in the planet's permanently shadowed craters
- Mercury's huge iron core takes up more than 60% of the planet's mass
- It is an extreme place: surface temperatures swing between 425C and -180C
- Mercury is the only inner planet besides Earth with a global magnetic field
- Messenger is the first spacecraft to go into orbit around the planet
The mission so far has been a triumph, which ought to make the current request to Nasa management for an operational extension a very easy case to make.
Messenger's observations have thrown up many surprises and challenged a lot of assumptions.
The probe has revealed Mercury's rich volcanic history. It has confirmed the existence of great lava plains, but also uncovered evidence for explosive volcanism.
We know now, too, that the planet has ice in shadowed craters. "It's got polar ice caps. Who'd have thought that?" said Dr Blewett.
In addition, the probe's instruments have detected relatively high abundances of sulphur and potassium in surface materials.
These are volatile elements that should not really be present on such a scale on a planet that orbits so close to the Sun with its searing heat.
But these elements may help explain many puzzles, like the nature of those opaque terrains. These could get their dark hue from the presence of sulphides.
The compounds could also lie behind the intriguing "hollows" that pockmark great swathes of Mercury's surface.
Shallow with irregular shapes, the depressions often have bright halos and bright interiors. When scientists look around the Solar System for similar phenomena, the best comparison would appear to be the depressions that form in the carbon dioxide ice at the poles of Mars.
Those features are thought to arise when the CO2 ice sublimates away - that is, when it transforms directly from a solid state to a gaseous state.
"Well, Mercury's surface isn't made of ice - it's scorching hot next to the Sun. But it seems that there is some sort of sublimation-like loss in the solid, silicate rocks that is causing these hollows to initiate and enlarge.
"It may be that a combination of high temperatures and what's called severe space weathering destroys sulphide minerals in the rocks, causing them to crumble and open up a depression."
Messenger is in great shape should Nasa management agree to a mission extension. The probe is thought to have enough fuel to operate until 2015.
And by then, new spacecraft will be on their way to Mercury. Under a joint venture known as BepiColombo, Europe and Japan are sending two satellites that should arrive at the innermost world in 2022.
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Probing the very small with the very large
4 March 2011
On 2 February 2011 Professor Steve Lloyd of Queen Mary College described the Standard Model of the bit of matter that we think we know about: the quarks and leptons that make up the atoms.
Then we went on to the four forces that hold things together: gravity, electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear, together with their relative strengths, ranges and their associated exchange particles.
He pointed out that all this apparently ordered structure required a so-called Higgs particle to explain why these particles had their otherwise inexplicable masses and at what energy the Higgs should be found.
Then he moved on to the machine capable of finding the elusive Higgs: the Large Hadron Collider, its detectors, nearly disastrous start, early results and prospects, as indicated in the picture. He concluded by reminding us that the Standard Model only dealt with 4% of the energy in the Universe and that we only had some ideas about a further 23%, dark matter and very little about the other 73%, dark energy, and so there is plenty of work for up and coming scientists.
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Definition of Bicuspid valve
Bicuspid valve: One of the four valves of the heart, this valve is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It permits blood to flow one way only, from the left atrium into the left ventricle This valve is more commonly called the mitral valve because it has two flaps (cusps) and looks like a bishop's miter or headdress.
Last Editorial Review: 8/28/2013
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications?
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Origins of IP Management – Episode 2 “The beautiful mind John Nash and game theory”
In this “Origins of IP Management” episode we want to discuss the Paper: John Nash, Equilibrium points in n-person games, Proceedings National Academy of Science 36 (1950) 48-49.
Cannot open the video? Please click: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHCXttgV5Bo
This paper is with less than two pages most likely the shortest scientific paper in economic science which had such a huge impact on many different aspects of IP management. It is one of the founding papers of the so-called game theory with applications in operations research, economics, finance, regulation, military, insurance, politics, conflict analysis, negotiations and decision making.
At IP Business Academy we use the concept in this publication in two of our Distance Learning courses in IP Management, in IP Valuation and in our Leadership course and in our second module of the Master Class in IP management: Master of Intellectual Property Law and Management – MIPLM.
Successful management is survival and survival is competition. Whenever two or more companies are faced with constraints, such as a fixed amount of resources, in a win/lose scenario, competition emerges. It’s in a market orientated framework inevitable. And from competition, in any of its many forms, stems strategy.
Game theory was given its first general mathematical formulation by John von Neuman and Oskar Morgenstern (1944). Game theory is a branch of applied math and used to create an optimum strategy in order to succeed in competitive situations of uncertainty and incomplete knowledge which are typical in today’s management of IP.
Generally, game theory investigates conflict situations, the interaction between the agents and their decisions. The subject of game theory are situations, where the result for a player does not only depend on his own decisions, but also on the behavior of the other players who are in the game.
The confrontation between the Soviet Union and the USA involved many leading game theorists from both sides of the Iron Curtain. The Cold War was a time of high uncertainty for the US, the Soviet Union, and the rest of the world. Both sides had little information about how the other was playing the “game of war” or how the other side would react to any given move. The concept of Mutually Assured Destruction is well known. This concept gave the United States the best insight into how the Soviet Union might react to an offensive or a show of aggression and vice versa. A great example of this is the Cuban Missile Crisis.
In today’s interconnected world, the business landscape is shaped by a variety of shifting forces. Whether it’s geopolitical issues like Brexit or technological advancements such as Artificial Intelligence. Our world is driven by – volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (VUCA). This is challenging modern IP managers to come up with innovative solutions to new problems.
Things are changing more quickly and dramatically than ever before, which makes it harder to predict outcomes and make smart business decisions more difficult. Such uncharted territory can create discomfort for businesses. How can we plan for investment in IP and growth of the businesses if we don’t know where we’re headed?
In times of uncertainty, game theory should come to the forefront as a strategic tool, for it offers perspectives on how players might act under various circumstances, as well as other kinds of valuable information for making decisions.
Several factors in today’s economic environment should propel game theory to a prominent place in corporate and IP strategy. The global downturn and uncertain recovery, of course, have prompted radical shifts in demand, industrial capacity, and market prices. Some companies, emboldened by the crisis, have tried to redistribute market shares. They use new technologies and business models and even have novel corporate objectives, often with longer-term horizons for achieving success. Game theory helps to adapt IP strategy to these rapid changing environment and upcoming challenges.
Nash equilibrium is a concept within game theory where the optimal outcome of a game is, where there is no incentive to deviate from the initial strategy.
The prisoners’ dilemma is a common game theory example and one that adequately showcases the effect of the Nash equilibrium. The prisoner’s dilemma basically provides a framework for understanding how to strike a balance between cooperation and competition and is a useful tool for strategic decision-making.
- A prisoner’s dilemma describes a situation where, according to game theory, two players acting selfishly will ultimately result in a suboptimal choice for both.
- The prisoner’s dilemma also shows us that mere cooperation is not always in one’s best interests.
- A classic example of the prisoner’s dilemma in the real world is encountered when two competitors are battling it out in the marketplace with IP.
John F. Nash, Jr., was an American mathematician who won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics, along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten, for his development of the mathematical foundations of game theory.
The fundamental work of John Nash from 1950 helps to systematically analyze and develop IP strategies and making smart decisions in a VUCA world.
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From mobile phone photo to virtual reality
Completely ordinary photos are being transformed into clean, high-resolution 3D worlds thanks to algorithms from TU Wien.
It is no longer unusual for computers to display our world in three dimensions. 3D scanners can scan faces, buildings or entire landscapes, and the data can be used to generate 3D models. In most cases though, this process is very complex.
In the ‘Harvest4D’ research project, led by TU Wien (under the direction of Prof. Michael Wimmer from TU Wien’s Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms), algorithms are therefore being developed that can be used to generate these three-dimensional worlds much more easily, using existing image data not necessarily collected for this purpose.
Even the development of these worlds over time can be studied on the computer in this way. This type of software solution can be applied to a range of different fields, from archaeology to flood research.
Creating 3D worlds from 2D photos
“Up until now 3D images of reality have mainly been created using extremely complicated methods such as laser scanners,” Michael Wimmer explains. “Experts have to plan a scan campaign carefully, take high-resolution images and painstakingly edit the data at the end.” That is the only way to generate beautiful, smooth surfaces and clear shapes from a three-dimensional point cloud.
“We are envisioning a radical paradigm shift in this area,” Michael Wimmer says. “A range of data is available to us that is more comprehensive than ever before, and the right algorithms enable us to use this image data.” Devices that can take high-resolution images are becoming more and more commonplace. Almost everyone has a camera phone with them these days. A few years ago, quad copters with webcams were still expensive, high-tech equipment; today they are an affordable gadget.
The appropriate calculation methods can be used to generate three-dimensional worlds from large collections of data. “The images are not just pieced together on the computer; we use them to compute a complete 3D model,” project team member Reinhold Preiner explains. You can freely move around an object on the screen and view it from any angle, including those that were not originally present in the images. Excavations can be studied and analyzed virtually; they can even be made accessible in high quality to users at home.
Error-tolerant image analysis
Transforming ordinary photos into clean, high-resolution 3D worlds.
Change detection: Comparison of two 3D scans. Credit: Vienna University of Technology.
In order to achieve this, it is necessary to develop programs that tolerate errors, as the data is never perfect. Images are sometimes out of focus, they show objects in varying light conditions, and scans can include artifacts that interfere with the reconstruction. Despite this, the calculation methods developed in the ‘Harvest 4D’ research project make it possible to process this type of image data automatically.
Archaeological excavations have, for example, been visualized in 3D in this way, where the raw data consisted of completely ordinary photos. In this case, the rough structure was also measured with a laser scan.
The level of detail of the visualization does not always have to be the same: for ordinary stone masonry a more basic representation suffices, whereas you may want to look at valuable frescos on the wall in more detail. High-resolution images of frescos can therefore be additionally incorporated into 3D models.
If you do not need the data for scientific purposes, you do not necessarily need to use the maximum level of detail. If you are satisfied with a bit less precision, even end devices such as laptops and smartphones can present smooth 3D models. TU Wien’s Institute of Computer Graphics designed the potree viewer especially for this purpose. It uses specialist techniques to display large point clouds that do not fit into the memories of low-power end devices.
Changes in 4D
Model created from 3D-scanner data and photographs. Credit: Vienna University of Technology.
If you know the time the images were taken, you can add a temporal dimension to the three spatial dimensions, and investigate how the observed 3D world changes. This is also a complex task for computers: have the depicted objects actually changed, or do the images just look different because they were taken in different light conditions, from different angles or with different devices? Human beings usually find it pretty easy to answer such questions, but it is a big challenge to teach this skill to a computer. Algorithms such as this could even prove interesting for flood research. “Our algorithms have the potential to be applied almost everywhere, and the opportunities to apply them keep on increasing,” project team member Stefan Ohrhallinger says.
3D scanner data with camera positions (colored). Credit: Vienna University of Technology
Read more at: http://phys.org/
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Fixed or capital assets are those which represent that portion of the capital of the organization invested in assets which are more stable in their nature; those which tend toward permanency in their character. Among this group will be found, property and plant, composed of real estate (technically representing land but more commonly found to include both land and buildings), and equipment (including machinery, tools, power plant and other operating or auxiliary equipment). Other items in the group are furniture and fixtures, outside investments, comprised of stocks and bonds of other companies, and bonds and mortgages of other companies or individuals.
Working and trading assets are those which represent that portion of the capital which is invested in assets, (a) available for use in creating the product, or service, which the organization offers for sale, (b) involved in the process of creating the product, or (c) in product completed and ready for sale. This group is usually represented by inventories, and includes materials and supplies, goods in process of manufacture and finished goods; also items incidental to the operation or conduct of the business, such as the inventories of coal, oil, and waste, stationery, postage, etc.
Current assets are those which represent that portion of the capital which is invested in assets maturing within a short time; those which may be realized upon readily or converted into cash; those which are available for the liquidation of current liabilities. They include, cash in hand, deposits, working funds, accounts receivable, notes receivable, and interest which has accrued. They are sometimes called “liquid” assets.
Special or miscellaneous assets, as a group, are difficult to define on account of their varied natures. Certain of them may represent investment of capital. Some of them may represent reserves or surplus. In some instances the accounts may be balanced by offsetting accounts reflecting direct liabilities or contingent liabilities; in others, the account may be maintained as a memorandum, in order that certain things may not be lost sight of, and be balanced by an offsetting account for the purpose of maintaining equilibrium. This group comprises, patents, copyrights, trademarks, good-will, sinking funds, leaseholds, contract rights, franchises, treasury stock, notes receivable discounted, and consignments received. Such items as patents, copyrights, trademarks, good-will, leaseholds and franchises might represent investments of capital. On the other hand some of them might be acquired by gift or by accumulation, in which cases they would probably be offset by reserves or surplus. Sinking funds are usually set aside to provide for the liquidation of some liability and would constitute a setting aside of capital unless the funds were offset by a reserve accumulated out of profits. Notes receivable discounted would be offset by an account merely for the purpose of maintaining an equilibrium.
Deferred charges to expense, constituting the last group, may be defined as investments of capital in items of expense not applicable to the accounting, or fiscal, period in which they originate, the charge to expense for which is deferred to a subsequent period. They are sometimes called ” assets by courtesy.” They embrace all prepaid expenses, prominent among which are, insurance, taxes, rent, advertising, organization expense, moving expense, etc.
Liabilities may be divided into four general groups: capital liabilities, current liabilities, special liabilities, and deferred credits to income. Reserves are sometimes classified as liabilities, but it would appear to be more nearly correct to consider them as a portion of the capital or proprietorship, which has been set aside for specific purposes, and they will be so considered and treated in this discussion.
Capital liabilities are those which arise in connection with capital obtained for investment in the business. If specific at all with regard to their maturity, they are usually obligations, the term of which extends over a period of years. They are usually of such a nature, that they do not become due until the date specified for their maturity, except by special provision in the instrument whereby they are represented. When such provision exists, it is usually in the form of a right accruing to the holder of the obligation, by virtue of which he may enforce collection if interest on the obligation is not paid when due. Among capital liabilities are found, bonds, debentures, long-term notes, etc.
Current liabilities are those which mature within a short time. They are those for which funds must be obtained to provide for their liquidation. They are the obligations incurred in connection with operating expenses, the securing of materials and supplies, the purchase of trading goods, or obtaining of current funds. They are the constantly maturing obligations which must be met out of the realization of current assets. They include such items as taxes accrued, wages accrued, accounts payable, notes payable, interest accrued, dividends payable.
Special liabilities are perhaps not liabilities in a strict sense of the word. Accounts for them are, however, frequently found in the books and they should not be passed over without explanation. They frequently represent a condition of accountability, rather than liability, and in some cases where a liability might be expected to exist it is contingent upon the realization of some existing asset. Prominent in this group are consigned sales and notes receivable discounted. In some instances it is also made to include an account with consignors for goods received on consignment.
Deferred credits to income, represent income which has been received in a period prior to that to which it is applicable. In cases of this kind payment has usually been received in advance on account of right, services, or goods which will not be delivered until some subsequent period. They are sometimes referred to as deferred liabilities and include such items as rents and royalties, etc., received in advance.
Reserves are to be considered as capital, set aside for specific purposes, rather than direct liabilities. If it is true, that capital or proprietorship is an accountability, rather than a liability, it is probably also true that reserves are accountabilities, rather than liabilities.
Proprietorship is that financial investment which is represented by the excess of assets over liabilities. It may be expressed in several ways, depending upon the type of organization. It may be restricted or unrestricted. It may be restricted, in that it is set aside as a reserve for the purpose of providing for the depreciation of some of the physical assets, or a possible loss through failure to collect outstanding accounts. As unrestricted, it may appear as capital of the proprietor, or in the case of a corporation, as capital stock, undistributed profits, or surplus. As capital stock it may be either common or preferred. It may also be represented by temporary evidence of its existence in the form of scrip.
It would appear to be appropriate at this time to discuss a question with regard to proprietorship upon which there is some difference of opinion among accountants. The subject for discussion may be presented in the form of the question “Is proprietorship a liability?” The arguments for and against, considering proprietorship as a liability, will also bring out the reason why English accountants place liabilities on the left hand side of the balance sheet, rather than upon the right hand side, as is the custom in this country. Whether or not, proprietorship is a liability depends entirely upon the viewpoint of the accountant. It depends upon whether or not there is a distinction made between the financial status of an individual, as an individual and a business entity. In other words, when John Jones engages in business, the question to be decided is, shall he be regarded as an individual who has invested money in a business organization and which organization is indebted to him for the funds so invested, or as the organization itself? In order to make the situation conform to the first suggestion it is necessary to raise a theoretical entity in the form of John Jones, Proprietor, which is indebted to John Jones, Individual, for funds invested. Under such circumstances and with the creation of such theoretical entity, it would be quite proper to consider the account of John Jones, Proprietor, as a liability, were it not for the fact that the law does not recognize such a distinction. If perchance the assets of John Jones, Proprietor, are insufficient to liquidate the liabilities of John Jones, Proprietor, the law permits any assets of John Jones, Individual, to be appropriated by due process of law and applied to the liquidation of outstanding liabilities of the business.
Looking at it from the other point of view, there is no distinction made between John Jones, Individual, and John Jones, Proprietor. John Jones is the business; whatever assets the business may have are his. Whatever liabilities exist he must liquidate. The excess of assets over liabilities constitutes his equity in the organization, or the extent of his proprietary interest; it is his capital. What he possesses he cannot very well be liable to himself for. He cannot sue himself for the capital which he has invested in the business. Upon such grounds it would appear to be more reasonable and logical to consider proprietorship as an accountability rather than a liability. The positive and negative forces of his business organization account for his financial condition. While he is able to determine his financial condition through having his account stated, there is no liability. He cannot enforce collection. If he desires to obtain the funds, or the capital, invested in the business he is forced to wind up his affairs as a proprietor either through realization and liquidation of the concern, or a sale to other interests.
It was probably from the first interpretation of organization above stated that the English placed liabilities on the left hand side and assets on the right hand side of the balance sheet. It has been said that while this is required by law that it was due to ignorance of accounting on the part of the framers of the law that such provision was made. This may, or may not have been the case, but at all events such has become an established practice with the English accountants. The business is considered as a distinct entity, liable to the proprietor, for the excess of assets over liabilities in favor of other creditors.
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Republic of Yemen
Location and Area:
Yemen is an Islamic Arab country located in the southwestern of Arabian Peninsula, in the southwestern of Asia.
It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Sultanate of Oman to the east, Arabian Sea to the south and the Red Sea to the west.
It has many islands alongside the Red Sea and Arabian Sea, the largest one of all is the island of Suqutra, around 150 km away from Yemeni nearest coast.
Ancient geographers used to call Yemen "Arabia Felix". In the Old Testimony it was mentioned as the south and it was said that Yemen’s name was attributed to (Aiman Ben Ya’arob Ben Kahtan). In the Arabic cultural heritage and as the Yemenis themselves, its name derived from the Arabic word (Yuomn) which means the blessedness or welfare and this agrees with the name of the ancient name Arabia Felix.
On the other hand, some of the Arab historians said it is called Yemen because it is located in the right direction of Al-Ka’aba. All in all, its present name is “the Republic of Yemen “
Geographical Features and Topography:
Yemen has got a very spectacular topography ranging from high mountains to mysterious dunes desert and from fertile flatlands to more than 2000 km of breath-taking beaches on the Arabian Sea in the south and Red Sea in the west.
The geographical features are divided into five divisions as the following:
The Coastal Region is more than 2500 km extended alongside the Red Sea in the west, the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean in the south and the Arabian Sea in the east.
This region includes the governorates of Aden, Hodeiddah, Lahj, Abyan, al-Maharah and parts of Hadramout.
The Mountainous Region
It begins in the north and extends southward to the area called Bab Al-Mandab, where it makes a turn eastwards alongside the Arab Sea, ending in Al-Mahara. The mountains highest ranges from 1000 meter to 3600 meter above sea level.
The mountainous region contains several valleys such as:
Valleys, whish pour its waters in the Red Sea, like Wadi Haradh, Wadi Moor , Wadi Sordod ,Wadi Siham ,Wadi Rasian Wadi Zabeed and Wadi Moza’a .
Valleys, which pour its waters in the Gulf of Aden and the Arab Sea, are Wadi Tuban, Wadi Bana, Wadi Ahwar and Wadi Hudramout.
Valleys, which pour its waters in the desert, are Wadi Khap, Wadi Algoof and Wadi Athnah in addition to Wadi Harreap and Wadi Jerdan and others.
This region includes the governorates of Sana’a, Hajja, Al-Mahweat , Sa’ada , Dhammar, Al-Bidha , Al-Dhale and Taiz.
The Region of Eastern Plains:
It is consisted of sedimentary rocks and lies at the eastern and the northern of the mountainous region and it spans is adjacent to it. It reaches its maximum highest at 1000 meters and waters drop to it from the mountainous region.
This region includes the governorates of Al-Mahara, Al-Jawf, Shabbwa, Hadhramout and parts of the governorate of Sa’ada.
The Region of Al-Rub’o Al-Khali (Empty Quarter)
It is the Yemeni desert region without plants and characterized by its moving dunes sands. In the past, the Al-Rubo’ Al-Khali used to be called the largest Yemeni desert or Al-Ahqaf desert.
The Yemeni Islands:
There is a large number of the Yemeni islands spread alongside the Red Sea and the Arab Sea. Yemeni islands are characterized by unique topography and spectacular environment.
The Red Sea includes the largest number of the islands which constitutes an archipelago alongside the Yemeni beach.
The Island of Kamaran is the largest and the most important one in the Red Sea, it is inhabited by people and rare animals. There are also the islands of Baklan, Al-Tir, and Al-Fashet in the north of Kamaran and in the south of it there are the islands of Zuqar and the archipelago of Hunish which includes the Greater Hunish and the smaller Hunish, while the island of Meyoun controls the Strait of Bab Al-Mandab and it splits it.
There are also several small islands; the important of them are the islands of Abdul-Kori, Al-Akhawin, Samhah and Derrssah.
In the Arabian Sea, Yemeni islands spread close to each other, the largest and the most famous one of all is the Island of Suqutra.
Suqutra is a 3625 km². It is located in the Indian Ocean, some 450 km south of the Yemeni economic city of Aden but it is a part of Hadramout province of Yemen.
With estimated population of 45,000, Suqutra Island has three geographical terrains: the narrow coastal plains, a limestone plateau permeated with karst caves, and the higher mountains reaches to 5000 feet.
The climate is generally tropical desert, with rainfall being light, seasonal (winter) and more abundant at the higher ground in the interior than along the coastal lowlands.
The monsoon season brings strong winds and high seas making marine transportation from June to September inaccessible.
However, in July 1999 a new airport opened in Socotra.
The long geological isolation of Socotra and its fierce heat and drought have combined to create a unique and spectacular endemic flora.
Surveys have revealed that more than a third of the 800 or so plant species of Socotra are found nowhere else. Botanists rank the flora of Socotra among the ten most endangered island flora in the world.
One of the most striking of Sucutra's plants is the dragon's blood tree (Dracaena cinnabari), which is a strange-looking, umbrella-shaped tree. Its red sap was the dragon's blood of the ancients, sought after as a medicine and a dye.
The island also has a fairly rich bird fauna, including a few types of endemic birds, such as the Suqutra Starling Onychognathus frater, the Socotra Sunbird Chalcomitra balfouri, Socotra Sparrow Passer insularis and Socotra Golden-winged Grosbeak Rhynchostruthus socotranus.
Fourteen mammal and 175 bird species that live today on the island have been recorded as endemic species. Being virtually isolated from the rest of the world for a long period, Suqutra remains one of the most fascinating places on earth.
Its unique character with greatest Biological diversity makes Socotra a potential candidate for designation as one of the new 7 wonders of nature.
Suqutra Island has been recently nominated to become one of the new 7 wonders of natural monuments. The competition is adopted by the Swiss foundation new7wonders.com to choose the most wonderful natural landscapes all over the world.
Minister of Tourism Nabil al-Faqih stated that Suqutra Island has been chosen to participate in the competition of the New 7 Wonders of nature run by the Swiss foundation "New7wonders" via the Internet.
Al-Faqih said that the ministry had finished necessary procedures to register Suqutra on the nominations list of the Swiss foundation for rivaling on the list of new 7Wonders of nature.
Hadramout's governor Abdullah Hajir affirmed that the nomination of Socotra to become one of the new7wonders of nature would create more opportunities for tourist investment and development.
Yemen is one of the countries of the largest cellular radiation due to the sun’s perpendicular upon it around the year but the diversity of its geographical features gives rise to diversification in its climate.
In the coastal regions, the climate used to be hot and moist in the summer whereas in the winter it is often moderate.
In the inner and mountainous region, the climate usually ranges from cool in the winter to moderate in the summer, the moderate climate also prevails in the slopes and plateaus regions where the average of temperature ranges from 10 to 30 degrees Celsius in summer whereas it goes down to fall below zero in winter.
The average of moistness may reach up to 80 percent with an average of rainfalls ranges from 300 to more than 1000 mm per a year .The climate, which prevails in the eastern region, is widely different since it is characterized by drought and the temperature there exceeds 40 degrees Celsius in summer, while it goes down to 10-15 degrees Celsius in winter.
The rainfalls rate doesn’t exceed the average of 50 –100 mm, particularly at the bounds of Al-Rubo’ Al-Khali (the Empty Quarter). Between the above two climate regions lies the central region which spans from the north and the east of Sana’a to the bounds of Marib.
The entire area of Yemen’s territory has come under the influence of the torrential winds which are coming from the east; it is also influenced by the air’s downfalls in the west which used to be accompanied by rains in summer season.
The Republic of Yemen has nearly 23 million people (according to the latest census conducted in 2007).
Arabic is the official language of the country with English being the most widely used as a second language.
Islam is the official religion of the whole country except a small minority of Jews.
Traditional Industries and Handicrafts:
There are many traditional industries and handicrafts in Yemen, which have been handed down throughout the generations. Such industries and handicrafts are characterized by their beauty and attractiveness, particularly those associated with architecture, ornaments and decoration, traditional weapons, clothes and garments, earthenware and stoneware, leather products, and tools and materials made of palm fiber and leaves, etc.
Handicrafts centers exist throughout the Republic and such products can be sampled in the traditional markets of many cities and at the weekly markets called (Souks(
The visitor can get entry visa to the Republic of Yemen from the Yemeni Embassy or Consulate in his country and payment of a minimal Consular fee. Prospective visitors from countries with which Yemen has no diplomatic or consular representation, an extendible 96-hour transit visa from the port of entry can be obtained.
Upon arrival, the visitor is given one-month residence permit. There is no need to register at police stations or to apply for an exit visa during the scheduled one-month period.
Ports of Entry:
Visitors can enter Yemen via its airports, i.e., Sana'a, Aden, Rayan in Hadhramaut and Taiz International Air- ports.
By Sea: through the seaports, i.e., Hudaidah port, Mokha port on the Red Sea, port of Aden on the Gulf of Aden, Mukalla and Nashton ports on the Arab Sea.
By land: Yemen has three passageways: two in the north: Haradh and Albuqa'a entry points from Saudi Arabia. The third inlet is Habrot on the eastern border with the Sultanate of Oman.
The Yemen currency is the Yemen Rial consisting of l00 fils, issued in bank notes and coins. Bank notes are available in denominations of 1000, 500, 200, l00 and 50.
Coins come in denominations of 20, l0 and 5 Yemeni Rial. The exchange rate is now quite stable, 200 YR to 1 US dollar. The visitors can exchange most international currencies in exchange establishments or banks, which are available all over Yemeni towns.
An International Vaccination Certificate is required from citizens of countries, which are listed in the World Health Organization (WHO), except children less than one year old.
Official Working Days and Hours:
Working hours in governmental offices are: Saturday to Wednesday from 8.00 am to 3.00pm. Thursday is a rest day and Friday is the weekly holiday. The private sector working hours are: Saturday to Wednesday 8.00 am–12.00 noon and 4.00 pm – 7.00pm. • Thursday: 8.00 am-1.00 pm. Friday is the weekly holiday. The market place is open almost all day long up to the early hours of night.
- Eid Al-Fitr (Breakfasting Feast), from 29th of Ramadhan until 3rd of Shawal.
- Eid Al-Adha (Haj Feast), from 9th – 13th Thu-al-Hajah.
- Hijra New Year (Anniversary of the Holy Prophet Emigration on the 1st of Muharram), one day.
- Labor Day (1st of May), one day.
- National Day (22nd of May), one day.
-26th of September (Revolution Day), one day.
- 14th of October. (Revolution Day), one day.
- Thursday and Fridays, weekend.
Modern and reliable Banking services are available in most cities. Major cards are available, and honored in larger hotels, and banks.
Electricity: 220 Volts, 50-60 Hz.
A modern Telecommunications network that provides worldwide direct access telephone calls, facsimile service, and internet service covers all the Yemeni land.
Public, and private hospitals, and pharmacies are spread around the country. Most provide around –the –clock services.
Tourist hotels are available in all major cities, and many secondary cities, with service levels ranging from one-star to five stars. Some hotels are local subsidiaries for international hotel chains.
Travel and tourist services:
There are many tourist agencies operating under license from the local authorities. They organize tours around the country. They also provide tour guides speaking different languages, and rent out cars for those interested.
Immigration forms are given to you on the plane and have to be handed at passport control. Customs officers check the luggage closely for alcohol, videotapes and magazines that contain sex pictures.
As a foreigner and a tourist, you will be treated in special way everywhere in Yemen. From the airport, there are taxis but no regular bus service to town. Normally, tourist offices organize transportation for their tourists, but if you take a taxi it will not cost more than US$ 10 from the airport to any area in Sana’a or Aden.
Inside the city there are three options:
1-Taxies that will cost you only US$ 1 for short distances of less than 15 minutes, there are taxies with meters.
2- Small buses (Dabab) Dababs run in fixed routes around the city, picking up and dropping off passengers in demand. You will need to speak Arabic, or use sign language. Fares are approx US$0.20.
3-Hiring a car there are some car rental offices where you can hire a car. An international driving license is required. Prices start from US$ 40 per day.
Air transportation is available to most big cities on a local level. International flights are available to Sana'a, Aden, Hodeidah, Mokalla and other airports. Yemenia maintains direct international serves to major cities in Europe, India, and the Middle East.
Most Yemen visitors arrive at Sana'a International Airport and then proceed with Yemenia to other cities.Ground transportations between smaller cities are cheapest by collective taxi but more comfortable by having a private taxi.
Small groups tend to travel in four-wheel drive vehicles with driver provided by many different companies. A private transport and an experienced driver give the visitor more freedom to explore remote places and manage the time as preferred. In addition, the cost of a reliable transportation and the driver is worthwhile.
Inside the cities, usually there will be a buses or minibuses that is very cheap. But it serves from and to certain places. Another option for transportation is taxis, which are available everywhere down the street. Some tourists prefer to rent a car, which is not a bad idea. You would need an international driving license and a make sure to maintain all the important papers for the car that shows that ownership of the car and an authorization for driving it from the cars rental agency.
Some agencies offer an experienced driver who will take care of everything about the car and may help you get to know important places to see. Some of them work as tour guides. "As one travels through the regions of Yemen, from the hot coastal plain of the Tihama to the cool mountain villages of the central highlands and to the remote valleys of the Hadramout there is such a diversity of landscape, architecture, and vegetation that it is like moving from one country to another. Yet, the impression of Yemen as a land of contrasts is deceptive.
There are common strands of identity running through the fabric. The fiercely individualistic character of each place and its people reveals itself gradually not as a discordant factor in essence but as the way of the country as a whole.
The common identity of Yemen does not exist necessarily in a sense of uniformity or consensus of opinion but rather in the vigorous defense of the small unit, be it family or tribe or village. A unified cultural heritage characterizes Yemenis who have diversity of expression."
Traveling in the country:
To appreciate Yemen’s considerable natural beauty, one has to leave the city and explore the countryside. While the main roads are well surfaced and traveling them is a comfortable experience, taking to the rugged mountain tracks in a 4-wheel-drive vehicle is an adventure well worth the effort.
The serpentine mountain roads offer breathtaking views into Wadis lined by countless man-made terraces. Visit the barren eastern mountains with their fascinating rock formations and be awed by the encroaching desert’s sand dunes. Dive into the clear waters of the Red Sea or the Indian Ocean or explore the tropical flora and fauna of the lower "Wadies" or valleys with their clear monsoon streams and unique settlements and culture.
And if you like the off beat, do not miss the experience of crossing the desert "Ramlat Assaba’atyin" on the southern corner of the Rub’a-alkhali, between Marib and Shabwa, the shortest way to the famous Wadi Hadramout. You can follow the ancient Gold and Incense Road along the edge of the desert.
In Marib you can visit the old great Marib dam, The Queen of Sheba temple and the remains of ancient civilizations. To enjoy the varied scenery, explore mysterious historical sites, marvel at the architecture, and most of all meet the people, many of whom maintain their original ways of life, is an unforgettable experience.
Wherever you go, children will appear curious, boisterous, and sometimes annoying, you do not need to give them any thing, just small smile and show some good humor and they will love you.
Men and children (male & female) are willing to have their pictures taken, but are more cautious with women. Photographing women, even if veiled, is considered very rude and risky. Also be careful not to photograph military sites, airports or harbors, which are restricted security areas.
Despite the restrictions, Yemen is a photographer’s paradise. Some of your shots of traditional activities, like plough with the help of a donkey or grinding sesame with a camel, have potential historic value, because the old ways, now still widely observed, are destined to become things of the past.
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Council Tax is a form of property taxation in the UK and is collected to contribute to the financing of local services. UK council tax was first introduced in 1993 as a replacement for the community charge (generally referred to as the "poll tax") which was itself brought in to replace the rates system of taxing domestic premises. It is applied to every domestic property regardless of whether it is owned by the occupiers or rented by them. Unlike the old local rates which were based on rental values, council tax depends on assessments of market values. Nearly twenty three million homes in England are currently registered for it.
Residential properties are divided into eight council tax bands, according to the value of the property, with each band having a different level of taxation applied to it - more valuable properties paying a higher level of tax than those of lower value. These bands range from A which is the lowest to H which is the highest. The amount paid by people in the top band is three times that paid by People with properties in the bottom band. Middle band (D) properties pay one and a half times the amount paid by council tax band A properties. Band D is generally regarded as the average band. In England the council tax valuation bands are determined by property values on April 1 1991 not present day market values. They are based on the amount properties might have been expected to be sold for if the transaction took place in 1991. (New homes are given nominal 1991 values in England, and are given 2003 values in Wales). A revaluation of domestic properties in Wales became effective on April 1 2005, replacing 1993 values with those of April 1 2003. It was planned to revalue homes in England in 2007, but in 2005 it was announced that the decision would be postponed until after the election. According to the labour party its election manifesto promised not to carry out a revaluation. The present government has said that there will be no revaluation of homes during this parliament. There are at present no plans to revalue residential properties in England and Wales. Council tax bands for most of the UK are out of date. With the exception of Wales where properties were revalued in 2003, property bands are base on assessments of market values in 1991. By 2010 the average UK house price had increased by around 200% indicating that many homes may be in the wrong band at today’s prices, especially in those parts of the country where prices have risen most. In Wales the 2005 valuation list which was based on 2003 prices, over a third of homes were placed in a higher band than they were in the 1991 valuation, and some had moved three and sometimes four bands higher, resulting in much larger council tax bills. Less than ten percent of properties were put into lower bands than in the previous list, with nearly sixty percent staying at the same level. A new top band (I) was introduced and some dwellings were placed in this. In areas where property prices had increased by a great deal there was a correspondingly greater proportion of properties moving to higher valuation brackets, more than sixty percent in Cardiff moved up, as did over fifty percent in Wrexham. (Council Tax Wales) It is widely recognized that council tax bands are regressive. In England band H properties have market values of £320,000 and over, which is at least eight times as much as band A homes which are valued at £40,000 and below. But band H homes only pay three times as much council tax. Band H has no upper limit so that even houses worth tens of millions of pounds are still in this bracket, and yet they only have to pay three times the amount paid by people living in band A properties which can include very small dwellings. The Regressiveness of the system is the main reason for the perception that council tax is too high.
The distribution of properties between the bands is heavily skewed towards the lower valuation levels. About a quarter of properties in England are in A, just under a fifth in B, and just over a fifth in council tax band C. Taken together the lowest three brackets account for more than 65% of properties. Fifteen percent are in D and ten percent in E. The top three brackets together only contain around ten percent of homes, with H having less than 1 percent. There are also marked regional variations in banding profiles, with the South and South East tending to be at higher levels than the rest of England. In South Yorkshire and parts of the North East over half of households are in A, and in the West Midlands over thirty percent are in the lowest bracket. In some authorities more than sixty percent are in this band. In outer London however only two percent are in band A, and in Kensington and Chelsea it is down to one percent. Throughout England as a whole, under 1 per cent of homes are in the highest bracket, but in inner London, five per cent of properties are in this category, and in Kensington and Chelsea the figure is as high as 17 percent. Around 20% of properties in England are in E to H, but in the North East this falls to 6% and in the West Midlands 12.5%. In London and the south east about 30% are in the top four brackets. (see also Band Distribution). The council tax collection rates for different local authorities in England in the year 2010 – 2011 ranged from below 92% to over 99%. Throughout England as a whole £21.9 billion was collected out of a total collectable amount of £22.5 billion pounds, giving an average council tax collection rate of 97.3%. The amount uncollected was £0.6 billion, or 2.67 percent of the total amount collectable. Since 1993 when the tax was brought in the backlog of uncollected council tax is estimated to be over £2.5 billion. As well as the 21.9 billion pounds collected in 2010 – 2011 from taxpayers, 4.299 billion pounds was paid by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) in council tax benefits giving a total £26.199 billion of council tax in England for the year 2010 – 2011. (Council tax benefit payments are not included in collection rate statistics published by the Department for Communities and Local Government because they are paid by DWP directly to local authorities on behalf of the claimants.)
Council tax rates for dwellings in each band are set by individual local authorities and the amount people have to pay for their homes will be determined by the band it is placed in and the rate the local authority applies to that band. The general procedure for calculating council tax rates is to divide the budget requirement (after income from national non domestic rates and the revenue support grant have been deducted) by the tax base for properties in band D and because each band has a fixed ratio to each of the others, the resulting figure determines the rates for the remaining bands for domestic properties within that local authority. Dwellings of similar value in the same band may pay different amounts if they are in different authorities. Council tax bills are sent out by billing authorities which are the local authorities responsible for setting and collecting the tax and for administering discounts and exemptions. They collect the tax on behalf of themselves as well as other local authorities in the same area. Council tax bills may include precepts levied by Precepting authorities and these would be shown as separate items on the bills householders receive.
The amount payable can be influenced by any Council Tax Benefits people might be eligible for and which could reduce or remove their liability to pay. Benefits can be as much as 100% of the total charge. In 2010 - 2011, 4.8 billion pounds was paid in council tax benefits in England, Scotland and Wales. These Benefits are not paid directly to people in the form of money. They have the effect of reducing the amount of money people will have to pay if they receive them. People will get new bills showing the reduced amounts they will have to pay. However it is means tested and only those with very low incomes will be entitled to the full amount of benefit. A great many less well off people are not eligible for it – their incomes may be above the level of entitlement, and yet can be below the official poverty line, and people in these circumstances can even be paying the full amount of council tax. Large numbers of low-income households pay a greater amount of money in council tax than they pay in income tax, and it is an expenditure which can contribute to their financial difficulties. In 2010 – 2011 there were 5.88 million People in receipt of council tax benefit in England Scotland and Wales. This is higher than any other means tested benefit. The only benefits to have more recipients are the state pension and universal benefits. The next highest benefit in terms of claimants is housing benefit with 4.95 million recipients. The amount of money spent on council tax benefit makes up 2.5% of total government expenditure on benefits. 3.6 million Claimants (62% of the total) are under 65 with an average claim of £825 per year and an annual total of £2.960 billion pounds. 2.2 million Claimants (38% of the total) are over 65 with an average claim of £835 per year and an annual total of £1.857 billion pounds. The Council tax benefit system is very complicated and there is a low take up rate with only about two-thirds of those entitled to the benefit actually claiming it. Council tax benefit has a much lower take up rate than other income related benefits. Estimates for 2009 - 2010 indicate that take up was 64% to 71% by expenditure and 62% to 69% by caseload. This means that somewhere between 31% and 38% of people entitled to claim council tax benefit are not in receipt of it, and that between 29% and 36% of benefit goes unclaimed. The estimates for 2009 – 2010 suggest that between 2.34 million and 3.20 million people are entitled to Council Tax Benefit but are not claiming it, and that the total amount of unclaimed CTB is between 1.7 million and 2.42 million pounds. In 2009 – 2010 there were 5.19 million recipients suggesting that the actual number of people entitled to claim it is between 7.53 and 8.39 million people, or 15% to 17% of the entire UK adult population. This in itself is another confirmation of the extreme regressiveness of the council tax system that it can create so much benefit dependency. Council tax benefits clearly do not fully address the problem of reducing the burden of the tax on less well off people. They also, create the additional problem of council tax benefit fraud which accounts for millions of pounds every year. Council tax benefits and savings is also controversial because the amount of capital and savings a person has can affect their entitlement to council tax benefits. People with savings above a certain amount may find that they are unable to get council tax benefits. In 2012 the cut off is £16,000 – those with savings above this level will not usually get council tax benefit unless they get an income related benefit such as Pension Credit Guarantee Credit. Savings levels below certain amounts are ignored when calculating entitlement to council tax benefits. These lower savings levels are £6,000 for people below the age of sixty, and £10,000 for those over sixty. For savings between the lower and upper savings levels, notional tariff income is assumed. For people below the age of sixty, each £250 of savings between £6,000 and £16,000 is assumed to represent £1 per week income. For those above the age of sixty every £500 of savings between £10,000 and £16,000 is regarded as yielding £1 of tariff income per week. The £16,000 cut off level is considered to be particularly harsh on pensioners since nearly a third of pensioner households have savings greater than this amount and they will not be entitled to council tax benefit unless they qualify for Pension Credit Guarantee Credit. Capital, held by pensioners represents a lifetimes savings and it is not surprising that a substantial percentage of them exceed the £16,000 level. The savings rule has resulted in council tax being referred to as a 'tax on savings'. The fact that the capital rules do not include the value of the claimant’s own home favours owner occupiers in comparison with people who rent their homes. Owner occupiers may be asset rich - their homes often represent an asset worth hundreds of thousands of pounds, but if their savings are below the cut off point they may get council tax benefit. People who rent the homes they live in may be asset poor in comparison but if their savings exceed the cut off they may not get benefit. Although this is characteristic of the benefit system as a whole, it should be remembered that the need for council tax benefit is the only state inflicted form of benefit dependency. There are various council tax discounts and exemptions. For example discounts of between ten and fifty percent can be given for second homes and holiday homes, although the government is considering proposals to introduce measures allowing local authorities to remove the discount and charge full council tax for these properties. (See also second homes discounts.)
Council tax generates around 26 billion pounds in England, and on average contributes about 25% to local authority finances. It is used to pay for local services with the rest of the money coming from the revenue support grant and national non domestic rates. Council tax rates have increased by considerable amounts since the tax was first introduced. In the year 1993–1994 the average band D rate was £568. By 2010-2011 this had risen by £871 to £1439, an increase of 153 per cent. However Council tax 2011-2012 bills are frozen at the same level as last year. There are a number of different methods of making council tax payments, including direct debit, standing orders as well as several other ways. Local authorities can provide more information on how to pay council tax. People can pay by ten installments if they wish to. If an installment is not paid when it is due then authorities will send a reminder requesting people to pay it within seven days, and if this is not paid then the right of the person to make payments by installments is withdrawn and the full outstanding balance has to be paid. If this bill is not settled within seven days then the local authority may take legal action. A summons may be issued for the person to appear before a magistrate’s court and a liability order can be made which will demand full payment with the addition of costs. If a liability order is issued, enforcement action can be taken by the local authority to obtain the amount owing. Recovery action can include attachment of benefits or earnings, Bankruptcy proceedings and the appointment of bailiffs to take property which can be sold and the amount raised used to pay off the debt and associated costs. Two weeks before the first visit of the bailiffs the authority has to send a letter stating the amount owed under the liability order issued against the person. The council and bailiffs can be contacted before the visit to make an arrangement to pay. This should be done quickly to avoid the cost of the bailiffs visit otherwise these would be added to the amount owing. If the council tax bill hasn’t been settled after the use of bailiffs, councils can ask magistrates courts to issue a warrant committing the person to prison. Councils will only do this when all the other ways of getting the person to pay have been unsuccessful. The court will have to hold a means enquiry in the presence of the taxpayer before a warrant of commitment is issued and it will only issue the warrant if it is satisfied that the reason for non-payment of council tax is culpable neglect or wilful refusal. The court has the authority to remit the entire debt or part of it, and to postpone imprisonment if specific conditions are met which usually concern having an repayment plan for the sum outstanding. If a term of imprisonment is imposed then the maximum length of time it can be for is three months. Councils will only apply for a warrant for imprisonment when all other ways of getting a person to pay have failed. People who have difficulty paying their council tax bills should contact their local authorities as soon possible. Citizen’s advice bureaux can also provide useful information. It is accepted that the tax is regressive in that people of lower income pay a higher percentage of their incomes in the tax than those who have higher earnings. It is widely criticized for being unfair and there are a number of calls to reform or replace it with a fairer form of taxation. In general direct taxes are progressive in that they take a higher percentage of income from people that have the highest earnings. The top 20 percent of households in terms of income pay almost two and a half times as much as a proportion of their gross earnings in direct taxes as the bottom 20 percent pay. Council tax, Northern Ireland rates and business rates are exceptions. They are all property taxes and the money payable is based on assessments of market prices or rental values, not on the income of the person who has to pay the bill. The amount people earn is not taken into account when calculating the level of tax to be levied on a property, and although bills may be adjusted to reflect any benefits or rates relief a person may be eligible for they are still regressive so that the less well off pay more of their incomes than the rich pay. The poorest fifth of households pay about three times as much in council tax as a percentage of their earnings as the richest fifth, which is the reverse of the general pattern with direct taxes.
Copyright (20007) council-tax.com
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Bronze has been around, well at least since the start of the bronze age, about 3000 BCE. As a matter of fact, the first use of metals starts with gold around 6000 BCE, and by the time Jesus appears, there are only seven known metals in the world. Their appearance in history starts with gold, then copper, silver, lead, tin, iron, and mercury. Aluminum however was first made in a crude form in 1825, and really wasn't a viable commercial metal until the late 1800's. It's a marvelous material when used in the right place for the right reasons. But I would opine that dash panels are not a good long term use for this material, especially when exposed to the salt water environment.
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We all know what it feels like to be stressed. Stress can happen for many different reasons. Deadlines at work, taking care of the children, paying the bills, etc. Nobody is exempt from stress. And, while some stress might be good, meaning it might help push you a bit. Too much of stress, is not good.
There will be times in your life that you feel very stressed. What’s important is that you learn to cope with stress. It’s easy to gravitate towards unhealthy coping mechanisms such as: food, alcohol and even drugs. These may help for a little while, but in the long run they will only make matters worse.
What’s stressful for one person, may not be stressful for another. It’s important that you know what creates stress for you in your life. This is not a time to compare yourself to others. There are many ways to control your stress and keep it at bay. Here are 10 tips to help keep the stress monsters away:
- Don’t wait until the last minute. We’ve all been there and we know how that story ends. Remember, when you were in college and you would wait until the night before a term paper was due to write it. You barely made it to class and probably didn’t get the grade you would of liked to have gotten. It only gets worse as you get older. Your boss may not be as nice as your college professor. Plan ahead, a little a day is the best way. That’s how ants work and they never burn out.
- Don’t be afraid to say no. It’s just one little word, and it will make you feel so much better. Not only about you, but about others. This is also known as boundaries. When you have good boundaries, you are less likely to have resentment towards others. If you haven’t already, start saying no today.
- Don’t be afraid to ask for help. Others’s are usually willing to help out, you just need to ask. Don’t be afraid to ask for what you need. This goes with setting boundaries. People that genuinely care about you will be glad to help.
- Remember to be grateful. Start each day with five things that you are grateful for. You can write it in a journal, if you’d like. It’s easy to focus on what you don’t like, rather that what you are grateful for. Think of all the homeless people in the world. Start with being grateful for having a roof over your head.
- Live within your budget. This starts with knowing what’s coming in and what’s going out. Keep track of your spending for a month. Make sure you have enough for the necessities and that you are saving a little every month. I know a getaway to Hawaii sounds great, but if you can’t afford it, you’ll only regret it when you get back an pay a ton of interest on your credit card.
- Add “deep breathing” to your day. All I ask is that you set aside five minutes for yourself a day. This is not a lot. Sit in a comfortable position where you are alone and breath for five minutes. Sounds easy and it is. This will help clear your mind. It’s actually better than caffeine.
- Add creativity to your day. Creativity is a great way to relax. Draw, paint, color, knit, or cook. There are many ways to be creative. This is also good for your brain. Instead of watching the news spend some time coloring. You don’t have to be an artist and try not to judge your work. Just have fun with it.
- Get Moving. Exercise is one of the best things out there to help with depression and anxiety. There are many studies that have proven this. Start with a ten-minute walk in one direction. You will have to walk back, making your walk 20 minutes. Go to the gym, take a class or hire a personal trainer. The more you can get your heart rate up the better.
- Connect with others. As human beings we need to be in relationships. This means all kinds of relationships. Hang out with friends. Call or text a friend if you haven’t heard from them in a while. Plan weekend getaways with your partner, family or friends. The inner ear, face, heart and stomach are wired together in the brain. Therefore, socially interacting with another person, making eye contact, listening in an attentive and interested way, and talking – can quickly calm you down and put the brakes on a defensive stress response like “fight-or-flight.”
- End your day on a positive note. When you come home, play with your kids and talk about your day with your partner. Let them know the good things that happened to you today. If you don’t have children or a partner, play with your cat or dog. They will love the attention. Watch a funny YouTube video or a comedy, before bed. Rather than a long drawn out drama, that will only keep you awake. And, remember to get plenty of rest.
Don’t let stress get the best of you. Remember, we go through seasons in life, and one season doesn’t last forever. Start with a couple of these today and stay in the present. Keep in mind – we do have control over the stress and choices we make in our lives. Once you put these into play, you will be happy with the outcome.
Lianne Avila is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. She has helped many individuals reduce the amount of stress in their lives. If you need help with stress in your life and you’re in the San Mateo area, please call (650) 892-0357.
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Reliability engineers need practical orientation around the complex procedures involved in failure analysis. This guide acts as a tool for all advanced techniques, their benefits and vital aspects of their use in a reliability programme. Using twelve complex case studies, the authors explain why failure analysis should be used with electronic components, when implementation is appropriate and methods for its successful use.
Inside you will find detailed coverage on:
- a synergistic approach to failure modes and mechanisms, along with reliability physics and the failure analysis of materials, emphasizing the vital importance of cooperation between a product development team involved
- the reasons why failure analysis is an important tool for improving yield and reliability by corrective actions
- the design stage, highlighting the ‘concurrent engineering' approach and DfR (Design for Reliability)
- failure analysis during fabrication, covering reliability monitoring, process monitors and package reliability
- reliability resting after fabrication, including reliability assessment at this stage and corrective actions
- a large variety of methods, such as electrical methods, thermal methods, optical methods, electron microscopy, mechanical methods, X-Ray methods, spectroscopic, acoustical, and laser methods
- new challenges in reliability testing, such as its use in microsystems and nanostructures
This practical yet comprehensive reference is useful for manufacturers and engineers involved in the design, fabrication and testing of electronic components, devices, ICs and electronic systems, as well as for users of components in complex systems wanting to discover the roots of the reliability flaws for their products.
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Our new media literacy game teaches players how to detect and disregard disinformation and misinformation in today’s chaotic environment.
- Identify markers of verification, transparency, accountability, and independence in news stories.
- Define and identify problematic news items, and other news-related types of misinformation.
- Explain a variety of strategies to verify images and information.
- Evaluate text for bias based on word choices and framing methods.
- Use third-party information to judge the credibility of a source.
- Evaluate the benefits and challenges of digital news and social media to a democratic society.
Teacher Extension Pack
Make your students’ gameplay more meaningful by using our activity and assessment set designed specifically for NewsFeed Defender. This easy-to-use Extension Pack helps you give context and purpose to the game, as well as reinforce and assess the game concepts. That means deeper learning for students and best practices around game-centered learning for you.
Extension Packs require PowerPoint and are designed for use with projectors or interactive whiteboards.
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Do your eyes always tell you the truth?
To Review: why do we have multiple interpretations of physical world? As pointed out in Genna’s blog, 3D objects in the real world are represented in 2D format on our retina. Our visual system, then, has to take this 2D signal and build back out of the 3D object that caused it. This is a difficult problem because lots of different 3D objects can produce the exact same 3D projection, which is analogical to the inverse problem in math. In some unfortunate cases, you can have multiple solutions or interpretation given one set of data or representation.
Context effects or subjective constancy
1. The ultimate purpose for our brain is not to exactly record every piece of information in the physical world around us, which is also impossible given our limited brain capacity, but to recognize and/or manipulate the relevant object we really care about. Thus, we have to consider the contextual factors such as the strength of light etc to get a coherent idea of the same object under different circumstances.
1.1 For example, the brightness constancy: When you read printed text on a page under indoor lighting, the amount of light reflected by the white space on the page is lower than the amount of light that would be reflected by the black letters in direct sunlight. Your brain doesn't really care about actual light levels, though, and instead interprets the letters as black because they remain darker than the rest of the page, no matter the lighting conditions. In other words, every newspaper is also a visual illusion!
1.2 Similar benefit for color constancy: We only obtain color constancy when we consider the contextual factors. In this way, under varying illumination conditions, our perceived color of objects remains relatively constant or coherent. A green apple, for instance, looks green to us both at midday when the main illumination is white sunlight, and at sunset when the main illumination is red. Otherwise, a white paper will looks greenish in red light but reddish in green light, which is pretty annoying and confusing and will not help us to identify and manipulate specific objects to serve them for our lives.
1.3 Get a sense of this phenomena in the following illusion (Edward Adelson at MIT) in which squares A and B are the same shade of gray (If you don't believe it, print it out and then cut out the two squares and place them side by side.) It is simply that the gray square looks lighter when surrounded by black than when it is surrounded by white:
2. ‘Backfire’ effects: The context effects were originally supposed to be implemented in our brain to obtain object constancy or coherency; however, it overdoes its job occasionally. When the same image is surrounded by different contextual information simultaneously (artificially made), our brain will automatically and inviolately start the ‘taking context into account’ procedure even when it is inappropriate. Most people perceive the central circle surrounded by large circles appears smaller than the central circle surrounded by small circles, an effect known as the Ebbinghaus illusion.
2.1 Weird but no damage: Actually it is not drastically sad that we perceive wrongly under this condition because this illusion is intentionally made by sharp and intelligent vision scientists and is much rarer in real life than natural images. Fortunately, in the majority of cases, we can still believe in our eyes. (Aha, sigh of relief!)
2.2 Relation with brain size: Recently, Samuel Schwarzkopf and colleagues at University College London scanned each volunteer's brain using fMRI while they were shown this illusion. They found that people with a smaller visual cortex experienced the Ebbinghaus illusion more strongly. Schwarzkopf suggests that this is because the circuits in the visual cortex responsible for the illusion are the same size in everyone, but cover a greater proportion of a smaller visual cortex, causing a stronger effect. The team also found that people with a smaller visual cortex tended to have bigger brains overall, though it is not clear why. Wanna test you own brain size using visual illusion as a tool? Mmmm, not bad idea!
3. Artists’ Favor: Visual illusion is also gorgeous when being used as a technique by highly skilled and creative artists. They realize that they don’t need huge 3-dimentiona space to construct a visual satisfying virtual world because our visual system can be easily cheated according to certain rules and principles. It is called 3-D illusions on flat surface only using the Pictorial cues such as perspective and relative size to demonstrate magic visual effects.
3.1 Early time: As early as 17thcentry, the cupola of the St. Ignatius's church in Rome is a great example of Baroque illusionism. The architect of the church, Horace Grassi, had originally planned to build a cupola, but died before finishing the church, and the money was used for something else. Thirty years later, in 1685, the Jesuit artist Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709) was asked to paint a fake dome on the ceiling over the altar. Pozzo was already considered a master in the art of perspective, but even then, the results he accomplished could hardly be believed. Even today, many visitors of St. Ignatius's are amazed to find out that the spectacular cupola is not real, but an illusion.
3.2 Modern days: Artists like to do 3D Side Walk Illusions. Youmay have a look at the "Top 10: Awesome 3D Side Walk Illusions" website to enjoy the unbelievable visual effects of side walk drawing. I will just paste my favorite "Julian Beever's batman" here (ranked no. 5) since it is the most scary and breathtaking one for me.
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This qualification is concerned with the basic principles of nutrition underpinning the preparation of healthy food and special diets
Although there is no legal requirement to understand nutrition, a diet deficient in certain nutrients can lead to ill health and disease. It could be argued that those preparing food for consumers and service users have a responsibility to provide healthy eating options. This course helps to provide the knowledge required to achieve this aim.
- Current government nutritional guidelines for a healthy diet
- The sources of essential nutrients
- The impact of diet on health
- Catering practice which helps maintain food’s nutritional value
- The main features of special diets
- Planning and providing meals for those on special diets
For copies of full course syllabus go to www.rsph.org.uk
Duration and Assessment
1 day programme
20 question multiple choice examination leading to Level 2 certification
£40 per candidate plus VAT. The minimum charge is for 10 candidates and includes the cost of certification. Where there are more than 10 candidates an overall charge can be negotiated.
For further information contact David Taylor Training on 01273 689032 or email [email protected]
Please request a quotation for the following related courses: Level 1, Level 3 and 4 Food Safety in Catering.
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Because they can be used for tracking browsing behavior, cookies have been of concern for Internet privacy. As a result, they have been subject to legislation in various countries such as the United States, as well as the European Union. Cookies have also been criticized because the identification of users they provide is not always accurate and because they could potentially be a target of network attackers. Some alternatives to cookies exist, but each has its own uses, advantages, and drawbacks.
Cookies are also subject to a number of misconceptions, mostly based on the erroneous notion that they are computer programs. In fact, cookies are simple pieces of data unable to perform any operation by themselves. In particular, they are neither spyware nor viruses, although cookies from certain sites are described as spyware by many anti-spyware products because they allow users to be tracked when they visit various sites.
Most modern browsers allow users to decide whether to accept cookies, but rejection makes some websites unusable. For example, shopping carts implemented using cookies do not work if cookies are rejected.
Cookies are also used to track users across a website. Third-party cookies and Web bugs, explained below, also allow for tracking across multiple sites. Tracking within a site is typically done with the aim of producing usage statistics, while tracking across sites is typically used by advertising companies to produce anonymous user profiles, which are then used to target advertising (deciding which advertising image to show) based on the user profile.
Cookie specifications suggest that browsers should support a minimal number of cookies or amount of memory for storing them. In particular, an internet browser is expected to be able to store at least 300 cookies of four kilobytes each, and at least 20 cookies per server or domain.
Relevant count of maximum stored cookies per domain for the major browsers are:
In practice cookies must be smaller than 4 kilobytes. Internet Explorer imposes a 4KB total for all cookies stored in a given domain.
Cookie names are case insensitive according to section 3.1 of RFC 2965
The cookie setter can specify a deletion date, in which case the cookie will be removed on that date. If the cookie setter does not specify a date, the cookie is removed once the user quits his or her browser. As a result, specifying a date is a way for making a cookie survive across sessions. For this reason, cookies with an expiration date are called persistent. As an example application, a shopping site can use persistent cookies to store the items users have placed in their basket. (In reality, the cookie may refer to an entry in a database stored at the shopping site, not on your computer.) This way, if users quit their browser without making a purchase and return later, they still find the same items in the basket so they do not have to look for these items again. If these cookies were not given an expiration date, they would expire when the browser is closed, and the information about the basket content would be lost.
Cookies can also be limited in scope to a specific domain, subdomain or path on the web server which created them.
Cookies are in fact only data, not program code: they cannot erase or read information from the user's computer. However, cookies allow for detecting the Web pages viewed by a user on a given site or set of sites. This information can be collected in a profile of the user. Such profiles are often anonymous, that is, they do not contain personal information of the user (name, address, etc.) More precisely, they cannot contain personal information unless the user has made it available to some sites. Even if anonymous, these profiles have been the subject of some privacy concerns.
According to the same survey, a large percentage of Internet users do not know how to delete cookies.
in the browser URL field. Some browsers incorporate a cookie manager for the user to see and selectively delete the cookies currently stored in the browser.
Advertising companies use third-party cookies to track a user across multiple sites. In particular, an advertising company can track a user across all pages where it has placed advertising images or web bugs. Knowledge of the pages visited by a user allows the advertisement company to target advertisement to the user's presumed preferences.
The possibility of building a profile of users has been considered by some a potential privacy threat, even when the tracking is done on a single domain but especially when tracking is done across multiple domains using third-party cookies. For this reason, some countries have legislation about cookies.
The United States government has set strict rules on setting cookies in 2000 after it was disclosed that the White House drug policy office used cookies to track computer users viewing its online anti-drug advertising. In 2002, privacy activist Daniel Brandt found that the CIA had been leaving persistent cookies on computers for ten years. When notified it was violating policy, CIA stated that these cookies were not intentionally set and stopped setting them. On December 25, 2005, Brandt discovered that the National Security Agency had been leaving two persistent cookies on visitors' computers due to a software upgrade. After being informed, the National Security Agency immediately disabled the cookies.
Many web browsers including Apple's Safari and Microsoft Internet Explorer versions 6 and 7 support P3P which allows the web browser to determine whether to allow 3rd party cookies to be stored. The Opera web browser allows users to refuse third-party cookies and to create global and specific security profiles for Internet domains. Firefox 2.x dropped this option from its menu system but it restored it with the release of version 3.x.
Likewise, cookies do not differentiate between multiple users who share a computer and browser, if they do not use different user accounts.
During normal operation cookies are sent back and forth between a server (or a group of servers in the same domain) and the computer of the browsing user. Since cookies may contain sensitive information (user name, a token used for authentication, etc.), their values should not be accessible to other computers. Cookie theft is the act of intercepting cookies by an unauthorized party.
Cookies can be stolen via packet sniffing in an attack called session hijacking. Traffic on a network can be intercepted and read by computers on the network other than its sender and its receiver (particularly on unencrypted public Wi-Fi networks). This traffic includes cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted sessions. Where network traffic is not encrypted, malicious users can therefore read the communications of other users on the network, including their cookies, using programs called packet sniffers.
This issue can be overcome by securing the communication between the user's computer and the server by employing Transport Layer Security ( protocol) to encrypt the connection. A server can specify the secure flag while setting a cookie; the browser will then send it only over a secure channel, such as an SSL connection.
However a large number of websites, although using secure communication for user authentication (i.e. the login page), subsequently send session cookies and other data over ordinary unencrypted connections for performance reasons. Attackers can therefore easily intercept the cookies of other users and impersonate them on the relevant websites or use them in a cookiemonster attack.
A different way to steal cookies is cross-site scripting and making the browser itself send cookies to servers that should not receive them. Modern browsers allow execution of pieces of code retrieved from the server. If cookies are accessible during execution, their value may be communicated in some form to servers that should not access them. Encrypting cookies before sending them on the network does not help against this attack.
This type of cross-site scripting is typically exploited by attackers on sites that allow users to post HTML content. By embedding a suitable piece of code in an HTML post, an attacker may receive cookies of other users. Knowledge of these cookies can then be exploited by connecting to the same site using the stolen cookies, thus being recognised as the user whose cookies have been stolen.
A way for preventing such attacks is by the HttpOnly flag; this is an option, first introduced by Microsoft and implemented in PHP since version 5.20 that is intended to make a cookie inaccessible to client side script. However, web developers should consider developing their websites so that they are immune to cross-site scripting.
Most websites, however, only store a session identifier — a randomly generated unique number used to identify the user's session — in the cookie itself, while all the other information is stored on the server. In this case, the problem of cookie poisoning is largely eliminated.
Users are advised to use the more recent versions of web browsers in which such issue is mitigated.
However, these addresses are typically less reliable in identifying a user than cookies because computers and proxies may be shared by several users, and the same computer may be assigned different Internet addresses in different work sessions (this is often the case for dial-up connections). The reliability of this technique can be improved by using another feature of the HTTP protocol: when a browser requests a page because the user has followed a link, the request that is sent to the server contains the URL of the page where the link is located. If the server stores these URLs, the path of page viewed by the user can be tracked more precisely. However, these traces are less reliable than the ones provided by cookies, as several users may access the same page from the same computer, NAT router, or proxy and then follow two different links. Moreover, this technique only allows tracking and cannot replace cookies in their other uses.
Tracking by IP address can be impossible with some systems that are used to retain Internet anonymity, such as Tor. With such systems, not only could one browser carry multiple addresses throughout a session, but multiple users could appear to be coming from the same IP address, thus making IP address use for tracking wholly unreliable.
Some major ISPs, including AOL, route all web traffic through a small number of proxies which makes this scheme particularly unworkable.
This method consists of the Web server appending query strings to the links of a Web page it holds when sending it to a browser. When the user follows a link, the browser returns the attached query string to the server.
Query strings used in this way and cookies are very similar, both being arbitrary pieces of information chosen by the server and sent back by the browser. However, there are some differences: since a query string is part of a URL, if that URL is later reused, the same attached piece of information is sent to the server. For example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a URL and the user sends this URL to another user by e-mail, those preferences will be used for that other user as well.
Moreover, even if the same user accesses the same page two times, there is no guarantee that the same query string is used in both views. For example, if the same user arrives to the same page but coming from a page internal to the site the first time and from an external search engine the second time, the relative query strings are typically different while the cookies would be the same. For more details, see query string.
Other drawbacks of query strings are related to security: storing data that identifies a session in a query string enables or simplifies session fixation attacks, referer logging attacks and other security exploits. Transferring session identifiers as HTTP cookies is more secure.
This approach presents two advantages from the point of view of the tracker: first, having the tracking information placed in the HTML source and POST input rather than in the URL means it will not be noticed by the average user; second, the session information is not copied when the user copies the URL (to save the page on disk or send it via email, for example). A drawback of this technique is that session information is in the HTML code; therefore, each web page must be generated dynamically each time someone requests it, placing an additional workload on the web server.
The downside is that every separate window or tab will initially have an empty window.name; in times of tabbed browsing this means that individually opened tabs (initiation by user) will not have a window name. Furthermore window.name can be used for tracking visitors across different web sites, making it of concern for Internet privacy.
The major drawback with this approach is the same as every platform/vendor-specific approach: it breaks the web's global accessibility and interoperability, tying up web development to a specific client's platform, excluding users who use standards-compliant web user agents and instead forcing them to use platform/vendor-specific web agents, which propitiates vendor lock-in.
. The first time this page is loaded, the program
example.jsis loaded as well. At this point, the program remains cached and is not reloaded the second time the page is visited. As a result, if this program contains a statement such as
The introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public, at the time. In particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of the presence of cookies. Some people were aware of the existence of cookies as early as the first quarter of 1995, but the general public learned about them after the Financial Times published an article about them on February 12, 1996. In the same year, cookies received lot of media attention, especially because of potential privacy implications. Cookies were discussed in two U.S. Federal Trade Commission hearings in 1996 and 1997.
The development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing. In particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in April 1995 on the www-talk mailing list. A special working group within the IETF was formed. Two alternative proposals for introducing a state in an HTTP transactions had been proposed by Brian Behlendorf and David Kristol, respectively, but the group, headed by Kristol himself, soon decided to use the Netscape specification as a starting point. On February 1996, the working group identified third-party cookies as a considerable privacy threat. The specification produced by the group was eventually published as RFC 2109 in February 1997. It specifies that third-party cookies were either not allowed at all, or at least not enabled by default.
At this time, advertising companies were already using third-party cookies. The recommendation about third-party cookies of RFC 2109 was not followed by Netscape and Internet Explorer. RFC 2109 was followed by RFC 2965 in October 2000.
The server replies by sending the requested page preceded by a similar packet of text, called 'HTTP response'. This packet may contain lines requesting the browser to store cookies:
Set-cookie is only sent if the server wishes the browser to store a cookie. Set-cookie is a request for the browser to store the string
name=value and send it back in all future requests to the server. If the browser supports cookies and cookies are enabled, every subsequent page request to the same server contains the cookie. For example, the browser requests the page http://www.example.org/spec.html by sending the server www.example.org a request like the following:
This is a request for another page from the same server, and differs from the first one above because it contains the string that the server has previously sent to the browser. This way, the server knows that this request is related to the previous one. The server answers by sending the requested page, possibly adding other cookies as well.
The value of a cookie can be modified by the server by sending a new
Set-Cookie: name=newvalue line in response of a page request. The browser then replaces the old value with the new one.
The term "cookie crumb" is sometimes used to refer to the name-value pair. This is not the same as breadcrumb web navigation, which is the technique of showing in each page the list of pages the user has previously visited; this technique may however be implemented using cookies.
Set-Cookie line is typically not created by the HTTP server itself but by a CGI program. The HTTP server only sends the result of the program (a document preceded by the header containing the cookies) to the browser.
document.cookie is used for this purpose. For example, the instruction
document.cookie = "temperature=20" creates a cookie of name
temperature and value
name=newvaluepair and are separated by semicolons. For example, a cookie can be created by the server by sending a line
Set-Cookie: name=newvalue; expires=date; path=/; domain=.example.org.
The domain and path tell the browser that the cookie has to be sent back to the server when requesting URLs of a given domain and path. If not specified, they default to the domain and path of the object that was requested. As a result, the domain and path strings may tell the browser to send the cookie when it normally would not. For security reasons, the cookie is accepted only if the server is a member of the domain specified by the domain string.
Cookies are actually identified by the triple name/domain/path, not only the name (the original Netscape specification considers only the pair name/path). In other words, same name but different domains or paths identify different cookies with possibly different values. As a result, cookie values are changed only if a new value is given for the same name, domain, and path.
The expiration date tells the browser when to delete the cookie. If no expiration date is provided, the cookie is deleted at the end of the user session, that is, when the user quits the browser. As a result, specifying an expiration date is a means for making cookies to survive across browser sessions. For this reason, cookies that have an expiration date are called persistent.
The expiration date is specified in the "Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT" format. As an example, the following is a cookie sent by a Web server (the value string has been changed):
Set-Cookie: RMID=732423sdfs73242; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-2010 23:59:59 GMT; path=/; domain=.example.net
The name of this particular cookie is
RMID, while its value is the string
732423sdfs73242. The server can use an arbitrary string as the value of a cookie. The server may collapse the value of a number of variables in a single string, like for example
a=12&b=abcd&c=32. The path and domain strings
.example.net tell the browser to send the cookie when requesting an arbitrary page of the domain
.example.net, with an arbitrary path.
The third condition allows a server or script to explicitly delete a cookie. Note that the browser doesn't send to the server information about cookie lifetime, so there is no way for the server to check if the cookie expires soon.
This is the method commonly used by many sites that allow logging in, such as Yahoo!, Wikipedia, and Facebook. (See "Cookie Theft" and "Cookie Expiration" sections of this article for security concerns around this mechanism)
If a user was authenticated using the technique above, when they request a page the server is also sent the cookie associated with the user. It can therefore adapt the requested page to the stored user preferences. When authentication is not used, the user preferences are stored in a cookie. Users select their preferences by entering them in a Web form and submitting it to the server. The server encodes them in a cookie and sends it back to the browser. This way, every time the user accesses a page, the server is also sent the cookie where the preferences are stored, and can personalise the page according to the user preferences.
For example, Google stores the user preferences in a cookie of name
PREF. This cookie is created with default values when the user accesses the site for the first time. For example, the cookie value contains the string
NR=10, that indicates a default preference of ten hits displayed in each page. If the user changes this number to 20 in the preference page, the server modifies the cookie with
NR=20. Every time the user queries the search engine, the cookie is sent to the server along with the query. This way, the server knows how many hits should be shown in each page.
By looking at the log file, it is then possible to find out which pages, and in which sequence, the user has visited. For example, if the log contains some requests done using the cookie
id=dfhsiw, these requests all come from the same user. The URL and time/date stored with the cookie allows finding out which pages the user has visited, and at which time.
This condition is common with on-line advertisement. Indeed, web banners are typically stored in servers of the advertising company, which are not in the domain of the Web pages showing them. If third-party cookies are not rejected by the browser, an advertising company can track a user across the sites where it has placed a banner. In particular, whenever a user views a page containing a banner, the browser retrieves the banner from a server of the advertising company. If this server has previously set a cookie, the browser sends it back, allowing the advertising company to link this access with the previous one. By choosing a unique banner URL for every Web page where it is placed or by using the HTTP referer field, the advertising company can then find out which pages the user has viewed. The same technique can be used with web bugs. These, unlike the obvious banners, are images embedded in the Web page that are undetectable by the user (e.g. they are tiny and/or transparent)
Third-party cookies are used to create an anonymous profile of the user. This allows the advertising company to select the banner to show to a user based on the user's profile. The advertising industry has denied any other use of these profiles.
Many modern browsers, such as Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer and Opera block third party cookies if requested by the user. Internet Explorer version 6 allows a mild form of blocking, called leashing. A leashed cookie is a third-party cookie that is sent by the browser only when accessing a third-party document via the same first-party. For example, if
third.com sets a cookie when an image is requested, and this cookie is set for the first time when the user views a document from
first.com, the same cookie is not sent if the user downloads a document that contains the same image but the document is on another site
other.com, if the cookie is leashed. A leashed cookie is different from a blocked cookie in that it is sent, in this example, if the image is contained in another document from the same site
This is a very insecure mechanism, because a malicious user can alter the cookie; a much more secure mechanism is to generate a random cookie as under "tracking", and using that as a lookup key in a database stored on the server.
As an example, an attacker running the domain
example.com may post a comment containing the following link to a popular blog they do not otherwise control:
When another user clicks on this link, the browser executes the piece of code within the
onclick attribute, thus replacing the string
document.cookie with the list of cookies of the user that are active for the page. As a result, this list of cookies is sent to the
example.com server, and the attacker is then able to collect the cookies of other users.
This type of attack is difficult to detect on the user side because the script is coming from the same domain that has set the cookie, and the operation of sending the value appears to be authorised by this domain. It is usually considered the responsibility of the administrators running sites where users can post to disallow the posting of such malicious code.
Set-Cookie: RMID=732423sdfs73242; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-2010 23:59:59 GMT; path=/; domain=.example.net; HttpOnly
When the browser receives such a cookie, it is supposed to use it as usual in the following HTTP exchanges, but not to make it visible to client-side scripts. The `HttpOnly` flag is not part of any standard, and is not implemented in all browsers. Note that there is currently no prevention of reading or writing the session cookie via a XMLHTTPRequest. .
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The body is miraculous!! For all the body’s parts and abilities, there are corresponding systems designed to monitor what is being experienced and deciding whether what the body is experienced is beneficial or detrimental. All this so that we can function well overall.
These systems – circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary (hair, skin, nails), lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, and urinary are referenced frequently by all of us. When someone asks how we are feeling, we usually point to something, a symptom, that’s affecting one or more of these systems since they so readily help us check in on our bodies, giving us a sense of how well we are (or are not) at any given time.
What’s Happening When We’re Not Feeling Well?
When we’re unwell, understanding systemic symptoms can help us to determine where to look for the underlying issues. Sometimes we talk about our skin breaking out, hair thinning or falling out, or nail splitting. Or, we might complain of feeling sluggish, heavy, uncomfortable, or constipated. Signs like these show us there is something deeper going on in the body. It becomes important to then explore these signs more deeply, to look to the organs that support our systems and keep them functioning effectively, and to take care of them when they’re showing us signs that all is not well.
The organs help the body maintain overall health, and of course organs like the heart, brain, and lungs are responsible for some of the most fundamental functions of life. Without them, we wouldn’t be here! Part of maintaining overall health involves functions that include neutralizing and eliminating toxins and irritants. The organs that help most with these functions are the lungs, the skin, the digestive tract, and most importantly: the liver and the kidneys. When you start tracing back the symptoms of sickness to the organs that help keep the body functioning optimally, you can start to see the connections to possible underlying weaknesses and issues.
How Does the Body Cope When Faced with Toxins and Irritants?
The simple answer? Detoxification. One of the things the body is especially good at is sweeping out any toxic elements and chemicals that can compromise overall health. That’s a big part of what our organs are designed to do – and most of the time they do it extremely well!
However, not all toxins are equal and there are many factors that can affect how the body responds to them at any given time. Also, toxins come from many different sources. In fact, the definition of a ‘toxin’ is surprisingly simple and broad: anything that the body doesn’t find useful or that harms its integrity is toxic to the body. The fact is, we’re working to clear toxins all the time both internally and externally.
The most common toxins we regularly encounter come from: poor diets and poor digestion causing undigested food that ferments in the digestive tract and creating an acidic environment in the body. Other sources such as drugs, alcohol, tobacco, the plastic that we wrap our food in or drink our water. Environmental toxins like air and water pollution, smoke, pesticides, animal and insect bites. Electromagnetic pollution from appliances and tools such as microwaves, cell phones, computers, wireless internet, and TVs. The list is very long. Even negative thoughts and emotions, if they persist long enough, have been shown to be toxic to our bodies because they turn into significant sources of stress – the number one root cause of illness. This toxic burden is an inescapable part of modern life.
When subjected to all of these forms of toxins at once – as most of us are – it’s easy to see how our bodies can become inundated with chemicals from which we need to either protect ourselves or clear out of the body. It’s also easy to understand why, even though we might be doing everything we can to sustain a healthy lifestyle and keep our toxin-fighting organs in prime condition, our bodies sometime need help.
How Do I Know if I’m in Toxic Overload?
As I said before: the body is constantly detoxifying. Day in, day out, all day (and night) long! Our organs are designed to do just that to keep us healthy. But, we all experience toxic overload at one time or another. Who hasn’t been super stressed out and fell to poor dietary habits or more frequent glasses of wine? Who hasn’t experienced an illness that compromised their health to the point where they just don’t seem to get better? These are just some instances when toxic overload makes our organs’ job of clearing toxins more difficult. Sometimes toxins that we experience daily become a combined, overwhelming force while at other times we experience a mix of toxins in particularly high doses all at the same time. Ongoing situations like this can lead to chronic toxin overexposure. Learning to identify and properly respond to toxin overload can make a huge difference in our ability to heal from it.
Are you in toxin overload? Ask yourself these questions:
- Do you have persistent brain-fog, lack of focus, mental clarity, or migraines?
- Do you have ongoing fatigue, muscle aches or pains, general lack of motivation or feelings of depression that just won’t go away?
- Have you noticed an increase in body odor, foul fecal odor, pungent or bad breath?
- Are you experiencing skin reactions or acne in ways you haven’t before?
- Have you recently become newly sensitive to chemicals, fragrances, or scents?
- Have you developed new allergies of any kind?
These are just some of the common changes you might notice and they’re some of the ways your body maybe trying to tell you: “Help me! I’ve had enough! ”
When you’re experiencing symptoms like these, it’s the right time to visit me. I would like to help you reactivate your body’s natural defense mechanisms so that you can experience optimal health every day. Sometimes, our organs need extra help in their work eliminating toxins. We have lots of ways to help you ensure that toxins are kept at bay, and that your organs are happy, healthy, and strong. Call me at 905-852-7969 or email me at [email protected] and I’d be happy to have a detailed consultation with you to find the right pathway to your optimal health.
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The Sekitani Lab is developing flexible electronic devices that make full use of organic materials. Prof. Araki and other lab members are seeking to create new forms of electronics by interdisciplinary collaboration across multiple fields, including materials development, physical properties evaluation, and circuit design. The lab is developing flexible sensor materials for detecting biological signals, such as those coming from parts of the human body.
Sensors are expanding rapidly from measuring objects to measuring people. To measure physiological information from the human body, it is important to design and build devices that do not bother you when you have them on, i.e., that are comfortable to wear. Medical sensors to date have been made from rigid electronic materials that have poor compatibility with the human body and cause irritation, inflammation, or minor injury. Research and development aimed at using flexible materials to create forms of electronics that are significantly more compatible with the human body is progressing fast.
The electronics appliance industry and other areas of electronics have used to date “inorganics”, such as silicon semiconductors. These inorganic materials can break easily during use, which has been an impediment to making them thinner and lighter.
At the moment, there is continual progress in the development of organic electroluminescent (EL) displays and organic solar cells that are thin and bendable. At the same time, more biocompatible conductive and semiconductive materials are being developed by exploiting the flexibility of organic materials. Materials that show better compatibility with the human body, i.e., do not irritate or inflame it, will help expand applications in healthcare and medicine. They offer numerous possibilities including:
- devices that measure physiological signals, such as the heart beat and rate, when worn on the body;
- organ-embedded devices for measuring progress during and after surgery;
- contact lenses fitted with chemical sensors; and
- brain machine interfaces (BMIs) that measure brain waves.
Electronic devices work when electricity flows through an electronic circuit. To operate such devices, we control them by connecting the active elements with wiring. Some elements are active and some passive. The active ones have the ability to affect electrical signal features, such as waveform and frequency, and ultimately influence the signal properties.
Transistors are among those active elements for which developing flexible electronics is essential. On the other hand, the wiring and other components like that are passive elements. One critical problem is that the performance of conventional passive and active elements often deteriorates due to mechanical deformation. Thus, devices can be highly biocompatible only if their electronic circuits are able to change shape by expanding and contracting, allowing the organism to move freely and unhindered, without loss of performance.
Silver nanowires are very small wires with dimensions on the microscopic and nanoscopic scales. They are about 40 µm in length and 90 nm in diameter. The physical properties of silver itself mean that the wires have a high degree of transparency, conductivity, flexibility, and elasticity. They are coming into use for mass-producible, transparent, conductive films and are expected to spread to such applications as touch panels on devices like smart phones and tablets. Prof. Araki described how optical microscopes allow them to observe the extent of network formation by the silver nanowires. “The silver nanowires tend to form a random network, but it is possible to orient them by exerting certain controls. These controls enable us to make highly transparent conductors and electrodes with smooth surfaces. Higher levels of light permeability, of conductivity, and even greater elasticity can be obtained by increasing the aspect ratio of the nanowires.”
Biological signal sensors need to measure tiny voltages from brainwaves and the electrical activity of the eyes, muscles, and heart. Brainwaves in particular are lower in electric potential than other forms of biologically generated signals with a value around 100 µV. The electroencephalograms (EEGs) that have been used to date are highly accurate, but the tight fit of rigid electrodes on the head makes them uncomfortable to wear. The biological sensors developed in the Sekitani Lab, on the other hand, have enabled them to measure electric potential with the same accuracy as an EEG simply by attaching them to the forehead. As measuring brainwaves becomes simpler and easier, early detection and diagnosis of health problems like sleep disorders and dementia will also increase. Currently one in five people has a potential sleep disorder and the economic cost is estimated to be approximately JPY 3 trillion (USD 26.5 billion). It is very similar with dementia. Prof. Araki stated, “I do not think that we are far away from a time when people will be able to check themselves easily.”
In another experiment, the Sekitani Lab has been developing a technology for mapping brainwaves from the surface of the brain and communicating them to a robot. This technology allows a person’s mental state to be visualized, such as whether they are feeling relaxed, via the robot’s expression.
Prof. Araki mentioned, “Organics and microscopes may not be things that you would associate with one another, but we make full use of a range of optical microscopes, from metallurgical to digital to stereo microscopes for lab operational purposes. We use metallurgical microscopes for checking the alignment of the silver nanowires and measuring their length, because their conductivity will vary depending on it. We carry out granularity analysis using polarization to view the appearance of the crystals. We also carry out differential interference contrast (DIC) and darkfield observation in order to ascertain the light scattering of the fine particles that are formed during the process and determine roughness. The brightness and contrast of the Leica metallurgical microscope remain constant and do not require adjustment, even if we change the method of observation, which makes it very easy to use.”
The Sekitani Lab uses a stereo microscope for performing tasks, such as patterning on the order of several hundred µm and forming electrical contacts with dimensions of a few mm, which are required for biological device fabrication. “These jobs are ones that you cannot do without a microscope and which also require a delicate touch, but the Leica stereo microscope has great focal depth (depth of field), which makes it very easy to work with,” according to Prof. Araki.
He commented further, “we have samples of organic semiconductors that are thinner than Saran Wrap, just a few μm thick, and they are so soft that they form a number of wrinkles when made into free-standing films. We need to have a microscope with a good depth of field to obtain clear micrographic images of these films with the correct focus. A digital microscope allows us to achieve a good depth of field simply and cleanly, which makes life easy.”
Figures 1 and 2 show a 2D and 3D image of a network of silver nanowires. Both images were recorded with a Leica digital microscope.
In addition, Prof. Araki added, “I used Leica microscopes when I was away studying in Europe. You can see even fine details clearly in high definition and the depth of focus is good, so they became my favorite. I just had to have one when I got back to Japan, so I immediately called to make enquiries. A microscope may be a routine tool, but for our research it is also a really important partner.”
Photos of Prof. Araki with his colleagues Prof. Yoshimoto and Prof. Uemura in the Sekitani Laboratory are seen in figures 3 and 4. Among the microscopes in the lab is a DMS1000 digital microscope.
Most people tend to think of medical devices as being hard and inorganic. This visit to the Sekitani Laboratory has given the impression that flexible, stretchable electronic devices is something that we are going to be seeing a lot more of. Especially as they demonstrate their value for self-care and monitoring the health of patients and elderly people. With goals such as the quantification of emotions, its platforms may even be extending beyond health and medical care and into the worlds of artistic culture and forecasting markets.
- Original version in Japanese: http://xlab.leica-microsystems.com/database/id11
- T. Araki, R. Mandamparambil, D.M.P. van Bragt, J. Jiu, H. Koga, J. van den Brand, T. Sekitani, J.M.J. den Toonder, K. Suganuma, Stretchable and transparent electrodes based on patterned silver nanowires by laser-induced forward transfer for non-contacted printing techniques, Nanotechnology (2016) vol. 27, iss. 45, LTO2, DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/45/45LT02.
- S. Ding J. Jiu, Y. Gao, Y. Tian, T. Araki, T. Sugahara, S. Nagao, M. Nogi, H. Koga, K. Suganuma, H. Uchida, One-Step Fabrication of Stretchable Copper Nanowire Conductors by a Fast Photonic Sintering Technique and Its Application in Wearable Devices, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (2016) vol. 8, iss. 9, pp. 6190–6199, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10802.
- Y. Yang, S. Ding, T. Araki, J. Jiu, T. Sugahara, J. Wang, J. Vanfleteren, T. Sekitani, K. Suganuma, Facile fabrication of stretchable Ag nanowire/polyurethane electrodes using high intensity pulsed light, Nano Res. (2016) vol. 9, iss. 2, pp. 401-414, DOI: 10.1007/s12274-015-0921-9.
- J. Wang, J. Jiu, T. Arak, M. Nogi, T. Sugahara, S. Nagao, H. Koga, P. He, K. Suganuma, Silver Nanowire Electrodes: Conductivity Improvement Without Post-treatment and Application in Capacitive Pressure Sensors, Nano-Micro Letters (2015) vol. 7, iss. 1, pp. 51–58, DOI: 10.1007/s40820-014-0018-0
- Digital Microscopes, Product Pages, Leica Microsystems
- Stereo Microscopes, Product Pages, Leica Microsystems
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Most tutorials start by teaching the box-modeling technique and it's really important to know how to use and understand these tools, but today we have the retopology process. This allows us to separate the art/sculpture process from the technical one. We can focus on the shapes, gesture and design without coming across technical issues all the time (a spiral loop or triangles for example). This means that you can create the model in an artistic way and then clean the topology afterwards.
To do this you would use tools like the Snap tool, which allow us to work freely by changing the direction of loops, and deleting and creating polygons. It's faster to do things this way and means that the result is 100% clean and functional topology. However, this does highlight one of the problems with box modeling. It means there are many loops and polygons that will appear useless.
These days the process no longer needs to be linear. We can come and go easily from one program to another to make adjustments using the Projection tool or the GoZ plugin. In addition, all major 3D programs import .obj extensions. For this tutorial I will use XSI for polygonal modeling, ZBrush for sculpting and Silo for the retopology.
I will be looking at a character that has organic and inorganic forms. We will start the tutorial with a rough base without worrying about the loops as we just need something to work with in ZBrush. Fortunately for us artists new tools are appearing all the time that help us avoid the base mesh process, such as ZSpheres.
So to start with you need a rough base mesh, which in my case was made in XSI. Note that I don't even have loops for the eyes and mouth, etc (Fig.04).
After you have created the base mesh, export the .obj file into ZBrush (Fig.05). The next step is to start the blocking process, which in my opinion is the fun part. As it's not the point of this tutorial I won't talk about the sculpting of my image; you will have to create your own character and then we will look at the topology of it. To make my model I primarily used three tools: the Standard, Clay and Move brushes.
Fig.06 - 07 show a few of the stages of my modeling process. Work with your character until you have the shape and proportions you are happy with. Don't forget that things can still be adjusted after you have handled the topology, but we will come back to that later.
I worked with stylized characters proportions: a big head, heavy hands and thin arms (Fig.08 - 9). You can see the legs before and after the sculpting process in Fig.10 - 12.
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Blepharitis or inflammation of the eyelid is one of the most common long term disorder of the eyes, affecting the edge of the eyelids and the eyelash hair follicles. It is inflammation of the eyelids and results in eye discomfort, redness, burning, itching, light sensitivity, sandy, gritty or foreign body sensation that is usually worse on awakening.
Understanding the cause and background will help explain why some alternative treatments used by doctors are effective.
Note: More information on the science of the solution to inflammation of the eyelid at the bottom.
Using a simple logic of controlling blepharitis, it may be possible to reduce the blepharitis related complications.
There are two forms and three kinds of blepharitis, all three being chronic or long term.
Blepharitis can be anterior or posterior. Anterior blepharitis affects the area of the eyelashes, caused by bacterial infection or seborrheic dermatitis. Posterior blepharitis is the MGD form found below. Like the anterior form, it may accompany seborrheic dermatitis.
Staphylococcal Blepharitis (affects those in their early 40s with brief history of eye problems).
This results in scaling and crusting along eyelashes.
Seborrheic Blepharitis (Generally older patients with longer history of eye problems).
Often results in a greasy scaling along eyelashes and seborrheic dermatitis may be present.
MGD Blepharitis or Meibomian gland become unable to secrete due to the damage caused by inflammation. (Generally older patients with longer history of eye problems)
Notable blood vessels cross the eyelid margins. There is a problem for the glands that secrete meibomian secretions. Rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis may be present. Accutane is associated with causing blepharitis, a negative side effect.
One theory holds that the changes may be the result of oxidative damage of some of the essential molecules produced in the meibomian glands called phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. These help the oily layer of tear film maintain its structural integrity. Once these molecules are broken down or become defective as a result of oxidation, the protection of the tear film is lost, resulting in increased tear evaporation, dryness and irritation of the eyes.
Studies using oral supplementation with NAC or N-acetylcysteine have been found to be helpful those suffering with chronic posterior blepharitis (Cornea (2002;21:164?8). The study involved 40 patients suffering with chronic posterior blepharitis.
They were divided into groups to receive either a standard therapy alone (control group). The standard therapy included topical steroids, antibiotics, warm compresses to the eye lids 2 times a day and the use of artificial tears.
The test group were taking 100 mg three times per day for eight weeks.
The conclusion was that, although this is preliminary, NAC could provide relief from this difficult to treat condition. NAC is a precursor of glutathione, a natural intercellular antioxidant. Supplementation with NAC or whey protein isolate, the bioactive form of cysteine, has been shown to increase glutathione levels in various tissues of the body. It is felt that the tear film is normalized because of the antioxidant properties of glutathione.
Note that many of the suggested alternative treatments below also include co-factors of glutathione.
There still needs to be more research to determine the benefits and long term outcomes of this recurring condition.
There are numerous treatments that have been suggested and tried as an alternative treatment for blepharitis or eyelid inflammation.
In addition to the two forms of cysteine, there are other things that can help. All are oral or dietary considerations. All have in common the anti-inflammatory benefit effect.
Note that there are no high level studies to show that these are helpful.
There are herbal preparations that some use. Having seen the bad side effects of home remedies, these will not be listed here. They should only be used, if at all, under the supervision of a licensed health care practitioner who is trained and experienced in their use. They are potentially dangerous to your eye health and eye sight.
More recently in Optometry, 2009, Oct;80(10):555-66 in the article (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19801339?)...Advancements in anti-inflammatory therapy for dry eye syndrome...reviewed the current research on inflammation of the eye lid.
The study found that inflammation was responsible in perpetuating and sustaining dry eye.
The anti-inflammatory medications helped patients with moderate to severe dry eye when compared as compared to alternative treatment modalities of inflammation of the eyelid.
Based on the evidence, one of the most effective medication given is also available over the counter. It is N-Acetylcysteine (NAC). Since it works to make mucous thinner and promotes free-flowing, NAC helps in treating lipid-associated eye conditions.
There are numerous research reports affirming that using N-Acetylcysteine is more effective than artificial tears to promote significant improvement in the symptoms associated with blepharitis. In the above studies, simply using NAC, blepharitis symptoms were reduced as tear film quality improved. This was using only 100mg of NAC three times a day.
Since NAC has a 12 hour half life, similar results could probably be realized by just taking the NAC early in the AM and between noon and 3PM to resolve inflammation of the eyelid.
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The Way to Make More GSH For Free
Glutathione has a high affinity for water. Simply put, if we are dehydrated our bodies may not make as much as they could. Or, what we do make may be less effective.
Usually there is something more than just being dehydrated. Often there is a condition called fluid and electrolyte imbalance, less than bodies needs. There is a simple, easy and inexpensive way to correct this, allowing your body to produce even more GSH.
The Water Cures Protocol really works. Give it a try today.
It is simple, easy, sustainable and affordable (the salt should cost less than $10 a year).
And like GSH, it will help with over 76 different diseases and conditions.
What are you waiting for? Go check it out
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Occurrence and preparationEdit
It is found in very dry areas. If it was wet, then the sodium nitrate would dissolve. But it is normally made artificially by reacting sodium hydroxide and nitric acid. Chile used to have much sodium nitrate naturally in the very dry Atacama Desert. It is found in small amounts in leafy green vegetables.
It is used to supply nitrogen to the soil. It is also used in making gunpowder. Some other explosives use it. It can be used to make nitric acid by reaction with sulfuric acid. It is used in rockets and smoke bombs. Sometimes it can be a food preservative.
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Importance of Shooting in a RAW file format
One of the most frequently discussed questions amongst experienced professionals and the ones that are just beginning to start out in digital photography, is whether to shoot in RAW or .jpg file format with a DSLR camera. The answer is quite simple. By the end of this article you will know it for yourself
A RAW file is an uncooked, uncompressed file format. RAW files hold all the unprocessed data captured by the camera. The data on these files are unaltered. RAW files in simple language can be interpreted as digital negatives. Well, the whole idea of shooting a RAW file is to be able to capture as much information as possible from the real world in pertinence to the color depth & a full range of tones. A high quality Digital SLR captures more of this kind of information than can actually be displayed, whether on screen or in print. This means there is a great potential of choice for the processing of such files.
Lets do a quick check on the pros and cons of a RAW file format:
1) No sacrifice of Image quality as the RAW file acts as a digital negative which holds maximum information.
2) There are various software’s that allow you to easily and quickly process RAW files, i.e adjust exposures, color tones, white balance settings, sharpness, noise reductions, saturation, contrast, levels, curves without any loss to the original file (All the original file properties can be retained).
3) You can even do a batch process for applying exposure and other RAW file settings.
1) Takes up a lot of space on your hard disk. It is almost 3 times more heavy as compared to a large size .jpg file shot from the same camera.
2) RAW files always require a good deal of post processing, which takes up a lot of time. Also it requires you to change into editable & printing file format.
3) RAW file handling requires some learning in the beginning and it can be intimidating initially.
4) Handling RAW files require a bigger RAM in your computers for smooth functioning of the files.
Now lets talk a little bit about the JPG file format:
A JPG file compresses data into a smaller file size. It contains lesser data as compared to a RAW file. This is determined by the compression or quality settings. But this file format is clearly able to reproduce an image when it is fully loaded. The camera processes the image for you on the spot. Also when you save an image on a photo editing software you can save an image with different compression levels from 1-12. This enables you to create files that take lesser storage space depending upon your usage.
Lets do a quick check on the pros and cons of a JPG file format:
1) JPG is a universal file format recognized easily and quickly everywhere making accessibility, printing and display simple.
2) It takes up less space on your camera’s memory card as well as your computer’s hard disk.
3) Most DSLR’s allows you to shoot in various different sizes of JPG quality(s,m,l) depending on your shooting requirement.
1) They are not a loss-less file format. Which mean that every time you save your file, the data is compressed. The overall impact could lead to a loss of color saturation, tones, sharpness etc.
2) JPG files are a one time interpretation, i.e once you shoot at a particular exposure, white balance, resolution etc, it is inflexible to alter the same. The control of editing is very limited.
3) Defects like Artifacts and colore moire are more prone in JPG file formats.
If you are still confused which file format you want to shoot in you must ask yourself the following questions:
What do you want to achieve as a photographer? How comfortable are you with post processing?
If you are commissioned to do a photography assignment then I would advise you to shoot in a RAW file format for better control of exposure and other camera settings. Also if you want to make huge enlargements of some special moments frozen by you, even if you are an amateur, shoot in RAW, it will help you to blow up a print to a size of a billboard. But if you are very clear that you do not want to undergo the stress of post processing or blow up prints, then shoot a large quality JPG.
Lastly if you do not know how to handle RAW files but you still wish to shoot in RAW, it is a good idea. Once you have learned it, in future, you have the special files from the past which can be processed & used to its best.
I guess now you can make your choice.
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The Coaching Approach to Adult Learning
Posted by Jennifer Lane on February 26, 2019 at 10:27 AM
Jennifer Lane, master teacher at Hubbard Middle School in Tyler, Texas, applies the adult learning theory to coaching and explains how it can be used to engage reluctant educators in continued professional learning.
ow many times have you been in a professional development session where teachers are treated more like children, lectured to instead of engaged with, or simply offered the same boring activities? Approaches like these often result in teachers forgetting what they learned, dropping any new strategy shortly after attempting it, and potentially scorning the process in the future.
Researchers investigated this current state of PD in school districts across America in a well-known study called, The Mirage. They found that schools spend on average nearly $18,000 per teacher, per year, on teacher development. With this kind of investment, it becomes increasingly important to ensure that instructional coaching as professional development is effective and that coaches stay current on published professional learning research and theories. One of the most prevalent theories that begs to be incorporated into more coaching approaches is “Adult Learning Theory.”
Adult Learning Theory: Andragogy Vs. Pedagogy
Within Malcolm Knowles’ adult learning theory, Knowles coined the term “andragogy” to refer to adult learning and described five assumptions that fall under that umbrella. While there are similarities to the art of pedagogy, the differences are crucial for any coach of adult learners to know and apply to their practice. Knowles makes five assumptions as an individual matures:
- Self-Concept: their self-concept moves from dependence toward self-direction.
- Adult Learner Experience: a growing reservoir of experience accumulates and becomes an increasing resource for learning.
- Readiness to Learn: their readiness to learn increasingly becomes oriented to the developmental tasks of his or her social roles.
- Orientation to Learning: their time perspective changes when applying knowledge, moving from "postponed" to "immediate," and their orientation toward learning shifts from subject-centered to problem-centered.
- Motivation to Learn: the motivation to learn becomes internal.
As you review the five assumptions above, consider the truth behind them. Identify and explore the similarities and differences between andragogy and pedagogy. Adults are self-directed and ready to learn but need to be viewed as knowledgeable, with important contributions to offer. Additionally, they need their learning to be centered around a problem they're currently facing so they can apply a "fix" easily and immediately.
Let's face it: current professional development, and perhaps some coaching approaches, don't allow the teacher to be self-directed in their learning—nor do they allow for the teacher to contribute their knowledge and expertise to the learning. Unfortunately, current PD isn’t always relevant or applicable to teacher needs because it’s structured pedagogically, wherein, it’s assumed students don’t have the maturation, innate motivation, and professional experience like adults do. This often results in teachers leaving the PD or coaching session feeling unfulfilled, and underappreciated. However, if we’re able to incorporate the perception of andragogy into our coaching and offer professional development opportunities that respect the adult learner, we’ll awaken the innate motivation to learn within the teachers we work with.
Here we see that professional development looks more like pedagogy but needs to look more like andragogy. If we're able to manifest this perception of andragogy in our coaching and professional development opportunities, we'll awaken the innate motivation to learn within the teachers we work with.
PD Implications for Instructional Coaches
We know school districts spend an exorbitant amount of money on teacher development, hoping to increase the effectiveness of tier one instruction and, therefore, student outcomes. However, research continues to confirm that there's no evidence of teacher growth despite those efforts.
American teachers live in a culture of "good enough" and often resist change and growth in practice, most likely due in large part to the negative reputation of professional development and the way teachers experience their professional learning process. The two loudest and most common lamentations on professional development tend to be that teachers may or may not find it relevant or too beginner, and that they aren't afforded the opportunity to experience scaffolded and ongoing support to put new strategies into practice effectively. In short, they're experiencing a pedagogical approach to professional learning.
As instructional coaches, we have the unique opportunity to address teacher concerns about professional development by applying the theory of andragogy when working directly with the teachers we serve. Often, we structure the professional development sessions in our district or campuses and are then able to follow up with teachers to provide the support necessary to truly impact instruction.
By understanding the differences between andragogy and pedagogy, and then using that knowledge to influence our interactions with teachers and the way we structure our practice, we are perhaps the one group of educational professionals that can begin to change the narrative surrounding the professional development process. Think of the potential impact if we're collectively able to move teachers toward a positive outlook on expanding their practice through professional development!
Recommendations for Instructional Coaches
The first step toward a more transformational impact on the educators you work with is to begin including an "andragogical" mindset to your coaching approach. Below are some suggestions for coaches who are wanting to shift their craft to a more andragogical focus:
- When structuring professional development opportunities, be sure to allow for teacher choice whenever possible to increase perceived relevance and applicability toward an immediate teacher problem.
- Take advantage of the collective expertise within the PD group. Remember, even first-year teachers are adults and have unique experiences that can contribute to everyone's learning.
- After delivering a professional development experience, make it a priority to follow-up and check-in with teachers who are implementing the learnings. Provide them with opportunities for support, scaffolding, and personalization of the strategy where needed. Often coaches are the only ones who have the time, relationship, and ability to do this.
- Look into Instructional Coaching and The Impact Cycle by Jim Knight. His coaching cycle comes with ready-made checklists and tangible resources to use as a "curriculum," and the cycle has been made with all of the aforementioned PD challenges in mind and with andragogy at its foundation.
- Use Knowles' theory of andragogy to guide your coaching approach. Provide a self-directed experience that incorporates your coachee's wealth of background knowledge. By allowing the teacher to guide their own goal creation, strategy selection, and level of support, the coach is able to truly be a facilitator and partner in the coaching process. With that level of ownership and commitment, the coachee's coaching journey has the potential to be transformational.
- Remember: while positive coaching experiences take time, they often generate much verbal praise for the process. This word of mouth will open new coaching opportunities and begin to change the stigma connected to using a coach to grow teacher practice.
About our Guest Blogger
Jennifer is a master teacher at Hubbard Middle School in Tyler, Texas, serving teachers through instructional coaching and partnership. She has 10 years of experience in education working with elementary- and high school-aged students at all levels in English Language Arts.
Jennifer has her Bachelor's degree from East Stroudsburg University and is currently working toward her Master's Degree in Curriculum and Instruction, with a focus in instructional coaching, from the University of Texas at Tyler. She is expected to graduate in December 2019!
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Åbenrå (ôˈbənrôˈ) [key], city (1992 pop. 15,799), capital of Sønderjylland co., S Denmark, at the head of the Åbenrå Fjord. It is a port and the commercial center for a rich agricultural region. The city was chartered in 1335. It was held by Prussia from 1864 to 1920 and was then known as Apenrade. The name was spelled Aabenraa until 1948.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Scandinavian Political Geography
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Australia and New Zealand are fast approaching the centenary of Anzac Day, a day widely considered by many as both countries’ truly national days.
Despite its centrality in our foundational national mythologies and despite the widespread popular observance of the day itself, a history of Anzac Day is yet to be written.
We have little understanding of how Anzac Day has changed over the years or how its observance has differed in city and country, across different regions and in the different cultural landscapes of Australia and New Zealand. What does this ever changing, ever renewing ritual say about ourselves?
Equally important, no one has attempted to analyse what Anzac Day means outside Australia – the messages our national observance on the day sends to the outside world; and how its mass commemoration in the UK, France and Turkey has fostered a sense of belonging for Australian communities abroad.
Amongst the intended aims and outcomes of this project are:
- A website recording the popular memory of Anzac Day in the lead up to the centenary of the landings, designed to bring the day’s history to life for schools and the general community
- A series of public forums explaining the changing meanings of Anzac Day. Connecting scholars with the wider community these forums will be hosted by Victoria’s Shrine of Remembrance
- A major public exhibition offering snapshots of how the day has been commemorated, revealing the ways individual communities lived with the aftermath of conflict and examining the role state, national and local memorials played in the making of Anzac memory
- A purpose built E-research facility, enabling the scholars across Australia and the world to pool their research findings and co author a definitive history of Anzac Day
- A partnership between Australia and Turkey, bringing both countries togetherin a shared research collaboration
- An international conference, debating the day’s significance, purposes and future
- Four PhD scholarships detailing the day’s observance and exploring change and continuity, innovation and tradition
- A series of collaborative articles in journals advancing the study of history, heritage and memory
- A major history of Anzac Day to be published by Cambridge University Press and designed to reach the widest possible audience.
For all enquires contact:
Dr Damien Williams
Research Fellow and coordinator
History of Anzac Day ARC Project
National Centre for Australian Studies
PO Box 197
Caulfield Campus, Monash University
Caulfield East VIC 3145
Email: Dr Damien Williams
P: +61 3 9904 7245
F: +61 3 9903 4225
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If you are a parent or carer of a newly diagnosed autistic child you have probably heard a lot of talk about EHCPs, or as they used to be called ‘statements’. We understand that if you are new to the world of special educational needs (or SEN) the thought of trying to work out if your child needs one and how to go about getting one can be overwhelming. So what are they? Why are they important? Read on to find out more.
Please note: the information in this post refers to EHCPs in England. If you live in Wales, Ireland or Scotland some of the information here may be incorrect, so please bear this in mind and seek local advice if you want to apply for one.
What is an EHCP?
EHCP is short for an Education, Health and Care Plan. They were introduced in 2014 to replace Statements of Special Educational Needs. They are provided by your local education authority, which is part of your local council, also known as your Local Authority (LA).
An EHCP is a legal document that outlines any special educational, health or social care needs your child may have that cannot be provided by their school, nursery or college without extra support from the LA. It sets out what your child needs provided to be able to get the most from their education, so as to secure the best possible outcomes for them and to prepare them for adulthood as they grow older.
They go with your child right up until the age of 25 for further education placements and college, although they do not cover studying at university (though may cover internships, apprenticeships and other further education options). Because your child and their needs will probably change as they get older, EHCPs are reviewed and updated at least once a year to make sure they reflect your child’s current situation and changing needs.
Who can be assessed for an EHCP?
If you feel your child needs more help and support in school than a mainstream education provision can usually provide, an EHCP needs assessment can be requested by you or your child’s school, nursery or college. Your child does not need to have a diagnosis of autism or any other disability, or to be officially registered as disabled, in order for you to ask for an EHCP assessment.
Why are they important?
They are important because once your child has an EHCP the local authority will be legally obliged to provide your child with the educational setting best suited to their needs, whether this be specialist or mainstream. Without an EHCP you won’t be able to consider specialist schools for your child.
If your child attends a mainstream school and you want them to stay in mainstream education an EHCP is still important. If your child has an EHCP you will not be required to apply for schools through the normal application process, so you can apply for schools further away if they are able to meet your child’s needs better than schools local to you.
Ordinarily Available Provision
All mainstream schools and early years settings are expected to provide support for children and young people with special educational needs. Needs include
- cognition and learning
- communication and interaction
- social, emotional and mental health
- sensory and physical needs.
Find out more about Ordinarily Available Provision here. Some children require additional support and this is why an EHC needs assessment may be requested to determine what needs the child has.
You or your child’s school can ask your LA for a needs assessment. Before a needs assessment is granted your child’s school, nursery or college will need to provide details of what they have done to try and meet your child’s needs using their own resources, so the first step is to talk to your child’s special educational needs department to ask them to do this. Every school has a SENCO (Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator) who deals with this.
Once you or the school have requested an assessment the local authority should reply within six weeks. If they agree to assess they must then gather information from you and education professionals, as well as therapists and doctors involved in your child’s care. You can request that any schools which can meet your child’s needs are listed in the plan. The LA should then produce a draft EHCP, and before it is finalised you can check that you are happy with it.
If the local authority refuses to assess your child for an EHCP, you can appeal the decision.
You can find information from Bristol City Council about how to apply here, North Somerset Council here, Bath and North East Somerset here, and South Gloucestershire Council here.
Further help, advice and support
There is a lot of help out there to guide you through every stage of getting an EHCP, including supporting and advising you if you need to appeal any local authority decisions. Below we have listed some local and national organisations you can contact for help and advice.
There is an excellent Facebook group to join if you are going through the EHCP process. The Bristol (and surrounding local authorities) EHCP experiences group has very helpful people who can guide you through the process.
SEND & You provide independent advice and support to parents and carers in Bristol, South Gloucestershire and North Somerset about all aspects of special educational needs, including going through the EHCP application process and helping with appeals.
Contact is a national charity for the families of disabled children.
Child Law Advice is a national charity who can advise about all aspects of applying for an EHCP.
The National Autistic Society have an Education Rights service helpline you can contact.
We have a section on our website packed full of useful information and further help with all aspects of special educational needs here.
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By Anya Schmemann, CFR.org, from CNN website, March 2, 2012
Editor's Note: Anya Schmemann is director of communications at the Council on Foreign Relations.
By Anya Schmemann, CFR.org
Since the outburst of Russian disapproval in December over reported fraud in the parliamentary elections, Putin has shored up his base, activated his impressive political machine, reminded Russians of the chaos of the 90s, and pulled out the well-worn “foreign interference” card. He has kept his opponents marginalized and divided, and they have been largely invisible.
While Putin cruises to victory, much on the surface of Russian politics looks the same as it was. It would be a mistake, however, to assume that nothing has changed. The shifts occurring deep within Russian society may take time to alter the political landscape, but they are fundamental and will have far-reaching consequences.
Although he remains powerful, Putin’s aura of invincibility has been punctured and his legitimacy seriously undermined. For their part, Russians are learning how to be active participants in their own polity.
Across Russia, people of all ages, backgrounds, and income levels joined demonstrations, commented on blogs and in social media, and have made their voices heard. While the numbers in the streets have been remarkable, most striking has been a fundamental change in attitude.
At a recent demonstration, one participant noted that Russians were trying to remember what it was like to be citizens and not subjects. He said (as quoted in the Washington Post), “I hope that year by year our Russian people will make themselves masters of their own fate.”
Russians have very little experience with “citizenship” in the Western sense. Under the Russian monarchy, they were subjects of the tsar and were only awarded some of the rights of citizens in the 1860s. Efforts to shape a modern concept of Russian citizenship came to an abrupt halt with the Russian revolution.
Since the Soviet Union collapsed, Russians have been citizens in name, but have not had much opportunity - or desire - to exercise their rights as citizens.
Citizenship, in the classical definition of the concept, confers rights as well as responsibilities on both the government and the people. The state exists for the benefit of its citizens and must respect their political, civil, and social rights. For their part, citizens should be actively involved in civic and government affairs.
Putin’s miscalculation was to play tsar and take the Russian people’s support for granted. When he cavalierly announced that he planned to be president again, he awakened in many Russians a sense of righteous indignation.
Many of the demonstrators say that while they do not want a revolution, they do want a more accountable and responsive government. They seek an end to corruption, cronyism, and repressiveness. Like all citizens everywhere, they want to know that they matter.
Putin will win this election and will likely serve his six-year term. He may even win the next term. But the Russian people have demonstrated that they are ready to challenge the status quo and that they are finally yearning to be involved citizens.
Tsar Vladimir will find, as have many monarchs and strongmen in world history, that a country with active citizens is not so easily manipulated.
The views expressed in this article are solely those of Anya Schmemann.
"Putin’s miscalculation was to play tsar and take the Russian people’s support for granted."
Is this sentence, quoted from above, not one that we could apply to many current situations around the world, where a leader makes a (mis)calculation "to play tsar" and "to take the people's support for granted"...and learn only too late that it was, in fact, a MIS-calculation.
It could apply to the Libyan dictator, the Syrian dictator, the Russian dictator, the Yemeni dictator, the Tunisian dictator, and without doubt several smaller "dictators" particularly in African countries, one of whom is currently standing trial in the Hague.
It is still a stretch to use the phrase, "play tsar" in application to the Canadian Prime Minister, especially when compared with other "real" dictators.
However, context really does matter, and in the Canadian context, there are any number of moves which qualify as unilateral, without consult, without even listening to the people that have emerged from Ottawa since the government received its majority.
One interpretation of this developing political dynamic, of people taking power back from perceived dictators, is that social media have made it much easier, given the ease with which people from disparate locations, within a country, can speak, easily, and inexpensively, with those of like mind and form a time and place to meet, to air grievances and to potentially grow into a full-fledged movement.
Another, complementing view is that globalization has resulted in the displacement of thousands, perhaps millions of workers, many of them highly educated, who want to work, earn a decent living and raise a family. Unfortunately, that dream has become "out of reach" for too many, living in political systems that are unresponsive to their needs.
Of course, the availability of 24-7 wall-to-wall global news coverage also means that whatever happens in the streets of Moscow is instantly relayed around the world, making global politics now more "part of the neighbourhood" than ever.
So the phrase, "all politics is local" from the former Speaker of the House of Representatives in the U.S. Congress, Tip O'Neill, now literally applies to the whole globe.
Tsars, we can only hope, represent a time period that we have left behind, regardless of their language, their culture and their nationality.
People demanding that they be taken seriously, we can only hope, will claim their rightful place in the body politic of both their respective nation and the world. There are, however, still too many ways to subvert the democratic process, including the voting process itself, and those ways are extremely tempting to those whose need for power trumps their ideals for their country. And that is not a Russian phenomenon, nor an American nor an African, nor an Asian characteristic. It is a human trait.
And, if politics is ever going to minimize the impact of that personal need for power, it will have to find ways to counter the collective thrust of personal ambition for power, and not for "the national interest."
Some of those ways to impede the influence of personal power neurosis have already been devised and implemented. Certainly, campaign finance reform is one of those impediments, and it needs shoring up in every country in the world, including those neophyte democracies who can only benefit from the negative experience of many of us in the so-called developed world.
Let's join with the Russian people, in relegating "tsars" to the ash-heap of history, in all countries, for all time. And let's also join them in demanding that elections in all countries be open, fair, accountable and just, not only in fact but in appearance. And perhaps, the world movement of "people" that is ordinary people, will eventually achieve what the Russian people, among others, consider their right....to be taken seriously, and never again taken for granted.
And there is a page there for Mr. Harper to read, as well...soon!
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Whether you are taking a cutting from Brassaia actinophylla, Schefflera arboricola or Tupidanthus calyptratus, all scheffleras are pruned the same way. The only difference will be the size of the branch you will be cutting off. Branches of Brassaia actinophylla, also known as an umbrella tree, are larger than the smaller-branched Schefflera arboricola. Scheffleras are among the easiest plants to take cuttings from and have success in rooting. It will not take long before your cutting has rooted and you plant it in a container or outside in the garden.
Disinfect and sharpen your pruning tools before you cut the schefflera. Clean the shears in a solution of bleach and water mixed at a ratio of 50 percent each. This will kill any disease that may be present on them. Sharpen your pruning blades, so the cut will be clean and not ragged.
Choose a branch to make your cut that is green wood and has not turned to thick, brown and woody. Green branches are easier to cut through and they will root quicker. Select a branch in an area of the plant where you desire the schefflera to branch out.
Cut a branch that is approximately 7 to 30 inches long. The bigger the variety of schefflera you are cutting, the larger the branch you can use to root.
Cut the branch right above a leaf eye. Several new branches will develop there and the cutting will grow roots from the leaf eye section on its bottom.
Select an appropriate-sized container according to the schefflera variety. Use a 3-gallon container for the larger Brassaia actinophylla and a 1-gallon container for the other varieties.
Fill the container with a potting mix containing organic matter and drains well. Select a potting mix that is lightweight and not heavy.
Strip the cutting of all its leaves except the last several sets. Dip the end of the s
schefflera into a rooting hormone and shake off the excess. Stick the end of the cutting into the potting mix, being sure to cover up at least one to two leaf eyes. Pat the soil down firmly around the cutting.
Water the cutting well. Water the cutting regularly, keeping the soil moist but not soggy. Place the container in an area that is warm and receives some indirect light throughout the day. The schefflera will develop roots within several weeks. Transplant into a larger container or outside, once the cutting has fully developed in its container.
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Login / Sign-up NOW to ask your Doubts - its totally FREE !!
Let i^ and j^ be unit vector in horizontal and vertical respectively.
Let velocity of rain Vr=ai^+bj^
speed of rain = √(a^2+b^2)
When relative velocity of rain w.r.t man is vertical
Vrm = Vr−Vm
Vm = 4i^
Vrm = (a−4)i^+ bj^
Since Vrm is vertical
a−4=0 => a=4
When relative velocity is at 45∘
Vm = 8i^
Since tanθ = b/(−4)
Therefore, Speed = √(4^2+4^2) =4√2
Hence, the actual velocity of rain is 4√2 m/s
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Using the natural properties of gold nanoparticles could lead to a sensitive test for cancer
Gold nanoparticles could help diagnose a wide range of different cancers by detecting telomerase activity within cells, say Chinese chemists.
Telomerase is an enzyme that extends the ends of chromosomes, known as telomeres, by adding a short sequence of DNA bases to them. Telomeres help to ensure that all the DNA within a chromosome is replicated during cell division, but they tend to get used up in the process. Once a cell’s telomeres are all used up, then it can no longer replicate, unless telomerase is available to extend the telomeres.
Usually only certain cells in the human body produce telomerase, and so most cells are unable to reproduce indefinitely. Unfortunately, when a cell becomes cancerous telomerase gets switched on and the cell starts to reproduce out of control.
Because telomerase is over-expressed in over 85 per cent of all tumours, it would make a good, general biomarker for cancer but although techniques exist for detecting telomerase levels they suffer from some serious limitations, including being time-consuming, expensive, and not particularly accurate or sensitive.
Chemists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, led by Xiaogang Qu, decided take advantage of the fact that gold nanoparticles are naturally fluorescent and change colour depending on whether they are dispersed in a solution or bunched up together. Bunching depends on salt concentration, which stimulates bunching, and whether the nanoparticles are coated in any molecules, which can prevent bunching.
Qu and his team coated their gold nanoparticles in a synthetic version of a telomere that could be extended by telomerase. Placing these gold nanoparticles in a salt solution caused them to bunch together, shifting their fluorescence from red to blue. If, however, the gold nanoparticles were first exposed to telomerase, then the extended telomere molecules prevented the nanoparticles from bunching up and they continued to shine red.
When the gold nanoparticles were exposed to the telomerase produced by just 10 cancer cells, this blue fluorescence could be seen with the naked eye. With UV spectrometry, however, Qu and his team found that they could detect blue fluorescence caused by the telomerase of a single cancer cell, making this technique far more sensitive than any previous version. It’s also much faster: taking 10 minutes rather than several hours.
Qu and his team are now trying to make the technique even more sensitive: ’We are making efforts to lower the detection limit of the method and modulate the detection range,’ Qu tells Chemistry World.
J. Wang, Li Wu, J. Ren and X. Qu, Small, 2011 (DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101938).
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This paperback edition is not available in the U.S. and Canada. This book offers a comprehensive presentation of the mathematics required to tackle problems in economic analysis. To give a better understanding of the mathematical concepts, the text follows the logic of the development of mathematics rather than that of an economics course. After a review of the fundamentals of sets, numbers, and functions, the book covers limits and continuity, the calculus of functions of one variable, linear algebra, multivariate calculus, and dynamics. To develop the student's problem-solving skills, the book works through a large number of examples and economic applications. The second edition includes simple game theory, l'H pital's rule, Leibniz's rule, and a more intuitive development of the Hamiltonian. An instructor's manual is available.
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| 0.738109 | 1,700 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The National Coastal Zone Management Program
Gives states a strong voice in federal decisions that they otherwise would not have
Provides incentives to states and territories to enhance their coastal management programs within nine areas of national significance
Ensures that participating states have the necessary tools to prevent and control polluted runoff
Purchases threatened lands for conservation purposes
The National Coastal Zone Management Program comprehensively addresses the nation’s coastal issues through a voluntary partnership between the federal government and coastal and Great Lakes states and territories. Authorized by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, the program provides the basis for protecting, restoring, and responsibly developing our nation’s diverse coastal communities and resources.
Currently 34 coastal states participate. While state partners must follow basic requirements, the program also gives states the flexibility to design unique programs that best address their coastal challenges and regulations. By leveraging both federal and state expertise and resources, the program strengthens the capabilities of each to address coastal issues.
For more information, contact us.
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Efficiently Illuminate Your Property with Solar Street Lights
1. Introduction to Solar Street Lights
2. Benefits of Using Solar Street Lights
3. How Solar Street Lights Work
4. Factors to Consider when Choosing Solar Street Lights
Introduction to Solar Street Lights
In recent years, solar street lights have gained immense popularity due to their ability to harness renewable energy and provide efficient lighting solutions. With advancements in technology, these lights have become cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and reliable sources of outdoor illumination. Whether you're lighting up a residential driveway, a commercial parking lot, or a public pathway, solar street lights offer an excellent solution that combines sustainability, reliability, and design. Let's explore the benefits of using these lights and delve into the working mechanisms behind them.
Benefits of Using Solar Street Lights
1. Environmentally Friendly: One of the most prominent advantages of solar street lights is their eco-friendly nature. Unlike traditional street lights that rely on electricity from the grid, solar street lights utilize energy from the sun. By harnessing renewable energy, these lights contribute to reducing carbon emissions and combating climate change while minimizing their ecological impact.
2. Cost-Effective: While the initial investment in solar street lights may be higher than conventional lighting options, they are much more cost-effective in the long run. Solar street lights operate independently of the grid, eliminating the need for electricity consumption and costly utility bills. Additionally, many regions offer incentives and subsidies for implementing solar-powered systems, further reducing the overall cost of installation.
3. Reliable Operation: Solar street lights are equipped with advanced battery systems, which store excess solar energy during the day for use during the night. These batteries have a long lifespan and can withstand challenging environmental conditions, ensuring uninterrupted operation even during cloudy or rainy days. With proper maintenance, solar street lights can serve your property for many years, providing reliable and efficient lighting solutions.
4. Easy Installation and Maintenance: Installing solar street lights is hassle-free and requires minimal effort. Unlike traditional street lights that require extensive wiring and electrical connections, solar street lights can be easily mounted on poles or structures without the need for complex installation procedures. Moreover, these lights have a modular design, making maintenance and part replacement convenient.
How Solar Street Lights Work
Solar street lights generate electricity through photovoltaic (PV) panels, which convert sunlight into electrical energy. These panels consist of multiple solar cells, usually made of silicon, that absorb sunlight and produce a direct current (DC). The PV panels are mounted on top of the light fixture or separately on poles, ensuring maximum exposure to sunlight throughout the day.
The solar controller, a crucial component of solar street lights, regulates the charging and discharging processes of the battery. It prevents overcharging, deep discharging, and subsequent damage to the battery, ensuring optimal performance and longevity. The controller also controls the timing of the light switch-on and switch-off based on ambient light conditions.
The battery, commonly a deep-cycle gel or lithium-ion battery, stores the excess energy produced by the PV panels during the day. As the sun goes down, the battery powers the light fixture, ensuring continuous illumination during the night. The battery capacity determines the duration of operation and must be carefully chosen based on the lighting requirements and geographical location.
Factors to Consider when Choosing Solar Street Lights
1. Lumen Output: The lumen output of solar street lights determines the intensity and brightness of the produced light. Consider the area you want to illuminate and choose lights with adequate lumen output to ensure sufficient lighting.
2. Battery Capacity: Assess the lighting requirements and the number of hours you need the lights to operate continuously. Select a solar street light with an appropriate battery capacity to meet your specific needs.
3. Durability and Weather Resistance: Ensure that the solar street lights you choose are built using high-quality materials and are designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions like extreme temperatures, heavy rain, or snowfall.
4. Mounting Options: Evaluate the available mounting options for solar street lights and choose a design that suits your property. Common mounting options include pole-mounted, wall-mounted, and ground-mounted lights.
5. Additional Features: Some solar street lights come equipped with motion sensors, dimming capabilities, remote control functionality, or specialized optics. Consider these additional features based on your specific lighting requirements and preferences.
Solar street lights are a smart and sustainable choice for efficiently illuminating your property. From reducing environmental impact to providing reliable and cost-effective lighting solutions, solar street lights offer numerous benefits. By harnessing renewable energy from the sun and employing advanced technologies, these lights have revolutionized outdoor lighting. When choosing solar street lights, consider factors such as lumen output, battery capacity, durability, and mounting options to ensure the lights meet your specific needs. Embrace solar street lights and take a step towards a greener future while efficiently illuminating your surroundings..
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Landforms and Waterforms 3-Part Cards with Photos, Forms and Definitions
The Montessori method for teaching landforms is brilliant. The basic ladforms are presented as opposites to one another, such as a lake and an island, a strait and an isthmus, and a gulf and peninsula.
- Unique photographs for extension work.
- Both the brown and blue impressionistic forms for both land and waterforms
- Definition cards
- Control cards
Landforms and Waterforms in this set include:
- Chain of Lakes
The set includes labels, definition cards and control cards.
- printed on quality 100% post consumer recycled white card stock ready for you to trim and laminate yourself
- or laminated (5-7mil), trimmed and ready for immediate use
- or instant digital download pdf
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Recycling Waste Collection
In today's world, the importance of recycling waste collection cannot be overstated. With the mounting environmental challenges we face, it has become essential for every household to get involved in recycling efforts. By recycling our waste, we reduce the strain on our planet's resources, minimize pollution, and conserve energy.
Recycling waste collection not only helps preserve our environment, but it also offers numerous benefits for individuals and communities. It creates job opportunities, stimulates the economy, and promotes a sense of responsibility and sustainability. By participating in recycling programs, households can actively contribute to a greener future for generations to come.
Embracing the concept of recycling waste collection aligns perfectly with our mission to make a positive impact on the environment. By incorporating sustainable practices into our everyday lives, we can ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations. Together, let's take a step towards a greener and cleaner planet by joining the movement and making recycling waste collection a priority in every household.
What is recycling waste collection?
Our recycling waste collection is a process that involves collecting, sorting, and processing materials to create new products. The process begins with the collection of recyclable materials, such as paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum, from households, businesses, and other sources.
The materials are then sorted, cleaned, and processed to create new products. The recycled products can be used to manufacture new items, such as clothing, furniture, and building materials.
Recycling waste collection is an essential part of the waste management process. It helps to reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills, conserves natural resources, and reduces pollution.
Our recycling waste collection is an environmentally friendly and sustainable practice that benefits both individuals and communities.
Recycling waste collection tips
Here are some tips to help you recycle more effectively:
Check out our Price List for our collection service.
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Note to Parents/Caretakers: We know how exciting it is for you to see your child demonstrating his or her skills on the silks or trapeze, and you are welcome to stay and watch your child’s class. But please understand that safety is our priority, and if you distract your (or any child) by entering the teaching space or calling out or taking pictures, it is not only distracting but dangerous.
Ready to try aerial?
- Tween Aerial (Grades 5-7) is a class designed to build strength, poise, flexibility, stability, and creativity by teaching students aerial skills on both silks and trapeze. This class offers an overview of aerial performance arts for the beginning or intermediate student. Learn vocabulary, improvisational techniques, and sequencing. Build core and upper body strength, confidence, and grace as you learn to fly! Apparatus will vary from week to week depending on the interests and skill levels of the students. Student showcases are generally held in May.
- Teen Aerial Level 1 (Grades 8-12) is designed to build strength, poise, flexibility, stability, and creativity by teaching students aerial skills on both silks and trapeze. This class is for the beginning or intermediate student. Students will safely learn aerial performance moves, improvisational techniques, and sequencing on trapeze and silks. Build core and upper body strength, confidence, and grace as you learn to fly! Apparatus will vary from week to week depending on the interests and skill levels of the students. Students will be grouped according to experience levels. Student Showcases are generally held in May.
- Teen Aerial Level 2 (Grades 8-12) is designed for students who have been taking aerial for a while (usually 3+ years), have body awareness and a clear understanding of aerial physics, have mastered the basic techniques taught in Level 1 and who have the strength and stamina to remain in the air for 5 minutes. Students coming from other studios need to task into this class. Students in Level 2 will be able to focus on a particular apparatus (silks, trapeze, lyra) to hone their skill or prepare for a performance. Performances occur throughout the year depending on the student performance plans. Student Showcases are generally held in May, but Level 2 students may also opt to perform in the Adult Showcase.
Want to develop aerial strength and flexibility?
- Aerial Fitness (all ages) incorporates silks, static trapeze, other fitness equipment, and floor exercises. It is a full body workout using a myriad of apparatuses to create a combination of cardiovascular, strengthening/toning and flexibility enhancing moves. You will build the strength you need to develop or improve your aerial and acrobatic skills.
Want to practice what you learned in class?
- Open Studio is an instructor supervised free-from practice sessions where students can review and perfect the skills that they are learning in their aerial class. We stress the importance of practicing learned skills and not skills seen on social media or shared by peers. Open studio time is included in the teen technical classes. Depending on the class package, tweens and teens can access at least one open studio each week to practice what they learn.
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As a second grader, I remember really enjoying the unit when we studied the continents. Zachary has been interested in the continents since my brother n law taught him a song about the continents when he was 3. Adelyn is now 3 and she is acquiring her own interest in maps so we pulled out the large world map and taught her the song (thank you again Kev!)
Both of the kids had a great time jumping from continent to continent as each one was called out during the song.
This activity is great for:
- spatial awareness
- auditory skills
- visual skills
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Breakfast is the first meal of a day, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day’s work. Some believe it to be the most important meal of the day. Among English speakers, “breakfast” can be used to refer to this meal or to refer to a meal composed of traditional breakfast foods (such as eggs, porridge and sausage) served at any time of day. The word literally refers to breaking the fasting period of the prior night.
Breakfast foods vary widely from place to place, but often include a carbohydrate such as grains or cereals, fruit, vegetables, a protein food such as eggs, meat or fish, and a beverage such as tea, coffee, milk, or fruit juice. Coffee, milk, tea, juice, breakfast cereals, pancakes, waffles, sausages, French toast, bacon, sweetened breads, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, baked beans, muffins, crumpets and toast with butter, margarine, jam or marmalade are common examples of Western breakfast foods, though a large range of preparations and ingredients are associated with breakfast globally.
Breakfast is commonly referred to as “the most important meal of the day.” Indeed, current research has shown that people who skip breakfast are disproportionately likely to have problems with metabolism, weight, and cardiac health.
In Burma the traditional breakfast is htamin jaw, fried rice with boiled peas (pè byouk), and yei nway jan (green tea), especially among the poor.
Glutinous rice or kao hnyin is steamed and wrapped in banana leaf often served with peas as kao hnyin baung with a sprinkle of crushed and salted toasted sesame. Equally popular is the purple variety of rice known as nga cheik which is cooked the same way and called nga cheik paung. Si damin is sticky rice cooked with turmeric and onions in peanut oil which is served with crushed and salted toasted sesame and crisp fried onions. Assorted fritters such as baya jaw (urad dal) are often served as a complement.
Nan bya or naan (Indian-style flatbreads) again with pè byouk or simply buttered, is served with Indian tea or coffee. It goes well with hseiksoup (mutton soup).
Fried chapati, blistered like nan bya but crispy, with pè byouk and crispy fried onions is a popular alternative.
Htat ta ya, lit. “a hundred layers”, is flaky multi-layered fried paratha served with either pè byouk or a sprinkle of sugar.
Eeja gway (Chinese-style fried breadsticks or youtiao) with Indian tea or coffee is another favourite.
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On Aug. 15, 1057, Macbeth, King of Scotland and the inspiration for a play by William Shakespeare, was murdered by Malcolm III, the son of King Duncan.
In 1914 the Panama Canal was opened to traffic.
In 1918 the U.S. and Russia severed diplomatic relations.
In 1935 humorist Will Rogers and aviator Wiley Post were killed in a plane crash near Point Barrow, Alaska.
In 1947 the sovereign states of India and Pakistan were created by an act of the British Parliament.
In 1948 the Republic of Korea was proclaimed.
In 1961 East German workers began building the Berlin Wall.
In 1969 the Woodstock Music and Art Fair opened in New York state.
In 1971 President Richard Nixon ordered a 90-day wage-price-rent freeze and announced imposition of a 10 percent surcharge on foreign imports.
In 1973 in a nationwide broadcast, President Richard Nixon denied any involvement in the Watergate break-in or cover-up.
In 1974 South Korean President Park Chung Hee escaped unharmed when a man shot at him during national holiday ceremonies in Seoul. Park`s wife was killed.
In 1975 Prime Minister Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh was assassinated in a military coup.
Also in 1975 a jury in Raleigh, N.C. found Joan Little innocent of the 1974 icepick killing of a white jailer who the black woman claimed had forced her to perform a sex act.
In 1979 UN Ambassador Andrew Young resigned in the wake of controversy generated by an unauthorized meeting he had held with a Palestine Liberation Organization representative.
In 1985 South African President P.W. Botha, rejecting Western pleas to abolish apartheid, declared, ``I am not prepared to lead white South Africans and other minority groups on a road to abdication and suicide.``
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| 0.949751 | 369 | 2.625 | 3 |
Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator
Providing leadership, coordination and oversight to the unified U.S. Government effort to implement the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
U.S. Department of State
U.S. Agency for International Development
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of Commerce
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S, Department of Health and Human
SA-29, 2nd Floor
2201 C Street, NW Washington, DC 20522-2920
1. UNAIDS, Report of the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2004.
|HIV/AIDS Situation in Vietnam
HIV Infected: 220,0001
AIDS Deaths: 9,0001
AIDS Orphans: Not available1
HIV prevalence data in Vietnam is based primarily on HIV/AIDS case reporting and on the HIV Sentinel Surveillance (SS) conducted annually in 40 of Vietnam’s 64 provinces. The government now reports HIV cases in all provinces, 93 percent of all districts, and 49 percent of all communes; but many high prevalence provinces report cases in 100 percent of communes. Although Vietnam has implemented HIV/AIDS case reporting, the general lack of HIV testing thus far suggests that the actual number of HIV infected persons is much higher. HIV prevalence in the general population is estimated to be approximately 0.4 percent.
U.S. Government Response
In March 2004, the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (GVN) released the National Strategic Plan on HIV/AIDS Prevention for 2004-2010 with a Vision to 2020. The strategy provides the vision, guidance and measures for a comprehensive national response to the epidemic, calling for mobilization of government, party and community level organizations across multiple sectors.
|Challenges to Emergency Plan Implementation
Stigma and discrimination pose a major challenge to fighting the HIV epidemic and must be addressed to enable people to seek services and allow caregivers to deliver support openly. Detoxification with traditional therapies and "reeducation" are the mainstays of drug abuse treatment in Vietnam. Those failing to abstain from drug use or commercial sex work are enrolled in program rehabilitation centers. Centers are costly and pose considerable health concerns (reportedly, 40 percent of detainees are HIV-infected and many have tuberculosis [TB] or acquire TB in the centers). Vietnam has a relative advantage in human resources, but the demands of augmenting HIV/AIDS treatment, care and prevention are exposing serious gaps in the nation’s capacity to implement the necessary policies and programs. Policy, planning and program management skills are lacking at the provincial level. Laboratories show considerable differences in the quality of their outputs. The pre-analytical and post-analytical components of the test process do not support costeffective and timely laboratory services.
Emergency Plan Results
Number of individuals reached with community outreach HIV/AIDS prevention programs that promote Abstinence and Being Faithful: 0
Number of pregnant women receiving prevention of mother to child HIV transmission ( PMTCT) services: 1,220
Number of pregnant women receiving antiretroviral prophylaxis: 0
Number of individuals receiving counseling and testing: 23,200
Number of HIV-infected individuals who received palliative care/basic health care and support: 900
Number of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) who were served by an OVC program: 87
Number of individuals receiving upstream system strengthening support for treatment:1 0
Number of individuals receiving downstream site-specific support for treatment:2 300
Prevention and care results reflect accomplishments through September 2004 and combine upstream and downstream support. Treatment results reflect accomplishments through March 2005.
1. Number of individuals reached through upstream systems strengthening includes those supported through contributions to support national strategies through national, regional, and local activities such as training, laboratory support, monitoring and evaluation, logistics
and distribution systems, protocol and curriculum development.
2. Number of individuals reached through downstream site-specific support includes those receiving treatment where the Emergency Plan supports programs at the point of service delivery.
The U.S. Government (USG) cooperates with the GVN, as well as international and donor organizations, community- and faith-based organizations (CBOs and FBOs), and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to implement comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment programs in line with the National Strategic Plan, through the development of a diversified network system.
The USG response in Vietnam includes:
- Assisting Vietnam to develop comprehensive models of HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care and support networks.
- Supporting the GVN’s efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWHA) and people affected by HIV/AIDS.
- Advocating for greater involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at all levels of program development, implementation and monitoring of HIV/AIDS programs.
- Training Vietnamese physicians in clinical HIV/AIDS care and treatment.
- Assisting the Ministry of Health (MOH) to develop peer outreach for those populations most-at-riskpopulations (MARPS) for HIV infection, voluntary HIV/AIDS counseling and testing (VCT) sites, and outpatient clinics in 40 provinces while other donors cover remaining 24 provinces.
- Increasing the public health management capacity of Vietnamese government workers.
- Assisting MOH to develop a national HIV reference laboratory, including quality assurance and quality control (QA and QC) systems.
- Assisting in development of care and treatment coordination unit within the MOH by funding a care and treatment coordination position in the unit.
- Providing support in establishing one national surveillance and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system
Recognizing the global HIV/AIDS pandemic as one of the greatest health challenges of our time, President George W. Bush announced the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (the Emergency Plan) in 2003 — the largest international health initiative in history by one nation to address a single disease. Under the leadership of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, USG agencies implement the Emergency Plan, working collaboratively as strong, interagency country teams under the direction of the U.S. Ambassador. These teams capitalize on the expertise of each USG agency and leverage partnerships with host governments, multilateral institutions, NGOs and the private sector to implement effective programs for combating HIV/AIDS and ensure efficient use of USG resources.
Vietnam became the 15th focus country of the Emergency Plan in June 2004. The 15 focus countries collectively represent at least 50 percent of HIV infections worldwide. Under the Emergency Plan, Vietnam received $17.3 million in FY2004 to support a comprehensive HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care program. In FY2005, the U.S. is committing an additional $27.5 million to support Vietnam’s fight against HIV/AIDS.
Emergency Plan Achievements in Vietnam
Critical Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention
- Workshops have been conducted in both northern and southern Vietnam to help break down stereotypes about PLWHA.
- PLWHA now receive basic training on organizing and managing PLWHA groups, advocacy, public speaking, care and support.
- To build partnerships and capacity, USG supported a threeday workshop for Vietnamese medical personnel to share bestpractice models and lessons learned.
- USG supported the first hospital-based counseling and testing clinic. It was advertised as part of routine health-related services in an effort to reduce the stigma associated with the disease. In the first 18 months, more than 3,700 individuals were served at this clinic with 85 percent of those who tested positive returning for their results.
- USG supports dozens of VCT sites in 40 provinces. In 12 months, more than 20,000 individuals were tested with 89 percent returning for their results.
- USG supported two workshops for peer outreach workers to share experiences and lessons learned. These workshops were also attended by peer outreach workers from neighboring countries.
- USG supports HIV/AIDS prevention activities in the workplace including abstinence, being faithful and condom use as well as reduction of stigma/discrimination for workers.
Critical Interventions for HIV/AIDS Care
- USG works with PLWHA groups in an effort to coordinate work to promote human rights and coordinate a more effective national effort.
- To build in-country capacity, the USG supports training HIV health care providers on syndromic management and bedside teaching. This facilitates more communication among providers to provide ongoing technical assistance and exchange of experiences.
- Vietnam’s epidemic is concentrated primarily in injecting drug users (IDU) and commercial sex workers. Currently, large populations at risk for acquiring or transmitting HIV in Vietnam are detained in provincial drug treatment rehabilitation centers. Pilot transition programs for HIV-positive residents leaving IDU rehabilitation centers to go back to their communities are under development.
Critical Interventions for HIV/AIDS Treatment
- USG provides clinical training for HIV/AIDS care and treatment by U.S. HIV specialist physicians, to physicians throughout Vietnam. This includes small-group instruction, bedside teaching, and the availability of mentors for Vietnamese physicians to contact for individual case management.
- USG supports clinics that deliver antiretrovirals (ARVs) in national, provincial and district hospitals.
- USG supported the development of national ARV treatment guidelines, disseminated in June 2005.
- USG rapidly ensured ARV readiness focusing on six high prevalence provinces. The treatment program includes USG coordinated clinical training, ARV criteria guidelines, site and patient readiness training, patient monitoring and site quality assurance.
- USG supports training health care providers in the administration of ARVs as well as monitoring of patient conditions during treatment.
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The Bottom Line
The cyclic model that they offer as an alternative seems to resolve many outstanding questions of the current theory, though remains untested at present. Time will tell if further findings bear out the cyclic model's appropriateness.
- Provides a comprehensive look at what is known about universal history.
- Presents a cyclic model, eliminating the need for an inflationary period of history.
- Describes the process of how cosmology is practiced in exquisite detail.
- New theory appears to be fully consistent with experimental evidence.
- Theory presented is based on string theory concepts, which are themselves questionable.
- Provides no conclusive evidence of the theoretical assertions.
- 284 pages, hardback, Doubleday 2007
- 11 chapters + glossary, further reading, & index
- Written by two respected physicists with a distinguished history of work in the fields of cosmology and theoretical physics.
Guide Review - Endless Universe: Beyond the Big Bang
Even with these modifications, the theory is far from flawless. One problem is called the flatness problem, which indicates (according to WMAP imaging) that the universe contains very little curvature of space. The Big Bang theory does not currently explain why the universe did not have initial imbalances. The homogenity problem and (ironically) inhomogenity problem both question why the distribution of matter and energy in the earliest moments came out as they did. Many choose to ignore these problems through applying some variant of the Anthropic Principle, but some cosmologists become quite fascinated with the implications of these problems.
In their book, physicists Paul J. Steinhardt & Neil Turok explain their cyclic model of universal evolution, which matches the majority of evidence and would also provide explanations for these existing problems. In this theory, the "Big Bang" is actually created by membranes (elements predicted by string theory) which collide with each other in multi-dimensional space. In this model, there is not necessarily just one Big Bang, but rather a series of them that happen over and over again, back and forth across potentially infinite time.
Though Steinhardt & Turok make a clear and compelling case for the need of revision to the current theory and for their own interpretation, this is hardly a slam dunk. Among other issues, their cyclic model is heavily dependent upon string theory, which has yet to be proven in its own right.
One of the best reasons for this book is its realistic description of the how cosmologists work. For anyone interested in a physics career, this would be a fascinating read, especially since Steinhardt is one of the key figures in the early development of Inflation Theory.
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Deepening Change, Chapter Three, Emotional Change
by Melissa Martin 11/24/2011 / Christian Living
Ponder on the following questions/statements. Try not to hurry through the questions but address a few each day or each week. Use your own timeline.
Where do your emotions originate in reference to your head & body?
What is the purpose of feelings? What do feelings mean?
List as many emotions as you can.
Do you pay attention to your emotions? Explain.
Do you ignore your emotions? Explain.
Do you have a problem with a specific emotion?
Discuss the changeability of feelings.
Describe a situation when your emotions ran rampant.
Describe a situation when you controlled your emotions.
How do you process anger, fear, grief, and sadness?
How do you express joy, happiness, relief?
How do you react to humiliation or embarrassment? Do you avoid conflict and confrontation? Explain. Are you uncomfortable with your feelings and the feelings of others?
Discuss emotional regulation & emotional management.
Do you want to improve the managing of your emotions? Explain.
Discuss your temperament and personality type and the connection to emotional expression.
Discuss your opinion on nature vs. nurture. Are you a product of heredity, the environment, or both? What is genetic and what is learned?
How is emotion connected to cognition and spirituality?
Do you often react like a robot or a snapped electric wire? Do you stuff feelings or do feelings gush out like water? Do you share intimate feelings with others? Explain. Do you share feelings at inappropriate places? Do you experience low impulse control? Elaborate on your answers.
Do you fear emotional pain and run from it? Do you pretend or fake it? Do you laugh off feelings? Do you judge others when they show emotion? Talk about your ability to cry. Do you feel like an emotional mess?
Do you accept your emotional system as part of the human condition? Explain.
Describe your emotional management strategies in-depth.
Do you desire to understand your emotional actions and reactions in-depth? Do you try to understand the reactions of others? Do you take responsibility for your emotional reactions?
Can others safely express their emotions with you? Do you validate their feelings? Do you respect their feelings? Do you honor their feelings?
Are your emotions out of balance?
Take a piece of paper and write or type everything you know about your emotions. Become curious about how your brain functions.
Severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety may require an assessment and/or treatment by a licensed counselor/therapist or helping professional.
Our Emotional Brain
Learning about the brain in reference to the human emotional system helped me to understand the physiology and purpose of emotions and the resulting feelings. Emotions do not reside in our heart but in the middle of our brain. Instead of saying "I love you with all my heart" we need to accurately say, "I love you with all my brain." Less romantic but more factual. The Limbic System houses our amygdala and hippocampus; the seat of emotion and memory. For more information and knowledge, I suggest a basic anatomy textbook or current books written by Joseph LeDux.
Our triggers represent issues of sensitivity and insecurity which signal our defense mechanisms to kick in. Individuals with weight issues may misinterpret comments from others and internalize shame. Persons bullied in childhood may overreact to certain stimuli and become passive or aggressive in situations. Learning to change your reaction is not about stuffing feelings or pretending, but about self-exploration. How I react to the words of others says more about me than about them.
Make a list of your triggers. Explore the core emotions behind the feelings of anger, sadness, and apathy. Ponder on your personal power to change your reactions.
Yes, there are rude people on the planet who delight in judging and criticizing others. However, it's up to you to make a plan to change your reactions to the comments of obnoxious persons. Assertiveness training is an option. Learn how to process feelings of embarrassment and humiliation without self-rejection. Deeper change requires empathy and forgiveness for ignorant individuals who disrespect others. Is there a person in your life who is like a pebble in your shoe? Ouch! You have choices. Do you become more resilient or remove the person from your space? Do you siphon a lesson from the experience or harbor anger and bitterness? Do you ignore or confront? Do you allow hurtful comments to erode your self-acceptance? Think in terms of options and choices. You cannot change others. You can only change yourself. You can change how you think, feel, act, react, and respond. It's a process that requires awareness, self-examination, patience, practice, and time. Seeking feedback from a trustworthy friend is an option.
Deepening change is a movement toward inner peace with self and outer peace with others. Surround yourself with other individuals who are seeking altruism, autonomy, and benevolence. Discuss emotional regulation and management as one precursor to cultivating inner tranquility and outer calmness. We do not have to travel to remote countries and perch on mountaintops to explore internal stillness and external serenity. As Dorothy revealed in The Wizard of Oz, contentment can be found in your own backyard. Follow your dreams but stay connected to your home place and heritage.
Learning and living self-acceptance, self-care, and self-love are exhilarating and surreal. Being comfortable with your personality and your sense of humor leads to the destination of contentment. I have chased the happiness train, believing that happiness is a state of being, when in fact; it's connected to emotions that ebb and flow, come and go. What is the difference between happiness, contentment, and satisfaction?
Experiencing emotional pain lies on a continuum for each individual. When we don't know how to self-sooth we escape into other activities so we can ignore feelings and numb suffering. Anything that prevents the processing of unpleasant feelings becomes our escape route; cooking, exercise, gardening, watching sports, reading books, building birdhouses. These activities are interesting and fun when balanced. I garden to relieve stress and distress. My anger dissipates with my sweat. I challenge my faulty beliefs as I pull weeds. As I dig and plant, I think about solutions for specific problems and concerns. During my younger years, at times I escaped into workaholism, exercise, education, sleep, and self-pity. Physical, mental, and spiritual wellness is about balance. Too much of one thing takes away from another. Too much sunshine is a desert.
Some individuals escape into alcohol, illicit drugs, prescription drugs, random sex, gambling, Internet relationships, and risky behaviors in order to ignore painful or unpleasant emotions. Addictions serve a purpose. Too much water is a flood.
Be kinder to yourself. Treat your emotions with kindness and respect. Self-loathing is a cancerous emotion that gobbles dignity, worthiness, and contentment. As a therapist, I've met many persons with self-hatred at the core of their essence. In the same vein, self-pity concretes victimization and helplessness. Find people who will give you encouragement and not enabling; empathy and not pity; support and not know-it-all advice. Change is a possible reality. Too much self is egotism. Seek balance.
Give and receive kindness. Practice random acts of kindness consistently. Recently, I was standing in line at a small store and the lady in front of me was discussing her desire to find a quarter with the state of West Virginia on it to complete her collection. I felt prompted to look in my purse and I found three quarters. I held up the West Virginia quarter to the cashier and ran outside after the lady and gave her the coin as a gift. She laughed and I laughed and we shared a moment. I felt gooey inside. A month ago, I was standing in line to purchase my annual license sticker for my car and to my surprise I did not have enough cash. Because I did not want to go to the bank and loose my place in line, I dug deep into the bottom of my purse and started counting out pennies, nickels, and dimes. After a few minutes of digging, I was still short a dollar. The man in line behind me handed me a crisp dollar bill and smiled. I cherish small acts of spontaneous kindness and large acts of planned kindness. Kindness changes the supplier and the recipient. Too much otherness swallows individuality. Seek Balance.
To enhance and deepen my own empathy toward others, I've made the following goals:
Wear a padded "fat" suit and spend the day at a mall and eat alone at a restaurant.
Purchase clothes at a thrift store and dress like a homeless person may dress and spend a weekend at a homeless shelter.
Borrow a wheelchair and shop for groceries.
Call a few jobs advertised in the newspaper and disclose a felony conviction.
These activities are not for the purpose of criticizing others who may treat me differently (discrimination exists) but rather for me to experience the vicarious pain of others in order to deepen my empathic responsiveness. Empathy from a distance is lip service.
Recently, on a Saturday morning, I decided to browse at a Flea market in a part of the city known for housing minorities. The building looked unkempt and the interior was not attractive. When I walked in I noticed several men of different ethnicity other than myself sitting at a distant table and with a momentary hesitation, I selected another isle. As I walked the isles, I felt uncomfortable by the stares and I noticed only three other Caucasian individuals. When a tall, underweight, man of a different race dressed in a toboggan hat, outdated clothes, sporting a facial expression of anger beneath his scruffy beard (my perception of the situation) quickly rushed by me the second time, I instinctively tightened the hold on my purse. Then I left immediately by following a couple with a child out of the building and into the parking lot. I did experience some fear of being robbed and fear for my personal safety. Later, I analyzed my preconceptions, unconscious biases, and reactions. How much of my thinking and feeling was based on stereotyping and how much was intuition (if any)? Do I harbor hidden prejudices? Did I experience an inkling of how minorities feel in a building full of Caucasians or in a white dominated society? Deeper change is about challenging our belief systems and to do that we need to feel uncomfortable and step out of our self-made comfort zones.
Today is the day to make a lifelong commitment to practice daily emotional regulation and management. Make a fruit salad and celebrate.
Share what you've learned with family members, a spouse/partner, mentor, or friend.
Consider a mentor. Think about the qualities of individuals you admire and trust. Discuss a mentoring relationship. Develop personal growth goals and objectives.
Consider a creative hobby to help with emotional processing; writing poetry, taking a painting class, piano lessons, a few sessions with an art therapist, composing songs, decorating flower pots, making sand art in jars, building small pieces of furniture, planting an aromatic flower garden, rock collecting, visiting lighthouses or antique shops.
Try listening to nature music by way of a recorder and headset while you wash dishes, clean out the garage, or repaint the porch.
Do 30 acts of random kindness in 30 days. Examples: put a brief encouraging note into your child's lunchbox, express appreciation to your mail carrier, make a donation to a local charity, polish your spouse/partner's shoes, give a backrub to a family member, send a thank you card to a friend for being a friend, sweep your neighbors sidewalk, call your mayor and express gratitude, bake some cookies for your car mechanic, give peanuts to some squirrels, baby-sit your sibling's kids overnight, take a fruit basket to a homeless shelter, give away a prized possession.
Visit a multicultural festival and learn about other cultures.
Ponder on the liquid water found in human tears.
Melissa writes about the God and human connection and condition.
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The primary goal of the Journey Toward Excellence in the MSD of Decatur Township is to bring about a paradigm change in education. Just as we needed to change the paradigm of education from the one-room schoolhouse to the current factory model of schools when we transitioned from the agrarian age to the industrial age, so we now need to change the paradigm of education as we transition into the information age.
We know that people learn at different rates, yet we typically teach the same amount of content in the same amount of time to a large group of learners. By holding time constant, we force achievement to vary – we doom some children to be left behind – and we use a norm-based grading system to make sure that happens. So the major purpose of this time-based, standardized, factory model of schools is sorting students, not learning. Actually, sorting was appropriate in the industrial age when manual labor was the predominant form of work and we did not need to – and could not afford to – educate large numbers of students. We needed to separate the laborers from the managers.
However, in the information age the predominant form of work is knowledge work, and we now need to educate a far greater proportion of our students to master higher-order thinking skills and to deal effectively with a much more complex world. We need to refocus our educational systems on learning rather than sorting. So, instead of holding time constant for learners and thereby forcing achievement to vary, we must hold achievement constant at a proficiency level, and allow children the time they need to reach proficiency. This is a completely different paradigm of education that requires massive changes in our use of time, talent, and technology. Rules, roles, and relationships must all now change dramatically. Instructional systems, assessment systems, and even record-keeping systems must all be fundamentally changed, as they were when we changed paradigm from the one-room schoolhouse to the factory model of schools.
Paradigm change is far more difficult than piecemeal reform. Hence, the Decatur systemic transformation process is guided by a knowledge base comprised of three elements: core ideas about the transformation process, steppingstones in the transformation process, and touchstones in the transformation process. Each of these is described next, followed by a statement of resource needs for another school corporation to engage in the systemic transformation process. What follows is just the “tip of the iceberg” of the knowledge developed through the Decatur systemic transformation process.
Download full report here: Indianapolis Metropolitan School District (PDF)
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There is no cure for diabetes, but it can be treated effectively using a combination of diet, exercise, and the proper medication.
Type II diabetes can initially be controlled through diet and exercise alone, but Type I diabetes requires insulin, as well as a strict diet and exercise adjustments.
One thing we do know, life can still be sweet without artificial sweeteners, especially if you are diabetic.
So, ditch the artificial sweetener substitutes (saccharin is an exception only if nothing else is available), and learn to be satisfied using stevia or no added sweeteners at all.
Make Exercise Part of Your Program
Exercise is essential for anyone, and exercise typically lowers blood glucose by increasing the need for glucose in the muscles. Just because you have diabetes, don’t avoid exercise as a consistent part of your overall routine. Choose activities that you enjoy, and stay motivated to engage in them frequently, making them part of your lifestyle.
Before mild to moderate exercise, eat a carbohydrate snack such as nut butter, fruit, or yogurt (not sugar-free). Always bring a complex sugar with you when you exercise. If you feel dizzy or confused, stop exercising and eat a form of healthy sugar immediately.
Try to work out with others and let them know that you have diabetes so they will know what to do if problems arise.
Simple Ways To Cook Healthier + Sweet
Diet sweeteners are marketed to diabetics with a sweet tooth and who like to cook. Don’t waste time or ingredients baking with chemical sweeteners when you can bake healthier using modified, natural ingredients. As a diabetic, focus on “trading off” your meals.
Your nutrition goal should include eating low-fat, low-cholesterol foods, minus the invasion of chemicals found in pre-packaged, diabetic products. Typically these days, many of your favorite foods might not fit this mold, but don’t get frustrated – they can with some adjustment.
Whether it’s an ingredient substitution, or a different cooking technique, the result can taste better than you imagined without using chemical sweeteners. Best of all, you’ll feel really good knowing that you’re taking care of your diabetes while you’re enjoying real food!
Try these “chemical free” suggestions:
MARINATE TO ADD FLAVOR – Lean meats are less tender and much drier than fatty meats, but the fat must be avoided in the diabetic diet because of the high carb content. Marinating your meat not only tenderizes, but adds flavor that can cut the carbs. Different marinades include Bragg’s®, broths, citrus juices not from concentrate, vinegars, and herbs and spices.
GRILLING – Grilling intensifies flavors, concentrating the food’s natural taste from the high heat. Instead of sautéing your vegetables, try marinating and grilling them.
“FRY” IN THE OVEN – Baking at high heat creates the same results as frying, but without as much fat. This works best with oven-fried potatoes as opposed to French fries, homemade whole-wheat tortilla chips, and breaded chicken.
DON’T GIVE UP BAKING – These natural baking tips are great for everyone, and they are an especially healthy way to satisfy a diabetic child’s sweet-tooth.
Let me reiterate that diabetics can enjoy sweet food without artificial sweeteners. And, baking for children with diabetes using natural ingredients instead of noxious chemicals secures long-term health and teaches your young healthier eating habits they can pay-forward as they mature.
Try these natural solutions for baking:
– USE FRUIT PUREE INSTEAD OF BUTTER – Replace butter or shortening with an equal amount of fruit puree. You can replace up to half the butter with puree without noticing the difference.
When making chocolate desserts, prune puree is the best. Soften prunes briefly in hot water, drain, puree with a mixer or food processor until smooth. Or use baby-food prunes.
– USE NATURAL LOW-FAT SUBSTITUTES – Many cake ingredients can be replaced with low-fat and no-fat equivalents with little change in taste or texture, such as:
- Use low-fat soy or rice milk substituted for whole milk;
- For regular sour cream, substitute buttermilk, low-fat plain yogurt, or low-fat sour cream;
- Replace cream cheese with low-fat cream cheese;
- Flavored sugar adds extra taste to any recipe without adding any fat. To make flavored sugar, press a vanilla bean into a jar of raw sugar and let it stand for two weeks. (Note: check with your doctor first before using raw sugar.)
- Add citrus peel for flavor, adding generous amounts of cinnamon, cloves, and other favorite baking spices.
– REPLACE CHOCOLATE WITH COCOA – When you want the taste of chocolate without the carbs from fat, use cocoa, which contains a very small amount of fat, and :
- For every ounce of melted unsweetened chocolate, substitute three tablespoons of cocoa powder dissolved in two tablespoons of water; mix with one tablespoon of prune puree;
- When using cocoa, first dissolve it in warm water to enhance the cocoa flavor, which makes it stronger;
- To replace semisweet chocolate with cocoa, add between three to five tablespoons of raw sugar to keep the sweetness in balance.
– COOKIES AND BARS
- Melt butter. You can reduce the amount of butter in a recipe by 1/2 by melting the butter before adding the other ingredients. This lowers the amount of fat, and the butter “goes farther”;
- Use fruit in place of butter. Replace 1/2 cup butter with an equal amount of applesauce or another fruit puree;
- Cut back on nuts. Walnuts, almonds, and other nuts that are high in fat can go a long way if you simply reduce the amount by 1/2. Chopping the nuts also makes the flavor stronger and uses a lesser amount;
- Replace some or all the nuts in your recipe with toasted rolled oats;
- Toasting nuts before adding them gives them extra flavor. To toast, place nuts in a dry nonstick skillet over medium heat. Toast while shaking the skillet for three to five minutes until golden;
- Go easy on the chocolate chips, which contain a good amount of fat and sugar. (Check with your doctor about the chocolate chips,) Reduce the amount of chocolate chips to about 1/2 of what the recipe calls for;
- Substitute miniature chips for the full-size chocolate chips;
- Replace some of the chocolate chips with dried apricots or raisins.
– PIES – Fight the fat in pies with phyllo (or filo), which is low in fat (as long as you don’t slather on the butter, that is). Phyllo is found in the freezer section of grocery stores, resembles strudel dough, and is a great replacement for traditional piecrusts. It is fragile, nonetheless, and tends to break apart rather than flake, so here are some tips on how to handle phyllo:
- Defrost in the refrigerator overnight as opposed to room temperature, making it easier to separate the papery leaves;
- Keep the leaves well wrapped until you are ready to use them. Unroll and cover the stack with plastic wrap under a damp kitchen towel. This prevents the dough from drying and cracking;
- Stack the phyllo four or five layers deep, and lightly flick melted butter on the stack with a pastry brush to provide moisture;
- To cut back on fat, add some cold pressed seed oil to the melted butter.
Remember that you are not your disease. Think of yourself as a person WITH diabetes; you are not THE diabetes.
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National Museum of Natural History is generally regarded as one of the finest museums of its kind in the world. Like other Smithsonian Museums, entrance is free of charge.
A Brief History
The green-domed National Museum of Natural History opened in 1910 and was an original part of the 1901 McMillan Plan, an architectural plan for the development of Washington D.C. that focused on the area around the National Mall.
The exterior of the museum was designed by the renowned architects Daniel Burnham and Charles McKim, who chose a grand Beaux-Arts style which had become very popular since the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. The remainder of the museum was designed by architects Hornblower and Marshall, a Washington D.C.-based partnership, who were most concerned with providing as much natural light as possible in order for visitors to enjoy exhibitions that portrayed the natural world.
An east wing and west wing were opened in 1964, designed by architectural firm Mills, Petticord, and Mills. Five years later, the name of the museum changed from the Museum of Natural History to the National Museum of Natural History, making it “the people’s natural history museum”.
The building has an octagon-shaped rotunda; its dome is visible from many parts of the city. A large portico entrance with Corinthian columns leads to the rotunda, which is decorated with columns of two different styles – Doric on the first floor and Ionic on the second and third floors. A “clerestory” – an upper level with semicircular windows – sits above the third floor. These were common in Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals.
The two added wings are each six stories tall. The second, fourth, and sixth floors connect directly to the main museum and the sixth floor is set back.
Inside the Museum
A variety of displays and collections can be enjoyed by visitors to this free museum. As a matter of fact, the National Museum of Natural History boasts one of the finest collections of gems and minerals in the world, including the 45.52 carat Hope Diamond and the Star of Asia sapphire.
Kids and adults both love the Hall of Dinosaurs, with its collection of forty-six complete fossilized dinosaurs. Be sure to check out the “fight” between the Tyrannosaurus Rex and the Triceratops. The Hall of Mammals boasts the largest collection of vertebrate specimens in the world, more than twice the size of the next largest collection, the museum claims.
There are also several exhibits on the waters of the world and sea life in general, as well as botany and anthropology displays and an IMAX theater.
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Previous page the High Priestess
The caption in the British Museum, describes this as a “sacred tree” I would suggest that ‘The Tree of Life’ would be more accurate. What we see is a central trunk and flowering top, encased in a web of bands which form an outer shell with extra flower-like protrusions.
The two bird headed, winged humanoids, each hold a ‘man-bag’ (as Graham Hancock would call them) and a raised pine cone. The caption calls these “protective spirits”, we tend, or are taught to imagine such figures as beneficial in some way. Hence the man-bags are generally assumed to be a means for supernatural beings to bring thing, for us or for themselves during their visit, but I have come to imagine something quite different.
I consider the above depiction to be akin to a cattle farm or an orchard, IE the characters are farmers, harvesting. The Tree of Life is in bondage, and the bird-men collect piney fruit to be gathered in their man-bags, as milk is collected from calving cows in a pail.
Here is a clearer and more complex version of the Tree of Life. The two figures hold regal sceptres and have wings like the bird-men (not pictured.) They don’t carry man-bags like many similar figures, but if you look closely at their raised hands, you can see discolouration and texture, which makes it seem that a handle like those of man-bags has been removed, along probably with the rest of the man-bags. If that is the case, these figures would appear to be offering their harvest to the figure that rides a bird-like flying machine.
Notice too, that at the centre of the trunk, and below the top flower is a particular binding, this shape looks to me like a progenitor to the fleur-de-lys, which is a symbol of monarchies, especially French.
Also consider that the basic shape of the Assyrian Tree of Life is very similar in nature to the Sefirot (wiki) of Kabbalah
Next page Tree of Life – Egyptian
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Sonic booms occur, as you know, when air masses are split and then clap together. This occurs during thunderstorms also, after lightning superheats the air so that a semi-vacuum occurs. The air turbulence around a plane about to create a sonic boom is a combination of air pressure in front of the nose or wing, air pressure to the sides of the nose or above or below the wing, and a subsequent lack or pressure behind the wing or tail of the plane. Please note this uneven pressure, as it is the very same mechanism that causes thunder clapping. During thunder, lightning superheats the air it travels through, causing expansion in the path traveled by the lighting. After the electricity stops flowing, the state of the air is that superheated air has pushed away from the lightning path, creating a high pressure area at the sides, and where the lightning passed there is now low pressure. The sides both move toward the low pressure, resulting in two blocks of air bumping into each other and ricocheting awayto eventually hit windows or ear drums and result in comment about the thunder clap.
When airplanes break the sound barrier they are simply moving fast enough to create turbulence of a sufficient degree that the air pressure closing in on relatively low air pressure places claps together, creating a reverberation that moves toward human ears. Same principle as thunder, different reason for the air turbulence. Such a mass is one or more of these high pressure masses moving outward from the fast moving plane or ricocheting off the earth and returning to meet another high pressure air mass or flowing, as air masses will, to the place of least resistance, inward toward the low pressure areas behind the planes wind and tail. Why do you suppose the term is breaking the sound barrier, and not reaching the sound barrier if the sonic booms continue at all speeds?
Humans have reasoned that the lack of continuous booming is due to the plane accelerating and climbing, so that booms occur at low altitudes and the lack of booms at high altitudes is due to the air turbulence dispersing or perhaps the air being thinner. Rapidly traveling planes slice the air, reducing the disturbance they cause, where the plane approaching the sonic boom point is pushing the air ahead of it, creating turbulence behind the plane and uneven pressure around it. Planes going greater than supersonic speed no long cause a continuing sonic boom, as you also well know. They zoom along, none the wiser on the ground unless they look up. This lack of clapping is due to slicing, rather than pushing, the air masses apart. Cutting with a sharp knife versus cutting with the edge of a fork. With a razor sharp knife, the mass being cut does not move, but with a dull fork, the mass being cut drags back and forth, dragging all attached back and forth with it.
Entertain for a moment the sounds caused by drums, large and small. The booming of the base drum is cause by the broad area vibrating, creating vibrations that cause relatively large masses of air to move at once, where the tiny drum can barely be heard as it is moving a small air mass and the vibration is relatively rapid. If the vibration gets rapid enough, the ear does not hear it at all, as the ear drum cannot vibrate in sync. Likewise very low frequency sounds are not heard by humans, as the nerves to the ear are not attuned to the gaps in vibration. High or low frequency, thus, is tuned out as noise of one kind or another, and is not considered sound. So what happens when the plane increases speed past what humans erroneously call the sound barrier?
Our ships are beyond the speed of your supersonic planes, from the moment they determine to move. Its as simple as that, we skip the sonic boom period.
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In "Success is counted sweetest," the speaker uses several different metaphors to discuss how the value or importance of something can only be truly comprehended if someone does not have it. Is there anything in your life that you have felt that way about? What is it and what metaphor would you use to describe it? Explain how your metaphor would fit into the context of this poem.
Students may respond in a variety of different ways to this question, with various experiences from their own lives and a many different metaphors to describe them, all of which would be good answers. Therefore, the primary focus of the discussion should be to encourage students to...
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Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent conditions in people over the age of 50, but it can go on without a trace for quite a while. Joints breakdown gradually, and the first signs of the condition aren’t necessarily what you would expect.
Changes can begin in the hands, neck, back, knees or hips, and can come in variety of ways, so you may not know that your joints are giving out before it’s too late. Luckily, knowing the early warning signs can give you an advantage – early detection can save you pain, frustration, and intrusive surgery down the road.
1. Knee Pain
A group of Canadian researchers have found that knee pain could be an early indicator of osteoarthritis. After examining x-rays and MRI scans of 255 people aged 40 to 79 years old who had knee pain, they found that half of them had signs of cartilage damage (evident on the MRI scans) that suggested OA was right around the corner. Another 38% of patients had x-ray results that showed the telltale wear and tear.
Ultimately, the message is that knee pain should never be ignored, especially if you have other risk factors for OA, such as abnormal gait, advanced age, or a particularly active lifestyle -- the study showed those who played sports regularly after age 20 were 35% more likely to develop OA.
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An Introduction to Self-Aligning Plain Bearings
In this article, we will define self-aligning plain bearings, cover how they came to be, go through their material makeup, design, and applications, then conclude with some things to think about during part selection. Additional resources will be included for further research.
What makes a bearing plain and self-aligning?
Bearings can mediate friction in two main ways: through mechanical parts like balls that roll, such as in ball bearings, or through non-mechanical parts like plastic, which can contain materials such as solid lubricants that eliminate the need of external grease and deter damage to its part. The latter mechanism, which is non-mechanical, is what is referred to as a plain bearing.
Self-aligning refers to the fact that the bearing can handle various types of motion, such as tilting, oscillating and linear motion, not just axial in the case of a rotating shaft. The key here is that something needs to be kept in some kind of horizontal, vertical or planed alignment. If that alignment or angle is not kept perfectly consistent, the bearing structure will compensate for that movement, excess friction will be avoided and the machine can continue to function without failure.
Therefore, a self-aligning plain bearing is a bearing with no mechanical parts that compensates for misalignment in a bearing system.
Self-aligning bearings are made of two pieces. First, they have an inner spherical ball. The shaft or spindle goes through the inside of that spherical ball. The latter piece is fitted in a larger piece called a housing, which can be in various designs. Some inner pieces are removable and some are fixed.
In order to suit different applications, self-aligning plain bearings come in a variety of designs. They are all united by the fact that they all compensate for misalignment in some way. They differ in shapes of their inner piece and housing.
Their two component parts can be made of different materials, usually either plastic or metal. The parts can both be plastic, as seen in the photos above, or they can both be metal or a combination of both for either the inner piece or the housing. Sometimes a metal or plastic liner will be included to reinforce the strength or flexibility of a larger design.
Plastic self-aligning plain bearings can have a number of advantages over their metal counterparts. Check out this infographic to learn about the key benefits.
Application areas are varied, including the food industry, packaging, heavy duty, automotive, renewable energy and automation.
Where did self-aligning bearings come from?
Self-aligning plain bearings come from their metal counterparts (simply called self-aligning bearings) invented in 1838 by James Nasmyth. The inventor noticed that rotating shafts would end up unevenly placed inside the supporting bearings on each end. Uneven placement would take place due to accidental “change in the level of supports of the bearings,” situation in dark places or difficulty accessing the parts. The latter two would lead to uneven installation (In modern times, it is also acknowledged that even bending shafts can be to blame). In these situations, increased friction, heat and even fires would occur.
To resolve this issue, James Nasmyth therefore invented a self-aligning metal bearing. If and when the system encounters misalignment, the bearing compensates for this error by allowing a give in the directions the motion occurs without breaking the housing or gaining excess friction. Motion compensated for would include oscillating (side to side, up and down) and linear (front to back) motion in these systems.
Self-aligning bearings have come a long way since 1838 as more material and design options are now available, including high-performance plastic spherical balls and housings that are self-lubricating, corrosion resistant, lightweight and maintenance-free.
Would plastic components benefit your application? Contact us at 1-800-521-2747 to find out. We’d be happy to help you choose the right solution.
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This section was produced in collaboration with El Hispanic News, a monthly bilingual newspaper that is the oldest Hispanic publication in the Pacific Northwest and a leading source of information for the Hispanic community.
Spanish explorers and Mexican vaqueros were among the first Hispanics/Latinos to visit and work in the Pacific Northwest, but Oregon saw its most substantial early boom in Mexican-American residents and workers when the U.S. government introduced the Bracero Program to address worker shortages due to World War II.
The population eventually began to shift somewhat from migrant workers to more settled families, especially in towns like Woodburn (30 miles south of Portland). In 1963, the first Fiesta Mexicana was held to celebrate harvest season in Woodburn. Fiesta Mexicana continues to be held every year and has grown into a large, authentic and inclusive celebration of Mexican culture.
Among those who heeded the call to leave the migrant stream and settle down to escape poverty were the families who founded Centro Cultural de Washington County in Cornelius, Ore., in 1972. (See this article in El Hispanic News about the 40th anniversary of Centro Cultural for more information).
In 1975, Virginia García, the child of migrant farmworkers, died of a treatable wound due to the lack of access to medical care. The Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Clinic was created in her honor in a three-car garage on the Centro Cultural site, and over the years has expanded to serve thousands of people in Washington and Yamhill counties via four primary care clinics, three dental offices, two school-based health centers, and a mobile clinic.
The ’70s and ’80s were a time of action and organization for Oregon’s Hispanic community. Colegio César Chávez, the nation’s first four-year college for Latinos, opened in Mt. Angel, Ore., in 1973. (It closed in 1983.) In 1977, activist Cipriano Ferrel — who had worked with César Chávez in California and attended the Colegio César Chávez — helped found the Willamette Valley Immigration Project (WVIP). In 1985, he co-founded Pineros y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste (PCUN), a Woodburn-based farmworker union that is still going strong today.
In 1985, spouses José Eduardo González and Dañel Malan co-founded the Miracle Theatre Group in Portland. Today, Miracle is one of the nation’s premiere Latino arts organizations, and presents works in Spanish, English and a mix of both, at the Milagro Theatre and via traveling productions.
Today, Latinos are Oregon’s largest minority group, making up 11.7% of the state’s population in 2010 according to the U.S. Census — and the population continues to grow.
Other important events
- 1971 – The state’s Commission on Chicano Affairs is formed. In 1983, it was renamed the Oregon Commission on Hispanic Affairs.
- 1981 – El Hispanic News publishes its first issue under the leadership of owner Juan Prats.
- 1984 – The first Cinco de Mayo Fiesta is held in Portland. It is now one of the largest Cinco de Mayo celebrations in the country.
- 1991 – Hacienda Community Development Corporation (CDC) is founded to improve the quality of life for low-income Latinos in Portland.
- 1994 – The Hispanic Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce is formed in Portland.
- 1995 – Causa is founded to defend and advance immigrant rights in Oregon.
- 1996 – Clara Padilla Andrews, former secretary of state of New Mexico (the first Latina holding an executive state office in the United States), takes ownership of El Hispanic News.
- 1997 – Susan Castillo, the first Latina in the Oregon Legislative Assembly, is elected to Oregon State Senate. She becomes Oregon’s superintendent of public instruction in 2002.
- 1998 – Serena Cruz becomes the first Multnomah County commissioner of Mexican descent.
- 2001 – María Rojo de Steffey is elected Multnomah County commissioner.
- 2005 – Paul De Muniz becomes the first Latino chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.
- 2008 – The VOZ Workers’ Rights Education Project opens the doors of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Worker Center, a hire site for day laborers in Portland.
- 2009 – A major Portland street is renamed for César E. Chávez. The following year, a Portland K-8 school is also renamed for the late activist.
- 2010 – Melanie C. Davis becomes the new publisher/owner of El Hispanic News; in 2012, she launches the only Latina-owned mainstream LGBTQ publication in our country, PQ Monthly.
- 2012 – Kaleb Canales is named interim head coach of the Portland Trail Blazers, becoming the first Mexican-American head coach in NBA history before joining the Dallas Mavericks as an assistant coach.
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According to the Behistun Inscription, Paišiyâuvâdâ was close to "the mountain named Arakadriš".note[Behistun Inscription §11.] These places cannot be located with certainty, but since the town has a different name in the Elamite version of the inscription (Nasirma), we may assume that it was on the border between Elam and Persia. (If it had been a purely Persian town, it would have kept its Persian name in the translation.) We can therefore think of a part of the southern Zagros mountain range.
The Behistun Inscription says that Paišiyâuvâdâ was the place where the Magian named Gaumâta raised a rebellion against the Achaemenid king Cambyses, who was in Egypt or Syria. This is remarkable, because other rebels mentioned in the inscription are never introduced with an indication of the place of their revolt.
A possible explanation is that in the Zoroastrian cosmology, the earth was created by Ahuramazda with a perfect, level surface; mountains were believed to be the result of the countercreation by the supreme god's opponent, Angra Mainyu ("the hostile spirit").note[Greater Bundahišn 6C1.] The fact that Gaumâta started his revolt on a mountain was, in this view, proof of his wickedness, and something worth recording.
Bruce Lincoln, Religion, Empire, and Torture. The Case of Achaemenian Persia (2007) pp.58-61
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The philosopher Aristotle certainly thought that anger was good for a person. In the "Nicomachean Ethics," he wrote, "The man who is angry at the right things and with the right people, and further, as he ought, when he ought, and as long as he ought, is praised." But Aristotle didn't have to live in a world where newspapers linked anger to heart disease. He never saw David Banner become the Incredible Hulk, with Banner turning into a giant green monster as the result of his anger. Aristotle never sat on a highway surrounded by drivers with road rage.
Today, many of us see anger as a negative emotion that doesn't serve any purpose. In one study that asked participants about anger, 28 percent of respondents said that their anger was inappropriate, because anger is generally harmful or useless [source: Weber]. We may not like ourselves when we're angry, and we certainly don't enjoy being around other angry people.
Yet, as with most things, Aristotle is right. Anger can be good for you because it's designed to protect us, our relationships and our way of seeing the world. In the everlasting battle between right and wrong, the bodily effects of anger are meant to tell us that something's wrong.
We go through the world with goals and expectations. Some of these goals and expectations are personal -- we expect to get ahead with hard work, and we expect our significant others not to forget our birthdays. Some of these expectations are shaped by societal standards; we expect everyone to wait in line for their turn with a bank teller. When something violates our expectations or blocks our goals, then we get angry.
Think of anger as your own personal police force or sheriff, riding into town when injustice has been done. The sheriff sends out police bulletins to the effect of, "Hey, that's not right. That's not how we do business around here." That guy is going to show up. There's really no way to not get angry.
But if he's showing up for the right reasons, and if he deals with the situation in the right way, then getting angry can be good for you. If he sits down with the perp and has a productive conversation about how to solve the problem, then anger is doing its job. On the other hand, if you've got a reckless vigilante who shoots every time he gets angry, or a cowardly police academy dropout that can't even fire a gun, then anger is not very productive. As with chocolate cake, anger has to be regulated with moderation.
Confused by all this talk of police officers and chocolate cake? Well, check out the next page, where we'll look at some concrete examples of how anger can be a positive force.
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Well-known tourist destinations, the Indian Ocean islands of Reunion and Mauritius, actually hide a micro-continent, say a team of researchers.
The continent fragment known as Mauritia detached about 60 million years ago while Madagascar and India drifted apart, and has been hidden under huge masses of lava, the researchers say.
A group of geoscientists from Norway, South Africa, Britain and Germany have suggested the existence of further fragments, based on the study of lava sand grains from the beach of Mauritius, the journal Nature Geoscience reports.
Bernhard Steinberger of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and Pavel Doubrovine of Oslo University calculated the hotspot trail: "On the one hand, it shows the position of the plates relative to the two hotspots at the time of the rupture, which points towards a causal relation."
"On the other hand, we were able to show that the continent fragments continued to wander almost exactly over the Reunion plume, which explains how they were covered by volcanic rock," adds Steinberger, according to a statement of the German Research Centre.
Such micro-continents in the oceans seem to occur more frequently than previously thought. The break-up of continents is often associated with mantle plumes -- these giant bubbles of hot rock rise from the deep mantle and soften the tectonic plates from below, until the plates break apart.
This is how Eastern Gondwana broke apart about 170 million years ago. At first, one part was separated, which in turn fragmented into Madagascar, India, Australia and Antarctica, which then migrated to their present position.
Plumes currently situated underneath the islands Marion and Reunion appear to have played a role in the emergence of the Indian Ocean.
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The function of a neuron is to process information from its inputs, which consist of signals (or action potentials) coming in from those neurons whose axons connect to its dendrites. The neuron constantly performs a calculation based on these inputs, and outputs the result as a sequence of signals sent out on its own axon to other neurons. The meaning of a neuron both determines and is determined by the relationship between the output signals that it generates and the component of perception, belief, emotion, intention or other mental state that is represented by the activity of that neuron.
When a software developer develops software, the meaning of information stored in different locations is generally determined by the developer, who creates named locations (generally called variables) and assigns a particular meaning to each location. Once such assignments are made, the developer can then write code which calculates the value for each particular location from a relevant set of data input from other locations, in a manner which is determined by the developer to be correct, given the meanings assigned to the input locations and to the output location.
If you were designing information processing hardware, you would tend to follow a similar strategy, but the locations would consist of specific components physically located in your hardware, and the flow and processing of information would be determined by physical connections between the different components.
Pre-determining the meaning of information stored and processed in different locations would seem to simplify the design of software or hardware, and it is hard to see how one could ever manage the design of a system in which such pre-determination did not occur.
It is true that, if we consider mappings of, for instance, high-level programming language variables to physical memory, then this mapping can vary on the fly, but this variation is managed entirely by the implementation of a generic virtual machine (within which programs written in the high-level programming language execute) on the low-level physical hardware. As far as the high-level programmer is concerned, the implementation is entirely transparent, and they need only concern themselves with the assignment of meaning to their "fixed location" program variables.
Fixed mappings from meaning to location seem necessary to make the design of information processing systems tractable, but it is not what happens in the brain.
There is a certain a degree of "labelling" and assignment of meaning according to said labelling, that occurs when brain growth and development are controlled by neurotrophins, which are signalling molecules which cause neurons to connect to each other in certain patterns as they grow and develop.
But, and this is the big "but", the corresponding assignment of meaning is fuzzy and probabilistic. And, it can change over time. The name for the tendency to change over time is cortical plasticity (or just plasticity, if one is not just considering cortical neurons).
Furthermore, there does not appear to be any "central control" that is in charge of deciding which neuron should carry and process precisely which meaning. The brain has no analogue of the software developer reserving locations, labelling them and then assigning meaning to them. Whatever the processes are that determine the allocation of meaning, they seem to involve only the interactions of neurons with other neurons that they are directly connected to.
It is as if there was no programmer to manage the program, so the variables just talked among themselves, with each variable only talking to other variables that either send information to or receive information from that variable during a particular calculation.
When a developer debugs their software, the simplest thing that they can do is observe the values of data stored by particular variables as the program processes particular input data. The developer has in their head (or maybe even written down) the intended meanings of particular variables, and they can compare these to the actual values of data stored in those variables at particular time.
Whereas the brain has no central assignment of meaning, as meaning is apparently determined by local negotiations between connected neurons, and this meaning can change over time. So how on earth can an individual neuron "debug" itself, and/or "develop" its meaning and implementation thereof?
Given that neurons do not have fixed pre-determined meanings, it is rather difficult to exactly describe the task that a particular neuron is performing, which makes it difficult for us (or the neuron) to determine how well it is performing that task, and how it could change in order to perform better.
Whatever task it is that a neuron performs, it is necessarily limited to receiving its available inputs, using them to perform a calculation and then sending the result to whatever other neurons are suitably connected to receive that result. This suggests the following corporate-style mission statement for neurons:
It is the task of each neuron to make use of the inputs available to it to produce information which is of maximum utility and value to those neurons that receive its outputs. Additionally, each neuron should provide feedback to its input neurons about the value of the information that it receives from then.
By defining the task of a neuron in terms of "value", we avoid the difficulty of not knowing in advance exactly what the task of each neuron is. The idea of value suggests an analogy with a free-enterprise economy, where each neuron is an entrepeneur in a "market" consisting of the whole brain. In which case there must be some explicit measurement of this value, which takes account of "supply" and "demand" within a neuronal "economy" of information.
Even without any specific assumptions about how neuronal "value" is calculated and how information describing that value is distributed, we can use the idea of a supply/demand economy to explain some aspects of cortical plasticity. For example, if certain neurons are destroyed, for instance by disease, often other nearby neurons will take over the functionality of the destroyed neurons. We can interpret this as being caused by the demand for the information previously supplied by the destroyed neurons increasing, so that said information has a higher value in the market, which then leads other neurons to switch over to supplying that information themselves, whereas previously those neurons would not have bothered to supply it, because the original (now destroyed) suppliers were more competitive at doing so.
The most well-known theory about how local interactions between neurons determine changes in neuronal connections is that of Donald Hebbs. The theory is sometimes summed up as "neurons that fire together wire together". We can consider whether this has a plausible economic interpretation.
For example, consider an input neuron X whose firing is somewhat correlated with the firing of the neuron Y that it sends information to, and suppose (for this example) that it is connected by an excitatory synapse. The Hebbian theory predicts that the connection from neuron X to neuron Y will be strengthened because of this correlation (so whatever mechanism it is that determines the strengthening, this mechanism must involve the detection of the relevant correlation).
From an economic point of view, if neuron Y is performing a certain task, and neuron X is correlated with it, it is plausible that neuron X might be supplying information that is relevant to whatever it is that neuron Y is doing. If this is a valid assumption, then we have a local mechanism that is consistent with an economic interpretation of cortical learning and plasticity.
I suspect that one simple mechanism is not enough to explain everything that goes on in the brain, and that the rules of economics might be different for neurons performing qualitatively different kinds of tasks, for example neurons involved in decision-making as compared to neurons involved in perception. There may also be more global indicators of value that are relevant in some situations, for example our perception of pleasure and pain which represent information about overall success at satisfying biological goals. But a value-based theory does seem to be one kind of theory that can provide a framework for explaining how a neuron can "know what to do", even though "what a neuron does" is something that is intrinsically variable, and which seems to vary as a result of the very processes that occur when each neuron in the network attempts to do its own job "better".
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It is extremely difficult to see your child in pain when he or she is teething, but it is an inevitable milestone that each parent has to face. It is part of the growing pains of being a baby, and a parent, and each person will begin the teething process at a different time. Teething symptoms may include irritability, drooling, biting or gnawing, cheek rubbing, diarrhea, fever or insomnia. Fortunately, there are natural steps to help ease your child’s pain.
Most children start teething from the fourth or fifth month: about the time they are switching to solid foods. Preemies will start later than other children, but this is an upside: you might get a chance to sleep through the night before the teething begins!
When babies start cutting teeth, the front teeth appear first, and then the molars come along three to six months later. By the time toddler are three years old, he or she may have a full set of baby teeth –20 in all. Teething pain may start a month or two before the first tooth appears, since the gums become swollen and tender as the teeth start to exert upward pressure on them. Molars in particular can cause problems in children who had no problem cutting incisors because the breadth of the back teeth can cause more pressure and pain on the gums.
Teething vs. Ear Infections
As parents, our job is twofold: try to keep the little one comfortable by using home remedies and various means of pain relief; and, making sure that the doubled irritability of our toddler does not mask actual illness such as an ear infection. Ear infections occur in children of this age, and the pain may cause crying, refusal of food and other signs similar to those of teething. In fact, many medical personnel tend to put nearly everything down to teething, making it more important than ever that parents be vigilant and assertive in making sure their children’s medical needs are being met.
The main difference between teething pain and ear infection pain is that teething pain seems to diminish at times: pain from ear infection worsens. The other very important symptom of an ear infection is fever: fever begins climbs and worsens. Some children may run a low, intermittent fever while teething, but it shouldn’t get worse and should never be high. Doctors are of divided opinion on the issue of teething fever: some say it’s totally unrelated to teething and others say it can happen. The fact is that some children do run a low fever when teething and others don’t. But if your child has a climbing fever and reaches more than 104 F , seek your pediatrician.
Wet, wring out, and place in the freezer. You may even choose to dip the washcloth in chamomile tea before freezing. A wet washcloth that has been in the freezer for about half an hour may provide some soothing comfort for your teething child, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is an inexpensive and simple remedy that may help alleviate pain. Be sure to store the wash cloth in a plastic zip-lock bag when freezing and to wash it after each use to keep it clean and safe for your baby’s mouth. Try different degrees of coldness to see what works best. If the frozen washcloth is too cold, you can also try just dampening it with cold water.
Many teething products to help alleviate pain are available on the market, including teething rings and hard rubber toys. They come in different shapes, textures and usually have a handle for easy grasping. Sometimes parents freeze these toys, but this is not advisable, according to the Children’s Hospital Boston. Frozen toys may be too hard and hurt your child’s gums. Be sure to not purchase teething toys that contain phthalates. Phthalates are substances that are sometimes added to plastic toys to make them soft, flexible and durable, and long-term use may be harmful to children’s health. Try wooden cooking spoons, measuring cups and the famous amber teething necklace.
If your child is having problems getting to sleep because of irritated or swollen gums, a gentle massaging using your clean finger may help. Massaging the gums for two minutes or so may provide some soothing counter pressure. Rubbing an ice cube wrapped in a handkerchief, washcloth or cheesecloth along the gums may also provide some relief. Try home remedies like rubbing the gums with diluted clove oil or vanilla extract. Cloves contain oils that have warming, numbing properties, so that even holding a whole clove against a sore tooth with your tongue can ease the pain long enough to get to your dentist. Clove oil can be rubbed on sore gums to relieve pain, but only use a tiny amount: too much can upset your baby’s stomach. Vanilla is a home remedy may work in three ways. First, merely rubbing baby’s gums can ease the pain by creating opposite pressure; second, the alcohol in vanilla extract will create a warm sensation that is temporarily comforting. The third way this remedy may work is in the calming properties of vanilla itself. Vanilla is known as a soothing yet energizing agent that reduces anxiety and promotes feelings of well-being. Besides that, vanilla has long been used to cure stomach distress: a baby whose stomach is mildly upset from crying or swallowing large amounts of drool may find vanilla soothing to the tummy as well as the nerves. Many grandparents also swear by rubbing a touch of alcohol onto the gums for the numbing factor, such as Brandy or Bourbon.
Learn the trick of serving frozen treats when toddlers start teething! The cold will feel good on their gums, and it gets them to eat something nutritious. Toddlers love to eat frozen peas, suck on frozen strawberry pops and crunch fruit juice ice spooned from paper cups.
Chilled, slushy food such as applesauce, mashed bananas and pureed peaches may provide some numbing and comfort for teething children, according to The Mayo Clinic. Cold carrots, frozen scallions and frozen celery are also great for babies to chew on during the day. When served cold, these foods may be more appetizing than when eaten at warm or room-temperature. Teething biscuits and crackers are also good for babies. Be sure to only give these types of foods if your child has had them before. Because certain foods may cause an upset stomach or an allergic reaction, introducing new food to a teething child who is already in pain is not the best time to test diet tolerance.
An alternative to the messy mesh feeder (designed to hold frozen fruit for babies to chew on) is a knotted handkerchief or a muslin or cheesecloth sack. Many health food stores sell re-usable tea bags in non-dyed cotton or eco-friendly hemp cloths, which are ideal for the purpose and food safe. Be sure that the tie strings are cut shorter than 9 inches, as longer strings can represent a strangulation hazard for babies.
The Mayo Clinic recommends that you not give your teething child any aspirin-containing products since they may cause Reyes’ disease, a condition that affects major bodily organs, especially the brain and liver. Instead of aspirin, consider acetaminophen or ibuprofen to help alleviate pain. Be careful in giving these medications to your children, however, as overdosing may occur. Too much acetaminophen can cause liver damage and overdosing on ibuprofen can cause stomach or intestinal damage. Rubbing any medication (including teething gels) on the gums is not advisable as it may be washed away by saliva. Furthermore, too much medication on the gums may numb your child’s throat, which may affect their gag reflex. Be sure to ask your pediatrician about pain-relieving medications for teething before administering them to your child.
6. Homeopathic Alternatives
Homeopathy is an alternative branch of medicine that relies on tiny amounts of substances to affect a cure by stimulating the body’s natural immune response. It is safe and holistic, and the amounts of medicine used are extremely dilute.
Both the Hyland’s and the Boiron (aff) brands are multi-dose homeopathic remedies. The concept here is that though not all babies have the same symptoms, most babies will respond to one of the ingredients included in the multi-dose treatments. You could achieve the same effect by testing various single-dose remedies on your child until you find the one that works best. No baby needs all of the ingredients at once; they’re just included for convenience to cover the most likely candidates for a large number of babies’ symptoms.
Bear in mind that Boiron Camilia is a liquid and a vegan solution, but Hylands is not, due to its inclusion of lactose in the tablet formulation. Also, be aware that parabens are listed among the ingredients of the Hyland’s teething gel, but not the teething tabs. Parabens have been potentially linked (although inconclusively) to cancer, so if you’re the cautious type you might prefer the Hyland’s tablets.
*Please also note that there was a recall in the Hyland’s Teething Tablets in 2010. Please see the end of this article for details regarding the recall.
Other homemade remedies include letting your infant chew on a natural licorice stick (the herb, not candy!) You can find natural licorice in health food stores: real licorice feels cool and also numbs the gums when your baby chews on it.
Wild Fennel is a relative of licorice which grows in areas in Northern California and other parts of the country. The feathery, fern-like leaves and hollow stalks can be chewed or sucked for a cooling, licorice-tasting treat.
Baltic amber neclaces are safe necklaces secured with a traditional screw clasp that not only soothe any baby’s teething pains, it boosts the immune system, reduces inflammation, treats discomfort in the ear, stomach and throat, alleviates teething pain, calms and eliminates pain associated with headaches, joint stiffness and colds. The Baltic amber contains 3-8% of succinic acid, a scientifically examined medical substance used in contemporary medicine. The highest content of the acid is found in the amber cortex–the external layer of the stone. This necklace works by the skin warming the amber which releases healing oils and the oils are then absorbed into the blood stream. The active ingredient is succinic-acid which was analysed by the pioneer of modern bacteriology, the Nobel-prize winner Robert Koch (1886), who confirmed its positive influence and recent scientific research has also proved that succinic acid has a very positive influence on the human organism. Succinic acid is a powerful antioxidant that helps fight toxic free radicals and disruptions of the cardiac rhythm, succinic acid has been shown to stimulate neural system recovery and bolster the immune system, and helps compensate for energy drain in the body and brain, boosting awareness, concentration and reflexes, and reducing stress.
Working with FDA, Standard Homeopathic Company Voluntarily Recalls Hyland’s Teething Tablets to Address Manufacturing Process
Los Angeles, October 23, 2010 – Standard Homeopathic Company, in consultation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is voluntarily recalling its Hyland’s Teething Tablets. The company is initiating this recall in an abundance of caution due to an FDA investigation of its manufacturing facility. Hyland’s Teething Tablets are manufactured in the United States and distributed throughout North America.
The Hyland’s Teething Tablets UPC codes included in the recall are:
1. Hyland’s Teething Tablets, 125 tablets, UPC # 3 54973 75041
2. Hyland’s Teething Tablets, 250 tablets, UPC # 3 54973 75042
3. Hyland’s Teething Tablets, 125 tablets, UPC # 3 54973 75066
4. Hyland’s Teething Tablets, 50 tablets, UPC # 3 54973 75044
5. Hyland’s Teething Tablets, 145 tablets, UPC # 3 54973 75121
6. Hyland’s Teething Tablets, Clip Strip 6×125 tablets, UPC # 3 54973 35109
Adverse events have been reported but the FDA has said that a conclusive link has NOT been determined. The company, in working with the FDA, has identified manufacturing processes of Teething Tablets that can be improved to ensure uniformity in dosage. As a homeopathic product, Hyland’s Teething Tablets have a wide margin of safety that protects consumers from harm.
After in-depth analysis, a comprehensive review of the company’s adverse event report log, and more than 85 years of safe usage, the company is confident that Hyland’s Teething Tablets are safe for infants and toddlers.
In addition to the product recall, Standard Homeopathic Company is refining its production, packaging and testing protocols. Throughout the process, Standard Homeopathic Company will continue to closely monitor and evaluate the situation and consult with FDA.
Consumers that are concerned about the safety of the product may contact Standard Homeopathic Company for instructions on a refund or replacement product. For these instructions or information regarding how to return or dispose of the product, consumers should log on to www.hylandsteething.com/recall or call 1-877-496-5044 (Monday-Friday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern Time, and Saturday-Sunday 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Eastern Time).
“We initiated this voluntary recall to ensure our consumers know that their families’ safety and health are our top priorities,” said Mark Phillips, PharmD, President and Chief Pharmacist of Standard Homeopathic Company. “We are committed to maintaining and deserving the trust they have placed in Hyland’s. We have worked for 107 years to build relationships with our consumers. We intend to preserve that tradition of trust.”
Hyland’s Teething Tablets is a homeopathic product intended to provide temporary relief of teething symptoms in children that is sold over-the-counter (OTC) in retail outlets.
No other Standard Homeopathic Company products are affected by this recall.
Over 100 years of experienced and trusted company, Hylands did have a recall on its teething tablets on October 23, 2010.
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Open Port website is a free Open Port Check Tool to check a remote TCP port state – open or close. This tool can be also used to test your router or device for port forwarding.
Please provide a Hostname and a port number to check. The defaults that you see are your IP address and the default Http port number 80:
Check other free online tools we have:
Some Well Known Ports
|135||DCOM (but not only)|
|1433||MS SQL Server|
For a full list of port numbers refer to Wikipedia – List of TCP and UDP port numbers
Free tools for windows
Here are free tools for the Windows operating system. Just download and use!
- PingUI (Ping with user interface)
Open Port Check Tool:
A port is a number that represents an entry to a service that is open to the network.
There are 65535 ports available to use. Some of the ports had been assigned to special service by INAN (Internet assigned numbers authority).
In computer networks, an open port is a port that currently uses (open) by a service. An open port can be used to send or/and receive data over the network.
There are two known types of ports. TCP ports and UDP ports. Open port check tool can check the state of a TCP port.
This can be done by sending a packet using the IPv4 (IP version 4) protocol.
An example can be your web browser on the client-side and a web server as the remote server.
The web server uses the default port 80 for HTTP or port 443 for HTTPS to listen and wait for connections.
Your browser establishes a connection to that port, using a local port. Once it connected they send and receive data between them.
An open port check tool can be used to check if the port is currently open or not on a target machine.
It is like a port test, using this tool you can also detect port forwarding status.
You can also use an open port check tool to remotely check if your server is being blocked by a firewall.
A port scanner is a tool that can be used to scan a range of ports.
A more advanced or port checker can scan some address or even a full network searching for ports that are open.
In computer security and hacking it is widely used to search for problematic open ports that suppose to be close or monitor.
An open port is like an open door or a window. With the right knowledge, it is possible to use this port to enter into the remote computer.
Using and running a regular port scan is a good method to find open ports and close them. If an open port is found it is also used to understand why and who open it.
There are some very useful tools that can be used to scan the network address for open ports. Using such tools can even find address inside the organization that needs to be removed.
An example of network ports scanner tool is Nmap. Using it you can scan full subnet. It supports several scan methods like TCP SYN scan and TCP ACK scan.
Advanced usage of the tool can detect what is the service (process) that open the port and the operating system behind this service.
Online port scanner:
The old art of port scanning is still working. Even thou that today there is a more secure method to close and monitor ports and services in the working environment.
For example. An Intrusion detection system (IDS) can be used to monitor the network.
With the advanced of new tools, an online port scanner tool can be used as a source to scan an environment. Scanning from outside the organization.
An online port scanner is a port scanner like any other port scanner. The only deferent is that it works from outside your network. re: a website – online.
It is a great tool that can be used to check if you have unnecessary open ports on your computer/device that needs to be closed.
Port forwarding allows devices from outside your network to connect to a specific device inside your private network. This is also known as port mapping.
This accomplishes by enabling port forwarding on your router and forward a connection to a special port. The port should be configured to pass the connection into a device in your LAN.
You also need to enable it on your windows firewall or the Unix IP table.
Firewall design for blocking and monitoring inbound and outbound traffic. Firewall monitoring the data against malicious activities.
In LAN (local area network) configuration the inner devices have an IP address that is only available inside the LAN. Most of the time it starts by 10.X or 192.X. The modem/router also has an external IP address that can get out to the internet.
This means that every device that uses the internet actually use the external IP address to surf the web.
The router/DSL modem know who request the external connection and forward the requested data to that device.
This is accomplished automatically by the router.
Once port forwarding is enabled, the device that is outside the LAN will be able to connect into the inner LAN.
This is done by assigning a port in the router or modem to forward state. Once done the incoming data forward to the relevant inner device on the desired port.
Did You Know:
To check a list of ports that currently open on your host and to see what are the IP addresses or the host that your computer is connected to, you can use the built-in command-line tool netstat it is one of the builds in network tools.
Other useful tools:
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After the research phase which looks at feasibility, upcoming trends and industry insights we move on to concept creation.
1. Project discussion & problem solving
Concept creation usually starts with a project discussion between a team of 2-3 designers who explore the challenges and opportunities of the product together. This includes hand sketching and working to overcome problems.
Once a few directions have been outlined, the individual designers work on developing the ideas in sketch form, constantly evaluating them against the brief. Further problem solving is needed at this stage. The functionality and look of the product is developed with materials and processes considered.
The team then review all the designs and ideas to decide on 2 to 3 to take forward to present to the client. This may include a larger team review to get a new perspective.
3. Block CAD model
Most projects are then worked up into a CAD 3D model in Solidworks which considers materials and manufacturability but is not fully engineered. Another option which suits some projects is a 2D photoshop illustration.
4. Presentation images
Concept models are then rendered using Keyshot to produce photorealistic images for presentation. The manufacturing is always accounted for so we know all concepts can be made if they are taken forwards to the next stage.
5. Concept finalisation
After the concepts have been presented, the final design is decided upon. This may simply be one of the presented concepts, or a modification, or it may be a mixture of features from different concepts. Once this stage is complete it will become the basis of the production model and is ready for the next phase; Detailed Design and Engineering.
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Best posts about this topicLoading . . .
The United States of America (//; USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.
No signin required
Sussle is the first, open visual encyclopedia. Anyone can use it.
It has beautiful images and viral videos that are way more fun than reading all the text in traditional encyclopedias.
Just click on the red module above.
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UTIs During Pregnancy
Ten percent of expectant moms will get a UTI at some point during pregnancy. However, these infections sometimes go untreated because women don't recognize the symptoms, or there are none; 2 to 7 percent of UTIs among pregnant women are asymptomatic. And therein lies a serious problem: If an expectant mother doesn't know she has a UTI, she won't seek treatment. If left untreated, about 30 to 40 percent of asymptomatic UTIs develop into a kidney infection in the third trimester, putting a woman at risk for preterm labor and a low birth weight baby.
There's no need to panic; most ob-gyns test a woman's urine on her first prenatal visit, to screen for asymptomatic bacteria and to determine whether she has any risk factors that indicate she'll need regular urine cultures for asymptomatic UTIs, such as diabetes.
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Cecil John Rhodes was born on the 5 July 1853 at Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire and educated at Bishop's Stortford Grammar School. In 1870 Rhodes emigrated to Natal and made a fortune in the Kimberley diamond mines. In 1880 he founded the De Beers Mining Company. Rhodes dreamed of building a British Empire in Africa that stretched from the Cape to Cairo. In 1885 he persuaded the British government to form a protectorate over Bechuanaland (now Botswana). In 1889 he founded the British South Africa Company, which occupied Mashonaland and Matabeleland, thus forming Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe). Rhodes was prime minister (1890-1896) of Cape Colony. The discovery of his role in Leander Starr Jameson's attempt to overthrow Paul Kruger in the Transvaal (Jameson's Raid, 1895-1896) led to his resignation. He died on the 26 March 1902 in Muizenberg, Cape Colony. By his will he established the Rhodes scholarships at Oxford University.
Albert Henry George Grey, 4th Earl Grey, was born on the 28 November 1851 and educated at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He served as Member of Parliament (Liberal) for South Northumberland (1880-1885); Member of Parliament for Northumberland (Tyneside, 1885-1886); Administrator of Rhodesia (1896-1897); Director of the British South Africa Company (1898-1904), and GovernorGeneral and CommanderinChief of Canada (1904-1911). Earl Grey was awarded the GCMG (1904), GCVO (1908) and GCB (1911). He died on the 29 August 1917.
Correspondence between Cecil John Rhodes and Albert Henry George Grey, 4th Earl Grey. Photocopies.
Bodleian reader's ticket required.Reproduction Restrictions
No reproduction or publication of personal papers without permission. Contact the library in the first instance.Existence of Copies
The library also holds a copy of this collection on microfilm (reference: Micr.Afr.633).Existence/Location of Originals
The originals are held by Durham University (Earl Grey Family Papers).
The library holds a card index of all manuscript collections in its reading room and a handlist is also available for this collection.
Rhodes | Cecil John | 1853-1902 | Imperialist and Benefactor
Grey | Albert Henry George | 1851-1917 | 4th Earl Grey | Governor General of Canada
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Müller-herbig Surname History
The family history of the Müller-herbig last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to this genealogy of the Müller-herbig:
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In early history when few people could write, names such as Müller-herbig were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people's names were recorded in official records. This could have given rise misspellings of Müller-herbig. Understanding misspellings and spelling variations of the Müller-herbig family name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name. Surnames like Müller-herbig transform in their spelling as they travel across tribes, family branches, and eras over the years.
Last names similar to Müller-herbigMüller herbold, Müller-herbon, Müller-herbst, Müller-herdemertens, Müller-herger, Müller-hergl, Müller-heringer, Müller-herkert, Müller-herler, Müller-herling, Müller-herlitz, Müller hermann, Müller-hermann, Müller-hermelink, Müller-hermes, Müller hermine, Müller-hermle, Muller-herna, Müller-herr, Müller-herrfarth
müller-herbig Family Tree
Here are a few of the müller-herbig genealogies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more müller-herbigs
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Miami University (Ohio)
Breadcrumbs. Wayfinding, an amazing tool, deals with providing navigational “breadcrumbs” to travelers, helping them find their way between locations. Speaking the language of space, information, shape, and form, wayfinding addresses the communication of information within the realms of graphic design, architecture and interior design. But sometimes problems in clear communication arise, especially when the behavioral aspects of human navigation are overlooked. Luckily, we can address these issues early... Assuming we rethink the current wayfinding education model, and teach beyond the book.
By considering issues of navigation behavior, we can establish a wayfinding education model that seeks to help explain the how and the why behind navigation, regardless of the ultimate where. But how do we teach behavior and context in the static environment of a standard classroom? KNOWHERE, an immersive education model designed to teach wayfinding in a more hands-on manner, uses graphic design to establish educational events that communicate ideas of design elements in an immersive context and environment. Through the use of exhibit design and mobile studio equipment, the KNOWHERE model pulls students out of their chairs and immerses them in the world of wayfinding in ways that encourage exploration and creative analysis.
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Sunday, October 10, 2010
This is a picture of where most of our whole group instruction takes place. This year we have assigned partners for the Oral Language time of StoryTown. I found designating partners to be a better way to hold students accountable during think-pair-share. I have two ways of assigning partners in my room. One way is more of the old fashion way where I list their names in different colors on an alphabet poster. One partner being assigned the uppercase letter and the other the lowercase letter. This way I can specify which group is speaking first and monitor student participation. The other way I assign partners is through the random generator application on Smart Notebook. This is a quick way to pick partners or call on students individually. I noticed that using this type of technology gets students excited and engaged in the upcoming activity! I also love using the random generator for sight words! Has anyone else discovered a fun way to use the random generator?
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A few months ago, I co-authored an article with Robert Hughes, President of New Visions for Public Schools, on the importance of teacher collaboration in implementing the Common Core State Standards. As we discussed in the piece, teacher inquiry (or lesson study) can be one of the most promising and engaging approaches to teacher learning. It is particularly powerful when teacher inquiry focuses on student work and the instruction that guided it.
Timothy Lent is one of those teachers whose practice exemplifies the type of teacher-led collaboration Bob Hughes and I described.
In his 6th year at the High School for Youth and Community Development (YCD) in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, Tim teaches a 9th-grade writing class that uses Global History as the lens for reading and writing instruction. He has been an active member of the Literacy Design Collaborative and is designing and integrating literacy modules—a series of 2-4 week reading/writing assignments with explicit instruction—across his course.
In addition to teaching five classes this year, Tim is charged with engaging his colleagues in understanding and implementing the CCSS. Tim co-leads a professional development series with English teacher Jacob Baty every Tuesday afternoon. As Tim described it, “We started with 4-5 teachers last fall. It grew and it grew. By spring semester, almost all of our ELA, science and social studies teachers were attending.”
The YCD teachers use an inquiry approach in which they look at student writing, identify strengths and weaknesses against a series of benchmarks, and adopt or design “mini-tasks” that focus on teaching the identified skills during the following lessons and student assignments. The cycle then repeats. Initially, Tim and his colleagues focused on designing mini-tasks and then moved to building full LDC modules.
Tim groups his colleagues across content areas so that they work on common literacy skills. In Tim’s words: “An important part of our process is selecting which skills are the highest leverage to teach in all classrooms. Our hypothesis is that if kids focus on learning a certain set of skills that they are struggling with, their ability to convey their ideas in writing will greatly improve. This year, we identified and focused on three key literacy needs: Students’ ability to…
- Write topic sentences that are general and prove-able;
- Select strong evidence to support their topic sentences; and
- Express connections between their topic sentences and evidence by accurately using transitions and conjunctions.
Teachers then use the LDC modules and mini-tasks to make these skills and instruction content specific. For example, our science teachers found it useful to use the teaching of conjunctions, such as ‘if/then’ statements, as a way to teach the type of logic students need for science investigations and lab reports. In social studies, teachers found teaching conjunctions as a way to emphasize dependence and relationships such as ‘The Nile River was important to Egypt because…’.”
As part of his role in facilitating teacher collaboration at YCD, Tim works with other teacher leads through the New Visions for Public Schools network. Facilitated by New Visions staff, Tim participates in another inquiry cycle that looks at the steps he and other teacher leads take in supporting their peers. They analyze samples of teacher modules and mini-tasks (with teacher permission), identify strengths and weaknesses, and construct meeting agendas and strategies for the weekly professional learning sessions so that they are meeting participants’ needs.
As Tim points out, “In effect, we are doing inquiry on teacher inquiry. We are looking at how well we are supporting colleagues based on the changes we see in their practice. We are constantly asking ourselves what we could do next, better or differently in the professional learning sessions we facilitate. Of course, because I am a peer, I receive genuine feedback from the teachers at my school about what worked and what didn’t in our sessions. We all know what we hate, which is doing things that are not relevant to our teaching.”
When asked what he has learned from this year, Tim immediately states that creating a collaborative space within school to work with colleagues is beneficial to individual teachers and to the school as a whole. For next year, YCD has been able to organize their schedule so that teachers have shared time during the school day each week to continue their inquiry session. At the same time, the school continues to exceed the amount of class time required by district and state policy for students.
Tim summarizes his experience from this year: “Our morale as a school went way up because the teachers spent so much time working together in a structured way that valued their participation. This is real learning for us as teachers. We began to see students grow in specific skill areas from one module to the next over the course of the year and in different classes. It is truly amazing to get to know colleagues in a different way and see everyone grow and want to expand their horizons as teachers.”
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Very, very inspiring blog! 🙂
Sugata Mitra’s controversial new study summarised in the TES here suggests that self study on the internet can boost a child’s performance by seven years. Basically, 8 and 9 year olds studied GCSE content online before being examined three months later in examination conditions. They were successful. It sounds astounding, but it’s true, at least for the small number of children involved. And actually I don’t think it’s that surprising. To me, this is not a study about the power of the internet. It’s a study about the power of children.
Despite what the traditionalists may tell you, kids teach themselves stuff all the time. And they retain it too. The problem for us as teachers is that too often we don’t find out what it is they know because we have already decided we’ll tell them when we’re ready. And the other is that often the stuff they’ve learned…
View original post 811 more words
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A flowerless plant which has feathery or leafy fronds and reproduces by spores released from the undersides of the fronds. Ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.
Class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta
- ‘The children collected leaves from plants such as ferns etc. which will be used for nature study purposes.’
- ‘Early nests are often in a shrub or on a bracken fern, and later nests are usually on the ground under a shrub, often a blueberry.’
- ‘The plants were simple ferns and a small tree that at the moment she couldn't place.’
- ‘If the fern is planted in a pot and kept in semi shade or even in a place where it gets some more sunlight, you will soon find the plant spreading around.’
- ‘The sun was reaching into the shady side, and giving the fronds of the garden ferns an afternoon treat.’
- ‘Re-pot greenhouse ferns and other foliage plants as they begin to come into growth.’
- ‘Although the ferns share many similar features, there is no single characteristic trait that can diagnose a plant as a fern.’
- ‘In plants, it is frequent in mosses and ferns, but also occurs in flowering plants.’
- ‘The track was soft and mossy, and it led though ferns and brackens, thickets of brambles and groves of tall Himalayan cedar trees.’
- ‘Bracken and several other ferns are suspected of causing cancer.’
- ‘Beads of water clung in rows to the broad leaves of fern and pillows of moss.’
- ‘Found in the shade throughout the growing season are numerous ferns and fern allies.’
- ‘Despite its name, this evergreen is not a pine but a spore-bearing plant related to ferns.’
- ‘A tiny pocket of ground planted with a leafy surround and blanketed with ferns is enough to suggest a woodland garden.’
Old English fearn, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch varen and German Farn.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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There is a lot of confusion around at the moment about the possibility of a new general election, with many – including politicians who should know better – saying the two-thirds majority required makes an election highly unlikely and some pivoting on that to claim a new referendum would be easier to achieve.
However, those claims are not correct. Assuming, of course, that Theresa May continues to ignore the need of the country and continues clinging to power instead of calling an election, a new election could be called by a simple majority in the House of Commons: half of MPs present for a vote, plus one.
The Fixed Term Parliaments Act 2011 (FTPA) does say that a motion to call a new election must be passed by two thirds of all the seats in Parliament – currently 650 – including vacant seats and Sinn Fein-held seats whose MPs do not sit in the House. A high bar indeed.
However, that is not the only option the FTPA includes.
Governments can also be brought down – and Parliaments ended – by a loss in a ‘confidence vote’, that is on one of the central matters governments must pass to govern, such as a Queen’s Speech, or by the government’s failure to win a specifically-proposed vote of no confidence:
(3) An early parliamentary general election is also to take place if—
(a) the House of Commons passes a motion in the form set out in subsection (4), and
(b) the period of 14 days after the day on which that motion is passed ends without the House passing a motion in the form set out in subsection (5).
(4) The form of motion for the purposes of subsection (3)(a) is—
“That this House has no confidence in Her Majesty’s Government.”
In simple terms, if a motion of no confidence in the government is tabled and the government loses, then Parliament has fourteen days in which to pass a new motion of confidence in the government – or there is a new general election.
The fourteen days are to allow the Opposition the opportunity to form a new government that the Commons will support – and if that does not happen, a new general election must follow.
But the most crucial factor in this option is that it requires only a ‘simple majority’ – in other words, half plus one of those voting and only those voting, not half of the number of all seats. The ‘two thirds’ requirement only applies to an ordinary motion to call a new election – such as Theresa May put to the Commons to call last year’s general election.
A new election is a simple majority away – and with Theresa May having lost the support of the DUP because of her decision to ignore them in the dismal ‘deal’ she has brought back from Brussels, there are no guarantees they will support her in such a vote of no confidence.
Many politicians are either ignorant of this fact – and are merely wrong – or are intentionally ignoring it because they would prefer a new Brexit referendum to a Corbyn-led Labour government.
Labour must call a vote of no confidence without delay.
The SKWAWKBOX needs your support. This blog is provided free of charge but depends on the generosity of its readers to be viable. If you can afford to, please click here to arrange a one-off or modest monthly donation via PayPal. Thanks for your solidarity so this blog can keep bringing you information the Establishment would prefer you not to know about.
If you wish to reblog this post for non-commercial use, you are welcome to do so – see here for more.
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Water-related SDGs have a central role in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its interlinked Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets. While the dedicated goal on water (SDG6) aims to ensure availability and the sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, pursing this goal supports the achievement many other goals. Regional monitoring and reporting of the water-related SDGs thus supports a better understanding of water across the sustainable development agenda and provides insights on the progress and challenges facing the Arab region as it aims to achieve the SDGs and associated national targets under conditions of water scarcity and increasing water stress.
This eighth issue of the Water Development Report of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) examines the water-related SDGs from the perspective of water security and scarcity in the Arab region. It identifies ways to assess and address present and projected water scarcity at the regional and national levels for various climate change scenarios. It reviews regional and national water strategies and action plans coherency with global water-related goals and targets. The study analyses how the water-related SDG targets and indicators can guide the development of policy measures to tackle water challenges in the Arab region. Proposed policy interventions include measures to conserve and protect water resources and generate additional nonconventional water resources. Selected policy options are quantified and analysed for two climate scenarios for the future period 2030-2050 in view of informing sustainable planning and appropriate decision support systems to optimize and rationalize water use. The report also provides insights on institutional mechanisms in place for monitoring and implementing water-related SDGs at various scales.
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The History of Persia
Interesting article on History of Persia and Zoroastrians : At some point in here – scholarly estimates vary widely – the prophet Zoroaster founded what may well be the world’s oldest revealed religion. He is referred to as both a Bactrian (which would place his origin near modern Afghanistan) and a Mede, but what is clear is that he was from Iran. Zoroastrianism is also the first religion to postulate a spiritual battle between good and evil; many of its ideas would find their way into later monotheistic faiths. Evidence of the influence of Zoroastrianism can be seen today in the communities of the Paarsi in India, and in the story of the Three Magi (Zoroastrians all) who visited Jesus, Mary, and Joseph in the manger.
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Can you tell me the name of the organ which results malfunctioning from Jaundice disease?
Others answers (1)
- eAnswers...Feb 12, 2013
Jaundice is also known as liver disease. So, liver is the organ which results to malfunctioning from jaundice. It should be made clear at the outset that jaundice, an obvious physical sign, sometimes represents problems other than liver disease and is by no means synonymous with it. There are other, far more important and more complex metabolic problems associated with liver disease so that the problem of jaundice will be dealt with only briefly in this minicourse.
- RelationshipsMay 14, 2014
- 16 Acts Of Random Kindness That Will Revive Your Hope For The Future Of Mankind
- Show More
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The closest most of us will get to Antarctica is nature documentaries like Frozen Planet - but the white continent's relevance to us and our future is far greater than we think.
Many of the clues to climate change lie buried within Antarctica's ice, waiting to be discovered by scientists racing to learn what global warming at the poles might mean for nations at the equator.
Antarctica hold about 90 per cent of the planet's ice and about one-tenth of its total terrestrial surface area, and its atmosphere and water masses decide much of what happens in the rest of the world's oceans, climate and biodiversity.
A giant laboratory, preserved by its remoteness and strict international protections, the continent also gives scientists a vital window to what happened in the past under previous climate change scenarios - and therefore what's likely to happen in the future as our carbon emissions slowly transform the face of the earth.
A new series of Kiwi research projects, revealed today, will take a large step towards answering one of science's most pressing questions: how will Antarctica respond to climate change? How will the 487,000km Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica's largest, change in a warming world? And what will become of its marine and terrestrial ecosystems?
The announcement of the projects - exploring everything from effects on key predators to the stratosphere above - is also a milestone for the newly established New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute (NZARI).
Within less than a year, the institute has brought together the country's best scientists in the field and started a new era in Antarctic research. Its first funding round will support Kiwi research teams from seven universities, three Crown research institutes and two independent research organisations, while also pairing them with leading international organisations.
"New Zealand has been a leader in Antarctic research for some time, and we have a very high standing," NZARI director Professor Gary Wilson said. "But what I think has been a real challenge is being able to capitalise on that, and work on some of the big questions that face New Zealanders and wider humanity."
He sees Antarctica's role in world climate science as "crucial".
"Every time you look at it, it comes back to an Antarctica component. And it's this big part of the planet - and there are aspects of it that we barely understand."
NZARI is a concept he personally long pushed for - and he is pleased at what it has achieved since its birth in August.
Crown research institute Antarctica New Zealand was investigating establishing such an initiative two years ago, but couldn't start one without funding, he said.
The initiative had started when the Government began its National Science Challenges, a concept sharing the same spirit of collaborative, mission-led science.
One of the 10 challenges exclusively focuses on Antarctic research.
When the institute made its first request for research proposals in April, the response was enough to oversubscribe the funding sought more than six times.
The outcome was a strong mix of projects, many of them linking or building on existing research efforts.
Some would have an "immediate focus" while others would run over several years as part of larger multi-institutional research programmes, Professor Wilson said.
"It's one of the first times we've asked questions about Antarctica's vulnerability and place in an integrated global system.
"But I think it's only going to get more exciting, as this is just the tip of iceberg, as to where we are headed with NZARI and other big programmes."
Research on ice: The seven projects
1) Assessing "polar amplification"
Researchers from Victoria University's Antarctic Research Centre will produce a "state-of-play" synthesis of the past, present and future polar amplification and its possible consequences. This phenomenon occurs because of processes in the climate system that amplify the amount of warming in the high latitudes compared to the global average.
It is a consistent feature of climate model projections, simulations and temperature reconstructions and is important because of the effect of the warming on ice sheet stability and, as a result, the global sea level.
2) Secrets of the past - and the future
The New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute has assembled an international team of climate experts to study environmental conditions in New Zealand's southern regions from a period in Earth's history when CO2 concentrations were similar to those in the next five years.
Led by Dr Richard Levy of GNS Science and Dr Robert McKay of the Antarctic Research Centre, the team will examine rock and sediment cores from beneath the Southern Ocean to determine how it changed as CO2 levels increased and what impact these changes had on Antarctica's ice sheets.
3) Ozone over the ice - mapping a better model
A project, led by Dr Greg Bodeker of Bodeker Scientific, will develop a new method to simulate the evolution of the Antarctic ozone layer and its coupling to the southern high latitude climate system. This will involve extending a state-of-the-art simple climate model with a novel semi-empirical module that describes the key processes governing stratospheric ozone.
4) Adapting in a changing ocean
Antarctic coastal seas will warm and acidify over the coming decades, and the capacity of polar marine species to adapt to change will determine the make up and functioning of future polar populations.
Research led by Dr Miles Lamare of Otago University's department of marine science will quantify species' capacity to adapt - and seek to understand if rates of change in polar environments are within the threshold capacity of species to adapt. Understanding both will reduce uncertainty around the fate of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
5) Iceberg calving and the bigger picture
The relationship between large iceberg calving processes and the "grounding line" - where ice loses contact with the ground to become a floating ice shelf - will come under focus in a study looking at the eastern front of the Ross Ice Shelf, where there have been recent changes. Using a combination of observational data and mathematical models, the Otago University-led project will lead to an improved understanding of time scales and magnitudes of response in a real, three-dimensional setting - an important objective for projecting change in West Antarctica.
6) Antarctic predators: responding to change
Climate change and commercial fishing are two possible causes of change in the Ross Sea, but our ability to predict or manage effects is limited by lack of information.
Antarctica's main predators adapt to conditions affecting their food resources, which makes them ideal sentinels for assessing the state of the Ross Sea ecosystem. A study led by Dr Regina Eisert, of the University of Canterbury's Gateway Antarctica, will study the food requirements of killer whales, Weddell seals and Adelie penguins to help predict change and to identify what food resources are crucial to these predators.
7) Life on ice: biology on the white continent
Understanding how terrestrial Antarctica will respond to climate change is essential for managing the pristine continent. While several biologically driven measures of change have been identified, our knowledge on their underlying processes is lacking - and their applicability requires validation. A study led by the University of Waikato's International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research will carry out experiments to address these questions. The findings will lay the foundation for an international observation network to monitor and forecast effects of climate change.
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What is an eco scarf? What features does this fashion accessory have? What is taken into account when making? And what are the consequences for the employees in the production process?
What an eco scarf is
An eco scarf is made with the least possible harmful effects on the environment. The ecological footprint of the scarf is minimal.
This abbreviation of ecological is used to indicate that maximum attention is paid to nature and the environment during the production process. Eco, sustainable, ecological are terms that often appear in the advertising world.
We can therefore say that a scarf of The Happy Scarf is an Eco scarf
A few features of an Eco scarf:
- The raw materials used in an eco scarf are sustainable and the environment and nature are central when making it
- Woven by hand
- The use of (polluting) machines is kept to a minimum
- And chemical products are avoided as much as possible
Also read: A sustainable scarf
An eco-friendly scarf
You can certainly say that an eco scarf is the counterpart of a fast fashion accessory.
In fast fashion, the price is everything. That is why the choice often falls on low-wage countries for making the garments. And consciously dealing with nature and attention to the environment are often not at the top of the agenda.
Attention for the employee
The poor workers who have to make the garments are poorly educated. They often work under appalling working conditions and, consciously or unconsciously, endanger their own health. Long days in chemical fumes, discharging waste water into (polluted) rivers, it’s all part of it. Not only nature pays the price for this.
And because the price is decisive in fast fashion, they do not receive a fair wage. There is just enough income to survive. It is a hopeless situation for the employee.
Producers of sustainable products also pay attention to the working and living conditions of the workers.
Durable lasts the longest
Anyone who buys sustainable clothing is not looking for disposable clothing, but one that he or she will enjoy for a long time. The new owner will use it sparingly and postpone a new purchase as long as possible. Sellers of sustainable scarves are aware of this and pay attention not only to sustainability, but also to quality. Strength and longevity of the chosen materials are important.
Not a disposable item of clothing, but one that you can enjoy for a long time.
The Happy Scarf
The shawls and scarves of statjebeeldig have these characteristics.
- Dyed with natural dyes
- Woven by hand
- Good working conditions for the weavers
- A fair price for the weavers
We can therefore say that a scarf of The Happy Scarf is an Eco scarf.
Also read: A good cause
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Haiti: Hurricane Matthew - Situation Report No. 16 (26 October 2016)
|Post date||Thursday, 27 October, 2016 - 15:30|
|Document Type||Situation Report|
|Sources||Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)|
806,000 people need food assistance urgently.
141,493 displaced people are living in 204 temporary shelters in the affected areas.
774 out of 17,828 schools in the affected areas are damaged or destroyed, leaving 116,000 children out of school.
3,423 suspected cholera cases reported from 4 to 24 October, including 1,065 in Sud and 752 in Grand’Anse Departments
On 4 October, Hurricane Matthew violently struck Haiti and resulted in the country’s largest humanitarian emergency since the 2010 earthquake. It caused extensive flooding and mudslides, damage to road infrastructure and buildings, as well as electricity and water shortages. The latest figures from the governmental Directorate of Civil Protection (DPC) of Haiti have so far confirmed 546 deaths and 438 injured as a result of the hurricane.
Humanitarian needs are said to include access to a sufficient supply of quality water, education, shelter, child protection, health, and nutrition. The people in urgent food insecurity are in areas where over 75 per cent of the population was affected by the hurricane. These include places where livelihood activities related to agriculture, livestock and fishing have been almost completely destroyed, such as crops, farming equipment, stocks, and trade.
Of the 1.4 million people who need humanitarian assistance, more than 40 per cent are children who are mainly in the Grand’Anse and Sud Departments. Another estimated 40 per cent – approximately 546,000 people – are women of reproductive age.
Exacerbating the pre-existing displacement crisis of tens of thousands of Haitians returning from the neighboring Dominican Republic, concerns have increased about the safety of children and families, especially with the increased risk of food insecurity, malnutrition, and vulnerability to violence – including sex- and gender-based violence (SGBV) and disease. As of July 2016, an estimated 131,000 people were registered crossing the border towards Haiti, of whom 34.8 per cent were women.
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs:
To learn more about OCHA's activities, please visit http://unocha.org/.
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Container gardening is an efficient way to create a garden on an apartment balcony or anywhere with limited outdoor space. Flowers and tomatoes have been the staples of the traditional container gardener for years, but there are lots of other tasty options. Raspberries are easy to grow and offer a delicious reward for your efforts.
Raspberries tolerate partial shade but do best in full sun. Choose a location that is sheltered from the wind, since bees pollinate raspberry flowers and this will make their job easier.
Types and Cultivars
There are two types of raspberries. Summer-fruiting raspberries, which ripen in early summer, tend to be more popular among home gardeners than the autumn-fruiting varieties, which ripen from late August to October. Both types are suitable for container gardening. Cultivars such as "Boyne" and "New Washington" can be grown in Mediterranean climates, such as U.S. Department of Agriculture zones 8 and 9.
Plant a single raspberry cane in a container that is 15 inches in diameter, and at least 24 inches deep. Raspberry plants require well-drained soil, so set the container in place on bricks or blocks of wood to increase drainage. In addition, punch or drill extra holes in the bottom of the pot if necessary to ensure the plant has adequate drainage.
Soil must be at least 24 inches deep for raspberries to thrive. Use a sandy soil that drains well, or use a mix of about 80 percent compost and 20 percent loam. Avoid soil from the garden, as it will likely be too dense and heavy for container use. Raspberries grow best in slightly acidic soil, with a pH level of between 6.0 and 6.5. You can purchase a pH testing kit from your local home and garden center. If the pH is below 5.5, add lime to the soil, preferably during the fall before planting. Cover it with a 3-inch layer of organic mulch.
Plant any time from November to March, whether you have chosen summer-fruiting raspberries, which ripen in early summer, or an autumn-fruiting variety, which ripen from late August to October. Train each plant up a bamboo post, as the canes are not strong enough to stand up on their own.
Raspberries require a minimal amount of fertilizer. In early March, when buds begin to swell, you can apply a slow-release fertilizer at a rate of about 1 ounce per square yard. At that rate, you can fertilize about 13 containers of raspberries with 1 ounce of fertilizer.
Container gardens, because they hold less soil, lose water faster than traditional gardens. They can dry out quickly, and during hot summer months, daily watering may be required. Continue watering until water runs out of the drainage holes.
Regular pruning will produce a more abundant crop of berries and will also keep your canes healthy. Cut back summer-bearing canes as soon as they have finished fruiting. New shoots will grow to produce the next year's crop. Cut autumn-fruiting plants back in February.
- Royal Horticultural Society: Raspberries
- Washington State University Extension: Growing Small Fruits in the Home Garden
- West Virginia University Extension Service: Container Gardening
- Colorado State University Extension: Raspberries for the Home Garden
- The Garden Helper: How to Plant, Grow and Care for Raspberry Plants
- Siri Stafford/Lifesize/Getty Images
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P. 509 PIONEER SETTLERS AND INCIDENTS—
PINCKNEYVILLE SELECTED AS COUNTY SEAT—
FIRST CIRCUIT COURT—
DUQUOIN AND TAMAROA
THE RESIDENCE OF THE LATE
WILLIAM E. MORRISON,
WATERLOO, MONROE COUNTY,
NOW THE HOME OF THE CITY LIBRARY
PIONEER SETTLERS AND INCIDENTSThe first settler was John Flack, who settled on Four Mile Prairie in 1799. About the same time a settler by the name of Cox came, but did not remain long. Four Mile Prairie is south and a little west of Pinckneyville some four or five miles. B. A. Brown and family soon came to be neighbors of Flack. The next settlers were the Hutchings, P 514 John and William, who settled some eight miles north of Pinckneyville. There were eighteen people in the two families, including three or four slaves. It is said the Hutchings people gathered wild honey and hunted deer, and traded beeswax, honey and deer skins in Kaskaskia and St. Louis for things to live upon. John Huggins settled at Cutler in 1802, and Jarrold Jackson near DuQuoin about 1803. Jackson built a sort of bridge across Little Muddy and kept a sort of toll gate and made money. Hiram Root and Ephraim Skinner came to this locality about 1816. By 1826 there were many families scattered in groups about over the county and steps were taken to get it cut off into a county, which was done in 1827. These early comers were from all sections of the older states. They all entered heartily into the hardships of pioneer life, making their own furniture, tanning their leather, constructing their harness, spinning and weaving their own clothing, etc. House raisings, log rollings, and corn huskings were common. The pastimes were jumping, wrestling, and running foot races. The shooting match was an interesting procedure. It was on this wise. A lady would raise a dozen turkeys. A day would be appointed and the marksmen would bring their guns. Ten men would put up 10 cents each for one shot each in a contest for the turkey. The best marksman would get the turkey. The rifles were long, very heavy, and of small bore. Many of these pioneers could shoot the eye of a squirrel in the top of the tallest trees. Shot guns were seldom seen. These conditions prevailed throughout all Southern Illinois.
PINCKNEYVILLE SELECTED AS COUNTY SEATWhen Perry county was created the county commissioners were Edwin Humphreys, Samuel Crawford, of Randolph, and Singleton Kimmel of Jackson county. They were to meet in the house of Amos Anderson to make selection of a permanent seat of justice for the county. When it should be selected the act provided it should be called Pinckneyville. The commissioners met in Mr. Amos Anderson ‘s house, which was situated on Panther creek, three and a half miles east of Pinckneyville, on what is now the DuQuoin and Pinckneyville wagon road. The commissioners selected the present site of Pinckneyville as the county seat. The town was laid off and lots placed on sale with a minimum price of $5.00. They were auctioned off and twenty-four lots brought $1,223.28, an average of $50.97 per lot. The first bridge built by the county commissioners was erected across Beaucoup creek just east of Pinckneyville. It was sixteen feet wide and built of the strongest timbers, some of them being 12 by 15 inches. At the time the lots in Pinckneyville were sold, a contract was let to build a court house. It was “to be built of hewn logs which are to face from ten to twelve inches in the middle; and to be eighteen by twenty-two feet in length. The lower floor of said court house to be laid with good puncheons with good hewn joists, but no floor above, etc.” The contract price was $54. This log house was weatherboarded in 1829 with four-foot boards, neatly shaved. The second court house was of brick, forty-three feet square, two stories high, at a cost of $1,765 for the brick work and $840.87 for the wood work, plaster, etc. This was built about 1837. A third court house was built in 1850, and a fourth one was finished in 1878. P 515
FIRST CIRCUIT COURTThe first circuit court was held in the house of Amos Anderson on Holt’s Prairie, August 28, 1827. The Hon. Theophilus W. Smith, a justice of the supreme court, presided David J. Baker was appointed prosecuting attorney. Among the able lawyers and judges who came to the Perry county courts were Judge Thomas C. Brown of the supreme court, Judge Walter B. Scates, Judge James Semple, Hon. William H. Underwood, Judge Sidney Breese, Hon. Alexander M. Jenkins, Hon. John K. Mulkey, Hon. William H. Green, and scores of others. The first newspaper printed in Perry county was the Perry County Times. It was first issued October 1, 1856. William McEwing was editor and proprietor.
DUQUOIN AND TAMAROAThere are besides Pinckneyville, the county seat, DuQuoin and Tamaroa, which are towns of some importance. Tamaroa is a town situated on the Illinois Central, nine miles north of DuQuoin. It is a very old settled region, the earliest settlers dating back to 1815. When the Illinois Central went through in 1854 the town was located and grew rapidly. It has a number of good business firms, good schools, several small industries, and good churches. Its population is 910. DuQuoin is a city of 5,454. It is a very prosperous city. Its mines distribute large amounts of money in the monthly pay roll. It has large flour mills, and the Eldorado branch of the Illinois Central brings a very large amount of railroad business from the east in trading, passenger traffic, freight, etc. There are ten coal mines in and about DuQuoin. There are eleven other mines in the county. The vicinity about DuQuoin was settled as early as 1816 by Hiram Root and Ephraim Skinner, two names that have come down to the present day. Old DuQuoin was originally laid out about 1844. The old town was about three miles southeast of the present DuQuoin. It had a good start, with dwellings, stores, shops, churches and a seminary of learning. In 1854, when the Illinois Central came and the new DuQuoin was laid out and began to grow, the old town begun to decay. DuQuoin is well supplied with churches and schools. The township high school enrolls about 200 pupils and is tactfully managed to C. W. Houk, the principal.
© 2006~ Pam MARDOS Rietsch [email protected]
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Upton Sinclair's The Jungle was first presented to the public in 1906. The author is a journalist who likes to write in the genre of political fiction. This particular book is dedicated to the working immigrants who had to go through harsh conditions and mistreatment in Chicago and other industry-based cities. However, despite Sinclair's attempt to show the public that you can't treat the immigrants as slaves and that the whole system needs to change, the majority of readers paid a lot more attention to the unsanitary practices in the meatpacking industry.
It even lead to a national outcry that made a lot of changes happen. Obviously, the author of the book was a bit disappointed with the public reaction and the fact that they didn't really care about the main message of the book. He once said to the public that all he wanted to do was to touch the hearts of the American people, but, instead, he touched their stomachs.
Still, The Jungle is a fundamental work and depicts poverty and unpleasant living conditions that the working class has to deal with. They've got no social support and no hope for the future. The author talks about the corrupted folks in power and calls people to action against this unfair system, and later on the critics called him a muckraker (a person who manages to expose corruption in the government elite).
The book's hero, Mr. Rudkus, is an immigrant who's trying to make an honest living in the States. He starts working at a slaughterhouse, but, due to the harsh working conditions, he and his young wife barely keep it all together. They owe a lot of money and get evicted from their house. Eventually, life in America leads them to moral and physical degradation and even the kids start to work in order to survive.
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- Observe a sunset
Have you ever heard the phrase, “Red sky in morning, sailor take warning, red sky at night, sailor’s delight”? Sunrise and sunset are great times to look at the horizon and greet or say farewell to the day. Sunsets are used to predict the weather, inspire poetry, and make great photographs. Take time to watch the sunset. Does it set at the same time every day? Track the colors of sunset and the weather for at least a week. Do you see a relationship between them?
Internet links to help you:
What Makes Day and Night (Let’s-Read-and-Find-Out Science 2) by Franklyn M. Branley (Author), Arthur Dorros (Illustrator)
National Geographic Kids First Big Book of Space (National Geographic Little Kids First Big Books) by Catherine D. Hughes (Author), and David A. Aguilar (Illustrator)
Twilight Comes Twice by Ralph Fletcher
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The elite of the millennia
The second Royal Mummies Hall which opened last week crosses the Ts on mummification and reveals an obscure era of instability in the history of ancient Egyptians. Nevine El-Aref
toured the gallery
Click to view caption|
Tthe mummy of Pinudjem II; a papyrus showing the mummification rituals; Ka statue of Auibra-Hur; Hosni and Hawass during the inauguration ceremony and Deir Al-Bahari cachet during its discovery in 1881
Preserving the likeness of the deceased was of utmost importance to ancient Egyptians. The immortal spirit, released upon death, needed to be able to identify the body in which it was to repose. Century upon century, efforts were made to perfect a technique once believed to have reached its peak during the New Kingdom in the 19th Dynasty to the 21st Dynasty, with mummies like that of Ramses II, and began to decline thereafter.
The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom hid their tombs in the Valley of the Kings, hoping this would help keep their mummies safe from tomb robbers. But the glittering jewels and precious funerary furniture that filled the royal burials frequently proved too alluring to thieves, and some tombs were violated and robbed soon after their royal occupants were laid to rest. Tutankhamun's tomb, for example, was threatened with robbery at least twice in antiquity, but each time the thieves were caught or frightened away by the necropolis police and the tomb remained intact. On the whole, apart from isolated incidents such as this, the tombs were well-guarded for many years and were relatively secure.
By the end of the Ramesside Period, when the Egyptian empire began to decline and the country was suffering from economic disorder and rampant corruption, several royal and nobles' tombs were entered by robbers. A papyrus relates that a royal commission sent by the vizier at the request of Paser, the mayor of the Theben east bank, to examine the royal tombs reported that the tombs were intact, but Paser insisted on further investigation and it was eventually revealed that several tombs had been violated with the collaboration of Pawera, the mayor of the west bank. Another ancient Egyptian document gives us the names of eight thieves who robbed a royal tomb. The men confessed their crimes under interrogation and were tortured with the bastinado, a stick used to beat their hands and feet.
Some priests of Amun who still retained their respect for the deceased kings and queens tried their best to protect the mummies of these royals from desecration by hiding them in caches. The High Priest of Amun Pinudjem II, who ruled the Theben region in the 21st Dynasty, was the first to move 40 royal and non-royal mummies from their original burials, along with any remaining artefacts, to his own tomb carved high in the rocky cliffs of Deir Al-Bahari on the Theban west bank. The priests unwrapped the mummies, removed the jewels and amulets, and then carefully rewrapped and labelled the kings and queens before hiding them in Pinudjem's tomb. This observance was carried out in part as an act of piety and in part to acquire materials for the needs of the current rulers.
In the 19th century a shepherd accidentally found such a burial cache while trying to rescue one of his goats, which was trapped in a deep crevice. Climbing down, he found an ancient Egyptian treasure trove filled with the coffins of the most important Pharaohs of the New Kingdom. His relatives, the Abdel-Rassoul family, kept the cache secret and entered it several times to remove some of the artefacts, which they sold on the antiques market. In 1881 the cache came to the attention of the Service de l'Antiquités, and all the sarcophagi and mummies were moved to Cairo. In 1889 Victor Loret, head of the Service de l'Antiquités at the time, found the second royal cache in king Amenhotep II's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. In addition to the Pharaoh's mummy, which was propped up on a large model boat, Loret found 13 mummies, nine of which belonged to Pharaohs. These mummies had been taken to the tomb for security reasons by the priests of Amun at some point during the 21st Dynasty. Labels were left on some of the mummies, while the identity of others is unknown and is still being debated by Egyptologists.
The 53 mummies, the total in the two caches, were kept in the Egyptian museum for decades until 1994, when the first Royal Mummies Hall was opened on the museum's second floor. Last week, Culture Minister Farouk Hosni inaugurated the second gallery after two years of preparation. The opening comes almost 12 years after the opening of the first, which displays 11 royal mummies from the age of empire that began in the late 17th Dynasty and continued through the 19th Dynasty. Pharaohs of this period led the liberation war against the Hyksos.
The second gallery is designed like a royal tomb, with a vaulted ceiling and low, indirect lighting. It displays 11 mummies that are exhibited inside special showcases, each supplied with a small electronic device to observe and control the humidity level around the mummy minute by minute. The mummies belong to royal individuals of the 20th Dynasty such as Pharaoh Ramses III, and to priests of Amun who ruled the southern half of Egypt as priest-kings. These priest-kings proclaimed Thebes as Egypt's religious capital and founded the 21st Dynasty. Among them was Pinudjem II, an important ruler of the Third Intermediate Period, who moved the earlier royal mummies to one of the caches. This room also displays three mummies of queens, including that of Maatkare.
The mummies exhibited in both galleries were among those discovered in 1881 in the first mummy cache at Deir Al-Bahari (DB 320) on Luxor's west bank, and in 1898 in the second cache in Pharaoh Amenhotep II's tomb (KV 35) in the Valley of the Kings. Both caches included the mummies of famous kings of the New Kingdom, including Tuthmosis III, Amenhotep III, and the last warrior Pharaoh Ramses II, as well as mummies of well-known queens and high priests of Amun.
Egyptian Museum Director Wafaa El-Sadiq says that major steps have been taken to create a display that will acquaint visitors with the mummification process and its importance to the ancient Egyptians. This included hanging panels about the first and second caches in the scenario, along with a photograph of Pharaoh Amenhotep II's tomb (KV 35) and other objects, such as linen shreds decorated with an image of the god of mummification, Osiris.
The first mummy one sees is that of Ramses III, the founder of the funerary temple of Madinet Habu on Luxor's west bank. Ramses III was known as the last of the influential Ramesside Pharaohs. He succeeded in repelling the invasions of the sea people during his long reign, which lasted from 1185 to 1152 BC. The second mummy belongs to his son, Ramses IV, whose reign was dissimilar to that of his father in every way. While Egypt under Ramses III was marked by its stability, Ramses IV's reign witnessed weak government under constant threat from internal rebels, which dropped a sorry curtain on the glorious Ramesside period in Upper Egypt and provided an opportunity for the rise of the new royal priesthood. It was Ramses IX who finally handed over all authority when his daughter Nejmet married Hrihor, the high priest of Amun. This opened the way to the 21st Dynasty of priest-kings and the Third Intermediate Period.
Visitors are guided past the mummy of Queen Henettawy, which is wrapped in linen decorated with the image of Osiris alongside some lines of hieroglyphs written in red ink. This queen was married to the High Priest Pinudjem I, father of Pinudjem II, whose mummy is also exhibited next to his wife, Queen Istemkheb.
One mummy, that of Nesikhonsu wears a splendid wig. Some mummies hold their majesty despite affliction. Ramses V's body was pitted with variola. The mummy of Maatkare has stirred the curiosity of experts from the moment of its discovery as it was accompanied by another small mummy. Experts believed that this was that of a baby, but examination revealed that it was the mummy of a small baboon which was apparently her beloved pet. The most beautiful mummy exhibited is that of Prince Djedptahiufankh, which is in a state of perfect preservation. It differs from the others in the galleries in that this prince had no importance in history, but his mummy was found wearing seven gold rings on his hands and another two on his left foot.
To facilitate the visitor's tour, both rooms are linked via a small corridor, and one ticket gives access to both. And for the first time, a catalogue with photographs has been published in English and Arabic, including photographs of the mummies on display and information concerning the mummification process, its rituals, and the deceased's journey into the Afterlife. The catalogue will soon be translated into French, German, and Japanese.
Zahi Hawass, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, says that all these mummies will eventually be moved to a special gallery already planned at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation in Fustat, where they will be displayed with more respect and for educational purpose rather than "for thrills". Meanwhile the galleries in the Egyptian Museum provide a royal resting place.
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Dehydration in Adults (cont.)
Dehydration in Adults Treatment
Dehydration in Adults Self-Care at Home
Try to get people who are dehydrated (even those who have been vomiting) to take in fluids in the following ways:
- Sip small amounts of water.
- Drink carbohydrate/electrolyte-containing drinks. Good choices are sports drinks such as Gatorade or prepared replacement solutions (Pedialyte is one example).
- Suck on popsicles made from juices and sports drinks.
- Suck on ice chips.
- Sip through a straw (works well for someone who has had jaw surgery or mouth sores).
Try to cool the person, if there has been heat exposure or if the person has an elevated temperature in the following ways:
- Remove any excess clothing and loosen other clothing
- Air-conditioned areas are best for helping return the affected individual's body temperature to normal and break the heat exposure cycle.
- If air-conditioning is not available, increase cooling by evaporation by placing the person near fans or in the shade, if outside. Place a wet towel around the person.
- If available, use a spray bottle or misters to spray tepid (luke-warm) water on exposed skin surfaces to help with cooling by evaporation.
- Avoid exposing skin to excessive cold, such as ice packs or ice water. This
can cause the blood vessels in the skin to constrict and will decrease, rather
than increase heat loss. Exposure to excessive cold can also cause shivering,
which will increase body temperature, this may cause the dehydration symptoms to
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Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Dehydration (Adults):
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Ancient cemeteries, burial caves from biblical times and centuries-old artefacts have been unearthed during construction work in Israel over the years, forcing contractors by law to call in archaeologists and sometimes halt building projects.
In Holyland Park, a complex of apartments being built on a hill in Jerusalem, archaeologists will soon finish removing bones and other remnants from a field of 40 tombs estimated to be 3,700 years old.
Ianir Milevski, one of the leaders of the excavation, said the graves likely contained the bodies of dozens of Canaanites who lived in a nearby village during the Bronze Age.
Across the road and on top of where their homes once stood, one of Israel's largest shopping malls does a brisk business.
"That was their village, and this is their graveyard," Milevski said. When the shopping mall was built "we were able to learn how the Canaanites lived. Now, we can potentially learn
how they died."
Workers constructing the Holyland apartments were lucky – Milevski spotted markings on the ground that led to the discovery of the graves before major foundations were laid.
Israeli law dictates such finds be preserved and Jewish remains salvaged for proper burial.
The solution was to build around the excavation, giving Milevski, colleague Zvi Greenhut and their team time to extract the remnants, which included human bones, skeletons of animals
likely used as "offerings", Beads, weapons and work tools.
Now that the graves have been extracted, more apartment buildings are set to be built over the site, which is pitted Swiss-cheese like with gaping holes.
Circle in the sand
Archaeologists from Israel's Antiquities Authority monitor all construction projects in the country. If they find what appears to be an artefact, construction is stopped.
"It can be something that looks unusual – a circle in the earth, or a stain-like patch on the ground," Milevski said.
Antiquities officials in the Palestinian territories employ a similar policy. An archaeological dig was recently conducted in a neighborhood in the West Bank city of Ramallah, a Palestinian commercial center.
The precautions to preserve archaeological remnants have often delayed large building projects.
In 2003, graves from the Byzantine period were discovered during groundwork for a train track. Workers were forced to halt construction until the builders and archaeologists agreed to build a rail tunnel under the tombs, delaying the project's completion by a year.
Israel has also often stopped infrastructure work because of protests by ultra-Orthodox Jews citing the possible desecration of Jewish graves at sites where bones were found.
Archaeologists believe many such cemeteries contain remains of Roman troops who occupied Judea between around 63 BC and 638 AD.
Construction of a new wing at Israel's Megiddo Prison, near Armageddon, the site where the Bible says the final battle between good and evil will take place, led to the discovery of a church dating back to the third or fourth century.
Dozens of inmates from the prison helped archaeologists extract artefacts from the Roman and Byzantine periods.
Contractors repairing a Tel Aviv high school had to take a -2,100 year-old burial cave into consideration, first filling in the space where tombs had been excavated decades ago before
shoring up the building.
And workers laying pipes for a town in northern Israel got into hot water when they accidentally damaged burial caves believed to be 5,000 years old.
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What does the fog symbolize in huck finn?
THe fog makes the boys miss the way to Cairo and freedom. On a deeper level, the fog represents Huck’s sense of confusion with his close friendship with Jim and his anxiety about rejecting Southern values that Huck is so uncomfortable with.
What does the raft symbolize in huckleberry finn?
Clearly, then, the raft in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is more than just a means of transportation. It gets Jim and Huck into and out of many scrapes, and in many ways represents Their time traveling together, symbolizing the powerful bond of friendship between them.
What does the shore symbolize in huck finn?
The shore, by contrast, seems to represent Civilization and all the problematic people who live in it.
What does money symbolize in huckleberry finn?
The Role of Money in “Huckleberry Finn”
Money can even be considered a theme of the novel, as it inspires greed, generosity, and symbolizes Disparity in society. Almost every one of the main characters are affected by money in some way. It is often at the very root of their actions, for better or for worse.
What does the grangerford house symbolize?
The Grangerford’s house represents A gaudy and tasteless display of wealth, and Huck’s appreciation of the decor only adds to the humor.
What does tom sawyer represent?
In a sense, Tom represents The civilized society that Huck and Jim leave behind on their flight down the river. When Tom reappears with his fancied notions of escape from the Phelps farm, Jim again becomes a gullible slave and Huck becomes a simple agent to Tom.
What are the themes in huckleberry finn?
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by American author Mark Twain, is a novel set in the pre-Civil War South that examines institutionalized racism and explores themes of Freedom, civilization, and prejudice.
How did huck get the raft?
In Chapter 15, shortly after the incident where Huck and Jim encounter a trio of murderous thieves on a wrecked steamboat, a thick fog sets in at night. Huck gets in the canoe and paddles off to find a place to secure the raft, but he forgets to tie the rope to the raft and accidentally gets separated from Jim.
How does huck’s opinion of jim change?
Huck’s attitude changes towards Jim and shows the potential to be more accepting of the race as a whole. Some might argue that this is not true and argue that his opinion of African Americans has not changed and His opinion only changed towards Jim because he got to know him better.
How does huck feel about leaving the murderers trapped on the wreck?
Huck and Jim escape from the Walter Scott in the lifeboat, leaving the murderers trapped on the wreck. How does Huck feel about leaving them? He feels bad for them and wants to help them.
What is the black guy name in huckleberry finn?
Jim, fictional character, an unschooled but honourable runaway slave in Huckleberry Finn (1884) by Mark Twain. Some critics charge Twain with having created a two-dimensional racist caricature, while others find Jim a complex, compassionate character.
What charm does jim wear around his neck that he says cures sickness?
Why does Jim wear the 5-cent piece Around his neck? It’s the most money he’s ever had. He says it’s a charm from the devil that can cure illness. He doesn’t want to lose it.
Why is huck upset when jim is sold?
Huck is upset when Jim is sold because Jim did all that he could for the King and the Duke and the sold him to strangers for $40.
Why does sherburn shoot boggs?
The local townspeople laugh at Boggs and remark that his behavior is common practice, and he is harmless. After a brief period, Sherburn comes out of his office and tells Boggs to stop speaking out against him. Boggs continues to swear at Sherburn, and, In retaliation, Sherburn levels a pistol and kills him.
What is huckleberry finn’s real name?
Huckleberry “Huck” Finn Is a fictional character created by Mark Twain who first appeared in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and is the protagonist and narrator of its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884).
|Created by||Mark Twain|
Did huckleberry finn have a girlfriend?
Huckleberry Finn does not have a girlfriend in the novel about his adventures (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn), but there is one young woman with whom he is impressed because she is honest and beautiful.
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Ravens Make Interesting Neighbors
In ancient times ravens were regarded as birds of evil omen. It is hard to understand this today, for they are among the most playful of all birds. In windy weather they may often be seen performing aerial acrobatics, apparently just for their own amusement.
Once when I was sitting at the edge of a cliff overlooking Copper Creek, a few miles from my home, three ravens came to investigate me. One after another, as if playing follow-the-leader, they would swoop down at me, veer off up into the sky, then down again for another swoop. At the low point of each dive they would glide by surprisingly slowly, so that I was able to get a good look at them. They kept coming closer and closer until they were passing within six feet above my head. One doesn’t often get an opportunity to view ravens at such close quarters, since they are intelligent enough to be shy of man.
Ravens are big birds, with a wing-span of up to three feet and a length of twenty-six inches. They are entirely black and look much like their cousins the crows, but they are larger and are found in mountain country, whereas crows inhabit lower areas. Also, the raven’s calls are more varied. One peculiar call resembles the sound made by running a stick along a picket fence.
The ravens’ playful nature may take a malicious turn, for they will sometimes attack other birds, seemingly just for sport. One day when I was out after huckleberries I saw two ravens checking a red-tailed hawk. The hawk dove through a dense stand of trees, and the ravens veered off rather than passing through the thicket. This gave the hawk time to catch an updraft and he began circling skyward; but the ravens caught the same updraft and came circling up after him.
After a while one of the ravens lost interest and flew away, but the other kept after the hawk. The birds circled up and up until they looked so small that they could be distinguished from one another only with difficulty, by the different shapes of their wings.
Finally the hawk reached the end of the updraft and the raven caught up with him. Then there began a thrilling aerial dogfight. First the raven would dart at the hawk and try to strike it with his beak; then the hawk in its turn would dart at the raven. Once or twice the birds seemed to succeed in striking one another. Whether they did any damage I don't know, but at last the raven gave up, flew away, and left the hawk soaring in lonely triumph at an immense altitude.
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Here’s a statistic to smile about: the number of cancer survivors in the U.S. is expected to surge from today's 14.5 million to nearly 19 million by 2024, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). More people are beating cancer, but what do their lives look like when they reach survivor status?
According to an article published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, cancer incidence rates have been on the decline for the past decade, but the number of cancer survivors is growing because of early detection and more effective treatments.
The report said that the three most common types of cancer in men who've had the disease are prostate cancer (43 percent), colorectal cancer (9 percent), and melanoma skin cancer (8 percent). In women, 41 percent of women who have ever had cancer have had breast cancer, while 8 percent have had uterine cancer and 8 percent have had colorectal cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women, but it has a lower survival rate.
In 2024, the report said that the distribution of common cancers will probably be about the same as it is today.
The report also found that 64 percent of cancer survivors were diagnosed five or more years ago, and 15 percent were diagnosed with the disease more than 20 years ago. It also states that 46 percent of cancer survivors are over the age of 70, while 5 percent are under the age of 20. Most people who have survived prostate cancer—that’s 62 percent of survivors—are over the age of 70, but only 32 percent of melanoma survivors are in that age group.
By January 1, 2024, there will be about 19 million people—9.3 million men and 9.6 million women—who are cancer survivors, the report stated.
“The growing number of cancer survivors in the U.S. makes it increasingly important to understand the unique medical and psychosocial needs of survivors,” said Carol DeSantis, MPH, an epidemiologist with the ACS and lead author of the report.
“Despite the fact that awareness of survivorship issues has increased, cancer survivors face numerous, important hurdles created by a fractured health care system, poor integration of survivorship care, and financial and other barriers to quality care, particularly among the medically underserved," she added. "An important first step in addressing these challenges is to identify ‘best practices’ for the delivery of quality post-treatment cancer care.”
Side Effects May Plague Survivors
Dr. Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed, an assistant professor of epidemiology at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, said increasing levels of cancer survivorship are promising. However, survivors may face adverse health outcomes, including psychological distress.
“Many of these cancers can be disfiguring, like breast cancer, and the self-image issues following that can also have adverse consequences,” El-Sayed said. “Breast cancer survivors often require estrogen receptor blockers, which can interfere with sexual function, and cause symptoms of menopause.”
Prostate cancer survivors may face impotence; in fact, 70 percent of survivors have that problem.
Colon cancer has a number of potential side effects as well, El-Sayed said. They can include chronic vitamin deficiency, chronic diarrhea, or requiring a stoma or surgically created colonic opening.
Chemotherapy and radiation can also take its toll on the human body; in fact, cancer is a side effect of radiation because it can trigger DNA mutations. It can also induce diabetes in some patients, as well as deteriorate tooth enamel and cause damage to major organs, including the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs. Cancer survivors who have had surgery to remove tumors may also have issues with their lymphatic systems, El-Sayed said.
Dr. Maurie Markman of the Cancer Treatment Centers of America, added that some patients may have residual side effects from chemotherapy drugs, such as numbness in the fingers and toes.
What’s Next in Cancer After-Care?
Physicians said that the system must evolve as more survivors emerge.
Sam Alstein, D.O., the medical director of Beth Israel Medical Group at Mount Sinai Health System in New York City, said that primary care physicians will have to devote more time and effort to cancer prevention by promoting cancer-reducing treatments and lifestyle changes, along with electronic medical records to improve the screening process.
Survivors and their primary care doctors will have to understand the guidelines for post-cancer care to evaluate how likely it is that the cancer will return, as well as the effects of cancer treatments.
“The cancer screening guidelines themselves need improvement to more accurately diagnosis disease in a way that enhances not only the length of life but also the quality of life with cancer,” Alstein said.
Alstein said cancer care advancements mean that many survivors will meet the criteria for highly individualized treatment regimens.
“Patient-centered care that puts the person with cancer in the middle of their team of specialty and primary care physicians and their support staff is a developing focus for the future of cancer care,” he said.
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How about the tungsten alloy made of tungsten powder
What is tungsten powder?
Tungsten powder is lowered with hydrogen in a four-tube muffle heating system or a multi-tube heating system utilizing tungsten oxide as the raw product. The particle size ranges from 0.6-30 microns. It is mostly separated right into coarse, medium as well as great particles, silver grey powder. The pollutant material is based on the national requirement. It is prepared by hydrogen decrease of tungsten trioxide or ammonium para tungstate. The procedure of preparing tungsten powder by hydrogen reduction is typically divided into two stages: the initial stage is the reduction of tungsten trioxide to tungsten dioxide at 500 ~ 700oC; In the second stage, tungsten dioxide is minimized to tungsten powder at 700 ~ 900oC. The decrease response is typically executed in a tubular electrical heater or a rotating furnace. The performance of the reduced tungsten powder (such as purity, particle dimension, particle dimension make-up, and so on) generally depends upon the decrease procedure. When tungsten powder is minimized in a tubular heater, the main process specifications that influence the decrease price are the reduction temperature level, the quantity of tungsten oxide in the burning watercraft, the burning watercraft moving rate, the flow price of hydrogen and the wetness material in hydrogen. With the boost of the decrease temperature level, the bit size of tungsten powder ends up being rugged.
Properties as well as requirements of tungsten powder
Along with particular demands for the contamination content of tungsten powder, the oxygen material should be controlled within a specific variety. The particle size of commonly made use of tungsten powder is generally 2 ~ 10 of the average Fisher size μ & mu; m. Tungsten powder remains in the form of polygonal fragments. Additionally, the specific surface area, bulk thickness as well as faucet density of tungsten powder additionally vary within a specific array. The homes of tungsten powder directly affect the production of tungsten products as well as the top quality of tungsten powder metallurgy products, particularly in purity and fragment size. Tungsten powder is categorized according to purity, particle size, and also different usages The earliest manufacturing of tungsten powder is to separate hydrogen-reduced tungsten powder right into 3 grades according to chemical purity; Japan has actually developed the industrial criterion of Tungsten Powder and also Tungsten Carbide Powder (JISH2116-1979); Britain, France, the previous Soviet Union as well as other countries all have actually unified national criteria for tungsten powder. In 1982, the Technical Conditions for Hydrogen Decrease of Tungsten Powder (GB3458-82) was created for tungsten powder generated in China. This conventional defines the residential properties and category qualities of tungsten powder. It additionally specifies the examination methods, acceptance guidelines, product packaging, transport and storage space. The maker can test produce it according to user requirements for tungsten powder for unique purposes and army usage.
Use of tungsten powder
Tungsten powder is the main raw material for handling powder metallurgy products and tungsten alloys. Pure tungsten powder can be made right into wire, rod, tube, plate as well as other processing products and products of a particular form. Tungsten powder blended with other steel powders can be made into numerous tungsten alloys, such as tungsten molybdenum alloy, tungsten rhenium alloy, tungsten copper alloy and also high-density tungsten alloy. An additional important application of tungsten powder is to make tungsten carbide powder, which can be used to make concrete carbide tools, such as turning tools, crushing cutters, drills as well as moulds.
Rate of tungsten powder
Tungsten powder particle dimension as well as purity will certainly affect the item'' s cost, and the acquisition quantity can additionally impact the price of tungsten powder. A big quantity of large amount will certainly be reduced. The cost of tungsten powder can be located on our firm'' s official site.
Tungsten powder supplier
Exportjamaica.org Innovation Co. Ltd.
(Exportjamaica.org) Luoyang City, Exportjamaica.org, China, is a reputable as well as premium worldwide chemical material provider and also manufacturer. It has greater than 12 years of experience giving ultra-high quality chemicals and also nanotechnology materials, including tungsten powder, nitride powder, graphite powder, sulfide powder, and also 3D printing powder. If you are searching for premium as well as cost-effective tungsten powder, you rate to contact us
or ask at any time.
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Do the preparation task first. Then read the article and do the exercises.
Hanukkah, or the Festival of Lights, is a Jewish celebration. Its date changes from year to year, but it always takes place either in November or December. It lasts for eight days and is celebrated by Jews around the world.
The most important part of Hanukkah is the lighting of the menorah (a special candleholder used in Jewish ceremonies). For Hanukkah, there is a special menorah with nine candles. Eight of the candles represent the eight days of the festival. The ninth candle is used to light the other eight. On the first day, only one candle is lit, on the second day, two candles, and so on, until all the candles are lit on the last day. The candles are lit at sunset and should burn for at least half an hour. They are usually put at a door or a window so that people can see them from outside.
The history behind the festival
The festival celebrates when a group of Jews won back a temple from the Greeks in the second century BC. They made a new menorah to replace the one that had been broken. But when they went to light it, they could only find one small bowl of the special oil they needed. There was only enough oil to last one night but they knew it would take them eight days to prepare more. They lit the lamps with the oil on that first night, thinking it would burn for just one night. But the oil lasted for another seven nights and this event gave birth to Hanukkah, the Festival of Lights.
Special Hanukkah food
Oil is an important part of the Hanukkah celebrations and all kinds of food made with oil are eaten on the eight days. In central and eastern Europe they make latke, fried potato pancakes, that they eat with apple sauce or sour cream. The favourite treat in Israel is sufganiyot (doughnuts filled with strawberry jam). Other popular festival foods include apple cakes and pretzels (bread made in the shape of a knot).
Celebrating with family and friends
Family and friends are very important during the festival. It's traditional to invite people to your home to have dinner and to play games together. The most traditional game is played with a dreidel, a wooden spinning top with four sides. There are four Hebrew letters on the four sides and, depending on which letter your top lands on, you win or lose. The game is usually played with nuts and dried fruit and sweets.
Lots of families give presents during the festival, especially to children. These are often games that the whole family can play together or books and other small gifts. It is also a tradition to give money to children (Hanukkah gelt) and to encourage them to donate some of their money to good causes.
Is there a similar festival in your country or culture?
no there is no festival in my country like this. I'm from India and here is the most important festival is news years day.
As a Myanmar born Chinese, I celebrate two festivals like Hanukkah in Myanmar. First one is Thadingyut also known as Lighting festival lasts for 4 days. During this festival, people lights up the candles at night (nowadays candles are replaced by the LED light), pay homage to the elders including parents, grandparents and go to the pagodas where they worship and pray. Second one that I celebrate is the Chinese Spring Festival. At the new year eve of moon calendar, we have our dinner together with all the family members and worship and pray. The next day in the morning, we visit to the relative's places and get the red envelopes (money in the red envelopes). These red envelopes are given by the elders to the young like Hanukkah.
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At the time
Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, 125,000 Native Americans
still lived east of the Mississippi River. Cherokee, Choctaw,
Chickasaw, and Creek Indians - 60,000 strong - held millions of
acres in what would become the southern Cotton Kingdom stretching
across Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. The political question
was whether these Indian tribes would be permitted to block white
By 1840, Jackson
and his successor, Martin Van Buren, had answered this question.
All Indians east of the Mississippi had been uprooted from their
homelands and moved westward, with the exception of rebellious
Seminoles in Florida, the Poarch Band of Creek Indians in Alabama,
and small numbers of Indians living on isolated reservations in
Michigan, North Carolina, and New York.
In this exploration,
you will critically examine the assumptions that defined American
Indian policies, why Jackson introduced the Removal Policy, and
the human meaning of removal.
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2010 Grade 9 “WHERE” challenge. THE QUARTZ CLOCK By Wayne Fang (Georgetown District High School). The evolution of the Clock.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
THE QUARTZ CLOCK
By Wayne Fang (Georgetown District High School)
Many centuries ago (around 2000 B.C.), civilization kept track of time using the ancient Sundial. People were able to tell the time from the positioning of the shadow of the dial’s pole. The sundial is believed to be the oldest tool ever used to measure time. My variations of clocks have been invented during the 2nd millennium such as the classical pendulum clock. Since then, instruments of time have evolved and the people of the 21st century prefer to use the more accurate and easier to use Quartz Clock.
When you’re in a class such as history, math, or even science, you always wonder “what time is it?” and look at that constantly rotating quartz clock in the class room. However, have you ever questioned about what non- renewable resources make this great invention and where they come from???
Hi, I’m Timey (pronounced “timmy”). Join my mother and I and we’ll tell you about the non-renewable resources we are made of and where on Earth they come from!
These are just some the parts (but major parts) that we are composed of and need to function properly. We’ll just get into 4 different materials in this presentation.
Circuit Board (Silicon)
Before we begin, let’s clarify and give a basic description of a non-renewable resource.
A non-renewable resource is a resource that once extracted/taken from the earth cannot be naturally created again or has a greater consumption rate than recreation such as oil. Fossil fuels will take millions of years to form naturally.
Coal is a non-renewable resource
We’ll begin with plastic. The plastic gears act as bones for us. They are consistently moving and lead to the movement of our hands which keep track of time. Plastic is made from crude oil and natural gas (Saudi Arabia is the leading producer). Russia, USA, and Canada are also leading producers. Once these are extracted they are shipped to the factory where they are refined and eventually turned into polymers which are melted, cooled, and cut to different shapes.
Now let’s start. We (the quartz clocks) require 4 primary materials. The factory “our mother” must have silicon, aluminum, plastic, and glass to make us.
In 2008, the States produced an average of 8 million barrels a day while they consumed almost 20 million barrels! That’s a whopping 25% of the world’s oil a day!
With plastic gears already created, our mother still needs aluminum for our skin (aluminum frame), hands and backbone (backboard). Did you know that aluminum’s natural state is not a metal? In fact, it is the result of a process that bauxite ore goes through. Bauxite ore is 1/3 alumina and consists of other substances like silica and is mined in Guinea or Australia. It is later shipped to the factory where alumina is extracted (Bayer process) to purify it. It later goes though a electrolysis and heating process to form molten aluminum and is eventually casted.
Even though aluminum is abundant in the earth’s crust (8%) and recyclable, it is still considered non-renewable for it is mined and bauxite ore (as well as other ores) take thousands of years for the Earth to produce while the aluminum from an aluminum can has a limited re-use and only a fraction can be recycled
And now, “Mama Factory” needs the most important part; the quartz crystal. It may sound like a very expensive rock but is actually incredibly cheap. Quartz watches can even be found in cereal boxes! Quartz is used for the crystal oscillator which acts like a heart for us giving off beats every second. They are mined from the Earth’s crust and cut into small and precise slivers at the factory.
Since quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the world, the semi-precious stone can be found practically anywhere and are not a demanding export. However, there still are a few major producers such as Arkansas and Brazil. Even though we have large quantities, Quartz will take many centuries to develop again.
And now “Mama Factory” needs one final part to make us clocks which is the glass cover. Glass is composed of three main ingredients which are silica sand, limestone, and soda ash. These are brought into the factory where they are melted at extreme conditions, fused, shaped and cooled. With a curved a glass cover made, all that’s left to be done to attach it on the clock.
Countries such China, Egypt, and India are the leading mass producers of silica sand but this abundant substance can also be found in many other countries all over the world.
And there you have it! A happy quartz clock running on a small battery that will last for years. Good job Mom! It is made up of a variety of substances from all over the world and keeps track of the most important statistic of history! They may be cheap but don’t break and throw us in the trash. Once non-renewable resources are gone, they’re gone for a long long time!
Thank you to these resources
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Getting enough sleep is important for preschoolers. Sleep supports the brain development and learning that is happening during this stage of growth.
Sleep and learning
Most children are now in an early learning or kindy environment. This may mean they are:
- learning how to be apart from their parents
- learning to socialise with other children
- learning new rules
- taking direction from adults that are not known to them.
A well-rested preschooler will be more likely to manage a new environment with enough energy and concentration to learn and to enjoy these new experiences.
Supporting your child’s transition to sleep
Preschoolers will need support from their parents at the end of the day, to unwind from their busy day, to talk about and process what they have been doing, to refuel with a healthy snack, and to reconnect with their parents through cuddles and attention.
This can be tricky in many families where there are meals to be cooked, chores, homework and bathing to be done, where all in the household are tired and needing to de-stress from the day.
Consistent bed and wake times and calming bedtime routines are key. Limit or avoid screen time and encourage less stimulating play as bed time draws near. Just as with toddlers, this is part of assisting your preschooler to ‘transition’ to bedtime.
Some ideas that can help:
- Give warnings when bedtime is near
- Practise a bedtime ritual that follows a set sequence such as having a bath, putting on pyjamas, brushing teeth and reading a book.
When sleep is difficult
Due to higher levels of stimulation and separation from parents in the day, some preschoolers will experience periods of sleep difficulty. This may be either finding it hard to get to sleep or waking during the night.
‘Switching off’ from their day may prove difficult for some children. They may require some additional support to learn to still their mind and to relax.
If your child is getting out of bed during the night, be calm and consistent with how you support your child to resettle.
Some children will experience nightmares and night terrors at this development stage as their imaginations are further developed and stimulated throughout the day. Reassure and support them. This stage will pass as they grow.
How much sleep does my preschooler need?
Every child is different and there is a big range of what is considered adequate sleep.
On average, most preschoolers need an average of 11 to 14 hours of good quality sleep a day. They will usually be ready for bed between 6.30pm and 7.30pm, depending on your individual household. Some preschoolers may still need an afternoon nap.
Their behaviour will be a safe guide for you. A preschooler with adequate sleep will be happy, active and playful at home and at kindy.
Watch for tired signs, like rubbing eyes or being irritable and emotional.
Remember your child is still learning and growing. They need routine and for you to be reassuring and warm while, at the same time, consistent and firm.
Want to know more?
Raising Children Network – Preschoolers and sleep
Pregnancy, birth and baby – Sleep and your child
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Keeping Track and Displaying Data
Last year, children represented and compared data using tally marks. Begin with this concept to reinforce the idea that each tally mark stands for one piece of data that is collected. The connection between tally marks and summarizing data can then be shown visually.
Prerequisite Skills and Concepts: Children should have basic counting skills and be able to skip-count by fives. Children should be able to make tally marks and interpret data.
Write the months of the year in large letters on the chalkboard.
- Say: Today, we will make a tally chart of the birthdays in our class. It will show the month of each person's birthday. I need a volunteer to record the tally marks.
Choose a volunteer to write one tally mark next to the month that is announced by each student.
- Ask: In which month is your birthday?
Ask each child the same question. As the volunteer records the tallies, children should realize that each student is receiving their own tally mark on the board. This is crucial to understanding that each tally mark represents an individual's birthday.
- Ask: How can we show tally marks so they will be easier to count later?
Have volunteers offer ways to show tallies for easier counting. Lead children to recommend that every fifth tally be a slash through the first four existing tallies. This offers an easy method for skip-counting by fives.
Continue questioning each student until all birthday months are recorded. Allow time for the class to study the tally chart.
- Ask: How many students are present today? Please count the total number of students in class today.
Children should respond with the correct number of students in the class.
- Ask: How many tally marks should be on the board?
Children should realize that the number of tally marks should be the same as the number of students in the class. If the numbers do not match, find and correct the problem.
- Ask: How did you count the tallies?
Children should realize they can skip-count by fives for the tallies with diagonals. Then they can count up by ones for the single tallies left on the board.
- Ask: What conclusions can you draw just by looking at the tally chart on the board?
Allow enough time for all children to draw at least one conclusion. Write each conclusion on the board. Conclusions can include the following:
most popular month for birthdays, least popular month for birthdays, months with no birthdays, comparison of tallies for 2 or more months
Make a copy of the tally chart on the board. You may use it later to demonstrate how to create a bar graph or line plot from existing data.
Keeping Track and
Range and Mode:
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en
| 0.933093 | 569 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Through a well-organized government a state can function effectively by exercising both social control and allocating power to institutions that function for the well being of society.The constitution embodies principles that serve as a mean to govern its nation.These are regulatory bodies of society that are driven by the constitution and that up to almost the end of the republic had succeeded in maintaining order.
As a whole the constitution allowed the existence of an organized government, from which the state benefited, because they were able to concentrate on their foreign policy.Three important aspects of the constitution are the consuls, the senate, and the people of Rome.In theory these three elements are equal between themselves, but in practice some are disadvantaged more than their counterparts.The people as a unit were disadvantage, and less politically involved; a flaw that will later mark the end of the Roman republic.Thefirst part of this essay will be looking at the important roles and functions of each element, and later, how they work for, or against each other. The important aspect of the constitution is the role and responsibilities of the people.In theory the people were the ones who were suppose to have the right to award both honors and punishments.When there were crimes committed that were punishable by fine, the people had the option to try the cases in courts.
For more serious crimes, especially if the accused had held a high position in office and was risking being sentenced, they were allowed to voluntarily take exile upon themselves. The people awarded honor by bestowing office upon those who they thought deserved it.They were the ones who controlled the law courts, through the electoral system.
The electoral system is very important because it brings together the state and the general society. The state can interpret the wishes of the people, find a middle ground and transla…
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| 0.981794 | 362 | 4 | 4 |
RPG and language learning
What is a Role Playing Game (RPG)?
- RPG is a community based entertainment created in the USA in the 1980’s.
- The players role-play character they choose.
- One player (the Game Master) does not role-play a single character instead, they describe the environment and role-play all other characters in the story.
- A story is created in the conversation between all the players and the Game Master.
Tell Me is the first language school that created a learning system based on Role-Playing Games. Role-Play has been part of ELT for years, but the scenes are random unfocused and rare in a traditional class. Role-Playing in a RPG focused class is more efficient because the students are genuinely interested in the story and wish to see it progress. The narration involves emotions, motivates to speak, improves vocabulary and grammar.
Our RPG courses:
RPE (Role-Playing English)
RPE courses combine the best elements of a RPG session and a traditional language course. Each lesson is carefully planned to inspire the use of a particular group of structures and vocabulary. The lessons follow the pattern of a Role-Playing Game, but the students are slightly more controlled than in the RPG in English course.
RPG in English course
RPG in English is a wholly communicative speaking focused course. Our teacher play RPG with our students using English language materials. Tell Me Storytellers are experienced Game Masters and Teachers carefully crafting the game to the student’s needs. The game we mostly use is called: “Dungeons and Dragons” .
RPE and RPG in English courses are available to any students of A2- (pre-intermediate) level or higher. A level test is required. During the test the students language proficiency as much as communicativeness and team work skills are assessed.
Both RPE and RPG courses are held for:
- (from 18 to 100!)
- professionals in companies
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| 0.945716 | 424 | 3.3125 | 3 |
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