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Sports
| 5 |
[
{
"section_header": "Education and family",
"text": "Bunning was born in Southgate, Kentucky, the son of Gladys (née Best) and Louis Aloysius Bunning."
}
] |
XEykHwukx1D2cbCiQzAn
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Jim Bunning Foundation",
"text": "At the time of Bunning's death, Tony Clark, then serving as MLBPA's executive director, praised Bunning's union activities: \"Recognizing the need to ensure that all players receive fair representation in their dealings with major league club owners, Jim, along with a number of his peers, helped pave the way for generations of players.\" On December 18, 2008, the Lexington Herald Leader reported that Sen. Bunning's non-profit foundation, the Jim Bunning Foundation, has given less than 25 percent of its proceeds to charity."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "After retiring from baseball, Bunning returned to his native northern Kentucky and was elected to the Fort Thomas city council, then the Kentucky Senate, in which he served as minority leader."
},
{
"section_header": "Jim Bunning Foundation",
"text": "Bunning Foundation board members include his wife Mary, and Cincinnati tire dealer Bob Sumerel."
},
{
"section_header": "Jim Bunning Foundation",
"text": "In 2008, records indicate that Bunning attended 10 baseball shows around the country and signed autographs, generating $61,631 in income for the charity."
},
{
"section_header": "Jim Bunning Foundation",
"text": "The charity has taken in $504,000 since 1996, according to Senate and tax records; during that period, Senator Bunning was paid $180,000 in salary by the foundation while working a reported one hour per week."
},
{
"section_header": "Education and family",
"text": "Jim and Mary Catherine also have 35 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren, as of 2013."
},
{
"section_header": "Political career | First Senate term",
"text": "He was ranked by National Journal as the second-most conservative United States Senator in their March 2007 conservative/liberal rankings, after Sen. Jim DeMint (R-SC).."
},
{
"section_header": "Political career | Aborted 2010 re-election campaign",
"text": "\"He (Bunning) told Trey to do this\", one senior congressional official said of Bunning."
},
{
"section_header": "Education and family",
"text": "Bunning was born in Southgate, Kentucky, the son of Gladys (née Best) and Louis Aloysius Bunning."
},
{
"section_header": "Political career | First Senate term",
"text": "Among the bills that Bunning sponsored is the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004."
}
] |
Jim Bunning was a native of Nebraska.
| 2 | 5 |
Jim Bunning
|
History
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman."
}
] |
XG6XVXqZTo2ehiMFUmxD
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "The Frankish realm was divided according to the Salic law between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I."
},
{
"section_header": "Expansion of the Frankish realm",
"text": "Waiofar escaped but was assassinated by his own frustrated followers in 768."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Historical opinion often seems to regard him as the lesser son and lesser father of two greater men, though a great man in his own right."
},
{
"section_header": "Assumption of power",
"text": "He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria."
},
{
"section_header": "Assumption of power",
"text": "Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was besieged in Laon, forced to surrender and imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Pepin the Short (German: Pippin der Jüngere, French: Pépin le Bref, c. 714 – 24 September 768) was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy and Provence, while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia and Thuringia."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "His rule, while not as great as either his father's or son's, was historically important and of great benefit to the Franks as a people."
},
{
"section_header": "Expansion of the Frankish realm",
"text": "Aquitaine still remained under Waiofar's Gascon-Aquitanian rule, however, and beyond Frankish reach."
}
] |
Two of Pepin the Short's sons ruled following his death.
| 2 | 2 |
Pepin the Short
|
Sports
| 1 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909."
}
] |
XGiOTH8pEyz7LZBTWi6P
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "While with Cleveland, Lajoie's popularity led to locals electing to change the club's team name from Bronchos to Napoleons (\"Naps\" for short), which remained until after Lajoie departed Cleveland and the name was changed to Indians (the team's present-day name)."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Cleveland Bronchos/Naps",
"text": "Lajoie was partly blamed for the Naps' second-place finish."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Cleveland Bronchos/Naps",
"text": "Stovall, the former Naps first baseman, replaced McGuire as the club's manager and the Naps finished 80–73."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "During several of those years with the Naps"
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Cleveland Bronchos/Naps",
"text": "Lajoie's dissatisfaction with the Naps' play worsened."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Cleveland Bronchos/Naps",
"text": "Naps owner Charles Somers received a trade offer from the Detroit Tigers for the Naps' Elmer Flick and Tigers' Ty Cobb."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Philadelphia Phillies and Athletics",
"text": "Nap Lajoie clearly represented a financial asset to Marston, who did not give him away."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Cleveland Bronchos/Naps",
"text": "He was more than that—hell, the team was actually called the \"Naps\" in his honor, as if Lajoie was the team."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Cleveland Bronchos/Naps",
"text": "Lajoie recorded the hit off Yankees pitcher Marty McHale in a 5–3 Naps win."
}
] |
Nap Lajoie was in charge of the Napoleons (Naps) from 1897-1909.
| 0 | 2 |
Nap Lajoie
|
Science
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds."
}
] |
XHVRVfT5o0Ib6Hm5fMmY
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Priestley, however, called oxygen \"dephlogisticated air\", and did not recognize it as a chemical element."
},
{
"section_header": "Characteristics | Occurrence",
"text": "Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium."
},
{
"section_header": "Characteristics | Occurrence",
"text": "Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land."
},
{
"section_header": "Compounds | Oxides and other inorganic compounds",
"text": "Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds."
},
{
"section_header": "Characteristics | Physical properties",
"text": "Oxygen is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials."
},
{
"section_header": "Safety and precautions | Combustion and other hazards",
"text": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms."
}
] |
The chemical element Oxygen is highly inert.
| 0 | 0 |
Oxygen
|
Literature
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Their Eyes Were Watching God is a 1937 novel by American writer Zora Neale Hurston."
}
] |
XI87U6ojDieF2fGsofe4
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Reception | Initial reception",
"text": "Carter G. Woodson, founder of The Journal of Negro History wrote, \"Their Eyes Were Watching God is a gripping story... the author deserves great praise for the skill and effectiveness shown in the writing of this book."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Initial reception",
"text": "Hurston's political views in Their Eyes Were Watching God were met with resistance from several leading Harlem Renaissance authors."
},
{
"section_header": "Themes | Masculinity and femininity | Janie Crawford",
"text": "Janie Crawford is the main character of Their Eyes Were Watching God."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations for theater, film and radio",
"text": "It Around, To Show My Shine, which is based on Their Eyes Were Watching God."
},
{
"section_header": "Critical analysis",
"text": "In \"The Hierarchy Itself: Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and the Sacrifice of Narrative Authority,\" Ryan Simmons argues that Hurston made a statement against models of authority that supplant an oppressive system with other oppressive systems and offered an alternative."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Rediscovery",
"text": "The 1977 biography was followed in 1978 by the re-issue of Their Eyes Were Watching God."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Their Eyes Were Watching God is a 1937 novel by American writer Zora Neale Hurston."
},
{
"section_header": "Inspirations and influences",
"text": "Hurston wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God three weeks after the tumultuous conclusion of her relationship with Punter."
},
{
"section_header": "Themes | Masculinity and femininity",
"text": "Scholars argue that, in Their Eyes Were Watching God, the role of masculinity is portrayed through the subordination and objectification of women."
},
{
"section_header": "Inspirations and influences",
"text": "Perhaps the strongest inspiration for Hurston's writing of Their Eyes Were Watching God was her former lover Percival Punter."
}
] |
The author of the book, Their Eyes Were Watching God is French.
| 4 | 6 |
Their Eyes Were Watching God
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He flew 50 missions in the Pacific Theater of World War II as a civilian consultant, but did not take up arms against Germany, and Roosevelt refused to reinstate his Air Corps colonel's commission."
}
] |
XISxrngR5qcpXsX8dGj8
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "World War II",
"text": "He also flew with VMF-216, from the Marine Air Base at Torokina, Bougainville."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life",
"text": "After World War II, Lindbergh lived in Darien, Connecticut, and served as a consultant to the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force and to Pan American World Airways."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He supported the anti-war America First Committee and resigned his commission in the U.S. Army Air Forces in April 1941 after President Franklin Roosevelt publicly rebuked him for his views."
},
{
"section_header": "Pre-war activities and politics | Attitudes toward race",
"text": "In a famous comment about Lindbergh to Detroit's former FBI field office special agent in charge in July 1940, Ford said: \"When Charles comes out here, we only talk about the Jews."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr.",
"text": "The case was widely called \"The Crime of the Century\" and was described by H. L. Mencken as \"the biggest story since the Resurrection\"."
},
{
"section_header": "World War II",
"text": "On May 21, 1944, Lindbergh flew his first combat mission: a strafing run with VMF-222 near the Japanese garrison of Rabaul."
},
{
"section_header": "Pre-war activities and politics | Non-interventionism and America First involvement",
"text": "He urgently recommended that they strengthen their air power to force Hitler to redirect his aggression against \"Asiatic Communism\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In March 1932, Lindbergh's infant son, Charles Jr., was kidnapped and murdered in what the American media called the \"Crime of the Century\"."
},
{
"section_header": "World War II",
"text": "P-38 pilot Warren Lewis quoted Lindbergh's fuel saving settings, \"He said, '... we can cut the RPM down to 1400RPMs and use 30 inches of mercury (manifold pressure), and save 50 - 100 gallons of fuel on a mission.'\" The U.S. Marine and Army Air Force pilots who served with Lindbergh praised his courage and defended his patriotism."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He flew 50 missions in the Pacific Theater of World War II as a civilian consultant, but did not take up arms against Germany, and Roosevelt refused to reinstate his Air Corps colonel's commission."
}
] |
Charles Lindbergh was involved with a famous crime, had anti-semetic views and flew for the Air Force in World War ll.
| 3 | 4 |
Charles Lindbergh
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Later life and legacy",
"text": "After retiring, he owned and operated a bar in Kensington, Philadelphia until 1947."
}
] |
XIaVunALBlMX0PB6dnWy
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "MLB career | Later career",
"text": "On November 21, 1933 Klein was traded to the Cubs for $65,000 (equivalent to $1,283,792 in 2019) and three other players, Klein did not perform as well in Chicago as he did when he was with the Phillies."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life and legacy",
"text": "After retiring, he owned and operated a bar in Kensington, Philadelphia until 1947."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life and legacy",
"text": "He was then traded to the Chicago Cubs, and when he returned to the Phillies in 1936, he wore 32 (later retired by the Phillies for Steve Carlton), and soon switched to 36 (later retired by the Phillies for Robin Roberts) for that season and 1937."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Charles Herbert Klein (October 7, 1904 – March 28, 1958), nicknamed the \"Hoosier Hammer\", was an American professional baseball outfielder."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Klein played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1928–1933, 1936–1939, 1940–1944), Chicago Cubs (1934–1936), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1939)."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He was the first player to be selected to the All-Star Game as a member of two different teams (Phillies and Cubs)."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life and legacy",
"text": "In 1999, he ranked number 92 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Klein was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life and legacy",
"text": "In 1938, he wore number 1 (later retired by the Phillies for Richie Ashburn), wore 26"
},
{
"section_header": "Later life and legacy",
"text": "Richard Nixon put Klein on his all time baseball team, the campaigning worked, and Klein was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980 via the Veterans Committee."
}
] |
American baseball player Chuck Klein retired after he didn't do as well with the Cubs as he had with the Phillies and opened a bar.
| 0 | 0 |
Chuck Klein
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Minnesota Twins | 1961–1965",
"text": "During a game against the Orioles, Twins third baseman Rich Rollins made a poor throw to first and while trying to save the play, Killebrew collided with the runner and dislocated his elbow, putting him out of action until mid-September."
}
] |
XIh4R3en5sRvUHfP5WZZ
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Legacy",
"text": "The only player to hit one completely out of the Orioles' stadium was Frank Robinson in 1966; his blast was reported as about 451 feet (137 m), or about 20 feet (6 m) less than Killebrew's."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Legacy",
"text": "He was one of the few players who would go out of his way to compliment umpires on a good job, even if their calls went against him."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Legacy",
"text": "I hit it out. It was one of the longest home runs I ever hit."
},
{
"section_header": "Post-career",
"text": "Killebrew was involved in a Boise, Idaho insurance and securities business."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "Harmon will long be remembered as one of the most prolific home run hitters in the history of the game and the leader of a group of players who helped lay the foundation for the long-term success of the Twins franchise and Major League Baseball in the Upper Midwest."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Legacy",
"text": "Reggie Jackson once said, \"If Harmon Killebrew isn't the league's best player, I've never seen one.\" The street along the south side of the Mall of America, the former site of Metropolitan Stadium, in Bloomington, Minnesota was named \"Killebrew Drive\" in his honor."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "According to family legend, Harmon Killebrew's grandfather was the strongest man in the Union Army, winning every available heavyweight wrestling championship."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Washington Senators",
"text": "Killebrew's arrival and home runs did little to improve the Senators' record, as they finished in the second division of the American League every year he played for Washington, including four years in last place."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Legacy",
"text": "That event is commemorated at the Mall of America in Bloomington, which includes a plaque marking home plate, and one red-painted seat from the Met which was placed at the location and elevation of the landing spot of the home run."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Minnesota Twins | 1961–1965",
"text": "Not all his stats were positive; Killebrew's batting average dropped from .288 in 1961 to .243 and he struck out a career-worst 142 times, leading the AL.Killebrew's efforts were rewarded in 1963 when he agreed to a contract for about $40,000 ($334,043 today)."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Minnesota Twins | 1961–1965",
"text": "During a game against the Orioles, Twins third baseman Rich Rollins made a poor throw to first and while trying to save the play, Killebrew collided with the runner and dislocated his elbow, putting him out of action until mid-September."
}
] |
One of Harmon Killebrew's injuries involved a collision with a player and popping a bone out of place.
| 0 | 0 |
Harmon Killebrew
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime."
}
] |
XJ0NF8NaNHzMLqZIbYam
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Background and title",
"text": "The most fateful date in literature was a late amendment."
},
{
"section_header": "Cultural impact",
"text": "In September 2009, the English progressive rock band Muse released The Resistance, which included songs influenced by Nineteen Eighty-Four."
},
{
"section_header": "Cultural impact",
"text": "In 1970, the American rock group Spirit released the song \"1984\" based on Orwell's novel."
},
{
"section_header": "Cultural impact",
"text": "In 1974, David Bowie released the album Diamond Dogs."
},
{
"section_header": "Cultural impact",
"text": "In 1977, the British rock band The Jam released the album"
},
{
"section_header": "Plot",
"text": "Winston is released back into public life and continues to frequent the Chestnut Tree Café."
},
{
"section_header": "Cultural impact",
"text": "It is thought to be loosely based on the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Novel, often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel by English novelist George Orwell."
},
{
"section_header": "Critical reception",
"text": "On 5 November 2019, the BBC listed Nineteen Eighty-Four on its list of the 100 most influential novels."
},
{
"section_header": "Brave New World comparisons",
"text": "In the decades since the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, there have been numerous comparisons to Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World, which had been published 17 years earlier, in 1932."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime."
}
] |
Nineteen Eighty-Four is a Novel released in the late 40's.
| 0 | 0 |
Nineteen Eighty-Four
|
Technology
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "History | 2002 to 2006",
"text": "In 2003, the company added patio and garden goods suppliers, three online stores, and more than a dozen employees, and relocated the headquarters into an office on Newbury Street, in Boston."
}
] |
XK3azahypeEHXd5dyPqk
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Wayfair Inc. is an American e-commerce company that sells furniture and home-goods."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2011 to 2019",
"text": "In August 2012, Wayfair launched Wayfair Supply, a single destination for Wayfair's business, government, and institutional customers."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2002 to 2006",
"text": "Originally known as CSN Stores (the name is derived from a mix of Shah and Conine's initials), the company began with the website racksandstands.com, selling media stands and storage furniture."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2007 to 2010",
"text": "In 2008, CSN Stores began shipping to Canada and selling in the United Kingdom, and opened an office in London."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2011 to 2019",
"text": "Wayfair, as a company name, has no real meaning; it was chosen by a brand firm."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2011 to 2019 | Employee walk-out",
"text": "We only hire (those candidates) who have these two sets; both kinds of traits for success.\" Later, when asked about Shah's comments in the article, Wayfair said in a statement that Shah's quote was \"misinterpreted and inaccurately positioned in this story.\" On June 25, 2019, Wayfair employees announced plans to walk out in protest of a BCFS contract to sell beds to temporary migrant detention camps in a letter to senior management, including Niraj Shah and Steve Conine."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2011 to 2019",
"text": "In an effort to scale, to direct traffic to a single site, and to unify the aesthetic of the company, Shah and Conine rebranded CSN Stores as Wayfair."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The online company is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, Wayfair has offices and warehouses throughout the United States as well as in Canada, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2002 to 2006",
"text": "Entrepreneurs Niraj Shah and Steve Conine founded Wayfair in August 2002, as a two-person company with a makeshift headquarters in Conine's nursery, in Boston, Massachusetts."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2011 to 2019 | Choosing a name",
"text": "The company name of Wayfair was chosen by a marketing agency hired by Shah and Conine and was not based upon an aspiration, vision or a story, and is not even a word, but a combination of two words that tested well with focus groups."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2002 to 2006",
"text": "In 2003, the company added patio and garden goods suppliers, three online stores, and more than a dozen employees, and relocated the headquarters into an office on Newbury Street, in Boston."
}
] |
American company Wayfair sells outdoor supplies.
| 0 | 0 |
Wayfair
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years' War, unfolding the structural problems of bastard feudalism, combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of King Henry VI which revived interest in the House of York's claim to the throne by Richard of York."
}
] |
XKA9jcFE7DLWboBNzcPT
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, represented by a red rose, and the House of York, represented by a white rose."
},
{
"section_header": "Name and symbols",
"text": "The name \"Wars of the Roses\" refers to the heraldic badges associated with two rival branches of the same royal house, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster."
},
{
"section_header": "Early stages | Start of the war",
"text": "The relatively small First Battle of St Albans was the first open conflict of the civil war."
},
{
"section_header": "Origins of the conflict | Disputed succession | House of York",
"text": "G.M. Trevelyan has written that \"the Wars of the Roses were to a large extent a quarrel between Welsh Marcher Lords, who were also great English nobles, closely related to the English throne.\" Anne de Mortimer had died in 1411."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years' War, unfolding the structural problems of bastard feudalism, combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of King Henry VI which revived interest in the House of York's claim to the throne by Richard of York."
},
{
"section_header": "Armies and warfare",
"text": "Following defeat in the Hundred Years' War, English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings; this is often considered a contributory cause of the Wars of the Roses."
},
{
"section_header": "Early stages | Start of the war",
"text": "The Archbishop negotiated complex settlements to resolve the blood-feuds that had persisted since the Battle of St. Albans."
},
{
"section_header": "Origins of the conflict | Henry VI",
"text": "This growing civil discontent, the abundance of feuding nobles with private armies, and corruption in Henry VI's court formed a political climate ripe for civil war."
},
{
"section_header": "Aftermath",
"text": "Historians debate the extent of impact the wars had on medieval English life."
},
{
"section_header": "Origins of the conflict | Henry VI",
"text": "Some authorities date the start of the War of the Roses from the death of Humphrey."
}
] |
The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars between two Royal enemies wanting power in hope of resolving social and money problems.
| 0 | 0 |
Wars of the Roses
|
NOCAT
| 1 |
[
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Capital punishment and life imprisonment",
"text": "During his Urbi et Orbi address in St. Peter's Square, he said \"I wish to express my heartfelt closeness to the Christian community of Sri Lanka, wounded as it was gathered in prayer, and to all the victims of such cruel violence.\" In 2014, Pope Francis proposed the abolition of both capital punishment and life imprisonment in a meeting with representatives of the International Association of Penal Law, suggesting that states should find another way to protect people from aggression, and includes deaths caused by police brutality and extrajudicial punishment."
}
] |
XL7OBQSJQkXrP3xThdMX
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Controversies | International policy | Venezuelan crisis",
"text": "Pope Francis has sought peace in the crisis without picking a side."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Capital punishment and life imprisonment",
"text": "He also stated that life imprisonment, recently removed from the Vatican penal code, was just a variation of the death penalty."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Attitudes about non-believers",
"text": "In September 2013, Francis wrote a letter to Italian journalist Eugenio Scalfari, saying non-believers would be forgiven by God if they followed their consciences."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Attitudes about non-believers",
"text": "Responding to a list of questions published in his newspaper by Scalfari, who is not a Catholic, Francis wrote: \"you ask if the God of Christians forgives those who do not believe and who do not seek faith."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Capital punishment and life imprisonment",
"text": "During his Urbi et Orbi address in St. Peter's Square, he said \"I wish to express my heartfelt closeness to the Christian community of Sri Lanka, wounded as it was gathered in prayer, and to all the victims of such cruel violence.\" In 2014, Pope Francis proposed the abolition of both capital punishment and life imprisonment in a meeting with representatives of the International Association of Penal Law, suggesting that states should find another way to protect people from aggression, and includes deaths caused by police brutality and extrajudicial punishment."
},
{
"section_header": "Controversies | International policy | Pontifical knighthood for abortion rights activist",
"text": "Ploumen, who has been involved in promoting legislation supporting the legalization of abortion, stated that she believed the honor was given to her in the context of the Dutch state visit to the Vatican in June 2017 in her capacity as Minister of Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Abortion",
"text": "He has however expressed in strong terms his opposition to both the practice and legality of abortion."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Attitudes about non-believers",
"text": "Speaking to journalists and media employees on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis said he would bless everyone silently, \"given that many of you do not belong to the Catholic Church, and others are not believers.\" In his papal address on 20 March, he said the \"attempt to eliminate God and the Divine from the horizon of humanity\" resulted in violence, but described as well his feelings about nonbelievers: \"[W]e also sense our closeness to all those men and women who, although not identifying themselves as followers of any religious tradition, are nonetheless searching for truth, goodness and beauty, the truth, goodness and beauty of God."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Poverty",
"text": "Rohit Arora is concerned that Francis has not come up with any specific way to solve income inequality and believes if the pope is serious he should do so."
},
{
"section_header": "Teachings | Liberation theology",
"text": "As provincial superior of the Jesuits in Argentina in the 1980s, Bergoglio was critical of Jesuits who took to violence in opposing the government, but he succeeded in saving two of them from execution."
}
] |
Pope Francis believed in legal execution and imprisonment without parole.
| 0 | 1 |
Pope Francis
|
Literature
| 3 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is the final book of her \"prairie trilogy\" of novels, preceded by O Pioneers!"
}
] |
XLQGVbOA3AkDJCBdnag2
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "My Ántonia ( AN-tə-nee-ə) is a novel published in 1918 by American writer Willa Cather, considered one of her best works."
},
{
"section_header": "Allusions to the novel",
"text": "\"In Barbara Kingsolver's 2018 novel Unsheltered, a main character is named Willa, after Willa Cather."
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography | Articles",
"text": "3–25 Tellefsen, Blythe (1999) \"Blood in the Wheat: Willa Cather's My Antonia\" Studies in American Fiction 27(2): pp. 229–244"
},
{
"section_header": "Allusions to the novel",
"text": "It is the first novel he ever read, and he expects Iowa to have the same grass \"the color of wine stains\" that Cather describes of Nebraska."
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography | Articles",
"text": "Urgo, Joseph (1997) \"Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration\" College English 59(2): pp. 206–217"
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography | Articles",
"text": "676–690 Millington, Richard H. (1994) \"Willa Cather and \"The Storyteller\": Hostility to the Novel in My Ántonia"
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Both the pioneers who first break the prairie sod for farming, as well as of the harsh but fertile land itself, feature in this American novel."
},
{
"section_header": "Allusions to the novel",
"text": "In Anton Shammas' 1986 novel Arabesques, the autobiographical character of Anton reads My Ántonia on the plane to a writers' workshop in Iowa."
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography | Books",
"text": "Lindemann, Marilee (editor) (2005) The Cambridge Companion to Willa Cather Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, ISBN 0"
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography | Books",
"text": "-8057-7986-8 O'Brien, Sharon (1987) Willa Cather: The Emerging Voice Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, ISBN 0"
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is the final book of her \"prairie trilogy\" of novels, preceded by O Pioneers!"
}
] |
My Antonia is the first book of series of novel by American writer Willa Cather.
| 0 | 3 |
My Antonia
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Leo Durocher was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, on July 27, 1905, the youngest of four sons born to French Canadian parents."
}
] |
XLVczLiJOE2nPEqv8L1G
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Bibliography",
"text": "Nice Guys Finish Last, by Leo Durocher with Ed Linn."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Leo Ernest Durocher (; July 27, 1905 – October 7, 1991), nicknamed Leo the Lip and Lippy, was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach."
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography",
"text": "Dickson, Paul: Leo Durocher: Baseball's Prodigal Son (2017) Bloomsbury USA"
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Leo Durocher was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, on July 27, 1905, the youngest of four sons born to French Canadian parents."
},
{
"section_header": "Retirement",
"text": "Leo Durocher died in 1991 in Palm Springs, California, at the age of 86, and is buried in Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles."
}
] |
Leo was the eldest of his siblings.
| 0 | 0 |
Leo Durocher
|
Music
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Biography | Final illness and death",
"text": "Given his reported symptoms, one modern view is that he died from syphilis, which he could have contracted during his student days, and which could have remained latent during most of his marriage."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | Final illness and death",
"text": "According to studies by the musicologist and literary scholar Eric Sams, Schumann's symptoms during his terminal illness and death appear consistent with those of mercury poisoning; mercury was a common treatment for syphilis and other conditions."
}
] |
XLqnrnAPSOomM6aocRRy
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Biography | 1830–34 | Papillons",
"text": "Schumann's mother said to Clara, \"You must marry my Robert one day.\" The Symphony in G minor was not published during Schumann's lifetime but has been played and recorded in recent times."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | Early life",
"text": "Schumann's interest in music was sparked by attending a performance of Ignaz Moscheles playing at Karlsbad, and he later developed an interest in the works of Beethoven, Schubert, and Mendelssohn."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | Early life",
"text": "His most powerful and permanent literary inspiration was Jean Paul, a German writer whose influence is seen in Schumann's youthful novels Juniusabende, completed in 1826, and Selene."
},
{
"section_header": "Compositions",
"text": "List of compositions by Robert Schumann"
},
{
"section_header": "Compositions",
"text": "Category :Compositions by Robert Schumann"
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Clara and Robert also maintained a close relationship with German composer Johannes Brahms."
},
{
"section_header": "Media portrayals",
"text": "Seinfeld : Robert Schumann is mentioned in a 1991 episode of Seinfeld \"The Jacket\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | Final illness and death",
"text": "Schumann heard a persistent A-note at the end of his life."
},
{
"section_header": "Media portrayals",
"text": "Robert was played by Herbert Grönemeyer, Clara by Nastassja Kinski, and Clara's father by Rolf Hoppe."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | 1830–34 | Papillons",
"text": "Raro may represent either the composer himself, Wieck's daughter Clara, or the combination of the two (Clara + Robert)."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | Final illness and death",
"text": "Given his reported symptoms, one modern view is that he died from syphilis, which he could have contracted during his student days, and which could have remained latent during most of his marriage."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | Final illness and death",
"text": "According to studies by the musicologist and literary scholar Eric Sams, Schumann's symptoms during his terminal illness and death appear consistent with those of mercury poisoning; mercury was a common treatment for syphilis and other conditions."
}
] |
Robert Schumann's life was extinguished by complications of cancer.
| 0 | 0 |
Robert Schumann
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early years and personal life | Family and personal life",
"text": "Demosthenes was orphaned at the age of seven."
}
] |
XM4vNLOp3A3oqcA6Faoi
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Demosthenes grew interested in politics during his time as a logographer, and in 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches."
},
{
"section_header": "Early years and personal life | Family and personal life",
"text": "In another speech, Aeschines brings up the pederastic relation of his opponent with a boy called Cnosion."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Confrontation with Philip II | First Philippic and the Olynthiacs (351–349 BC)",
"text": "Demosthenes saw the King of Macedon as a menace to the autonomy of all Greek cities and yet he presented him as a monster of Athens's own creation; in the First Philippic he reprimanded his fellow citizens as follows: \"Even if something happens to him, you will soon raise up a second Philip [...]"
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Last political initiatives and death | Case of Harpalus and death",
"text": "But, O gracious Neptune, I, for my part, while I am yet alive, arise up and depart out of this sacred place; though Antipater and the Macedonians have not left so much as the temple unpolluted.\" After saying these words, he passed by the altar, fell down and died."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Confrontation with Philip II | First Philippic and the Olynthiacs (351–349 BC)",
"text": "Among other things, the plan called for the creation of a rapid-response force, to be created cheaply with each ὁπλῑ́της (hoplī́tēs) to be paid only ten drachmas per month (two obols per day), which was less than the average pay for unskilled labourers in Athens—implying that the hoplite was expected to make up the deficiency in pay by looting."
},
{
"section_header": "Early years and personal life | Family and personal life",
"text": "Demosthenes was orphaned at the age of seven."
},
{
"section_header": "Early years and personal life | Education",
"text": "Demosthenes is also said to have admired the historian Thucydides."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Confrontation with Philip II | Peace of Philocrates (347–345 BC)",
"text": "Demosthenes was among those who favoured compromise."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Confrontation with Philip II | Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)",
"text": "Demosthenes fought as a mere hoplite."
},
{
"section_header": "Early years and personal life | Family and personal life",
"text": "Nevertheless, the story of Demosthenes' relations with Aristarchus is still regarded as more than doubtful, and no other pupil of Demosthenes is known by name."
}
] |
Demosthenes grew up with his parents.
| 0 | 0 |
Demosthenes
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro)."
}
] |
XMbz8Krut1VTWkgEw7bE
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Bismarck as host",
"text": "The ambassadors from the small Balkan territories whose fate was being decided were barely even allowed to attend the diplomatic meetings, which were between mainly the representatives of the great powers."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro)."
},
{
"section_header": "Treaty of San Stefano",
"text": "The meetings were held at Bismarck's Reich Chancellery, the former Radziwill Palace, from 13 June to 13 July 1878."
},
{
"section_header": "Great powers in Balkans",
"text": "Ottoman brutality in the Serbian–Ottoman War and the violent suppression of the Herzegovina Uprising fomented political pressure within Russia, which saw itself as the protector of the Serbs, to act against the Ottoman Empire."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "The creation of a Bulgarian exarch by the Ottomans in 1870 had been intended to separate the Bulgarians religiously from the Greek patriarch and politically from Serbia."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "Though the views of how Balkan politics should proceed differed, both began with the deposition of the sultan as ruler of the Balkans and the ousting of the Ottomans from Europe."
},
{
"section_header": "Great powers in Balkans",
"text": "The Congress of Berlin was thus mainly a dispute among supposed allies of Bismarck and his German Empire, the arbiter of the discussion, would thus have to choose before the end of the congress which of their allies to support."
},
{
"section_header": "References and further reading",
"text": "Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–78 (1979) Seton-Watson, R.W. Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern question: a study in diplomacy and party politics (1935) pp"
},
{
"section_header": "Great powers in Balkans",
"text": "Germany, as the most powerful continental nation since the 1871 Franco-Prussian War had little direct interest in the settlement and so was the only power that could mediate the Balkan question credibly."
},
{
"section_header": "Great powers in Balkans",
"text": "act: The Berlin Congress in effect postponed resolution of the Bosnian question and left Bosnia and Herzegovina under Habsburg control."
}
] |
The Congress was a meeting to display power politics.
| 0 | 0 |
Congress of Berlin
|
Science
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics, celestial mechanics, geodesy, and many others."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths."
}
] |
XMc4LdtuwFHnZeYZbeVk
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "In calculus | Definitions using functional equations",
"text": "One can also define the trigonometric functions using various functional equations."
},
{
"section_header": "Basic identities",
"text": "Many identities interrelate the trigonometric functions."
},
{
"section_header": "Applications | Periodic functions",
"text": "Trigonometric functions also prove to be useful in the study of general periodic functions."
},
{
"section_header": "In calculus | Relationship to exponential function (Euler's formula)",
"text": "Most trigonometric identities can be proved by expressing trigonometric functions in terms of the complex exponential function by using above formulas, and then using the identity e a + b = e"
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The most widely used trigonometric functions are the sine, the cosine, and the tangent."
},
{
"section_header": "Basic identities",
"text": "One can also use Euler's identity for expressing all trigonometric functions in terms of complex exponentials and using properties of the exponential function."
},
{
"section_header": "Radians versus degrees",
"text": "When using trigonometric function in calculus, their argument is generally not an angle, but rather a real number."
},
{
"section_header": "Radians versus degrees",
"text": "A great advantage of radians is that many formulas are much simpler when using them, typically all formulas relative to derivatives and integrals."
},
{
"section_header": "Applications | Periodic functions",
"text": "The sine and the cosine functions, for example, are used to describe simple harmonic motion, which models many natural phenomena, such as the movement of a mass attached to a spring and, for small angles, the pendular motion of a mass hanging by a string."
},
{
"section_header": "Inverse functions",
"text": "However, on each interval on which a trigonometric function is monotonic, one can define an inverse function, and this defines inverse trigonometric functions as multivalued functions."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics, celestial mechanics, geodesy, and many others."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths."
}
] |
Trigonometric functions are used in many fields.
| 0 | 0 |
Cosine
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Commemorations",
"text": "Under the heading \"St. Peter's Fields: The Peterloo Massacre\", the new plaque read: On 16th August 1819 a peaceful rally of 60,000 pro-democracy reformers, men, women and children, was attacked by armed cavalry resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 there was an acute economic slump, accompanied by chronic unemployment and harvest failure, and exacerbated by the Corn Laws, which kept the price of bread high."
}
] |
XMfltdYxkiSmUKHY5GC3
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "On this day, cavalry charged into a crowd of around 60,000 people who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation."
},
{
"section_header": "Commemorations",
"text": "Under the heading \"St. Peter's Fields: The Peterloo Massacre\", the new plaque read: On 16th August 1819 a peaceful rally of 60,000 pro-democracy reformers, men, women and children, was attacked by armed cavalry resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In 2007, the City Council replaced the blue plaque with a red plaque with less euphemistic wording, explicitly referring to \"a peaceful rally\" being \"attacked by armed cavalry\" and mentioning \"15 deaths and over 600 injuries\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Cavalry charge",
"text": "The people cannot get away!\"On the other hand, Lieutenant Jolliffe of the 15th Hussars said \"It was then for the first time that I saw the Manchester troop of Yeomanry; they were scattered singly or in small groups over the greater part of the Field, literally hemmed up and powerless either to make an impression or to escape; in fact, they were in the power of those whom they were designed to overawe and it required only a glance to discover their helpless position, and the necessity of our being brought to their rescue\" Further Jolliffe asserted that \"… nine out of ten of the sabre wounds were caused by the Hussars … however, the far greater amount of injuries were from the pressure of the routed multitude.\" Within 10 minutes the crowd had been dispersed, at the cost of 11 dead and more than 600 injured."
},
{
"section_header": "Assembly | Meeting",
"text": "The crowd around the speakers was so dense that \"their hats seemed to touch\"; large groups of curious spectators gathered on the outskirts of the crowd."
},
{
"section_header": "Cavalry charge",
"text": "From his vantage point William Hulton perceived the unfolding events as an assault on the yeomanry, and on L'Estrange's arrival at 1:50 pm, at the head of his hussars, he ordered them into the field to disperse the crowd with the words: \" Good God, Sir, don't you see they are attacking the Yeomanry; disperse the meeting!\" The 15th Hussars formed themselves into a line stretching across the eastern end of St Peter's Field, and charged into the crowd."
},
{
"section_header": "Reaction and aftermath | Political",
"text": "Peterloo had no effect on the speed of reform, but in due course all but one of the reformers' demands, annual parliaments, were met."
},
{
"section_header": "Cavalry charge",
"text": "The route towards the hustings between the special constables was narrow, and as the inexperienced horses were thrust further and further into the crowd they reared and plunged as people tried to get out of their way."
},
{
"section_header": "Cavalry charge",
"text": "As the cavalry pushed towards the speakers' stand they became stuck in the crowd, and in panic started to hack about them with their sabres."
},
{
"section_header": "Representations in popular culture",
"text": "Recent novels about Peterloo include Carolyn O'Brien's The Song of Peterloo and Jeff Kaye's All the People."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 there was an acute economic slump, accompanied by chronic unemployment and harvest failure, and exacerbated by the Corn Laws, which kept the price of bread high."
}
] |
The Peterloo Massacre ended with 15 deaths and over 600 injuries after cavalry charged into a crowd of around 60,000 people who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation.
| 0 | 0 |
Peterloo Massacre
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "After graduation with a degree in War Service Sciences in 1947, he studied acting under coach Uta Hagen at HB Studio in New York City."
}
] |
XMkeBQUpu94BWdqcKg5o
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "His publicist Geraldine McInerney said \"I remember Jack once telling me he lived in terror his whole life that he’d never get another job."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "His parents had a difficult marriage, and separated permanently when Lemmon was 18, but never divorced."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 1966–1978: Mid-career",
"text": "\" Wilder though also once said: \"Happiness is working with Jack Lemmon\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "John Uhler Lemmon II was of Irish heritage, and Jack Lemmon was raised Catholic."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "The amateur who helps his team most in the Pro-Am portion is annually awarded the Jack Lemmon Award."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Lemmon attended Rivers Country Day School and Phillips Andover Academy (Class of 1943), where he pursued track sports with success, and Harvard College (Class of 1947), where he lived in Eliot House."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 1966–1978: Mid-career",
"text": "In 1972, at the 44th Academy Awards, Jack Lemmon presented the Honorary Academy Award to silent screen legend Charlie Chaplin."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "Lemmon's packed gallery was there not only for his humor but also to root him on in his lifelong quest to \"make the cut\" to round 4, something he was never able to achieve."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "A member of the V-12 Navy College Training Program, Lemmon was commissioned by the United States Navy, serving briefly as an ensign on an aircraft carrier during World War II before returning to Harvard after completing his military service."
},
{
"section_header": "Death",
"text": "His body was interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, California. (The graves of Walter Matthau, George C. Scott and film director Billy Wilder lie in the same cemetery.) Lemmon's gravestone reads like a title screen from a film: \"JACK LEMMON in\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "After graduation with a degree in War Service Sciences in 1947, he studied acting under coach Uta Hagen at HB Studio in New York City."
}
] |
Jack Lemmon never finished college.
| 0 | 0 |
Jack Lemmon
|
Sports
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Playing career",
"text": "During a game against the St. Louis Browns, umpire Red Ormsby fell ill due to the heat."
},
{
"section_header": "Playing career",
"text": "In those days, only two umpires covered typical regular-season games, and a player with a reputation for honesty might be pressed into service if one umpire became incapacitated."
}
] |
XMpLbkq14VAvzlBV7ohQ
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Umpiring career",
"text": "Conlan further distinguished himself by making \"out\" calls with his left hand instead of his right."
},
{
"section_header": "Playing career",
"text": "In those days, only two umpires covered typical regular-season games, and a player with a reputation for honesty might be pressed into service if one umpire became incapacitated."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Conlan was born in Chicago. He was one of nine children."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "John Bertrand \"Jocko\" Conlan (December 6, 1899 – April 16, 1989) was an American baseball umpire who worked in the National League (NL) from 1941 to 1965."
},
{
"section_header": "Umpiring career",
"text": "He retired after the 1964 season, but returned to work as a substitute umpire for 17 games in 1965.Conlan was known for several trademarks: Instead of a regular dress tie like most umpires of the day wore, Conlan wore a natty bow tie for his career."
},
{
"section_header": "Argument with Leo Durocher",
"text": "But I admired him for his courage as a player and an official.\" Jocko Conlan and manager Leo Durocher were both known as colorful characters, and sometimes they would clash."
},
{
"section_header": "Umpiring career",
"text": "He was also the last NL umpire allowed to wear the outside chest protector, instead of the inside protector that all other NL umpires except Beans Reardon were using by then."
},
{
"section_header": "Umpiring career",
"text": "He also umpired in the playoff series to decide the NL's regular-season champions in 1951, 1959 and 1962 (some sources erroneously credit him with umpiring in the 1946 NL playoff as well)."
},
{
"section_header": "Umpiring career",
"text": "Manager Casey Stengel said that he admired Conlan's performance both as a player and as an umpire."
},
{
"section_header": "Umpiring career",
"text": "Conlan umpired in the National League from 1941 to 1965, officiating in five World Series (1945, 1950, 1954, 1957 and 1961) and six All-Star Games (1943, 1947, 1950, 1953, 1958 and the first 1962 contest)."
},
{
"section_header": "Playing career",
"text": "During a game against the St. Louis Browns, umpire Red Ormsby fell ill due to the heat."
}
] |
Jocko Conlan started his career as an umpire when he was called on to take over for a sick umpire.
| 0 | 5 |
Jocko Conlan
|
Literature
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "\"Ozymandias\" ( oz-ee-MAN-dee-əs) is the title of two related sonnets published in 1818."
}
] |
XMpsmYIsIDpyhupgkoL5
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Bibliography",
"text": "\"Shelley and Smith: Two Sonnets on Ozymandias\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "\"Ozymandias\" ( oz-ee-MAN-dee-əs) is the title of two related sonnets published in 1818."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis and interpretation | Form",
"text": "Shelley's \"Ozymandias\" is a sonnet, written in iambic pentameter, but with an atypical rhyme scheme (ABABA CDCEDEFEF) when compared to other English-language sonnets, and without the characteristic octave-and-sestet structure."
},
{
"section_header": "Writing and publication history | Shelley's poem",
"text": "Shelley's poem was later republished under the title \"Sonnet."
},
{
"section_header": "Writing and publication history | Publication history",
"text": "\"The two poems were later printed in Leigh Hunt's The Examiner, a weekly paper published by Leigh's brother John Hunt in London."
},
{
"section_header": "Writing and publication history | Publication history",
"text": "At this time, members of Shelley's literary circle would sometimes challenge each other to write competing sonnets on a common subject: Shelley, John Keats and Leigh Hunt wrote competing sonnets on the Nile around the same time."
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography",
"text": "\"Ozymandias and the Travelers\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Shelley wrote the poem in friendly competition with his friend and fellow poet Horace Smith (1779–1849), who also wrote a sonnet on the same topic with the same title."
},
{
"section_header": "Bibliography",
"text": "\"Postponement and Perspectives in Shelley's 'Ozymandias'\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis and interpretation | Hubris",
"text": "The statue's repute in Western Europe preceded its actual arrival in Britain, and Napoleon, who at the time of the two poems was imprisoned on St Helena (although the impact of his own rise and fall was still fresh), had previously made an unsuccessful attempt to acquire it for France."
}
] |
Ozymandias is are the two sonnets which were produced in the 1800's.
| 1 | 2 |
Ozymandias
|
History
| 3 |
[
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Film",
"text": "A well-known account of Wallace's life is presented in the film Braveheart (1995), directed by and starring Mel Gibson as Wallace, written by Randall Wallace, and filmed in Scotland and Ireland."
}
] |
XN5uhrQ7ErxJrVj3WzsW
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Literature",
"text": "Henty, a producer of and writer for the Boy's Own Paper story paper, portrays the life of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, The Black Douglas, and others, while dovetailing the events of his novel with historical fiction."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Literature",
"text": "G. A. Henty wrote a novel about this time period titled In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885)."
},
{
"section_header": "Background | Marriage",
"text": "The identity of Wallace's wife is not known for certain."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "Wallace's brothers Malcolm and John are known from other sources."
},
{
"section_header": "Start of the uprising",
"text": "He then joined with William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas, and they carried out the raid of Scone."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Film",
"text": "The film was criticised for inaccuracies regarding Wallace's title, love interests, and attire."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "Blind Harry's assertion that William was the son of Sir Malcolm of Elderslie has given rise to a tradition that William's birthplace was at Elderslie in Renfrewshire, and this is still the view of some historians, including the historical William Wallace Society itself."
},
{
"section_header": "Silent years prior to the Wars of Independence",
"text": "Wallace's personal seal bears the archer's insignia, so he may have fought as an archer in Edward's army."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas, pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys; born c. 1270, died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Film",
"text": "A well-known account of Wallace's life is presented in the film Braveheart (1995), directed by and starring Mel Gibson as Wallace, written by Randall Wallace, and filmed in Scotland and Ireland."
}
] |
William Wallace's story was told in a 1990s movie.
| 3 | 6 |
William Wallace
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Culture and society | Status in clothing",
"text": "The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \" Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade."
}
] |
XNhUOAFEdKXHitWjn9Zx
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Historiography",
"text": "Both of them also rank among the Twenty-Four Histories of China."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Tang dynasty was largely a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty's rule, until the devastating An Lushan Rebellion (755–763) and the decline of central authority in the later half of the dynasty."
},
{
"section_header": "Culture and society | Position of women",
"text": "The preferred hairstyle for women was to bunch their hair up like \"an elaborate edifice above the forehead\", while affluent ladies wore extravagant head ornaments, combs, pearl necklaces, face powders, and perfumes."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Establishment",
"text": "Li Yuan was Duke of Tang and governor of Taiyuan, modern Shanxi, during the Sui dynasty's collapse, which was caused in part by the Sui failure to conquer the northern part of the Korean peninsula during the Goguryeo–Sui War."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Wu Zetian's usurpation",
"text": "Although she entered Emperor Gaozong's court as the lowly consort Wu Wei Liang, Wu Zetian rose to the highest seat of power in 690, establishing the short-lived Wu Zhou."
},
{
"section_header": "Administration and politics | Taxes and the census",
"text": "The Tang census of 742 again approximated the size of China's population at about 50 million people."
},
{
"section_header": "Administration and politics | Taxes and the census",
"text": "There was also a dramatic migratory shift of the population from northern to southern China, as the North held 75% of the overall population at the dynasty's inception, but by its end was reduced to 50%.Chinese population size would not dramatically increase until the Song dynasty period, when the population doubled to 100 million people because of extensive rice cultivation in central and southern China, coupled with rural farmers holding more abundant yields of food that they could easily provide to the growing market."
},
{
"section_header": "Administration and politics | Taxes and the census",
"text": "S.A.M. Adshead disagrees, estimating that there were about 75 million people by 750.In the Tang census of the year 754"
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries, the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people."
},
{
"section_header": "Military and foreign policy | Western and Northern regions",
"text": "Some \"Turkic\" troops were nomadicised Han Chinese, a desinicized people."
},
{
"section_header": "Culture and society | Status in clothing",
"text": "The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \" Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade."
}
] |
The Tang Dynasty's highest ranked people wore pale blue.
| 0 | 0 |
Tang Dynasty
|
Sports
| 3 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Maddux was born in San Angelo, Texas and spent much of his childhood in Madrid, Spain, where the United States Air Force stationed his father."
}
] |
XO1YZiEX2fPbicEk8dbP
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Post-playing career",
"text": "He will serve as the pitching coach."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Since his retirement as a player, Maddux has also served as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Texas Rangers."
},
{
"section_header": "Pitching style",
"text": "Though these served as his primary pitches, he also threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a slider, and a splitter."
},
{
"section_header": "Pitching profile",
"text": "Between innings, he told Grissom, \"Gary Sheffield is coming up next inning."
},
{
"section_header": "Pitching profile",
"text": "In 1997, Maddux allowed 20 walks in 232+ innings, or 0.77 per nine innings."
},
{
"section_header": "Awards",
"text": "He has a 3.27 ERA in 198 postseason innings, including an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 World Series innings."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional career | Atlanta Braves (1993–2003)",
"text": "It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional career | Atlanta Braves (1993–2003)",
"text": "In September 2000, he had a streak of 401⁄3 scoreless innings."
},
{
"section_header": "Awards",
"text": "In addition to that James also argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more innings pitched, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and 194 innings pitched."
},
{
"section_header": "Professional career | Second stint with the Los Angeles Dodgers (2008)",
"text": "His 1.4 walks per 9 innings pitched were the best in the majors."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Maddux was born in San Angelo, Texas and spent much of his childhood in Madrid, Spain, where the United States Air Force stationed his father."
}
] |
Gregg's dad served in the military.
| 1 | 5 |
Greg Maddux
|
Sports
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Nickname",
"text": "Andre's uncle told him that most kids his age would shy away from the ball, but Andre attacked the ball like a hawk."
}
] |
XOB637XaV1TEQWWX2KUX
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Career | Accomplishments",
"text": "Dawson is also one of only five members of the 400 HR-300 SB club, along with Barry Bonds, Willie Mays, Alex Rodriguez, and Carlos Beltrán."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos",
"text": "As of 2019, Dawson, Willie McCovey, Jeff King, Alex Rodriguez, and Edwin Encarnacion are the only five players who had hit two home runs in one inning twice."
},
{
"section_header": "Hall of Fame",
"text": "Cubs teammate Ryne Sandberg campaigned for Dawson's induction during his speech at his own Hall of Fame induction ceremony in 2005: \"No player in baseball history worked harder, suffered more or did it better than Andre Dawson."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs",
"text": "Dawson campaigned for the Cubs to sign him during the off-season, but general manager Dallas Green resisted, insisting that the Cubs would start Brian Dayett in right field (Dawson had moved from center field to right field in his final two seasons as an Expo, due to the condition of his knees), and that one player could not make a 71–91 team a 91–71 team."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos",
"text": "During his Expo days, Dawson hit two home runs in the same inning twice: at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium against the Atlanta Braves on July 30, 1978 and at Wrigley Field against his future team, the Chicago Cubs, on September 24, 1985."
},
{
"section_header": "Hall of Fame",
"text": "Although Dawson had played the majority of his 21-year career with Montreal, he publicly expressed his disappointment with the decision, saying it was \"a little gut-wrenching\" to find out he would not go in as a Chicago Cub."
},
{
"section_header": "Nickname",
"text": "Andre used to work out with a men's team that would hit him ground balls at practice."
},
{
"section_header": "Nickname",
"text": "Andre's uncle told him that most kids his age would shy away from the ball, but Andre attacked the ball like a hawk."
},
{
"section_header": "Hall of Fame",
"text": "Dawson's Hall of Fame plaque depicts him with a Montreal Expos cap."
},
{
"section_header": "Nickname",
"text": "Dawson's nickname, \"The Hawk\", was given to him by an uncle at a very early age."
}
] |
Some of Andre Dawson's family members were disappointed in his confidence on the field, or lack there of, as a child.
| 3 | 5 |
Andre Dawson
|
Geography
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "20th century",
"text": "In sections that did not consist of canalized rivers (particularly between Rochester and Buffalo), the original Erie Canal channel was enlarged to 120 feet (37 m) wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) deep."
},
{
"section_header": "Enlargements and improvements",
"text": "During this massive series of construction projects, known as the First Enlargement, the canal was widened from 40 to 70 feet (12 to 21 m) and deepened from 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)."
}
] |
XOnFQn0iNhtPbhaghPnZ
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "20th century",
"text": "In sections that did not consist of canalized rivers (particularly between Rochester and Buffalo), the original Erie Canal channel was enlarged to 120 feet (37 m) wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) deep."
},
{
"section_header": "Proposals and logistics | Engineering requirements",
"text": "The channel was cut 40 feet (12 m) wide and 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, with removed soil piled on the downhill side to form a walkway known as a towpath."
},
{
"section_header": "Enlargements and improvements",
"text": "An ambitious program to improve the canal began in 1834."
},
{
"section_header": "Old Erie Canal",
"text": "In Syracuse, the location of the old canal is represented by a reflecting pool in downtown's Clinton Square and the downtown hosts a canal barge and weigh lock structure, now dry."
},
{
"section_header": "Competition",
"text": "Other competition was more direct."
},
{
"section_header": "Enlargements and improvements",
"text": "In 1905, construction of the Barge Canal began, which was completed in 1918, at a cost of $96.7 million."
},
{
"section_header": "Route",
"text": "Before reaching Rochester, the canal uses a series of natural ridges to cross the deep valley of Irondequoit Creek."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "In time, projects were devised in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and relatively deep into the coastal states."
},
{
"section_header": "Route",
"text": "With Buffalo's re-excavation of the Commercial Slip, completed in 2008, the Canal's original terminus is now re-watered and again accessible by boats."
},
{
"section_header": "Route",
"text": "The canal began on the west side of the Hudson River at Albany, and ran north to Watervliet, where the Champlain Canal branched off."
},
{
"section_header": "Enlargements and improvements",
"text": "During this massive series of construction projects, known as the First Enlargement, the canal was widened from 40 to 70 feet (12 to 21 m) and deepened from 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)."
}
] |
The Canal is now more than twice as wide and deep as it began.
| 2 | 7 |
Erie Canal
|
Popular Culture
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Graduate is a 1967 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College."
}
] |
XPRsRLfWNRqEKQ7s2YBW
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Reception | Release",
"text": "#17 The Graduate was released in theatres on December 22, 1967."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Release",
"text": "The Graduate was released on DVD by Embassy Home Entertainment on January 21, 2014."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Critical response",
"text": "The Graduate was met with generally positive reviews from critics upon its release."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Release",
"text": "The film was released on Blu-ray by Embassy Home Entertainment on January 25, 2011."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Graduate is a 1967 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Graduate was released on December 22, 1967 to critical and commercial success grossing $104.9 million, becoming the highest grossing film of 1967 worldwide."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Filming",
"text": "We did more things in this picture than I ever did in one film."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Casting",
"text": "She said, 'All right, let's talk about your movie."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Awards and honors",
"text": "'\"The film is listed in 1001 Movies"
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Critical response",
"text": "Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 86% based on 80 reviews, with an average rating of 8.85/10."
}
] |
The Graduate movie is based on a book the was released in 1961.
| 2 | 2 |
The Graduate
|
Music
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Commonly nicknamed the \"Piano Man\" after his first major hit and signature song of the same name, he has led a commercially successful career as a solo artist since the 1970s, having released 12 studio albums from 1971 to 1993 as well as one studio album in 2001."
}
] |
XQ53IWGwtG2nmPquoRlM
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Awards and achievements",
"text": "He has also sponsored the Billy Joel Visiting Composer Series at Syracuse University."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "William Martin Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer, and pianist."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He went on to release Fantasies and Delusions, a 2001 album featuring classical compositions composed by Joel and performed by British-Korean pianist Richard Hyung-ki Joo."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 1979–1983: Glass Houses and The Nylon Curtain",
"text": "Joel has stated that he wanted the album to communicate his feelings about the American Dream and how changes in American politics during the Reagan years meant that \"all of a sudden you weren't going to be able to inherit [the kind of life]"
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 1979–1983: Glass Houses and The Nylon Curtain",
"text": "It also won the American Music Award for Favorite Album, Pop/Rock category."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 1979–1983: Glass Houses and The Nylon Curtain",
"text": "His next release, Songs in the Attic, was composed of live performances of lesser-known songs from the beginning of his career."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 1994–present: Touring",
"text": "All were composed by Joel and performed by Hyung-ki Joo."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 1983–1988: An Innocent Man and The Bridge",
"text": "It is one of the best-selling albums in American music history, according to the RIAA."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 1994–present: Touring",
"text": "show he did there. On June 13, 2006, Columbia released 12 Gardens Live, a double album containing 32 live recordings from a collection of the 12 different shows at Madison Square Garden during Joel's 2006 tour."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 1994–present: Touring",
"text": "Joel wrote it in September 2007 after reading numerous letters sent to him from American soldiers in Iraq. \" Christmas in Fallujah\" is only the second pop/rock song released by Joel since 1993's River of Dreams."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Commonly nicknamed the \"Piano Man\" after his first major hit and signature song of the same name, he has led a commercially successful career as a solo artist since the 1970s, having released 12 studio albums from 1971 to 1993 as well as one studio album in 2001."
}
] |
American composer Billy Joel released 13 albums.
| 0 | 0 |
Billy Joel
|
Science
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells."
}
] |
XQOhbNgG2NvzC6NFhjJL
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Structure",
"text": "The Golgi apparatus tends to be larger and more numerous in cells that synthesize and secrete large amounts of substances; for example, the antibody-secreting plasma B cells of the immune system have prominent Golgi complexes."
},
{
"section_header": "Function",
"text": "Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus."
},
{
"section_header": "Brefeldin A",
"text": "Treatment of cells with BFA thus disrupts the secretion pathway, promoting disassembly of the Golgi apparatus and distributing Golgi proteins to the endosomes and ER."
},
{
"section_header": "Structure",
"text": "In most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments and is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called \"dictyosomes\"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus."
},
{
"section_header": "Function",
"text": "These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell."
},
{
"section_header": "Brefeldin A",
"text": "Brefeldin A (BFA) is a fungal metabolite used experimentally to disrupt the secretion pathway as a method of testing Golgi function."
},
{
"section_header": "Discovery",
"text": "Early references to the Golgi apparatus referred to it by various names including the \"Golgi–Holmgren apparatus\", \"Golgi–Holmgren ducts\", and \"Golgi–Kopsch apparatus\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Subcellular localization",
"text": "The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus varies among eukaryotes."
},
{
"section_header": "Structure",
"text": "There are structural and organizational differences in the Golgi apparatus among eukaryotes."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells."
}
] |
The Golgi apparatus is also called secretion synthesizer.
| 0 | 0 |
Golgi apparatus
|
Science
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "Albert Einstein, in his paper of 1905 that established relativity, showed that both the electric and magnetic fields are part of the same phenomena viewed from different reference frames. (See moving magnet and conductor problem for details about the thought experiment that eventually helped Albert Einstein to develop special relativity.) Finally, the emergent field of quantum mechanics was merged with electrodynamics to form quantum electrodynamics (QED)."
}
] |
XQT1CRMyxSOPxY7nEEiM
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Important uses and examples of magnetic field | Magnetic dipoles",
"text": "The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is depicted in the figure."
},
{
"section_header": "Magnetic field and electric currents | Magnetic field due to moving charges and electric currents",
"text": "The direction of such a magnetic field can be determined by using the \"right-hand grip rule\" (see figure at right)."
},
{
"section_header": "Magnetic field and electric currents | Force on moving charges and current | Direction of force",
"text": "nqvA. The direction of force on a charge or a current can be determined by a mnemonic known as the right-hand rule (see the figure)."
},
{
"section_header": "Magnetic field and permanent magnets | Magnetic pole model and the H-field",
"text": "Near the north pole, therefore, all H-field lines point away from the north pole (whether inside the magnet or out) while near the south pole all H-field lines point toward the south pole (whether inside the magnet or out)."
},
{
"section_header": "Important uses and examples of magnetic field | Rotating magnetic fields",
"text": "In 1888, Tesla gained U.S. Patent 381,968 for his work."
},
{
"section_header": "Magnetic field and electric currents | Force on moving charges and current | Force on a charged particle",
"text": "It can only do work indirectly, via the electric field generated by a changing magnetic field."
},
{
"section_header": "Magnetic field and permanent magnets | Amperian loop model and the B-field",
"text": "Since dA points outward, the dot product in the integral is positive for B-field pointing out and negative for B-field pointing in."
},
{
"section_header": "Important uses and examples of magnetic field | Magnetic field shape descriptions",
"text": "An azimuthal magnetic field is one that runs east–west."
},
{
"section_header": "Important uses and examples of magnetic field | Magnetic field shape descriptions",
"text": "A meridional magnetic field is one that runs north–south."
},
{
"section_header": "Magnetic field and electric currents | Force on moving charges and current | Force on a charged particle",
"text": "Because the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the motion, the magnetic field can do no work on an isolated charge."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "Albert Einstein, in his paper of 1905 that established relativity, showed that both the electric and magnetic fields are part of the same phenomena viewed from different reference frames. (See moving magnet and conductor problem for details about the thought experiment that eventually helped Albert Einstein to develop special relativity.) Finally, the emergent field of quantum mechanics was merged with electrodynamics to form quantum electrodynamics (QED)."
}
] |
No one has figured out how exactly mag fields work.
| 0 | 0 |
Magnetic field
|
Science
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Exploration",
"text": "Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune."
},
{
"section_header": "Moons",
"text": "Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune, and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal."
}
] |
XRSnFYqpqXozpteR76hY
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989; Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to visit Neptune."
},
{
"section_header": "Exploration",
"text": "Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune."
},
{
"section_header": "Exploration",
"text": "Six new moons were discovered, and the planet was shown to have more than one ring."
},
{
"section_header": "Moons",
"text": "Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune, and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal."
},
{
"section_header": "Exploration",
"text": "Another, more recent proposal was for Argo, a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019, that would visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object."
},
{
"section_header": "Exploration",
"text": "Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining 13 known moons were located telescopically until the 20th century."
},
{
"section_header": "Moons | Planetary rings",
"text": "Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn."
},
{
"section_header": "Moons",
"text": "In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of 38 K (−235 °C).Neptune's second-known satellite (by order of discovery), the irregular moon Nereid, has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the Solar System."
},
{
"section_header": "Moons",
"text": "From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune."
}
] |
Only one spacecraft has visited the planet and Neptune has more than 13 moons.
| 3 | 5 |
Neptune
|
Science
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "Anatomy",
"text": "The smallest nematodes are microscopic, while free-living species can reach as much as 5 cm (2 in), and some parasitic species are larger still, reaching over 1 m (3 ft) in length."
}
] |
XRdZpznqP8R3UQx34fCi
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Anatomy",
"text": "Nematodes are very small, slender worms: typically about 5 to 100 µm thick, and 0.1 to 2.5 mm long."
},
{
"section_header": "Taxonomy and systematics | Nematode systematics",
"text": "A major effort to improve the systematics of this phylum is in progress and being organised by the 959 Nematode Genomes."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Zootaxa puts this figure at over 25,000."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The location of towns would be decipherable since, for every massing of human beings, there would be a corresponding massing of certain nematodes."
},
{
"section_header": "Parasitic species | Agriculture and horticulture",
"text": "For example, marigolds, grown over one or more seasons (the effect is cumulative), can be used to control nematodes."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over time."
},
{
"section_header": "Epidemiology",
"text": "A number of intestinal nematodes cause diseases affecting human beings, including ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm disease."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "A widely referenced article published in 1993 estimated there may be over 1 million species of nematode, a claim which has since been repeated in numerous publications."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Greek: Νηματώδη; Latin: Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes being known as eelworms."
},
{
"section_header": "Taxonomy and systematics | History",
"text": "Despite Potts' classification being equivalent to Cobbs', both names have been used (and are still used today) and Nematode became a popular term in zoological science."
},
{
"section_header": "Anatomy",
"text": "The smallest nematodes are microscopic, while free-living species can reach as much as 5 cm (2 in), and some parasitic species are larger still, reaching over 1 m (3 ft) in length."
}
] |
Some Nematodes can be over a meter long.
| 2 | 6 |
Nematoda
|
Science
| 3 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force."
}
] |
XRden9zx8SBg0cM7GFxk
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Relationship between torque, power, and energy | Derivation",
"text": "For a rotating object, the linear distance covered at the circumference of rotation is the product of the radius with the angle covered."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Another definition of torque is the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from the axis of rotation."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Just as a linear force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object around a specific axis."
},
{
"section_header": "Relationship between torque, power, and energy | Proof",
"text": "If the torque and the angular displacement are in the same direction, then the scalar product reduces to a product of magnitudes; i.e., τ"
},
{
"section_header": "Special cases and other facts | Moment arm formula",
"text": "The equation for the magnitude of a torque, arising from a perpendicular force: τ"
},
{
"section_header": "Relationship between torque, power, and energy | Proof",
"text": "The input power provided by the cyclist is equal to the product of cadence (i.e. the number of pedal revolutions per minute) and the torque on spindle of the bicycle's crankset."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force."
},
{
"section_header": "Special cases and other facts | Moment arm formula",
"text": "If the force is perpendicular to the displacement vector r, the moment arm will be equal to the distance to the centre, and torque will be a maximum for the given force."
},
{
"section_header": "Relationship between torque, power, and energy | Derivation",
"text": "= force ⋅ linear distance time"
},
{
"section_header": "Special cases and other facts | Static equilibrium",
"text": "For an object to be in static equilibrium, not only must the sum of the forces be zero, but also the sum of the torques (moments) about any point."
}
] |
Torque is the equal to linear gravity of an object and also the product of the magnitude of the force.
| 1 | 3 |
Torque
|
Popular Culture
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It has been nominated for several awards, including the Writers Guild of America Award for New Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama."
}
] |
XRhbxzGXOujVdXSiKpyy
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Production | Casting",
"text": "In most cases, because of the nature of the show, departure of actors from the show are determined by the writing, with characters either killed off or written off the show as necessary to develop the story."
},
{
"section_header": "Series overview | Season 11",
"text": "Lauren Cohan has been confirmed to be returning to the show as Maggie."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Comments about diversity",
"text": "Robert Kirkman has discussed the increasing diversity of the show and the comic books."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Comments about diversity",
"text": "In 2015, Lindsay Putnam of the New York Post questioned whether the show was in danger of becoming \"too diverse\" as the show \"seemingly reached critical mass for its nonwhite, nonmale survivors — and now has no choice but to kill them off\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Casting",
"text": "Cast members are generally told ahead of time if they have been written off the show, but otherwise kept to secrecy."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Casting",
"text": "Both of these were intended to secure the pair as central figures for the show going forward in Lincoln's absence."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception",
"text": "\"In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Walking Dead as the #8 sci-fi show."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Casting",
"text": "Casting salaries for the principle actors have grown significantly over the course of the show, up through the seventh season."
},
{
"section_header": "Lawsuits | Stuntman death",
"text": "AMC and the shows' cast and crew expressed remorse for the accident, shutting down production for several days to deal with Bernecker's funeral."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Casting",
"text": "As contract negotiations began for the ninth season, Cohan had been given the opportunity to star in Whiskey Cavalier, limiting how much time she would be able to give to the show."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It has been nominated for several awards, including the Writers Guild of America Award for New Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama."
}
] |
The show has not been a nominee for any honors.
| 3 | 4 |
The Walking Dead (TV series)
|
Sports
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life and minor leagues",
"text": "His father was a railroad worker, but suffered disability and moved his family to San Antonio where he worked as a rancher."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and minor leagues",
"text": "He received offers for scholarships to play college football but passed on these, as he preferred baseball."
}
] |
XSG4F0jRVfutyHVe0hWQ
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "From Shiner, Texas, Youngs excelled at baseball and American football at the West Texas Military Institute."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Ross Middlebrook \"Pep\" Youngs (April 10, 1897 – October 22, 1927) was an American professional baseball player."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and minor leagues",
"text": "He received offers for scholarships to play college football but passed on these, as he preferred baseball."
},
{
"section_header": "New York Giants",
"text": "Sand rejected the bribe and reported it to Phillies manager Art Fletcher."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Youngs scored 100 or more runs three times and posted a career high 102 RBI in 1921 and 10 home runs in 1924."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Youngs was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972 by the Veterans Committee."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Youngs was included in the inaugural balloting for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936, but received less than 5% of the vote from the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA)."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Baseball statistician Bill James recognized this and wrote that Youngs does not belong in the Hall of Fame."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Ford C. Frick, Commissioner of Baseball, and former teammate Bill Terry both championed Youngs' candidacy."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "In 1981, however, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included Youngs in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and minor leagues",
"text": "His father was a railroad worker, but suffered disability and moved his family to San Antonio where he worked as a rancher."
}
] |
Ross Young did reject American football grants because he liked more baseball.
| 2 | 8 |
Ross Youngs
|
History
| 1 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life and family",
"text": "Jack Fall and his sister Caroline died within a week of each other during the influenza epidemic that swept the world in 1918."
}
] |
XScHoPYuOlPVG3vQG1S0
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life and family",
"text": "The family lived at the Three Rivers Ranch in the Tularosa Basin."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Albert Jennings Fountain murder case",
"text": "On February 1, 1896, Fountain and his eight-year-old son, Henry, disappeared near the White Sands on the way from Fall's Three Rivers Ranch north of Tularosa to their home in Mesilla."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and family",
"text": "They had four children: a son, Jack Morgan Fall, and daughters Alexina Chase, Caroline Everhart and Jouett Elliott."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Election to the Senate",
"text": "Some commentators suggest that it was sympathy for Fall's tragic loss of his two children in the flu epidemic that won him the election."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Teapot Dome scandal",
"text": "Doheny was not only acquitted on the charge of bribing Fall, but Doheny's corporation foreclosed on Fall's home in Tularosa Basin, New Mexico, because of \"unpaid loans\" which turned out to be that same bribe."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Albert Jennings Fountain murder case",
"text": "Lee repeatedly rustled cattle from other ranches in the area, altering the brands to resemble his own."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Teapot Dome scandal",
"text": "Harry Sinclair was fined and served six months for contempt of court."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and family",
"text": "Jack Fall and his sister Caroline died within a week of each other during the influenza epidemic that swept the world in 1918."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Albert Jennings Fountain murder case",
"text": "Fall and his neighbor, Oliver M. Lee, were land owners in the area and were rivals to attorney Albert Jennings Fountain."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Teapot Dome scandal",
"text": "Albert Fall died on November 30, 1944, after a long illness, in El Paso, Texas."
}
] |
Albert Fall lived at the Three Rivers Ranch in the Tularosa Basin when two of his four children passed away a month apart from each other.
| 1 | 3 |
Albert B. Fall
|
Geography
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Demographics | Health",
"text": "China's large population and densely populated cities have led to serious disease outbreaks in recent years, such as the 2003 outbreak of SARS, although this has since been largely contained."
}
] |
XStbJYYZNxZmgOBiz4Cu
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Geography | Landscape and climate",
"text": "The geographical center of China is marked by the Center of the Country Monument at 35°50′40.9″N 103°27′7.5″E. China's landscapes vary significantly across its vast territory."
},
{
"section_header": "Demographics | Health",
"text": "China's large population and densely populated cities have led to serious disease outbreaks in recent years, such as the 2003 outbreak of SARS, although this has since been largely contained."
},
{
"section_header": "Demographics | Health",
"text": "The Chinese government has been criticized for its handling of the epidemic and accused of concealing the extent of the outbreak before it became an international pandemic."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Imperial China",
"text": "The Tang Empire returned control of the Western Regions and the Silk Road, brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa, and made the capital Chang'an a cosmopolitan urban center."
},
{
"section_header": "Politics | Sociopolitical issues and human rights",
"text": "The Chinese penal system includes labor prison factories, detention centers, and re-education camps, which fall under the heading Laogai (\"reform through labor\")."
},
{
"section_header": "Politics | Sociopolitical issues and human rights",
"text": "At least one million members of China's Muslim Uyghur minority have been detained in mass detention camps, termed \"Vocational Education and Training Centers\", aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Imperial China",
"text": "The remnants of the Song retreated to southern China."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Imperial China",
"text": "The 13th century brought the Mongol conquest of China."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Imperial China",
"text": "Han China gradually became the largest economy of the ancient world."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Imperial China",
"text": "Between the 10th and 11th centuries, the population of China doubled in size to around 100 million people, mostly because of the expansion of rice cultivation in central and southern China, and the production of abundant food surpluses."
}
] |
China has been the center of multiple infectious outbreaks.
| 0 | 0 |
China
|
Music
| 1 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He wrote the classic Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors, along with over two dozen other operas intended to appeal to popular taste."
},
{
"section_header": "Career as composer",
"text": "In 1951, Menotti wrote his Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors for NBC."
}
] |
XTK5ebM18hg1JHW98j0q
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Honors",
"text": "In 2010, the main theatre in Spoleto was renamed as the Teatro Nuovo Gian Carlo Menotti to honour his role as creator and spirit of the festival."
},
{
"section_header": "Career as composer",
"text": "It was at Curtis that Menotti wrote his first mature opera"
},
{
"section_header": "Career as composer",
"text": "Menotti won a second Pulitzer Prize for his opera"
},
{
"section_header": "Career as composer",
"text": "In 1951, Menotti wrote his Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors for NBC."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and education",
"text": "Barber became Menotti's partner in life and in work, with Menotti crafting the libretto for Barber's most famous opera, Vanessa, which premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in 1958."
},
{
"section_header": "Honors",
"text": "In addition to composing operas to his own texts, on his chosen subject matter, Menotti directed most productions of his work."
},
{
"section_header": "Career as composer",
"text": "Menotti wrote the libretti for two of Samuel Barber's operas, Vanessa and A Hand of Bridge, as well as revising the libretto for Antony and Cleopatra."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and education",
"text": "Menotti began writing songs when he was seven years old, and at eleven wrote both the libretto and music for his first opera, The Death of Pierrot."
},
{
"section_header": "Career as composer",
"text": "Like Wagner, he wrote the libretti of all his operas."
},
{
"section_header": "Spoleto Festivals",
"text": "However, while he was in Melbourne, he put the finishing touches to his opera Goya."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He wrote the classic Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors, along with over two dozen other operas intended to appeal to popular taste."
}
] |
Menotti is the creator of the opera "Christmas Eve".
| 0 | 2 |
Gian Carlo Menotti
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "The character Marian Paroo was inspired by Marian Seeley of Provo, Utah, who met Willson during World War II, when Seeley was a medical records librarian."
}
] |
XU0OZhvWugtlUSajaUF4
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "Meredith Willson was inspired by his boyhood in Mason City, Iowa, to write and compose his first musical, The Music Man."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Music Man is a musical with book, music, and lyrics by Meredith Willson, based on a story by Willson and Franklin Lacey."
},
{
"section_header": "Music | Musical numbers",
"text": "Notes: As this musical concerns a marching band, Willson's orchestration for several of the numbers includes band instruments."
},
{
"section_header": "Music | Musical numbers",
"text": "Willson's counterpoint, along with two counterpoint song pairs from Irving Berlin musicals, are lampooned in the 1959 musical Little Mary Sunshine, where three counterpoint songs are combined: \"Playing Croquet,\" \"Swinging\" and \"How Do You Do?."
},
{
"section_header": "Setting and popular culture references",
"text": "The town is based in large part on Willson's birthplace, Mason City, Iowa, and many of the musical's characters are based on people that Willson observed in the town.."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "The character Marian Paroo was inspired by Marian Seeley of Provo, Utah, who met Willson during World War II, when Seeley was a medical records librarian."
},
{
"section_header": "Setting and popular culture references",
"text": "The Music Man is set in the fictional town of River City, Iowa, in 1912."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Music",
"text": "The North Iowa Band Festival in Mason City, Iowa, is a yearly event celebrating music with a special emphasis on marching bands."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception",
"text": "John Chapman of the Daily News pronounced The Music Man \"one of the few great musical comedies of the last 26 years\", stating that Of Thee"
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Music",
"text": "The political satire group, the Capitol Steps, parodies numerous songs from musicals, including The Music Man."
}
] |
The character of Marian in the musical The Music Man was inspired by one of Meredith Willson's elementary instructors in Iowa.
| 0 | 0 |
The Music Man
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The club's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies: the Heysel Stadium disaster, where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels, with 39 people – mostly Italians and Juventus fans – dying, after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition; and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing, which led to the elimination of fenced standing terraces in favour of all-seater stadiums in the top two tiers of English football."
}
] |
XU3vHYrsOfmXoLWzXxGp
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Stadium",
"text": "This was all part of a £260 million project to improve the Anfield area."
},
{
"section_header": "Stadium",
"text": "As part of the redevelopment the capacity of Anfield was to increase from 45,276 to approximately 60,000 and would cost approximately £150m."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "As a result of the tragedy, English clubs were banned from participating in European competition for five years; Liverpool received a ten-year ban, which was later reduced to six years."
},
{
"section_header": "Stadium",
"text": "In October 2012, BBC Sport reported that Fenway Sports Group, the new owners of Liverpool FC, had decided to redevelop their current home at Anfield stadium, rather than building a new stadium in Stanley Park."
},
{
"section_header": "Support",
"text": "The song's title adorns the top of the Shankly Gates, which were unveiled on 2 August 1982 in memory of former manager Bill Shankly."
},
{
"section_header": "Stadium",
"text": "Situated 2 miles (3 km) from Liverpool city centre, it was originally used by Everton before the club moved to Goodison Park after a dispute over rent with Anfield owner John Houlding."
},
{
"section_header": "Support",
"text": "They were confined to a corner by Liverpool fans who had charged in their direction; the weight of the cornered fans caused a wall to collapse."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "Before kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence which separated the two groups of supporters, and charged the Juventus fans."
},
{
"section_header": "Support",
"text": "Liverpool fans often refer to themselves as Kopites, a reference to the fans who once stood, and now sit, on the Kop at Anfield."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "Fourteen Liverpool fans received convictions for involuntary manslaughter."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The club's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies: the Heysel Stadium disaster, where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels, with 39 people – mostly Italians and Juventus fans – dying, after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition; and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing, which led to the elimination of fenced standing terraces in favour of all-seater stadiums in the top two tiers of English football."
}
] |
Liverpool F.C. fans have been a part of 2 extreme tragedies.
| 0 | 0 |
Liverpool F.C.
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Born and raised in Spokane, Washington, Sandberg's parents were Elizabeth, a nurse, and Derwent D. \"Sandy\" Sandberg, a mortician."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Ryne Dee Sandberg (born September 18, 1959), nicknamed \"Ryno\", is an American former professional baseball player, coach, and manager."
}
] |
XUgMRoOjxratLJ808k9g
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "He was named for relief pitcher Ryne Duren."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Born and raised in Spokane, Washington, Sandberg's parents were Elizabeth, a nurse, and Derwent D. \"Sandy\" Sandberg, a mortician."
},
{
"section_header": "Chicago Cubs | 1984 | \"The Sandberg Game\"",
"text": "Sandberg came up again in the tenth inning, facing a determined Sutter with a man on base."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Charity foundations",
"text": "Ryno Kid Care also provided massage therapists and clowns dressed up as doctors and nurses to brighten the children's day."
},
{
"section_header": "Chicago Cubs | 1984 | \"The Sandberg Game\"",
"text": "In the ninth inning, the Cubs trailed 9–8, and faced the premier relief pitcher of the time, Bruce Sutter."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "The school's baseball field was named in his honor in 1985 as \"Ryne Sandberg Field\", and his varsity number was retired in both football and baseball."
},
{
"section_header": "Chicago Cubs | 1984 | \"The Sandberg Game\"",
"text": "However, in the ninth inning, Sandberg, not yet known for his power, slugged a solo home run to left field against the Cardinals' ace closer, tying the game."
},
{
"section_header": "Chicago Cubs | 1984 | \"The Sandberg Game\"",
"text": "The Cubs went on to win in the 11th inning, with the winning run being driven in by a single off the bat of Dave Owen."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Ryne Dee Sandberg (born September 18, 1959), nicknamed \"Ryno\", is an American former professional baseball player, coach, and manager."
},
{
"section_header": "Philadelphia Phillies",
"text": "Cubs general manager Dallas Green wanted a young prospect to go along with the aging Bowa (as it turned out, Bowa's playing career ended after the 1985 season)."
}
] |
Ryne Sandberg was the first male nurse in Dallas.
| 0 | 0 |
Ryne Sandberg
|
Sports
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "He received his nickname as a child in Somerville, Massachusetts, because he frequented a grocery store and often asked for pie."
}
] |
XUjT8GynIgLnqomxnaUc
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "In 1919, he played in what is now the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL)."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "He received his nickname as a child in Somerville, Massachusetts, because he frequented a grocery store and often asked for pie."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "The store owner called him \"Pie Face\", which was later shortened to Pie by his friends."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Harold Joseph \"Pie\" Traynor (November 11, 1898 – March 16, 1972) was an American professional baseball player, manager, scout and radio broadcaster."
},
{
"section_header": "Playing career",
"text": "Traynor began his professional baseball career in 1920 as a shortstop for the Portsmouth Truckers of the Virginia League."
},
{
"section_header": "Playing career",
"text": "In 1925, Traynor posted a .320 average with six home runs, 106 runs batted in and led the league in fielding percentage as the Pirates won the NL pennant by 8 1⁄2 games over the New York Giants."
},
{
"section_header": "Post-retirement and legacy",
"text": "In 1999, he ranked number 70 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He played his entire Major League Baseball (MLB) career (1920–1937) as a third baseman with the Pittsburgh Pirates."
},
{
"section_header": "Post-retirement and legacy",
"text": "Baseball historian Bill James ranked Traynor 15th all-time among third baseman in his Historical Baseball Abstract."
},
{
"section_header": "Playing career",
"text": "The Pirates won the pennant again in 1927 with Traynor hitting .342 with five home runs and 106 runs batted in, but they lost to the New York Yankees in the 1927 World Series."
}
] |
Pie Traynor got his nickname because he won a pie eating contest in the Cape Cod Baseball League.
| 4 | 6 |
Pie Traynor
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role; Fox also granted her 10% of the film's profits, as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO, a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "After completing her MGM contract, Taylor starred in 20th Century-Fox's Cleopatra (1963)."
}
] |
XUjzUMk464VyHf84mwSM
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "According to film historian Alexander Doty, this historical epic made her more famous than ever before."
},
{
"section_header": "Other ventures | Fragrance and jewelry brands",
"text": "According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger, she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career, and upon her death, the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Career decline (1968–1979)",
"text": "Although it was overall not successful, Taylor received some good reviews, with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has \"a certain vulgar, ratty charm\", and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying, \"The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was an English-American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88 million over the next decade; Burton once stated, \"They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations.\" Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to \"illustrated gossip columns\", as their film roles often reflected their public personae, while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylor's films during this period seemed to \"conform to, and reinforce, the image of an indulgent, raucous, immoral or amoral, and appetitive (in many senses of the word) 'Elizabeth Taylor'\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "the \"Most Talked About Movie Ever Made\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "Regardless, it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs, which drove Fox near to bankruptcy."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Critical acclaim (1956–1960)",
"text": "Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned, Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "Taylor and Burton's next project, Franco Zeffirelli's The Taming of the Shrew (1967), which they also co-produced, was more successful."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special, Elizabeth Taylor in London, in which she visited the city's landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role; Fox also granted her 10% of the film's profits, as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO, a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)",
"text": "After completing her MGM contract, Taylor starred in 20th Century-Fox's Cleopatra (1963)."
}
] |
When she made Cleopatra, Elizabeth Taylor earned more money than other actresses of her time.
| 0 | 0 |
Elizabeth Taylor
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Charles' grandson, Charlemagne, extended the Frankish realms, and became the first emperor in the West since the fall of Rome."
}
] |
XUplaPTXyl9oT5ZHQVm6
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Reputation and historiography",
"text": "Indeed, as Charles was the progenitor of the Carolingian line of Frankish rulers and grandfather of Charlemagne, one can even say with a degree of certainty that the subsequent history of the West would have proceeded along vastly different currents had ‘Abd al-Rahman been victorious at Tours-Poitiers in 732.\" Other recent historians however argue that the importance of the battle is dramatically overstated, both for European history in general and for Charles Martel's reign in particular."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Charles' grandson, Charlemagne, extended the Frankish realms, and became the first emperor in the West since the fall of Rome."
},
{
"section_header": "Contesting for power | Civil war of 715–718 | Battle of Vinchy",
"text": "Martel also received support from Bishop Pepo of Verdun."
},
{
"section_header": "Contesting for power | Civil war of 715–718 | Battle of Amblève",
"text": "In the ensuing Battle of Amblève, Martel attacked as the enemy rested at midday."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Order of the Genet",
"text": "As marks of his favor, Charles Martel distributed some of the genets to leaders among his army."
},
{
"section_header": "Reputation and historiography",
"text": "For early medieval authors, Charles Martel was famous for his military victories."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Most notably, Martel decisively defeated a Muslim invasion of Aquitaine at the Battle of Tours."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Order of the Genet",
"text": "Charles Martel served as its Chief and that office was handed down to heirs in his bloodline."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Order of the Genet",
"text": "Some historical sources say that Charles Martel formed the first regular order of knights in France."
},
{
"section_header": "Family and children",
"text": "Finally, Charles Martel also had a known mistress, Ruodhaid, with whom he had children Bernard, Hieronymus, and Remigius."
}
] |
Martel was the grandfather of Charlemagne.
| 0 | 0 |
Charles Martel
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Publication history",
"text": "Two major versions of this book exist: The 1961 version which, at the publisher's request, Heinlein cut by 25% in length."
}
] |
XUqN2yS1FTN0HTPba7ZT
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein."
},
{
"section_header": "Publication history",
"text": "Two major versions of this book exist: The 1961 version which, at the publisher's request, Heinlein cut by 25% in length."
},
{
"section_header": "Influence | Waterbed",
"text": "Stranger in a Strange Land contains an early description of the waterbed, an invention that made its real-world debut in 1968."
},
{
"section_header": "Characters",
"text": "After describing the importance of establishing a dramatic difference between humans and aliens, Heinlein concluded, \"Besides, whoever heard of a Martian named Smith?\" The title Stranger In a Strange Land is taken from the King James Version of Exodus 2:22, \" And she bore him a son, and he called his name Gershom: for he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land\"."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture",
"text": "Summers claimed that it \"was about eating your friends, or 'grocking' them as [Stranger in a Strange Land] put it\"."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture",
"text": "In a relevant part of the story, Joan Freeman is described as feeling like \"a stranger in a strange land\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The title \"Stranger in a Strange Land\" is a direct quotation from the King James Bible (taken from Exodus 2:22)."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture",
"text": "Heinlein's novella Lost Legacy (1941) lends its theme, and possibly some characters, to Stranger in a Strange Land."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture",
"text": "Leon Russell and the Shelter People features a song titled Stranger in a Strange Land with lyrics that describe ideas from the novel, sometimes narrated by Valentine's perspective, other times in a 3rd person."
},
{
"section_header": "Influence | Waterbed",
"text": "Charles Hall, who brought a waterbed design to the United States Patent Office, was refused a patent on the grounds that Heinlein's descriptions in Stranger in a Strange Land and another novel, Double Star (1956), constituted prior art."
}
] |
The 1961 Stranger in a Strange Land has three major versions because of revisions made by the author.
| 0 | 0 |
Stranger in a Strange Land
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Incredibles 2 is a 2018 American computer-animated superhero film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures."
}
] |
XVXHZ4Otowiz1kuQl83b
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The film was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film at the 76th Golden Globe Awards and 91st Academy Awards, losing both to Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Incredibles 2 is a 2018 American computer-animated superhero film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office | United States and Canada",
"text": "Spider-Man: Homecoming, Thor: Ragnarok and Justice League."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Animation",
"text": "One advantage that Pixar had with Incredibles 2 was the advancement of technology the company had seen since the original film and a team of much more experienced animators."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Animation",
"text": "It's just now about doing it quickly.\" Because Pixar no longer used the same systems from the first movie, all the characters had to be created from scratch on the computer again."
},
{
"section_header": "Possible sequel",
"text": "He cited Pixar's decision in October 2016 to swap the release dates of Toy Story 4 and Incredibles 2, which meant that Bird's film lost a full year of production."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Incredibles 2 was named by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2018."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office | United States and Canada",
"text": "A week prior to the film's opening, Fandango reported that pre-sale of tickets for the film had exceeded that of previous mid-year blockbusters Finding Dory, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man: Homecoming and Suicide Squad at the same point in their release cycles."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Animation",
"text": "The studio also used physically based human eye models for the characters for the first time, even if the eyes are larger and more stylized than in real humans."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Health hazards/epilepsy issues",
"text": "Disney told USA Today that it appreciated those efforts, and then, in a memo, asked all theaters exhibiting the movie to warn audiences: \"Incredibles 2 contains a sequence of flashing lights, which may affect customers who are susceptible to photosensitive epilepsy or other photosensitivities."
}
] |
The 2008 Pixar Animation Studios movie Incredibles 2 lost to Spider Man for the Golden Globes.
| 0 | 0 |
Incredibles 2
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Broadcasting | Broadcasting style",
"text": "A favorite story of his was about the incident when his jaw was broken by a line drive off the bat of Joe DiMaggio."
},
{
"section_header": "Broadcasting | Broadcasting style",
"text": "\"I got up, made the play at third, then passed out.\" He would also recount his early career interactions with the Hall of Fame owner and 50+ year manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, Connie Mack, whom he always referenced respectfully as “Mr. Mack”."
}
] |
XVfLqRqCmbooUNkiUCuv
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "A memorable quote from his induction speech at the Hall of Fame goes as follows, \"I have suspected for a long time that George Kell has taken more from this great game than he would ever be able to put back."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Kell also was hard to strike out; he struck out only 287 times in 6,702 at-bats during his career."
},
{
"section_header": "Broadcasting | Broadcasting style",
"text": "A long homer was followed by, “Whoa, he hit it a mile!\" The game-ending out, whether it meant a Tiger win or loss, usually merited a decrescendo: \" Fly ball to center field... this should be the ball game... it is.\" Kell also relayed stories of his Hall of Fame career in the same folksy style."
},
{
"section_header": "Death",
"text": "It re-aired several times during the week following his death."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "They had one daughter, Terrie Jane, and one son, George Kell Jr. Best-selling author Elmore Leonard in the 1990 anthology Cult Baseball Players wrote that Kell was his favorite player."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "Kell served ten years on the Arkansas State Highway Commission (1973–83) and owned a car dealership, George Kell Motors, in Newport."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "One year later, Kell batted .340, leading the league with 218 hits and 56 doubles, but lost the batting title to Williams' teammate, Red Sox second baseman Billy Goodman."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "In college, Kell played for Arkansas State, where the baseball facility, Tomlinson Stadium–Kell Field, is named after him."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "He posted a career .971 fielding percentage. Kell was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1983."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "In his career, Kell batted .306, with 78 home runs and 870 runs batted in, 881 runs scored, 2054 hits, 385 doubles, 50 triples, 51 stolen bases, a .414 slugging average, and 621 walks for a .367 on-base percentage."
},
{
"section_header": "Broadcasting | Broadcasting style",
"text": "A favorite story of his was about the incident when his jaw was broken by a line drive off the bat of Joe DiMaggio."
},
{
"section_header": "Broadcasting | Broadcasting style",
"text": "\"I got up, made the play at third, then passed out.\" He would also recount his early career interactions with the Hall of Fame owner and 50+ year manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, Connie Mack, whom he always referenced respectfully as “Mr. Mack”."
}
] |
During a game, George Kell was once hit in the face with a baseball that broke a bone.
| 0 | 0 |
George Kell
|
Music
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Life | Childhood",
"text": "Until his baptism at age seven, Mendelssohn was brought up largely without religion."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He was brought up without religion until the age of seven, when he was baptised as a Reformed Christian."
}
] |
XVhHklSE9llVqV16jZ6p
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Life | Childhood",
"text": "Mendelssohn grew up in an intellectual environment."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "A grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn was born into a prominent Jewish family."
},
{
"section_header": "Life | Surname",
"text": "Abraham Mendelssohn renounced the Jewish religion prior to Felix's birth; he and his wife decided not to have Felix circumcised, in contravention of the Jewish tradition."
},
{
"section_header": "Life | Surname",
"text": "In an 1829 letter to Felix, Abraham explained that adopting the Bartholdy name was meant to demonstrate a decisive break with the traditions of his father Moses: \"There can no more be a Christian Mendelssohn than there can be a Jewish Confucius\". (Letter to Felix of 8 July 1829)."
},
{
"section_header": "Life | Surname",
"text": "Felix and his siblings were at first brought up without religious education; on March 21, 1816, they were baptized in a private ceremony in the family's Berlin apartment by the Reformed Protestant minister of the Jerusalem Church, at which time Felix was given the additional names Jakob Ludwig."
},
{
"section_header": "Life | Childhood",
"text": "Until his baptism at age seven, Mendelssohn was brought up largely without religion."
},
{
"section_header": "Life | Childhood",
"text": "Mendelssohn's father, the banker Abraham Mendelssohn, was the son of the German Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, whose family was prominent in the German Jewish community."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He was brought up without religion until the age of seven, when he was baptised as a Reformed Christian."
},
{
"section_header": "Life | Personal life | Religion",
"text": "Although Mendelssohn was a conforming Christian as a member of the Reformed Church, he was both conscious and proud of his Jewish ancestry and notably of his connection with his grandfather, Moses Mendelssohn."
},
{
"section_header": "Life | Career | Düsseldorf",
"text": "This may have been because of Mendelssohn's youth, and fear of possible innovations; it was also suspected by some to be attributable to his Jewish ancestry."
}
] |
Felix Mendelssohn grew up Jewish.
| 0 | 0 |
Felix Mendelssohn
|
NOCAT
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Etymology",
"text": "The English word house derives directly from the Old English hus meaning \"dwelling, shelter, home, house,\" which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic husan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin."
}
] |
XWPcZSNoseGFedqg0jR3
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "Little is known about the earliest origin of the house and its interior, however it can be traced back to the simplest form of shelters."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household."
},
{
"section_header": "Construction",
"text": "In many parts of the world, houses are constructed using scavenged materials."
},
{
"section_header": "Identification and symbolism",
"text": "Contrast the importance of house-destruction, tent dwelling and house rebuilding in the wake of many natural disasters."
},
{
"section_header": "Construction",
"text": "The original impetus was to use the labor force inside a shelter during inclement weather."
},
{
"section_header": "Elements | Parts",
"text": "Many houses have several large rooms with specialized functions and several very small rooms for other various reasons."
},
{
"section_header": "Construction",
"text": "They include: Cannabrick construction"
},
{
"section_header": "Construction",
"text": "For example, a large portion of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses use stone, brick, or mud."
},
{
"section_header": "Construction",
"text": "They include the zero-energy house, the passive solar house, the autonomous buildings, the superinsulated and houses built to the Passivhaus standard."
},
{
"section_header": "History | Middle Ages",
"text": "Furthermore, the houses accommodated numerous people, including family, relatives, employees, servants and their guests."
},
{
"section_header": "Etymology",
"text": "The English word house derives directly from the Old English hus meaning \"dwelling, shelter, home, house,\" which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic husan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin."
}
] |
House is known as many things including a shelter.
| 3 | 5 |
House
|
Technology
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "In 2007, the Los Angeles Times criticized the foundation for investing its assets in companies that have been accused of worsening poverty, pollution and pharmaceutical firms that do not sell to developing countries."
}
] |
XWagfO6i5jfcq0bm4C39
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "Gates studied the work of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, and donated some of his Microsoft stock in 1994 to create the \"William H. Gates Foundation.\" In 2000, Gates and his wife combined three family foundations and Gates donated stock valued at $5 billion to create the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which was identified by the Funds for NGOs company in 2013, as the world's wealthiest charitable foundation, with assets reportedly valued at more than $34.6 billion."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "The goal of the foundation is to provide 120 million women and girls, in the poorest countries, with high-quality contraceptive information and services, with the longer-term goal of universal access to voluntary family planning."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the private charitable foundation that he and his wife, Melinda Gates, established in 2000."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "The foundation is organized into four program areas: Global Development Division, Global Health Division, United States Division, and Global Policy & Advocacy Division."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "In 2014, protests in Vancouver occurred when Gates decided to donate $50 million to UNAIDS through the Foundation for the purpose of mass circumcision in Zambia and Swaziland."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "In 2007, the Los Angeles Times criticized the foundation for investing its assets in companies that have been accused of worsening poverty, pollution and pharmaceutical firms that do not sell to developing countries."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "As of 2007, Bill and Melinda Gates were the second-most generous philanthropists in America, having given over $28 billion to charity; the couple plan to eventually donate 95% of their wealth to charity."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "Although the foundation announced a review of its investments to assess social responsibility, it was subsequently canceled and upheld its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "Gates, through his foundation, also donated $20 million to Carnegie Mellon University for a new building to be named Gates Center for Computer Science which opened in 2009.Gates has credited the generosity and extensive philanthropy of David Rockefeller as a major influence."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation",
"text": "The foundation supports the use of genetically modified organisms in agricultural development."
}
] |
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation fell under scrutiny in the mid 2000s due to donating to companies that seemed to work in opposition to their public stated goals for the foundation.
| 1 | 2 |
Bill Gates
|
History
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "King at war | Viking attacks (890s)",
"text": "After another lull, in the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes attacked again."
}
] |
XWs898BohBYtjtWaes32
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "King at war | 880s",
"text": "The quiet years of Alfred's life were coming to a close."
},
{
"section_header": "King at war | Viking attacks (890s)",
"text": "After another lull, in the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes attacked again."
},
{
"section_header": "King at war | 880s",
"text": "A year later, in 886, Alfred reoccupied the city of London and set out to make it habitable again."
},
{
"section_header": "King at war | Viking attacks (890s)",
"text": "A frontal attack on the Danish lines failed but later in the year, Alfred saw a means of obstructing the river to prevent the egress of the Danish ships."
},
{
"section_header": "The reigns of Alfred's brothers",
"text": "Alfred's public life began in 865 at age 16 with the accession of his third brother, 18-year-old Æthelred."
},
{
"section_header": "King at war | Viking attacks (890s)",
"text": "The next year, 896 (or 897), they gave up the struggle."
},
{
"section_header": "Religion and culture | Advocacy of education in English",
"text": "but it may have been during the 880s when Wessex was enjoying a respite from Viking attacks."
},
{
"section_header": "Legal reform",
"text": "In the late 880s or early 890s, Alfred issued a long domboc or law code consisting of his own laws, followed by a code issued by his late seventh-century predecessor King Ine of Wessex."
},
{
"section_header": "King at war | Viking attacks (890s)",
"text": "At the end of the year the Danes drew their ships up the River Thames and the River Lea and fortified themselves twenty miles (32 km) north of London."
},
{
"section_header": "The reigns of Alfred's brothers | Viking invasion",
"text": "They were defeated again on 22 March at the Battle of Merton (perhaps Marden in Wiltshire or Martin in Dorset)."
}
] |
Vikings never attacked again in the 890s after the 880s quiet years of Alfred's life .
| 1 | 6 |
Alfred the Great
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships",
"text": "Show co-star Ashton Kutcher in April 2012."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships",
"text": "\"Kunis began dating her former That '70s"
}
] |
XXnwQdc6KIG2CiRhwfcb
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Career | 1994–2000: Career beginnings and television work",
"text": "She won two consecutive Young Star Awards as Best Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series in 1999 and 2000 for her performances."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Milena Markovna Kunis (; Ukrainian: Мілена Марківна Куніс; Russian: Милена Марковна Кунис; born August 14, 1983) is an American actress."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 1994–2000: Career beginnings and television work",
"text": "In 1998, Kunis was cast as Jackie Burkhart in the Fox sitcom"
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships",
"text": "During their relationship, there were rumors of the couple getting married, but Kunis denied them."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 1994–2000: Career beginnings and television work",
"text": "I say that Lacey did a phenomenal job, but there was something about Mila – something very natural about Mila."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 2013–present: continued work",
"text": "Under the agreement, the team will develop and produce TV projects for broadcast and cable."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 1994–2000: Career beginnings and television work",
"text": "In 1999, Kunis replaced Lacey Chabert in the role of Meg Griffin on the animated sitcom Family Guy, created by Seth MacFarlane for Fox."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 2001–2008: Transition to film",
"text": "American Psycho 2 was poorly reviewed by critics, and later, Kunis herself expressed embarrassment over the film."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 1994–2000: Career beginnings and television work",
"text": "MacFarlane added: \"What Mila Kunis brought to it was in a lot of ways, I thought, almost more right for the character."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | 2001–2008: Transition to film",
"text": "I think Mila just knocked it out of the park."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships",
"text": "Show co-star Ashton Kutcher in April 2012."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships",
"text": "\"Kunis began dating her former That '70s"
}
] |
American actress Mila Kunis married her costar from a TV sitcom.
| 0 | 0 |
Mila Kunis
|
Popular Culture
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Activism | The Charlie Sheen effect",
"text": "later study found Sheen's disclosure corresponded with a 95% increase in over-the-counter at-home HIV testing kits."
},
{
"section_header": "Activism | The Charlie Sheen effect",
"text": "Sheen's HIV-positive disclosure corresponded with the greatest number of HIV-related Google searches ever recorded in the United States."
}
] |
XXz5wqyTnRnjlWYwAPqn
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The public disclosure resulted in 1.25 million people googling HIV that increased awareness and some testing which was called the Charlie Sheen Effect."
},
{
"section_header": "Activism | The Charlie Sheen effect",
"text": "later study found Sheen's disclosure corresponded with a 95% increase in over-the-counter at-home HIV testing kits."
},
{
"section_header": "Activism | The Charlie Sheen effect",
"text": "1.25 million searches were directly relevant to public-health outcomes because they included search terms for condoms, HIV symptoms, or HIV testing (e.g., \"get HIV tested\").A"
},
{
"section_header": "Activism | The Charlie Sheen effect",
"text": "Sheen's HIV-positive disclosure corresponded with the greatest number of HIV-related Google searches ever recorded in the United States."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Television | Publicity following dismissal",
"text": "In the wake of the dismissal, Sheen had highly publicized events which were broadcast on television and the Internet."
},
{
"section_header": "Activism | The Charlie Sheen effect",
"text": "During the three weeks following his disclosure, there were about 2.75 million more searches than expected that included the term HIV, and"
},
{
"section_header": "Activism | Charity work",
"text": "The study's authors dubbed it \"The Charlie Sheen Effect\" with commenters noting \"Charlie Sheen did more for HIV education than most UN events do.\" Sheen spoke out for HIV prevention, citing the studies as motivation, later adding he was \"humbled\" to \"be of service.\" Sheen was the 2004 spokesperson for the Lee National Denim Day breast cancer fundraiser that raised millions of dollars for research and education regarding the disease."
},
{
"section_header": "Activism | Charity work",
"text": "On July 16, 2012, Sheen announced that he would donate at least $1 million to the USO."
},
{
"section_header": "Other ventures",
"text": "Sheen was announced as the face of and partner in \"NicoSheen\", a line of disposable E-cigarettes and related products."
},
{
"section_header": "Acting career | Film",
"text": "Sheen has also done voices for animation, appearing as Charlie in All Dogs"
}
] |
Charlie Sheen announcing to the world that he had HIV led to increased testing among the public.
| 3 | 5 |
Charlie Sheen
|
Music
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Their most commercially successful album, Brothers in Arms (1985), has sold more than 30 million copies; it was the first album to sell a million copies on compact disc, and is the eighth-bestselling album in UK history."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler (lead vocals and lead guitar), David Knopfler (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), John Illsley (bass guitar and backing vocals), and Pick Withers (drums and percussion)."
}
] |
XYb0PUOZVaQxjo90rtSY
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "History | 1996–present: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction",
"text": "On 13 December 2017 Dire Straits were announced as inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for 2018."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Their most commercially successful album, Brothers in Arms (1985), has sold more than 30 million copies; it was the first album to sell a million copies on compact disc, and is the eighth-bestselling album in UK history."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1996–present: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction",
"text": "In 2007, Knopfler said he did not miss the global fame that came his way at the height of the band's success, explaining that \"It just got too big.\" In October 2008, John Illsley told the BBC that he wanted Knopfler to agree to re-form Dire Straits for a comeback tour."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1996–present: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction",
"text": "In 2011, Alan Clark, Chris White, and Phil Palmer, along with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' drummer Steve Ferrone, formed a new band, the Straits, to perform at a charity show at the Royal Albert Hall in London."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1996–present: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction",
"text": "Speaking to Billboard magazine, John Illsley stated, \"it fills me with a lot of pleasure to be recognized and to be included in the thing that we love doing best, which is making music and playing rock n' roll\"."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1980–1984: Increased musical complexity and early success",
"text": "Love Over Gold reportedly sold two million copies during the first six weeks after its release."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1996–present: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction",
"text": "Since the break-up of Dire Straits, Mark Knopfler has shown no interest in re-forming the band and is quoted as saying \"Oh, I don't know whether to start getting all that stuff back together again,\" and telling reporters that \"I would only do that for a charity."
},
{
"section_header": "Awards | Honoured and inducted",
"text": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2018"
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1996–present: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction",
"text": ", Palmer and others have continued touring under the name Dire Straits Legacy, and they also released an album 3 Chord Trick."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1991–1995: Resurrection, final albums and final dissolution",
"text": "However, it sold 8 million copies, reaching number one in the United Kingdom and number 12 in the United States."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler (lead vocals and lead guitar), David Knopfler (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), John Illsley (bass guitar and backing vocals), and Pick Withers (drums and percussion)."
}
] |
The British rock band Dire Straits are in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and their most successful album sold more than 30 million copies.
| 0 | 0 |
Dire Straits
|
Music
| 7 |
[
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 1989–2003: Early life",
"text": "Swift, who said she has Scottish heritage, was named after the singer-songwriter James Taylor."
}
] |
XZb4Yte8uR0lhY5AVR2n
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2004–2008: Career beginnings and Taylor Swift",
"text": "Swift won accolades for Taylor Swift."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2004–2008: Career beginnings and Taylor Swift",
"text": "Taylor Swift was released on October 24, 2006."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2004–2008: Career beginnings and Taylor Swift",
"text": "I sincerely appreciate it. Taylor."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2004–2008: Career beginnings and Taylor Swift",
"text": "Swift also released the holiday album Sounds of the Season: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection in October 2007 and the EP Beautiful Eyes in July 2008."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2004–2008: Career beginnings and Taylor Swift",
"text": "Swift and her mother helped \"stuff the CD singles into envelopes to send to radio.\" She spent much of 2006 promoting Taylor Swift with a radio tour, television appearances, and opening for Rascal Flatts on select dates during their 2006 tour after they fired their previous opening act, Eric Church, for playing longer than his allotted time."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2004–2008: Career beginnings and Taylor Swift",
"text": "Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described it as \"a small masterpiece of pop-minded country, both wide-eyed and cynical, held together by Ms. Swift's firm, pleading voice.\" Taylor Swift peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States, spending 157 weeks there—"
},
{
"section_header": "Artistry | Music videos",
"text": "AMEX Unstaged: Taylor Swift Experience."
},
{
"section_header": "Other ventures | Product endorsements",
"text": "Swift released her fourth fragrance, Taylor by Taylor Swift: Made of Starlight, and partnered with the companies AirAsia and Qantas during the Red Tour."
},
{
"section_header": "Public image",
"text": "We Go Again which included the single \"Taylor Swift is Stalking Me\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 1989–2003: Early life",
"text": "Swift, who said she has Scottish heritage, was named after the singer-songwriter James Taylor."
}
] |
Taylor Swift said that she has Greek roots.
| 3 | 8 |
Taylor Swift
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is regarded as the national epic of Karelia and Finland and is one of the most significant works of Finnish literature."
}
] |
XZptGwRNmvnPcAe5qpNq
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Kalevala (Finnish: Kalevala, IPA: [ˈkɑle̞ʋɑlɑ]) is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Karelian and Finnish oral folklore and mythology."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is regarded as the national epic of Karelia and Finland and is one of the most significant works of Finnish literature."
},
{
"section_header": "Collection and compilation | Elias Lönnrot",
"text": "Prior to the publication of the Kalevala, Elias Lönnrot compiled several related works, including the three-part Kantele (1829–1831), the Old Kalevala (1835) and the Kanteletar (1840)."
},
{
"section_header": "Influence | Literature | Works inspired by",
"text": "Franz Anton Schiefner's translation of the Kalevala was one inspiration for Longfellow's 1855 poem The Song of Hiawatha, which is written in a similar trochaic tetrameter."
},
{
"section_header": "Influence | Literature | Works inspired by",
"text": "He has a further Kalevala based work which is not part of the series, entitled The Time Twister."
},
{
"section_header": "Influence | Literature | Works inspired by",
"text": "His best known works, known as the Otava Series, a series of novels based on the Kalevala."
},
{
"section_header": "Influence | Literature | Works inspired by",
"text": "Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald's Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg was inspired by the Kalevala."
},
{
"section_header": "Influence | Literature | Works inspired by",
"text": "In this story, the characters visit the world of the Kalevala, where they encounter characters from the epic drawn with a skeptical eye."
},
{
"section_header": "Collection and compilation | Poetry | Lönnrot's field trips",
"text": "In autumn of 1834, Lönnrot had written the vast majority of the work needed for what was to become the Old Kalevala; all that was required was to tie up some narrative loose ends and complete the work."
},
{
"section_header": "Collection and compilation | Elias Lönnrot",
"text": "In January 1833, he started as the district health officer of Kainuu and began his work on collecting poetry and compiling the Kalevala."
}
] |
Kalevala is considered one of the most significant works of Danish literature and is a 19th century work of epic poetry written by Elias Lönnrot.
| 0 | 0 |
Kalevala
|
Technology
| 5 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The company develops, hosts, and markets the Yelp.com website and the Yelp mobile app, which publish crowd-sourced reviews about businesses."
}
] |
XaBLJGJvvgHZjVcVsgYb
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Controversy and litigation | Alleged unfair business practices",
"text": "Yelp staff acknowledged that they had allowed their advertising partners to move their favorite review to the top of the listings as a \"featured review\", but said the reviews were not otherwise manipulated to favor the partner businesses."
},
{
"section_header": "Controversy and litigation | Astroturfing",
"text": "In October 2012, Yelp placed a 90-day \"consumer alert\" on 150 business listings believed to have paid for reviews."
},
{
"section_header": "Controversy and litigation | Alleged unfair business practices",
"text": "In response to the criticism of their allowing their advertising partners to manipulate the review listing, Yelp ceased its \"featured review\" practice in 2010.Several lawsuits have been filed against Yelp accusing it of extorting businesses into buying advertising products."
},
{
"section_header": "Features | Features for businesses",
"text": "Yelp's revenues primarily come from selling ads and sponsored listings to small businesses."
},
{
"section_header": "Community",
"text": "Users can give a review a \"thumbs-up\" rating, which will cause it to be ranked higher in the review listings."
},
{
"section_header": "Features",
"text": "In 2016, 78% of businesses listed on the site have a rating of three stars or better, but some negative reviews were very personal or extreme."
},
{
"section_header": "Features",
"text": "Businesses can also update contact information, hours, and other basic listing information or add special deals."
},
{
"section_header": "Features | Features for businesses",
"text": "Advertisers can pay to have their listing appear at the top of search results, or feature ads on the pages of their competitors."
},
{
"section_header": "Company history (2004–present) | Private company (2009–2012)",
"text": "It was supported through a partnership with Telstra, which provided one million initial business listings, and was initially glitchy."
},
{
"section_header": "Controversy and litigation | Alleged unfair business practices",
"text": "Journalist David Lazarus of the Los Angeles Times also criticized Yelp in 2014 for the practice of selling competitors' ads to run on top of business listings and then offering to have the ads removed as part of a paid feature."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The company develops, hosts, and markets the Yelp.com website and the Yelp mobile app, which publish crowd-sourced reviews about businesses."
}
] |
Yelp lists reviews about businesses.
| 0 | 5 |
Yelp
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Gaming",
"text": "Wallace is the subject and protagonist of the tutorial campaign in realtime strategy game Age of Empires II."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Gaming",
"text": "Wallace is the protagonist of the Britain campaign in realtime strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms."
}
] |
XaQyZiJyn5iuCOoyK501
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Literature",
"text": "Henty, a producer of and writer for the Boy's Own Paper story paper, portrays the life of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, The Black Douglas, and others, while dovetailing the events of his novel with historical fiction."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas, pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys; born c. 1270, died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family."
},
{
"section_header": "Battle of Falkirk",
"text": "Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance."
},
{
"section_header": "Capture and execution",
"text": "The Wallace Sword, which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years later, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Literature",
"text": "G. A. Henty wrote a novel about this time period titled In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885)."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Literature",
"text": "In the early 19th century, Walter Scott wrote of Wallace in his short essay Exploits and Death of William Wallace, the \"Hero of Scotland\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage."
},
{
"section_header": "Background",
"text": "Blind Harry's assertion that William was the son of Sir Malcolm of Elderslie has given rise to a tradition that William's birthplace was at Elderslie in Renfrewshire, and this is still the view of some historians, including the historical William Wallace Society itself."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Beer",
"text": "A brewery in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, makes a Scottish ale named \"William Wallace\", and Scottish Maclays Brewery had a beer called \"Wallace\"."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Gaming",
"text": "Wallace is the subject and protagonist of the tutorial campaign in realtime strategy game Age of Empires II."
},
{
"section_header": "In popular culture | Gaming",
"text": "Wallace is the protagonist of the Britain campaign in realtime strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms."
}
] |
William Wallace made both notable interactive story appearances as the main character of Action/RPGs.
| 0 | 0 |
William Wallace
|
Science
| 1 |
[
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has renewed interest in the therapeutic use of bacteriophages."
}
] |
XazHurF7r702fDIXrcFw
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Role in human disease | Prevention and treatment | Vaccines",
"text": "Subunit vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients because they cannot cause the disease."
},
{
"section_header": "Applications | Synthetic viruses",
"text": "This technology is now being used to investigate novel vaccine strategies."
},
{
"section_header": "Applications | Life sciences and medicine",
"text": "Eastern European scientists have used phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for some time, and interest in this approach is increasing, because of the high level of antibiotic resistance now found in some pathogenic bacteria."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has renewed interest in the therapeutic use of bacteriophages."
},
{
"section_header": "Microbiology | Life properties",
"text": "They differ from autonomous growth of crystals as they inherit genetic mutations while being subject to natural selection."
},
{
"section_header": "Applications | Life sciences and medicine",
"text": "The expression of heterologous proteins by viruses is the basis of several manufacturing processes that are currently being used for the production of various proteins such as vaccine antigens and antibodies."
},
{
"section_header": "Infection in other species | Archaeal viruses",
"text": "Some viruses replicate within archaea: these are double-stranded DNA viruses with unusual and sometimes unique shapes."
},
{
"section_header": "Infection in other species | Animal viruses",
"text": "Viruses are important pathogens of livestock."
},
{
"section_header": "Applications | Synthetic viruses",
"text": "That is, they contain all the necessary information to produce new viruses."
},
{
"section_header": "Applications | Synthetic viruses",
"text": "The ability to synthesise viruses has far-reaching consequences, since viruses can no longer be regarded as extinct, as long as the information of their genome sequence is known and permissive cells are available."
}
] |
Viruses can be safely fought with antibiotics.
| 2 | 2 |
Virus
|
History
| 3 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life | Lineage and childhood",
"text": "When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala."
}
] |
Xb3XCIwX9KuJLKiImOa5
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Indian campaign | Forays into the Indian subcontinent",
"text": "Alexander founded two cities on opposite sides of the Hydaspes river, naming one Bucephala, in honour of his horse, who died around this time."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Founding of cities",
"text": "Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris."
},
{
"section_header": "Philip's heir | Regency and ascent of Macedon",
"text": "He colonized it with Greeks, and founded a city named Alexandropolis."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf",
"text": "Arrian wrote that Aristobulus said that the Icarus island (modern Failaka Island) in the Persian Gulf had this name because Alexander ordered the island to be named like this, after the Icarus island in the Aegean Sea."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life | Lineage and childhood",
"text": "When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Founding of cities",
"text": "At first, the cities must have been inhospitable, little more than defensive garrisons."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Founding of cities",
"text": "The cities' locations reflected trade routes as well as defensive positions."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Founding of cities",
"text": "The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life | Lineage and childhood",
"text": "Macedon is too small for you\", and bought the horse for him."
}
] |
Alexander the Great named a city in honor of his horse.
| 2 | 3 |
Alexander the Great
|
Sports
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "Harridge decided that Veeck was making a mockery of baseball and cancelled Gaedel's contract the next day."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life",
"text": "In 1967, Harridge was driving through Wilmette when he struck and killed architect Barry Byrne of Evanston."
}
] |
XbCBjP6aZzGD07okqBPY
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Later life",
"text": "Harridge was neither ticketed nor charged in the accident."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "In 1927, Harridge became the American League secretary."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and career",
"text": "Will Harridge was born in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "Harridge often cited a 1932 incident as his most difficult decision in baseball."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "Harridge faced some criticism for his involvement in allowing Arnold Johnson, a business associate of"
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "Harridge decided that Veeck was making a mockery of baseball and cancelled Gaedel's contract the next day."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life",
"text": "In 1967, Harridge was driving through Wilmette when he struck and killed architect Barry Byrne of Evanston."
},
{
"section_header": "Later life",
"text": "Harridge died at age 87 in Evanston, Illinois, and is interred in Memorial Park in Skokie, Illinois"
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "The American League Championship Series trophy is named the William Harridge Trophy in Harridge's honor."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball career",
"text": "Though Dickey was a star player with the most powerful franchise in baseball, Harridge issued him a $1,000 fine and a thirty-day suspension."
}
] |
Will Harridge was an honest man that was very lenient.
| 1 | 6 |
Will Harridge
|
Music
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "After appearing on the children's television series Barney & Friends (2002–2004), she rose to prominence for her role as Mitchie Torres in the Disney Channel musical television film Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010)."
}
] |
XcVrIbrZwc9v7EV5OuFf
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Camp Rock and Don't Forget",
"text": "Lovato played the lead character, aspiring singer Mitchie Torres, in Camp Rock."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "After appearing on the children's television series Barney & Friends (2002–2004), she rose to prominence for her role as Mitchie Torres in the Disney Channel musical television film Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010)."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2009–2010: Sonny with a Chance and Here We Go Again",
"text": "Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam, with Lovato reprising her role as Mitchie Torres, premiered on September 3, 2010."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Camp Rock and Don't Forget",
"text": "Lovato auditioned for the channel's television film Camp Rock and series Sonny with a Chance during 2007 and got both roles."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Camp Rock and Don't Forget",
"text": "The film premiered on June 20, 2008, to 8.9 million viewers."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Camp Rock and Don't Forget",
"text": "Lovato sang four songs on the soundtrack, including \"We Rock\" and"
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2013–2014: Demi and Glee",
"text": "Lovato's fourth studio album, Demi was released on May 14, 2013."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Camp Rock and Don't Forget",
"text": "That summer, Lovato signed with Hollywood Records and began her Demi Live!"
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Camp Rock and Don't Forget",
"text": "Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly said, \"Demi Lovato might satisfy her 'tween fans"
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 2007–2008: Breakthrough with Camp Rock and Don't Forget",
"text": "Lovato's debut studio album, Don't Forget, was released on September 23, 2008, and was met with generally positive reviews from critics."
}
] |
Demi Lovato's popularity skyrocketed as Mitchie Torres in the film Camp Rock.
| 0 | 0 |
Demi Lovato
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "On August 30, 1952, Vaughan was fishing in nearby Lost Lake, with his friend Bill Wimer."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "According to a witness, Wimer stood up in the boat, causing it to capsize, and both men drowned."
}
] |
Xd9BTvhRmvpMGFooGoWv
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Pittsburgh Pirates | Remaining Pirates career",
"text": "In the 1941 All-Star Game, Vaughan hit two home runs, but was upstaged by a ninth-inning, three-run homer by American Leaguer Ted Williams."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Legacy",
"text": "Vaughan was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985, following which Vaughan's daughter Patricia received this brief, handwritten congratulatory letter: I was a substitute tackle on the Fullerton High School championship 130-pound team and remember Arky as our star halfback--fast, hard-nosed and even then a real professional."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "After leaving the Seals, Vaughan bought a ranch in Eagleville, California, where he retired to fish, hunt and tend cattle."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "Vaughan was 40.Vaughan's nephew Glenn Vaughan had a brief major league career with the Houston Colt .45s in 1963."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Pittsburgh Pirates | 1935",
"text": "In 1935, Vaughan had what is universally recognized as his best season."
},
{
"section_header": "Minor leagues",
"text": "On April 7, 1932, Vaughan was acquired from the Oilers by the Pirates."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Pittsburgh Pirates | Establishing himself",
"text": "Vaughan solidified his position as the Pirates' starting shortstop in 1933."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Pittsburgh Pirates | Establishing himself",
"text": "Vaughan took his game up another notch in 1934."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career | Pittsburgh Pirates | Remaining Pirates career",
"text": "Vaughan finished the year batting .316 in 106 games."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "Vaughan married his wife, Margaret, in 1931, and they had four children."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "On August 30, 1952, Vaughan was fishing in nearby Lost Lake, with his friend Bill Wimer."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "According to a witness, Wimer stood up in the boat, causing it to capsize, and both men drowned."
}
] |
"Arky" Vaughan died with his daughter Patricia while falling overboard in a swift stream of water in California.
| 0 | 0 |
Arky Vaughan
|
Literature
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "Synopsis",
"text": "The Emperor Jones is about an American Negro, a Pullman porter who escapes to an island in the West Indies."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Emperor Jones is a 1920 play by American dramatist Eugene O'Neill that tells the tale of Brutus Jones, a resourceful, self-assured African American and a former Pullman porter, who kills another black man in a dice game, is jailed, and later escapes to a small, backward Caribbean island where he sets himself up as emperor."
}
] |
XdSybXJXwg965o4QZZnF
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Synopsis",
"text": "In two years, Jones makes himself \"Emperor\" of the place."
},
{
"section_header": "Synopsis",
"text": "The Emperor Jones is about an American Negro, a Pullman porter who escapes to an island in the West Indies."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Emperor Jones is a 1920 play by American dramatist Eugene O'Neill that tells the tale of Brutus Jones, a resourceful, self-assured African American and a former Pullman porter, who kills another black man in a dice game, is jailed, and later escapes to a small, backward Caribbean island where he sets himself up as emperor."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The play recounts his story in flashbacks as Brutus makes his way through the jungle in an attempt to escape former subjects who have rebelled against him."
},
{
"section_header": "Synopsis",
"text": "When the play begins, he has been Emperor long enough to amass a fortune by imposing heavy taxes on the islanders and carrying on all sorts of large-scale graft."
},
{
"section_header": "Productions | 1920 premiere",
"text": "Charles Sidney Gilpin, a respected leading man from the all-black Lafayette Players of Harlem, was the first actor to play the role of Brutus Jones on stage."
},
{
"section_header": "Synopsis",
"text": "During the final scene, Jones is killed by a silver bullet, which was the only way that the rebels believed Jones could be killed, and the way in which Jones planned to kill himself if he was captured."
},
{
"section_header": "Characters",
"text": "Brutus Jones, Emperor Smithers, a Cockney Trader"
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Emperor Jones was O'Neill's first big box-office hit."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Emperor Jones was included in Burns Mantle's The Best Plays of 1920–1921."
}
] |
The Emperor Jones is about a man who escapes to an island and makes himself an "Emperor".
| 2 | 6 |
The Emperor Jones
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "He was tutored from home until the age of eleven, when he was enrolled in Stephen Clark's School for Boys, a private school in Pasadena, for six years."
}
] |
Xe04KZAnt6dvnTDQH9Bm
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Junior officer | Sword design",
"text": "Patton graduated from this school in June 1915."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In the interwar period, Patton became a central figure in the development of the Army's armored warfare doctrine, serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country."
},
{
"section_header": "World War I",
"text": "On November 10, 1917 Patton was assigned to establish the AEF Light Tank School."
},
{
"section_header": "Inter-war years",
"text": "Patton continued playing polo and sailing in this time."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "He was tutored from home until the age of eleven, when he was enrolled in Stephen Clark's School for Boys, a private school in Pasadena, for six years."
},
{
"section_header": "World War II",
"text": "Following the German Army's invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939, the U.S. military entered a period of mobilization, and Patton sought to build up the power of U.S. armored forces."
},
{
"section_header": "Pancho Villa Expedition",
"text": "During his time in the town, Patton took to wearing his M1911 Colt .45"
},
{
"section_header": "World War I",
"text": "For his leadership of the brigade and tank school, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal."
},
{
"section_header": "World War II | Advance into Germany",
"text": "Patton later said he felt the correct decision would have been to send a Combat Command, which is a force about three times larger."
},
{
"section_header": "Inter-war years",
"text": "The incident almost forced Patton out of active service, but a six-month administrative assignment in the Academic Department at the Cavalry School at Fort Riley helped him to recover."
}
] |
Patton had school at his house for a period of time.
| 0 | 0 |
Patton
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (Portuguese: [ʒeˈtulju doʁˈnɛlis ˈvaʁɡɐs]; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician, who served as president during two periods: the first was from 1930 to 1945, when he served as interim president from 1930 to 1934, constitutional president from 1934 to 1937, and dictator from 1937 to 1945."
}
] |
XeKoFPMXFZ6aUi0ZVRWk
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "National politics",
"text": "His election had been assisted by the political machine of Borges de Medeiros, and so he nominated one of that machine's members, Getulio Vargas, to be his Finance Secretary."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | Vargas and the Axis Powers",
"text": "The repressions that followed the communist coup d'état attempt in Brazil in November 1935 increased the cooperation between Brazil and Germany."
},
{
"section_header": "Second presidency",
"text": "When he left the Estado Novo presidency, the economic surplus of Brazil was high and the industry was growing."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | Vargas and the Axis Powers",
"text": "However, when Brazil refused this invitation at the advent of the \"Estado Novo\" at the end of that same year, the relations between Brazil and the countries of the Axis started to chill."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | Vargas and the Axis Powers | World War II and the fall of the New State",
"text": "The US also granted large loans to Brazil, which Vargas used to industrialize the country."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | Vargas and the Axis Powers",
"text": "The German Bank for South America even established three hundred branches in Vargas' Brazil."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | Vargas and the Axis Powers",
"text": "After Brazil deported the revolutionary Jewish German Olga Benário Prestes, wife of Luís Carlos Prestes to Germany in 1937, Brazil was invited to be part of the Axis Powers at the side of Japan, Italy and Germany."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | New State and suppression of integralism",
"text": "To help further modernize and industrialize Brazil Vargas nationalized oil production and refinement."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | New State and suppression of integralism",
"text": "During the Estado Novo Vargas made major changes to the Brazilian economy for the betterment of Brazil."
},
{
"section_header": "First presidency | New State and suppression of integralism",
"text": "Vargas also began to focus on industrialization; this led to the creation of the first steel mill in Brazil at Volta Redonda."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (Portuguese: [ʒeˈtulju doʁˈnɛlis ˈvaʁɡɐs]; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician, who served as president during two periods: the first was from 1930 to 1945, when he served as interim president from 1930 to 1934, constitutional president from 1934 to 1937, and dictator from 1937 to 1945."
}
] |
Getulio Vargas was president of Brazil twice.
| 0 | 0 |
Getulio Vargas
|
Literature
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Performance",
"text": "The play was published by Gyldendal AS in Copenhagen in 1892 and its first performance was on 19 January 1893 at the Lessing Theatre in Berlin, with Emanuel Reicher as Solness."
}
] |
Xeseh6LWcxwGlSLr09aC
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Performance",
"text": "The first U.S. performance was at the Carnegie Lyceum in New York on 16 January 1900, with William Pascoe and Florence Kahn."
},
{
"section_header": "Criticism",
"text": "The Master Builder was the first work Ibsen wrote upon his return to Norway from Europe in July 1891."
},
{
"section_header": "Performance",
"text": "The play was published by Gyldendal AS in Copenhagen in 1892 and its first performance was on 19 January 1893 at the Lessing Theatre in Berlin, with Emanuel Reicher as Solness."
},
{
"section_header": "Autobiographical elements",
"text": "At the time Ibsen was working on The Master Builder, he was taking a holiday in the mountain resort of Gossensass and spending much time with Emilie Bardach, an 18-year-old Viennese student with whom he found a temporary, \"high, painful happiness\" in a brief affair."
},
{
"section_header": "Characters",
"text": "Halvard Solness, master builder"
},
{
"section_header": "Translations",
"text": "It was performed by Vijayanagara Bimba in 2018(Temple Builder of Baaluru)."
},
{
"section_header": "Plot interpretation",
"text": "Halvard Solness, the master builder, has become the most successful builder in his home town by a fortunate series of coincidences for him which were the chance misfortunes of his competitors."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Master Builder (Norwegian: Bygmester Solness) is a play by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptation",
"text": "The 2013 film A Master Builder (working title: Fear of Falling) was directed by Jonathan Demme."
},
{
"section_header": "Plot interpretation",
"text": "“My—my Master Builder!” The search for a meaning, or interpretation has engaged and often bewildered audiences and critics all over the world."
}
] |
The Master Builder was performed for the first time in Germany.
| 1 | 3 |
The Master Builder
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Captain Marvel premiered in London on February 27, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on March 8, as part of Phase Three of the MCU."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Captain Marvel is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Carol Danvers."
}
] |
XeyuNbgMMYRCDCJVBYBB
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Release | Theatrical",
"text": "Captain Marvel premiered in London on February 27, 2019, and in Hollywood on March 4."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Captain Marvel is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Carol Danvers."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Captain Marvel premiered in London on February 27, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on March 8, as part of Phase Three of the MCU."
},
{
"section_header": "Sequel",
"text": "In February 2019, Larson expressed interest in including the character Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel in a sequel; Feige previously said he had plans to introduce Khan to the MCU following the release of Captain Marvel."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Home media",
"text": "It became the first theatrical Disney release to stream exclusively on Disney+, which launched on November 12, 2019."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Home media",
"text": "The film was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 28, 2019, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on June 11."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Pre-production",
"text": "Feige said the film would play a significant role in setting up Avengers: Endgame which was scheduled for release after Captain Marvel."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Theatrical",
"text": "Captain Marvel is part of Phase Three of the MCU."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Home media",
"text": "Captain Marvel has made over $64.2 million from video sales in the U.S."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Theatrical",
"text": "It was originally scheduled for release on July 6, 2018, but in February 2015 it was moved to November 2, 2018 to make room for Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), and in October 2015 it was pushed to its final March 2019 date for Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018)."
}
] |
The Captain Marvel film was released in 2019.
| 0 | 0 |
Captain Marvel (film)
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Ratings controversy",
"text": "The film was initially given a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification, due to a minute-long scene where Logue encourages the King to shout profanities, which he could do without stuttering."
}
] |
XfJexjAvybf9JDPRJTYj
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Nine weeks before filming began, Logue's notebooks were discovered and quotations from them were incorporated into the script."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Ratings controversy",
"text": "The film was initially given a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification, due to a minute-long scene where Logue encourages the King to shout profanities, which he could do without stuttering."
},
{
"section_header": "Historical accuracy | Relationship with Lionel Logue",
"text": "The Duke of York actually began working with Logue in October 1926, ten years before the abdication crisis, and the improvement in his speech was apparent in months rather than years as suggested by the film."
},
{
"section_header": "Historical accuracy | Relationship with Lionel Logue",
"text": "This does not worry me any more.\" And of his speech opening Parliament it was observed that he spoke \"resonantly and without stuttering\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Development",
"text": "He's managing it.\" The production team learned – some nine weeks prior to the start of filming – of a diary containing Logue's original notes on his treatment of the Duke."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Development",
"text": "so they would know it was me \" were direct quotations from Logue's notes."
},
{
"section_header": "Historical accuracy | Relationship with Lionel Logue",
"text": "Robert Logue, a grandson of Lionel, doubted the film's depiction of the speech therapist, stating"
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Critical response",
"text": "Slovenian Marxist philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek has incorporated the film into his critique of ideology by describing it as \"reactionary,\" interpreting the king's stutter as evidence that he \"displays a minimum of common sense, experiencing the stupidity of seriously accepting that one is king by divine will\" and claiming that \"the task of the Australian voice-coach is to render him stupid enough to accept his being a king as his natural property.\" Žižek thus interprets the king's stutter as a case of what is referred to in Lacanian psychoanalysis as \"symbolic castration."
},
{
"section_header": "Historical accuracy | Relationship with Lionel Logue",
"text": "I give it every evening at dinner on board."
},
{
"section_header": "Historical accuracy | Relationship with Lionel Logue",
"text": "He wrote to Logue from the Caribbean, \"You remember my fear of 'The King'."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush."
}
] |
Nine weeks before filming for The King's Speech began, Lionel Logue's notebooks were discovered and quotations from them were incorporated into the script and even included a minute-long scene where Logue encourages the King to shout profanities, which he could do without stuttering.
| 0 | 0 |
The King's Speech
|
History
| 1 |
[
{
"section_header": "Empress of India",
"text": "Disraeli also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876."
}
] |
XfPuy9JQQOqhGTN7VmR4
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death."
},
{
"section_header": "Titles, styles, honours and arms | Arms",
"text": "The QueenAt the end of her reign, the Queen's full style was: \"Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India.\" As Sovereign, Victoria used the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom."
},
{
"section_header": "Early reign",
"text": "Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom."
},
{
"section_header": "Empress of India",
"text": "Disraeli also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title \"Empress of India\" from 1 May 1876."
},
{
"section_header": "Later years | Golden Jubilee",
"text": "Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death."
},
{
"section_header": "1842–1860",
"text": "In Ireland, Victoria was labelled \"The Famine Queen\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Empress of India",
"text": "After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire."
},
{
"section_header": "Empress of India",
"text": "\"If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power\", she wrote, \"we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY.\" Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: \"It is not in our custom to annexe countries\", she said, \"unless we are obliged & forced to do so.\" To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister."
},
{
"section_header": "Empress of India",
"text": "The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "As a result of her seclusion, republicanism in the United Kingdom temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered."
}
] |
Queen Victoria was ruler of the United Kingdom and Ireland and also the Empress of India from 1837 until her death.
| 1 | 1 |
Queen Victoria
|
Geography
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "History | 1980s: Opening and operation | Dedication",
"text": "The theme park opened on October 1, 1982."
}
] |
XfUUDqZWj3oaL6nvUEFS
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "History | 1980s: Opening and operation",
"text": "As part of the opening-day ceremony, dancers and band members performed We've Just Begun to Dream."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1980s: Opening and operation | Dedication",
"text": "Located at the front of the park is a plaque bearing Walker's opening-day dedication: To all who come to this place of joy, hope and friendship, welcome."
},
{
"section_header": "Annual events",
"text": "The Epcot International Festival of the Holidays is Epcot's annual holiday celebration."
},
{
"section_header": "Areas | World Showcase | Proposed pavilions and unused locations",
"text": "The Israeli, Spanish, and an Equatorial Africa pavilion (blending elements of the cultures of countries such as Kenya and Zaire) were even announced as coming soon in 1982, and a model of the latter was shown on the opening day telecast, but never took off."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2010-present: Transformation and redesign | Changes to World Showcase",
"text": "The park was closed from March 16 to July 15, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1980s: Opening and operation | Dedication",
"text": "The theme park opened on October 1, 1982."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1980s: Opening and operation",
"text": "Water was gathered from major rivers across the globe and emptied into the park's fountain of nations ceremonial containers to mark the opening."
},
{
"section_header": "Areas | Future World",
"text": "However, at D23 Expo 2019, Disney revealed that the concept of the circular pavilion logos would be revived as part of Epcot's transformation, with both classic logos revived and new logos introduced."
},
{
"section_header": "Areas",
"text": "The World Showcase usually opens two hours after park opening and remains open later than the Future World section of the park."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2010-present: Transformation and redesign",
"text": "In July 2017, The Walt Disney Company formally announced that Epcot would undergo a multi-year, redesign and expansion plan that would introduce Guardians of the Galaxy and Ratatouille attractions to Future World and World Showcase, respectively, as well as maintaining the original vision and spirit for the park."
}
] |
Epcot's opening day was July of 1991.
| 1 | 4 |
Epcot
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Other territories",
"text": "For IMAX in its second weekend, Captain America: Civil War earned $31 million, a new record for a day-and-date opening for a Marvel film."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office | United States and Canada",
"text": "Two weeks ahead of its release, Fandango announced that the film outsold all previous Marvel Cinematic Universe films at the same point in the sales cycle, and by its opening week, had reached the highest advance sales for a superhero film, representing 90% of the site's weekend ticket sales."
}
] |
XfcUKCrLkyvvbNtDJX2g
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is the sequel to Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and the 13th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Critical response",
"text": "Justin Chang of Variety called it \"the most mature and substantive picture to have yet emerged from the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\" Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter said, \"Call it 'civil war' or call it brand extension; call it a 'cinematic universe' or a corporate behemoth—"
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Filming",
"text": "Samuel L. Jackson, who appeared as Nick Fury in the two previous Captain America films, said he was \"surprised\" to discover that he would not be in Captain America: Civil War, after \"the Russo Brothers told [him he] was.\" Moore stated that Fury was not included \"because he didn't add anything to the Civil War story they were telling\", while Markus stated that they did not want him to choose any particular side because \"that's not his place in the universe\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Cast",
"text": "On how he and Barton fit into the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Renner said, \"I'm happy to be the ensemble."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Captain America: Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Other territories",
"text": "For IMAX in its second weekend, Captain America: Civil War earned $31 million, a new record for a day-and-date opening for a Marvel film."
},
{
"section_header": "Cast",
"text": "\" Feige described the character as \"very much a product of the [Marvel] Cinematic Universe and all that has occurred within that universe up to this point\", while Anthony Russo called him \"an everyman."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Theatrical",
"text": "Captain America: Civil War was the first film released in Phase Three of the MCU."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Pre-production",
"text": "A few days later, Marvel revealed that the film would be titled Captain America: Civil War, confirming Downey's appearance and announcing that Chadwick Boseman would appear in the film as Black Panther ahead of his own solo film."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office | United States and Canada",
"text": "Two weeks ahead of its release, Fandango announced that the film outsold all previous Marvel Cinematic Universe films at the same point in the sales cycle, and by its opening week, had reached the highest advance sales for a superhero film, representing 90% of the site's weekend ticket sales."
}
] |
The film Captain America: Civil War was the least successful film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
| 0 | 0 |
Captain America: Civil War
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Exactly 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document, mostly women."
}
] |
Xg5J7zXziDGjcakY9BKJ
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Stanton considered the Seneca Falls Convention to be the beginning of the women's rights movement, an opinion that was echoed in the History of Woman Suffrage, which Stanton co-wrote."
},
{
"section_header": "Historiography",
"text": "She positioned the Seneca Falls meeting as her own political debut, and characterized it as the beginning of the women's rights movement, which she called \"the greatest movement for human liberty recorded on the pages of history—a demand for freedom to one-half the entire race."
},
{
"section_header": "Second day | Morning session, day two",
"text": "The question of men's signatures was solved by having two sections of signatures, one for women followed by one for men."
},
{
"section_header": "Second day | Afternoon session, day two",
"text": "The only one that was materially questioned was the ninth, the one Stanton had added regarding women's right to vote."
},
{
"section_header": "Afterward | Religious reaction",
"text": "the assertion of a natural right, and such must be conceded.\" Some of the ministers heading congregations in the area attended the Seneca Falls Convention, but none spoke out during the sessions, not even when comments from the floor were invited."
},
{
"section_header": "Afterward | Further conventions",
"text": "Unlike the Seneca Falls convention, the Rochester convention took the controversial step of electing a woman, Abigail Bush, as its presiding officer."
},
{
"section_header": "Historiography",
"text": "According to Lisa Tetrault, a professor of women's history, the Seneca Falls Convention was central to their rendition of the movement's history."
},
{
"section_header": "Background | Women's rights",
"text": "They talked once more in 1847, prior to Stanton moving from Boston to Seneca Falls."
},
{
"section_header": "Second day | Afternoon session, day two",
"text": "\"In this denial of the right to participate in government, not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens, but the maiming and repudiation of one-half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world.\" Douglass's powerful words rang true with many in attendance, and the resolution passed by a large majority."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Exactly 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document, mostly women."
}
] |
Half of the people that attended the Seneca Falls Convention wrote their signature on the women's right to vote document.
| 0 | 0 |
Seneca Falls Convention
|
Music
| 5 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Edward Christopher Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England on 17 February 1991."
}
] |
XgDrynHc8ZffWHtzvFHW
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "His early childhood home was on Birchcliffe Road in nearby Hebden Bridge."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 2004–2010: Career beginnings",
"text": ", Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford and Songs"
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 2014–2015: ×",
"text": "The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special Ed Sheeran – Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind-the-scenes footage."
},
{
"section_header": "Other ventures | Charity",
"text": "Sheeran teamed up with the cast of the BBC3 mockumentary sitcom People"
},
{
"section_header": "Other ventures | Acting",
"text": "The company released a limited edition ketchup product known as Ed Sheeran X Heinz ketchup, also known as “Heinz Edchup”."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "They broke up in February 2015."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "Sheeran was in a relationship with Scottish singer-songwriter Nina Nesbitt (who was in his music video for \"Drunk\") in 2012, before breaking up."
},
{
"section_header": "Other ventures | Charity",
"text": "\" Tickets were available to those taking part in the charity's Give it up for One25 campaign by giving something up for 125 hours and hitting the £40,000 fundraising mark."
},
{
"section_header": "Music career | 2019–present: No.6 Collaborations Project",
"text": "On 26 August, Sheeran wrapped up the 260-show Divide Tour with the last of four homecoming gigs in Ipswich, Suffolk."
},
{
"section_header": "Other ventures | Gingerbread Man Records",
"text": "In March 2015, Sheeran announced he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Edward Christopher Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England on 17 February 1991."
}
] |
Ed Sheeran birthplace is Edinburgh, Scotland and grew up on Birchcliffe Road.
| 3 | 5 |
Ed Sheeran
|
Sports
| 3 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early years",
"text": "The three Clarkson brothers rank third in wins by brothers behind the Niekro and Perry brothers."
}
] |
XgPS0J297SRVMOA70qzi
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early years",
"text": "Clakson had two brothers who were also major league pitchers: Dad Clarkson and Walter Clarkson."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "John Gibson Clarkson (July 1, 1861 – February 4, 1909) was a Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher."
},
{
"section_header": "Career overview",
"text": "His 24 career home runs (in the deadball era) ranks 7th on the List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers."
},
{
"section_header": "Boston Beaneaters (1888–1892) | A 49-win season in 1889",
"text": "On June 4, 1889, Clarkson became the first pitcher in major league history to strike out three batters on nine pitches, in the third inning of a 4-2 win over the Philadelphia Quakers."
},
{
"section_header": "Early years",
"text": "The three Clarkson brothers rank third in wins by brothers behind the Niekro and Perry brothers."
},
{
"section_header": "Early years",
"text": "Clarkson played his first major league game at age 20 on May 2, 1882."
},
{
"section_header": "Chicago White Stockings (1884–1887) | A 53-win season in 1885",
"text": "Clarkson's performance in 1885 led the National League in wins (53) and strikeouts (308) and ranks as one of the most remarkable in major league history."
},
{
"section_header": "Boston Beaneaters (1888–1892) | A 49-win season in 1889",
"text": "As a measure of his dominance, Clarkson's 49 wins were 11 more than any other pitcher; his 620 innings were 200 more than any other pitcher; and his 68 complete games were 22 more than any other pitcher."
},
{
"section_header": "Career overview",
"text": "Total Baseball ranked Clarkson as the fourth best pitcher of all time behind Hall of Famers Cy Young, Christy Mathewson and Lefty Grove, though Bill James ranks him lower at number 42 in his The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract."
},
{
"section_header": "Career overview",
"text": "\"At the time Clarkson retired from the game, he was the winningest pitcher in National League history."
}
] |
The baseball pitcher John Clarkson had two brothers who were also major league pitchers and together they rank first in wins by any sibling group.
| 3 | 5 |
John Clarkson
|
Technology
| 7 |
[
{
"section_header": "History | 2011–2014: Windows 8/8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, and Surface devices",
"text": "On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy Nokia's mobile unit for $7 billion, following Amy Hood taking the role of CFO."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens",
"text": "On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion."
}
] |
XgvWyJSA6ENaCSYdw9p7
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens",
"text": "On September 15, 2014, Microsoft acquired the video game development company Mojang, best known for Minecraft, for $2.5 billion."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens",
"text": "On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2011–2014: Windows 8/8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, and Surface devices",
"text": "On June 25, Microsoft paid US$1.2 billion to buy the social network Yammer."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2011–2014: Windows 8/8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, and Surface devices",
"text": "On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy Nokia's mobile unit for $7 billion, following Amy Hood taking the role of CFO."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens",
"text": "During the summer of 2015 the company lost $7.6 billion related to its mobile-phone business, firing 7,800 employees."
},
{
"section_header": "History | 1972–1985: The founding of Microsoft",
"text": "Allen claimed in Idea Man: A Memoir by the Co-founder of Microsoft that Gates wanted to dilute his share in the company when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease because he did not think that he was working hard enough."
},
{
"section_header": "Corporate affairs | Financial",
"text": "On November 14, 2014, Microsoft overtook ExxonMobil to become the second most-valuable company by market capitalization, behind"
},
{
"section_header": "Corporate affairs | Layoffs",
"text": "In September 2014, Microsoft laid off 2,100 people, including 747 people in the Seattle–Redmond area, where the company is headquartered."
},
{
"section_header": "Corporate affairs | Financial",
"text": "As of January 2014, Microsoft's market capitalization stood at $314B, making it the 8th largest company in the world by market capitalization."
},
{
"section_header": "Corporate affairs | Financial",
"text": "Microsoft profits were $5.2 billion, while Apple Inc. profits were $6 billion, on revenues of $14.5 billion and $24.7 billion respectively."
}
] |
In 2014, the company wanted to buy Samsung for $10 billion.
| 3 | 7 |
Microsoft
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Cannery Row is the waterfront street in the New Monterey section of Monterey, California."
}
] |
XhUIKuXZBgpQ4RAQcfOr
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Today",
"text": "MacAbee Beach and San Carlos Beach, which bookend Cannery Row are both popular spots for kayak-launching; San Carlos Beach is one of Monterey Bay's most popular scuba-diving spots."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Cannery Row is the waterfront street in the New Monterey section of Monterey, California."
},
{
"section_header": "Today",
"text": "The Monterey Bay Aquarium (opened in 1984) is located at the north end of Cannery Row, at the former site of the major Hovden Cannery."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "Both were the basis for the 1982 movie Cannery Row, starring Nick Nolte and Debra Winger."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "Cannery Row was adjoined by a grand mansion owned by Montana mining tycoon James A. Murray."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "In the novel's opening sentence, Steinbeck described the street as \"a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream.\" Cannery Row was the setting of John Steinbeck's novels Cannery Row (1945) and Sweet Thursday (1954)."
},
{
"section_header": "Today",
"text": "Cannery Row itself is now a tourist attraction with many restaurants and hotels, several of which are located in former cannery buildings, and a few historic attractions."
},
{
"section_header": "Today",
"text": "By canning squid at the end of its life, Hovden Cannery managed to outlast its neighbors, finally closing its doors in 1973 when it became the last cannery on the row to close."
},
{
"section_header": "Today",
"text": "In recent years, Cannery Row has become increasingly popular among sport fishermen due to extensive public fishing facilities."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "At 851 Cannery Row, across from Pacific Biological Laboratories, is the original building that inspired the bar from the novel named La Ida Cafe.[1]"
}
] |
Cannery Row is a main beach road in Key West, Florida.
| 0 | 0 |
Cannery Row
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "It achieved the sixth-largest worldwide opening weekend with $372.5 million."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The film was a box office success, grossing over $1.2 billion worldwide making it the second highest-grossing film of 2013 and the sixteenth film to gross over $1 billion."
}
] |
XhrY0SS8nv3hW18SOHLp
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "Worldwide, it became the fifth-highest-grossing film, the second-highest-grossing film of 2013, the second-highest-grossing film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (behind Marvel's The Avengers), and the highest-grossing film of the Iron Man film series, as well as the fourth-highest-grossing comic-book and superhero film overall."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "In India, it had the second-best opening weekend for a Hollywood film after The Amazing Spider-Man."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "It also scored the second-biggest opening day in Argentina (only behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2)."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "Of the opening-weekend audience, 55% was over 25 years old, and 61% were males, while only 45% of the gross originated from 3-D screenings."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "By the end of its opening weekend, the film earned $174.1 million, making it the second-highest opening weekend of all time (behind The Avengers)."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "The film's opening-weekend gross included $7.1 million from IMAX venues."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "By the end of its opening day, Iron Man 3 made $68.9 million (including $15.6 million from late Thursday shows), achieving the seventh-highest-grossing opening day."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "It also achieved the second-largest opening weekend in Mexico, Brazil, and Russia and the CIS."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "It topped the box office during two consecutive weekends and achieved the fourth-largest second-weekend gross with $72.5 million."
},
{
"section_header": "Future | Potential sequel",
"text": "[Downey, Jr.]? [Downey, Jr.]? ' Something tells me that it will not be the case, and [he] will be seen in a fourth, or fifth.\" In April 2013, Cheadle stated that Iron Man 3 could be the final film in the series, saying, \"The door is always left open in these kinds of movies especially when they do as well as they have done."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "It achieved the sixth-largest worldwide opening weekend with $372.5 million."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The film was a box office success, grossing over $1.2 billion worldwide making it the second highest-grossing film of 2013 and the sixteenth film to gross over $1 billion."
}
] |
The movie Iron Man 3 is the 6th biggest grossing opening weekend and second in 2013 overall.
| 0 | 0 |
Iron Man 3
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 18, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator, and adviser to multiple presidents of the United States."
}
] |
Xht60H7ZqgWx3y5Tu4hD
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "He advised on the use of financial donations from philanthropists, and avoided antagonizing white Southerners with his accommodation to the political realities of the age of Jim Crow segregation."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 18, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator, and adviser to multiple presidents of the United States."
},
{
"section_header": "Later career",
"text": "Shortly after the Spanish–American War, President William McKinley and most of his cabinet visited Booker Washington."
},
{
"section_header": "Death",
"text": "Told he only had a few days left to live, Washington expressed a desire to die at Tuskegee."
},
{
"section_header": "Later career",
"text": "When graduates returned to their largely impoverished rural southern communities, they still found few schools and educational resources, as the white-dominated state legislatures consistently underfunded black schools in their segregated system."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Washington repudiated the historic abolitionist emphasis on unceasing agitation for full equality, advising blacks that it was counterproductive to fight segregation at that point."
},
{
"section_header": "Death",
"text": "He died a few hours later at the age of 59."
},
{
"section_header": "Wealthy friends and benefactors | Henry Huttleston Rogers",
"text": "The next day he contacted Washington and requested a meeting, during which Washington later recounted that he was told that Rogers \"was surprised that no one had 'passed the hat' after the speech\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "After emancipation Jane took her family to the free state of West Virginia to join her husband Washington Ferguson, who had escaped from slavery during the war and settled there."
},
{
"section_header": "Up from Slavery to the White House",
"text": "Washington published five books during his lifetime with the aid of ghost-writers Timothy Fortune, Max Bennett Thrasher and Robert E. Park."
}
] |
Washington advised a few presidents of the US during his career.
| 0 | 0 |
Booker T. Washington
|
Popular Culture
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Cruise has three sisters named Lee Anne, Marian, and Cass."
}
] |
XiAHwLx1pt3MDHgYCRRS
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Cruise grew up in near poverty and had a Catholic upbringing."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Producing",
"text": "He produced Mission: Impossible, Without Limits, Mission: Impossible 2, The Others, Vanilla Sky and many others."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He has received various accolades for his work, including three Golden Globe Awards and three nominations for Academy Awards."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Cruise has three sisters named Lee Anne, Marian, and Cass."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He has three children, two of whom were adopted during his marriage to Kidman and the other of whom is a biological daughter he had with Holmes."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Scientology | YouTube video removal",
"text": "The Church of Scientology said the video had been \"pirated and edited,\" and was taken from a three-hour video produced for members of Scientology."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Producing",
"text": "\" Epstein argues that Cruise is one of the few producers (the others being George Lucas, Steven Spielberg and Jerry Bruckheimer) who are regarded as able to guarantee the success of a billion-dollar film franchise."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "The founder of CinemaScore in 2016 cited Cruise and Leonardo DiCaprio as the \"two stars, it doesn't matter how bad the film is, they can pull [the box office] up\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Litigation",
"text": "In 1998, Tom Cruise successfully sued the Daily Express, a British tabloid which alleged that his marriage to Kidman was a sham designed to cover up his homosexuality."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and wealth",
"text": "A month later, Cruise publicly declared his love for Holmes on The Oprah Winfrey Show, famously jumping up and down on Winfrey's couch during the show."
}
] |
Tom Cruise grew up with three other siblings.
| 1 | 5 |
Tom Cruise
|
Sports
| 2 |
[
{
"section_header": "Major league career",
"text": "Among other records, Cummings was the first player to record two complete games in one day: September 9, 1876 when he beat the Cincinnati Reds twice, 14–4 and 8–4.Cummings left the NL after pitching only 19 games with the Cincinnati Reds to become the President of the new International Association for Professional Base Ball Players."
}
] |
XibWImFc0H6henI8sx3y
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "William Arthur \"Candy\" Cummings (October 18, 1848 – May 16, 1924) was an American professional baseball player."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career",
"text": "Among other records, Cummings was the first player to record two complete games in one day: September 9, 1876 when he beat the Cincinnati Reds twice, 14–4 and 8–4.Cummings left the NL after pitching only 19 games with the Cincinnati Reds to become the President of the new International Association for Professional Base Ball Players."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "At the age of 17, Cummings made his baseball debut in the National Association of Base Ball Players with the Excelsior baseball club of Brooklyn."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "His first game with the team was on August 14, 1866 against the New York Mutuals."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "After the latter game, baseball writer Henry Chadwick commented on the skills of the young Cummings and his promising future with the Excelsior club."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Ten days later he led his team to a 24–2 win against the Newark Eurekas."
},
{
"section_header": "Invention of the curveball",
"text": "Most catchers of his era stood 20 to 25 feet behind the batter, which made it impossible to field a curveball."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career",
"text": "He spent two seasons in the National League (NL), earning a 16–8 win–loss record with Hartford when the league began in 1876 and a 5–14 record with Cincinnati the next year."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career",
"text": "Cummings, who stood 5'9\" and weighed 120 pounds, compiled a 145–94 career record and 2.49 earned run average while playing for five different teams from 1872 to 1877."
},
{
"section_header": "Major league career",
"text": "Cummings won between 28 and 35 games in each of his NA seasons."
}
] |
The American professional baseball player William Arthur "Candy" stood 5'9" and was the first player to complete two games in a day.
| 1 | 3 |
Candy Cummings
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Kenesaw Mountain Landis (; November 20, 1866 – November 25, 1944) was an American jurist who served as a United States federal judge from 1905 to 1922 and the first Commissioner of Baseball from 1920 until his death."
}
] |
XiiSuHXU6AEH8LOI9NsS
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | Establishing control | Ruth-Meusel barnstorming incident",
"text": "When the two spoke by telephone, Landis ordered Ruth to attend a meeting with him; Ruth refused, stating that he had to leave for Buffalo for the first game."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | Establishing control | Ruth-Meusel barnstorming incident",
"text": "He then proceeded to hit 59 in 1921, leading the Yankees to their first pennant."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | World War II, death, and legacy",
"text": "While in the hospital, he had a heart attack, causing him to miss the World Series for the first time in his commissionership."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | World War II, death, and legacy",
"text": "According to his first biographer, Spink: [Landis] may have been arbitrary, self-willed and even unfair, but he 'called 'em as he saw 'em' and he turned over to his successor and the future"
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | Policies as commissioner | World Series and All-Star Game; other innovations",
"text": "Despite this, he attended the first successful minor league night game, in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1930."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | Establishing control | Cracking down on gambling",
"text": "Eugene Paulette, a first baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies, had been with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1919, and had met with gamblers."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | Establishing control | Ruth-Meusel barnstorming incident",
"text": "He was willing to back his own popularity and well-known drawing powers against the Judge.\" Ruth, to the commissioner's irritation, did not contact Landis until October 15, one day before the first exhibition."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | Policies as commissioner | Baseball color line",
"text": "Robinson became the first African-American in the major leagues since the 19th century, playing with the Dodgers beginning in 1947.According to contemporary newspaper columns, at the time of his appointment as commissioner, Landis was considered a liberal on race questions; two Chicago African-American newspapers defended him against the 1921 efforts to impeach him from his judgeship."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life and pre-judicial career (1866–1905) | Boyhood and early career (1866–1893)",
"text": "In 1886, Landis first ventured into Republican Party politics, supporting a friend, Charles F. Griffin, for Indiana Secretary of State."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner (1920–1944) | Policies as commissioner | World Series and All-Star Game; other innovations",
"text": "The All-Star Game began in 1933; Landis had been a strong supporter of the proposal for such a contest, and after the first game remarked, \"That's a grand show, and it should be continued.\" He never missed an All-Star Game in his lifetime; his final public appearance was at the 1944 All-Star Game in Pittsburgh."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Kenesaw Mountain Landis (; November 20, 1866 – November 25, 1944) was an American jurist who served as a United States federal judge from 1905 to 1922 and the first Commissioner of Baseball from 1920 until his death."
}
] |
Landis was the first Baseball commissioner.
| 0 | 0 |
Kenesaw Landis
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "His son Fred attended Fordham Preparatory School with future baseball executive Buzzie Bavasi."
}
] |
XikoPTaYGAQxzB7dvOus
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner",
"text": "Inaction was sometimes cited by Frick's critics as one of his weaknesses."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Frick had a pilot fly him there, but instead of landing they circled low over the city while Frick took notes and photographs."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Frick was also a broadcaster for WOR in New York."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "Frick married Eleanor Cowing in 1916."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Frick went to Colorado to play semipro baseball in Walsenburg."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "After his stint as a baseball player, Frick lived in Colorado Springs."
},
{
"section_header": "NL President",
"text": "The Cardinals made peace with Frick so that Dean could return to play."
},
{
"section_header": "NL President",
"text": "Frick said that there was no rule discriminating against players on the basis of race."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner",
"text": "Frick decided to relocate the office from Cincinnati to New York."
},
{
"section_header": "Baseball Commissioner",
"text": "Writers often derided Frick for his hands-off approach to baseball matters."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life",
"text": "His son Fred attended Fordham Preparatory School with future baseball executive Buzzie Bavasi."
}
] |
Frick had only one kid.
| 0 | 0 |
Ford Frick
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Weapons | Lever-action repeaters vs. single-shot breechloaders | Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism",
"text": "The question as to whether the reported malfunction of the Model 1873 Springfield carbine issued to the 7th Cavalry contributed to their defeat has been debated for years."
},
{
"section_header": "Weapons | Lever-action repeaters vs. single-shot breechloaders | Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism",
"text": "That the weapon experienced jamming of the extractor is not contested, but its contribution to Custer's defeat is considered negligible."
}
] |
XjVK0DXG5nq5hh9Ll6mk
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Background | 1876 U.S. military campaign | Little Bighorn",
"text": "While the Terry-Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn, on the evening of June 24, Custer's Indian scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow's Nest, 14 miles (23 km) east of the Little Bighorn River."
},
{
"section_header": "Prelude | Lone Teepee",
"text": "The Lone Teepee was an important location during the Battle of the Little Bighorn for several reasons, including: It is where Custer gave Reno his final orders to attack the village ahead."
},
{
"section_header": "Weapons | Lakota and Cheyenne",
"text": "Of the guns owned by Lakota and Cheyenne fighters at the Little Bighorn, approximately 200 were repeating rifles corresponding to about 1 of 10 of the encampment's two thousand able-bodied fighters who participated in the battle."
},
{
"section_header": "Prelude | Military assumptions prior to the battle | Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer's strategy",
"text": "\"In Custer's book My Life on the Plains, published two years before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, he asserted: Indians contemplating a battle, either offensive or defensive, are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger ... For this reason I decided to locate our [military] camp as close as convenient to [Chief Black Kettle's Cheyenne] village, knowing that the close proximity of their women and children, and their necessary exposure in case of conflict, would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace, when the question of peace or war came to be discussed."
},
{
"section_header": "Aftermath",
"text": "The Battle of the Little Bighorn had far-reaching consequences for the Natives."
},
{
"section_header": "Battle | Custer's fight | Other views of Custer's actions at Minneconjou Ford",
"text": "their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River."
},
{
"section_header": "Background | 1876 U.S. military campaign | Battle of the Rosebud",
"text": "They reviewed Terry's plan calling for Custer's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Terry and Gibbon's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers."
},
{
"section_header": "Controversies | Admiration for Custer",
"text": "It was not until over half a century later that historians took another look at the battle and Custer's decisions that led to his death and loss of half his command and found much to criticize."
},
{
"section_header": "Battle | Last stand | Custer's final resistance",
"text": "E Company rushed off Custer Hill toward the Little Bighorn River but failed to reach it, which resulted in the total destruction of that company."
},
{
"section_header": "Prelude | Military assumptions prior to the battle | Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer's strategy",
"text": "Custer's field strategy was designed to engage noncombatants at the encampments on the Little Bighorn so as to capture women, children, and the elderly or disabled to serve as hostages to convince the warriors to surrender and comply with federal orders to relocate."
},
{
"section_header": "Weapons | Lever-action repeaters vs. single-shot breechloaders | Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism",
"text": "The question as to whether the reported malfunction of the Model 1873 Springfield carbine issued to the 7th Cavalry contributed to their defeat has been debated for years."
},
{
"section_header": "Weapons | Lever-action repeaters vs. single-shot breechloaders | Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism",
"text": "That the weapon experienced jamming of the extractor is not contested, but its contribution to Custer's defeat is considered negligible."
}
] |
A Defect in the troops' rifles is the uncontested reason for Custer's loss in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
| 0 | 0 |
Battle of the Little Bighorn
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "She portrayed racial struggles in the early-1900s American South and published research on hoodoo."
}
] |
XkGUDGOJIFGkANiqKXMO
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960) was an American author, anthropologist, and filmmaker."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Interest was revived in 1975 after author Alice Walker published an article, \"In Search of Zora Neale Hurston\", in the March issue of Ms. magazine that year."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary career | Posthumous recognition",
"text": "Zora Neale Hurston's hometown of Eatonville, Florida, celebrates her life annually in Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities."
},
{
"section_header": "Biography | Death",
"text": "Walker commissioned a gray marker inscribed with \"ZORA NEALE HURSTON /"
},
{
"section_header": "Literary career | Posthumous recognition",
"text": "The Zora Neale Hurston House in Fort Pierce has been designated as a National Historic Landmark."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary career | Posthumous recognition",
"text": "'Jumpin' at the Sun': Reassessing the Life and Work of Zora Neale Hurston focused on her work and influence."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary career | Posthumous recognition",
"text": "It is home to the Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts, and a library named for her opened in January 2004."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary career | Posthumous recognition",
"text": "In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Zora Neale Hurston on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary career | 1930s",
"text": "During the 1930s, Zora Neale Hurston produced two other musical revues, From Sun to Sun, which was a revised adaptation of The Great Day, and Singing Steel."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary career | Posthumous recognition",
"text": "The Zora Neale Hurston Award was established in 2008; it is awarded to an American Library Association member who has \"demonstrated leadership in promoting African American literature\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "She portrayed racial struggles in the early-1900s American South and published research on hoodoo."
}
] |
Zora Neale Hurston was an author on hoodoo.
| 0 | 0 |
Zora Neale Hurston
|
Popular Culture
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Production | Development",
"text": "The film is based on the real life of Ron Woodroof, a patient of HIV and AIDS, who was the subject of a lengthy 1992 article in The Dallas Morning News written by journalist and author Bill Minutaglio."
}
] |
XkXNjoChzwJuwoWWDHF7
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Reception | Accolades",
"text": "The National Board of Review named Dallas Buyers Club one of the top ten independent films of 2013."
},
{
"section_header": "Music",
"text": "He said that, \"Overall, the Dallas Buyers Club soundtrack is one that really isn't worth your time or money."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Critical response",
"text": "\" The Wrap's Alonso Duralde said why he watched the film, \"McConaughey is the only reason to see Dallas Buyers Club, but he's enough of a reason to see Dallas Buyers Club."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Critical response",
"text": "The site's consensus reads, \"Dallas Buyers Club rests squarely on Matthew McConaughey's scrawny shoulders, and he carries the burden gracefully with what might be a career-best performance.\" Metacritic gives the film a score of 84 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Development",
"text": "In 2001, after one year of working on the script, they sold it to producer Robbie Brenner, who then set Marc Forster to direct the film for Universal Pictures, but left due to some personal delays."
},
{
"section_header": "Music",
"text": "Pick this up before or after you go and see Dallas Buyers Club."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Home media",
"text": "Dallas Buyers Club was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 4, 2014."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Filming",
"text": "The look and feel became that we were capturing reality; even though Dallas Buyers Club is not a documentary in content or structure, it could have that subtle quality."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack, and directed by Jean-Marc Vallée."
},
{
"section_header": "Copyright enforcement by the film's makers | Australia",
"text": "In August 2015 the Australian Federal Court refused the application for film makers of Dallas Buyers Club to force ISPs to hand over the details of their customers."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Development",
"text": "The film is based on the real life of Ron Woodroof, a patient of HIV and AIDS, who was the subject of a lengthy 1992 article in The Dallas Morning News written by journalist and author Bill Minutaglio."
}
] |
The film Dallas Buyers Club was based on an actual person.
| 0 | 0 |
Dallas Buyers Club
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Career | Nike Inc.",
"text": "According to Nike's website, Knight said at the time: \"I don't love it, but it will grow on me.\" In September 1983, Davidson was given an undisclosed amount of Nike stock for her contribution to the company's brand."
}
] |
XkbaeEsZlDzLejG9z1yX
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Career | Nike Inc.",
"text": "Jeff Johnson, Nike's first employee, suggested calling the firm \"Nike,\" named after the Greek winged goddess of victory, and Blue Ribbon Sport was subsequently renamed Nike in 1971.Nike's \"swoosh\" logo, now considered one of the most powerful logos in the world, was commissioned for US$35 from graphic design student Carolyn Davidson in 1971."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | University of Oregon | Oregon Ducks",
"text": "Although Knight didn't pay for the project directly, he established a $100 million \"Athletic Legacy Fund."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Nike Inc.",
"text": "At Nike, Knight developed personal relationships with some of the world's most recognizable athletes, including Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Post-Nike CEO role",
"text": "Knight's retirement from the Nike board took effect at the end of June 2016."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Nike Inc.",
"text": "The two men agreed to a partnership by handshake on January 25, 1964, the birth date of Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), the company that would later become Nike."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Nike Inc.",
"text": "According to Nike's website, Knight said at the time: \"I don't love it, but it will grow on me.\" In September 1983, Davidson was given an undisclosed amount of Nike stock for her contribution to the company's brand."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Post-Nike CEO role",
"text": "In June 2015, Knight and Nike announced that he would step down as the company's chairman, with president and CEO Mark Parker to succeed him."
},
{
"section_header": "Career | Post-Nike CEO role",
"text": "According to a February 10, 2012 filing by attorney John F. Coburn III, on behalf of Knight, Knight owned 67,097,005 shares of Class A Common Stock and 7,740 shares of Class B Common Stock in the Nike corporation."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He is the co-founder and chairman emeritus of Nike, Inc., and was previously chairman and CEO of the company."
},
{
"section_header": "Philanthropy | Other projects",
"text": "In December 2016, Knight disclosed that he had gifted $112 million in Nike stock to charity."
}
] |
Phil Knight didn't initially like the Nike logo.
| 0 | 0 |
Phil Knight
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "After baseball",
"text": "In retirement, Gomez became a sought-after dinner speaker known for his humorous anecdotes about his playing days and the personalities he knew."
}
] |
XkcVvmZJcxFGDYHjkxTB
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "The New York Yankees purchased Gomez from the Seals for an estimated $39,000.A memorial plaque dedicated to Lefty Gomez at the Lefty Gomez Field in Rodeo along with a cement impression of his left hand dated 11/22/1932 can be seen at 470 Parker Ave, Rodeo, CA 94572."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "After his retirement, he became a popular public speaker."
},
{
"section_header": "After baseball",
"text": "In retirement, Gomez became a sought-after dinner speaker known for his humorous anecdotes about his playing days and the personalities he knew."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Vernon Louis \"Lefty\" Gomez (November 26, 1908 – February 17, 1989) was an American professional baseball player."
},
{
"section_header": "Career",
"text": "before pulling a shoulder muscle in the fifth inning and retiring from baseball."
},
{
"section_header": "After baseball",
"text": "The Committee noted that Lefty pitched in seven World Series games with no losses and five wins."
},
{
"section_header": "Career",
"text": "Among pitchers who made their MLB debuts from 1900 to 1950, only Lefty Grove, Christy Mathewson and Whitey Ford have both more victories and a higher winning percentage than Gomez."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Though he rebounded well in 1941, he pitched his last full season in 1942, then appeared in one game in 1943 before retiring with the Washington Senators."
},
{
"section_header": "After baseball",
"text": "Although he was honored with the plaque, his uniform #11 has not been retired, and has since been worn by several Yankees including Joe Page, Johnny Sain, Héctor López, Fred Stanley, Dwight Gooden, Chuck Knoblauch, Gary Sheffield, Doug Mientkiewicz, and Brett Gardner."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Gomez was born in Rodeo, California."
}
] |
After he retired, Lefty Gomez declined lucrative speaking engagements because of a slight speech impediment.
| 0 | 0 |
Lefty Gomez
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "William Mayer wrote an opera based on the novel; it premiered in 1983."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "A PBS TV movie version, filmed in Tennessee and starring Annabeth Gish, aired in 2002.Samuel Barber wrote Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (1947, revised 1950) on commission from the American soprano Eleanor Steber, who had asked for a work for soprano with orchestra."
}
] |
XkqMBvRhyYaguBdG024g
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "The novel was adapted into All the Way Home, a 1961 Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Tad Mosel."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "The movie All The Way Home (1963) was adapted by Philip H. Reisman, Jr. from the Agee novel and the Mosel play."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "William Mayer wrote an opera based on the novel; it premiered in 1983."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The novel was included on Time's 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "It was filmed in the same neighborhood where Agee grew up in Knoxville."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "Produced by David Susskind and directed by Alex Segal, it stars Robert Preston, Jean Simmons and Pat Hingle."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "A live version of the play aired on television in 1981 starring Sally Field and William Hurt."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "It was broadcast live on NBC from the Bing Theatre on the campus of the University of Southern California."
},
{
"section_header": "Adaptations",
"text": "A PBS TV movie version, filmed in Tennessee and starring Annabeth Gish, aired in 2002.Samuel Barber wrote Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (1947, revised 1950) on commission from the American soprano Eleanor Steber, who had asked for a work for soprano with orchestra."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Agee won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1958 for the novel."
}
] |
This novel was adapted into at least three other forms of media.
| 0 | 0 |
A Death in the Family
|
Literature
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": ", it may be seen as an expression of regret or of satisfaction, but there is significance in the difference between what the speaker has just said of the two roads, and what he will say in the future."
}
] |
XlX6pvkXJNObzz3H9Fq4
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": "\"The Road Not Taken\" is a narrative poem."
},
{
"section_header": "History",
"text": "After Frost returned to New Hampshire in 1915, he sent Thomas an advance copy of \"The Road Not Taken\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "\"The Road Not Taken\" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1916 as the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": "In Frost's words, Thomas was \"a person who, whichever road he went, would be sorry he didn't go the other."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": ", it may be seen as an expression of regret or of satisfaction, but there is significance in the difference between what the speaker has just said of the two roads, and what he will say in the future."
}
] |
The Road Not Taken has no major points of ambiguity in its writing.
| 1 | 6 |
The Road Not Taken
|
Literature
| 6 |
[
{
"section_header": "Plot summary",
"text": "Most of The Sorrows of Young Werther, a story about unrequited love, is presented as a collection of letters written by Werther, a young artist of a sensitive and passionate temperament, to his friend Wilhelm."
}
] |
XmMUaDdMb963GTUHG6Kw
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The Sorrows of Young Werther (German: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) is a loosely autobiographical epistolary novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe."
},
{
"section_header": "Effect on Goethe",
"text": "The novel was published anonymously, and Goethe distanced himself from it in his later years, regretting the fame it had brought him and the consequent attention to his own youthful love of Charlotte Buff, then already engaged to Johann Christian Kestner."
},
{
"section_header": "Effect on Goethe",
"text": "Yet, Goethe substantially reworked the book for the 1787 edition and acknowledged the great personal and emotional influence that The Sorrows of Young Werther could exert on forlorn young lovers who discovered it."
},
{
"section_header": "Cultural impact",
"text": "As he commented to his secretary in 1821, \"It must be bad, if not everybody was to have a time in his life, when he felt as though Werther had been written exclusively for him.\" Even fifty years after the book's publication, Goethe wrote in a conversation with Johann Peter Eckermann about the emotional turmoil he had gone through while writing the book: \"That was a creation which I, like the pelican, fed with the blood of my own heart.\" The Sorrows of Young Werther turned Goethe, previously an unknown author, into a literary celebrity almost overnight."
},
{
"section_header": "Plot summary",
"text": "Most of The Sorrows of Young Werther, a story about unrequited love, is presented as a collection of letters written by Werther, a young artist of a sensitive and passionate temperament, to his friend Wilhelm."
},
{
"section_header": "Translations",
"text": "The Sorrows of Young Werther, Modern Library, tr."
},
{
"section_header": "Translations",
"text": "The Sorrows of Young Werther, Oxford World's Classics, tr."
},
{
"section_header": "Translations",
"text": "The Sorrows of Young Werther, Dover Thrift Editions, tr."
},
{
"section_header": "Effect on Goethe",
"text": "The book ends with an intimation that Charlotte may die of a broken heart: \"I shall say nothing of... Charlotte's grief. ... Charlotte's life was despaired of.\" Werther was one of Goethe's few works aligned with the aesthetic, social and philosophical ideals that pervaded the German proto-Romantic movement known as Sturm und Drang, before he and Friedrich von Schiller moved into Weimar Classicism."
},
{
"section_header": "Translations",
"text": "The Sorrows of Young Werther, & Novelle, Classics Edition, tr."
}
] |
The Sorrows of Young Werther is about the extravagant love life of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
| 2 | 6 |
The Sorrows of Young Werther
|
History
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "War | Land war",
"text": "After the Battle of Angamos, once Chile achieved naval supremacy, the government had to decide where to strike."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Struggle for sea control",
"text": "Chilean warships also had to impose a naval blockade of Peruvian ports and end the smuggling of arms from Panama into Peru via the Pacific."
}
] |
Xmf3yD7GMg8SoOnrxhET
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Battles were fought in the Pacific Ocean, the Atacama Desert, the Peruvian deserts, and the mountainous regions in the Andes."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Land war | War in the Peruvian Sierra",
"text": "They harassed the Chilean troops and their logistics to such a point that Lynch had to send expeditions to the valleys in the Andes."
},
{
"section_header": "Military analysis | Flow of information",
"text": "Valparaíso had been connected to Buenos Aires by a cable over the Andes since July 26, 1872."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Land war | Campaign of Lima",
"text": "Vergara's plan avoided the bloody frontal attack, circumvented all defense works, cut any Peruvian withdrawal line to the east into the formidable Andes, and demoralized the Peruvians."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Land war | War in the Peruvian Sierra",
"text": "After the confrontations in Chorrillos and Miraflores, the Peruvian dictator Piérola refused to negotiate with the Chileans and escaped to the central Andes to try governing from the rear but soon lost the representation of the Peruvian state.(He left Peru in December 1881)."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Struggle for sea control",
"text": "The Armada de Chile and the Marina de Guerra del Perú fought the naval battles."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Land war | Campaign of Lima",
"text": "Piérola, who had expected a landing north of Lima, ordered the construction of two parallel lines of Peruvian defences, one at Chorrillos and one at Miraflores."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Struggle for sea control",
"text": "Chilean warships also had to impose a naval blockade of Peruvian ports and end the smuggling of arms from Panama into Peru via the Pacific."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Land war | War in the Peruvian Sierra | 1882 Sierra Campaign",
"text": "On July 9, 1882, they fought the emblematic Battle of La Concepción."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Last days",
"text": "Indian guerrillas fought \"white men from all parties,\" looted towns, and seized land of the white owners."
},
{
"section_header": "War | Land war",
"text": "After the Battle of Angamos, once Chile achieved naval supremacy, the government had to decide where to strike."
}
] |
The Pacific War was multi-pronged and was fought on land and sea for dominance.
| 0 | 0 |
War of the Pacific
|
Music
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American-born Swiss singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress."
}
] |
XnHITcVkaYurliSTyXBF
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships and marriages | Early relationships",
"text": "Hill returned to his hometown of Clarksdale before their son Craig was born in August 1958; leaving Bullock to become a single parent."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Children",
"text": "Turner was 18 years of age when she gave birth to her eldest son, who was born Raymond Craig Hill on August 20, 1958."
},
{
"section_header": "Ike & Tina Turner | Mainstream success: 1966–1975",
"text": "Their next three singles to chart, \"I'm Yours (Use Me"
},
{
"section_header": "Ike & Tina Turner | Origins: 1957–1960",
"text": "He decided to use her to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American-born Swiss singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "\" She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid,\" Turner wrote."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Children",
"text": "She also adopted two of Ike Turner's children, Ike Turner Jr. (born October 3, 1958) and Michael Turner (born February 23, 1960), raising them as her own."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church."
}
] |
Tina Turner was born in Sweden but immigrated to the U.S. at a young age with her parents.
| 0 | 0 |
Tina Turner
|
Music
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies",
"text": "In 1999, Eminem's mother sued him for $10 million claiming he was slandering her on The Slim Shady LP."
}
] |
XnKo022pD4hfgLP4uljy
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Life and career | Early life",
"text": "During his childhood, Eminem and Debbie shuttled between Michigan and Missouri, rarely staying in one house for more than a year or two and living primarily with family members."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 1997–1999: Introduction to Slim Shady, The Slim Shady LP and rise to success",
"text": "Iovine played the tape for record producer Dr. Dre, founder of Aftermath Entertainment and founding member of hip-hop group N.W.A. Dre recalled, \"In my entire career in the music industry, I have never found anything from a demo tape or a CD."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies",
"text": "Two years later in 2008, Jarbou sued Eminem for more than $25,000 in damages."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "In addition to his solo career, Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12."
},
{
"section_header": "Life and career | 1988–1997: Early career, Infinite and family struggles",
"text": "Eminem cooked and washed dishes for minimum wage at Gilbert's Lodge, a family-style restaurant at St. Clair Shores."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies",
"text": "I'd rather see the president dead, it's never been said"
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Health issues",
"text": "According to friend and fellow D12 member Proof, Eminem first straightened out in 2002."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies",
"text": "On July 7, 2000, Kim attempted suicide by slashing her wrists, and later sued Eminem for defamation after describing her violent death in \"Kim\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies",
"text": "In 1999, Eminem's mother sued him for $10 million claiming he was slandering her on The Slim Shady LP."
},
{
"section_header": "Personal life | Legal issues and controversies",
"text": "In 2006, Eminem was accused of assaulting Miad Jarbou, a resident of Royal Oak, Michigan, in the bathroom of a Detroit strip club, but was never charged."
}
] |
Eminem was never sued by his family members.
| 0 | 0 |
Eminem
|
Popular Culture
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Production | Filming",
"text": "After 25 months of pre-production, filming began on August 24, 1992, on the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi."
}
] |
XnP4mOrUyKlk7DYhLYkf
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "In June 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic closing most theaters worldwide and limiting what films played, Jurassic Park returned to 230 theaters (mostly drive-ins)."
},
{
"section_header": "Release | Theatrical re-releases",
"text": "In 2011, he stated in an interview that Jurassic Park was the only one of his works he had considered for a conversion."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Since its release, Jurassic Park has frequently been cited by film critics and industry professionals as one of the greatest movies of the action and thriller genres."
},
{
"section_header": "Plot",
"text": "Industrialist John Hammond has created a theme park of cloned dinosaurs, Jurassic Park, on Isla Nublar, a Costa Rican island."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Filming",
"text": "The opening scene was shot in Haiku, on the island of Maui, with additional scenes filmed on the \"forbidden island\" of Niihau."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Sequels and merchandise",
"text": "Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida, has an entire section of the park dedicated to Jurassic Park that includes the main ride, christened \"Jurassic Park River Adventure\", and many smaller rides and attractions based on the series."
},
{
"section_header": "Reception | Box office",
"text": "By the end of its first week, Jurassic Park had grossed $81.7 million, and remained at number one for three weeks."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Jurassic Park has also inspired films and documentaries with dinosaurs such as the American adaptation of Godzilla, Dinosaur from the Deep, Carnosaur (in which Laura Dern's mother Diane Ladd starred), Dinosaur Island and Walking with Dinosaurs."
},
{
"section_header": "Production | Filming",
"text": "After 25 months of pre-production, filming began on August 24, 1992, on the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy | Sequels and merchandise",
"text": "This, in turn, was adapted as the film The Lost World: Jurassic Park."
}
] |
Jurassic Park was filmed on the island of Phuket in Thailand.
| 4 | 5 |
Jurassic Park (film)
|
Sports
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He played in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees for 19 seasons."
}
] |
Xnm2hb9k2Hc0BgMu8UlR
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "John Dickey had played baseball for a semi-professional team based in Memphis, Tennessee."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "At Searcy, Dickey played for the school's baseball team as a pitcher and second baseman."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "He enrolled at Little Rock College, where he played guard for the school's American football team and pitcher for the baseball team."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "During Dickey's playing career, the Yankees went to the World Series nine times, winning eight championships."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Blackburne signed Dickey to play for his team."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "William Malcolm Dickey (June 6, 1907 – November 12, 1993) was an American professional baseball catcher and manager."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Dickey substituted for a friend on a semi-professional team based in Hot Springs, Arkansas as a catcher, impressing the team's manager with his throwing arm."
},
{
"section_header": "Minor league career",
"text": "Dickey made his professional debut at the age of 18 with the Little Rock Travelers of the Class A Southern Association in 1925."
},
{
"section_header": "Early life",
"text": "Lena Blackburne, manager of the Little Rock Travelers, a minor league baseball team, noticed Dickey while scouting an outfielder on the Hot Springs team."
},
{
"section_header": "Legacy",
"text": "Like those catchers, Dickey was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, but the fan balloting chose Berra and Bench as the two catchers on the team."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "He played in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees for 19 seasons."
}
] |
Dickey played professional baseball for 2 teams during his career.
| 0 | 0 |
Bill Dickey
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is the third of his three detective stories featuring the fictional C. Auguste Dupin, the other two being \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" and \"The Mystery of Marie Rogêt\"."
},
{
"section_header": "Publication history",
"text": "It later was included in the 1845 collection Tales by Edgar A. Poe."
}
] |
Xq6ZCJx766AWSxdWysE1
|
SUPPORTS
|
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "\"The Purloined Letter\" is a short story by American author Edgar Allan Poe."
},
{
"section_header": "Publication history",
"text": "It later was included in the 1845 collection Tales by Edgar A. Poe."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism",
"text": "In May 1844, just before its first publication, Poe wrote to James Russell Lowell that he considered \"The Purloined Letter\" \"perhaps the best of my tales of ratiocination."
},
{
"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism",
"text": "\"The debate up to the mid-1980s is collected in a helpful though incomplete volume titled The Purloined Poe."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": "Dupin is not a professional detective."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": "\"The Purloined Letter\" completes Dupin's tour of different settings."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": "In \"The Purloined Letter\", however, Dupin undertakes the case for financial gain and personal revenge."
},
{
"section_header": "Analysis",
"text": "He is not motivated by pursuing truth, emphasized by the lack of information about the contents of the purloined letter."
},
{
"section_header": "Publication history",
"text": "Poe earned $12 for its first printing."
},
{
"section_header": "Plot summary",
"text": "He explains that D— knew the police detectives would have assumed that the blackmailer would have concealed the letter in an elaborate hiding place, and thus hid it in plain sight."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "It is the third of his three detective stories featuring the fictional C. Auguste Dupin, the other two being \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" and \"The Mystery of Marie Rogêt\"."
}
] |
The Purloined Letter is the 3rd released detective tale by writer Edgar Allan Poe.
| 0 | 0 |
The Purloined Letter
|
Literature
| 0 |
[
{
"section_header": "Plot",
"text": "The play ends as she walks through the door with the razor, presumably to commit suicide."
}
] |
XqWaoiEESzIhrg696pqL
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Performances and adaptations",
"text": "In 2009, Toronto's CanStage staged a new version titled Miss Julie: Freedom Summer."
},
{
"section_header": "Characters",
"text": "Jean left the town and traveled widely, working many different jobs as he went, before finally returning to work for the count."
},
{
"section_header": "Characters",
"text": "He is never seen, but his gloves and his boots are on stage, serving as a reminder of his power."
},
{
"section_header": "Performances and adaptations",
"text": "It was based on a 1985 stage production at the Baxter Theatre in Cape Town."
},
{
"section_header": "Performances and adaptations",
"text": "In 2011 on stage of Theatre of Nations (Moscow), directed by Thomas Ostermeier."
},
{
"section_header": "Plot",
"text": "The play opens with Jean walking on the stage, the set being the kitchen of the manor."
},
{
"section_header": "Performances and adaptations",
"text": "Julie and August Falck played Jean (based in turn on the stage production in Stockholm in 1906)."
},
{
"section_header": "Naturalism",
"text": "Strindberg wrote this play with the intention of abiding by the theories of \"naturalism\"–both his own version, and also the version described by the French novelist and literary theoretician Émile Zola."
},
{
"section_header": "Performances and adaptations",
"text": "In 1951, Alf Sjöberg made a film version from his own screenplay."
},
{
"section_header": "Performances and adaptations",
"text": "In 1950, Birgit Cullberg made a ballet version to music of Ture Rangström."
},
{
"section_header": "Plot",
"text": "The play ends as she walks through the door with the razor, presumably to commit suicide."
}
] |
The stage version of this tale has an objectively grim finale.
| 1 | 3 |
Miss Julie
|
Science
| 4 |
[
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published by David Finkelstein in 1958."
}
] |
Xr9V9o3svziw0fGX9ImW
|
REFUTES
|
[
{
"section_header": "Properties and structure | Physical properties",
"text": "These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916."
},
{
"section_header": "Observational evidence | Accretion of matter | X-ray binaries",
"text": "The first strong candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton, Louise Webster and Paul Murdin in 1972."
},
{
"section_header": "Observational evidence | Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes",
"text": "Arguably, the ringdown is the most direct way of observing a black hole."
},
{
"section_header": "Observational evidence | Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes",
"text": "This observation provides the most concrete evidence for the existence of black holes to date."
},
{
"section_header": "Observational evidence | Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes",
"text": "The objects must therefore have been extremely compact, leaving black holes as the most plausible interpretation."
},
{
"section_header": "Observational evidence | Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes",
"text": "The observation also provides the first observational evidence for the existence of stellar-mass black hole binaries."
},
{
"section_header": "Observational evidence | Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes",
"text": "Furthermore, it is the first observational evidence of stellar-mass black holes weighing 25 solar masses or more."
},
{
"section_header": "Formation and evolution | Gravitational collapse | Primordial black holes and the Big Bang",
"text": "Despite the early universe being extremely dense—far denser than is usually required to form a black hole—it did not re-collapse into a black hole during the Big Bang."
},
{
"section_header": "Observational evidence | Detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes",
"text": "Hence, observation of this mode confirms the presence of a photon sphere, however it cannot exclude possible exotic alternatives to black holes that are compact enough to have a photon sphere."
},
{
"section_header": "Formation and evolution | Gravitational collapse | Primordial black holes and the Big Bang",
"text": "In order for primordial black holes to have formed in such a dense medium, there must have been initial density perturbations that could then grow under their own gravity."
},
{
"section_header": "Summary",
"text": "The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published by David Finkelstein in 1958."
}
] |
A black hole was intially discovered by Dan Swarnith.
| 2 | 4 |
Black hole
|
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