option
list | question
stringlengths 11
354
| article
stringlengths 231
6.74k
| id
stringlengths 5
8
| label
int64 0
3
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"an asteroid is larger than a meteorite.",
"material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributed.",
"the earth, at one time, had craters.",
"ocean were formerly craters."
]
| The writer does not believe that | Exploration on the Origin of Continents
The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle.Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the firststep in continent growth, or have been subject to seriousobjections. It is the purpose of this article to examine thepossible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in theproduction of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geologicalevolution of the Earth's surface has had an obliterating effect onthe original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrialinvestigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question ofcontinental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of theEarth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather than on the Earth, because some of thesebodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. As a result, relatively primitivesurface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it isgenerally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have beensubjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. Likewise, it wouldappear a reasonable hypothesis that the Earth has also been subjected to meteoroidbombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geologicalhistory.
The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, if weaccept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunarimpact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expectseveral impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applyingBaldwin's equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that hisequation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhatsmaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. Baldwin's equation gives the depth ofthe zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. The plasticity of the Earth's mantle at thedepth makes it impossible to speak of "bracciation" in the usual sense. However, local stresses maybe temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes.Thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.
Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geologicalimplications of such an event. Donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-sizebodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in thisconcept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy ofimpact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at thepoint of impact.
Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of oceanbasins. The major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basinsis not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequatelyexplained.
We agree with Donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may havecaused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy tothe system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material. | 209.txt | 3 |
[
"the origin of continents.",
"the relationship between astral phenomena and the moon.",
"differences of opinion among authoritative geologists.",
"the relationship between asteroids and meteorites."
]
| The article is primarily concerned with | Exploration on the Origin of Continents
The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle.Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the firststep in continent growth, or have been subject to seriousobjections. It is the purpose of this article to examine thepossible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in theproduction of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geologicalevolution of the Earth's surface has had an obliterating effect onthe original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrialinvestigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question ofcontinental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of theEarth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather than on the Earth, because some of thesebodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. As a result, relatively primitivesurface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it isgenerally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have beensubjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. Likewise, it wouldappear a reasonable hypothesis that the Earth has also been subjected to meteoroidbombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geologicalhistory.
The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, if weaccept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunarimpact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expectseveral impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applyingBaldwin's equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that hisequation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhatsmaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. Baldwin's equation gives the depth ofthe zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. The plasticity of the Earth's mantle at thedepth makes it impossible to speak of "bracciation" in the usual sense. However, local stresses maybe temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes.Thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.
Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geologicalimplications of such an event. Donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-sizebodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in thisconcept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy ofimpact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at thepoint of impact.
Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of oceanbasins. The major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basinsis not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequatelyexplained.
We agree with Donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may havecaused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy tothe system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material. | 209.txt | 0 |
[
"the broken rock resulting from the impact of a meteorite against the earth.",
"material that exists on planets other than the earth.",
"a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earth.",
"material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history."
]
| Sialic material refers to | Exploration on the Origin of Continents
The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle.Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the firststep in continent growth, or have been subject to seriousobjections. It is the purpose of this article to examine thepossible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in theproduction of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geologicalevolution of the Earth's surface has had an obliterating effect onthe original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrialinvestigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question ofcontinental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of theEarth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather than on the Earth, because some of thesebodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. As a result, relatively primitivesurface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it isgenerally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have beensubjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. Likewise, it wouldappear a reasonable hypothesis that the Earth has also been subjected to meteoroidbombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geologicalhistory.
The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, if weaccept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunarimpact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expectseveral impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applyingBaldwin's equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that hisequation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhatsmaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. Baldwin's equation gives the depth ofthe zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. The plasticity of the Earth's mantle at thedepth makes it impossible to speak of "bracciation" in the usual sense. However, local stresses maybe temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes.Thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.
Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geologicalimplications of such an event. Donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-sizebodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in thisconcept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy ofimpact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at thepoint of impact.
Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of oceanbasins. The major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basinsis not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequatelyexplained.
We agree with Donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may havecaused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy tothe system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material. | 209.txt | 2 |
[
"Lake Tulainyo.",
"Mojave desert.",
"Death Valley.",
"The Salton Sea."
]
| Which of the following is the lowest point in the United States? | California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another.
People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles. In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.
Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska ) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska). Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles.
California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are driedup lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined. | 22.txt | 2 |
[
"Lake Tahoe.",
"Sierra Nevada.",
"Mount Whitney.",
"Alaska."
]
| Where is the highest point in the United States located? | California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another.
People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles. In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.
Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska ) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska). Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles.
California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are driedup lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined. | 22.txt | 3 |
[
"About 3 miles.",
"Only 100 miles.",
"282 feet.",
"14,494 feet."
]
| How far away is Death Valley from Mount Whitney? | California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another.
People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles. In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.
Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska ) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska). Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles.
California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are driedup lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined. | 22.txt | 1 |
[
"The Pacific Ocean.",
"San Joaquin Valley.",
"Mojave Desert.",
"Oregon and Washington."
]
| Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a radius of about 100 miles of Bakersfield? | California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another.
People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles. In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.
Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska ) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska). Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles.
California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are driedup lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined. | 22.txt | 3 |
[
"The highest lake in California is Lake Tulainyo.",
"It is possible to go surfing and snow skiing in some parts of California without having to travel long distance.",
"Sierra Nevada, San Joaquin Valley, Mojave Desert and the Pacific Ocean all lie within a radius of about 100 miles.",
"Owens Lake, in Death Valley, is not really a lake at all."
]
| Which statement best demonstrates that California is a land of variety and contrast | California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another.
People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles. In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.
Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska ) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska). Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles.
California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are driedup lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined. | 22.txt | 2 |
[
"The children enjoyed doing housework.",
"The author came from s well-off family",
"The mother raised her children in an unusual way",
"The children were fond of the US president's daughters."
]
| What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? | Two things changed my life: my mother and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.
My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task., but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't care what so -and -so got for his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room a car for your birthday a lsvish sweet 16 party." We had to earn our allowance by doing chores around the house. I can stil l remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table.My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house.Like the two little girls growing up at the White House,we made our own beds (no one left the house unitil that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings ,and if something was lost ,it was not replaced.
It was summer and ,one day ,my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed---and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers ,the basket winked at me and I knew ----I knew---I had to have it.
"It's beautiful," my mother said when I pointed it out to her,"What a neat basket."
I tried to hold off at first ,I played it cool for a short while.But then Iguess I couldn't atand it any longer:"Mon, please can I please ,please get it? I ‘ll do extra chores for as long as you say, I'll do anything ,but I need that basket,I love that basket.Please ,Mom.Please?"
I was desperate.
"You know," she said ,gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believes was the coolest thing ever,"If you save up you could buy this yourself."
"By the time I make enough it'll bu gone!"
"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you," she smiled at Roger ,the bike guy.
"He can't hold it for that long ,Mom.Someone else will buy it.Please,Mom,Please?"
"There might be another way,"she said.
And so our paying plan unfolded.My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I could't find.Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there (washing the car ,helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collevting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front).And then ,weeks later ,I counted ,re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh ,happy day ! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon….
Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixted to her shiny ,new bike that already had all the bells and whistles. I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster.This horrible turn of events.
And then came the lesson. I've taken with me through my life:"Honey, Your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears."Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself." | 4115.txt | 2 |
[
"fell in love with it",
"stared at her mother",
"recognized it at once",
"went up to the bike guy"
]
| When the author saw the basket in the window,she _ . | Two things changed my life: my mother and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.
My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task., but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't care what so -and -so got for his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room a car for your birthday a lsvish sweet 16 party." We had to earn our allowance by doing chores around the house. I can stil l remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table.My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house.Like the two little girls growing up at the White House,we made our own beds (no one left the house unitil that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings ,and if something was lost ,it was not replaced.
It was summer and ,one day ,my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed---and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers ,the basket winked at me and I knew ----I knew---I had to have it.
"It's beautiful," my mother said when I pointed it out to her,"What a neat basket."
I tried to hold off at first ,I played it cool for a short while.But then Iguess I couldn't atand it any longer:"Mon, please can I please ,please get it? I ‘ll do extra chores for as long as you say, I'll do anything ,but I need that basket,I love that basket.Please ,Mom.Please?"
I was desperate.
"You know," she said ,gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believes was the coolest thing ever,"If you save up you could buy this yourself."
"By the time I make enough it'll bu gone!"
"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you," she smiled at Roger ,the bike guy.
"He can't hold it for that long ,Mom.Someone else will buy it.Please,Mom,Please?"
"There might be another way,"she said.
And so our paying plan unfolded.My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I could't find.Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there (washing the car ,helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collevting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front).And then ,weeks later ,I counted ,re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh ,happy day ! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon….
Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixted to her shiny ,new bike that already had all the bells and whistles. I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster.This horrible turn of events.
And then came the lesson. I've taken with me through my life:"Honey, Your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears."Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself." | 4115.txt | 0 |
[
"She longed to do extra work.",
"She was eager to have the basket.",
"She felt tired after standing too long.",
"She wanted to be polite to her mother."
]
| Why did the author say many "please" to her mother? | Two things changed my life: my mother and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.
My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task., but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't care what so -and -so got for his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room a car for your birthday a lsvish sweet 16 party." We had to earn our allowance by doing chores around the house. I can stil l remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table.My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house.Like the two little girls growing up at the White House,we made our own beds (no one left the house unitil that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings ,and if something was lost ,it was not replaced.
It was summer and ,one day ,my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed---and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers ,the basket winked at me and I knew ----I knew---I had to have it.
"It's beautiful," my mother said when I pointed it out to her,"What a neat basket."
I tried to hold off at first ,I played it cool for a short while.But then Iguess I couldn't atand it any longer:"Mon, please can I please ,please get it? I ‘ll do extra chores for as long as you say, I'll do anything ,but I need that basket,I love that basket.Please ,Mom.Please?"
I was desperate.
"You know," she said ,gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believes was the coolest thing ever,"If you save up you could buy this yourself."
"By the time I make enough it'll bu gone!"
"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you," she smiled at Roger ,the bike guy.
"He can't hold it for that long ,Mom.Someone else will buy it.Please,Mom,Please?"
"There might be another way,"she said.
And so our paying plan unfolded.My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I could't find.Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there (washing the car ,helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collevting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front).And then ,weeks later ,I counted ,re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh ,happy day ! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon….
Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixted to her shiny ,new bike that already had all the bells and whistles. I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster.This horrible turn of events.
And then came the lesson. I've taken with me through my life:"Honey, Your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears."Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself." | 4115.txt | 1 |
[
"something she could afford",
"something important to her",
"something impossible to get",
"something she could do without"
]
| By using"naked" (Paragraph 12),the author seems to stress that the basket was _ . | Two things changed my life: my mother and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.
My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task., but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't care what so -and -so got for his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room a car for your birthday a lsvish sweet 16 party." We had to earn our allowance by doing chores around the house. I can stil l remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table.My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house.Like the two little girls growing up at the White House,we made our own beds (no one left the house unitil that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings ,and if something was lost ,it was not replaced.
It was summer and ,one day ,my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed---and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers ,the basket winked at me and I knew ----I knew---I had to have it.
"It's beautiful," my mother said when I pointed it out to her,"What a neat basket."
I tried to hold off at first ,I played it cool for a short while.But then Iguess I couldn't atand it any longer:"Mon, please can I please ,please get it? I ‘ll do extra chores for as long as you say, I'll do anything ,but I need that basket,I love that basket.Please ,Mom.Please?"
I was desperate.
"You know," she said ,gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believes was the coolest thing ever,"If you save up you could buy this yourself."
"By the time I make enough it'll bu gone!"
"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you," she smiled at Roger ,the bike guy.
"He can't hold it for that long ,Mom.Someone else will buy it.Please,Mom,Please?"
"There might be another way,"she said.
And so our paying plan unfolded.My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I could't find.Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there (washing the car ,helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collevting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front).And then ,weeks later ,I counted ,re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh ,happy day ! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon….
Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixted to her shiny ,new bike that already had all the bells and whistles. I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster.This horrible turn of events.
And then came the lesson. I've taken with me through my life:"Honey, Your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears."Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself." | 4115.txt | 1 |
[
"something spoiled her paying plan",
"the basket cost more than she had saved",
"a neighborhood girl had bought a new bike",
"someone else had got a basket of the same kind"
]
| To the author, it seemed to be a horrible turn of events that _ . | Two things changed my life: my mother and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.
My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task., but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't care what so -and -so got for his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room a car for your birthday a lsvish sweet 16 party." We had to earn our allowance by doing chores around the house. I can stil l remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table.My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house.Like the two little girls growing up at the White House,we made our own beds (no one left the house unitil that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings ,and if something was lost ,it was not replaced.
It was summer and ,one day ,my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed---and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers ,the basket winked at me and I knew ----I knew---I had to have it.
"It's beautiful," my mother said when I pointed it out to her,"What a neat basket."
I tried to hold off at first ,I played it cool for a short while.But then Iguess I couldn't atand it any longer:"Mon, please can I please ,please get it? I ‘ll do extra chores for as long as you say, I'll do anything ,but I need that basket,I love that basket.Please ,Mom.Please?"
I was desperate.
"You know," she said ,gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believes was the coolest thing ever,"If you save up you could buy this yourself."
"By the time I make enough it'll bu gone!"
"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you," she smiled at Roger ,the bike guy.
"He can't hold it for that long ,Mom.Someone else will buy it.Please,Mom,Please?"
"There might be another way,"she said.
And so our paying plan unfolded.My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I could't find.Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there (washing the car ,helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collevting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front).And then ,weeks later ,I counted ,re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh ,happy day ! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon….
Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixted to her shiny ,new bike that already had all the bells and whistles. I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster.This horrible turn of events.
And then came the lesson. I've taken with me through my life:"Honey, Your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears."Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself." | 4115.txt | 3 |
[
"Save money for a rainy day",
"Good advice is beyond all price.",
"Earn your bread with your sweat",
"God helps those who help themselves"
]
| What is the life lesson the author learned from her mother? | Two things changed my life: my mother and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.
My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task., but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't care what so -and -so got for his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room a car for your birthday a lsvish sweet 16 party." We had to earn our allowance by doing chores around the house. I can stil l remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table.My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house.Like the two little girls growing up at the White House,we made our own beds (no one left the house unitil that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings ,and if something was lost ,it was not replaced.
It was summer and ,one day ,my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed---and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers ,the basket winked at me and I knew ----I knew---I had to have it.
"It's beautiful," my mother said when I pointed it out to her,"What a neat basket."
I tried to hold off at first ,I played it cool for a short while.But then Iguess I couldn't atand it any longer:"Mon, please can I please ,please get it? I ‘ll do extra chores for as long as you say, I'll do anything ,but I need that basket,I love that basket.Please ,Mom.Please?"
I was desperate.
"You know," she said ,gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believes was the coolest thing ever,"If you save up you could buy this yourself."
"By the time I make enough it'll bu gone!"
"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you," she smiled at Roger ,the bike guy.
"He can't hold it for that long ,Mom.Someone else will buy it.Please,Mom,Please?"
"There might be another way,"she said.
And so our paying plan unfolded.My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I could't find.Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there (washing the car ,helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collevting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front).And then ,weeks later ,I counted ,re-counted and jumped for joy. Oh ,happy day ! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon….
Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixted to her shiny ,new bike that already had all the bells and whistles. I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster.This horrible turn of events.
And then came the lesson. I've taken with me through my life:"Honey, Your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears."Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself." | 4115.txt | 2 |
[
"explanation",
"introduction",
"comment",
"background."
]
| The first paragraph serves as a(n). | Foreign drivers will have a pay on-the-spot fines of up to ￡900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried our next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will clampeduntil they pay law takes effect ,because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty , In practice, very few foreign drives are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases.
Foreign drivers are rarely charged because police cannot take action against them if they fail to appear in court, Instead, officers often merely give warnings.
Three million foreign-registered vehicles enter Britain each year. Polish vehicles s make up 36 percent, French vehicles 10 percent and German vehicles 9 percent.
Foreign vehicles are 30 percent more vehicles entre Britain each year. Polish vehicles make up 36 percent. French crashes caused by foreign vehicle rose by 47 percent between 2003 and 2008. There were almost 400 deaths and serious injuries and 3,000 slight injuries form accidents caused by foreign vehicles in 2008.
The new Law is party intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits to weight and hours at the wheel. Foreign Lorries are three times more likely to be in a crash than British Lorries. Recent spot checks found that three quarters of Lorries that failed safety tests were registered overseas.
The standard deposit for a careless driving offence -such as driving too close to the vehicle in front or reading a map at the wheel-will be ￡300. Deposits for speeding offences and using mobile phones will be ￡60. Foreign drivers will not get points as punishment added to their licenses, while British drivers will. | 3518.txt | 1 |
[
"￡60",
"￡300",
"￡900",
"￡980"
]
| The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be forted up to. | Foreign drivers will have a pay on-the-spot fines of up to ￡900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried our next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will clampeduntil they pay law takes effect ,because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty , In practice, very few foreign drives are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases.
Foreign drivers are rarely charged because police cannot take action against them if they fail to appear in court, Instead, officers often merely give warnings.
Three million foreign-registered vehicles enter Britain each year. Polish vehicles s make up 36 percent, French vehicles 10 percent and German vehicles 9 percent.
Foreign vehicles are 30 percent more vehicles entre Britain each year. Polish vehicles make up 36 percent. French crashes caused by foreign vehicle rose by 47 percent between 2003 and 2008. There were almost 400 deaths and serious injuries and 3,000 slight injuries form accidents caused by foreign vehicles in 2008.
The new Law is party intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits to weight and hours at the wheel. Foreign Lorries are three times more likely to be in a crash than British Lorries. Recent spot checks found that three quarters of Lorries that failed safety tests were registered overseas.
The standard deposit for a careless driving offence -such as driving too close to the vehicle in front or reading a map at the wheel-will be ￡300. Deposits for speeding offences and using mobile phones will be ￡60. Foreign drivers will not get points as punishment added to their licenses, while British drivers will. | 3518.txt | 3 |
[
"many foreign drivers have been fined by Britain police",
"300,000German vehicles enter Britain every year",
"25percent of foreign vehicles entering Britain have failed safety tests",
"British drivers will be punished with points and fines for breaking the traffic law"
]
| We can learn from the passage that. | Foreign drivers will have a pay on-the-spot fines of up to ￡900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried our next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will clampeduntil they pay law takes effect ,because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty , In practice, very few foreign drives are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases.
Foreign drivers are rarely charged because police cannot take action against them if they fail to appear in court, Instead, officers often merely give warnings.
Three million foreign-registered vehicles enter Britain each year. Polish vehicles s make up 36 percent, French vehicles 10 percent and German vehicles 9 percent.
Foreign vehicles are 30 percent more vehicles entre Britain each year. Polish vehicles make up 36 percent. French crashes caused by foreign vehicle rose by 47 percent between 2003 and 2008. There were almost 400 deaths and serious injuries and 3,000 slight injuries form accidents caused by foreign vehicles in 2008.
The new Law is party intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits to weight and hours at the wheel. Foreign Lorries are three times more likely to be in a crash than British Lorries. Recent spot checks found that three quarters of Lorries that failed safety tests were registered overseas.
The standard deposit for a careless driving offence -such as driving too close to the vehicle in front or reading a map at the wheel-will be ￡300. Deposits for speeding offences and using mobile phones will be ￡60. Foreign drivers will not get points as punishment added to their licenses, while British drivers will. | 3518.txt | 3 |
[
"limit the number of foreign vehicles entering Britain",
"increase the British movement's additional income",
"lower the rate of traffic accidents and injuries",
"get foreign drives to appear in count"
]
| The new traffic law is mainly intended to. | Foreign drivers will have a pay on-the-spot fines of up to ￡900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried our next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will clampeduntil they pay law takes effect ,because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty , In practice, very few foreign drives are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases.
Foreign drivers are rarely charged because police cannot take action against them if they fail to appear in court, Instead, officers often merely give warnings.
Three million foreign-registered vehicles enter Britain each year. Polish vehicles s make up 36 percent, French vehicles 10 percent and German vehicles 9 percent.
Foreign vehicles are 30 percent more vehicles entre Britain each year. Polish vehicles make up 36 percent. French crashes caused by foreign vehicle rose by 47 percent between 2003 and 2008. There were almost 400 deaths and serious injuries and 3,000 slight injuries form accidents caused by foreign vehicles in 2008.
The new Law is party intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits to weight and hours at the wheel. Foreign Lorries are three times more likely to be in a crash than British Lorries. Recent spot checks found that three quarters of Lorries that failed safety tests were registered overseas.
The standard deposit for a careless driving offence -such as driving too close to the vehicle in front or reading a map at the wheel-will be ￡300. Deposits for speeding offences and using mobile phones will be ￡60. Foreign drivers will not get points as punishment added to their licenses, while British drivers will. | 3518.txt | 2 |
[
"her friends could answer none of the problems",
"she tore the test paper to pieces",
"she stepped her shoes on the test paper",
"she did not want to fail in the math test"
]
| According to Paragraph 1, Charlene took the test out because _ . | Charlene, a 16-year-old student at a high school, found herself faced with a maths test to which sh e knew none of the answers. Rather than fail, she took the test out with her and filled in the answer s with the help of her friends. During a break, she got back into the classroom without being seen, crumpled the test with her shoe, and left it lying on the floor. The teacher thought it had been drop ped when the tests were collected; she corrected it, and Charlene received a B.
Cheating is, of course, nothing new. But today, educators are finding that cheating on the part of st udents has become more frequent than in the past. Whether it is copying a friend's homework, usin g a prepared sheet on an exam, stealing advance copies of a final, writing down rules in one's hand , or paying someone else to write a term paper, cheating appears to have gained acceptance among a growing number of students between 13 and 19.
In a 1978 study of cheating at twenty-two high schools in Georgia, it was found that cheating was common among good and poor students alike--although both boys and girls said they thought boys cheated more.
Why is student cheating on the rise? No one really knows. Some blame cheating on a general loss of good values among today's youth. They point to facts showing increased damage of public thin gs and school stealing and think that reports, such as Watergate have disappointed youth about the honesty of people in higher positions.
Others think that today's youth are far more practical than their forefathers. In the late sixties and e arly seventies, students were filled with imaginations about changing the world, but today's studen ts feel great stress to succeed. | 2833.txt | 3 |
[
"she answered all the questions by herself",
"she did the test by cheating",
"she persuaded her teacher to give her a B",
"she returned to the classroom to redo the test"
]
| Charlene passed the test because _ . | Charlene, a 16-year-old student at a high school, found herself faced with a maths test to which sh e knew none of the answers. Rather than fail, she took the test out with her and filled in the answer s with the help of her friends. During a break, she got back into the classroom without being seen, crumpled the test with her shoe, and left it lying on the floor. The teacher thought it had been drop ped when the tests were collected; she corrected it, and Charlene received a B.
Cheating is, of course, nothing new. But today, educators are finding that cheating on the part of st udents has become more frequent than in the past. Whether it is copying a friend's homework, usin g a prepared sheet on an exam, stealing advance copies of a final, writing down rules in one's hand , or paying someone else to write a term paper, cheating appears to have gained acceptance among a growing number of students between 13 and 19.
In a 1978 study of cheating at twenty-two high schools in Georgia, it was found that cheating was common among good and poor students alike--although both boys and girls said they thought boys cheated more.
Why is student cheating on the rise? No one really knows. Some blame cheating on a general loss of good values among today's youth. They point to facts showing increased damage of public thin gs and school stealing and think that reports, such as Watergate have disappointed youth about the honesty of people in higher positions.
Others think that today's youth are far more practical than their forefathers. In the late sixties and e arly seventies, students were filled with imaginations about changing the world, but today's studen ts feel great stress to succeed. | 2833.txt | 1 |
[
"A student pays another for doing a test paper.",
"A student writes down something to be tested before an exam.",
"A student gets well prepared in his studies before an exam.",
"A student gets homework from his classmate and then copies it."
]
| Which of the following is not an example to show that cheating is becoming more and more co mmon? | Charlene, a 16-year-old student at a high school, found herself faced with a maths test to which sh e knew none of the answers. Rather than fail, she took the test out with her and filled in the answer s with the help of her friends. During a break, she got back into the classroom without being seen, crumpled the test with her shoe, and left it lying on the floor. The teacher thought it had been drop ped when the tests were collected; she corrected it, and Charlene received a B.
Cheating is, of course, nothing new. But today, educators are finding that cheating on the part of st udents has become more frequent than in the past. Whether it is copying a friend's homework, usin g a prepared sheet on an exam, stealing advance copies of a final, writing down rules in one's hand , or paying someone else to write a term paper, cheating appears to have gained acceptance among a growing number of students between 13 and 19.
In a 1978 study of cheating at twenty-two high schools in Georgia, it was found that cheating was common among good and poor students alike--although both boys and girls said they thought boys cheated more.
Why is student cheating on the rise? No one really knows. Some blame cheating on a general loss of good values among today's youth. They point to facts showing increased damage of public thin gs and school stealing and think that reports, such as Watergate have disappointed youth about the honesty of people in higher positions.
Others think that today's youth are far more practical than their forefathers. In the late sixties and e arly seventies, students were filled with imaginations about changing the world, but today's studen ts feel great stress to succeed. | 2833.txt | 2 |
[
"only students in the 24 high schools cheated in examinations",
"both good and poor students cheated in examinations",
"boys liked cheating while girls did not like it",
"more girls cheated in examinations than boys did"
]
| The 1978 study of cheating in Georgia shows that _ . | Charlene, a 16-year-old student at a high school, found herself faced with a maths test to which sh e knew none of the answers. Rather than fail, she took the test out with her and filled in the answer s with the help of her friends. During a break, she got back into the classroom without being seen, crumpled the test with her shoe, and left it lying on the floor. The teacher thought it had been drop ped when the tests were collected; she corrected it, and Charlene received a B.
Cheating is, of course, nothing new. But today, educators are finding that cheating on the part of st udents has become more frequent than in the past. Whether it is copying a friend's homework, usin g a prepared sheet on an exam, stealing advance copies of a final, writing down rules in one's hand , or paying someone else to write a term paper, cheating appears to have gained acceptance among a growing number of students between 13 and 19.
In a 1978 study of cheating at twenty-two high schools in Georgia, it was found that cheating was common among good and poor students alike--although both boys and girls said they thought boys cheated more.
Why is student cheating on the rise? No one really knows. Some blame cheating on a general loss of good values among today's youth. They point to facts showing increased damage of public thin gs and school stealing and think that reports, such as Watergate have disappointed youth about the honesty of people in higher positions.
Others think that today's youth are far more practical than their forefathers. In the late sixties and e arly seventies, students were filled with imaginations about changing the world, but today's studen ts feel great stress to succeed. | 2833.txt | 1 |
[
"more and more public things are damaged",
"good values disappoint students",
"more and more students begin to steal",
"honest people are in higher positions"
]
| One of the facts for the rise of cheating is that _ . | Charlene, a 16-year-old student at a high school, found herself faced with a maths test to which sh e knew none of the answers. Rather than fail, she took the test out with her and filled in the answer s with the help of her friends. During a break, she got back into the classroom without being seen, crumpled the test with her shoe, and left it lying on the floor. The teacher thought it had been drop ped when the tests were collected; she corrected it, and Charlene received a B.
Cheating is, of course, nothing new. But today, educators are finding that cheating on the part of st udents has become more frequent than in the past. Whether it is copying a friend's homework, usin g a prepared sheet on an exam, stealing advance copies of a final, writing down rules in one's hand , or paying someone else to write a term paper, cheating appears to have gained acceptance among a growing number of students between 13 and 19.
In a 1978 study of cheating at twenty-two high schools in Georgia, it was found that cheating was common among good and poor students alike--although both boys and girls said they thought boys cheated more.
Why is student cheating on the rise? No one really knows. Some blame cheating on a general loss of good values among today's youth. They point to facts showing increased damage of public thin gs and school stealing and think that reports, such as Watergate have disappointed youth about the honesty of people in higher positions.
Others think that today's youth are far more practical than their forefathers. In the late sixties and e arly seventies, students were filled with imaginations about changing the world, but today's studen ts feel great stress to succeed. | 2833.txt | 0 |
[
"find their work online too stressful",
"go online mainly for entertainment",
"are fearful about using the cellphone or computer",
"can hardly tear themselves away from the Internet"
]
| Alex Pang's new book is aimed for readers who _ . | Alex Pang's amusing new book The Distraction Addiction addresses those of us who feel panic without a cellphone or computer. And that, he claims, is pretty much all of us. When we're not online, where we spend four months annually, we're engaged in the stressful work of trying to get online.
The Distraction Addiction is not framed as a self-help book. It's a thoughtful examination of the danger of our computing overdose and a historical overview of how technological advances change consciousness. A "professional futurist", Pang urges an approach which he calls "contemplative computing." He asks that you pay full attention to "how your mind and body interact with computers and how your attention and creativity are influenced by technology."
Pang's first job is to free you from common misconception that doing two things at once allows you to get more done. What is commonly called multitasking is, in fact, switch-tasking, and its harmful effects on productivity are well documented. Pang doesn't advocate returning to a preinternet world. Instead, he asks you to "take a more ecological view of your relationships with technologies and look for ways devices or media may be making specific tasks easier or faster but at the same time making your work and life harder."
The Distraction Addiction is particularly fascinating on how technologies have changed certain field of labor-often for the worse. For architects, computer-aided design has become essential but in some ways has cheapened the design process. As one architect puts it, "Architecture is first and foremost about thinking... and drawing is a more productive way of thinking" than computer-aided design. Somewhat less amusing are Pang's solutions for kicking the Internet habit. He recommends the usual behavior-modification approaches, familiar to anyone who has completed a quit-smoking program. Keep logs to study your online profile and decide what you can knock out, download a program like Freedom that locks you out of your browser, or take a "digital Sabbath" ; "Unless you're a reporter or emergency-department doctor, you'll discover that your world doesn't fall apart when you go offline." | 2505.txt | 3 |
[
"Offer advice on how to use the Internet effectively.",
"Warn people of the possible dangers of Internet use.",
"Predict the trend of future technological development.",
"Examine the influence of technology on the human mind."
]
| What does Alex Pang try to do in his new book? | Alex Pang's amusing new book The Distraction Addiction addresses those of us who feel panic without a cellphone or computer. And that, he claims, is pretty much all of us. When we're not online, where we spend four months annually, we're engaged in the stressful work of trying to get online.
The Distraction Addiction is not framed as a self-help book. It's a thoughtful examination of the danger of our computing overdose and a historical overview of how technological advances change consciousness. A "professional futurist", Pang urges an approach which he calls "contemplative computing." He asks that you pay full attention to "how your mind and body interact with computers and how your attention and creativity are influenced by technology."
Pang's first job is to free you from common misconception that doing two things at once allows you to get more done. What is commonly called multitasking is, in fact, switch-tasking, and its harmful effects on productivity are well documented. Pang doesn't advocate returning to a preinternet world. Instead, he asks you to "take a more ecological view of your relationships with technologies and look for ways devices or media may be making specific tasks easier or faster but at the same time making your work and life harder."
The Distraction Addiction is particularly fascinating on how technologies have changed certain field of labor-often for the worse. For architects, computer-aided design has become essential but in some ways has cheapened the design process. As one architect puts it, "Architecture is first and foremost about thinking... and drawing is a more productive way of thinking" than computer-aided design. Somewhat less amusing are Pang's solutions for kicking the Internet habit. He recommends the usual behavior-modification approaches, familiar to anyone who has completed a quit-smoking program. Keep logs to study your online profile and decide what you can knock out, download a program like Freedom that locks you out of your browser, or take a "digital Sabbath" ; "Unless you're a reporter or emergency-department doctor, you'll discover that your world doesn't fall apart when you go offline." | 2505.txt | 3 |
[
"It enables people to work more efficiently.",
"It is in a way quite similar to switch-tasking.",
"It makes people's work and life even harder.",
"It distracts people's attention from useful work."
]
| What is the common view on multitasking? | Alex Pang's amusing new book The Distraction Addiction addresses those of us who feel panic without a cellphone or computer. And that, he claims, is pretty much all of us. When we're not online, where we spend four months annually, we're engaged in the stressful work of trying to get online.
The Distraction Addiction is not framed as a self-help book. It's a thoughtful examination of the danger of our computing overdose and a historical overview of how technological advances change consciousness. A "professional futurist", Pang urges an approach which he calls "contemplative computing." He asks that you pay full attention to "how your mind and body interact with computers and how your attention and creativity are influenced by technology."
Pang's first job is to free you from common misconception that doing two things at once allows you to get more done. What is commonly called multitasking is, in fact, switch-tasking, and its harmful effects on productivity are well documented. Pang doesn't advocate returning to a preinternet world. Instead, he asks you to "take a more ecological view of your relationships with technologies and look for ways devices or media may be making specific tasks easier or faster but at the same time making your work and life harder."
The Distraction Addiction is particularly fascinating on how technologies have changed certain field of labor-often for the worse. For architects, computer-aided design has become essential but in some ways has cheapened the design process. As one architect puts it, "Architecture is first and foremost about thinking... and drawing is a more productive way of thinking" than computer-aided design. Somewhat less amusing are Pang's solutions for kicking the Internet habit. He recommends the usual behavior-modification approaches, familiar to anyone who has completed a quit-smoking program. Keep logs to study your online profile and decide what you can knock out, download a program like Freedom that locks you out of your browser, or take a "digital Sabbath" ; "Unless you're a reporter or emergency-department doctor, you'll discover that your world doesn't fall apart when you go offline." | 2505.txt | 0 |
[
"It considerably cuts down the cost of building design.",
"It somewhat restrains architects' productive thinking.",
"It is indispensable in architects' work process.",
"It can free architects from laborious drawing."
]
| What does the author think of computer-aided design? | Alex Pang's amusing new book The Distraction Addiction addresses those of us who feel panic without a cellphone or computer. And that, he claims, is pretty much all of us. When we're not online, where we spend four months annually, we're engaged in the stressful work of trying to get online.
The Distraction Addiction is not framed as a self-help book. It's a thoughtful examination of the danger of our computing overdose and a historical overview of how technological advances change consciousness. A "professional futurist", Pang urges an approach which he calls "contemplative computing." He asks that you pay full attention to "how your mind and body interact with computers and how your attention and creativity are influenced by technology."
Pang's first job is to free you from common misconception that doing two things at once allows you to get more done. What is commonly called multitasking is, in fact, switch-tasking, and its harmful effects on productivity are well documented. Pang doesn't advocate returning to a preinternet world. Instead, he asks you to "take a more ecological view of your relationships with technologies and look for ways devices or media may be making specific tasks easier or faster but at the same time making your work and life harder."
The Distraction Addiction is particularly fascinating on how technologies have changed certain field of labor-often for the worse. For architects, computer-aided design has become essential but in some ways has cheapened the design process. As one architect puts it, "Architecture is first and foremost about thinking... and drawing is a more productive way of thinking" than computer-aided design. Somewhat less amusing are Pang's solutions for kicking the Internet habit. He recommends the usual behavior-modification approaches, familiar to anyone who has completed a quit-smoking program. Keep logs to study your online profile and decide what you can knock out, download a program like Freedom that locks you out of your browser, or take a "digital Sabbath" ; "Unless you're a reporter or emergency-department doctor, you'll discover that your world doesn't fall apart when you go offline." | 2505.txt | 1 |
[
"They use the Internet as little as possible.",
"They keep a record of their computer use time.",
"They exercise self-control over their time online.",
"They entertain themselves online on off-days only."
]
| What is Ales Pang's recommendation for Internet users? | Alex Pang's amusing new book The Distraction Addiction addresses those of us who feel panic without a cellphone or computer. And that, he claims, is pretty much all of us. When we're not online, where we spend four months annually, we're engaged in the stressful work of trying to get online.
The Distraction Addiction is not framed as a self-help book. It's a thoughtful examination of the danger of our computing overdose and a historical overview of how technological advances change consciousness. A "professional futurist", Pang urges an approach which he calls "contemplative computing." He asks that you pay full attention to "how your mind and body interact with computers and how your attention and creativity are influenced by technology."
Pang's first job is to free you from common misconception that doing two things at once allows you to get more done. What is commonly called multitasking is, in fact, switch-tasking, and its harmful effects on productivity are well documented. Pang doesn't advocate returning to a preinternet world. Instead, he asks you to "take a more ecological view of your relationships with technologies and look for ways devices or media may be making specific tasks easier or faster but at the same time making your work and life harder."
The Distraction Addiction is particularly fascinating on how technologies have changed certain field of labor-often for the worse. For architects, computer-aided design has become essential but in some ways has cheapened the design process. As one architect puts it, "Architecture is first and foremost about thinking... and drawing is a more productive way of thinking" than computer-aided design. Somewhat less amusing are Pang's solutions for kicking the Internet habit. He recommends the usual behavior-modification approaches, familiar to anyone who has completed a quit-smoking program. Keep logs to study your online profile and decide what you can knock out, download a program like Freedom that locks you out of your browser, or take a "digital Sabbath" ; "Unless you're a reporter or emergency-department doctor, you'll discover that your world doesn't fall apart when you go offline." | 2505.txt | 2 |
[
"currently wealth flows from old generation to younger generation",
"traditionally wealth flows from younger generation to old generation",
"with the increasingly big population of over 50, the trend arises that wealth flows from younger generation to old generation",
"with more and more people of over 50, traditions have been reversed"
]
| By saying "the growth of the proportion...to younger generations." (Line 2, Para. 5), Anthea Tinker really means that _ . | The age of gilded youth is over. Today's under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents.
Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation.
When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears.
These findings are revealed in a study of the way the ageing of Britain's population is affecting different generations.
Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontologyat King's College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations.
"Today's older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners," she said. "They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime's earnings to care for them."
The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today's under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home it is more likely to be a flat than a house.
Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother.
"My father took pity and paid off my student debts," she said. "But I still have no pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years-and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man."
Tinker's research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol. | 2653.txt | 2 |
[
"Because they made relatively small contributions in tax, but younger generation will possibly hand over more than a third of their lifetime's earnings for the care of them.",
"Because they contributed a lot in tax and now can claim much on the welfare system.",
"Because they made small contributions, but now can make money easily.",
"Because they outnumber younger generation and enjoy more privileges in the present society."
]
| Why are today's older middle-aged and elderly becoming the new winners? | The age of gilded youth is over. Today's under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents.
Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation.
When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears.
These findings are revealed in a study of the way the ageing of Britain's population is affecting different generations.
Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontologyat King's College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations.
"Today's older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners," she said. "They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime's earnings to care for them."
The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today's under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home it is more likely to be a flat than a house.
Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother.
"My father took pity and paid off my student debts," she said. "But I still have no pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years-and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man."
Tinker's research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol. | 2653.txt | 0 |
[
"Many young men, who live alone, have increased demand for houses.",
"Many young men need to rent more houses.",
"It is easy to apply for a mortgage for young generation.",
"The number of older people, many of whom live alone, becomes bigger and bigger."
]
| Which factor pushed up house prices? | The age of gilded youth is over. Today's under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents.
Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation.
When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears.
These findings are revealed in a study of the way the ageing of Britain's population is affecting different generations.
Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontologyat King's College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations.
"Today's older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners," she said. "They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime's earnings to care for them."
The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today's under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home it is more likely to be a flat than a house.
Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother.
"My father took pity and paid off my student debts," she said. "But I still have no pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years-and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man."
Tinker's research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol. | 2653.txt | 3 |
[
"By taking photographs for magazines.",
"By marring a rich man.",
"By subletting the lounge sofa-bed to her brother.",
"By preparing food for photographs for some magazines."
]
| In what way does Laura Lenox-Conyngham make her living? | The age of gilded youth is over. Today's under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents.
Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation.
When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears.
These findings are revealed in a study of the way the ageing of Britain's population is affecting different generations.
Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontologyat King's College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations.
"Today's older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners," she said. "They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime's earnings to care for them."
The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today's under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home it is more likely to be a flat than a house.
Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother.
"My father took pity and paid off my student debts," she said. "But I still have no pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years-and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man."
Tinker's research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol. | 2653.txt | 3 |
[
"today's under-thirties are leading a miserable life in Britain",
"Laura Lenox-Conyngham's attitude to work and life represents that of many young professionals in Britain",
"Life can get harder for under-thirties in Britain",
"elders enjoy extremely high living standards in Britain"
]
| We can conclude from the passage that _ . | The age of gilded youth is over. Today's under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents.
Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation.
When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears.
These findings are revealed in a study of the way the ageing of Britain's population is affecting different generations.
Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontologyat King's College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations.
"Today's older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners," she said. "They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime's earnings to care for them."
The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today's under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home it is more likely to be a flat than a house.
Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother.
"My father took pity and paid off my student debts," she said. "But I still have no pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years-and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man."
Tinker's research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol. | 2653.txt | 2 |
[
"derives from social inequalities",
"has been the privilege of social 61ites",
"is more refined than nature",
"is as soDhisticated as civilization"
]
| According to the European notion of culture，culture_ | Many people today have an idea of"culture"that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies，and between European powers and their colonies around the world.
It identifies"culture"with"civilization"and contrasts it with"nature".According to this way of thinkin9，one can classify some countries as more civilized than others，and some people as more cultured than others.Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture.Theorists such as Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)or the Leavises regard culture as simply the result of"the best that has been thought and said in the world".Arnold contrasted culture with social chaos or anarchy.On this account，culture links closely with social cultivation：the progressive refinement of human behavior.Arnold consistently uses the word this way："…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know，on all the matters which most concern us，the best which has been thought and said in the world.
In practice，culture referred t0 elite goods and activities，and the word cultured described people who knew about，and took part in，these activities.For example，someone who used"culture"in the sense of"cultivation"might argue that classical music is more refined than music produced by working-class people，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia.
People who use the term"culture"in this way tend not to use it in the plural as"cultures".They do not believe that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values；but rather that only a single standard of refinement suffices，against which one can measure all groups.Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those who regard themselves as cultured do not usually count as"having a different culture".but are classed as"uncultured".People lackin9"culture" often seemed more"natural"，and observers often defended(or criticized)elements of high culture for repressin9"human nature".
From the l8th century onwards，some social critics have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncultured，but have stressed the interpretation of refinement and of sophistication as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.
Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture，and the opposition of culture to nature. They recognize non-61ites as just as cultured as 6fites(and non-Westerners as just as civilized)--simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way.Thus social observers contrast the"high"culture of 6rites topopular"or pop culture，meaning goods and activities produced for，and consumed by the Inasses. [452 words] | 1203.txt | 1 |
[
"the notion of culture developed in Europe",
"the difference between culture and social chaos",
"the progressive refinement of human behavior",
"the pursuit of total perfection of human behavior"
]
| The definition of culture given by Matthew Arnold is used to illustrate_ | Many people today have an idea of"culture"that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies，and between European powers and their colonies around the world.
It identifies"culture"with"civilization"and contrasts it with"nature".According to this way of thinkin9，one can classify some countries as more civilized than others，and some people as more cultured than others.Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture.Theorists such as Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)or the Leavises regard culture as simply the result of"the best that has been thought and said in the world".Arnold contrasted culture with social chaos or anarchy.On this account，culture links closely with social cultivation：the progressive refinement of human behavior.Arnold consistently uses the word this way："…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know，on all the matters which most concern us，the best which has been thought and said in the world.
In practice，culture referred t0 elite goods and activities，and the word cultured described people who knew about，and took part in，these activities.For example，someone who used"culture"in the sense of"cultivation"might argue that classical music is more refined than music produced by working-class people，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia.
People who use the term"culture"in this way tend not to use it in the plural as"cultures".They do not believe that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values；but rather that only a single standard of refinement suffices，against which one can measure all groups.Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those who regard themselves as cultured do not usually count as"having a different culture".but are classed as"uncultured".People lackin9"culture" often seemed more"natural"，and observers often defended(or criticized)elements of high culture for repressin9"human nature".
From the l8th century onwards，some social critics have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncultured，but have stressed the interpretation of refinement and of sophistication as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.
Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture，and the opposition of culture to nature. They recognize non-61ites as just as cultured as 6fites(and non-Westerners as just as civilized)--simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way.Thus social observers contrast the"high"culture of 6rites topopular"or pop culture，meaning goods and activities produced for，and consumed by the Inasses. [452 words] | 1203.txt | 0 |
[
"no more than one culture exists",
"there exist many different cultures",
"working-class people can also be highly refined",
"few cultured people can be found in each society"
]
| Those who identify culture with cultivation argue that_ | Many people today have an idea of"culture"that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies，and between European powers and their colonies around the world.
It identifies"culture"with"civilization"and contrasts it with"nature".According to this way of thinkin9，one can classify some countries as more civilized than others，and some people as more cultured than others.Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture.Theorists such as Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)or the Leavises regard culture as simply the result of"the best that has been thought and said in the world".Arnold contrasted culture with social chaos or anarchy.On this account，culture links closely with social cultivation：the progressive refinement of human behavior.Arnold consistently uses the word this way："…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know，on all the matters which most concern us，the best which has been thought and said in the world.
In practice，culture referred t0 elite goods and activities，and the word cultured described people who knew about，and took part in，these activities.For example，someone who used"culture"in the sense of"cultivation"might argue that classical music is more refined than music produced by working-class people，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia.
People who use the term"culture"in this way tend not to use it in the plural as"cultures".They do not believe that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values；but rather that only a single standard of refinement suffices，against which one can measure all groups.Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those who regard themselves as cultured do not usually count as"having a different culture".but are classed as"uncultured".People lackin9"culture" often seemed more"natural"，and observers often defended(or criticized)elements of high culture for repressin9"human nature".
From the l8th century onwards，some social critics have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncultured，but have stressed the interpretation of refinement and of sophistication as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.
Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture，and the opposition of culture to nature. They recognize non-61ites as just as cultured as 6fites(and non-Westerners as just as civilized)--simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way.Thus social observers contrast the"high"culture of 6rites topopular"or pop culture，meaning goods and activities produced for，and consumed by the Inasses. [452 words] | 1203.txt | 0 |
[
"social corruption",
"being original, but superficial",
"honest expression of natural life",
"something against human nature"
]
| According to some social critics, refinement can be thought of as_ | Many people today have an idea of"culture"that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies，and between European powers and their colonies around the world.
It identifies"culture"with"civilization"and contrasts it with"nature".According to this way of thinkin9，one can classify some countries as more civilized than others，and some people as more cultured than others.Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture.Theorists such as Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)or the Leavises regard culture as simply the result of"the best that has been thought and said in the world".Arnold contrasted culture with social chaos or anarchy.On this account，culture links closely with social cultivation：the progressive refinement of human behavior.Arnold consistently uses the word this way："…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know，on all the matters which most concern us，the best which has been thought and said in the world.
In practice，culture referred t0 elite goods and activities，and the word cultured described people who knew about，and took part in，these activities.For example，someone who used"culture"in the sense of"cultivation"might argue that classical music is more refined than music produced by working-class people，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia.
People who use the term"culture"in this way tend not to use it in the plural as"cultures".They do not believe that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values；but rather that only a single standard of refinement suffices，against which one can measure all groups.Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those who regard themselves as cultured do not usually count as"having a different culture".but are classed as"uncultured".People lackin9"culture" often seemed more"natural"，and observers often defended(or criticized)elements of high culture for repressin9"human nature".
From the l8th century onwards，some social critics have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncultured，but have stressed the interpretation of refinement and of sophistication as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.
Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture，and the opposition of culture to nature. They recognize non-61ites as just as cultured as 6fites(and non-Westerners as just as civilized)--simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way.Thus social observers contrast the"high"culture of 6rites topopular"or pop culture，meaning goods and activities produced for，and consumed by the Inasses. [452 words] | 1203.txt | 3 |
[
"high culture is closely related to pop culture",
"high culture might be produced by the masses",
"the single definition of culture has been out of date",
"pop culture is more likely to be consumed by the masses"
]
| Most social scientists today believe that | Many people today have an idea of"culture"that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.This notion of culture reflected inequalities within European societies，and between European powers and their colonies around the world.
It identifies"culture"with"civilization"and contrasts it with"nature".According to this way of thinkin9，one can classify some countries as more civilized than others，and some people as more cultured than others.Some cultural theorists have thus tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture.Theorists such as Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)or the Leavises regard culture as simply the result of"the best that has been thought and said in the world".Arnold contrasted culture with social chaos or anarchy.On this account，culture links closely with social cultivation：the progressive refinement of human behavior.Arnold consistently uses the word this way："…culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know，on all the matters which most concern us，the best which has been thought and said in the world.
In practice，culture referred t0 elite goods and activities，and the word cultured described people who knew about，and took part in，these activities.For example，someone who used"culture"in the sense of"cultivation"might argue that classical music is more refined than music produced by working-class people，such as punk rock or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of Australia.
People who use the term"culture"in this way tend not to use it in the plural as"cultures".They do not believe that distinct cultures exist，each with their own internal logic and values；but rather that only a single standard of refinement suffices，against which one can measure all groups.Thus，according to this worldview，people with different customs from those who regard themselves as cultured do not usually count as"having a different culture".but are classed as"uncultured".People lackin9"culture" often seemed more"natural"，and observers often defended(or criticized)elements of high culture for repressin9"human nature".
From the l8th century onwards，some social critics have accepted this contrast between cultured and uncultured，but have stressed the interpretation of refinement and of sophistication as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.
Today most social scientists reject the monadic conception of culture，and the opposition of culture to nature. They recognize non-61ites as just as cultured as 6fites(and non-Westerners as just as civilized)--simply regarding them as just cultured in a different way.Thus social observers contrast the"high"culture of 6rites topopular"or pop culture，meaning goods and activities produced for，and consumed by the Inasses. [452 words] | 1203.txt | 2 |
[
"the latter uses ready-made internal features",
"panels are cast in a level position",
"the former is used to build walls and floors while the latter to construct bathrooms or bedrooms",
"the former is more expensive than the latter"
]
| The main difference between panel method and the method discussed in the last paragraph is_ . | In the last two hundred years there have been great changes in the method of production of goods. This is now also true of the building industry; for mechanization has been introduced. System building can save both time and money. The principle of system building is that the building is made from a set of standard units. These are either made at the building-site or at a factory. Some designers, in fact, are standardizing the dimensions of rooms. They are made in multiples of a single fixed length, usually ten centimeters. This is called a modular system, and it means that manufactures can produce standardized fittings at a lower cost. The most important fact about system building is its speed. A ten-storey flat, for example, can be completed in four months.
There are several new methods of system building. One is the panel method. In this case, the construction company sometimes erects a factory on the site. The walls and floors of the building, called panels, are cast in a horizontal or vertical position. Conduits for electrical wires and sleeves for pipes are cast in the panels when they are being made. The moulds for making these castings are situated all around the building.
After the concrete panels are cast, they are allowed to set and harden for a week. Next they are lifted by a tower crane on to any section of the building. There the panels are cemented together at their joints and the floor covering is laid.
After the panels have been cemented together, the crane lifts a case into the area. It contains all the fittings to be installed, such as wash-basins, radiators and pipes. Finishing tradesmen, such as plumbers, plasterers, painters and electricians, follow behind to complete the work.
In some building developments, in some countries, whole flats with internal features like their bathrooms, bedrooms and connecting stairs, and weighing as much as twenty tons, are carried to the building-site ready-made. A giant overhead crane is used to lift them into position. In the future, this method may become more widespread. | 1759.txt | 0 |
[
"It employs more men.",
"It is difficult and dangerous.",
"It can save both time and money.",
"It means less mechanization."
]
| Which of these statements is TRUE of system building? | In the last two hundred years there have been great changes in the method of production of goods. This is now also true of the building industry; for mechanization has been introduced. System building can save both time and money. The principle of system building is that the building is made from a set of standard units. These are either made at the building-site or at a factory. Some designers, in fact, are standardizing the dimensions of rooms. They are made in multiples of a single fixed length, usually ten centimeters. This is called a modular system, and it means that manufactures can produce standardized fittings at a lower cost. The most important fact about system building is its speed. A ten-storey flat, for example, can be completed in four months.
There are several new methods of system building. One is the panel method. In this case, the construction company sometimes erects a factory on the site. The walls and floors of the building, called panels, are cast in a horizontal or vertical position. Conduits for electrical wires and sleeves for pipes are cast in the panels when they are being made. The moulds for making these castings are situated all around the building.
After the concrete panels are cast, they are allowed to set and harden for a week. Next they are lifted by a tower crane on to any section of the building. There the panels are cemented together at their joints and the floor covering is laid.
After the panels have been cemented together, the crane lifts a case into the area. It contains all the fittings to be installed, such as wash-basins, radiators and pipes. Finishing tradesmen, such as plumbers, plasterers, painters and electricians, follow behind to complete the work.
In some building developments, in some countries, whole flats with internal features like their bathrooms, bedrooms and connecting stairs, and weighing as much as twenty tons, are carried to the building-site ready-made. A giant overhead crane is used to lift them into position. In the future, this method may become more widespread. | 1759.txt | 2 |
[
"construction methods are safer",
"buildings are made from a set of standardized units",
"similar buildings can be produced",
"all units are produced on the site"
]
| According to the passage, the principle of system building is that_ . | In the last two hundred years there have been great changes in the method of production of goods. This is now also true of the building industry; for mechanization has been introduced. System building can save both time and money. The principle of system building is that the building is made from a set of standard units. These are either made at the building-site or at a factory. Some designers, in fact, are standardizing the dimensions of rooms. They are made in multiples of a single fixed length, usually ten centimeters. This is called a modular system, and it means that manufactures can produce standardized fittings at a lower cost. The most important fact about system building is its speed. A ten-storey flat, for example, can be completed in four months.
There are several new methods of system building. One is the panel method. In this case, the construction company sometimes erects a factory on the site. The walls and floors of the building, called panels, are cast in a horizontal or vertical position. Conduits for electrical wires and sleeves for pipes are cast in the panels when they are being made. The moulds for making these castings are situated all around the building.
After the concrete panels are cast, they are allowed to set and harden for a week. Next they are lifted by a tower crane on to any section of the building. There the panels are cemented together at their joints and the floor covering is laid.
After the panels have been cemented together, the crane lifts a case into the area. It contains all the fittings to be installed, such as wash-basins, radiators and pipes. Finishing tradesmen, such as plumbers, plasterers, painters and electricians, follow behind to complete the work.
In some building developments, in some countries, whole flats with internal features like their bathrooms, bedrooms and connecting stairs, and weighing as much as twenty tons, are carried to the building-site ready-made. A giant overhead crane is used to lift them into position. In the future, this method may become more widespread. | 1759.txt | 1 |
[
"twenty centimeters",
"ten millimeters",
"fifty centimeters",
"ten centimeters"
]
| The usual fixed length in the modular system is_ . | In the last two hundred years there have been great changes in the method of production of goods. This is now also true of the building industry; for mechanization has been introduced. System building can save both time and money. The principle of system building is that the building is made from a set of standard units. These are either made at the building-site or at a factory. Some designers, in fact, are standardizing the dimensions of rooms. They are made in multiples of a single fixed length, usually ten centimeters. This is called a modular system, and it means that manufactures can produce standardized fittings at a lower cost. The most important fact about system building is its speed. A ten-storey flat, for example, can be completed in four months.
There are several new methods of system building. One is the panel method. In this case, the construction company sometimes erects a factory on the site. The walls and floors of the building, called panels, are cast in a horizontal or vertical position. Conduits for electrical wires and sleeves for pipes are cast in the panels when they are being made. The moulds for making these castings are situated all around the building.
After the concrete panels are cast, they are allowed to set and harden for a week. Next they are lifted by a tower crane on to any section of the building. There the panels are cemented together at their joints and the floor covering is laid.
After the panels have been cemented together, the crane lifts a case into the area. It contains all the fittings to be installed, such as wash-basins, radiators and pipes. Finishing tradesmen, such as plumbers, plasterers, painters and electricians, follow behind to complete the work.
In some building developments, in some countries, whole flats with internal features like their bathrooms, bedrooms and connecting stairs, and weighing as much as twenty tons, are carried to the building-site ready-made. A giant overhead crane is used to lift them into position. In the future, this method may become more widespread. | 1759.txt | 3 |
[
"Cranes.",
"Man-power.",
"Pulleys.",
"Hydraulic jacks."
]
| What lifts the concrete panels onto the building? | In the last two hundred years there have been great changes in the method of production of goods. This is now also true of the building industry; for mechanization has been introduced. System building can save both time and money. The principle of system building is that the building is made from a set of standard units. These are either made at the building-site or at a factory. Some designers, in fact, are standardizing the dimensions of rooms. They are made in multiples of a single fixed length, usually ten centimeters. This is called a modular system, and it means that manufactures can produce standardized fittings at a lower cost. The most important fact about system building is its speed. A ten-storey flat, for example, can be completed in four months.
There are several new methods of system building. One is the panel method. In this case, the construction company sometimes erects a factory on the site. The walls and floors of the building, called panels, are cast in a horizontal or vertical position. Conduits for electrical wires and sleeves for pipes are cast in the panels when they are being made. The moulds for making these castings are situated all around the building.
After the concrete panels are cast, they are allowed to set and harden for a week. Next they are lifted by a tower crane on to any section of the building. There the panels are cemented together at their joints and the floor covering is laid.
After the panels have been cemented together, the crane lifts a case into the area. It contains all the fittings to be installed, such as wash-basins, radiators and pipes. Finishing tradesmen, such as plumbers, plasterers, painters and electricians, follow behind to complete the work.
In some building developments, in some countries, whole flats with internal features like their bathrooms, bedrooms and connecting stairs, and weighing as much as twenty tons, are carried to the building-site ready-made. A giant overhead crane is used to lift them into position. In the future, this method may become more widespread. | 1759.txt | 0 |
[
"man possesses as many senses as animals",
"man possesses a few more senses than animals",
"man possesses far more senses than the five major ones",
"man has fully utilised his senses"
]
| From the passage, we realise that ________. | The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, vision, and at close range, touch and taste.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the finger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realise that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilised. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense. The part of the spectrum seen by colour-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating part of the insect's spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, constitutes a separate colour. | 3162.txt | 0 |
[
"The honey-bee is blind to red.",
"Man is more colour-conscious than the honey-bee.",
"The honey-bee can see far more colours than man.",
"Man is sensitive to the ultra-violet."
]
| Which of the following is TRUE? | The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, vision, and at close range, touch and taste.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the finger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realise that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilised. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense. The part of the spectrum seen by colour-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating part of the insect's spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, constitutes a separate colour. | 3162.txt | 1 |
[
"from the sense of direct touch",
"through skin contact",
"from the even distribution of pressure",
"through the difference in temperature"
]
| We can realise how deeply a finger is put into water at body temperature ________. | The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, vision, and at close range, touch and taste.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the finger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realise that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilised. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense. The part of the spectrum seen by colour-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating part of the insect's spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, constitutes a separate colour. | 3162.txt | 3 |
[
"skins that are sticky or slippery",
"skins that are delicate",
"skins that are completely dry",
"skins that are quick to feel and respond"
]
| The phrase "sensitive skins" (Para. 2 Line 6) most probably means ________. | The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, vision, and at close range, touch and taste.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the finger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realise that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilised. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense. The part of the spectrum seen by colour-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating part of the insect's spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, constitutes a separate colour. | 3162.txt | 0 |
[
"All senses have their limitations.",
"Man has not fully utilized all his senses.",
"Insects are more sensitive to colours than man.",
"Man is not as good as animals in learning about the environment."
]
| What is the main idea of the passage? | The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, vision, and at close range, touch and taste.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the finger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realise that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilised. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense. The part of the spectrum seen by colour-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating part of the insect's spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, constitutes a separate colour. | 3162.txt | 2 |
[
"How to avoid car crash.",
"How to design safer baby equipment.",
"How to educate children properly.",
"How to properly secure children in the ear."
]
| What does the author mainly discuss in this passage? | Car crashes are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. children, and though most of us now think of car seats as standard baby equipment, about half of all children under the age of four who died in vehicle accidents last year were not
restrained. It is calculated that only about two-thirds of children aged five to fifteen buckle their seat belts.
Moreover, the traffic-safety agency estimates that even among parents who always strap their children in, 85% are not doing it properly. They often don't know where best to place the kids, don't use the proper restraint for their age and weight, or don't install the safety seats properly. Despite the reports about front seats collapsing onto back seats when certain car models get in accidents, the safest place in the car for any child up to the age of 12 is still the back seat. Babies up to 9 kg and one year old should ride in rear-facing infant seats.
Never place a child under age 12 in the front seat with a working passenger-side air bag. These devices are discharged at 320 km/h and can be triggered by low-speed fender benders. They have killed 77 kids in the U.S. since 1993. If you must place a child in front, make sure the passenger-side bag is switched off.
Children over age one should ride in forward-facing safety seats with a five-point harness system. A child who weighs at least 18 kg or at least lm high can graduate to a booster seat that elevates her so that the standard shoulder and lap belt fits properly. | 884.txt | 3 |
[
"They don't know where best to place the child.",
"They don't have the safety equipment for the child.",
"They don't use the proper restraint for the kid's age and weight.",
"They don't install the safety seats properly."
]
| Which of the following is NOT among the "improper ways" mentioned in the passage? | Car crashes are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. children, and though most of us now think of car seats as standard baby equipment, about half of all children under the age of four who died in vehicle accidents last year were not
restrained. It is calculated that only about two-thirds of children aged five to fifteen buckle their seat belts.
Moreover, the traffic-safety agency estimates that even among parents who always strap their children in, 85% are not doing it properly. They often don't know where best to place the kids, don't use the proper restraint for their age and weight, or don't install the safety seats properly. Despite the reports about front seats collapsing onto back seats when certain car models get in accidents, the safest place in the car for any child up to the age of 12 is still the back seat. Babies up to 9 kg and one year old should ride in rear-facing infant seats.
Never place a child under age 12 in the front seat with a working passenger-side air bag. These devices are discharged at 320 km/h and can be triggered by low-speed fender benders. They have killed 77 kids in the U.S. since 1993. If you must place a child in front, make sure the passenger-side bag is switched off.
Children over age one should ride in forward-facing safety seats with a five-point harness system. A child who weighs at least 18 kg or at least lm high can graduate to a booster seat that elevates her so that the standard shoulder and lap belt fits properly. | 884.txt | 1 |
[
"Forward-facing seats.",
"Rear-facing seats.",
"Front seats.",
"Back seats."
]
| Which of the following is the best seat for the children under 12? | Car crashes are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. children, and though most of us now think of car seats as standard baby equipment, about half of all children under the age of four who died in vehicle accidents last year were not
restrained. It is calculated that only about two-thirds of children aged five to fifteen buckle their seat belts.
Moreover, the traffic-safety agency estimates that even among parents who always strap their children in, 85% are not doing it properly. They often don't know where best to place the kids, don't use the proper restraint for their age and weight, or don't install the safety seats properly. Despite the reports about front seats collapsing onto back seats when certain car models get in accidents, the safest place in the car for any child up to the age of 12 is still the back seat. Babies up to 9 kg and one year old should ride in rear-facing infant seats.
Never place a child under age 12 in the front seat with a working passenger-side air bag. These devices are discharged at 320 km/h and can be triggered by low-speed fender benders. They have killed 77 kids in the U.S. since 1993. If you must place a child in front, make sure the passenger-side bag is switched off.
Children over age one should ride in forward-facing safety seats with a five-point harness system. A child who weighs at least 18 kg or at least lm high can graduate to a booster seat that elevates her so that the standard shoulder and lap belt fits properly. | 884.txt | 3 |
[
"might not be dangerous if switched off",
"is designed for the safety of children",
"is discharged at 320 km/h and will not triggered by other factors",
"is not working ifa child sits in the seat"
]
| The author indicates that a passenger-side air bag _ | Car crashes are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. children, and though most of us now think of car seats as standard baby equipment, about half of all children under the age of four who died in vehicle accidents last year were not
restrained. It is calculated that only about two-thirds of children aged five to fifteen buckle their seat belts.
Moreover, the traffic-safety agency estimates that even among parents who always strap their children in, 85% are not doing it properly. They often don't know where best to place the kids, don't use the proper restraint for their age and weight, or don't install the safety seats properly. Despite the reports about front seats collapsing onto back seats when certain car models get in accidents, the safest place in the car for any child up to the age of 12 is still the back seat. Babies up to 9 kg and one year old should ride in rear-facing infant seats.
Never place a child under age 12 in the front seat with a working passenger-side air bag. These devices are discharged at 320 km/h and can be triggered by low-speed fender benders. They have killed 77 kids in the U.S. since 1993. If you must place a child in front, make sure the passenger-side bag is switched off.
Children over age one should ride in forward-facing safety seats with a five-point harness system. A child who weighs at least 18 kg or at least lm high can graduate to a booster seat that elevates her so that the standard shoulder and lap belt fits properly. | 884.txt | 0 |
[
"Finish schooling.",
"Change to something else.",
"Collapse.",
"Stand."
]
| What does the word "graduate" (Line 2, Para. 4) mean? | Car crashes are the leading cause of injury and death among U.S. children, and though most of us now think of car seats as standard baby equipment, about half of all children under the age of four who died in vehicle accidents last year were not
restrained. It is calculated that only about two-thirds of children aged five to fifteen buckle their seat belts.
Moreover, the traffic-safety agency estimates that even among parents who always strap their children in, 85% are not doing it properly. They often don't know where best to place the kids, don't use the proper restraint for their age and weight, or don't install the safety seats properly. Despite the reports about front seats collapsing onto back seats when certain car models get in accidents, the safest place in the car for any child up to the age of 12 is still the back seat. Babies up to 9 kg and one year old should ride in rear-facing infant seats.
Never place a child under age 12 in the front seat with a working passenger-side air bag. These devices are discharged at 320 km/h and can be triggered by low-speed fender benders. They have killed 77 kids in the U.S. since 1993. If you must place a child in front, make sure the passenger-side bag is switched off.
Children over age one should ride in forward-facing safety seats with a five-point harness system. A child who weighs at least 18 kg or at least lm high can graduate to a booster seat that elevates her so that the standard shoulder and lap belt fits properly. | 884.txt | 1 |
[
"that American farmers manage to feed the total population of the U. S.",
"the leading position of the U. S. farming in the world",
"how important American people consider their farming",
"that many people in the world rely on the export of the agricultural products of the U. S. A."
]
| The last sentence in the first paragraph gives an example to show _ . | Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country's leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.
This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation's croplands.
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago，cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been decreasing the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.
So far, farmers have been able to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters of the nation's precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soils they do not prevent its loss. | 829.txt | 3 |
[
"planting less corn and soybean",
"putting fertilizers on their fields",
"preventing soil erosion",
"decreasing the supply of top soil"
]
| In order to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil, farmers have been _ . | Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country's leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.
This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation's croplands.
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago，cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been decreasing the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.
So far, farmers have been able to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters of the nation's precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soils they do not prevent its loss. | 829.txt | 1 |
[
"120 years later. .",
"80 years later.",
"50 years later.",
"100 years later."
]
| At the present rate, approximately how many years later the black top soil now covering the Midwest will completely be blown or washed away? | Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country's leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.
This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation's croplands.
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago，cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been decreasing the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.
So far, farmers have been able to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters of the nation's precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soils they do not prevent its loss. | 829.txt | 1 |
[
"that farmers have lowered the yield of corn and soybean",
"that farmers have expanded croplands",
"that farmers have applied more chemical fertilizers",
"that the top soil has been decreased greatly"
]
| "This practice" in Paragraph 4 refers to _ . | Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country's leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.
This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation's croplands.
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago，cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been decreasing the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.
So far, farmers have been able to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters of the nation's precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soils they do not prevent its loss. | 829.txt | 2 |
[
"they replenish the soil",
"they do not prevent the loss of soil",
"they are destroying the ecology",
"they pollute the nation's water supply"
]
| All of the following are statements about the disadvantages of fertilizers EXCEPT that _ . | Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country's leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.
This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation's croplands.
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago，cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been decreasing the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.
So far, farmers have been able to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters of the nation's precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soils they do not prevent its loss. | 829.txt | 0 |
[
"one's position is used as a gauge to measure one's intelligence",
"talented people like her should fail to get a respectable job",
"one's occupation affects the way one is treated as a person",
"professionals tend to look down upon manual workers"
]
| The author was disappointed to find that ________. | Like most people, I've long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, was disappointed to see that it also decides how I'm treated as a person.
Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they'd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been.
I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I'd be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.
Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.
I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.
It's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others' needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant.
I'm now applying to graduate school, which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I'll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them. | 869.txt | 2 |
[
"Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.",
"People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.",
"Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances.",
"Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all."
]
| What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph? | Like most people, I've long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, was disappointed to see that it also decides how I'm treated as a person.
Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they'd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been.
I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I'd be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.
Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.
I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.
It's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others' needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant.
I'm now applying to graduate school, which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I'll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them. | 869.txt | 0 |
[
"She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals.",
"She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon.",
"She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.",
"She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior."
]
| How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19? | Like most people, I've long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, was disappointed to see that it also decides how I'm treated as a person.
Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they'd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been.
I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I'd be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.
Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.
I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.
It's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others' needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant.
I'm now applying to graduate school, which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I'll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them. | 869.txt | 3 |
[
"Those who cater to others' needs are destined to be looked down upon.",
"Those working in the service industry shouldn't be treated as servants.",
"Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.",
"The majority of customers tend to look on a servant as server nowadays."
]
| What does the author imply by saying ". . . many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant" (Line 3, Para. 7)? | Like most people, I've long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, was disappointed to see that it also decides how I'm treated as a person.
Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they'd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been.
I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I'd be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.
Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.
I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.
It's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others' needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant.
I'm now applying to graduate school, which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I'll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them. | 869.txt | 1 |
[
"see what kind of person they are",
"experience the feeling of being served",
"show her generosity towards people inferior to her",
"arouse their sympathy for people living a humble life"
]
| The author says she'll one day take her clients to dinner in order to ________. | Like most people, I've long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, was disappointed to see that it also decides how I'm treated as a person.
Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they'd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been.
I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I'd be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.
Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.
I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.
It's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others' needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant.
I'm now applying to graduate school, which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I'll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them. | 869.txt | 0 |
[
"Children do find lots of fun in many mindless activites.",
"Rebecca is much too occupied to enjoy her leisure time.",
"Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials for her writing.",
"A lot of distractions compete for children's time nowadays."
]
| What do we learn from the first paragraph? | In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn't win the contest again? That's the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.
A revelation came last week when I asked her, "Don't you want to win again?"
"No," she replied, "I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade."
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly "guided" by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter's experience.
While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices. | 1524.txt | 1 |
[
"She did not quite live up to her reputation as a writer.",
"Her way to success was full of pains and frustrations.",
"She was constantly under pressure of writing more.",
"Most of her stories had been rejected by publishers."
]
| What did the author say about her own writing experience? | In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn't win the contest again? That's the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.
A revelation came last week when I asked her, "Don't you want to win again?"
"No," she replied, "I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade."
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly "guided" by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter's experience.
While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices. | 1524.txt | 0 |
[
"She believed she possessed real talent for writing.",
"She was sure of winning with her mother's help.",
"She wanted to share her stories with readers.",
"She had won a prize in the previous contest."
]
| Why did Rebecca want to enter this year's writing contest? | In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn't win the contest again? That's the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.
A revelation came last week when I asked her, "Don't you want to win again?"
"No," she replied, "I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade."
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly "guided" by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter's experience.
While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices. | 1524.txt | 2 |
[
"she believed she had the knowledge and experience to offer guidance",
"she did not want to disappoint Rebecca who needed her help so much",
"she wanted to help Rebecca realize her dream of becoming a writer",
"she was afraid Rebecca's imagination might run wild while writing."
]
| The author took great pains to refine her daughter's stories because _ . | In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn't win the contest again? That's the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.
A revelation came last week when I asked her, "Don't you want to win again?"
"No," she replied, "I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade."
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly "guided" by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter's experience.
While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices. | 1524.txt | 0 |
[
"A writing career, though attractive, is not for every child to pursue.",
"Children should be allowed freedom to grow through experience.",
"Parents should keep an eye on the activities their kids engage in.",
"Children should be given every chance to voice their opinions."
]
| What's the author's advice for parents? | In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn't win the contest again? That's the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.
A revelation came last week when I asked her, "Don't you want to win again?"
"No," she replied, "I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade."
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly "guided" by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter's experience.
While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices. | 1524.txt | 3 |
[
"Hunting is very important in human civilization.",
"Sporting activities satisfy the desire of modern society.",
"It's hunting that provides human beings with food.",
"The importance of sporting activities in modern society."
]
| What is the main idea of the passage? | Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as Cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting field. (84)Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed: They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey killers. They cooperated as skillful male group attack.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting the food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life was put to a new use--that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
(85)The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences, but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that was no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other purposes, much simpler of obtaining a meaty meal. | 468.txt | 1 |
[
"are essential to the survival",
"have actually developed from hunting",
"evolve as biological development",
"are football games"
]
| According to the author, sporting activities . | Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as Cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting field. (84)Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed: They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey killers. They cooperated as skillful male group attack.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting the food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life was put to a new use--that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
(85)The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences, but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that was no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other purposes, much simpler of obtaining a meaty meal. | 468.txt | 1 |
[
"skillful sportsmen",
"successful farmers",
"runners and jumpers",
"cooperating hunters"
]
| For over a million years. our forefathers were basically . | Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as Cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting field. (84)Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed: They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey killers. They cooperated as skillful male group attack.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting the food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life was put to a new use--that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
(85)The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences, but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that was no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other purposes, much simpler of obtaining a meaty meal. | 468.txt | 3 |
[
"sports activities",
"hunting",
"farmers",
"prey killing"
]
| The word"operation (Par. 4)refers to . | Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as Cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting field. (84)Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed: They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey killers. They cooperated as skillful male group attack.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting the food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life was put to a new use--that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
(85)The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences, but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that was no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other purposes, much simpler of obtaining a meaty meal. | 468.txt | 3 |
[
"The goalmouth is equal to the weapon in hunting.",
"Without hunting our forefathers couldn't live.",
"After our forefathers became farmers they still hunted for food.",
"Farmers are satisfied with stable lives and they didn't have enthusiasm for hunting any more"
]
| Which of the following is true according to the passage? | Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as Cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting field. (84)Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed: They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey killers. They cooperated as skillful male group attack.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting the food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life was put to a new use--that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
(85)The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences, but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that was no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten, but there were other purposes, much simpler of obtaining a meaty meal. | 468.txt | 1 |
[
"English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats",
"people in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats",
"people in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats",
"modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living"
]
| We can infer from the passage that ________. | Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding , as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (，) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. | 3825.txt | 1 |
[
"They were mostly inhabited by people who did not earn much.",
"They were usually not large enough to accommodate big families.",
"They were sold to people before necessary facilities were installed.",
"They provided playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings."
]
| What is said about blocks of flats built in the past in Britain? | Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding , as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (，) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. | 3825.txt | 0 |
[
"be ignored",
"develop with great force",
"encourage people greatly",
"be in fashion"
]
| The word "rage" (Line 9) means ________. | Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding , as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (，) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. | 3825.txt | 1 |
[
"the living expenses for each individual family are higher",
"it involves higher cost compared with the building of houses",
"they believe people like to live in houses with gardens",
"the disposal of rubbish remains a problem for those living in flats"
]
| Some people oppose the building of flats because ________. | Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding , as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (，) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. | 3825.txt | 2 |
[
"do not have access to easy facilities because they live away from the city",
"have to pay a lot of money to employ people to do service work",
"take longer time to know each other because they are a scattered community",
"have to spend more money and time travelling to work every day"
]
| The author mentions that people who live in suburban houses ________. | Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the English man objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding , as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages in the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus (，) individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. | 3825.txt | 3 |
[
"tell her mother some bad news",
"say that she and David have arrived safely",
"report an accident to her mother",
"say that she and David have left London"
]
| Linda is telephoning home to _ . | Linda and David have traveled by air from London to Sydney, Australia. Linda has promised her mother that she will ring her to let her know that they have arrived safely. This is something she had done ever since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little.
"If there were an accident." He says, ‘they'd know soon enough. Bad news travels fast. "
But Linda has promised that she would ring. "However," she says, "‘it doesn't cost much when you just think that it's the other side of the world. It's only six pence per second. "
"If you're on that telephone for less than one minute, I'll eat my hat," David says, "And one minute's nearly four pounds. "
"That's no more than you'd pay for a new hat," ‘'Linda answers.
She has asked the man at the hotel desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up.
"Hello, Mum. Is that you?" She says.
"Six pence per second," David reminds her.
" Hello, love." It is Mrs. Lee, Linda's mother, speaking from London. "I can hear you very clearly just like you are in the next room. It‘s a better line than when you called me from your office. Do you remember? I shouted at that time, and still you couldn't hear me sometimes."
"Yes, Mum." Linda puts in. "I just wanted to ring to .... "
"I remember how you rang when you went to Betty's house to eat, when you were a little girl. And then when you ..." Mrs. Lee is a great talker "Nearly four pounds." says David.
Linda tries to tell her mother that it is time to say goodbye.
"Yes, all right, "says Mrs. Lee," But you will write, won‘t you, as you did when you were at work ..."
Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the pass and there is no stopping her.
"Four pounds fifty, 'says David.
At last, Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off.
"There! That wasn‘t long, was it?"
"Four pounds, ninety pence." David answers. "And you didn't even say that we‘ve arrived." | 714.txt | 1 |
[
"it only costs four pounds and ninety pence",
"it is even more expensive to buy a new hat",
"she had telephoned home since her childhood",
"she will speak from one side of the word to the other"
]
| Linda does not think it expensive to ring, because _ . | Linda and David have traveled by air from London to Sydney, Australia. Linda has promised her mother that she will ring her to let her know that they have arrived safely. This is something she had done ever since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little.
"If there were an accident." He says, ‘they'd know soon enough. Bad news travels fast. "
But Linda has promised that she would ring. "However," she says, "‘it doesn't cost much when you just think that it's the other side of the world. It's only six pence per second. "
"If you're on that telephone for less than one minute, I'll eat my hat," David says, "And one minute's nearly four pounds. "
"That's no more than you'd pay for a new hat," ‘'Linda answers.
She has asked the man at the hotel desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up.
"Hello, Mum. Is that you?" She says.
"Six pence per second," David reminds her.
" Hello, love." It is Mrs. Lee, Linda's mother, speaking from London. "I can hear you very clearly just like you are in the next room. It‘s a better line than when you called me from your office. Do you remember? I shouted at that time, and still you couldn't hear me sometimes."
"Yes, Mum." Linda puts in. "I just wanted to ring to .... "
"I remember how you rang when you went to Betty's house to eat, when you were a little girl. And then when you ..." Mrs. Lee is a great talker "Nearly four pounds." says David.
Linda tries to tell her mother that it is time to say goodbye.
"Yes, all right, "says Mrs. Lee," But you will write, won‘t you, as you did when you were at work ..."
Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the pass and there is no stopping her.
"Four pounds fifty, 'says David.
At last, Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off.
"There! That wasn‘t long, was it?"
"Four pounds, ninety pence." David answers. "And you didn't even say that we‘ve arrived." | 714.txt | 3 |
[
"he wants to remind Linda of the cost of the cost of the call",
"he wants to buy himself a new hat",
"Linda has not told her mother they have arrived",
"he wants Mrs. Lee to know how much the call costs"
]
| David says, " Nearly four pounds" , because _ . | Linda and David have traveled by air from London to Sydney, Australia. Linda has promised her mother that she will ring her to let her know that they have arrived safely. This is something she had done ever since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little.
"If there were an accident." He says, ‘they'd know soon enough. Bad news travels fast. "
But Linda has promised that she would ring. "However," she says, "‘it doesn't cost much when you just think that it's the other side of the world. It's only six pence per second. "
"If you're on that telephone for less than one minute, I'll eat my hat," David says, "And one minute's nearly four pounds. "
"That's no more than you'd pay for a new hat," ‘'Linda answers.
She has asked the man at the hotel desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up.
"Hello, Mum. Is that you?" She says.
"Six pence per second," David reminds her.
" Hello, love." It is Mrs. Lee, Linda's mother, speaking from London. "I can hear you very clearly just like you are in the next room. It‘s a better line than when you called me from your office. Do you remember? I shouted at that time, and still you couldn't hear me sometimes."
"Yes, Mum." Linda puts in. "I just wanted to ring to .... "
"I remember how you rang when you went to Betty's house to eat, when you were a little girl. And then when you ..." Mrs. Lee is a great talker "Nearly four pounds." says David.
Linda tries to tell her mother that it is time to say goodbye.
"Yes, all right, "says Mrs. Lee," But you will write, won‘t you, as you did when you were at work ..."
Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the pass and there is no stopping her.
"Four pounds fifty, 'says David.
At last, Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off.
"There! That wasn‘t long, was it?"
"Four pounds, ninety pence." David answers. "And you didn't even say that we‘ve arrived." | 714.txt | 0 |
[
"she likes to hear all about the past.",
"she likes talking",
"Linda had not told her that she has arrived",
"she is going to pay for the telephone call"
]
| Mrs. Lee goes on talking for so long because _ . | Linda and David have traveled by air from London to Sydney, Australia. Linda has promised her mother that she will ring her to let her know that they have arrived safely. This is something she had done ever since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little.
"If there were an accident." He says, ‘they'd know soon enough. Bad news travels fast. "
But Linda has promised that she would ring. "However," she says, "‘it doesn't cost much when you just think that it's the other side of the world. It's only six pence per second. "
"If you're on that telephone for less than one minute, I'll eat my hat," David says, "And one minute's nearly four pounds. "
"That's no more than you'd pay for a new hat," ‘'Linda answers.
She has asked the man at the hotel desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up.
"Hello, Mum. Is that you?" She says.
"Six pence per second," David reminds her.
" Hello, love." It is Mrs. Lee, Linda's mother, speaking from London. "I can hear you very clearly just like you are in the next room. It‘s a better line than when you called me from your office. Do you remember? I shouted at that time, and still you couldn't hear me sometimes."
"Yes, Mum." Linda puts in. "I just wanted to ring to .... "
"I remember how you rang when you went to Betty's house to eat, when you were a little girl. And then when you ..." Mrs. Lee is a great talker "Nearly four pounds." says David.
Linda tries to tell her mother that it is time to say goodbye.
"Yes, all right, "says Mrs. Lee," But you will write, won‘t you, as you did when you were at work ..."
Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the pass and there is no stopping her.
"Four pounds fifty, 'says David.
At last, Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off.
"There! That wasn‘t long, was it?"
"Four pounds, ninety pence." David answers. "And you didn't even say that we‘ve arrived." | 714.txt | 1 |
[
"telling her how much the call is costing",
"writing a letter as she has promised to do",
"telling her that they have arrived safely",
"promising to write, and ringing off"
]
| Linda tries to stop her mother by _ . | Linda and David have traveled by air from London to Sydney, Australia. Linda has promised her mother that she will ring her to let her know that they have arrived safely. This is something she had done ever since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little.
"If there were an accident." He says, ‘they'd know soon enough. Bad news travels fast. "
But Linda has promised that she would ring. "However," she says, "‘it doesn't cost much when you just think that it's the other side of the world. It's only six pence per second. "
"If you're on that telephone for less than one minute, I'll eat my hat," David says, "And one minute's nearly four pounds. "
"That's no more than you'd pay for a new hat," ‘'Linda answers.
She has asked the man at the hotel desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up.
"Hello, Mum. Is that you?" She says.
"Six pence per second," David reminds her.
" Hello, love." It is Mrs. Lee, Linda's mother, speaking from London. "I can hear you very clearly just like you are in the next room. It‘s a better line than when you called me from your office. Do you remember? I shouted at that time, and still you couldn't hear me sometimes."
"Yes, Mum." Linda puts in. "I just wanted to ring to .... "
"I remember how you rang when you went to Betty's house to eat, when you were a little girl. And then when you ..." Mrs. Lee is a great talker "Nearly four pounds." says David.
Linda tries to tell her mother that it is time to say goodbye.
"Yes, all right, "says Mrs. Lee," But you will write, won‘t you, as you did when you were at work ..."
Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the pass and there is no stopping her.
"Four pounds fifty, 'says David.
At last, Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off.
"There! That wasn‘t long, was it?"
"Four pounds, ninety pence." David answers. "And you didn't even say that we‘ve arrived." | 714.txt | 3 |
[
"at a community college within his own state",
"at a public university",
"within his own state",
"at a four year college"
]
| A student may pay the least tuition if he studies _ . | College costs vary quite a bit, depending upon the type of school attended. For example, at many of the more expensive private schools, annual costs (including tuition, room, board, books, travel to and from home, and other expenses) may ex ceed $20,000. Of course, public universities are much cheaper. At these schools, tuition is significantly higher for out of state students than it is for thos e whose permanent residence is within that state. Tuition at community colleges av erages about half the in state cost of public, four year colleges and universi ties.
For those that cannot afford the cost of a college education, financial aid is t he answer. Students in the U.S.A. receive about $20 billion per year in financia l aid. In recent years, nearly 75% of students in postsecondary programs have be en receiving some form of financial aid. There are three main types of financial aid: (a) scholarships(grants), which are gifts that students do not repay; (b) loans to students and/or their parents; and (c) student employment(work/study), a parttime job which the school gives the student for the academic year. Most financial aid is needbased; that is, only students who need the money receive i t . Financial assistance to outstanding students who do not need the money (common ly called meritbased aid) is limited.
The funds for all of this aid come from three main sourcesthe federal governme n t, state governments, and private contributions. Every American college and univ ersity has a financial aid office to help students find out what kind of aid the y might be qualified to get and to assist them in completing the complicated app lication forms. Aliens who are permanent residents in the U.S.A. are qualified t o receive government assistance, but foreign students (I-20 visa students) are n ot. | 6.txt | 0 |
[
"study well",
"need money",
"cannot repay",
"lose their jobs"
]
| Financial aid is largely given to those who _ . | College costs vary quite a bit, depending upon the type of school attended. For example, at many of the more expensive private schools, annual costs (including tuition, room, board, books, travel to and from home, and other expenses) may ex ceed $20,000. Of course, public universities are much cheaper. At these schools, tuition is significantly higher for out of state students than it is for thos e whose permanent residence is within that state. Tuition at community colleges av erages about half the in state cost of public, four year colleges and universi ties.
For those that cannot afford the cost of a college education, financial aid is t he answer. Students in the U.S.A. receive about $20 billion per year in financia l aid. In recent years, nearly 75% of students in postsecondary programs have be en receiving some form of financial aid. There are three main types of financial aid: (a) scholarships(grants), which are gifts that students do not repay; (b) loans to students and/or their parents; and (c) student employment(work/study), a parttime job which the school gives the student for the academic year. Most financial aid is needbased; that is, only students who need the money receive i t . Financial assistance to outstanding students who do not need the money (common ly called meritbased aid) is limited.
The funds for all of this aid come from three main sourcesthe federal governme n t, state governments, and private contributions. Every American college and univ ersity has a financial aid office to help students find out what kind of aid the y might be qualified to get and to assist them in completing the complicated app lication forms. Aliens who are permanent residents in the U.S.A. are qualified t o receive government assistance, but foreign students (I-20 visa students) are n ot. | 6.txt | 1 |
[
"Foreign students, if they are permanent residents in the U.S. can rec eive government assistance.",
"Foreign students with I-20 visa cannot receive government assistance.",
"More students can receive scholarships than other types of financial aid.",
"Students in financial difficulty can receive assistance."
]
| According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? | College costs vary quite a bit, depending upon the type of school attended. For example, at many of the more expensive private schools, annual costs (including tuition, room, board, books, travel to and from home, and other expenses) may ex ceed $20,000. Of course, public universities are much cheaper. At these schools, tuition is significantly higher for out of state students than it is for thos e whose permanent residence is within that state. Tuition at community colleges av erages about half the in state cost of public, four year colleges and universi ties.
For those that cannot afford the cost of a college education, financial aid is t he answer. Students in the U.S.A. receive about $20 billion per year in financia l aid. In recent years, nearly 75% of students in postsecondary programs have be en receiving some form of financial aid. There are three main types of financial aid: (a) scholarships(grants), which are gifts that students do not repay; (b) loans to students and/or their parents; and (c) student employment(work/study), a parttime job which the school gives the student for the academic year. Most financial aid is needbased; that is, only students who need the money receive i t . Financial assistance to outstanding students who do not need the money (common ly called meritbased aid) is limited.
The funds for all of this aid come from three main sourcesthe federal governme n t, state governments, and private contributions. Every American college and univ ersity has a financial aid office to help students find out what kind of aid the y might be qualified to get and to assist them in completing the complicated app lication forms. Aliens who are permanent residents in the U.S.A. are qualified t o receive government assistance, but foreign students (I-20 visa students) are n ot. | 6.txt | 2 |
[
"the high college costs in the U.S.",
"how to get financial aid in a college",
"American higher education",
"college costs and financial aid"
]
| The main theme of the passage is _ . | College costs vary quite a bit, depending upon the type of school attended. For example, at many of the more expensive private schools, annual costs (including tuition, room, board, books, travel to and from home, and other expenses) may ex ceed $20,000. Of course, public universities are much cheaper. At these schools, tuition is significantly higher for out of state students than it is for thos e whose permanent residence is within that state. Tuition at community colleges av erages about half the in state cost of public, four year colleges and universi ties.
For those that cannot afford the cost of a college education, financial aid is t he answer. Students in the U.S.A. receive about $20 billion per year in financia l aid. In recent years, nearly 75% of students in postsecondary programs have be en receiving some form of financial aid. There are three main types of financial aid: (a) scholarships(grants), which are gifts that students do not repay; (b) loans to students and/or their parents; and (c) student employment(work/study), a parttime job which the school gives the student for the academic year. Most financial aid is needbased; that is, only students who need the money receive i t . Financial assistance to outstanding students who do not need the money (common ly called meritbased aid) is limited.
The funds for all of this aid come from three main sourcesthe federal governme n t, state governments, and private contributions. Every American college and univ ersity has a financial aid office to help students find out what kind of aid the y might be qualified to get and to assist them in completing the complicated app lication forms. Aliens who are permanent residents in the U.S.A. are qualified t o receive government assistance, but foreign students (I-20 visa students) are n ot. | 6.txt | 3 |
[
"They performed marvellously on the sea.",
"They could all break the ice in their way.",
"They all experienced terrible misfortunes.",
"They were models of modern engineering."
]
| What does the passage say about the three Olympic class ships? | You probably know about the Titanic, but it was actually just one of three state-of-the-art ocean ships back in the day. The Olympic class ships were built by the Harland & Wolff ship makers in Northern Ireland for the White Star Line company. The Olympic class included the Olympic, the Britannic and the Titanic. What you may not know is that the Titanic wasn't even the flagship of this class. All in all, the Olympic class ships were marvels of sea engineering, but they seemed cursed to suffer disastrous fates.
The Olympic launched first in 1910, followed by the Titanic in 1911, and lastly the Britannic in 1914. The ships had nine decks, and White Star Line decided to focus on making them the most luxurious ships on the water.
Stretching 269.13 meters, the Olympic class ships were wonders of naval technology, and everyone thought that they would continue to be so for quite some time. However, all suffered terrible accidents on the open seas. The Olympic got wrecked before the Titanic did, but it was the only one to survive and maintain a successful career of 24 years. The Titanic was the first to sink after famously hitting a huge iceberg in 1912. Following this disaster, the Britannic hit a naval mine in 1916 and subsequently sank as well.
Each ship was coal-powered by several boilers constantly kept running by exhausted crews below deck. Most recognizable of the ship designs are the ship's smoke stacks, but the fourth stack was actually just artistic in nature and served no functional purpose. While two of these ships sank, they were all designed with double hulls believed to make them "unsinkable", perhaps a mistaken idea that led to the Titanic's and the Britannic's tragic end.
The Olympic suffered two crashes with other ships and went on to serve as a hospital ship and troop transport in World War I. Eventually, she was taken out of service in 1935, ending the era of the luxurious Olympic class ocean liners. | 2390.txt | 2 |
[
"Their capacity of sailing across all waters.",
"The utmost comfort passengers could enjoy.",
"Their ability to survive disasters of any kind.",
"The long voyages they were able to undertake."
]
| What did White Star Line have in mind when it purchased the three ships? | You probably know about the Titanic, but it was actually just one of three state-of-the-art ocean ships back in the day. The Olympic class ships were built by the Harland & Wolff ship makers in Northern Ireland for the White Star Line company. The Olympic class included the Olympic, the Britannic and the Titanic. What you may not know is that the Titanic wasn't even the flagship of this class. All in all, the Olympic class ships were marvels of sea engineering, but they seemed cursed to suffer disastrous fates.
The Olympic launched first in 1910, followed by the Titanic in 1911, and lastly the Britannic in 1914. The ships had nine decks, and White Star Line decided to focus on making them the most luxurious ships on the water.
Stretching 269.13 meters, the Olympic class ships were wonders of naval technology, and everyone thought that they would continue to be so for quite some time. However, all suffered terrible accidents on the open seas. The Olympic got wrecked before the Titanic did, but it was the only one to survive and maintain a successful career of 24 years. The Titanic was the first to sink after famously hitting a huge iceberg in 1912. Following this disaster, the Britannic hit a naval mine in 1916 and subsequently sank as well.
Each ship was coal-powered by several boilers constantly kept running by exhausted crews below deck. Most recognizable of the ship designs are the ship's smoke stacks, but the fourth stack was actually just artistic in nature and served no functional purpose. While two of these ships sank, they were all designed with double hulls believed to make them "unsinkable", perhaps a mistaken idea that led to the Titanic's and the Britannic's tragic end.
The Olympic suffered two crashes with other ships and went on to serve as a hospital ship and troop transport in World War I. Eventually, she was taken out of service in 1935, ending the era of the luxurious Olympic class ocean liners. | 2390.txt | 1 |
[
"It was a mere piece of decoration.",
"It was the work of a famous artist.",
"It was designed to let out extra smoke.",
"It was easily identifiable from afar."
]
| What is said about the fourth stack of the ships? | You probably know about the Titanic, but it was actually just one of three state-of-the-art ocean ships back in the day. The Olympic class ships were built by the Harland & Wolff ship makers in Northern Ireland for the White Star Line company. The Olympic class included the Olympic, the Britannic and the Titanic. What you may not know is that the Titanic wasn't even the flagship of this class. All in all, the Olympic class ships were marvels of sea engineering, but they seemed cursed to suffer disastrous fates.
The Olympic launched first in 1910, followed by the Titanic in 1911, and lastly the Britannic in 1914. The ships had nine decks, and White Star Line decided to focus on making them the most luxurious ships on the water.
Stretching 269.13 meters, the Olympic class ships were wonders of naval technology, and everyone thought that they would continue to be so for quite some time. However, all suffered terrible accidents on the open seas. The Olympic got wrecked before the Titanic did, but it was the only one to survive and maintain a successful career of 24 years. The Titanic was the first to sink after famously hitting a huge iceberg in 1912. Following this disaster, the Britannic hit a naval mine in 1916 and subsequently sank as well.
Each ship was coal-powered by several boilers constantly kept running by exhausted crews below deck. Most recognizable of the ship designs are the ship's smoke stacks, but the fourth stack was actually just artistic in nature and served no functional purpose. While two of these ships sank, they were all designed with double hulls believed to make them "unsinkable", perhaps a mistaken idea that led to the Titanic's and the Britannic's tragic end.
The Olympic suffered two crashes with other ships and went on to serve as a hospital ship and troop transport in World War I. Eventually, she was taken out of service in 1935, ending the era of the luxurious Olympic class ocean liners. | 2390.txt | 0 |
[
"Their unscientific designs.",
"Their captains' misjudgment.",
"The assumption that they were built with the latest technology.",
"The belief that they could never sink with a double-layer body."
]
| What might have led to the tragic end of the Titanic and the Britannic? | You probably know about the Titanic, but it was actually just one of three state-of-the-art ocean ships back in the day. The Olympic class ships were built by the Harland & Wolff ship makers in Northern Ireland for the White Star Line company. The Olympic class included the Olympic, the Britannic and the Titanic. What you may not know is that the Titanic wasn't even the flagship of this class. All in all, the Olympic class ships were marvels of sea engineering, but they seemed cursed to suffer disastrous fates.
The Olympic launched first in 1910, followed by the Titanic in 1911, and lastly the Britannic in 1914. The ships had nine decks, and White Star Line decided to focus on making them the most luxurious ships on the water.
Stretching 269.13 meters, the Olympic class ships were wonders of naval technology, and everyone thought that they would continue to be so for quite some time. However, all suffered terrible accidents on the open seas. The Olympic got wrecked before the Titanic did, but it was the only one to survive and maintain a successful career of 24 years. The Titanic was the first to sink after famously hitting a huge iceberg in 1912. Following this disaster, the Britannic hit a naval mine in 1916 and subsequently sank as well.
Each ship was coal-powered by several boilers constantly kept running by exhausted crews below deck. Most recognizable of the ship designs are the ship's smoke stacks, but the fourth stack was actually just artistic in nature and served no functional purpose. While two of these ships sank, they were all designed with double hulls believed to make them "unsinkable", perhaps a mistaken idea that led to the Titanic's and the Britannic's tragic end.
The Olympic suffered two crashes with other ships and went on to serve as a hospital ship and troop transport in World War I. Eventually, she was taken out of service in 1935, ending the era of the luxurious Olympic class ocean liners. | 2390.txt | 3 |
[
"She was used to carry troops.",
"She was sunk in World War I.",
"She was converted into a hospital ship.",
"She was retired after her naval service."
]
| What happened to the ship Olympic in the end? | You probably know about the Titanic, but it was actually just one of three state-of-the-art ocean ships back in the day. The Olympic class ships were built by the Harland & Wolff ship makers in Northern Ireland for the White Star Line company. The Olympic class included the Olympic, the Britannic and the Titanic. What you may not know is that the Titanic wasn't even the flagship of this class. All in all, the Olympic class ships were marvels of sea engineering, but they seemed cursed to suffer disastrous fates.
The Olympic launched first in 1910, followed by the Titanic in 1911, and lastly the Britannic in 1914. The ships had nine decks, and White Star Line decided to focus on making them the most luxurious ships on the water.
Stretching 269.13 meters, the Olympic class ships were wonders of naval technology, and everyone thought that they would continue to be so for quite some time. However, all suffered terrible accidents on the open seas. The Olympic got wrecked before the Titanic did, but it was the only one to survive and maintain a successful career of 24 years. The Titanic was the first to sink after famously hitting a huge iceberg in 1912. Following this disaster, the Britannic hit a naval mine in 1916 and subsequently sank as well.
Each ship was coal-powered by several boilers constantly kept running by exhausted crews below deck. Most recognizable of the ship designs are the ship's smoke stacks, but the fourth stack was actually just artistic in nature and served no functional purpose. While two of these ships sank, they were all designed with double hulls believed to make them "unsinkable", perhaps a mistaken idea that led to the Titanic's and the Britannic's tragic end.
The Olympic suffered two crashes with other ships and went on to serve as a hospital ship and troop transport in World War I. Eventually, she was taken out of service in 1935, ending the era of the luxurious Olympic class ocean liners. | 2390.txt | 3 |
[
"alert readers to the scarcity of natural resources",
"call for more research on the influence of geographical environment",
"introduce different elements in character cultivation",
"draw more attention to the health condition of mankind"
]
| The author's purpose of writing this passage is to _ . | A subject which seems to have been insufficiently studied by doctors and psychologists is the influence ofgeography and climate on the psychological and physical health of mankind.There seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape, the relative length of day and night, and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we are.
It is true that a few studies have been made. Where all the inhabitants of a particular area enjoy exceptionally good or bad health, scientists have identified .contributory factors such as the presence or absence of substances like iodine, fluoride, calcium, or iron in the water supply, or perhaps types of land thatprovide breeding places for pests like mosquitoes or rats.
Moreover, we can all generalize about types of people we have met. Those living in countries .with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climateis more equable. And where the olive and the orange grow, there the inhabitants are cheerful, talkative, and spontaneous.
But these commonplace generalizations are inadequate: the influence: of climate and geography should be studied in depth. Do all mountain dwellers live to a ripe old age? Does the drinking of wine, rather than beer, result in a sunny and open temperament? Is the strength and height of one of the Kenyan tribes due to their habitual drinking of the blood of cows?
We are not yet sure of the answers to such .questions, but let us hope that something of benefit to mankind may eventually result from such studies. | 1986.txt | 1 |
[
"benefit people's physical health",
"influence the quality of water supply",
"help provide breeding places for pests.",
"strengthen a person's character"
]
| It can be inferred that proper amounts of iodine, fluoride and calcium can _ . | A subject which seems to have been insufficiently studied by doctors and psychologists is the influence ofgeography and climate on the psychological and physical health of mankind.There seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape, the relative length of day and night, and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we are.
It is true that a few studies have been made. Where all the inhabitants of a particular area enjoy exceptionally good or bad health, scientists have identified .contributory factors such as the presence or absence of substances like iodine, fluoride, calcium, or iron in the water supply, or perhaps types of land thatprovide breeding places for pests like mosquitoes or rats.
Moreover, we can all generalize about types of people we have met. Those living in countries .with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climateis more equable. And where the olive and the orange grow, there the inhabitants are cheerful, talkative, and spontaneous.
But these commonplace generalizations are inadequate: the influence: of climate and geography should be studied in depth. Do all mountain dwellers live to a ripe old age? Does the drinking of wine, rather than beer, result in a sunny and open temperament? Is the strength and height of one of the Kenyan tribes due to their habitual drinking of the blood of cows?
We are not yet sure of the answers to such .questions, but let us hope that something of benefit to mankind may eventually result from such studies. | 1986.txt | 0 |
[
"Such generalizations help us judge the different characters of people we meet",
"Such generalizations are not inclusive enough to draw a convincing conclusion.",
"Such generalizations prove that nature plays an important role in determining social habits.",
"Such generalizations show that there are mainly two different types of people on the planet."
]
| How does the author evaluate the generalizations of people's types in Para. 3? | A subject which seems to have been insufficiently studied by doctors and psychologists is the influence ofgeography and climate on the psychological and physical health of mankind.There seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape, the relative length of day and night, and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we are.
It is true that a few studies have been made. Where all the inhabitants of a particular area enjoy exceptionally good or bad health, scientists have identified .contributory factors such as the presence or absence of substances like iodine, fluoride, calcium, or iron in the water supply, or perhaps types of land thatprovide breeding places for pests like mosquitoes or rats.
Moreover, we can all generalize about types of people we have met. Those living in countries .with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climateis more equable. And where the olive and the orange grow, there the inhabitants are cheerful, talkative, and spontaneous.
But these commonplace generalizations are inadequate: the influence: of climate and geography should be studied in depth. Do all mountain dwellers live to a ripe old age? Does the drinking of wine, rather than beer, result in a sunny and open temperament? Is the strength and height of one of the Kenyan tribes due to their habitual drinking of the blood of cows?
We are not yet sure of the answers to such .questions, but let us hope that something of benefit to mankind may eventually result from such studies. | 1986.txt | 1 |
[
"focus on unknown aspects",
"be pursued on a larger scale",
"be carried out among remote tribes",
"go ahead in depth"
]
| According to the passage, research into the influence of climate and geography should ____. | A subject which seems to have been insufficiently studied by doctors and psychologists is the influence ofgeography and climate on the psychological and physical health of mankind.There seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape, the relative length of day and night, and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we are.
It is true that a few studies have been made. Where all the inhabitants of a particular area enjoy exceptionally good or bad health, scientists have identified .contributory factors such as the presence or absence of substances like iodine, fluoride, calcium, or iron in the water supply, or perhaps types of land thatprovide breeding places for pests like mosquitoes or rats.
Moreover, we can all generalize about types of people we have met. Those living in countries .with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climateis more equable. And where the olive and the orange grow, there the inhabitants are cheerful, talkative, and spontaneous.
But these commonplace generalizations are inadequate: the influence: of climate and geography should be studied in depth. Do all mountain dwellers live to a ripe old age? Does the drinking of wine, rather than beer, result in a sunny and open temperament? Is the strength and height of one of the Kenyan tribes due to their habitual drinking of the blood of cows?
We are not yet sure of the answers to such .questions, but let us hope that something of benefit to mankind may eventually result from such studies. | 1986.txt | 3 |
[
"People who like drinking wine tend to be optimistic.",
"People who live in mountain areas tend to have a long life.",
"People who live in areas with stable climate tend to be talkative and lively.",
"People who like drinking cow blood tend to be strong and tall."
]
| What do we know about the generalizations of people's type? | A subject which seems to have been insufficiently studied by doctors and psychologists is the influence ofgeography and climate on the psychological and physical health of mankind.There seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape, the relative length of day and night, and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we are.
It is true that a few studies have been made. Where all the inhabitants of a particular area enjoy exceptionally good or bad health, scientists have identified .contributory factors such as the presence or absence of substances like iodine, fluoride, calcium, or iron in the water supply, or perhaps types of land thatprovide breeding places for pests like mosquitoes or rats.
Moreover, we can all generalize about types of people we have met. Those living in countries .with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climateis more equable. And where the olive and the orange grow, there the inhabitants are cheerful, talkative, and spontaneous.
But these commonplace generalizations are inadequate: the influence: of climate and geography should be studied in depth. Do all mountain dwellers live to a ripe old age? Does the drinking of wine, rather than beer, result in a sunny and open temperament? Is the strength and height of one of the Kenyan tribes due to their habitual drinking of the blood of cows?
We are not yet sure of the answers to such .questions, but let us hope that something of benefit to mankind may eventually result from such studies. | 1986.txt | 2 |
[
"the way you handle major events may cause stress",
"what should be done to avoid stress",
"what kind of event would cause stress",
"how to cope with sudden changes in life"
]
| The result of Holmes-Rahe's medical research tells us _ __. | In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like "serious illness of a family member" were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress - it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like "Stress causes illness!" If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.
But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many - like the death of a loved one - are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we're all vulnerable and passive in the face of adversity . But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and metal strain. | 1059.txt | 2 |
[
"widespread concern over its harmful effects",
"great panic over the mental disorder it could cause",
"an intensive research into stress-related illnesses",
"popular avoidance of stressful jobs"
]
| The studies on stress in the early s led to _ _. | In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like "serious illness of a family member" were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress - it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like "Stress causes illness!" If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.
But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many - like the death of a loved one - are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we're all vulnerable and passive in the face of adversity . But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and metal strain. | 1059.txt | 0 |
[
"how much pressure you are under",
"how positive events can change your life",
"how stressful a major event can be",
"how you can deal with life-changing events"
]
| The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows _ . | In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like "serious illness of a family member" were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress - it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like "Stress causes illness!" If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.
But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many - like the death of a loved one - are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we're all vulnerable and passive in the face of adversity . But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and metal strain. | 1059.txt | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.