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Solar Cells Theory Photoelectric_cells > Theory If the electron-hole pairs are created near the junction between p-type and n-type materials the local electric field sweeps them apart to opposite electrodes, producing an excess of electrons on one side and an excess of holes on the other. When the solar cell is unconnected (or the external electrical load is very high) the electrons and holes will ultimately restore equilibrium by diffusing back across the junction against the field and recombine with each other giving off heat, but if the load is small enough then it is easier for equilibrium to be restored by the excess electrons going around the external circuit, doing useful work along the way. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.
Priority queuing Libraries Priority_queue > Libraries A priority queue is often considered to be a "container data structure". The Standard Template Library (STL), and the C++ 1998 standard, specifies std::priority_queue as one of the STL container adaptor class templates. However, it does not specify how two elements with same priority should be served, and indeed, common implementations will not return them according to their order in the queue. It implements a max-priority-queue, and has three parameters: a comparison object for sorting such as a function object (defaults to less if unspecified), the underlying container for storing the data structures (defaults to std::vector ), and two iterators to the beginning and end of a sequence.
Hopfield neural network Unsupervised Learning using Pretrained CNN and Associative Memory Bank Hopfield_neural_network > Unsupervised Learning using Pretrained CNN and Associative Memory Bank Deep Convolutional features extracted from a comprehensive labeled dataset, contain substantial representations which could be effectively used in a new domain. Despite the fact that generic features achieved good results in many visual tasks, fine-tuning is required for pretrained deep CNN models to be more effective and provide state-of-the-art performance. Fine tuning using the backpropagation algorithm in a supervised setting, is a time and resource consuming process. In this paper, we present a new architecture and an approach for unsupervised object recognition that addresses the above mentioned problem with fine tuning associated with pretrained CNN-based supervised deep learning approaches while allowing automated feature extraction.
Ozone sonde History Ozone_sonde > History In 1898, Léon Teisserenc de Bort organized at the Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de Trappes the first regular daily use of these balloons. Data from these launches showed that the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude, which varied with the season, and then stabilized above this altitude. De Bort's discovery of the tropopause and stratosphere was announced in 1902 at the French Academy of Sciences.
Crip theory Questioning the social model Crip_theory > Criticism > Questioning the social model The economic model recognizes the effect of bodily limitations on a person's ability to work, and there may be a need for economic support or accommodations for the person's disability while the charity model regards people with disabilities as unfortunate and in need of assistance from the outside, with those providing charity viewed as benevolent contributors to a needy population. The functional solutions model of disability is a practical perspective that identifies the limitations (or "functional impairments") due to disability, with the intent to create and promote solutions to overcome those limitations. The primary task is to eliminate, or at least reduce, the impact of the functional limitations of the body through technological or methodological innovation.
Mode (user interface) Examples of mode errors Mode_error > Mode errors > Examples of mode errors (The PC BIOS normally implements Caps Lock, Num Lock, and Scroll Lock states, so the modality of these keys may appear intrinsic, but it is neither technically nor practically necessary to use the BIOS for keyboard I/O, and in fact most modern operating systems do not use BIOS keyboard I/O.) PC users whose language is not based on the Latin alphabet commonly have to interact using two different keyboard layouts: a local one and QWERTY. This gives rise to mode errors linked to the current keyboard layout: quite often, the synchronization of "current layout" mode between the human and the interface is lost, and text is typed in a layout which is not the intended one, producing meaningless text and confusion.
Avanti (project) The problem and approach Avanti_(project) > The problem and approach It worked through a team of partners representing each stage of the project process, with the objective of improving project and business performance through the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support collaborative working. It set out to show the advantages of CAD systems over conventional drawings, with information managed as a database rather than a drawing cabinet, and aimed to demonstrate that 3D Computer Aided Design systems could revolutionise projects, provided they were used for more than visualisation. To reduce the risks involved in adopting new working methods, Avanti brought together areas of current best practice (such as CPIC protocols) that had previously gained too little market penetration to have significant impact on the sector.
System virtual machine Operating-system-level virtualization System_virtual_machine > Techniques > Operating-system-level virtualization The operating system level architecture has low overhead that helps to maximize efficient use of server resources. The virtualization introduces only a negligible overhead and allows running hundreds of virtual private servers on a single physical server.
Newton–Leibniz axiom Relationship between the parts Fundamental_Theorem_of_Calculus > Relationship between the parts As discussed above, a slightly weaker version of the second part follows from the first part. Similarly, it almost looks like the first part of the theorem follows directly from the second. That is, suppose G is an antiderivative of f. Then by the second theorem, G ( x ) − G ( a ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t {\textstyle G(x)-G(a)=\int _{a}^{x}f(t)\,dt} . Now, suppose F ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t = G ( x ) − G ( a ) {\textstyle F(x)=\int _{a}^{x}f(t)\,dt=G(x)-G(a)} .
Gravity manipulation Unique force Gravity_manipulation > Hypothetical solutions > Unique force Generally these attempts tried to "quantize gravity" by positing a particle, the graviton, that carried gravity in the same way that photons (light) carry electromagnetism. Simple attempts along this direction all failed, however, leading to more complex examples that attempted to account for these problems. Two of these, supersymmetry and the relativity related supergravity, both required the existence of an extremely weak "fifth force" carried by a graviphoton, which coupled together several "loose ends" in quantum field theory, in an organized manner.
Joshua Shaevitz Research Joshua_Shaevitz > Research This work includes measurement of the mechanochemistry of individual gliding motors inside live bacteria and the connection between active matter phase transitions and evolutionarily advantageous fruiting body formation.A third thread to Shaevitz's research involves the quantification of animal behavior using supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms. Shaevitz and Princeton Neuroscience professor Mala Murthy published an automated system (LEAP) for measuring animal pose from large movie data sets. This has recently been extended to multi-animal data in a package called SLEAP. His work has extended to understanding the dynamics of animal behavior through unsupervised clustering methods in collaboration with Princeton Physics colleague William Bialek and others.
Fundamental force The Standard Model Fundamental_physics > History > The Standard Model One approach to QG is loop quantum gravity (LQG). Still other theorists seek both QG and GUT within one framework, reducing all four fundamental interactions to a Theory of Everything (ToE). The most prevalent aim at a ToE is string theory, although to model matter particles, it added SUSY to force particles—and so, strictly speaking, became superstring theory. Multiple, seemingly disparate superstring theories were unified on a backbone, M-theory. Theories beyond the Standard Model remain highly speculative, lacking great experimental support.
George Washington Bridge Suspension towers George_Washington_Bridge > Description > Suspension towers The suspension towers on each side of the river are each 604 feet (184 m) tall. They are composed of sections weighing between 37 and 40 short tons (33 and 36 long tons) and contain a combined 475,000 rivets. Each bridge has two archways, one above and one below the decks.The original design called for the towers to be encased in concrete and granite in a Revival style, similar to the Brooklyn Bridge. Additional scrutiny of the proposed bridge's engineering found that the steel alone could support the towers, with only a decorative stone facade being retained in the plan.
Polymer-based battery Summary Polymer-based_battery Polymer-based batteries, including metal/polymer electrode combinations, should be distinguished from metal-polymer batteries, such as a lithium polymer battery, which most often involve a polymeric electrolyte, as opposed to polymeric active materials. Organic polymers can be processed at relatively low temperatures, lowering costs. They also produce less carbon dioxide.
The fundamental theorem of algebra Recent literature The_fundamental_theorem_of_algebra > References > Recent literature 331–332, doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1988-0938691-3, ISSN 0002-9939, JSTOR 2047574 Gilain, Christian (1991), "Sur l'histoire du théorème fondamental de l'algèbre: théorie des équations et calcul intégral", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 91–136, doi:10.1007/BF00496870, ISSN 0003-9519, S2CID 121468210 (tr.
Scale cube Model overview Scale_cube > Model overview The X axis of the model describes scaling a technology solution through multiple instances of the same component through cloning of a service or replication of a data set. Web and application servers performing the same function may exist behind a load balancer for scaling a solution. Data persistence systems such as a database may be replicated for higher transaction throughput.
N-group (category theory) Cohomology of higher groups Higher_group > References > Cohomology of higher groups Eilenberg, Samuel; MacLane, Saunders (1946). "Determination of the Second Homology and Cohomology Groups of a Space by Means of Homotopy Invariants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 32 (11): 277–280.
Bouncing ball Impact Bouncing_ball > Impact In the specific case where a ball impacts on an immovable surface, the COR simplifies to e = − v f v i . {\displaystyle e=-{\frac {v_{\text{f}}}{v_{\text{i}}}}.} For a ball dropped against a floor, the COR will therefore vary between 0 (no bounce, total loss of energy) and 1 (perfectly bouncy, no energy loss).
Supervised Machine Learning Bias-variance tradeoff Supervised_Machine_Learning > Algorithm choice > Bias-variance tradeoff A first issue is the tradeoff between bias and variance. Imagine that we have available several different, but equally good, training data sets. A learning algorithm is biased for a particular input x {\displaystyle x} if, when trained on each of these data sets, it is systematically incorrect when predicting the correct output for x {\displaystyle x} .
Dense set Examples Dense_set > Examples By the Weierstrass approximation theorem, any given complex-valued continuous function defined on a closed interval {\displaystyle } can be uniformly approximated as closely as desired by a polynomial function. In other words, the polynomial functions are dense in the space C {\displaystyle C} of continuous complex-valued functions on the interval , {\displaystyle ,} equipped with the supremum norm. Every metric space is dense in its completion.
Andalusian cadence Modal vs. tonal Andalusian_cadence > Analysis > Modal vs. tonal However, most classical (Baroque or subsequent) and popular music which makes use of the given chord progression might treat it itself in a tonal manner.A number of musicians and theorists (including renowned guitarist Manolo Sanlúcar) consider the Andalusian cadence as a chord progression built upon the Phrygian mode. Since tonality took the first chord in the progression for a tonic ("i"), the Phrygian notation (modal) of the cadence writes as following: iv – ♭III – ♭II – I (or, more commonly, but less correctly, iv – III – II – I). Though tonal functions have little in common with the Phrygian mode, the four chords could be roughly equalized.
Mean squared deviation Summary Mean_square_deviation In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and the actual value. MSE is a risk function, corresponding to the expected value of the squared error loss. The fact that MSE is almost always strictly positive (and not zero) is because of randomness or because the estimator does not account for information that could produce a more accurate estimate.
Loop variant Summary Loop_variant In computer science, a loop variant is a mathematical function defined on the state space of a computer program whose value is monotonically decreased with respect to a (strict) well-founded relation by the iteration of a while loop under some invariant conditions, thereby ensuring its termination. A loop variant whose range is restricted to the non-negative integers is also known as a bound function, because in this case it provides a trivial upper bound on the number of iterations of a loop before it terminates. However, a loop variant may be transfinite, and thus is not necessarily restricted to integer values. A well-founded relation is characterized by the existence of a minimal element of every non-empty subset of its domain.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer Limitations HTTP_Secure > Technical > Limitations Security is maximal with mutual SSL/TLS, but on the client-side there is no way to properly end the SSL/TLS connection and disconnect the user except by waiting for the server session to expire or by closing all related client applications.A sophisticated type of man-in-the-middle attack called SSL stripping was presented at the 2009 Blackhat Conference. This type of attack defeats the security provided by HTTPS by changing the https: link into an http: link, taking advantage of the fact that few Internet users actually type "https" into their browser interface: they get to a secure site by clicking on a link, and thus are fooled into thinking that they are using HTTPS when in fact they are using HTTP. The attacker then communicates in clear with the client.
Endurance limit Definitions Fatigue_strength > Definitions The ASTM defines fatigue strength, S N f {\displaystyle S_{N_{f}}} , as "the value of stress at which failure occurs after N f {\displaystyle N_{f}} cycles", and fatigue limit, S f {\displaystyle S_{f}} , as "the limiting value of stress at which failure occurs as N f {\displaystyle N_{f}} becomes very large". ASTM does not define endurance limit, the stress value below which the material will withstand many load cycles, but implies that it is similar to fatigue limit.Some authors use endurance limit, S e {\displaystyle S_{e}} , for the stress below which failure never occurs, even for an indefinitely large number of loading cycles, as in the case of steel; and fatigue limit or fatigue strength, S f {\displaystyle S_{f}} , for the stress at which failure occurs after a specified number of loading cycles, such as 500 million, as in the case of aluminium. Other authors do not differentiate between the expressions even if they do differentiate between the two types of materials.
Scientific hypothesis Hypotheses, concepts and measurement Scientific_question > Hypotheses, concepts and measurement ": 36 Hypotheses with concepts anchored in the plane of observation are ready to be tested. In "actual scientific practice the process of framing a theoretical structure and of interpreting it are not always sharply separated, since the intended interpretation usually guides the construction of the theoretician". : 33 It is, however, "possible and indeed desirable, for the purposes of logical clarification, to separate the two steps conceptually". : 33
Wood drying Moisture movement space Wood_drying > Wood–water relationships > Mechanisms of moisture movement > Moisture movement space Hence lighter woods, in general, dry more rapidly than do the heavier woods. The transport of fluids is often bulk flow (momentum transfer) for permeable softwoods at high temperature while diffusion occurs for impermeable hardwoods (Siau, 1984). These mechanisms are discussed below.
Sense perception Observation, experimentation and scientific method Empirical_content > Related concepts > Observation, experimentation and scientific method In the philosophy of science, it is sometimes held that there are two sources of empirical evidence: observation and experimentation. The idea behind this distinction is that only experimentation involves manipulation or intervention: phenomena are actively created instead of being passively observed. For example, inserting viral DNA into a bacterium is a form of experimentation while studying planetary orbits through a telescope belongs to mere observation. In these cases, the mutated DNA was actively produced by the biologist while the planetary orbits are independent of the astronomer observing them.
Network address translator Type of NAT and NAT traversal, role of port preservation for TCP Port_address_translation > Type of NAT and NAT traversal, role of port preservation for TCP Indeed, multiple UDP communications (each with a distinct endpoint) can occur on the same source port, and applications usually reuse the same UDP socket to send packets to distinct hosts. This makes port prediction straightforward, as it is the same source port for each packet. Furthermore, port preservation in NAT for TCP allows P2P protocols to offer less complexity and less latency because there is no need to use a third party (like STUN) to discover the NAT port since the application itself already knows the NAT port.However, if two internal hosts attempt to communicate with the same external host using the same port number, the NAT may attempt to use a different external IP address for the second connection or may need to forgo port preservation and remap the port. : 9 As of 2006, roughly 70% of the clients in P2P networks employed some form of NAT.
Thermal Energy Storage Molecular bonds Thermal_storage > Categories > Thermo-chemical heat storage > Molecular bonds This thin layer of nanoparticles is coated by a layer of titanium dioxide. With this coating, the electrons that come free can be transferred more quickly so that hydrogen could be made. This coating is, again, coated with a protective coating that strengthens the connection between the chromophore-catalyst and the nanoparticle. Using this method, the solar energy acquired from the solar panels is converted into fuel (hydrogen) without releasing the so-called greenhouse gasses. This fuel can be stored into a fuel cell and, at a later time, used to generate electricity.
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 ADP Glutamate_dehydrogenase_1 > Interactions > Regulation > ADP The opening of the catalytic cleft is roughly correlated with distance between R516 and phosphates of ADP. In this way, ADP activates GLUD1 by facilitating the opening of the catalytic cleft which decreases product affinity and facilitates product release. thus allowing GLUD1 to reconcile the non-catalytic abortive complexes.Inhibition by high has been suggested previously to be due to competition between ADP and the adenosine moiety of the coenzyme at the active site1. At least it is known that the effect is relatively unaffected by either H507Y or R516A.
Free radical halogenation General mechanism Free-radical_halogenation > General mechanism 3. Chain termination: recombination of two free radicals: The last possibility in the termination step will result in an impurity in the final mixture; notably this results in an organic molecule with a longer carbon chain than the reactants. The net reaction is: The rate law for this process is k1⁄2.
History of calculus Leibniz History_of_calculus > Newton and Leibniz > Leibniz The truth of continuity was proven by existence itself. For Leibniz the principle of continuity and thus the validity of his calculus was assured. Three hundred years after Leibniz's work, Abraham Robinson showed that using infinitesimal quantities in calculus could be given a solid foundation.
Symbolic links NTFS symbolic link Symbolic_link > Microsoft Windows > NTFS symbolic link Microsoft aimed for Windows Vista's symbolic links to "function just like UNIX links". However, the implementation differs from Unix symbolic links in several ways. For example, Windows Vista users must manually indicate when creating a symbolic link whether it is a file or a directory.
Scatter matrix Summary Scatter_matrix For the notion in quantum mechanics, see scattering matrix.In multivariate statistics and probability theory, the scatter matrix is a statistic that is used to make estimates of the covariance matrix, for instance of the multivariate normal distribution.
Information theorist Mutual information (transinformation) Information_Theory > Quantities of information > Mutual information (transinformation) Mutual information measures the amount of information that can be obtained about one random variable by observing another. It is important in communication where it can be used to maximize the amount of information shared between sent and received signals. The mutual information of X relative to Y is given by: I ( X ; Y ) = E X , Y = ∑ x , y p ( x , y ) log ⁡ p ( x , y ) p ( x ) p ( y ) {\displaystyle I(X;Y)=\mathbb {E} _{X,Y}=\sum _{x,y}p(x,y)\log {\frac {p(x,y)}{p(x)\,p(y)}}} where SI (Specific mutual Information) is the pointwise mutual information. A basic property of the mutual information is that I ( X ; Y ) = H ( X ) − H ( X | Y ) .
Integrodifferential equation Example Integro-differential_equation > General first order linear equations > Example {\displaystyle U(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{u(x)\right\}=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-sx}u(x)\,dx.} Upon taking term-by-term Laplace transforms, and utilising the rules for derivatives and integrals, the integro-differential equation is converted into the following algebraic equation, s U ( s ) − u ( 0 ) + 2 U ( s ) + 5 s U ( s ) = 1 s . {\displaystyle sU(s)-u(0)+2U(s)+{\frac {5}{s}}U(s)={\frac {1}{s}}.} Thus, U ( s ) = 1 s 2 + 2 s + 5 {\displaystyle U(s)={\frac {1}{s^{2}+2s+5}}} .Inverting the Laplace transform using contour integral methods then gives u ( x ) = 1 2 e − x sin ⁡ ( 2 x ) θ ( x ) {\displaystyle u(x)={\frac {1}{2}}e^{-x}\sin(2x)\theta (x)} .Alternatively, one can complete the square and use a table of Laplace transforms ("exponentially decaying sine wave") or recall from memory to proceed: U ( s ) = 1 s 2 + 2 s + 5 = 1 2 2 ( s + 1 ) 2 + 4 ⇒ u ( x ) = L − 1 { U ( s ) } = 1 2 e − x sin ⁡ ( 2 x ) θ ( x ) {\displaystyle U(s)={\frac {1}{s^{2}+2s+5}}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {2}{(s+1)^{2}+4}}\Rightarrow u(x)={\mathcal {L}}^{-1}\left\{U(s)\right\}={\frac {1}{2}}e^{-x}\sin(2x)\theta (x)} .
Circadian Clock Associated 1 Function Circadian_Clock_Associated_1 > Function CCA1 is part of a negative autoregulatory feedback loop that is coordinated with the daily environmental changes. Repressed in the dark by other proteins, CCA1’s expression is activated when light is sensed by the phytochrome in the plant. After translation, the CCA1 protein needs to be phosphorylated by Casein Kinase 2 (CK2). This phosphorylation is necessary for the protein to form a homodimer and to bind to its target promoters.
Stephan W. Koch Main research topics Stephan_W._Koch > Main research topics The extensions of SLEs include resonance fluorescence and higher-order photon-correlation effects and are the basis to expand the quantum-optical spectroscopy. He and his coworkers are working on a systematic theory to describe excitation of solids with THz fields. Typical laser excitations are resonant with band-to-band transitions, not the energy difference of several relevant many-body states that actually match the THz-photon energy.
Gambogic acid Effects on telomerase activity Gambogic_acid > Research > Effects on telomerase activity Enhanced telomerase activity can be an indicator of abnormal cells. Most normal tissues have inactivated or repressed telomerase activity, but it becomes activated in germ cells and most malignant tumors. Treatment of SPC-A1 cells with gambogic acid resulted in a significant decline in telomerase activity when treated for 48 or 72 hours (detecting 80.7% and 84.9% reduction in activity, respectively). When treated with gambogic acid for only 24 hours, the decrease was only 25.9% which led researchers to believe there are at least two mechanisms responsible for slowing cell growth.
Book (graph theory) Variations Book_(graph_theory) > Variations A book of this type is a split graph. This graph has also been called a K e ( 2 , p ) {\displaystyle K_{e}(2,p)} or a thagomizer graph (after thagomizers, the spiked tails of stegosaurian dinosaurs, because of their pointy appearance in certain drawings) and their graphic matroids have been called thagomizer matroids.
CI/CD Comparison CI/CD > Comparison Continuous integration Frequent merging of several small changes into a main branch. Continuous delivery When teams produce software in short cycles with high speed and frequency so that reliable software can be released at any time, and with a simple and repeatable deployment process when deciding to deploy. Continuous deployment When new software functionality is rolled out completely automatically.
Superior Summary Superior Superior may refer to: Superior (hierarchy), something which is higher in a hierarchical structure of any kind
Neuroheuristics Paradigm Neuroheuristics > Paradigm However, it would be impossible to simultaneously examine all neurons and all variables. This limits the value experimentation using this method could provide. The top-down strategy with the assistance of black box theory appears easier to complete, but inappropriate for understanding the mechanisms which coordinate neurons.
Subgranular zone Neural stem cells and neurons Subgranular_zone > Structure > Neural stem cells and neurons For instance, cells in this category may initially express glial markers like GFAP and stem cell markers such as nestin and Sox2, but eventually, they lose these characteristics and begin expressing markers specific to granule cells such as NeuroD and Prox1. It is thought that the formation of these cells represents a fate-choice in neural stem cell development. Neuroblasts.
Strong password Entropy as a measure of password strength Password_strength > Password guess validation > Entropy as a measure of password strength It is usual in the computer industry to specify password strength in terms of information entropy, which is measured in shannon (Sh) and is a concept from information theory. It can be regarded as the minimum number of bits necessary to hold the information in a password of a given type. Instead of the number of guesses needed to find the password with certainty, the base-2 logarithm of that number is given, which is commonly referred to as the number of "entropy bits" in a password, though this is not the same quantity as information entropy. A password with an entropy of 42 bits calculated in this way would be as strong as a string of 42 bits chosen randomly, for example by a fair coin toss.
Kolmogorov equations (Markov jump process) Summary Kolmogorov_equations_(continuous-time_Markov_chains) In mathematics and statistics, in the context of Markov processes, the Kolmogorov equations, including Kolmogorov forward equations and Kolmogorov backward equations, are a pair of systems of differential equations that describe the time evolution of the process's distribution. This article, as opposed to the article titled Kolmogorov equations, focuses on the scenario where we have a continuous-time Markov chain (so the state space Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is countable). In this case, we can treat the Kolmogorov equations as a way to describe the probability P ( x , s ; y , t ) {\displaystyle P(x,s;y,t)} , where x , y ∈ Ω {\displaystyle x,y\in \Omega } (the state space) and t > s , t , s ∈ R ≥ 0 {\displaystyle t>s,t,s\in \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}} are the final and initial times, respectively.
Anaphase I Flagellates Meiosis > Occurrence > Flagellates While the majority of eukaryotes have a two-divisional meiosis (though sometimes achiasmatic), a very rare form, one-divisional meiosis, occurs in some flagellates (parabasalids and oxymonads) from the gut of the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus.
Antiarrhythmic agents Vaughan Williams classification Antiarrhythmic_agents > Vaughan Williams classification Class II agents are anti-sympathetic nervous system agents. Most agents in this class are beta blockers. Class III agents affect potassium (K+) efflux. Class IV agents affect calcium channels and the AV node. Class V agents work by other or unknown mechanisms.With regard to management of atrial fibrillation, classes I and III are used in rhythm control as medical cardioversion agents, while classes II and IV are used as rate-control agents.
Dynamic Network Services History Dynamic_Network_Services > History The project then moved toward Domain Name System (DNS) services. The first iteration was a free dynamic DNS service known as DynDNS. The project required $25,000 to stay open, and raised over $40,000.The donation based model continued until 2002, and stopped with a launch of "donator-only" DNS services. Later, a premium service called the DynECT Managed DNS Platform became available in 2008, with the hiring of Kyle York, Gray Chynoweth and Cory von Wallenstein, as the business began to scale.
Application Simulation Software Summary Evolutionary_Rapid_Development Software prototyping is the activity of creating prototypes of software applications, i.e., incomplete versions of the software program being developed. It is an activity that can occur in software development and is comparable to prototyping as known from other fields, such as mechanical engineering or manufacturing. A prototype typically simulates only a few aspects of, and may be completely different from, the final product.
Electric power system Residential power systems Electrical_power_systems > Power systems in practice > Residential power systems By convention, the lighting and appliance circuits are kept separate so the failure of an appliance does not leave the dwelling's occupants in the dark. All circuits would be fused with an appropriate fuse based upon the wire size used for that circuit.
Adaptive filtering Signal components in the reference input Adaptive_filtering > Block diagram > Signal components in the reference input It also picks up the customer's voice. This microphone is the source of the reference signal. In this case, the engine noise is 50 times more powerful than the customer's voice. Once the canceler has converged, the primary signal to interference ratio will be improved from 1:1 to 50:1.
Desktop search Windows Desktop_search > Platforms & their histories > Windows WDS also brought "Instant searching" meaning the user could type a character and the query would instantly start searching and updating the query as the user typed in more characters. Windows Search apparently used up a lot of processing power, as Windows Desktop Search would only run if it was directly queried or while the PC was idle. Even only running while directly queried or while the computer was idled, indexing the entire hard drive still took hours.
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase Epigenetic repression O-6-methylguanine-DNA_methyltransferase > Clinical significance > Epigenetic repression Only a minority of sporadic cancers with a DNA repair deficiency have a mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of sporadic cancers with a DNA repair deficiency do have one or more epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair gene expression. For example, in a study of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration).MGMT can be epigenetically repressed in a number of ways. When MGMT expression is repressed in cancers, this is often due to methylation of its promoter region.
William Rankine Fatigue studies William_Rankine > Fatigue studies It was likely that the front axle of one of the locomotives involved in the Versailles train crash failed in a similar way. Rankine presented his conclusions in a paper delivered to the Institution of Civil Engineers. His work was ignored however, by many engineers who persisted in believing that stress could cause "re-crystallisation" of the metal, a myth which has persisted even to recent times.
Renewable Heat Incentive Eligibility for the Non-domestic RHI Renewable_Heat_Incentive > Non-domestic RHI > Eligibility for the Non-domestic RHI The renewable heat technologies which are eligible under the Non-domestic RHI are solar thermal (hot water) panels, ground source heat pumps, water source heat pumps, biomass boilers, and biomethane. The list was extended in April 2014 to include air to water heat pumps and deep geothermal. See table of tariffs for the Non-domestic RHI.
Governing equations Physics Governing_equation > Differential equation > Physics The governing equations in classical physics that are lectured at universities are listed below.
Natural antilogarithm History Decadic_antilogarithm > History The common logarithm of a number is the index of that power of ten which equals the number. Speaking of a number as requiring so many figures is a rough allusion to common logarithm, and was referred to by Archimedes as the "order of a number". The first real logarithms were heuristic methods to turn multiplication into addition, thus facilitating rapid computation.
Mathematics of artificial neural networks Pseudocode Mathematics_of_artificial_neural_networks > Learning pseudocode > Pseudocode Pseudocode for a stochastic gradient descent algorithm for training a three-layer network (one hidden layer): initialize network weights (often small random values) do for each training example named ex do prediction = neural-net-output(network, ex) // forward pass actual = teacher-output(ex) compute error (prediction - actual) at the output units compute Δ w h {\displaystyle \Delta w_{h}} for all weights from hidden layer to output layer // backward pass compute Δ w i {\displaystyle \Delta w_{i}} for all weights from input layer to hidden layer // backward pass continued update network weights // input layer not modified by error estimate until error rate becomes acceptably low return the network The lines labeled "backward pass" can be implemented using the backpropagation algorithm, which calculates the gradient of the error of the network regarding the network's modifiable weights. == References ==
Vibration theory of olfaction Consistency with physics Vibration_theory_of_olfaction > Support > Consistency with physics Biophysical simulations published in Physical Review Letters in 2006 suggest that Turin's proposal is viable from a physics standpoint. However, Block et al. in their 2015 paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences indicate that their theoretical analysis shows that "the proposed electron transfer mechanism of the vibrational frequencies of odorants could be easily suppressed by quantum effects of nonodorant molecular vibrational modes".
Protein tertiary structure Chaperone proteins Protein_tertiary_structure > Determinants > Chaperone proteins It is commonly assumed that the native state of a protein is also the most thermodynamically stable and that a protein will reach its native state, given its chemical kinetics, before it is translated. Protein chaperones within the cytoplasm of a cell assist a newly synthesised polypeptide to attain its native state. Some chaperone proteins are highly specific in their function, for example, protein disulfide isomerase; others are general in their function and may assist most globular proteins, for example, the prokaryotic GroEL/GroES system of proteins and the homologous eukaryotic heat shock proteins (the Hsp60/Hsp10 system).
Five senses Artificial sensation and perception Sensation_and_perception_psychology > Artificial sensation and perception Machine perception is the capability of a computer system to interpret data in a manner that is similar to the way humans use their senses to relate to the world around them. Computers take in and respond to their environment through attached hardware. Until recently, input was limited to a keyboard, joystick or a mouse, but advances in technology, both in hardware and software, have allowed computers to take in sensory input in a way similar to humans.
Language production Multilingualism Language_production > Additional aspects > Multilingualism Whether or not a speaker is fluent in one or more languages, the process for producing language remains the same. However, bilinguals speaking two languages within a conversation may have access to both languages at the same time. Three of the most commonly discussed models for multilingual language access are the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus model, the Revised Hierarchical Model, and the Language Mode model: Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus, updated from a model made by Dijkstra and Van Heuven, uses solely bottom-up processing to facilitate bilingual language access. This model suggests that the lexicon for bilingual speakers combines the languages, and access occurs across both languages at the same time.
Hepatorenal syndrome Procedural treatments Hepatorenal_syndrome > Treatment > Procedural treatments A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) involves the decompression of the high pressures in the portal circulation by placing a small stent between a portal and hepatic vein. This is done through radiologically guided catheters which are passed into the hepatic vein either through the internal jugular vein or the femoral vein. Theoretically, a decrease in portal pressures is thought to reverse the hemodynamic phenomena that ultimately lead to the development of hepatorenal syndrome. TIPS has been shown to improve kidney function in patients with hepatorenal syndrome.
Jod-Basedow phenomenon Pathophysiology Jod-Basedow_phenomena > Pathophysiology This phenomenon is thus iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, typically presenting in a patient with endemic goiter (due to iodine deficiency), who relocate to an iodine-abundant geographical area. Also, people who have Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, or various types of thyroid adenoma are also at risk of Jod-Basedow effect when receiving iodine, because the thyroid will then not respond to the negative feedback from increased thyroid hormones. The source of iodine may be from the diet, administration of the iodinated contrast for medical imaging, or amiodarone (an antiarrhythmic drug).The hyperthyroidism usually develops over 2 to 12 weeks following iodine administration.In some ways the Jod-Basedow phenomenon is the opposite of two physiological compensation mechanisms (Plummer effect and Wolff–Chaikoff effect, which refers to the short period of thyroid-hormone suppression which happens in normal persons and in persons with thyroid disease, when comparatively large quantities of iodine or iodide are ingested. However, (unlike the Plummer and Wolff-Chaikoff effect), the Jod-Basedow effect does not occur in persons with normal thyroid glands, as thyroid hormone synthesis and release in normal persons is controlled by pituitary TSH secretion (which does not allow hyperthyroidism when extra iodine is ingested).
Java application Java virtual machine Java_Runtime_Environment > Platform > Java virtual machine There is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the Java Virtual Machine, or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution. The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available.
Malate dehydrogenase Mechanism Malate_dehydrogenase > Mechanism Arg-102, Arg-109, and Arg-171 (which are protonated, and thus positively charged) participate in electrostatic catalysis and help to bind the negatively charged carboxylates on the substrate. Additionally, the Arginine residues on the enzyme provide additional substrate specificity and binding through hydrogen bonding between the guanidinium side chain of the Arginine amino acid residues and the carboxylates of the substrate.Studies have also identified a mobile loop in malate dehydrogenase that participates in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The loop undergoes a conformational change to shield the substrate and catalytic amino acids from the solvent in response to the binding of the malate dehydrogenase:coenzyme complex to substrate. This flipping of the loop to the up position to cover the active site also promotes enhanced interaction of the catalytically important amino residues on the enzyme with the substrate. Additionally, the movement of the loop has been shown to correlate with the rate determining step of the enzyme.
2D Filters Digital filters 2D_Filters > Problem statement & basic concepts > Digital filters Digital signal filtering is implementing a digital filter. A digital filter is a system that performs mathematical operations on a sampled, discrete-time signal to reduce or enhance certain aspects of that signal. The input and output signals are all digital signals. This is in contrast to the other major type of electronic filter, the analog filter, which is an electronic circuit operating on a continuous-time analog signal.
U-matrix Construction procedure U-matrix > Construction procedure Once the SOM is trained using the input data, the final map is not expected to have any twists. If the map is twist-free, the distance between the codebook vectors of neighboring neurons gives an approximation of the distance between different parts of the underlying data. When such distances are depicted in a grayscale image, light colors depict closely spaced node codebook vectors and darker colors indicate more widely separated node codebook vectors.
Mitophagy Summary Mitophagy It is mediated by Atg32 (in yeast) and NIX and its regulator BNIP3 in mammals. Mitophagy is regulated by PINK1 and parkin proteins. In addition to the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, mitophagy is also required to adjust mitochondrial numbers to changing cellular metabolic needs, for steady-state mitochondrial turnover, and during certain cellular developmental stages, such as during cellular differentiation of red blood cells.
Renewable energy resource Metal and mineral extraction Renewable_energy_power_station > Debates > Metal and mineral extraction The renewable energy transition requires increased extraction of certain metals and minerals. This impacts the environment and can lead to environmental conflict.The International Energy Agency does not recognise shortages of resources but states that supply could struggle to keep pace with the world's climate ambitions. Electric vehicles (EV) and battery storage are expected to cause the most demand. Wind farms and solar PV are less consuming.
Scale (music) Western music Scale_(music) > Western music In the 19th century (to a certain extent), but more in the 20th century, additional types of scales were explored: The chromatic scale (twelve notes) The whole-tone scale (six notes) The pentatonic scale (five notes) The octatonic or diminished scales (eight notes)A large variety of other scales exists, some of the more common being: The Phrygian dominant scale (a mode of the harmonic minor scale) The Arabic scales The Hungarian minor scale The Byzantine music scales (called echoi) The Persian scaleScales such as the pentatonic scale may be considered gapped relative to the diatonic scale. An auxiliary scale is a scale other than the primary or original scale. See: modulation (music) and Auxiliary diminished scale.
Quantum processor Summary Quantum_Computation Each of those operations introduces errors and suffers from noise, and such inaccuracies accumulate. National governments have invested heavily in experimental research that aims to develop scalable qubits with longer coherence times and lower error rates.
Rotational Motion Spin 180-degree_rotation > Astronomy > Spin This rotation induces a centrifugal acceleration in the reference frame of the Earth which slightly counteracts the effect of gravitation the closer one is to the equator. Earth's gravity combines both mass effects such that an object weighs slightly less at the equator than at the poles. Another is that over time the Earth is slightly deformed into an oblate spheroid; a similar equatorial bulge develops for other planets.
Fourier mode Summary Fourier_sine_series Well-behaved functions, for example smooth functions, have Fourier series that converge to the original function. The coefficients of the Fourier series are determined by integrals of the function multiplied by trigonometric functions, described in Common forms of the Fourier series below. The study of the convergence of Fourier series focus on the behaviors of the partial sums, which means studying the behavior of the sum as more and more terms from the series are summed.
Rapid urease test Limitations Rapid_urease_test > Limitations There is evidence to suggest that H. pylori moves proximal in the stomach in patients on therapy with proton pump inhibitors, and, as such, samples from the fundus and body should be taken in these patients. Active gastrointestinal bleeding reduces accuracy of the test.The specificity and sensitivity of this test is high compared with urea breath test. The test is often done as part of point-of-care diagnostics, to eliminate the time and expense required to detect H. pylori on pathology testing. == References ==
Methylprednisolone Adverse reactions Methylprednisolone > Adverse reactions Adverse reactions may overshadow the therapeutic effects of methylprednisolone.
Zig-zag bridge Summary Zig-zag_bridge A zig-zag bridge is a pedestrian bridge composed of short segments, each set at an angle relative to its neighbors and usually with an alternating right and left turn required when traveling across the bridge. It is used in standard crossings for structural stability; and in traditional and contemporary Asian and Western landscape design across water gardens. When constructed of wood, each segment is formed from planks and is supported by posts. When constructed of stone, the bridge will use short or long rectilinear slabs set upon stone footings.
Fermi liquid theory Description Non-Fermi_liquid > Description The key ideas behind Landau's theory are the notion of adiabaticity and the Pauli exclusion principle. Consider a non-interacting fermion system (a Fermi gas), and suppose we "turn on" the interaction slowly. Landau argued that in this situation, the ground state of the Fermi gas would adiabatically transform into the ground state of the interacting system.
Nicotinic acid Vitamin deficiency Nicotinic_acid > Vitamin deficiency Because deficiencies of other B-vitamins may be present, the WHO recommends a multi-vitamin in addition to the niacinamide.Hartnup disease is a hereditary nutritional disorder resulting in niacin deficiency. It is named after an English family with a genetic disorder that resulted in a failure to absorb the essential amino acid tryptophan, tryptophan being a precursor for niacin synthesis. The symptoms are similar to pellagra, including red, scaly rash and sensitivity to sunlight. Oral niacin or niacinamide is given as a treatment for this condition in doses ranging from 50 to 100 mg twice a day, with a good prognosis if identified and treated early. Niacin synthesis is also deficient in carcinoid syndrome, because of metabolic diversion of its precursor tryptophan to form serotonin.
Linnett Double-Quartet Theory Strengths of the approach Linnett_Double-Quartet_Theory > Strengths and weaknesses of the theory > Strengths of the approach One of the main benefits is that many molecular structures, such as molecular oxygen and ozone, can be represented using a single LDQ structure without invoking any resonance structures. This lesser reliance on resonance structures is favourable as, according to Linnett, resonance structures are not satisfactory descriptions of bonding as the ‘resonance stabilisation energy’ is not easily attributable to any particular molecular feature.Several other strengths of the approach include: It can be used to generate the electronic structures of species with π systems, affording greater precision for systems where there are partial charges associated with the constituent atoms. It is able to treat individual molecular features, such as π systems, separately from the rest of the structure.
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Esters Nucleophilic_acyl_substitution > Reactions of acyl derivatives > Esters As with acid halides and anhyrides, they will react with an excess of a Grignard reagent to give tertiary alcohols. Esters also react readily with enolates. In the Claisen condensation, an enolate of one ester (1) will attack the carbonyl group of another ester (2) to give tetrahedral intermediate 3.
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model The charged and neutral current couplings and Fermi theory Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model > Detailed information > The charged and neutral current couplings and Fermi theory The charged currents j ∓ = j 1 ± i j 2 {\displaystyle j^{\mp }=j^{1}\pm ij^{2}} are These charged currents are precisely those that entered the Fermi theory of beta decay. The action contains the charge current piece For energy much less than the mass of the W-boson, the effective theory becomes the current–current contact interaction of the Fermi theory, 2 2 G F J μ + J μ − {\displaystyle 2{\sqrt {2}}G_{\rm {F}}~~J_{\mu }^{+}J^{\mu ~~-}} . However, gauge invariance now requires that the component W 3 {\displaystyle W^{3}} of the gauge field also be coupled to a current that lies in the triplet of SU(2). However, this mixes with the U(1), and another current in that sector is needed. These currents must be uncharged in order to conserve charge. So neutral currents are also required, The neutral current piece in the Lagrangian is then
Karen Ashe Early career Karen_Ashe > Professional life > Early career Between 1986 and 1989, she was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of California, San Francisco where she researched prion diseases and published with Stanley Prusiner. In 1989, she was the first author on a paper published in Nature, entitled "Linkage of a prion protein missense variant to Gerstmann‑Sträussler syndrome", describing the discovery of a mutation linked to a neurodegenerative disease. She was the first author on a paper published in 1990 in Science, entitled "Spontaneous neurodegeneration in transgenic mice with mutant prion protein", describing the creation of a transgenic mouse modeling a neurodegenerative disease. According to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, she helped prove Prusiner's theory that prions cause neurodegenerative diseases. Prusiner recognized her contribution towards the Nobel Prize he won for that work, saying that Karen Hsiao "discovered a mutation in the PrP gene that caused familial disease and reproduced the disease in transgenic mice".
Marine construction Environmental influences Marine_construction > Environmental influences The highest velocity in river currents is usually near the outer bank in a bend, and hey also locally increase around obstructions to their flow. Current may also spin off eddies, and their lateral boundaries may vary considerably over the short term. There may also be short or long term vertical components in some areas, the upwellings and downwellings often associated with bottom topography and winds in coastal areas.
Time-dependent perturbation theory Summary Perturbative_expansion In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one. The idea is to start with a simple system for which a mathematical solution is known, and add an additional "perturbing" Hamiltonian representing a weak disturbance to the system. If the disturbance is not too large, the various physical quantities associated with the perturbed system (e.g. its energy levels and eigenstates) can be expressed as "corrections" to those of the simple system. These corrections, being small compared to the size of the quantities themselves, can be calculated using approximate methods such as asymptotic series. The complicated system can therefore be studied based on knowledge of the simpler one. In effect, it is describing a complicated unsolved system using a simple, solvable system.
Key ceremony Root Key Signing Ceremony Key_ceremony > Root Key Signing Ceremony Prompts for information from this zone can be done through a server. The keys and certificates mentioned are the credentials and safeguards for the system. These digital certificates are made from a public and a private key.
Geometric space Lines Geometry > Main concepts > Objects > Lines Euclid described a line as "breadthless length" which "lies equally with respect to the points on itself". In modern mathematics, given the multitude of geometries, the concept of a line is closely tied to the way the geometry is described. For instance, in analytic geometry, a line in the plane is often defined as the set of points whose coordinates satisfy a given linear equation, but in a more abstract setting, such as incidence geometry, a line may be an independent object, distinct from the set of points which lie on it. In differential geometry, a geodesic is a generalization of the notion of a line to curved spaces.
Triple-stranded DNA Genetic instability Triple-stranded_DNA > Biological implications > Genetic instability The importance of these processes for survival has led to the development of complex DNA repair mechanisms that allow cells to recognize and fix DNA damage. Non-canonical DNA structures can be perceived as damage by the cell, and recent work has shown an increased prevalence of mutations near non-B-DNA-forming sequences. Some of these mutations are due to the interactions between H-DNA and the enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription, where H-DNA interferes with these processes and triggers various DNA repair mechanisms. This can cause genetic instability and implicates H-DNA in cancer formation.
T-duality Mirror symmetry T-duality > Mirror symmetry In string theory and algebraic geometry, the term "mirror symmetry" refers to a phenomenon involving complicated shapes called Calabi–Yau manifolds. These manifolds provide an interesting geometry on which strings can propagate, and the resulting theories may have applications in particle physics. In the late 1980s, it was noticed that such a Calabi–Yau manifold does not uniquely determine the physics of the theory.
PAS capacitor Current load and cycle stability Super_capacitor > Electrical parameters > Current load and cycle stability Beneath the higher current load is this the second great advantage of supercapacitors over batteries. The stability results from the dual electrostatic and electrochemical storage principles. The specified charge and discharge currents can be significantly exceeded by lowering the frequency or by single pulses. Heat generated by a single pulse may be spread over the time until the next pulse occurs to ensure a relatively small average heat increase. Such a "peak power current" for power applications for supercapacitors of more than 1000 F can provide a maximum peak current of about 1000 A. Such high currents generate high thermal stress and high electromagnetic forces that can damage the electrode-collector connection requiring robust design and construction of the capacitors.
Chromatin structure Additional sources Chromatin > References > Additional sources (ed.). 1995.
Unrestricted algorithm Summary Unrestricted_algorithm An unrestricted algorithm is an algorithm for the computation of a mathematical function that puts no restrictions on the range of the argument or on the precision that may be demanded in the result. The idea of such an algorithm was put forward by C. W. Clenshaw and F. W. J. Olver in a paper published in 1980.In the problem of developing algorithms for computing, as regards the values of a real-valued function of a real variable (e.g., g in "restricted" algorithms), the error that can be tolerated in the result is specified in advance. An interval on the real line would also be specified for values when the values of a function are to be evaluated. Different algorithms may have to be applied for evaluating functions outside the interval.
Dichlorine monoxide Photochemistry Dichlorine_monoxide > Reactions > Photochemistry Dichlorine monoxide undergoes photodissociation, eventually forming O2 and Cl2. The process is primarily radical based, with flash photolysis showing radical hypochlorite (ClO·) to be a key intermediate. 2 Cl2O → 2 Cl2 + O2
Polyadenylation Function Poly-adenylated_tail > Nuclear polyadenylation > Function These are the only mRNAs in eukaryotes that lack a poly(A) tail, ending instead in a stem-loop structure followed by a purine-rich sequence, termed histone downstream element, that directs where the RNA is cut so that the 3′ end of the histone mRNA is formed.Many eukaryotic non-coding RNAs are always polyadenylated at the end of transcription. There are small RNAs where the poly(A) tail is seen only in intermediary forms and not in the mature RNA as the ends are removed during processing, the notable ones being microRNAs. But, for many long noncoding RNAs – a seemingly large group of regulatory RNAs that, for example, includes the RNA Xist, which mediates X chromosome inactivation – a poly(A) tail is part of the mature RNA.
Transverse Doppler effect Direct measurement of transverse Doppler effect Relativistic_Doppler_shift > Experimental verification > Direct measurement of transverse Doppler effect The advent of particle accelerator technology has made possible the production of particle beams of considerably higher energy than was available to Ives and Stilwell. This has enabled the design of tests of the transverse Doppler effect directly along the lines of how Einstein originally envisioned them, i.e. by directly viewing a particle beam at a 90° angle. For example, Hasselkamp et al. (1979) observed the Hα line emitted by hydrogen atoms moving at speeds ranging from 2.53×108 cm/s to 9.28×108 cm/s, finding the coefficient of the second order term in the relativistic approximation to be 0.52±0.03, in excellent agreement with the theoretical value of 1/2.Other direct tests of the TDE on rotating platforms were made possible by the discovery of the Mössbauer effect, which enables the production of exceedingly narrow resonance lines for nuclear gamma ray emission and absorption. Mössbauer effect experiments have proven themselves easily capable of detecting TDE using emitter-absorber relative velocities on the order of 2×104 cm/s. These experiments include ones performed by Hay et al. (1960), Champeney et al. (1965), and Kündig (1963).
Shell Higher Olefin Process Catalytic cycle Shell_Higher_Olefin_Process > Catalytic cycle The first step in this process is the ethylene oligomerization to a mixture of even-numbered α-olefins at 80 to 120 °C and 70 to 140 bar (7 to 14 MPa) catalyzed by a nickel-phosphine complex. Such catalysts are typically prepared from diarylphosphino carboxylic acids, such as (C6H5)2PCH2CO2H. The process and its mechanism was elucidated by the group of Wilhelm Keim, first at Shell and later at the RWTH Aachen.
Digital Himalaya Maps Digital_Himalaya > Collections > Maps The web-based map collection includes:
Heat therapy Application Heat_therapy > Application Heat is typically applied by placing a warming device on the relevant body part. Newer breeds of heat therapy devices combine a carbon fiber heater with a cordless rechargeable lithium battery and are built into the specific body wrap (i.e., shoulder wrap or back wrap) for targeted heat therapy.