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Generic views Relation to Bayesian inference Generic_views > Relation to Bayesian inference Another expression of the generic views principal is that the inference of distal structure should be such that the inference would remain substantially the same if the "position" of the observer were moderately altered (perturbed). If the inference made would have been qualitatively or categorically different under a perturbation of the observer, then the inference does not satisfy the generic views assumption, and should be rejected. (The question of what constitutes a qualitative or categorical difference is an interesting point of detail.)
Stromal cell Anti-inflammatory Stromal_cells > Immunomodulatory effects > Anti-inflammatory For example, they can inhibit the proliferation and activity of T-cells When there is a high level of MSCs during an immune response the generation of more B-cells is stunted. The B-cells that can still be produced are impacted by diminished antibody count production and chemotactic behavior. Dendritic cells in the presence of MSC's are immature and undifferentiated which causes impaired function to call upon T-cells and bridge the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses.
Tumour heterogeneity Other heterogeneity Tumour_heterogeneity > Types and causes of heterogeneity > Other heterogeneity Similarly, MTOR, a gene encoding a cell regulatory kinase, has shown to be constitutively active, thereby increasing S6 phosphorylation. This active phosphorylation may serve as a biomarker in clear-cell carcinoma.Mechanochemical heterogeneity is a hallmark of living eukaryotic cells. It has an impact on epigenetic gene regulation.
Granule cell Specific functions of different granule cells Granule_cell > Function > Specific functions of different granule cells Cerebellum granule cellsDavid Marr suggested that the granule cells encode combinations of mossy fiber inputs. In order for the granule cell to respond, it needs to receive active inputs from multiple mossy fibers. The combination of multiple inputs results in the cerebellum being able to make more precise distinctions between input patterns than a single mossy fiber would allow. The cerebellar granule cells also play a role in orchestrating the tonic conductances which control sleep in conjunction with the ambient levels of GABA which are found in the brain.
Tug of war (astronomy) Law of universal gravitation Tug_of_war_(astronomy) > Law of universal gravitation According to Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation F = G ⋅ m 1 ⋅ m 2 d 2 {\displaystyle F=G\cdot {\frac {m_{1}\cdot m_{2}}{d^{2}}}} In this equation F is the force of attraction G is the gravitational constant m1 and m2 are the masses of two bodies d is the distance between the two bodiesThe two main attraction forces on a satellite are the attraction of the Sun and the satellite's primary (the planet the satellite orbits). Therefore, the two forces are F p = G ⋅ m ⋅ M p d p 2 {\displaystyle F_{p}={\frac {G\cdot m\cdot M_{p}}{d_{p}^{2}}}} F s = G ⋅ m ⋅ M s d s 2 {\displaystyle F_{s}={\frac {G\cdot m\cdot M_{s}}{d_{s}^{2}}}} where the subscripts p and s represent the primary and the sun respectively, and m is the mass of the satellite. The ratio of the two is F p F s = M p ⋅ d s 2 M s ⋅ d p 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {F_{p}}{F_{s}}}={\frac {M_{p}\cdot d_{s}^{2}}{M_{s}\cdot d_{p}^{2}}}}
List of biophysically important macromolecular crystal structures Later structures (1978 onwards) List_of_biophysically_important_macromolecular_crystal_structures > Later structures (1978 onwards) 1978 - Icosahedral virus 1981 - Dickerson B-form DNA dodecamer 1981 - Crambin 1985 - Calmodulin 1985 - DNA polymerase 1985 - Photosynthetic reaction center Pairs of bacteriochlorophylls (green) inside the membrane capture energy from sunlight, then traveling by many steps to become available at the heme groups (red) in the cytochrome-C module at the top. This was first crystal structure solved for a membrane protein, a milestone recognized by a Nobel Prize to Hartmut Michel, Hans Deisenhofer, and Robert Huber. 1986 - Repressor/DNA interactions 1987 - Major histocompatibility complex' 1987 - Ubiquitin 1987 - ROP protein 1989 - HIV-1 protease 1990 - Bacteriorhodopsin 1991 - GCN4 coiled coil 1991 - HIV-1 reverse transcriptase 1993 - Beta helix of Pectate lyase 1994 - Collagen 1994 - Barnase/barstar complex 1994 - F1 ATPase 1995 - Heterotrimeric G proteins 1996 - Green fluorescent protein 1996 - CDK/cyclin complex 1996 - Kinesin motor protein 1997 - GroEL/ES chaperone 1997 - Nucleosome 1998 - Group I self-splicing intron 1998 - DNA topoisomerases perform the biologically important and necessary job of untangling DNA strands or helices that get entwined with each other or twisted too tightly during normal cellular processes such as the transcription of genetic information. 1998 - Tubulin alpha/beta dimer 1998 - Potassium channel 1998 - Holliday junction 2000 - Ribosomes are a central part of biology and biophysics, which first became accessible structurally in 2000.
Discovery and development of direct thrombin inhibitors History Discovery_and_development_of_direct_thrombin_inhibitors > History In the 1980s low molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) were developed. They are derived from heparin by enzymatic or chemical depolymerization and have better pharmacokinetic properties than heparin. In 1955 the first clinical use of warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, was reported.
ROHHAD Summary ROHHAD Typically, hypoventilation, or abnormally slow breathing, presents after the rapid onset obesity. Symptoms of hypothalamic dysfunction and autonomic dysfunction present in a variety of ways, but in order for a diagnosis of ROHHAD they must be present in some form.
Vector autoregression Definition Vector_autoregression > Specification > Definition Continuing the above example, a 5th-order VAR would model each year's wheat price as a linear combination of the last five years of wheat prices. A lag is the value of a variable in a previous time period. So in general a pth-order VAR refers to a VAR model which includes lags for the last p time periods.
Thoracentesis Cultures and stains Thoracentesis > Interpretation of pleural fluid analysis > Cultures and stains If the effusion is caused by infection, microbiological culture may yield the infectious organism responsible for the infection, sometimes before other cultures (e.g. blood cultures and sputum cultures) become positive. A Gram stain may give a rough indication of the causative organism. A Ziehl–Neelsen stain may identify tuberculosis or other mycobacterial diseases.
Power harvesting Ambient-radiation sources Power_stealing > Energy sources > Ambient-radiation sources A possible source of energy comes from ubiquitous radio transmitters. Historically, either a large collection area or close proximity to the radiating wireless energy source is needed to get useful power levels from this source. The nantenna is one proposed development which would overcome this limitation by making use of the abundant natural radiation (such as solar radiation).
Philosophy of ecology Mathematical models Philosophy_of_ecology > Mathematical models The model helps represent the values of each members, and the weightings of respect in the matrix. The model will then deliver the final result. In the case of conflict about proceedings or how to represent certain quantities, the model may be limited in that it would be deemed not of use. Furthermore, the number of idealisations in the model are also presented.
Energy is conserved History Energy_is_conserved > History Daniel also formulated the notion of work and efficiency for hydraulic machines; and he gave a kinetic theory of gases, and linked the kinetic energy of gas molecules with the temperature of the gas. This focus on the vis viva by the continental physicists eventually led to the discovery of stationarity principles governing mechanics, such as the D'Alembert's principle, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics. Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749) proposed and tested the hypothesis of the conservation of total energy, as distinct from momentum.
Reference counting Advantages and disadvantages Reference_counting > Advantages and disadvantages In tracing garbage collectors, this information is stored implicitly in the references that refer to that object, saving space, although tracing garbage collectors, particularly incremental ones, can require additional space for other purposes. The naive algorithm described above can't handle reference cycles, an object which refers directly or indirectly to itself. A mechanism relying purely on reference counts will never consider cyclic chains of objects for deletion, since their reference count is guaranteed to stay nonzero (cf. picture).
Quadratic knapsack problem Quadknap Quadratic_knapsack_problem > Solving > Quadknap Quadknap is an exact branch-and-bound algorithm proposed by Caprara et al., where upper bounds are computed by considering a Lagrangian relaxation which approximate a difficult problem by a simpler problem and penalizes violations of constraints using Lagrange multiplier to impost a cost on violations. Quadknap releases the integer requirement when computing the upper bounds. Suboptimal Lagrangian multipliers are derived from sub-gradient optimization and provide a convenient reformulation of the problem.
F subshell Summary Electron_shells In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit that electrons follow around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells correspond to the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with the letters used in X-ray notation (K, L, M, ...). A useful guide when understanding electron shells in atoms is to note that each row on the conventional periodic table of elements represents an electron shell.
Uniform Convergence Almost uniform convergence Converges_uniformly > Almost uniform convergence If the domain of the functions is a measure space E then the related notion of almost uniform convergence can be defined. We say a sequence of functions ( f n ) {\displaystyle (f_{n})} converges almost uniformly on E if for every δ > 0 {\displaystyle \delta >0} there exists a measurable set E δ {\displaystyle E_{\delta }} with measure less than δ {\displaystyle \delta } such that the sequence of functions ( f n ) {\displaystyle (f_{n})} converges uniformly on E ∖ E δ {\displaystyle E\setminus E_{\delta }} . In other words, almost uniform convergence means there are sets of arbitrarily small measure for which the sequence of functions converges uniformly on their complement.
Earthquake casualty estimation The intensity of shaking diminishes away from the earthquake Earthquake_casualty_estimation > Estimates of shaking > The intensity of shaking diminishes away from the earthquake Strong ground motions damage buildings, sometimes bringing about collapse. Shaking of the ground decreases with distance from the release of energy, the hypocenter, or, more accurately expressed, from the entire area of rupture. To calculate the intensity of shaking at a given settlement, the computer looks up the attenuation (decrease in amplitude) for seismic waves that travel the distance to the settlement in question. Such calculations are similar to those made to assess the seismic hazard, part of the field of engineering seismology.
Aggregate modulus Summary Aggregate_modulus In relation to biomechanics, the aggregate modulus (Ha) is a measurement of the stiffness of a material at equilibrium when fluid has ceased flowing through it. The aggregate modulus can be calculated from Young's modulus (E) and the Poisson ratio (v). H a = E ( 1 − v ) ( 1 + v ) ( 1 − 2 v ) {\displaystyle Ha={\frac {E(1-v)}{(1+v)(1-2v)}}} The aggregate modulus of a similar specimen is determined from a unidirectional deformational testing configuration, i.e., the only non-zero strain component is E11.
HR 4049 Summary HR_4049 It also shows a strong infrared excess, corresponding closely to a 1,200 K blackbody produced by a disk of material surrounding the star. The star is also undergoing intense mass-lossHR 4049 has an unseen companion, detected from variations in the doppler shift of its spectral lines. The properties of the companion can only be estimated by making certain assumptions about the inclination of the orbit and the mass function.
Cell fusion History Cell_fusion > History These two men are responsible for reviving the interest of cell fusion. The hybrid cells interested biologists in the area of how different kinds of cytoplasm affect different kinds of nuclei. The work conducted by Henry and Nils showed that proteins from one gene fusion affect gene expression in the other partner's nucleus, and vice versa. These hybrid cells that were created were considered forced exceptions to normal cellular integrity and it was not until 2002 that the possibility of cell fusion between cells of different types may have a real function in mammals.
Order of magnitude Non-decimal orders of magnitude Order_of_magnitude > Non-decimal orders of magnitude Other orders of magnitude may be calculated using bases other than 10. The ancient Greeks ranked the nighttime brightness of celestial bodies by 6 levels in which each level was the fifth root of one hundred (about 2.512) as bright as the nearest weaker level of brightness, and thus the brightest level being 5 orders of magnitude brighter than the weakest indicates that it is (1001/5)5 or a factor of 100 times brighter. The modernized version has however turned into a logarithmic scale with non-integer values. The different decimal numeral systems of the world use a larger base to better envision the size of the number, and have created names for the powers of this larger base.
Intestinal mucosal barrier Bile and gastric acid Intestinal_mucosal_barrier > Composition > Biochemical elements > Bile and gastric acid The bile produced by the liver to aid in the digestion of lipids has bactericidal properties. The gastric acid produced by the stomach can also kill microorganisms. Both contribute to intestinal barrier function although they are not produced by the intestinal mucosa.
Respirometry Whole-animal metabolic rates Respirometry > Whole-animal metabolic rates VO2max is typically determined during aerobic exercise at or near physiological limits. In contrast, field metabolic rate (FMR) refers to the metabolic rate of an unrestrained, active animal in nature. Whole-animal metabolic rates refer to these measures without correction for body mass. If SMR or BMR values are divided by the body mass value for the animal, then the rate is termed mass-specific. It is this mass-specific value that one typically hears in comparisons among species.
Cache prefetching Compiler directed prefetching Cache_prefetching > Methods of software prefetching > Compiler directed prefetching One main advantage of software prefetching is that it reduces the number of compulsory cache misses.The following example shows how a prefetch instruction would be added into code to improve cache performance. Consider a for loop as shown below:At each iteration, the ith element of the array "array1" is accessed. Therefore, we can prefetch the elements that are going to be accessed in future iterations by inserting a "prefetch" instruction as shown below:Here, the prefetch stride, k {\displaystyle k} depends on two factors, the cache miss penalty and the time it takes to execute a single iteration of the for loop.
Unix File System Implementations Unix_File_System > Implementations In UFS2, Kirk McKusick and Poul-Henning Kamp extended the FreeBSD FFS and UFS layers to add 64-bit block pointers (allowing volumes to grow up to 8 zebibytes), variable-sized blocks (similar to extents), extended flag fields, additional 'birthtime' stamps, extended attribute support and POSIX1.e ACLs. UFS2 became the supported UFS version starting with FreeBSD 5.0. FreeBSD also introduced soft updates and the ability to make file system snapshots for both UFS1 and UFS2.
QED vacuum Quantization of the fields QED_vacuum > Fluctuations > Quantization of the fields That is, the equal-time commutator is: where r, r′ are spatial locations, ħ is Planck's constant over 2π, δij is the Kronecker delta and δ(r − r′) is the Dirac delta function. The notation denotes the commutator.
Algorithm engineering Difference from algorithm theory Algorithm_engineering > Difference from algorithm theory Algorithm engineering does not intend to replace or compete with algorithm theory, but tries to enrich, refine and reinforce its formal approaches with experimental algorithmics (also called empirical algorithmics). This way it can provide new insights into the efficiency and performance of algorithms in cases where the algorithm at hand is less amenable to algorithm theoretic analysis, formal analysis pessimistically suggests bounds which are unlikely to appear on inputs of practical interest, the algorithm relies on the intricacies of modern hardware architectures like data locality, branch prediction, instruction stalls, instruction latencies which the machine model used in Algorithm Theory is unable to capture in the required detail, the crossover between competing algorithms with different constant costs and asymptotic behaviors needs to be determined.
Frontal lobe epilepsy Precentral cortex Frontal_lobe_epilepsy > Mechanism > Precentral cortex The major functional areas include: Primary motor cortex Contains large neurons that project axons down to the spinal cord where they synapse onto alpha motor neurons. These neurons are involved in the planning of motor movements and the refining of motor movements based on sensory inputs that are received from the cerebellum.
Periodic table period Summary Period_(periodic_table) For example, the halogens lie in the second-to-last group (group 17) and share similar properties, such as high reactivity and the tendency to gain one electron to arrive at a noble-gas electronic configuration. As of 2022, a total of 118 elements have been discovered and confirmed. Modern quantum mechanics explains these periodic trends in properties in terms of electron shells.
Computational problem Decision problem Computational_problems > Types > Decision problem A decision problem is a computational problem where the answer for every instance is either yes or no. An example of a decision problem is primality testing: "Given a positive integer n, determine if n is prime. "A decision problem is typically represented as the set of all instances for which the answer is yes. For example, primality testing can be represented as the infinite set L = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...}
Door-in-the-face technique Summary Door-in-the-face_technique The door-in-the-face technique is a compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face. The respondent is then more likely to agree to a second, more reasonable request, than if that same request is made in isolation. The DITF technique can be contrasted with the foot-in-the-door (FITD) technique, in which a persuader begins with a small request and gradually increases the demands of each request. Both the FITD and DITF techniques increase the likelihood a respondent will agree to the second request.
Software optimization Automated and manual optimization Premature_optimisation > Automated and manual optimization But if some characteristic of the items is exploitable (for example, they are already arranged in some particular order), a different method can be used, or even a custom-made sort routine. After the programmer is reasonably sure that the best algorithm is selected, code optimization can start. Loops can be unrolled (for lower loop overhead, although this can often lead to lower speed if it overloads the CPU cache), data types as small as possible can be used, integer arithmetic can be used instead of floating-point, and so on.
Ordinary mean Definition Arithmetic_average > Definition For example, if the monthly salaries of 10 {\displaystyle 10} employees are { 2500 , 2700 , 2400 , 2300 , 2550 , 2650 , 2750 , 2450 , 2600 , 2400 } {\displaystyle \{2500,2700,2400,2300,2550,2650,2750,2450,2600,2400\}} , then the arithmetic mean is: 2500 + 2700 + 2400 + 2300 + 2550 + 2650 + 2750 + 2450 + 2600 + 2400 10 = 2530 {\displaystyle {\frac {2500+2700+2400+2300+2550+2650+2750+2450+2600+2400}{10}}=2530} If the data set is a statistical population (i.e., consists of every possible observation and not just a subset of them), then the mean of that population is called the population mean and denoted by the Greek letter μ {\displaystyle \mu } . If the data set is a statistical sample (a subset of the population), it is called the sample mean (which for a data set X {\displaystyle X} is denoted as X ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {X}}} ). The arithmetic mean can be similarly defined for vectors in multiple dimensions, not only scalar values; this is often referred to as a centroid. More generally, because the arithmetic mean is a convex combination (meaning its coefficients sum to 1 {\displaystyle 1} ), it can be defined on a convex space, not only a vector space.
Inelastic scattering Molecular collisions Inelastic_scattering > Molecular collisions Inelastic scattering is common in molecular collisions. Any collision which leads to a chemical reaction will be inelastic, but the term inelastic scattering is reserved for those collisions which do not result in reactions. There is a transfer of energy between the translational mode (kinetic energy) and rotational and vibrational modes. If the transferred energy is small compared to the incident energy of the scattered particle, one speaks of quasielastic scattering.
Glossary of engineering: A–L C Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > C The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body. Civil engineeringThe profession that deals with the design and construction of structures, or other fixed works. Clausius–Clapeyron relationThe Clausius–Clapeyron relation, named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron, is a way of characterizing a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a single constituent.
Glycocalyx Summary Glycocalyx The glycocalyx (PL: glycocalyces or glycocalyxes), also known as the pericellular matrix and sometime cell coat, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of bacteria, epithelial cells, and other cells. It was described in a review article in 1970.Animal epithelial cells have a fuzz-like coating on the external surface of their plasma membranes. This viscous coating is the glycocalyx that consists of several carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins, which serve as backbone molecules for support.
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor Summary IGBT_transistor An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily forming an electronic switch. It was developed to combine high efficiency with fast switching. It consists of four alternating layers (P–N–P–N) that are controlled by a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gate structure. Although the structure of the IGBT is topologically similar to a thyristor with a "MOS" gate (MOS-gate thyristor), the thyristor action is completely suppressed, and only the transistor action is permitted in the entire device operation range.
Photoacoustic effect Photoacoustic effect in photosynthesis Photoacoustic_effect > Photoacoustic effect in photosynthesis In each case, respectively, photoacoustic measurements provided information on Energy storage (i.e. the fraction of light energy which is converted to chemical energy in the photosynthetic process; The extent and dynamics of the gas evolution and uptake from leaves or lichens. Most usually it is photosynthetic oxygen evolution which contributes to the photoacoustic signal; Carbon dioxide uptake is a slow process and does not show up in photoacoustic measurements. Under very specific conditions, however, the photoacoustic signal becomes transiently negative, presumably reflecting oxygen uptake.
Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point Chapter 3 - New Light of the Arrow of Radiation Time's_Arrow_and_Archimedes'_Point > Summary > Chapter 3 - New Light of the Arrow of Radiation This chapter discusses the apparent asymmetry of radiation. Namely, radiation is often observed spreading outwards from a source, but coherent radiation is not observed converging in a sink. Price criticizes explanations of this phenomenon from Karl Popper and Paul Davies and Dieter Zeh. The Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory is discussed and Price concludes that the arrow of time from radiation is a more general case of the thermodynamic arrow of time.
Diastolic blood pressure Regulation of blood pressure Home_blood_pressure_monitoring > Physiology > Regulation of blood pressure Decrease in GFR is sensed as a decrease in Na+ levels by the macula densa. The macula densa causes an increase in Na+ reabsorption, which causes water to follow in via osmosis and leads to an ultimate increase in plasma volume. Further, the macula densa releases adenosine which causes constriction of the afferent arterioles.
Interpretation of probability Subjectivism Probability_interpretation > Subjectivism Subjectivists, also known as Bayesians or followers of epistemic probability, give the notion of probability a subjective status by regarding it as a measure of the 'degree of belief' of the individual assessing the uncertainty of a particular situation. Epistemic or subjective probability is sometimes called credence, as opposed to the term chance for a propensity probability. Some examples of epistemic probability are to assign a probability to the proposition that a proposed law of physics is true or to determine how probable it is that a suspect committed a crime, based on the evidence presented. The use of Bayesian probability raises the philosophical debate as to whether it can contribute valid justifications of belief.
Data validation and reconciliation Data reconciliation Data_validation_and_reconciliation > Data reconciliation is the standard deviation of the i {\displaystyle i} -th measurement ( i = 1 , … , n {\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,n\,\!} ), F ( x , y ∗ ) = 0 {\displaystyle F(x,y^{*})=0\,\!} are the p {\displaystyle p\,\!}
Kernel methods for vector output Summary Kernel_methods_for_vector_output Kernel methods are a well-established tool to analyze the relationship between input data and the corresponding output of a function. Kernels encapsulate the properties of functions in a computationally efficient way and allow algorithms to easily swap functions of varying complexity. In typical machine learning algorithms, these functions produce a scalar output. Recent development of kernel methods for functions with vector-valued output is due, at least in part, to interest in simultaneously solving related problems.
Sugarscape SugarScape on steroids Sugarscape > Model implementations > SugarScape on steroids Due to the emergent nature of agent-based models (ABMs), it is critical that the population sizes in the simulations match the population sizes of the dynamic systems being modelled. However, the performance of contemporary agent simulation frameworks has been inadequate to handle such large population sizes and parallel computing frameworks designed to run on computing clusters has been limited by available bandwidth. As computing power increases with Moore's law, the size and complexity of simulation frameworks can be expected to increase. The team of R. M. D’Souza, M. Lysenko and K Rahmani from Michigan Technological University used a Sugarscape model to demonstrate the power of Graphics processing units (GPU) in ABM simulations with over 50 updates per second with agent populations exceeding 2 million.
Chinese room Chinese room thought experiment Chinese_room > Chinese room thought experiment Searle could receive Chinese characters through a slot in the door, process them according to the program's instructions, and produce Chinese characters as output, without understanding any of the content of the Chinese writing. If the computer had passed the Turing test this way, it follows, says Searle, that he would do so as well, simply by running the program manually.
0-1 integer programming Summary Linear_problem Linear programming (LP), also called linear optimization, is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (also known as mathematical optimization). More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. Its feasible region is a convex polytope, which is a set defined as the intersection of finitely many half spaces, each of which is defined by a linear inequality.
Sensor based sorting Sensor-based sorting conference Sensor_based_sorting > Sensor-based ore sorting > Sensor-based sorting conference The expert conference “Sensor-Based Sorting” is addressing new developments and applications in the field of automatic sensor separation techniques for primary and secondary raw materials. The conference provides a platform for plant operators, manufacturers, developers and scientists to exchange know-how and experiences. The congress is hosted by the Department of Processing and Recycling and the Unit for Mineral Processing (AMR) of RWTH Aachen University in cooperation with the GDMB Society of Metallurgists and Miners, Clausthal. Scientific supervisors are Professor Thomas Pretz and Professor Hermann Wotruba. .
Viral meningitis Mechanism Viral_meningitis > Mechanism Viral Meningitis is mostly caused by an infectious agent that has colonized somewhere in its host. People who are already in an immunocompromised state are at the highest risk of pathogen entry. Some of the most common examples of immunocompromised individuals include those with HIV, cancer, diabetes, malnutrition, certain genetic disorders, and patients on chemotherapy. Potential sites for this include the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract.
Fund derivative Summary Fund_derivative A fund derivative is a financial structured product related to a fund, normally using the underlying fund to determine the payoff. This may be a private equity fund, mutual fund or hedge fund. Purchasers obtain exposure to the underlying fund (or funds) whilst improving their risk profile over a direct investment.
C10H16 Summary C10H16 The molecular formula C10H16 (molar mass: 136.24 g/mol) may refer to: Adamantane Camphene Carene Limonene Myrcene Ocimene Pentamethylcyclopentadiene Phellandrene Pinenes alpha-Pinene beta-Pinene Sabinene Syntin Terpinene Thujene Turpentine Twistane
Expected linear time MST algorithm Worst case analysis Expected_linear_time_MST_algorithm > Performance > Worst case analysis The worst case runtime is equivalent to the runtime of Borůvka's algorithm. This occurs if all edges are added to either the left or right subproblem on each invocation. In this case the algorithm is identical to Borůvka's algorithm which runs in O(min{n2, mlogn}) on a graph with n vertices and m edges.
Data dimension Dimension table Dimension_table > Dimension table Surrogate keys are often auto-generated (e.g. a Sybase or SQL Server "identity column", a PostgreSQL or Informix serial, an Oracle SEQUENCE or a column defined with AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL). The use of surrogate dimension keys brings several advantages, including: Performance. Join processing is made much more efficient by using a single field (the surrogate key) Buffering from operational key management practices.
International Chemical Identifier Format and layers International_Chemical_Identifier > Format and layers The six layers with important sublayers are: Main layer (always present) Chemical formula (no prefix). This is the only sublayer that must occur in every InChI.
Tablet hardness testing Units of measurement Tablet_hardness_testing > Units of measurement 1 kilopond = 1 kgf. Strong-Cobb (SC) – An ad hoc unit of force which is a legacy of one of the first tablet hardness testing machines. Although the SC is arbitrary, it was recognized as the international standard from the 1950s to the 1980s.
Cylinder stress Summary Cylinder_stress In mechanics, a cylinder stress is a stress distribution with rotational symmetry; that is, which remains unchanged if the stressed object is rotated about some fixed axis. Cylinder stress patterns include: circumferential stress, or hoop stress, a normal stress in the tangential (azimuth) direction. axial stress, a normal stress parallel to the axis of cylindrical symmetry. radial stress, a normal stress in directions coplanar with but perpendicular to the symmetry axis.These three principal stresses- hoop, longitudinal, and radial can be calculated analytically using a mutually perpendicular tri-axial stress system.The classical example (and namesake) of hoop stress is the tension applied to the iron bands, or hoops, of a wooden barrel.
Performance Monitor Summary Performance_Monitor Additionally, counters can be highlighted if multiple are selected. Also included are various options for monitoring, Chart, Log, and Report options. Chart allows for the monitoring of performance in graph form, and within this the Alert feature can be used to alert for results within set parameters.
Marianne Bronner Professional societies Marianne_Bronner > Professional societies International Society for Differentiation, President (2013-2014) International Society for Developmental Biology, Secretary (2010-2013) Gordon Research Conferences, Board of Directors (2006-2013), Chair (2012) Society for Developmental Biology, President (2009) Sontag Foundation, Scientific Advisory Board Member (2006–present) American Society for Cell Biology, Council Member (1994-1997)
Self-experimentation in medicine Summary Self-experimentation_in_medicine Self-experimentation refers to scientific experimentation in which the experimenter conducts the experiment on themself. Often this means that the designer, operator, subject, analyst, and user or reporter of the experiment are all the same. Self-experimentation has a long and well-documented history in medicine which continues to the present. Some of these experiments have been very valuable and shed new and often unexpected insights into different areas of medicine.
Electron Spin Resonance Summary Electron_paramagnetic_resonance_spectroscopy Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei. EPR spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying metal complexes and organic radicals. EPR was first observed in Kazan State University by Soviet physicist Yevgeny Zavoisky in 1944, and was developed independently at the same time by Brebis Bleaney at the University of Oxford.
Collapse postulate Summary Collapse_postulate Collapse is a black box for a thermodynamically irreversible interaction with a classical environment.Calculations of quantum decoherence show that when a quantum system interacts with the environment, the superpositions apparently reduce to mixtures of classical alternatives. Significantly, the combined wave function of the system and environment continue to obey the Schrödinger equation throughout this apparent collapse. More importantly, this is not enough to explain actual wave function collapse, as decoherence does not reduce it to a single eigenstate.Historically, Werner Heisenberg was the first to use the idea of wave function reduction to explain quantum measurement.
Tractable problem Turing machine Complexity_theory_(computation) > Machine models and complexity measures > Turing machine Many types of Turing machines are used to define complexity classes, such as deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines. They are all equally powerful in principle, but when resources (such as time or space) are bounded, some of these may be more powerful than others. A deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions.
Interval finite element Multidimensional example Interval_FEM > Simple example: modeling tension, compression, strain, and stress) > Multidimensional example In this particular case or simple In postprocessing it is possible to calculate the interval stress, the interval strain and the interval limit state functions and use these values in the design process. The interval finite element method can be applied to the solution of problems in which there is not enough information to create reliable probabilistic characteristic of the structures (Elishakoff 2000). Interval finite element method can be also applied in the theory of imprecise probability.
S2O3 Summary S2O3 Thiosulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; sometimes thiosulphate in British English) is an oxyanion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2O2−3. Thiosulfate also refers to the compounds containing this anion, which are the salts of thiosulfuric acid, e.g. sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3. The prefix thio- indicates that the thiosulfate is a sulfate with one oxygen replaced by sulfur. Thiosulfate is tetrahedral at the central S atom.
Product (mathematics) Cross product in 3-dimensional space Mathematical_product > Products in linear algebra > Cross product in 3-dimensional space The cross product of two vectors in 3-dimensions is a vector perpendicular to the two factors, with length equal to the area of the parallelogram spanned by the two factors. The cross product can also be expressed as the formal determinant: u × v = | i j k u 1 u 2 u 3 v 1 v 2 v 3 | {\displaystyle \mathbf {u\times v} ={\begin{vmatrix}\mathbf {i} &\mathbf {j} &\mathbf {k} \\u_{1}&u_{2}&u_{3}\\v_{1}&v_{2}&v_{3}\\\end{vmatrix}}}
Eli Shamir Contributions Eli_Shamir > Contributions Shamir was one of the discoverers of the pumping lemma for context-free languages. He did research in partial differential equations, automata theory, random graphs, computational learning theory, and computational linguistics. He was (with Michael O. Rabin) one of the founders of the computer science program at the Hebrew University.
Spectral abscissa Summary Spectral_abscissa In mathematics, the spectral abscissa of a matrix or a bounded linear operator is the greatest real part of the matrix's spectrum (its set of eigenvalues). It is sometimes denoted α ( A ) {\displaystyle \alpha (A)} . As a transformation α: M n → R {\displaystyle \alpha :\mathrm {M} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} } , the spectral abscissa maps a square matrix onto its largest real eigenvalue.
Interleukin-38 Role in disease Interleukin-38 > Role in disease Studies showed that IL-38 could play an important role in rheumatic diseases. IL-38 is also one of the five proteins which are related with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in the serum. The association of IL-38 with CRP could mean that IL-38 will play role also in inflammatory diseases as cardiovascular disease.
Word-representable graph Literature Word-representable_graph > Literature The list of publications to study representation of graphs by words contains, but is not limited to Ö. Akgün, I.P. Gent, S. Kitaev, H. Zantema. Solving computational problems in the theory of word-representable graphs. Journal of Integer Sequences 22 (2019), Article 19.2.5.
BioTapestry Features BioTapestry > Features Input Gene Regulatory Networks can be drawn by hand. Networks can be built using lists of interactions entered via dialog boxes. Lists of interactions can be input using comma-separated-value (CSV) files. Networks can be built using SIF files as input. BioTapestry can accept network definitions via the Gaggle framework.Visualization BioTapestry uses orthogonal-directed hyperlinks and a hierarchical presentation of models.Analysis BioTapestry can create Systems Biology Markup Language files for a subset of networks.Documentation The BioTapestry home page has links to several tutorials for using the software.
Ladder programming language Summary Ladder_programming_language Ladder logic was originally a written method to document the design and construction of relay racks as used in manufacturing and process control. Each device in the relay rack would be represented by a symbol on the ladder diagram with connections between those devices shown. In addition, other items external to the relay rack such as pumps, heaters, and so forth would also be shown on the ladder diagram. Ladder logic has evolved into a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware.
Stratosphere Formation and destruction Stratosphere > Ozone layer > Formation and destruction While the stratosphere is dry, additional water vapor is produced in situ by the photochemical oxidation of methane (CH4). The HO2 radical produced by the reaction of OH with O3 is recycled to OH by reaction with oxygen atoms or ozone.
Digital libraries Searching Digital_Library > Features of digital libraries > Searching A drawback to this approach is that the search mechanism is limited by the different indexing and ranking capabilities of each database; therefore, making it difficult to assemble a combined result consisting of the most relevant found items. Searching over previously harvested metadata involves searching a locally stored index of information that has previously been collected from the libraries in the federation. When a search is performed, the search mechanism does not need to make connections with the digital libraries it is searching—it already has a local representation of the information.
Horseshoe kidney Associated conditions Horseshoe_kidney > Signs and symptoms > Associated conditions Treatment is further complicated if patient possesses aberrant skeletal anatomy. It is estimated 36% of patients with horseshoe kidneys will develop kidney stones. Kidney cancer – increased frequency of certain renal cancers such as transitional cell tumors, Wilms tumors, and carcinoid tumors.
Design for All (in ICT) Summary Design_for_All_(in_ICT) Universal Access implies the accessibility and usability of information and telecommunications technologies by anyone at any place and at any time and their inclusion in any living context. It aims to enable equitable access and active participation of potentially all people in existing and emerging computer-mediated human activities, by developing universally accessible and usable products and services and suitable support functionalities in the environment. These products and services must be capable of accommodating individual user requirements in different contexts of use, independent of location, target machine, or runtime environment.
20-hydroxyarachidonic acid Salt-sensitive hypertension models 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid > Vascular-related activities > Rodent studies > Hypertension > Salt-sensitive hypertension models Dahl salt-sensitive rats develop hypertension that develops more quickly and exacerbated by high intake of salt (sodium chloride) and ameliorated by low salt intake. In this model, rats exhibit an up-regulated CYP4A/20-HETE pathway within their cerebral vasculature and vascular endothelial cell overproduction of reactive oxygen species that in turn stimulates the CYp4A/20-HETE pathway. Non-selective and non-selective inhibitors of CYP4A and 20-HETE production reduce hypertension in this model. The hypertension in this model is more severe in male rats and appears to be mediated at least in part by vasopressin, the renin-angiotensin system, and androgens.Lewis rats (see Laboratory rat models) that had one kidney removed and then fed a high salt diet are hypertensive. Kidney medullary interstitial infusion of an inhibitor of 20-HETE production reduced the formation of 20-HETE in the outer medulla of the infused kidney, had no effect on the production of 20-HETE in the cortex of the infused kidney, and produced a mean arterial pressure rise from 115 at baseline to 142 mm of mercury; this study indicates that the hypertensive versus hypotensive effects of 20-HETE depend not only on the organ of its production but also, with respect to the kidney, the site within the organ where it is produced.
Modular concurrency control Distributed serializability and commitment ordering Global_concurrency_control > Concurrency control in databases > Major goals of concurrency control mechanisms > Distribution > Distributed serializability and commitment ordering CO is also the name of the resulting schedule property: A schedule has the CO property if the chronological order of its transactions' commit events is compatible with the respective transactions' precedence (partial) order. SS2PL mentioned above is a variant (special case) of CO and thus also effective to achieve distributed and global serializability. It also provides automatic distributed deadlock resolution (a fact overlooked in the research literature even after CO's publication), as well as Strictness and thus Recoverability.
Energy distance Generalization to metric spaces Energy_distance > Generalization to metric spaces An example of a metric of negative type but not of strong negative type is the plane with the taxicab metric. All Euclidean spaces and even separable Hilbert spaces have strong negative type.In the literature on kernel methods for machine learning, these generalized notions of energy distance are studied under the name of maximum mean discrepancy. Equivalence of distance based and kernel methods for hypothesis testing is covered by several authors.
Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide Summary Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide (DMT-N-oxide) is a dimethyltryptamine metabolite. == References ==
Point groups in four dimensions Icositetrachoric symmetry Point_groups_in_four_dimensions > Notation for groups > Icositetrachoric symmetry Icositetrachoric group – F4, , (), order 1152, (Du Val #45 (O/T;O/T)*, Conway ±1/2.2), named for the 24-cell (icositetrachoron), . There are 24 mirror planes in this symmetry, which can be decomposed into two orthogonal sets of 12 mirrors in demitesseractic symmetry subgroups, as and , as index 6 subgroups. The extended icositetrachoric group, Aut(F4), ], () has order 2304, (Du Val #48 (O/O;O/O)*, Conway ±.2).
Acute pericarditis Diagnosis Acute_pericarditis > Diagnosis It signifies to the PR-depressions in a usual (but not always) association with downsloping TP segment in patients with acute pericarditis and is present in up to 80% of the patients affected with acute pericarditis. The sign is often best visualized in lead II and lateral precordial leads. In addition, Spodick's sign may also serve as an important distinguishing electrocardiographic tool between the acute pericarditis and acute coronary syndrome. The presence of a classical Spodick's sign is often a giveaway to the diagnosis.Rarely, electrical alternans may be seen, depending on the size of the effusion.A chest x-ray is usually normal in acute pericarditis but can reveal the presence of an enlarged heart if a pericardial effusion is present and is greater than 200 mL in volume. Conversely, patients with unexplained new onset cardiomegaly should always be worked up for acute pericarditis.An echocardiogram is typically normal in acute pericarditis but can reveal pericardial effusion, the presence of which supports the diagnosis, although its absence does not exclude the diagnosis.
Adversarial stylometry Methods Adversarial_stylometry > Methods With imitation, the author attempts to mislead stylometry by matching their style to another author's. An incomplete imitation, where some of the true author's unique characteristics appear alongside the imitated author's, can be a detectable signal for the use of adversarial stylometry. Imitation can be performed automatically with style transfer systems, though this typically requires a large corpus in the target style for the system to learn from.Another approach is translation, which employs machine translation of a source text to eliminate characteristic style, often through multiple translators in sequence to produce a round-trip translation. Such chained translation can lead to texts being significantly altered, even to the point of incomprehensibility; improved translation tools reduce this risk.
Behavior mutation Mutations affecting passive/aggressive characteristics Behavior_mutation > Mutations affecting passive/aggressive characteristics Aggression is a survival trait that can be favoured by natural selection in nearly any species. Aggressive individuals can be better able to compete for resources including food, territory and mates, as well as more successful in protecting themselves and their progeny from predators. It can also be energetically costly, and extreme or out of context aggression can be disadvantageous or deleterious, especially in social organisms. Aggression is a complex trait that is regulated by many interacting genes and gene expression is highly variable depending on environment (phenotypic plasticity). Mutations in genes that influence aggressive behaviours can potentially increase aggression or passivity.
Iron bloom Process Iron_bloom > Process The small particles of iron produced in this way fall to the bottom of the furnace, where they combine with molten slag, often consisting of fayalite, a compound of silicon, oxygen, and iron mixed with other impurities from the ore. The hot liquid slag, running to the bottom of the furnace, cools against the base and lower side walls of the furnace, effectively forming a bowl still containing fluid slag. As the individual iron particles form, they fall into this bowl and sinter together under their own weight, forming a spongy mass referred to as the bloom.
Reprogramming Initiation Reprogramming > Phases of reprogramming > Initiation The main indicator that the initiation phase has completed is that the first genes associated with pluripotency are expressed. This includes the expression of Oct-4 or Homeobox protein NANOG, while undergoing a mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), and the loss of apoptosis and senescence.If the cell is directly reprogrammed from one somatic cell to another, the genes associated with each cell type begin to be upregulated and downregulated accordingly. This can either occur through direct cell reprogramming or creating a intermediate, such as a iPSC, and differentiating into the desired cell type.The initiation phase is completed through one of three pathways: nuclear transfer, cell fusion, or defined factors (microRNA, transcription factor, epigenetic markers, and other small molecules).
Dot plot (bioinformatics) Interpretation Dot_plot_(bioinformatics) > Interpretation This relationship is affected by certain sequence features such as frame shifts, direct repeats, and inverted repeats. Frame shifts include insertions, deletions, and mutations. The presence of one of these features, or the presence of multiple features, will cause for multiple lines to be plotted in a various possibility of configurations, depending on the features present in the sequences.
Store energy Hydrogen Gravitational_potential_energy_storage > Methods > Chemical > Power to gas > Hydrogen Powerpaste is made by combining magnesium powder with hydrogen to form magnesium hydride in a process conducted at 350 °C and five to six times atmospheric pressure. An ester and a metal salt are then added to make the finished product. Fraunhofer states that they are building a production plant slated to start production in 2021, which will produce 4 tons of Powerpaste annually. Fraunhofer has patented their invention in the United States and EU. Fraunhofer claims that Powerpaste is able to store hydrogen energy at 10 times the energy density of a lithium battery of a similar dimension and is safe and convenient for automotive situations.
X86 assembly language Stack instructions X86_assembly_language > Instruction types > Stack instructions The x86 architecture has hardware support for an execution stack mechanism. Instructions such as push, pop, call and ret are used with the properly set up stack to pass parameters, to allocate space for local data, and to save and restore call-return points. The ret size instruction is very useful for implementing space efficient (and fast) calling conventions where the callee is responsible for reclaiming stack space occupied by parameters. When setting up a stack frame to hold local data of a recursive procedure there are several choices; the high level enter instruction (introduced with the 80186) takes a procedure-nesting-depth argument as well as a local size argument, and may be faster than more explicit manipulation of the registers (such as push bp ; mov bp, sp ; sub sp, size). Whether it is faster or slower depends on the particular x86-processor implementation as well as the calling convention used by the compiler, programmer or particular program code; most x86 code is intended to run on x86-processors from several manufacturers and on different technological generations of processors, which implies highly varying microarchitectures and microcode solutions as well as varying gate- and transistor-level design choices. The full range of addressing modes (including immediate and base+offset) even for instructions such as push and pop, makes direct usage of the stack for integer, floating point and address data simple, as well as keeping the ABI specifications and mechanisms relatively simple compared to some RISC architectures (require more explicit call stack details).
Class consciousness Summary Class_consciousness In Marxism, class consciousness is the set of beliefs that a person holds regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests. According to Karl Marx, it is an awareness that is key to sparking a revolution that would "create a dictatorship of the proletariat, transforming it from a wage-earning, property-less mass into the ruling class".
Homotopy category of chain complexes Definitions Homotopy_category_of_chain_complexes > Definitions Let A be an additive category. The homotopy category K(A) is based on the following definition: if we have complexes A, B and maps f, g from A to B, a chain homotopy from f to g is a collection of maps h n: A n → B n − 1 {\displaystyle h^{n}\colon A^{n}\to B^{n-1}} (not a map of complexes) such that f n − g n = d B n − 1 h n + h n + 1 d A n , {\displaystyle f^{n}-g^{n}=d_{B}^{n-1}h^{n}+h^{n+1}d_{A}^{n},} or simply f − g = d B h + h d A . {\displaystyle f-g=d_{B}h+hd_{A}.} This can be depicted as: We also say that f and g are chain homotopic, or that f − g {\displaystyle f-g} is null-homotopic or homotopic to 0.
Two-source hypothesis Summary Two-source_hypothesis Later scholars have advanced numerous elaborations and variations on the basic hypothesis, and even completely alternative hypotheses. Nevertheless, "the 2SH commands the support of most biblical critics from all continents and denominations. "When Streeter's two additional sources, M and L, are taken into account, this hypothesis is sometimes referred to as the four-document hypothesis.
Nucleic acid quaternary structure Riboswitches Nucleic_acid_quaternary_structure > RNA > Riboswitches Riboswitches are a type of mRNA structure that help regulate gene expression and often bind a diverse set of ligands. Riboswitches determine how gene expression responds to varying concentrations of small molecules in the cell This motif has been observed in flavin mononucleotide (FMN), cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), and glycine. Riboswitches are said to show pseudoquaternary structure.
Leaf epidermis Cell differentiation in the epidermis Epidermis_(botany) > Cell differentiation in the epidermis Spacing is thought to be essentially random in dicots though mutants do show it is under some form of genetic control, but it is more controlled in monocots, where stomata arise from specific asymmetric divisions of protoderm cells. The smaller of the two cells produced becomes the guard mother cells. Adjacent epidermal cells will also divide asymmetrically to form the subsidiary cells.
Transition metal sulfur dioxide complex Bonding modes Transition_metal_sulfur_dioxide_complex > Bonding modes η1-SO2, O-bonded. In such cases, SO2 attaches to a metal via one of its two oxygen centres. Such complexes are prevalent for hard metal cations such as Na+ and Al3+. In these compounds the M-O interaction is usually weak.More exotic bonding modes are known for clusters.
Social connectedness Social immune system Social_connectedness > Health > Social immune system It has become clear that there is a bidirectional relationship between circulating biomarkers of inflammation (e.g. the cytokine IL-6) and feelings of social connection and disconnection; not only are feelings of social isolation linked to increased inflammation, but experimentally induced inflammation alters social behavior and induces feelings of social isolation. This has important health implications. Feelings of chronic loneliness appear to trigger chronic inflammation.
Lean Manufacturing Summary Just-in-time_manufacturing The seven "wastes" (muda in Japanese), first formulated by Toyota engineer Shigeo Shingo, are the waste of superfluous inventory of raw material and finished goods, the waste of overproduction (producing more than what is needed now), the waste of over-processing (processing or making parts beyond the standard expected by customer), the waste of transportation (unnecessary movement of people and goods inside the system), the waste of excess motion (mechanizing or automating before improving the method), the waste of waiting (inactive working periods due to job queues), and the waste of making defective products (reworking to fix avoidable defects in products and processes).The term Lean was coined in 1988 by American businessman John Krafcik in his article "Triumph of the Lean Production System", and defined in 1996 by American researchers James Womack and Daniel Jones to consist of five key principles: "Precisely specify value by specific product, identify the value stream for each product, make value flow without interruptions, let customer pull value from the producer, and pursue perfection. "Companies employ the strategy to increase efficiency. By receiving goods only as they need them for the production process, it reduces inventory costs and wastage, and increases productivity and profit.
DNA end resection Telomeres in the late S/G2 phase DNA_end_resection > Resection of telomere DSBs > Telomeres in the late S/G2 phase In the late S/G2 phase of the cell cycle, the telomere-associated proteins RIF1, RIF2, and RAP2 exhibit their inhibitory effect by binding to telomeric DNA. In the Late S/G2 phase, the protein kinase CDK1 (cyclin-dependent) promotes telomeric resection. This control is exerted by cyclin-dependent kinases, which phosphorylate parts of the resection machinery. This process alleviates the inhibitory effect of the telomere-associated proteins, and allows Cdc13 (a binding protein on both the lagging strand, and leading strand) to cover telomeric DNA. The binding of cdc13 to DNA suppresses DNA damage checkpoint and allows resection to occur while allowing for telomerase elongation at the DSB ends.
Acute decompensated heart failure Signs and symptoms Acute_decompensated_heart_failure > Signs and symptoms Difficulty breathing, a cardinal symptom of left ventricular failure, may manifest with progressively increasing severity as the following: Difficulty breathing with physical activity (exertional dyspnea) Difficulty breathing while lying flat (orthopnea) Episodes of waking up from sleep gasping for air (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) Acute pulmonary edemaOther cardiac symptoms of heart failure include chest pain/pressure and palpitations. Common noncardiac signs and symptoms of heart failure include loss of appetite, nausea, weight loss, bloating, fatigue, weakness, low urine output, waking up at night to urinate, and cerebral symptoms of varying severity, ranging from anxiety to memory impairment and confusion.
History of special relativity Time dilation and twin paradox History_of_special_relativity > Special relativity > Spacetime physics > Time dilation and twin paradox Lorentz showed that there is no paradox if one considers that in one system only one clock is used, while in the other system two clocks are necessary, and the relativity of simultaneity is fully taken into account. A similar situation was created by Paul Langevin in 1911 with what was later called the "twin paradox", where he replaced the clocks by persons (Langevin never used the word "twins" but his description contained all other features of the paradox). Langevin solved the paradox by alluding to the fact that one twin accelerates and changes direction, so Langevin could show that the symmetry is broken and the accelerated twin is younger.
Eukaryotic DNA replication Replication fork barriers Eukaryotic_DNA_replication > Termination > Replication fork barriers Prokaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional; within a replicative origin, replisome complexes are created at each end of the replication origin and replisomes move away from each other from the initial starting point. In prokaryotes, bidirectional replication initiates at one replicative origin on the circular chromosome and terminates at a site opposed from the initial start of the origin. These termination regions have DNA sequences known as Ter sites. These Ter sites are bound by the Tus protein.