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Feline hyperthyroidism Summary Feline_hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. Some, however, use the terms interchangeably. Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, enlargement of the thyroid, hand tremor, and weight loss.
Human epigenome Methylation Human_epigenome > Chemical modifications > Methylation DNA functionally interacts with a variety of epigenetic marks, such as cytosine methylation, also known as 5-methylcytosine (5mC). This epigenetic mark is widely conserved and plays major roles in the regulation of gene expression, in the silencing of transposable elements and repeat sequences.Individuals differ with their epigenetic profile, for example the variance in CpG methylation among individuals is about 42%. On the contrary, epigenetic profile (including methylation profile) of each individual is constant over the course of a year, reflecting the constancy of our phenotype and metabolic traits. Methylation profile, in particular, is quite stable in a 12-month period and appears to change more over decades.
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix The unitarity triangles Unitarity_triangle > The unitarity triangles The remaining constraints of unitarity of the CKM-matrix can be written in the form ∑ k V i k V j k ∗ = 0 . {\displaystyle \sum _{k}V_{ik}V_{jk}^{*}=0~.} For any fixed and different i and j, this is a constraint on three complex numbers, one for each k, which says that these numbers form the sides of a triangle in the complex plane. There are six choices of i and j (three independent), and hence six such triangles, each of which is called a unitary triangle.
Carbohydrate catabolism Glycolysis Carbohydrate_catabolism > Glycolysis For the glucose molecule to oxidize into pyruvate, an input of ATP molecules is required. This is known as the investment phase, in which a total of two ATP molecules are consumed. At the end of glycolysis, the total yield of ATP is four molecules, but the net gain is two ATP molecules. Even though ATP is synthesized, the two ATP molecules produced are few compared to the second and third pathways, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Rifled barrel Recent developments Rifled_barrel > Recent developments This enables the bullet to remain essentially undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling at the throat, the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as it gets propelled down the barrel. The theoretical advantage is that by gradually increasing the spin rate, torque gets imparted along a much longer bore length, allowing thermomechanical stress to be spread over a larger area rather than being focused predominantly at the throat, which typically wears out much faster than other parts of the barrel.
Angular momentum (quantum mechanics) Orbital angular momentum in spherical coordinates Angular_momentum_operator > Orbital angular momentum in spherical coordinates Angular momentum operators usually occur when solving a problem with spherical symmetry in spherical coordinates. The angular momentum in the spatial representation is In spherical coordinates the angular part of the Laplace operator can be expressed by the angular momentum. This leads to the relation When solving to find eigenstates of the operator L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} , we obtain the following where are the spherical harmonics.
Behavioral modeling Additional sources Behavioral_modeling > Additional sources Paradigms and puzzles in the theory of dynamical systems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control Volume 36, pages 259-294, 1991 J.C. Willems. Models for dynamics. Dynamics Reported Volume 2, pages 171-269, 1989
Industrial engineering Pioneers Industrial_engineering > History > Pioneers In 1927, the then Technische Hochschule Berlin was the first German university to introduce the degree. The course of studies developed by Willi Prion was then still called Business and Technology and was intended to provide descendants of industrialists with an adequate education. Comprehensive quality management system (Total quality management or TQM) developed in the forties was gaining momentum after World War II and was part of the recovery of Japan after the war. The American Institute of Industrial Engineering was formed in 1948. The early work by F. W. Taylor and the Gilbreths was documented in papers presented to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers as interest grew from merely improving machine performance to the performance of the overall manufacturing process, most notably starting with the presentation by Henry R. Towne (1844–1924) of his paper The Engineer as An Economist (1886).
Kernel (set theory) Summary Kernel_(set_theory) In set theory, the kernel of a function f {\displaystyle f} (or equivalence kernel) may be taken to be either the equivalence relation on the function's domain that roughly expresses the idea of "equivalent as far as the function f {\displaystyle f} can tell", or the corresponding partition of the domain.An unrelated notion is that of the kernel of a non-empty family of sets B , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}},} which by definition is the intersection of all its elements: This definition is used in the theory of filters to classify them as being free or principal.
Thermal Equilibrium Overview Equilibrium_state > Overview Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium. The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized (in the absence of an applied voltage), or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions. One such potential is the Helmholtz free energy (A), for a closed system at constant volume and temperature (controlled by a heat bath): A = U − T S {\displaystyle A=U-TS} Another potential, the Gibbs free energy (G), is minimized at thermodynamic equilibrium in a closed system at constant temperature and pressure, both controlled by the surroundings: G = U − T S + P V {\displaystyle G=U-TS+PV} where T denotes the absolute thermodynamic temperature, P the pressure, S the entropy, V the volume, and U the internal energy of the system. In other words, Δ G = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta G=0} is a necessary condition for chemical equilibrium under these conditions (in the absence of an applied voltage). Thermodynamic equilibrium is the unique stable stationary state that is approached or eventually reached as the system interacts with its surroundings over a long time. The above-mentioned potentials are mathematically constructed to be the thermodynamic quantities that are minimized under the particular conditions in the specified surroundings.
HMG CoA reductase Drugs HMGCoA_reductase > Inhibitors > Drugs Drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, known collectively as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (or "statins"), are used to lower serum cholesterol as a means of reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease.These drugs include rosuvastatin (CRESTOR), lovastatin (Mevacor), atorvastatin (Lipitor), pravastatin (Pravachol), fluvastatin (Lescol), pitavastatin (Livalo), and simvastatin (Zocor). Red yeast rice extract, one of the fungal sources from which the statins were discovered, contains several naturally occurring cholesterol-lowering molecules known as monacolins. The most active of these is monacolin K, or lovastatin (previously sold under the trade name Mevacor, and now available as generic lovastatin).Vytorin is drug that combines the use simvastatin and ezetimibe, which slows the formation of cholesterol by every cell in the body, along with ezetimibe reducing absorption of cholesterol, typically by about 53%, from the intestines.Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are competent in lowering cholesterol levels and reducing cardiac-related diseases. However, there have been controversies surrounding the potential of statins increasing the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NOD).
Alternative and augmentative communication Symbols Alternative_and_augmentative_communication > Symbols Symbols are visuals used to represent objects, actions, and concepts through the use of items such as the physical object itself, colored or black and white photographs, line drawings, and written words. For users with literacy skills, alphabet-based symbols including individual letters, whole words, or parts thereof may be used in combination with the other types of symbols. Tactile symbols which are textured objects, real objects or parts of real objects that are used as a communication symbols particularly for individuals with visual impairments and/or significant intellectual impairments. Both low- and high-tech devices can incorporate the use of symbols.
Helium atom The variational method Helium_atom > Perturbation method > The variational method To obtain a more accurate energy the variational principle can be applied to the electron-electron potential Vee using the wave function After integrating this, the result is: This is closer to the experimental value, but if a better trial wave function is used, an even more accurate answer could be obtained. An ideal wave function would be one that doesn't ignore the influence of the other electron. In other words, each electron represents a cloud of negative charge which somewhat shields the nucleus so that the other electron actually sees an effective nuclear charge Z that is less than 2. A wave function of this type is given by: Treating Z as a variational parameter to minimize H. The Hamiltonian using the wave function above is given by: After calculating the expectation value of 1 r {\textstyle {\frac {1}{r}}} and Vee the expectation value of the Hamiltonian becomes: The minimum value of Z needs to be calculated, so taking a derivative with respect to Z and setting the equation to 0 will give the minimum value of Z: This shows that the other electron somewhat shields the nucleus reducing the effective charge from 2 to 1.69.
Elementary mathematics Spatial sense Elementary_mathematics > Strands of elementary mathematics > Spatial sense 'Measurement skills and concepts' or 'Spatial Sense' are directly related to the world in which students live. Many of the concepts that students are taught in this strand are also used in other subjects such as science, social studies, and physical education In the measurement strand students learn about the measurable attributes of objects, in addition to the basic metric system. Elementary Focus Standard and non-standard units of measurement telling time using 12 hour clock and 24 hour clock comparing objects using measurable attributes measuring height, length, width centimetres and metres mass and capacity temperature change days, months, weeks, years distances using kilometres measuring kilograms and litres determining area and perimeter determining grams and millilitre determining measurements using shapes such as a triangular prismThe measurement strand consists of multiple forms of measurement, as Marian Small states: "Measurement is the process of assigning a qualitative or quantitative description of size to an object based on a particular attribute."
Physical oceanography Circulation Physical_oceanography > Circulation This leads to slow equatorward flow throughout most of a subtropical ocean basin (the Sverdrup balance). The return flow occurs in an intense, narrow, poleward western boundary current. Like the atmosphere, the ocean is far wider than it is deep, and hence horizontal motion is in general much faster than vertical motion. In the southern hemisphere there is a continuous belt of ocean, and hence the mid-latitude westerlies force the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current. In the northern hemisphere the land masses prevent this and the ocean circulation is broken into smaller gyres in the Atlantic and Pacific basins.
Radius Inc. History Radius_Inc. > History The first Radius product was the Radius Full Page Display, one of the first large screens available for any personal computer. First available for the Macintosh Plus and Macintosh 512Ke, it pioneered the concept of putting multiple screens in a single coordinate space, allowing users to drag windows between multiple screens. This was a concept that Apple later incorporated into the Macintosh II. The firmware was written by Andy Hertzfeld while Burrell Smith developed the hardware.
Adaptation Summary Selective_advantage Historically, adaptation has been described from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Aristotle. In 18th and 19th century natural theology, adaptation was taken as evidence for the existence of a deity. Charles Darwin proposed instead that it was explained by natural selection.
RNase H-dependent PCR Summary RNase_H-dependent_PCR First, it has very little enzymatic activity at low temperature, enabling a “hot start PCR” without modifications to the DNA polymerase. Second, the cleavage efficiency of the enzyme is reduced in the presence of mismatches near the RNA residue. This allows for reduced primer dimer formation, detection of alternative splicing variants, ability to perform multiplex PCR with higher numbers of PCR primers, and the ability to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
Driver assistance Visual and environmental monitoring Advanced_driver_assistance_systems > Feature examples > Visual and environmental monitoring Automotive night vision systems enable the vehicle to detect obstacles, including pedestrians, in a nighttime setting or heavy weather situation when the driver has low visibility. These systems can various technologies, including infrared sensors, GPS, Lidar, and Radar, to detect pedestrians and non-human obstacles. Backup camera provides real-time video information regarding the location of your vehicle and its surroundings.
Renal biopsy Summary Kidney_biopsy This is typically done at 0, 3 and 12 months post-transplant according to a transplant unit protocol. Biopsy of the transplanted kidney taken during the transplant operation is termed implantation transplant biopsy or post-perfusion transplant biopsy depending on the timing of the biopsy with respect to key stages of the operation. When the transplanted kidney is not working properly, biopsy may be undertaken to identify the cause of dysfunction.
Lorentzian metric Summary Lorentzian_manifold In differential geometry, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold, also called a semi-Riemannian manifold, is a differentiable manifold with a metric tensor that is everywhere nondegenerate. This is a generalization of a Riemannian manifold in which the requirement of positive-definiteness is relaxed. Every tangent space of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is a pseudo-Euclidean vector space. A special case used in general relativity is a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold for modeling spacetime, where tangent vectors can be classified as timelike, null, and spacelike.
Haematopoietic stem cell Repopulation kinetics Myeloid_progenitor_cells > Research > Repopulation kinetics Myeloid-biased (My-bi) Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to very few lymphocytes resulting in ratios 0 < ρ < 3, while lymphoid-biased (Ly-bi) Hematopoietic stem cells generate very few myeloid cells, which results in lymphoid-to-myeloid ratios of ρ > 10. All three types are normal types of HSC, and they do not represent stages of differentiation.
Linked-read sequencing De Novo Genome Assembly Linked-read_sequencing > Applications > De Novo Genome Assembly Linked-read sequencing can facilitate de novo genome assembly, which involves reconstructing a genome from scratch without any prior reference. Linked-read sequencing enables assembly of large genomic regions, and helps improve the completeness and contiguity of the resulting genome. This can be particularly useful for studying organisms that lack a high-quality reference genome, such as non-model organisms or organisms with complex genomes. Many scientists have been using linked-read sequencing technology for de novo genome assembly recently in a variety of organisms, including humans, plants, and animals.
Padding (cryptography) Block cipher mode of operation Padding_(cryptography) > Symmetric cryptography > Block cipher mode of operation Streaming modes of operation can encrypt and decrypt messages of any size and therefore do not require padding. More intricate ways of ending a message such as ciphertext stealing or residual block termination avoid the need for padding. A disadvantage of padding is that it makes the plain text of the message susceptible to padding oracle attacks.
Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cell Summary Myeloid-derived_Suppressor_Cell In patients with breast cancer, levels of MDSC in blood are about 10-fold higher than normal. The size of the myeloid suppressor compartment is considered to be an important factor in the success or failure of cancer immunotherapy, highlighting the importance of this cell type for human pathophysiology. A high level of MDSC infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment (TME) correlates with shorter survival times of patients with solid tumors and could mediate resistance to checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Studies are needed to determine whether MDSCs are a population of immature myeloid cells that have stopped differentiation or a distinct myeloid lineage.
CPS operon Summary CPS_operon RcsB then binds to RcsA, forming a complex which acts on the CPS promoter and activates transcription of the CPS genes. The same operon is present in Klebsiella species, possibly as a result of horizontal gene transfer. == References ==
Malignant: How Cancer Becomes Us Summary Malignant:_How_Cancer_Becomes_Us > Summary The book consists of nine chapters, in which each chapter talks about an important part of Jain's life with cancer. After being previously misdiagnosed three times, Jain discovers that they have an advanced form of breast cancer. They decide to treat their breast cancer by undergoing a double mastectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy. Throughout the recovery process of each course of treatment, Jain emotionally heals by joining recovery groups and researching the statistics and background of cancer, including attending oncology conferences. This leads them to question the medicine and culture behind cancer.
Data scientist Data Science and Data Analysis Data_scientists > Data Science and Data Analysis For example, a data analyst might analyze sales data to identify trends in customer behavior and make recommendations for marketing strategies.Data science, on the other hand, is a more complex and iterative process that involves working with larger, more complex datasets that often require advanced computational and statistical methods to analyze. Data scientists often work with unstructured data such as text or images and use machine learning algorithms to build predictive models and make data-driven decisions. In addition to statistical analysis, data science often involves tasks such as data preprocessing, feature engineering, and model selection.
Water organ Hydraulis Water_organ > Hydraulis A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that operated by converting the dynamic energy of water (Ancient Greek: ὕδωρ, romanized: húdōr) into air pressure to drive the pipes (Ancient Greek: αὐλός, romanized: aulós). Hence its name hydraulis, literally "water (driven) pipe (instrument)." It is attributed to the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria, an engineer of the 3rd century BCE. The hydraulis was the world's first keyboard instrument and was the predecessor of the modern church organ.
Motion platform Implications Motion_simulator > How human physiology processes and responds to motion > Simulator operations > Implications For example, consider riding in a car traveling at some arbitrary constant speed. In this situation, our sense of sight and sound provide the only cues (excluding engine vibration) that the car is moving; no other forces act on the passengers of the car except for gravity. Next, consider the same example of a car moving at constant speed except this time, all passengers of the car are blindfolded. If the driver were to step on the gas, the car would accelerate forward thus pressing each passenger back into their seat. In this situation, each passenger would perceive the increase in speed by sensing the additional pressure from the seat cushion.
Validity (statistics) Validity (accuracy) Validity_(psychometric) > Test validity > Validity (accuracy) E.g. a scale that is 5 pounds off is reliable but not valid. A test cannot be valid unless it is reliable.
Pauson–Khand reaction Mechanism Pauson–Khand_reaction > Mechanism While the mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, Magnus' 1985 explanation is widely accepted for both mono- and dinuclear catalysts, and was corroborated by computational studies published by Nakamura and Yamanaka in 2001. The reaction starts with dicobalt hexacarbonyl acetylene complex. Binding of an alkene gives a metallacyclopentene complex. CO then migratorily inserts into an M-C bond. Reductive elimination delivers the cyclopentenone. Typically, the dissociation of carbon monoxide from the organometallic complex is rate limiting.
Nephrotic syndrome Epidemiology Nephrotic_syndrome > Epidemiology Nephrotic syndrome can affect any age, although it is mainly found in adults with a ratio of adults to children of 26 to 1.The syndrome presents in different ways in the two groups: the most frequent glomerulopathy in children is minimal change disease (66% of cases), followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (8%) and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (6%). In adults the most common disease is mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (30-40%), followed by focal and segmental glomeruloesclerosis (15-25%) and minimal change disease (20%). The latter usually presents as secondary and not primary as occurs in children. Its main cause is diabetic nephropathy.
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Adverse events SARS-CoV-2_vaccine > Adverse events For most people, the side effects, also called adverse effects, from COVID‑19 vaccines are mild and can be managed at home. Adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccination are similar to other vaccines, and severe adverse effects are rare. Adverse effects from the vaccine are higher than placebo, but placebo arms of vaccine trials still reported adverse effects that can be attributed to the nocebo effect.All vaccines that are administered via intramuscular injection, including COVID‑19 vaccines, have side effects related to the mild trauma associated with the procedure and introduction of a foreign substance into the body. These include soreness, redness, rash, and inflammation at the injection site.
Misorientation Graphical representation Misorientation > Graphical representation Discrete misorientations or the misorientation distribution can be fully described as plots in the Euler angle, axis/angle, or Rodrigues vector space. Unit quaternions, while computationally convenient, do not lend themselves to graphical representation because of their four-dimensional nature. For any of the representations, plots are usually constructed as sections through the fundamental zone; along φ2 in Euler angles, at increments of rotation angle for axis/angle, and at constant ρ3 (parallel to <001>) for Rodrigues.
Irreversible change Absolute versus statistical reversibility Irreversible_change > Absolute versus statistical reversibility Thermodynamics defines the statistical behaviour of large numbers of entities, whose exact behavior is given by more specific laws. While the fundamental theoretical laws of physics are all time-reversible, experimentally the probability of real reversibility is low and the former state of system and surroundings is recovered only to certain extent (see: uncertainty principle). The reversibility of thermodynamics must be statistical in nature; that is, it must be merely highly unlikely, but not impossible, that a system will lower in entropy. In other words, time reversibility is fulfilled if the process happens the same way if time were to flow in reverse or the order of states in the process is reversed (the last state becomes the first and vice versa).
Bijective proof A bijective proof Bijective_proof > Basic examples > Proving the symmetry of the binomial coefficients > A bijective proof The key idea of the proof may be understood from a simple example: selecting k children to be rewarded with ice cream cones, out of a group of n children, has exactly the same effect as choosing instead the n − k children to be denied ice cream cones. More abstractly and generally, the two quantities asserted to be equal count the subsets of size k and n − k, respectively, of any n-element set S. Let A be the set of all k-element subsets of S, the set A has size ( n k ) . {\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}.} Let B be the set of all n−k subsets of S, the set B has size ( n n − k ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{n-k}}} .
The Pale Fortification: The Pale Ditch The_Pale > Fortification: The Pale Ditch Rather, the builders made use of an existing shallow escarpment, steepening the slope to create a 2 meter high barrier to movement from north to south. The purpose of this was probably to make it hard for Irish raiders to herd stolen cattle from the Pale to the Wicklow mountains to the south. That this feature was part of the Pale Ditch was originally proposed by Rob Goodbody in the 1990s, and recently confirmed by archaeology during the building of the Clay Farm housing development.
Ocular lens Properties Orthoscopic_eyepiece > Properties Several properties of an eyepiece are likely to be of interest to a user of an optical instrument, when comparing eyepieces and deciding which eyepiece suits their needs.
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia Signs and symptoms Organizing_pneumonia > Signs and symptoms The classic presentation of COP is the development of nonspecific systemic (e.g., fevers, chills, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss) and respiratory (e.g. difficulty breathing, cough) symptoms in association with filling of the lung alveoli that is visible on chest x-ray. This presentation is usually so suggestive of an infection that the majority of patients with COP have been treated with at least one failed course of antibiotics by the time the true diagnosis is made. Symptoms are usually subacute, occurring over weeks to months with dry cough (seen in 71% of people), dyspnea (shortness of breath)(62%) and fever (44%) being the most common symptoms.
DataONE Data management DataONE > Data management DataONE provides a place for scientists to store data and its associated metadata. The metadata makes this data searchable and accessible to other scientists. Data management practices include Data management planning Data acquisition (techniques, protocols, methods) Data protection (backing up) Data entry and manipulation (naming files, organization) Matlab, R Quality control on data Data analysis Workflow tools (VisTrails, Kepler scientific workflow system) Data documentation (metadata) Data sharing, citation, and discovery Data preservation and curationSome of the additional data management planning resources include: a primer for best practices, a database for best practices in data management, educational modules and tutorials, webinars, and an investigator toolkit. These have been used or adapted for use under Creative Commons license by organizations and institutions that seek to educate other communities about data and research management. Understanding different audiences of users led to the development of possible user personas as models for users such as early-career researchers, science data librarians, citizen scientists or K-12 educators.
Three dimension History Three_dimensions > History While not explicitly studied by Hamilton, this indirectly introduced notions of basis, here given by the quaternion elements i , j , k {\displaystyle i,j,k} , as well as the dot product and cross product, which correspond to (the negative of) the scalar part and the vector part of the product of two vector quaternions. It was not until Josiah Willard Gibbs that these two products were identified in their own right, and the modern notation for the dot and cross product were introduced in his classroom teaching notes, found also in the 1901 textbook Vector Analysis written by Edwin Bidwell Wilson based on Gibbs' lectures. Also during the 19th century came developments in the abstract formalism of vector spaces, with the work of Hermann Grassmann and Giuseppe Peano, the latter of whom first gave the modern definition of vector spaces as an algebraic structure.
Pointe technique Movement into en pointe Pointe_technique > Technique > Movement into en pointe Modern ballet technique incorporates all three transition methods. Relevé and piqué transitions are typically used for adages, where strength, poise and controlled movements are highlighted. The more abrupt sauté method, which was introduced by Enrico Cecchetti, is typically used in allegros, where the relatively slow and smooth relevé and piqué transitions would be both impractical and visually inconsistent with the lively pace of movement. The sauté method is more common in Russian ballet.
Taylor theorem Explicit formulas for the remainder Quadratic_approximation > Taylor's theorem in one real variable > Explicit formulas for the remainder For example, if G(t) is continuous on the closed interval and differentiable with a non-vanishing derivative on the open interval between a {\textstyle a} and x {\textstyle x} , then for some number ξ {\textstyle \xi } between a {\textstyle a} and x {\textstyle x} . This version covers the Lagrange and Cauchy forms of the remainder as special cases, and is proved below using Cauchy's mean value theorem. The Lagrange form is obtained by taking G ( t ) = ( x − t ) k + 1 {\displaystyle G(t)=(x-t)^{k+1}} and the Cauchy form is obtained by taking G ( t ) = t − a {\displaystyle G(t)=t-a} .
HTTP method Content retrieval optimizations HTTP_method > HTTP data exchange > Content retrieval optimizations This mechanism could not distinguish between a resource transfer successfully completed and an interrupted one (because of a server / network error or something else). HTTP/1.1 HTTP/1.1 introduced: new headers to better manage the conditional retrieval of cached resources. chunked transfer encoding to allow content to be streamed in chunks in order to reliably send it even when the server does not know in advance its length (i.e. because it is dynamically generated, etc.). byte range serving, where a client can request only one or more portions (ranges of bytes) of a resource (i.e. the first part, a part in the middle or in the end of the entire content, etc.) and the server usually sends only the requested part(s). This is useful to resume an interrupted download (when a file is really big), when only a part of a content has to be shown or dynamically added to the already visible part by a browser (i.e. only the first or the following n comments of a web page) in order to spare time, bandwidth and system resources, etc.HTTP/2, HTTP/3 Both HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 have kept the above mentioned features of HTTP/1.1.
Satellite flare Summary Iridium_flares Satellite flare, also known as satellite glint, is a satellite pass visible to the naked eye as a brief, bright "flare". It is caused by the reflection toward the Earth below of sunlight incident on satellite surfaces such as solar panels and antennas (e.g., synthetic aperture radar). Streaks from satellite flare are a form of light pollution that can negatively affect ground-based astronomy, stargazing, and indigenous people.Many satellites flare with magnitudes bright enough to see with the unaided eye, i.e. brighter than magnitude +6.5. Smaller magnitude numbers are brighter, so negative magnitudes are brighter than positive magnitudes, i.e. the scale is reverse logarithmic (see apparent magnitude).
Brouwer fixed-point theorem Summary Brouwer_Fixed_Point_Theorem It appears in unlikely fields such as game theory. In economics, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem and its extension, the Kakutani fixed-point theorem, play a central role in the proof of existence of general equilibrium in market economies as developed in the 1950s by economics Nobel prize winners Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu. The theorem was first studied in view of work on differential equations by the French mathematicians around Henri Poincaré and Charles Émile Picard.
Angles of attack Relation between angle of attack and lift coefficient Critical_angle_of_attack > Relation between angle of attack and lift coefficient The lift coefficient of a fixed-wing aircraft varies with angle of attack. Increasing angle of attack is associated with increasing lift coefficient up to the maximum lift coefficient, after which lift coefficient decreases.As the angle of attack of a fixed-wing aircraft increases, separation of the airflow from the upper surface of the wing becomes more pronounced, leading to a reduction in the rate of increase of the lift coefficient. The figure shows a typical curve for a cambered straight wing. Cambered airfoils are curved such that they generate some lift at small negative angles of attack.
Pattern detection Frequentist or Bayesian approach to pattern recognition Pattern_Recognition > Problem statement > Frequentist or Bayesian approach to pattern recognition Also the probability of each class p ( l a b e l \| θ ) {\displaystyle p({\rm {label}}\|{\boldsymbol {\theta }})} is estimated from the collected dataset. Note that the usage of 'Bayes rule' in a pattern classifier does not make the classification approach Bayesian. Bayesian statistics has its origin in Greek philosophy where a distinction was already made between the 'a priori' and the 'a posteriori' knowledge.
Lawrencium Summary Lawrencium Fourteen isotopes of lawrencium are currently known; the most stable is 266Lr with half-life 11 hours, but the shorter-lived 260Lr (half-life 2.7 minutes) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale. Chemistry experiments confirm that lawrencium behaves as a heavier homolog to lutetium in the periodic table, and is a trivalent element. It thus could also be classified as the first of the 7th-period transition metals: however, its electron configuration is anomalous for its position in the periodic table, having an s2p configuration instead of the s2d configuration of its homolog lutetium.
Chloryl Structure Chloryl > Structure The ClO+2 cation is isoelectronic with SO2, and has a bent structure with a bond angle close to 120°. The Cl–O bond is of bond order 1.5, with its Lewis structure consisting of a double bond and a dative bond which does not utilize d-orbitals.The red color of ClO+2 is caused by electron transitions into an antibonding orbital. The analogous transition in SO2 is not in the visible spectrum, so SO2 is colorless. The strength of interaction with the counterion affects the energy of this antibonding orbital; thus, in colorless chloryl compounds, strong interactions with the counterion, corresponding with the higher covalent character of the bonding, shift the transition energy out of the visible spectrum.
Acceleration (special relativity) Summary Acceleration_(special_relativity) Equations for several forms of acceleration of bodies and their curved world lines follow from these formulas by integration. Well known special cases are hyperbolic motion for constant longitudinal proper acceleration or uniform circular motion. Eventually, it is also possible to describe these phenomena in accelerated frames in the context of special relativity, see Proper reference frame (flat spacetime).
Andrew Childs Research Andrew_Childs > Research Childs is known for his work on quantum computing, especially on the development of quantum algorithms. He helped to develop the concept of a quantum walk leading to an example of exponential quantum speedup and algorithms for spatial search, formula evaluation, and universal computation. He also developed quantum algorithms for algebraic problems and for simulating quantum systems.
Fusion reaction Requirements Fusion_reaction > Requirements The net result of the opposing electrostatic and strong nuclear forces is that the binding energy per nucleon generally increases with increasing size, up to the elements iron and nickel, and then decreases for heavier nuclei. Eventually, the binding energy becomes negative and very heavy nuclei (all with more than 208 nucleons, corresponding to a diameter of about 6 nucleons) are not stable. The four most tightly bound nuclei, in decreasing order of binding energy per nucleon, are 62Ni, 58Fe, 56Fe, and 60Ni.
Electric resistance Measurement Electrical_Conductance > Measurement An instrument for measuring resistance is called an ohmmeter. Simple ohmmeters cannot measure low resistances accurately because the resistance of their measuring leads causes a voltage drop that interferes with the measurement, so more accurate devices use four-terminal sensing.
Engineering structure Civil engineering structures Structural_Engineering > Specializations > Civil engineering structures Civil structural engineering includes all structural engineering related to the built environment. It includes: The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer). Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities, or below ground.
Hapticity Summary Hapticity In coordination chemistry, hapticity is the coordination of a ligand to a metal center via an uninterrupted and contiguous series of atoms. The hapticity of a ligand is described with the Greek letter η ('eta'). For example, η2 describes a ligand that coordinates through 2 contiguous atoms.
Intel VT Summary Secure_Virtual_Machine x86 virtualization is the use of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities on an x86/x86-64 CPU. In the late 1990s x86 virtualization was achieved by complex software techniques, necessary to compensate for the processor's lack of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities while attaining reasonable performance. In 2005 and 2006, both Intel (VT-x) and AMD (AMD-V) introduced limited hardware virtualization support that allowed simpler virtualization software but offered very few speed benefits. Greater hardware support, which allowed substantial speed improvements, came with later processor models.
Finite-element analysis XFEM Finite_element_methods > Various types of finite element methods > XFEM Moreover, treating problems with discontinuities with XFEMs suppresses the need to mesh and re-mesh the discontinuity surfaces, thus alleviating the computational costs and projection errors associated with conventional finite element methods at the cost of restricting the discontinuities to mesh edges. Several research codes implement this technique to various degrees: GetFEM++ xfem++ openxfem++XFEM has also been implemented in codes like Altair Radios, ASTER, Morfeo, and Abaqus. It is increasingly being adopted by other commercial finite element software, with a few plugins and actual core implementations available (ANSYS, SAMCEF, OOFELIE, etc.).
Computational psychiatry Memory and synaptic plasticity Mathematical_neuroscience > Major topics > Memory and synaptic plasticity Earlier models of memory are primarily based on the postulates of Hebbian learning. Biologically relevant models such as Hopfield net have been developed to address the properties of associative (also known as "content-addressable") style of memory that occur in biological systems. These attempts are primarily focusing on the formation of medium- and long-term memory, localizing in the hippocampus. Models of working memory, relying on theories of network oscillations and persistent activity, have been built to capture some features of the prefrontal cortex in context-related memory.
List of systems of the human body Immune system/lymphatic system List_of_systems_of_the_human_body > Immune system/lymphatic system Defends the body against pathogens that may harm the body. The system contains a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph.
Effector (biology) Summary Effector_(biology) Such an example are RAS effector proteins, which are all able to bind RAS.GTP, but trigger different cell pathways upon doing so - such as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway, the PI3K pathway or several others. An effector hormone is a hormone that acts on a particular tissue - an example of such a hormone is thyroxine (T4), which regulates metabolism in many tissues throughout the body.
Cancer Stem Cells Targeting Cancer_stem_cell > Implications > Targeting It was later shown in 2017 that salinomycin kills cancer stem cells by sequestering iron in lysosomes and killing the cells by exploiting their vulnerability to ferroptosis. Some types of cancer cells can survive treatment with salinomycin through autophagy, whereby cells use acidic organelles such as lysosomes to degrade and recycle certain types of proteins. The use of autophagy inhibitors can kill cancer stem cells that survive by autophagy.The cell surface receptor interleukin-3 receptor-alpha (CD123) is overexpressed on CD34+CD38- leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) but not on normal CD34+CD38- bone marrow cells.
Grounded theory Premise Grounded_theory > Premise Hypotheses are supposed to emerge from the data.A goal of the researcher employing grounded theory methods is that of generating concepts that explain the way people resolve their central concerns regardless of time and place. These concepts organize the ground-level data. The concepts become the building blocks of hypotheses.
Atony E Atony > E Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology. Epidemiology – is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.
Material point method Summary Material_point_method These material points are surrounded by a background mesh/grid that is used to calculate terms such as the deformation gradient. Unlike other mesh-based methods like the finite element method, finite volume method or finite difference method, the MPM is not a mesh based method and is instead categorized as a meshless/meshfree or continuum-based particle method, examples of which are smoothed particle hydrodynamics and peridynamics. Despite the presence of a background mesh, the MPM does not encounter the drawbacks of mesh-based methods (high deformation tangling, advection errors etc.) which makes it a promising and powerful tool in computational mechanics.
Design for All (in ICT) Protection of privacy Design_for_All_(in_ICT) > Legislative and regulative background > Protection of privacy In other words, privacy is desired. In 1995 the European Union adopted a Directive on the processing of personal data.This directive established the basic principles for the collection, storage and use of personal data which should be respected by governments, businesses and any other organizations or individuals engaged in handling personal data. Within the context of Design for All (in ICT), privacy protection is called Privacy by Design.
Economic equilibrium Example: Nash equilibrium Market_equilibrium > Properties of equilibrium > Example: Nash equilibrium Is the equilibrium stable as required by P3? Cournot himself argued that it was stable using the stability concept implied by best response dynamics. The reaction function for each firm gives the output which maximizes profits (best response) in terms of output for a firm in terms of a given output of the other firm.
Complete TVS Complete topological vector space Complete_topological_vector_space > Definitions > Complete topological vector space A topological vector space X {\displaystyle X} is called a complete topological vector space if any of the following equivalent conditions are satisfied: X {\displaystyle X} is a complete uniform space when it is endowed with its canonical uniformity. In the general theory of uniform spaces, a uniform space is called a complete uniform space if each Cauchy filter on X {\displaystyle X} converges to some point of X {\displaystyle X} in the topology induced by the uniformity. When X {\displaystyle X} is a TVS, the topology induced by the canonical uniformity is equal to X {\displaystyle X} 's given topology (so convergence in this induced topology is just the usual convergence in X {\displaystyle X} ).
Three-dimensional figure Techniques Three-dimensional_object > Techniques Various techniques and tools are used in solid geometry. Among them, analytic geometry and vector techniques have a major impact by allowing the systematic use of linear equations and matrix algebra, which are important for higher dimensions.
Contact homology Research articles Contact_homology > References > Research articles doi:10.4007/annals.2004.159.1159. S2CID 8154024. Ozsváth, Peter; Szabó, Zoltán (2004).
Quorum sensing Discovery Quorum_sensing > Discovery Quorum sensing was first reported in 1970, by Kenneth Nealson, Terry Platt, and J. Woodland Hastings, who observed what they described as a conditioning of the medium in which they had grown the bioluminescent marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. These bacteria did not synthesize luciferase—and therefore did not luminesce—in freshly inoculated culture but only after the bacterial population had increased significantly. Because they attributed this conditioning of the medium to the growing population of cells itself, they referred to the phenomenon as autoinduction.
Thoracic aortic dissection Medication Aortic_dissection > Management > Medication The target heart rate is less than 65 beats per minute. Long-term blood pressure control is required for every person who has experienced aortic dissection.Beta blockers are the first-line treatment for patients with acute and chronic aortic dissection. In acute dissection, fast-acting agents can be given intravenously and have doses that are easier to adjust (such as esmolol, propranolol, or labetalol) is preferred. Vasodilators such as sodium nitroprusside can be considered for people with ongoing high blood pressure, but they should never be used alone, as they often stimulate a reflexive increase in the heart rate.Calcium channel blockers can be used in the treatment of aortic dissection, particularly if a contraindication to the use of beta-blockers exists. The calcium channel blockers typically used are verapamil and diltiazem, because of their combined vasodilator and negative inotropic effects.If the individual has refractory hypertension (persistent hypertension on the maximum doses of three different classes of antihypertensive agents), involvement of the renal arteries in the aortic dissection plane should be considered.
Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic ratio – definition 1 Transient_kinetic_isotope_fractionation > Mathematical description of transient kinetic isotope effects > General equations for biochemical isotope fractionation (GEBIF) > Isotopic ratio – definition 1 Isotopic ratio relative to each component in the system, each with its isotopic expression, with respect to the concentration of its most abundant isotopologue R S b j , β j ∗ ∗ ( t ) = a j b j S j β j ( t ) a j 0 S j ( t ) {\displaystyle R_{S_{b_{j},\beta _{j}}}^{}(t)={\frac {{^{b_{j}}_{a_{j}}}S_{j}^{\beta _{j}}(t)}{^{0}_{a_{j}}S_{j}(t)}}} R P d h , γ h ∗ ∗ ( t ) = c h d h P h γ h ( t ) c h 0 P h ( t ) {\displaystyle R_{P_{d_{h},\gamma _{h}}}^{}(t)={\frac {{^{d_{h}}_{c_{h}}}P_{h}^{\gamma _{h}}(t)}{^{0}_{c_{h}}P_{h}(t)}}}
Nonstandard real number Use in analysis Hyperreal_number_line > Use in analysis Informal notations for non-real quantities have historically appeared in calculus in two contexts: as infinitesimals, like dx, and as the symbol ∞, used, for example, in limits of integration of improper integrals. As an example of the transfer principle, the statement that for any nonzero number x, 2x ≠ x, is true for the real numbers, and it is in the form required by the transfer principle, so it is also true for the hyperreal numbers. This shows that it is not possible to use a generic symbol such as ∞ for all the infinite quantities in the hyperreal system; infinite quantities differ in magnitude from other infinite quantities, and infinitesimals from other infinitesimals.
Complex data type Language support Complex_data_type > Language support Its basic mathematical functions are defined for complex numbers, where applicable. For example the square root of -1 is a complex number: Scheme: Complex numbers and functions (e.g. sin) are included in the language specification. Their implementation is however optional in the R5RS standard, while in R6RS is mandatory.
Stress triaxiality Summary Stress_triaxiality In continuum mechanics, stress triaxiality is the relative degree of hydrostatic stress in a given stress state. It is often used as a triaxiality factor, T.F, which is the ratio of the hydrostatic stress, σ m {\displaystyle \sigma _{m}} , to the Von Mises equivalent stress, σ e q {\displaystyle \sigma _{eq}} . T .
Mixed layer Summary Mixed_layer The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, surface heat fluxes, or processes such as evaporation or sea ice formation which result in an increase in salinity. The atmospheric mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height. Turbulence typically plays a role in the formation of fluid mixed layers.
Automated manufacturing Business process Automated_method > Recent and emerging applications > Business process Business process automation (BPA) is the technology-enabled automation of complex business processes. It can help to streamline a business for simplicity, achieve digital transformation, increase service quality, improve service delivery or contain costs. BPA consists of integrating applications, restructuring labor resources and using software applications throughout the organization. Robotic process automation (RPA; or RPAAI for self-guided RPA 2.0) is an emerging field within BPA and uses AI. BPAs can be implemented in a number of business areas including marketing, sales and workflow.
Jacob Bernoulli Works Jacob_Bernoulli > Works 2. Genève: héritiers Cramer & frères Philibert. 1744.
Inverse trigonometry Detailed example and explanation of the "plus or minus" symbol ± Arctan_(trigonometry) > Basic concepts > Solutions to elementary trigonometric equations > Detailed example and explanation of the "plus or minus" symbol ± We want to find this θ . {\displaystyle \theta .} The table above indicates that the solution is which is a shorthand way of saying that (at least) one of the following statement is true: θ = arccos ⁡ x + 2 π k {\displaystyle \,\theta =\arccos x+2\pi k\,} for some integer k , {\displaystyle k,} or θ = − arccos ⁡ x + 2 π k {\displaystyle \,\theta =-\arccos x+2\pi k\,} for some integer k .
Innate lymphoid cell Intestinal mucosa Innate_lymphoid_cell > Function > Intestinal mucosa There is also crosstalk between macrophages and ILC3s, via RORγt driven GM-CSF production, that is dependent on microbial signalling, and the production of IL-1β by macrophages. A deficiency in dietary vitamin A results in abnormally small numbers of ILC3s, and therefore a reduction of IL-22 production, and higher susceptibility to infection. Conversely, retinoic acid suppresses ILC2 proliferation by down regulating IL-7Ra, and deprivation of vitamin A has been shown to enhance ILC2- mediated resistance to helminth infection in mice.
NE (complexity) Summary NE_(complexity) In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NE is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine in time O(kn) for some k.NE, unlike the similar class NEXPTIME, is not closed under polynomial-time many-one reductions.
Renal failure Signs and symptoms Oliguric_acute_renal_failure > Signs and symptoms If the disease progresses, symptoms become noticeable (if the failure is of sufficient degree to cause symptoms). Kidney failure accompanied by noticeable symptoms is termed uraemia.Symptoms of kidney failure include the following: High levels of urea in the blood, which can result in: Vomiting or diarrhea (or both) that may lead to dehydration Nausea Weight loss Nocturnal urination (nocturia) More frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine Less frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine Blood in the urine Pressure, or difficulty urinating Unusual amounts of urination, usually in large quantities A buildup of phosphates in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out may cause: Itching Bone damage Nonunion in broken bones Muscle cramps (caused by low levels of calcium which can be associated with hyperphosphatemia) A buildup of potassium in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called hyperkalemia) may cause: Abnormal heart rhythms Muscle paralysis Failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause: Swelling of the hands, legs, ankles, feet, or face Shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia) Polycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver, can cause: Pain in the back or side Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make oxygen-carrying red blood cells. As the kidneys fail, they produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells to replace the natural breakdown of old red blood cells.
Propositional satisfiability Summary Boolean_Satisfiability This means that all problems in the complexity class NP, which includes a wide range of natural decision and optimization problems, are at most as difficult to solve as SAT. There is no known algorithm that efficiently solves each SAT problem, and it is generally believed that no such algorithm exists; yet this belief has not been proved mathematically, and resolving the question of whether SAT has a polynomial-time algorithm is equivalent to the P versus NP problem, which is a famous open problem in the theory of computing. Nevertheless, as of 2007, heuristic SAT-algorithms are able to solve problem instances involving tens of thousands of variables and formulas consisting of millions of symbols, which is sufficient for many practical SAT problems from, e.g., artificial intelligence, circuit design, and automatic theorem proving.
OS kernel System calls Operating_system_kernel > System calls This method is available on most hardware, and is therefore very common. Using a call gate. A call gate is a special address stored by the kernel in a list in kernel memory at a location known to the processor.
Single Specific Primer-PCR Principles PCR_test > Principles The thermal cycler heats and cools the reaction tubes to achieve the temperatures required at each step of the reaction (see below). Many modern thermal cyclers make use of the Peltier effect, which permits both heating and cooling of the block holding the PCR tubes simply by reversing the electric current. Thin-walled reaction tubes permit favorable thermal conductivity to allow for rapid thermal equilibrium. Most thermal cyclers have heated lids to prevent condensation at the top of the reaction tube. Older thermal cyclers lacking a heated lid require a layer of oil on top of the reaction mixture or a ball of wax inside the tube.
Biology of depression Limitations Biology_of_depression > Monoamines > Limitations There have also been inconsistent findings with regard to levels of serum 5-HIAA, a metabolite of serotonin. Experiments with pharmacological agents that cause depletion of monoamines have shown that this depletion does not cause depression in healthy people.
Nesfatin-1 Metabolism Nesfatin-1 > Metabolism We found that central nesfatin-1 produced a pronounced increase in insulin-mediated phosphorylation of Akt in the liver of HFD-fed rats. This increase was paralleled by an increase in muscle glucose uptake and inhibition of HGP. This provided correlative evidence that Akt activation may be involved in nesfatin-1 signaling and its effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.The mTOR pathway has emerged as a molecular mediator of insulin resistance, which can be activated by both insulin and nutrients.
Lebesgue integrability condition Examples Riemann_integrability > Examples To prove this, we will show how to construct tagged partitions whose Riemann sums get arbitrarily close to both zero and one. To start, let x0, ..., xn and t0, ..., tn − 1 be a tagged partition (each ti is between xi and xi + 1).
Ecological studies Advantages and drawbacks Ecological_studies > Advantages and drawbacks Ecological studies are particularly useful for generating hypotheses since they can use existing data sets and rapidly test the hypothesis. The advantages of the ecological studies include the large number of people that can be included in the study and the large number of risk-modifying factors that can be examined.The term “ecological fallacy” means that risk-associations apparent between different groups of people may not accurately reflect the true association between individuals within those groups. Ecological studies should include as many known risk-modifying factors for any outcome as possible, adding others if warranted. Then the results should be evaluated by other methods, using, for example, Hill’s criteria for causality in a biological system. == References ==
Red–black tree Analogy to B-trees of order 4 Red–black_tree > Analogy to B-trees of order 4 If a cluster contains 3 values, then the central value will be black and each value stored on its sides will be red. If the cluster contains two values, however, either one can become the black node in the red–black tree (and the other one will be red). So the order-4 B-tree does not maintain which of the values contained in each cluster is the root black tree for the whole cluster and the parent of the other values in the same cluster.
Quadratic equations Characteristic 2 Quadratic_equations > Advanced topics > Generalization of quadratic equation > Characteristic 2 In summary, x 2 + c = ( x + c ) 2 . {\displaystyle \displaystyle x^{2}+c=(x+{\sqrt {c}})^{2}.} See quadratic residue for more information about extracting square roots in finite fields.
Motor skills Feedback Motor_skills > Feedback During the learning process of a motor skill, feedback is the positive or negative response that tells the learner how well the task was completed. Inherent feedback: after completing the skill, inherent feedback is the sensory information that tells the learner how well the task was completed. A basketball player will note that he or she made a mistake when the ball misses the hoop. Another example is a diver knowing that a mistake was made when the entry into the water is painful and undesirable.
Micrometer (device) Testing Micrometer_screw_gauge > Calibration: testing and adjusting > Testing Not all calibration is an affair for metrology labs. A micrometer can be calibrated on-site anytime, at least in the most basic and important way (if not comprehensively), by measuring a high-grade gauge block and adjusting to match.
Migratory stomatitis Manifestations in COVID-19 infection Migratory_stomatitis > Manifestations in COVID-19 infection Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be an important biomarker in people with COVID-19 in relation to a cytokine storm where too many inflammatory cells which have a detrimental effect on organ systems throughout the body. Geographic tongue is associated with elevated levels of IL-6, which possibly helps explain the presentation in confirmed COVID-19 cases. This evidence is minimal and requires more studies and research to confirm these claims.
Particle theory Summary Particle_theory Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle. These elementary particles are excitations of the quantum fields that also govern their interactions. The dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the Standard Model.
Sheet metal forming simulation Finite Element Analysis Methods Sheet_metal_forming_simulation > History of sheet metal forming simulation > Finite Element Analysis Methods All the deformation is assumed to happen in one increment or step and is the inverse of the process which the simulation is meant to represent, thus the name Inverse One-Step. Incremental Analysis methods start with the mesh of the flat blank and simulate the deformation of the blank inside of tools modeled to represent a proposed manufacturing process. This incremental forming is computed "forward" from initial shape to final, and is calculated over a number of time increments for start to finish.
Ionic crystals Electrical conductivity Ionic_solid > Properties > Electrical conductivity Although ionic compounds contain charged atoms or clusters, these materials do not typically conduct electricity to any significant extent when the substance is solid. In order to conduct, the charged particles must be mobile rather than stationary in a crystal lattice. This is achieved to some degree at high temperatures when the defect concentration increases the ionic mobility and solid state ionic conductivity is observed.
Evolution of social anxiety Measures and treatment Evolution_of_social_anxiety > Measures and treatment Trait social anxiety is most commonly measured by self-report. This method possesses limitations, however subjective responses are the most reliable indicator of a subjective state. Other measures of social anxiety include diagnostic interviews, clinician-administered instruments, and behavioral assessments. No single trait social anxiety self-report measure shows all psychometric properties including different kinds of validity (content validity, criterion validity, construct validity), reliability, and internal consistency.

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