Split (1)

train · 253k rows

page_content stringlengths 51 3.15k
Stored Energy at Sea Physical principle Stored_Energy_at_Sea > Physical principle The StEnSea concept uses the high water pressure difference between the hollow sphere and the surrounding sea, which is about 75 bar (≈1 bar per 10 meters).In case of overproduction of adjacent energy sources such as wind turbines or photovoltaic systems, the pump-turbine will be enabled to pump water from the cavity against the pressure into the surrounding sea. An empty hollow sphere means a fully charged storage system. When electricity is needed, water from the surrounding sea is guided through the turbine into the cavity, generating electricity.
Parts stress modelling Summary Parts_stress_modelling Parts stress modelling is a method in engineering and especially electronics to find an expected value for the rate of failure of the mechanical and electronic components of a system. It is based upon the idea that the more components that there are in the system, and the greater stress that they undergo in operation, the more often they will fail. Parts count modelling is a simpler variant of the method, with component stress not taken into account. Various organisations have published standards specifying how parts stress modelling should be carried out.
Data Processing Data processing functions Data_processing_system > Data processing functions Data processing may involve various processes, including: Validation – Ensuring that supplied data is correct and relevant. Sorting – "arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets." Summarization(statistical) or (automatic) – reducing detailed data to its main points. Aggregation – combining multiple pieces of data.
Ganzfeld experiment Early experiments Ganzfeld_experiment > Analysis of results > Early experiments Hyman criticized the ganzfeld experiment papers for not describing optimal protocols, nor including the appropriate statistical analysis. He identified three significant flaws, namely, flaws in randomization for choice of target; flaws in randomization in judging procedure; and insufficient documentation. The two men later independently analyzed the same studies, and both presented meta-analyses of them in 1985.Hyman discovered flaws in all of the 42 ganzfeld experiments, and, to assess each experiment, he devised a set of 12 categories of flaws.
Executive functions Banich's "cascade of control" model Executive_functions > Models > Banich's "cascade of control" model Participants that either had a strong bias toward spatial or semantic information (different cognitive styles) were then recruited to participate in the task. As predicted, participants that had a strong bias toward spatial information had more difficulty paying attention to the semantic information and elicited increased electrophysiological activity from the ACC. A similar activity pattern was also found for participants that had a strong bias toward verbal information when they tried to attend to spatial information.
Soil organism Bacteria Soil_flora > Bacteria Hostile conditions will not completely kill bacteria; rather, the bacteria will stop growing and get into a dormant stage, and those individuals with pro-adaptive mutations may compete better in the new conditions. Some gram-positive bacteria produce spores in order to wait for more favourable circumstances, and gram-negative bacteria get into a "nonculturable" stage. Bacteria are colonized by persistent viral agents (bacteriophages) that determine gene word order in bacterial host. From the organic gardener's point of view, the important roles that bacteria play are:
Eötvös experiment Eötvös's original experiment Eötvös_experiment > Eötvös's original experiment Gravity is calculated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which depends on gravitational mass. The centrifugal force is calculated by Newton's laws of motion and depends on inertial mass. The experiment was arranged so that if the two types of masses were different, the two forces will not act in exactly the same way on the two bodies, and over time the rod will rotate.
Deoxygenated hemoglobin Genetics Deoxygenated_hemoglobin > Genetics Many of these mutations cause no disease, but some cause a group of hereditary diseases called hemoglobinopathies. The best known hemoglobinopathy is sickle-cell disease, which was the first human disease whose mechanism was understood at the molecular level. A mostly separate set of diseases called thalassemias involves underproduction of normal and sometimes abnormal hemoglobins, through problems and mutations in globin gene regulation.
Binary search algorithm Alternative procedure Binary_chop > Algorithm > Procedure > Alternative procedure In the above procedure, the algorithm checks whether the middle element ( m {\displaystyle m} ) is equal to the target ( T {\displaystyle T} ) in every iteration. Some implementations leave out this check during each iteration. The algorithm would perform this check only when one element is left (when L = R {\displaystyle L=R} ).
Equilibrium constant Conditional constants Equilibrium_constant > Types of equilibrium constants > Conditional constants Conditional constants, also known as apparent constants, are concentration quotients which are not true equilibrium constants but can be derived from them. A very common instance is where pH is fixed at a particular value. For example, in the case of iron(III) interacting with EDTA, a conditional constant could be defined by K c o n d = × {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {cond} }={\frac {}{\times }}} This conditional constant will vary with pH. It has a maximum at a certain pH.
Youth politics Europe Youth_politics > History > Europe Although they have no direct power, the young people in these organisations have a close working relationship with Members of Parliament and are fairly influential, albeit ineffectual at bringing about direct change or tangible objectives. Many organisations that strive for youth movement are on the rise. A notable organisation is YouthDebates, an online organisation aiming to engage young people into the world of politics.
Incomplete combustion Summary Ignition_energy Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combustion does not always result in fire, because a flame is only visible when substances undergoing combustion vaporize, but when it does, a flame is a characteristic indicator of the reaction. While activation energy must be supplied to initiate combustion (e.g., using a lit match to light a fire), the heat from a flame may provide enough energy to make the reaction self-sustaining. Combustion is often a complicated sequence of elementary radical reactions.
161 (number) In other fields 161_(number) > In other fields 161 is also: The year AD 161 or 161 BC 161 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 777 – 778 CE 161 Athor is an M-type Main belt asteroid E.161 is an ITU-T assigns letters to the 12-key telephone keypad Fiorina Fury 161 is a foundry facility and penal colony from the film Alien 3 161 is used by Anti Fascist Action as a code for AFA (A=1, F=6, by order of the alphabet), sometimes used in 161>88 (88 is code for Heil Hitler among neo-nazis, as H=8)
Information processing theory Sensory Memory Information_processing_theory > Atkinson and Shiffrin Model > Sensory Memory The sensory memory is responsible for holding onto information that the mind receives through the senses such as auditory and visual information. For example, if someone were to hear a bird chirp, they know that it is a bird because that information is held in the brief sensory memory.
Weak nuclear interaction Violation of symmetry Weak_Interaction > Violation of symmetry The laws of nature were long thought to remain the same under mirror reflection. The results of an experiment viewed via a mirror were expected to be identical to the results of a separately constructed, mirror-reflected copy of the experimental apparatus watched through the mirror. This so-called law of parity conservation was known to be respected by classical gravitation, electromagnetism and the strong interaction; it was assumed to be a universal law. However, in the mid-1950s Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee suggested that the weak interaction might violate this law.
Deuterium isotope effect DEPT-55 NMR Kinetic_isotope_effect > Experiments > Kinetic isotope effect measurement at natural abundance > DEPT-55 NMR This method for natural abundance kinetic isotope measurement is favorable for analysis for reactions containing unstable starting materials, and catalysts or products that are relatively costly.Jacobsen and coworkers identified the thiourea-catalyzed glycosylation of galactose as a reaction that met both of the aforementioned criteria (expensive materials and unstable substrates) and was a reaction with a poorly understood mechanism. Glycosylation is a special case of nucleophilic substitution that lacks clear definition between SN1 and SN2 mechanistic character. The presence of the oxygen adjacent to the site of displacement (i.e., C1) can stabilize positive charge. This charge stabilization can cause any potential concerted pathway to become asynchronous and approaches intermediates with oxocarbenium character of the SN1 mechanism for glycosylation. Jacobsen and coworkers observed small normal KIE's at C1, C2, and C5 which suggests significant oxocarbenium character in the transition state and an asynchronous reaction mechanism with a large degree of charge separation.
Ergodic theory Summary Birkhoff_ergodic_theorem An outstanding role in ergodic theory and its applications to stochastic processes is played by the various notions of entropy for dynamical systems. The concepts of ergodicity and the ergodic hypothesis are central to applications of ergodic theory. The underlying idea is that for certain systems the time average of their properties is equal to the average over the entire space.
Internal Family Systems Model IFS method Internal_Family_Systems_Model > IFS method The Self is the agent of psychological healing. Therapists help their clients to access and remain in Self, providing guidance along the way. Protectors usually can't let go of their protective roles and transform until the Exiles they are protecting have been unburdened.
Ohm History Ohm_(unit) > History By the end of the 19th century, units were well understood and consistent. Definitions would change with little effect on commercial uses of the units. Advances in metrology allowed definitions to be formulated with a high degree of precision and repeatability.
Minimal Supersymmetric Model Problems with the MSSM Minimal_Supersymmetric_Model > Problems with the MSSM This brings about a problem of naturalness: why are these scales so much smaller than the cutoff scale yet happen to fall so close to each other? Flavor universality of soft masses and A-terms: since no flavor mixing additional to that predicted by the standard model has been discovered so far, the coefficients of the additional terms in the MSSM Lagrangian must be, at least approximately, flavor invariant (i.e. the same for all flavors). Smallness of CP violating phases: since no CP violation additional to that predicted by the standard model has been discovered so far, the additional terms in the MSSM Lagrangian must be, at least approximately, CP invariant, so that their CP violating phases are small.
Fission product yield Mass vs. yield curve Fission_product_yield > Mass vs. yield curve Because of the stability of nuclei with even numbers of protons and/or neutrons the curve of yield against element is not a smooth curve. It tends to alternate. In general, the higher the energy of the state that undergoes nuclear fission, the more likely a symmetric fission is, hence as the neutron energy increases and/or the energy of the fissile atom increases, the valley between the two peaks becomes more shallow; for instance, the curve of yield against mass for Pu-239 has a more shallow valley than that observed for U-235, when the neutrons are thermal neutrons.
Poisson geometry Symplectic realisations Complex_Poisson_manifold > Poisson maps > Symplectic realisations For a non-degenerate Poisson structure ( M , ω ) {\displaystyle (M,\omega )} one takes as P {\displaystyle P} the manifold M {\displaystyle M} itself and as ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } the identity M → M {\displaystyle M\to M} . For the Lie-Poisson structure on g ∗ {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}^{}} , one takes as P {\displaystyle P} the cotangent bundle T ∗ G {\displaystyle T^{}G} of a Lie group G {\displaystyle G} integrating g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} and as ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } the dual map ϕ: T ∗ G → g ∗ {\displaystyle \phi :T^{}G\to {\mathfrak {g}}^{}} of the differential at the identity of the (left or right) translation G → G {\displaystyle G\to G} .A symplectic realisation ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is called complete if, for any complete Hamiltonian vector field X H {\displaystyle X_{H}} , the vector field X H ∘ ϕ {\displaystyle X_{H\circ \phi }} is complete as well. While symplectic realisations always exist for every Poisson manifold (and several different proofs are available), complete ones do not, and their existence plays a fundamental role in the integrability problem for Poisson manifolds (see below).
Response bias Demand characteristics Response_bias > Types > Demand characteristics Thus, in an attempt to productively participate, the subject may try to gain knowledge of the hypothesis being tested in the experiment and alter their behavior in an attempt to support that hypothesis. Orne conceptualized this change by saying that the experiment may appear to a participant as a problem, and it is his or her job to find the solution to that problem, which would be behaving in a way that would lend support to the experimenter's hypothesis. Alternatively, a participant may try to discover the hypothesis simply to provide faulty information and wreck the hypothesis.
Cognitive rigor Summary Cognitive_rigor In 2009, Hess, et al. published a paper defining Cognitive Rigor, describing how the model overcomes limitations of using Bloom's Taxonomy, and describing the model's use. The paper shows how Bloom's Taxonomy identifies processes (categorizes cognitive skills), and Webb's Depth of Knowledge shows quantification and application (focuses on depth of understanding and scope of content). The combined models further the application of Bloom's Taxonomy to testing and assessment applications.
Chemistry of wetland dredging Summary Chemistry_of_wetland_dredging Common redox reactions in wetland include carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur transformations. Fluctuations in water flow and flooding can change the abundance of the oxidized or reduced species depending on the environment. Increased flooding and water flow can also change the availability of nutrients to local species. The further the wetlands change from their original states, the more difficult rebuilding land becomes. The types of mitigation efforts also change depending on the chemistry, so an understanding of the change is required for effective mitigation.
Usage-based billing Summary Data_cap A data cap, often erroneously referred to as a bandwidth cap, is an artificial restriction imposed on the transfer of data over a network. In particular, it refers to policies imposed by an internet service provider in order to limit customers' usage of their services; typically, exceeding a data cap would require the subscriber to pay additional fees based on whether they have exceeded this limit. Implementation of a data cap is sometimes termed a fair access policy, fair usage policy, or usage-based billing by ISPs.U.S. ISPs have asserted that data caps are required in order to provide a "fair" service to their respective subscribers.
Object oriented programming language OOP in a network protocol Object-oriented_programming_languages > OOP languages > OOP in a network protocol Clients and servers are best modeled as complex object-oriented structures. Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM) took this approach and used class objects to define objects at four levels of a formal hierarchy: Fields defining the data values that form messages, such as their length, code point and data values. Objects and collections of objects similar to what would be found in a Smalltalk program for messages and parameters.
Curse of dimensionality Nearest neighbor search Curse_of_dimensionality > Domains > Nearest neighbor search The effect complicates nearest neighbor search in high dimensional space. It is not possible to quickly reject candidates by using the difference in one coordinate as a lower bound for a distance based on all the dimensions.However, it has recently been observed that the mere number of dimensions does not necessarily result in difficulties, since relevant additional dimensions can also increase the contrast. In addition, for the resulting ranking it remains useful to discern close and far neighbors. Irrelevant ("noise") dimensions, however, reduce the contrast in the manner described above. In time series analysis, where the data are inherently high-dimensional, distance functions also work reliably as long as the signal-to-noise ratio is high enough.
Diffraction Mechanism Diffractive_optics > Mechanism It is possible to obtain a qualitative understanding of many diffraction phenomena by considering how the relative phases of the individual secondary wave sources vary, and, in particular, the conditions in which the phase difference equals half a cycle in which case waves will cancel one another out. The simplest descriptions of diffraction are those in which the situation can be reduced to a two-dimensional problem. For water waves, this is already the case; water waves propagate only on the surface of the water. For light, we can often neglect one direction if the diffracting object extends in that direction over a distance far greater than the wavelength. In the case of light shining through small circular holes we will have to take into account the full three-dimensional nature of the problem.
Metal-ligand cooperativity Modes of Metal-Ligand Cooperativity Metal-ligand_cooperativity > Modes of Metal-Ligand Cooperativity The ligand can act as an electron reservoir, which is enabled when ligands contain frontier orbitals of suitable energy to participate in the redox event themselves, and can accept or donate electrons during the course of the reaction, allowing the metal to modulate its oxidation state. This allows metals which normally only participate in one electron regimes to be used in two electron regimes with a redox non-innocent ligand to store electrons during the reaction. Dithiolate ligands have been used extensively as one electron redox active ligands in metal complexes.
Thermochemical cycle History Thermochemical_cycle > History Following the oil crisis, multiple programs (Europe, Japan, United States) were created to design, test and qualify such processes for purposes such as energy independence. High-temperature (around 1,000 K (730 °C; 1,340 °F) operating temperature) nuclear reactors were still considered as the likely heat sources. However, optimistic expectations based on initial thermodynamics studies were quickly moderated by pragmatic analyses comparing standard technologies (thermodynamic cycles for electricity generation, coupled with the electrolysis of water) and by numerous practical issues (insufficient temperatures from even nuclear reactors, slow reactivities, reactor corrosion, significant losses of intermediate compounds with time...). Hence, the interest for this technology faded during the next decades, or at least some tradeoffs (hybrid versions) were being considered with the use of electricity as a fractional energy input instead of only heat for the reactions (e.g. Hybrid sulfur cycle). A rebirth in the year 2000 can be explained by both the new energy crisis, demand for electricity, and the rapid pace of development of concentrated solar power technologies whose potentially very high temperatures are ideal for thermochemical processes, while the environmentally friendly side of thermochemical cycles attracted funding in a period concerned with a potential peak oil outcome.
Glossary of biology M Glossary_of_biology > M metabolism metamorphosis metaphase The third phase of mitosis, in which duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell is separated into two identical daughter cells. During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war". microbiology The study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa.
Templating language Document generation Templating_language > Uses > Document generation Document generation frameworks typically use template processing as the central model for generating documents.
Scale (geometry) Matrix representation Scaling_factor > Matrix representation A scaling can be represented by a scaling matrix. To scale an object by a vector v = (vx, vy, vz), each point p = (px, py, pz) would need to be multiplied with this scaling matrix: S v = . {\displaystyle S_{v}={\begin{bmatrix}v_{x}&0&0\\0&v_{y}&0\\0&0&v_{z}\\\end{bmatrix}}.} As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result: S v p = = .
Screw theory Work of forces acting on a rigid body Screw_theory > Work of forces acting on a rigid body {\displaystyle \delta W=\mathbf {F} _{1}\cdot \mathbf {V} _{1}\delta t+\mathbf {F} _{2}\cdot \mathbf {V} _{2}\delta t+\cdots +\mathbf {F} _{n}\cdot \mathbf {V} _{n}\delta t.} Define the velocities of each point in terms of the twist of the moving body to obtain δ W = ∑ i = 1 n F i ⋅ ( ω → × ( X i − d ) + v ) δ t . {\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot ({\vec {\omega }}\times (\mathbf {X} _{i}-\mathbf {d} )+\mathbf {v} )\delta t.}
Design for Six Sigma Similarities with other methods Design_for_Six_Sigma > Similarities with other methods While traditional Six Sigma may also use those inputs, the focus is again on improvement and not design of some new product or system. It also shows the engineering background of DFSS. However, like other methods developed in engineering, there is no theoretical reason why DFSS cannot be used in areas outside of engineering.
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid DNA structure and function Molecular_structure_of_Nucleic_Acids > DNA structure and function It is not always the case that the structure of a molecule is easy to relate to its function. What makes the structure of DNA so obviously related to its function was described modestly at the end of the article: "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material". The "specific pairing" is a key feature of the Watson and Crick model of DNA, the pairing of nucleotide subunits. In DNA, the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.
Oxyanion Condensation reactions Oxyanion > Condensation reactions In aqueous solution, oxyanions with high charge can undergo condensation reactions, such as in the formation of the dichromate ion, Cr2O2−7: 2 CrO 4 2 − + 2 H + ↽ − − ⇀ Cr 2 O 7 2 − + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {2 CrO4^2- + 2 H+ <=> Cr2O7^2- + H2O}}} The driving force for this reaction is the reduction of electrical charge density on the anion and the elimination of the hydronium (H+) ion. The amount of order in the solution is decreased, releasing a certain amount of entropy which makes the Gibbs free energy more negative and favors the forward reaction. It is an example of an acid–base reaction with the monomeric oxyanion acting as a base and the condensed oxyanion acting as its conjugate acid. The reverse reaction is a hydrolysis reaction, as a water molecule, acting as a base, is split.
2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase Summary 2-acylglycerophosphocholine_O-acyltransferase In enzymology, a 2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.62) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acyl-CoA + 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + phosphatidylcholineThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and phosphatidylcholine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphorylcholine acyltransferase, and 2-acylglycerophosphocholine acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
Transistor array Summary Transistor_array There are three main motivations for combining several transistors on one chip and in one package: to save circuit board space and to reduce the board production cost (only one component needs to be populated instead of several) to ensure closely matching parameters between the transistors (which is almost guaranteed when the transistors on one chip are manufactured simultaneously and subject to identical manufacturing process variations) to ensure a closely matching thermal drift of parameters between the transistors (which is achieved by having the transistors in extremely close proximity)The matching parameters and thermal drift are crucial for various analogue circuits such as differential amplifiers, current mirrors, and log amplifiers. The reduction in circuit board area is particularly significant for digital circuits where several switching transistors are combined in one package. Often the transistors here are Darlington pairs with a common emitter and flyback diodes, e.g. ULN2003A.
Neomorphic mutation Randomness of mutations Genetic_mutation > Mutation rates > Randomness of mutations There is a widespread assumption that mutations are (entirely) "random" with respect to their consequences (in terms of probability). This was shown to be wrong as mutation frequency can vary across regions of the genome, with such DNA repair- and mutation-biases being associated with various factors. For instance, biologically important regions were found to be protected from mutations and mutations beneficial to the studied plant were found to be more likely – i.e. mutation is "non-random in a way that benefits the plant". Additionally, previous experiments typically used to demonstrate mutations being random with respect to fitness (such as the Fluctuation Test and Replica plating) have been shown to only support the weaker claim that those mutations are random with respect to external selective constraints, not fitness as a whole.
Renal ultrasonograph Findings in the normal kidney Renal_ultrasonograph > Findings in the normal kidney In the normal kidney, the urinary collecting system in the renal sinus is not visible, but it creates a heteroechoic appearance with the interposed fat and vessels. The parenchyma is more hypoechoic and homogenous and is divided into the outermost cortex and the innermost and slightly less echogenic medullary pyramids. Between the pyramids are the cortical infoldings, called columns of Bertin (Figure 1).
Voltage converter Mains converters Voltage_converter > Practical voltage converters > Mains converters A transformer would be used for higher power. Transformers do not change the frequency of electricity; in many regions with 100–120 V, electricity is supplied at 60 Hz, and 210–240 V regions tend to use 50 Hz. This may affect operation of devices which depend on mains frequency (some audio turntables and mains-only electric clocks, etc., although modern equipment is less likely to depend upon mains frequency).
Casimir element Casimir elements of higher order Casimir_element > Definition > Casimir elements of higher order The article on universal enveloping algebras gives a detailed, precise definition of Casimir operators, and an exposition of some of their properties. All Casimir operators correspond to symmetric homogeneous polynomials in the symmetric algebra of the adjoint representation ad g . {\displaystyle \operatorname {ad} _{\mathfrak {g}}. }: C ( m ) = κ i j ⋯ k X i ⊗ X j ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ X k {\displaystyle C_{(m)}=\kappa ^{ij\cdots k}X_{i}\otimes X_{j}\otimes \cdots \otimes X_{k}} where m is the order of the symmetric tensor κ i j ⋯ k {\displaystyle \kappa ^{ij\cdots k}} and the X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} form a vector space basis of g .
Open Services Architecture Summary Open_Services_Architecture The Open Service Access or OSA is part of the third generation mobile telecommunications network or UMTS. OSA describes how services are designed in a UMTS network. The standards for OSA are being developed as part of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The standards for OSA are published by ETSI and 3GPP.
John Law (sociologist) Actor-network theory John_Law_(sociologist) > Actor-network theory Actor-network theory, sometimes abbreviated to ANT, is a social science approach for describing and explaining social, organisational, scientific and technological structures, processes and events. It assumes that all the components of such structures (whether these are human or otherwise) form a network of relations that can be mapped and described in the same terms or vocabulary. Developed by STS scholars Michel Callon, Madeleine Akrich and Bruno Latour, Law himself, and others, ANT may alternatively be described as a 'material-semiotic' method.
Proteinase inhibitors in plants Functionality Proteinase_inhibitors_in_plants > Functionality The proteinase inhibitors work to disrupt the enzymatic ability of the digestive or microbial enzymes that are present in the stomach of the attacker resulting in the inability to properly digest the plant material. This causes an interference of proper growth and discourages further wounding of the plant by the attacker. Studies have also recently revealed that some proteinase inhibitors also provide defense for the plant through the possession of antimicrobial properties providing for the inhibition of pathogen growth.
Social communication Plants, fungi, and bacteria Social_communication > Other species > Plants, fungi, and bacteria These walls restrict movement and make it impossible for plants to send or receive signals that depend on rapid movement. However, there are some similarities as well since plants face many of the same challenges as other animals. For example, they need to find resources, avoid predators and pathogens, find mates, and ensure that their offspring survive.
Poly-Bernoulli number Summary Poly-Bernoulli_number Also it is the number of open tours by a biased rook on a board 1 ⋯ 1 ⏟ n 0 ⋯ 0 ⏟ k {\displaystyle \underbrace {1\cdots 1} _{n}\underbrace {0\cdots 0} _{k}} (see A329718 for definition). The Poly-Bernoulli number B k ( − k ) {\displaystyle B_{k}^{(-k)}} satisfies the following asymptotic: B k ( − k ) ∼ ( k ! ) 2 1 k π ( 1 − log ⁡ 2 ) ( 1 log ⁡ 2 ) 2 k + 1 , as k → ∞ .
Wigner's friend De Broglie–Bohm theory Wigner's_friend > Responses in different interpretations of quantum mechanics > De Broglie–Bohm theory The De Broglie-Bohm theory, also known as Bohmian mechanics or pilot wave theory, postulates, in addition to the wave function, an actual configuration of particles that exists even when unobserved. This particle configuration evolves in time according to a deterministic law, with the wave function guiding the motion of the particles. The particle configuration determines the actual measurement outcome —e.g., whether Schrödinger's cat is dead or alive or whether Wigner's friend has measured 0 or 1— even if the wave function is a superposition. Indeed, according to the De Broglie-Bohm theory, the wave function never collapses on the fundamental level.
Order of derivation Definition Strong_derivative > Definition A function of a real variable f(x) is differentiable at a point a of its domain, if its domain contains an open interval I containing a, and the limit L = lim h → 0 f ( a + h ) − f ( a ) h {\displaystyle L=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}}} exists. This means that, for every positive real number ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } (even very small), there exists a positive real number δ {\displaystyle \delta } such that, for every h such that \| h \| < δ {\displaystyle \|h\|<\delta } and h ≠ 0 {\displaystyle h\neq 0} then f ( a + h ) {\displaystyle f(a+h)} is defined, and \| L − f ( a + h ) − f ( a ) h \| < ε , {\displaystyle \left\|L-{\frac {f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}}\right\|<\varepsilon ,} where the vertical bars denote the absolute value (see (ε, δ)-definition of limit). If the function f is differentiable at a, that is if the limit L exists, then this limit is called the derivative of f at a, and denoted f ′ ( a ) {\displaystyle f'(a)} (read as "f prime of a") or d f d x ( a ) {\textstyle {\frac {df}{dx}}(a)} (read as "the derivative of f with respect to x at a" or "df by (or over) dx at a"); see § Notation (details), below.
Fibromyalgia syndrome Neurotransmitters Fibromyalgia_syndrome > Pathophysiology > Nervous system > Neurotransmitters Some neurochemical abnormalities that occur in fibromyalgia also regulate mood, sleep, and energy, thus explaining why mood, sleep, and fatigue problems are commonly co-morbid with fibromyalgia. Serotonin is the most widely studied neurotransmitter in fibromyalgia. It is hypothesized that an imbalance in the serotoninergic system may lead to the development of fibromyalgia. There is also some data that suggests altered dopaminergic and noradrenergic signaling in fibromyalgia. Supporting the monoamine related theories is the efficacy of monoaminergic antidepressants in fibromyalgia. Glutamate/creatine ratios within the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were found to be significantly higher in fibromyalgia patients than in controls, and may disrupt glutamate neurotransmission.
Shrink fit Summary Shrink_fit Shrink-fitting is a technique in which an interference fit is achieved by a relative size change after assembly. This is usually achieved by heating or cooling one component before assembly and allowing it to return to the ambient temperature after assembly, employing the phenomenon of thermal expansion to make a joint. For example, the thermal expansion of a piece of a metallic drainpipe allows a builder to fit the cooler piece to it. As the adjoined pieces reach the same temperature, the joint becomes strained and stronger.
Rev limiter Physical limiters Rev_limiter > Physical limiters The tappet clearances are maintained by the flow of the engine's lubricating oil. At high engine speeds, the oil pressure rises to such an extent that the tappets 'pump up', causing valve float. This sharply reduces engine power, causing speed to drop.
Bridge failure Bridge types by material Bridge > Types of bridges > Bridge types by material The materials used to build the structure are also used to categorize bridges. Until the end of the 18th century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry. Modern bridges are currently built in concrete, steel, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), stainless steel or combinations of those materials. Living bridges have been constructed of live plants such as Ficus elastica tree roots in India and wisteria vines in Japan.
Signal (model checking) Summary Signal_(model_checking) In model checking, a subfield of computer science, a signal or timed state sequence is an extension of the notion of words in a formal language, in which letters are continuously emitted. While a word is traditionally defined as a function from a set of non-negative integers to letters, a signal is a function from a set of real numbers to letters. This allow the use of formalisms similar to the ones of automata theory to deal with continuous signals.
Biotechnology engineering Sub-disciplines Cellular_engineering > Sub-disciplines Human factors and ergonomics engineering: application of engineering, physiology, and psychology to the optimization of the human–machine relationship. (Ex: physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics, human–computer interaction) Biotechnology: the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. (Ex: pharmaceuticals, Bioinformatics, Genetic engineering).Biomimetics: the imitation of models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems.
Multigrid methods Summary Multigrid_method In contrast to other methods, multigrid methods are general in that they can treat arbitrary regions and boundary conditions. They do not depend on the separability of the equations or other special properties of the equation. They have also been widely used for more-complicated non-symmetric and nonlinear systems of equations, like the Lamé equations of elasticity or the Navier-Stokes equations.
Faster than light travel Astronomical observations Faster-than-light > Superluminal travel of non-information > Astronomical observations Apparent superluminal motion is observed in many radio galaxies, blazars, quasars, and recently also in microquasars. The effect was predicted before it was observed by Martin Rees and can be explained as an optical illusion caused by the object partly moving in the direction of the observer, when the speed calculations assume it does not. The phenomenon does not contradict the theory of special relativity. Corrected calculations show these objects have velocities close to the speed of light (relative to our reference frame). They are the first examples of large amounts of mass moving at close to the speed of light. Earth-bound laboratories have only been able to accelerate small numbers of elementary particles to such speeds.
Mock trial Elementary school Mock_trial > Competitive school-related mock trials around the world > United States > Levels of competition > Elementary school As the students at this age range may not know the details of applicable law, students are allowed to create their own law. There are no specific themes, students can choose any age-appropriate topics. The students are encouraged to do a role-playing in a mock trial based on the script that they have developed to involve other students in the classroom as juries in order to refine their case.
Carriage bolt Summary Carriage_bolt The carriage bolt was devised for use through an iron strengthening plate on either side of a wooden beam, the squared part of the bolt fitting into a square hole in the ironwork. It is common to use a carriage bolt on bare timber, the square section giving enough grip to prevent rotation. The carriage bolt is used extensively in security applications, such as locks and hinges, where the bolt must be removable from one side only. The smooth, domed head and square nut below prevent the carriage bolt from being gripped and rotated from the insecure side.
Comparison of X Window System desktop environments Technical elements of a desktop environment Comparison_of_X_Window_System_desktop_environments > Technical elements of a desktop environment Another important element of a DE is the file manager. This application manages files/ folders and presents them in a way that the user finds convenient.
Variational asymptotic method Procedure Variational_asymptotic_method > Procedure In specific structural applications, in beams, the procedure begin with 3-Dimensional analysis and mathematically divide the analysis into 2-Dimensional cross section analysis and 1-Dimensional beam analysis. In the cross section analysis, 1-Dimensional constitutive law can be obtained and is provided as an input to the beam 1-Dimensional analysis. Closed form of analytical expression for warping functions along with set of recovery relations can be achieved to express the 3-D displacements, strains and stresses.
IL-2 receptor Signaling Interleukin-2_receptor > Signaling In the thymus, where T cells mature, they prevent autoimmune diseases by promoting the differentiation of certain immature T cells into regulatory T cells, which kill off other T cells that are primed to attack normal healthy cells in the body. IL-2/IL2R also promotes the differentiation of T cells into effector T cells and into memory T cells when the initial T cells is also stimulated by an antigen, thus helping the body fight off infections. Through their role in the development of T cell immunologic memory, which depends upon the expansion of the number and function of antigen-selected T cell clones, they also have a key role in enduring cell-mediated immunity.
Shockley–Ramo theorem Summary Shockley–Ramo_theorem The theorem appeared in William Shockley's 1938 paper titled "Currents to Conductors Induced by a Moving Point Charge" and in Simon Ramo's 1939 paper titled "Currents Induced by Electron Motion". It is based on the concept that the current induced in the electrode is due to the instantaneous change of electrostatic flux lines that end on the electrode, rather than the amount of charge received by the electrode per second (net charge flow rate). The Shockley–Ramo theorem states that the instantaneous current i {\displaystyle i} induced on a given electrode due to the motion of a charge is given by: i = E v q v {\displaystyle i=E_{v}qv} where q {\displaystyle q} is the charge of the particle; v {\displaystyle v} is its instantaneous velocity; and E v {\displaystyle E_{v}} is the component of the electric field in the direction of v {\displaystyle v} at the charge's instantaneous position, under the following conditions: charge removed, given electrode raised to unit potential, and all other conductors grounded.The theorem has been applied to a wide variety of applications and fields, including semiconductor radiation detection, calculations of charge movement in proteins., or the detection of moving ions in vacuum for mass spectrometry or ion implantation.
Supervised classification Approaches and algorithms Supervised_Machine_Learning > Approaches and algorithms Analytical learning Artificial neural network Backpropagation Boosting (meta-algorithm) Bayesian statistics Case-based reasoning Decision tree learning Inductive logic programming Gaussian process regression Genetic programming Group method of data handling Kernel estimators Learning automata Learning classifier systems Learning vector quantization Minimum message length (decision trees, decision graphs, etc.) Multilinear subspace learning Naive Bayes classifier Maximum entropy classifier Conditional random field Nearest neighbor algorithm Probably approximately correct learning (PAC) learning Ripple down rules, a knowledge acquisition methodology Symbolic machine learning algorithms Subsymbolic machine learning algorithms Support vector machines Minimum complexity machines (MCM) Random forests Ensembles of classifiers Ordinal classification Data pre-processing Handling imbalanced datasets Statistical relational learning Proaftn, a multicriteria classification algorithm
180 (number) In mathematics 180_(number) > In mathematics It can be expressed as either the sum of six consecutive prime numbers: 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41, or the sum of eight consecutive prime numbers: 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37. 180 is an Ulam number, which can be expressed as a sum of earlier terms in the Ulam sequence only as 177 + 3.180 is a 61-gonal number, while 61 is the 18th prime number. Half a circle has 180 degrees, and thus a U-turn is also referred to as a 180.
Glossary of geography terms (A–M) I Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M) > I isopleth Any line on a map connecting places of equal value of some specified variable. The variable may be a physical or natural quantity, such as elevation above sea level (as with contour lines) or temperature (as with isotherms), or a quantity related to social or economic statistics, such as population, wealth, or transport costs. isostasy Also isostatic equilibrium.
Margaret Anne LeMone Papers Margaret_Anne_LeMone > Selected bibliography > Papers Rev., 108, 1702–1705, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1703:OTDOMT>2.0.CO;2. Lemone, M. A., 1983: Momentum Transport by a Line of Cumulonimbus. J. Atmos.
Geometrodynamics Wheeler's geometrodynamics Geometrodynamics > Wheeler's geometrodynamics Wheeler wanted to reduce physics to geometry in an even more fundamental way than the ADM reformulation of general relativity with a dynamic geometry whose curvature changes with time. It attempts to realize three concepts: mass without mass charge without charge field without fieldHe wanted to lay the foundation for quantum gravity and unify gravitation with electromagnetism (the strong and weak interactions were not yet sufficiently well understood in 1960 to be included). Wheeler introduced the notion of geons, gravitational wave packets confined to a compact region of spacetime and held together by the gravitational attraction of the (gravitational) field energy of the wave itself. Wheeler was intrigued by the possibility that geons could affect test particles much like a massive object, hence mass without mass.
Table (furniture) Specialized types End_table > Specialized types Their main characteristic was a rectangular or oval top with folding or drop leaves on each side. Most examples have one or more drawers and four legs, sometimes connected by stretchers. Their design meant they could easily be stored or moved about and conveniently opened for serving tea, dining, writing, or other occasional uses.
Thermoelectric power factor Power generation Thermoelectric_power_factor > Applications > Power generation Thermoelectric efficiency depends on the figure of merit, ZT. There is no theoretical upper limit to ZT, and as ZT approaches infinity, the thermoelectric efficiency approaches the Carnot limit. However, until recently no known thermoelectrics had a ZT>3. In 2019, researchers reported a material with approximated ZT between 5 and 6.As of 2010, thermoelectric generators serve application niches where efficiency and cost are less important than reliability, light weight, and small size.Internal combustion engines capture 20–25% of the energy released during fuel combustion. Increasing the conversion rate can increase mileage and provide more electricity for on-board controls and creature comforts (stability controls, telematics, navigation systems, electronic braking, etc.) It may be possible to shift energy draw from the engine (in certain cases) to the electrical load in the car, e.g., electrical power steering or electrical coolant pump operation.Cogeneration power plants use the heat produced during electricity generation for alternative purposes; being this more profitable in industries with high amounts of waste energy.Thermoelectrics may find applications in such systems or in solar thermal energy generation.
Distributed management Summary Distributed_management Distributed management is a management method for people to work together over the web to accomplish desired goals. Management activities are distributed through the people doing the work.
Bs (programming language) Design and features Bs_(programming_language) > Design and features A bs program is compiled and executed differently from programs written in the other principal Unix programming languages of the time: C, FORTRAN, and assembly language, whose respective commands compile program source code to executable assembler output (a.out). Instead, a bs program is, first, converted by the bs command to an internal reverse Polish (RPN) intermediate representation and then executed by the command's internal virtual stack machine. The bs language, thus, is a hybrid interpreter and compiler and a divergence in Unix programming from Ancient Unix.
2R Hypothesis Ohno's argument 2R_Hypothesis > Ohno's argument Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis as part of his larger argument for the general importance of gene duplication in evolution. Based on relative genome sizes and isozyme analysis, he suggested that ancestral fish or amphibians had undergone at least one and possibly more cases of "tetraploid evolution". He later added to this argument the evidence that most paralogous genes in vertebrates do not demonstrate genetic linkage. Ohno argued that linkage should be expected in the case of individual tandem duplications (in which a duplicate gene is added adjacent to the original gene on the same chromosome), but not in the case of chromosome duplications.
Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution Generalized linear model Conway–Maxwell–Poisson_distribution > Generalized linear model A full Bayesian estimation approach has been used with MCMC sampling implemented in WinBugs with non-informative priors for the regression parameters. This approach is computationally expensive, but it yields the full posterior distributions for the regression parameters and allows expert knowledge to be incorporated through the use of informative priors. A classical GLM formulation for a CMP regression has been developed which generalizes Poisson regression and logistic regression.
First order Fresnel lens Projection Second_order_Fresnel_lens > Uses > Projection The use of Fresnel lenses for image projection reduces image quality, so they tend to occur only where quality is not critical or where the bulk of a solid lens would be prohibitive. Cheap Fresnel lenses can be stamped or molded of transparent plastic and are used in overhead projectors and projection televisions. Fresnel lenses of different focal lengths (one collimator, and one collector) are used in commercial and DIY projection. The collimator lens has the lower focal length and is placed closer to the light source, and the collector lens, which focuses the light into the triplet lens, is placed after the projection image (an active matrix LCD panel in LCD projectors). Fresnel lenses are also used as collimators in overhead projectors.
Fundamental recurrence formulas A geometric interpretation Generalized_continued_fraction > Linear fractional transformations > A geometric interpretation Interesting instances of this case arise when the sequence {Τn} constitutes a subgroup of finite order within the group of automorphisms over the extended complex plane. The sequence {Τn} may produce an infinite number of zero denominators Bi while also producing a subsequence of finite convergents. These finite convergents may not repeat themselves or fall into a recognizable oscillating pattern.
Non-random segregation of chromosomes Plants Non-random_segregation_of_chromosomes > Complete sets of chromosomes > Plants Although the directional distribution in this species is by no means 100% in both sexes and therefore results in many aneuploid gametes, it is effective enough to allow high fertility.The South American sweetgrass Andropogon ternatus is also triploid, and during meiosis one set of chromosomes remains unpaired. In anaphase I, the univalents in both sexes remain between the segregating half-bivalents and form their own third nucleus, which is included in one of the two daughter cells. In female meiosis, this is the daughter cell facing the micropyle.
OMG IDL Benefits CORBA_IDL > Benefits CORBA is available in Java (OS-independent), as well as natively for Linux/Unix, Windows, Solaris, OS X, OpenVMS, HPUX, Android, LynxOS, VxWorks, ThreadX, INTEGRITY, and others.Freedom from technologies One of the main implicit benefits is that CORBA provides a neutral playing field for engineers to be able to normalize the interfaces between various new and legacy systems. When integrating C, C++, Object Pascal, Java, Fortran, Python, and any other language or OS into a single cohesive system design model, CORBA provides the means to level the field and allow disparate teams to develop systems and unit tests that can later be joined together into a whole system. This does not rule out the need for basic system engineering decisions, such as threading, timing, object lifetime, etc. These issues are part of any system regardless of technology.
Unified Process Construction phase Unified_Process > Project lifecycle (phases of unified process) > Construction phase It is customary to write full-text use cases during the construction phase and each one becomes the start of a new iteration. Common Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams used during this phase include activity diagrams, sequence diagrams, collaboration diagrams, state transition diagrams and interaction overview diagrams. Iterative implementation for the lower risks and easier elements are done. The final construction phase deliverable is software ready to be deployed in the transition phase.
Multi-junction solar cell Loss mechanisms Multijunction_solar_cell > Description > Loss mechanisms Conversely, photons with more energy than the bandgap, say blue light, initially eject an electron to a state high above the bandgap, but this extra energy is lost through collisions in a process known as "relaxation". This lost energy turns into heat in the cell, which has the side-effect of further increasing blackbody losses.Combining all of these factors, the maximum efficiency for a single-bandgap material, like conventional silicon cells, is about 34%. That is, 66% of the energy in the sunlight hitting the cell will be lost.
Snoop filter Implementation Bus_snooping > Implementation One of the possible implementations is as follows: The cache would have three extra bits: V – valid D – dirty bit, signifies that data in the cache is not the same as in memory S – sharedEach cache line is in one of the following states: "dirty" (has been updated by local processor), "valid", "invalid" or "shared". A cache line contains a value, and it can be read or written. Writing on a cache line changes the value. Each value is either in main memory (which is very slow to access), or in one or more local caches (which is fast).
Lead tetraacetate Preparation Lead_tetraacetate > Preparation It is typically prepared by treating of red lead with acetic acid and acetic anhydride (Ac2O), which absorbs water. The net reaction is shown: Pb3O4 + 4 Ac2O → Pb(OAc)4 + 2 Pb(OAc)2The remaining lead(II) acetate can be partially oxidized to the tetraacetate: 2 Pb(OAc)2 + Cl2 → Pb(OAc)4 + PbCl2
False memory Early work False_memories > Early work Participants estimated collisions of all speeds to average between 35 mph (56 km/h) to just below 40 mph (64 km/h). If actual speed was the main factor in estimate, it could be assumed that participants would have lower estimates for lower speed collisions. Instead, the word being used to describe the collision seemed to better predict the estimate in speed rather than the speed itself.The second experiment also showed participants videos of a car accident, but the phrasing of the follow-up questionnaire was critical in participant responses.
Alternating current motor Watthour-meter motor AC_motors > Other AC motor types > Watthour-meter motor Similarly, the flux crosses down through the disc to the right current coil where the eddy current flows radially away from the disc center, again producing a torque driving the front of the disc to the right. When the AC polarity reverses, the eddy currents in the disc and the direction of the magnetic flux from the current coils both change, leaving the direction of the torque unchanged. The torque is thus proportional to the instantaneous line voltage times the instantaneous load current, automatically correcting for power factor.
Outline of nanotechnology Applications of nanotechnology Outline_of_nanotechnology > Applications of nanotechnology Energy applications of nanotechnology Quantum computing – computation using quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform data operations. List of nanotechnology applications
Competitive learning Architecture and implementation Competitive_learning > Architecture and implementation Competitive Learning is usually implemented with Neural Networks that contain a hidden layer which is commonly known as “competitive layer”. Every competitive neuron is described by a vector of weights w i = ( w i 1 , . . , w i d ) T , i = 1 , .
Bioenergetics Examples of major bioenergetic processes Energy_metabolism > Examples of major bioenergetic processes Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing two molecules of ATP (per 1 molecule of glucose) in the process. When a cell has a higher concentration of ATP than ADP (i.e. has a high energy charge), the cell can't undergo glycolysis, releasing energy from available glucose to perform biological work. Pyruvate is one product of glycolysis, and can be shuttled into other metabolic pathways (gluconeogenesis, etc.) as needed by the cell. Additionally, glycolysis produces reducing equivalents in the form of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which will ultimately be used to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of glycolysis; when the cell's energy charge is low (the concentration of ADP is higher than that of ATP), the cell must synthesize glucose from carbon- containing biomolecules such as proteins, amino acids, fats, pyruvate, etc. For example, proteins can be broken down into amino acids, and these simpler carbon skeletons are used to build/ synthesize glucose.The citric acid cycle is a process of cellular respiration in which acetyl coenzyme A, synthesized from pyruvate dehydrogenase, is first reacted with oxaloacetate to yield citrate.
Villarceau circles Example Villarceau_circles > Example Consider a horizontal torus in xyz space, centered at the origin and with major radius 5 and minor radius 3. That means that the torus is the locus of some vertical circles of radius three whose centers are on a circle of radius five in the horizontal xy plane. Points on this torus satisfy this equation: 0 = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 16 ) 2 − 100 ( x 2 + y 2 ) .
HIV Classification HIV > Virology > Classification HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2, compared to HIV-1, implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Due to its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa.
Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol Conceptual Framework Aggregate_Level_Simulation_Protocol > Conceptual Framework When a simulation creates an object, it reports this fact to the confederation to let other simulations create ghosts. Likewise, when a simulation deletes an object, it reports this fact to enable ghost deletion. Whenever a simulation takes an action between one of its objects and a ghost, the simulation must report this to the confederation.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion Anglicanism Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion > Religions > Christianity > By denomination > Anglicanism St. Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit "groaning" within us, as we ourselves groan within the pain of the whole creation.
Isoseismal map Testing seismic hazard assessments Isoseismal_map > Use > Testing seismic hazard assessments Because of the relatively long history of macroseismic intensity observations (sometimes stretching back many centuries in some regions), isoseismal maps can be used to test seismic hazard assessments by comparing the expected temporal frequency of different levels of intensity, assuming an assessment is true and the observed rate of exceedance. == References ==
Principle of inertia Classical inertia Inertia > History and development of the concept > Classical inertia According to Charles Coulston Gillispie, inertia "entered science as a physical consequence of Descartes' geometrization of space-matter, combined with the immutability of God." The first physicist to completely break away from the Aristotelian model of motion was Isaac Beeckman in 1614. The term "inertia" was first introduced by Johannes Kepler in his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (published in three parts from 1617 to 1621); however, the meaning of Kepler's term (which he derived from the Latin word for "idleness" or "laziness") was not quite the same as its modern interpretation. Kepler defined inertia only in terms of resistance to movement, once again based on the presumption that rest was a natural state which did not need explanation.
Bootstrap support Artificial intelligence and machine learning Bootstrap_support > Applications > Computing > Artificial intelligence and machine learning Bootstrapping is a technique used to iteratively improve a classifier's performance. Typically, multiple classifiers will be trained on different sets of the input data, and on prediction tasks the output of the different classifiers will be combined. Seed AI is a hypothesized type of artificial intelligence capable of recursive self-improvement. Having improved itself, it would become better at improving itself, potentially leading to an exponential increase in intelligence. No such AI is known to exist, but it remains an active field of research. Seed AI is a significant part of some theories about the technological singularity: proponents believe that the development of seed AI will rapidly yield ever-smarter intelligence (via bootstrapping) and thus a new era.
Vacuum catastrophe Renormalization Cosmological_constant_problem > Cutoff dependence > Renormalization The vacuum energy in quantum field theory can be set to any value by renormalization. This view treats the cosmological constant as simply another fundamental physical constant not predicted or explained by theory. Such a renormalization constant must be chosen very accurately because of the many-orders-of-magnitude discrepancy between theory and observation, and many theorists consider this ad-hoc constant as equivalent to ignoring the problem.
Logarithmically concave function Log-concave distributions Logarithmically_concave_function > Log-concave distributions However, some non-log-concave distributions also have log-concave CDF's: The log-normal distribution. The Pareto distribution. The Weibull distribution when the shape parameter < 1.
Naval Ocean Surveillance System Satellites Naval_Ocean_Surveillance_System > Satellites * One satellite from each third generation pair is officially catalogued as debris. data from ,
Acute kidney injury Signs and symptoms Acute_kidney_injury > Signs and symptoms Fluid balance is frequently affected, though blood pressure can be high, low, or normal.Pain in the flanks may be encountered in some conditions (such as clotting of the kidneys' blood vessels or inflammation of the kidney). This is the result of stretching of the fibrous tissue capsule surrounding the kidney. If the kidney injury is the result of dehydration, there may be thirst as well as evidence of fluid depletion on physical examination. Physical examination may also provide other clues as to the underlying cause of the kidney problem, such as a rash in interstitial nephritis (or vasculitis) and a palpable bladder in obstructive nephropathy.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.