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Sustainable Energy Integrating variable energy sources Low-carbon_energy > Energy system transformation > Integrating variable energy sources To deliver reliable electricity from variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, electrical power systems require flexibility. Most electrical grids were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. As larger amounts of solar and wind energy are integrated into the grid, changes have to be made to the energy system to ensure that the supply of electricity is matched to demand.
Attentional bias Measurement paradigms Attentional_bias > Measurements > Measurement paradigms For example, in a posner cueing task, the cues were either a neutral, angry or happy, facial expression. There were both valid (targets appearing in the same location as the cue/face) and invalid trials (The target appearing in a different location to the cue/face). Surprisingly enough, in the invalid tests, individuals' response times increased to the same degree of attentional bias for both negative stimuli and positive stimuli, contrary to hundreds of other studies.
Data-driven control system Summary Data-driven_control_system However, it is still difficult to find a simple yet reliable model for a physical system, that includes only those dynamics of the system that are of interest for the control specifications. The direct data-driven methods allow to tune a controller, belonging to a given class, without the need of an identified model of the system. In this way, one can also simply weight process dynamics of interest inside the control cost function, and exclude those dynamics that are out of interest.
Local binary patterns Concept Local_binary_patterns > Concept Compute the histogram, over the cell, of the frequency of each "number" occurring (i.e., each combination of which pixels are smaller and which are greater than the center). This histogram can be seen as a 256-dimensional feature vector. Optionally normalize the histogram.
Polytope Abstract polytopes Polytope > Generalisations of a polytope > Abstract polytopes The theory of abstract polytopes attempts to detach polytopes from the space containing them, considering their purely combinatorial properties. This allows the definition of the term to be extended to include objects for which it is difficult to define an intuitive underlying space, such as the 11-cell. An abstract polytope is a partially ordered set of elements or members, which obeys certain rules. It is a purely algebraic structure, and the theory was developed in order to avoid some of the issues which make it difficult to reconcile the various geometric classes within a consistent mathematical framework. A geometric polytope is said to be a realization in some real space of the associated abstract polytope.
Shielded cable Applications Shielded_cable > Applications The use of shielded cables in security systems provides some protection from power frequency and radio frequency interference, reducing the number of false alarms being generated. The best practice is to keep data or signal cables physically separated by at least 3 inches (75mm) from 'heavy' power circuits which are in parallel. Analog signal cable used in professional audio applications is usually shielded twisted pair cable terminated in XLR connectors.
Lacosamide Central nervous system Lacosamide > Side effects > Central nervous system Dizziness was the most common treatment-related adverse event. Other CNS effects are headache, drowsiness, blurred vision, involuntary movements, memory problems, diplopia (double vision), trembling or shaking of the hands, unsteadiness, ataxia.
Hostname Summary Hostname In the latter form, a hostname is also called a domain name. If the domain name is completely specified, including a top-level domain of the Internet, then the hostname is said to be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). Hostnames that include DNS domains are often stored in the Domain Name System together with the IP addresses of the host they represent for the purpose of mapping the hostname to an address, or the reverse process.
Crop cultivation Agricultural automation Crop_production > Production > Agricultural automation Different definitions exist for agricultural automation and for the variety of tools and technologies that are used to automate production. One view is that agricultural automation refers to autonomous navigation by robots without human intervention. Alternatively it is defined as the accomplishment of production tasks through mobile, autonomous, decision-making, mechatronic devices. However, FAO finds that these definitions do not capture all the aspects and forms of automation, such as robotic milking machines that are static, most motorized machinery that automates the performing of agricultural operations, and digital tools (e.g., sensors) that automate only diagnosis.
Foreign key constraint Summary Foreign_key > Summary Another important part of database design is database normalization, in which tables are broken apart and foreign keys make it possible for them to be reconstructed.Multiple rows in the referencing (or child) table may refer to the same row in the referenced (or parent) table. In this case, the relationship between the two tables is called a one to many relationship between the referencing table and the referenced table. In addition, the child and parent table may, in fact, be the same table, i.e. the foreign key refers back to the same table.
Fashion statement Social influences Fashion_statement > Fashion trends > Social influences Fashion is inherently a social phenomenon. A person cannot have a fashion by oneself, but for something to be defined as fashion, there needs to be dissemination and followers. This dissemination can take several forms; from the top-down ("trickle-down") to bottom-up ("bubble up/trickle-up"), or transversally across cultures and through viral memes and media ("trickle-across"). Fashion relates to the social and cultural context of an environment.
Quantum stirring, ratchets, and pumping The Kubo approach to quantum stirring Quantum_stirring,_ratchets,_and_pumping > The Kubo approach to quantum stirring The eigenstates of the system are labeled by the index n {\displaystyle n} . These are in general many body states, and the energies are in general many body energies.
Linus Pauling Nature of the chemical bond Linus_Pauling > Career > Nature of the chemical bond The best description of benzene had been made by the German chemist Friedrich Kekulé. He had treated it as a rapid interconversion between two structures, each with alternating single and double bonds, but with the double bonds of one structure in the locations where the single bonds were in the other. Pauling showed that a proper description based on quantum mechanics was an intermediate structure which was a blend of each.
Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory 5n rules Polyhedral_skeletal_electron_pair_theory > Predicting structures of cluster compounds > 5n rules As discussed previously, the 4n rule mainly deals with clusters with electron counts of 4n + k, in which approximately 4 electrons are on each vertex. As more electrons are added per vertex, the number of the electrons per vertex approaches 5. Rather than adopting structures based on deltahedra, the 5n-type clusters have structures based on a different series of polyhedra known as the 3-connected polyhedra, in which each vertex is connected to 3 other vertices. The 3-connected polyhedra are the duals of the deltahedra.
Vanishing gradient problem Batch normalization Vanishing_gradient_problem > Solutions > Batch normalization Batch normalization is a standard method for solving both the exploding and the vanishing gradient problems.
Strong encryption Strong Cryptographically_strong > Examples > Strong The AES algorithm is considered strong after being selected in a lengthy selection process that was open and involved numerous tests. Elliptic curve cryptography is another system which is based on a graphical geometrical function. The latest version of TLS protocol (version 1.3), used to secure Internet transactions, is generally considered strong.
Factorial function Computation Factorial > Properties > Computation {\displaystyle n!} can be expressed in pseudocode using iteration as define factorial(n): f := 1 for i := 1, 2, 3, ..., n: f := f * i return f or using recursion based on its recurrence relation as define factorial(n): if (n = 0) return 1 return n * factorial(n − 1) Other methods suitable for its computation include memoization, dynamic programming, and functional programming. The computational complexity of these algorithms may be analyzed using the unit-cost random-access machine model of computation, in which each arithmetic operation takes constant time and each number uses a constant amount of storage space.
Diffraction grating Natural gratings Diffraction_grating > Examples > Natural gratings Diffraction produces the entire spectrum of colors as the viewing angle changes, whereas thin-film interference usually produces a much narrower range. The surfaces of flowers can also create a diffraction, but the cell structures in plants are usually too irregular to produce the fine slit geometry necessary for a diffraction grating.
Laws of cosines Using geometry of the circle Law_of_cosines > Proofs > Using geometry of the circle Apply the Pythagorean theorem to obtain b 2 = c 2 + h 2 . {\displaystyle b^{2}=c^{2}+h^{2}.} Now use the chord theorem (Euclid's Elements: Book 3, Proposition 35), which says that if two chords intersect, the product of the two line segments obtained on one chord is equal to the product of the two line segments obtained on the other chord.
Multivariate adaptive regression splines Generalized cross validation Multivariate_adaptive_regression_splines > The model building process > The backward pass > Generalized cross validation The EffectiveNumberOfParameters is defined in the MARS context as (effective number of parameters) = (number of mars terms) + (penalty) · ((number of Mars terms) − 1 ) / 2where penalty is about 2 or 3 (the MARS software allows the user to preset penalty). Note that (number of Mars terms − 1 ) / 2is the number of hinge-function knots, so the formula penalizes the addition of knots. Thus the GCV formula adjusts (i.e. increases) the training RSS to take into account the flexibility of the model.
Windows NT Architecture Windows_NT > Architecture Windows NT uses a layered design architecture that consists of two main components, user mode and kernel mode. Programs and subsystems in user mode are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to, while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices. Kernel mode in Windows NT has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer. The Windows NT kernel is a hybrid kernel; the architecture comprises a simple kernel, hardware abstraction layer (HAL), drivers, and a range of services (collectively named Executive), which all exist in kernel mode.The booting process of Windows NT begins with NTLDR in versions before Vista and the Windows Boot Manager in Vista and later.
C15H20Cl2N2 Summary C15H20Cl2N2 The molecular formula C15H20Cl2N2 (molar mass: 299.24 g/mol) may refer to: BD1018, a selective sigma receptor ligand BD1031, a selective sigma receptor agonist
Natural experiment Family size Natural_experiment > Recent examples > Family size For example, a woman may defer having a child if she gets a raise at work. The authors observed that two-child families with either two boys or two girls are substantially more likely to have a third child than two-child families with one boy and one girl. The sex of the first two children, then, constitutes a kind of natural experiment: it is as if an experimenter had randomly assigned some families to have two children and others to have three.
Ozone therapy Safety Ozone_therapy > Safety Proponents suggest that its effects are tissue dependent, though the subject is still debated.Other serious incidents reported include transmission of hepatitis C, and one case of a heart attack following some hours after autohemotherapy.Ozone-based treatments can be associated with central nervous system toxicity, termed Ozone Induced Encephalopathy (OIE). OIE may include cortical visual impairment, altered mental status, headache, focal neurological deficits, seizures, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, regardless of the route of administration. OIE should be considered in patients presenting with neurological symptoms in close relation to Ozone Therapy.
Earplug Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) Earplug > Rating > Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) Hearing protectors sold in the US are required by the EPA to have a noise reduction rating (NRR), which is an estimate of noise reduction at the ear when protectors are worn properly. Real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT) measurements are performed multiple times with 10 to 20 subjects to determine the NRR. Using the collected data, an average group attenuation is reported along with a standard deviation for attenuation on the hearing protector package.Due to the discrepancy between how protectors are fit in the testing laboratory and how users wear protectors in the real world, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have developed derating formulas to reduce the effective NRR. While the NRR and the SNR (Single Number Rating) are designed to be used with C-weighted noise, which means that the lower frequencies are not de-emphasized, other ratings (NRR(SF) and NRSA) are determined for use with A-weighted noise levels, which have lower frequencies de-emphasized.
Essential gene Eukaryotes Essential_genes > Eukaryotes Note that many genes in humans are not absolutely essential for survival but can cause severe disease when mutated. Such mutations are catalogued in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. In a computational analysis of genetic variation and mutations in 2,472 human orthologs of known essential genes in the mouse, Georgi et al. found strong, purifying selection and comparatively reduced levels of sequence variation, indicating that these human genes are essential too.While it may be difficult to prove that a gene is essential in humans, it can be demonstrated that a gene is not essential or not even causing disease.
History of surveying Errors and accuracy History_of_surveying > Techniques > Errors and accuracy Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy. Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements.
Classifier handshape Brain structures Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages > Brain structures It is especially important in using and understanding classifier constructions. Signers with damage to the right hemisphere cannot properly describe items in a room. They can remember the items themselves, but cannot use classifiers to express their location.The parietal cortex is activated in both hemispheres when perceiving the spatial location of objects.
Triamcinolone acetonide Pharmacodynamics Triamcinolone_acetonide > Pharmacology > Pharmacodynamics Triamcinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid. It is specifically a glucocorticoid, or an agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor, that is about five times as potent as cortisol. It has very little mineralocorticoid effects.
Photochemical reaction center Transforming light energy into charge separation Photosynthetic_reaction_center > Transforming light energy into charge separation The structures of these supercomplexes are large, involving multiple light-harvesting complexes. The reaction center found in Rhodopseudomonas bacteria is currently best understood, since it was the first reaction center of known structure and has fewer polypeptide chains than the examples in green plants.A reaction center is laid out in such a way that it captures the energy of a photon using pigment molecules and turns it into a usable form. Once the light energy has been absorbed directly by the pigment molecules, or passed to them by resonance transfer from a surrounding light-harvesting complex, they release electrons into an electron transport chain and pass energy to a hydrogen donor such as H2O to extract electrons and protons from it.
Exclusive cache Direct-mapped cache L2_cache > Associativity > Direct-mapped cache This means that if two locations map to the same entry, they may continually knock each other out. Although simpler, a direct-mapped cache needs to be much larger than an associative one to give comparable performance, and it is more unpredictable. Let x be block number in cache, y be block number of memory, and n be number of blocks in cache, then mapping is done with the help of the equation x = y mod n.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Immune-related genes Hashimoto_thyroiditis > Risk factors > Immune-related genes IFN-γ promotes cell-mediated cytotoxicity against thyroid mutations causing increased production of IFN-γ were associated with the severity of hypothyroidism. Severe hypothyroidism is associated with mutations leading to lower production of IL-4 (Th2 cytokine suppressing cell-mediated autoimmunity), lower secretion of TGF-β (inhibitor of cytokine production), and mutations of FoxP3, an essential regulatory factor for the Tregs development. Development of Hashimoto's disease was associated with mutation of the gene for TNF-α (stimulator of the IFN-γ production), causing its higher concentration.Preventable environmental factors, including high iodine intake, selenium deficiency, and infectious diseases and certain drugs, have been implicated in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease in genetically predisposed individuals.
Magnitude (mathematics) Complex numbers Logarithmic_magnitude > Numbers > Complex numbers A complex number z may be viewed as the position of a point P in a 2-dimensional space, called the complex plane. The absolute value (or modulus) of z may be thought of as the distance of P from the origin of that space. The formula for the absolute value of z = a + bi is similar to that for the Euclidean norm of a vector in a 2-dimensional Euclidean space: | z | = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle \left|z\right|={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}} where the real numbers a and b are the real part and the imaginary part of z, respectively.
Cell tropism Host defense mechanisms Endothelial_Cell_Tropism > Cellular features and mechanisms > Host defense mechanisms Endothelial cells also possess intrinsic antiviral responses which leverage the host's immune system to battle the infection or restrict viral replication. In response to the virus production in the cell, the host cell can release a protein such as cytokine like interferon (IFN) that will signal for an immune response. IFN "intereferes" with virus replication by signaling to other cells in our immune system stop the infection. Other cell mechanisms are also at the different subcellular levels.
Memory improvement Personal Application & Intellectual Conception Memory_improvement > Strategies > Personal Application & Intellectual Conception These diagrams are beneficial because they require the creator to link and integrate different ideas, which improve critical thinking and leads to more meaningful learning. Concept maps also help to facilitate the storage of material in long term memory, as well as help to show visually any knowledge gaps that may be present. Concept maps have been shown to improve people's ability to complete novel problem solving tasks.The Drawing Effect is another way to improve memory.
Thin-film diffraction Examples Thin-film_interference > Examples The type of interference that occurs when light is reflected from a thin film is dependent upon the wavelength and angle of the incident light, the thickness of the film, the refractive indices of the material on either side of the film, and the index of the film medium. Various possible film configurations and the related equations are explained in more detail in the examples below.
→ Summary → → or -> may refer to: one of the arrow symbols, characters of Unicode one of the arrow keys, on a keyboard →, >, representing the assignment operator in various programming languages ->, a Pointer operator in C and C++ where a->b is synonymous with (*a).b (except when either -> or * has been overridden in C++). →, goto in the APL programming language →, representing the direction of a chemical reaction in a chemical equation →, representing the set of all mathematical functions that map from one set to another in set theory →, representing a material implication in logic →, representing morphism in category theory →, representing a vector in physics and mathematics the relative direction of right or forward →, a notation of Conway chained arrow notation for very large integers "Due to" (and other meanings), in medical notation the button that starts playback of a recording on a media player
Minor spliceosome Evolution Minor_spliceosome > Evolution Like the major spliceosome, the minor spliceosome had an early origin: several of its characteristic constituents are present in representative organisms from all eukaryotic supergroups for which there is any substantial genome sequence information. In addition, functionally important sequence elements contained within U12-type introns and snRNAs are highly conserved during evolution.
Magnetic shape-memory alloy Fatigue Properties Magnetic_shape_memory > Properties > Fatigue Properties The fatigue life of MSMAs is of particular interest for actuation applications due to the high frequency cycling, so improving the microstructure of these alloys has been of particular interest. Researchers have improved the fatigue life up to 2x109 cycles with a maximum stress of 2MPa, providing promising data to support real application of MSMAs in devices. Although high fatigue life has been demonstrated, this property has been found to be controlled by the internal twinning stress in the material, which is dependent on the crystal structure and twin boundaries. Additionally, inducing a fully strained (elongated or contracted) MSMA has been found to reduce fatigue life, so this must be taken into consideration when designing functional MSMA systems. In general, reducing defects such as surface roughness that cause stress concentration can increase the fatigue life and fracture resistance of MSMAs.
Dirichlet eigenvalue Applications Dirichlet_Laplacian > Applications The spiral-shaped domain happens to be especially efficient for such an application due to the boundary behavior of modes of Dirichlet laplacian.The theorem about boundary behavior of the Dirichlet Laplacian if analogy of the property of rays in geometrical optics (Fig.1); the angular momentum of a ray (green) increases at each reflection from the spiral part of the boundary (blue), until the ray hits the chunk (red); all rays (except those parallel to the optical axis) unavoidly visit the region in vicinity of the chunk to frop the excess of the angular momentum. Similarly, all the modes of the Dirichlet Laplacian have non-zero values in vicinity of the chunk. The normal component of the derivative of the mode at the boundary can be interpreted as pressure; the pressure integrated over the surface gives the force.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Gene editing Bad_cholesterol > Lowering LDL-cholesterol > Gene editing In 2021, scientists demonstrated that CRISPR gene editing can decrease blood levels of LDL cholesterol in vivo in Macaca fascicularis monkeys for months by 60% via knockout of PCSK9 in the liver.
Automatic vectorization Reducing vectorization overhead in the presence of control flow Vectorizing_compiler > Techniques > Reducing vectorization overhead in the presence of control flow Scalar baseline (original code) After vectorization in the presence of control flow After inserting vector branches There are two things to note in the final code with vector branches; First, the predicate defining instruction for vPA is also included within the body of the outer vector branch by using vec_any_gt. Second, the profitability of the inner vector branch for vPB depends on the conditional probability of vPB having false values in all fields given vPA has false values in all fields. Consider an example where the outer branch in the scalar baseline is always taken, bypassing most instructions in the loop body. The intermediate case above, without vector branches, executes all vector instructions. The final code, with vector branches, executes both the comparison and the branch in vector mode, potentially gaining performance over the scalar baseline.
Demographic transition model United States Demographic_transition_model > Historical studies > United States During the 17th and 18th centuries, crude death rates in much of colonial North America ranged from 15 to 25 deaths per 1000 residents per year (levels of up to 40 per 1000 being typical during stages one and two). Life expectancy at birth was on the order of 40 and, in some places, reached 50, and a resident of 18th century Philadelphia who reached age 20 could have expected, on average, additional 40 years of life. This phenomenon is explained by the pattern of colonization of the United States.
Let-7 microRNA precursor Summary Let-7_microRNA_precursor The Let-7 microRNA precursor was identified from a study of developmental timing in C. elegans, and was later shown to be part of a much larger class of non-coding RNAs termed microRNAs. miR-98 microRNA precursor from human is a let-7 family member. Let-7 miRNAs have now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide range of species (MIPF0000002).
Microevolution Mutation Microevolution > Four processes > Mutation Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates, which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e.g. the human immune system.Mutations can involve large sections of DNA becoming duplicated, usually through genetic recombination. These duplications are a major source of raw material for evolving new genes, with tens to hundreds of genes duplicated in animal genomes every million years. Most genes belong to larger families of genes of shared ancestry.
Procedural knowledge Educational implications Procedural_knowledge > Technical uses of the phrase > Educational implications The Unified Learning Model explicates that procedural knowledge helps make learning more efficient by reducing the cognitive load of the task. In some educational approaches, particularly when working with students with learning disabilities, educators perform a task analysis followed by explicit instruction with the steps needed to accomplish the task.One advantage of procedural knowledge is that it can involve more senses, such as hands-on experience, practice at solving problems, understanding of the limitations of a specific solution, etc. Thus procedural knowledge can frequently eclipse theory.
The Master Algorithm Overview The_Master_Algorithm > Overview The book outlines five approaches of machine learning: inductive reasoning, connectionism, evolutionary computation, Bayes' theorem and analogical modelling. The author explains these tribes to the reader by referring to more understandable processes of logic, connections made in the brain, natural selection, probability and similarity judgments. Throughout the book, it is suggested that each different tribe has the potential to contribute to a unifying "master algorithm". Towards the end of the book the author pictures a "master algorithm" in the near future, where machine learning algorithms asymptotically grow to a perfect understanding of how the world and people in it work. Although the algorithm doesn't yet exist, he briefly reviews his own invention of the Markov logic network.
Symmetric map Bilinear forms Symmetric_map > Two variables > Bilinear forms The symmetrization and antisymmetrization of a bilinear map are bilinear; thus away from 2, every bilinear form is a sum of a symmetric form and a skew-symmetric form, and there is no difference between a symmetric form and a quadratic form. At 2, not every form can be decomposed into a symmetric form and a skew-symmetric form. For instance, over the integers, the associated symmetric form (over the rationals) may take half-integer values, while over Z / 2 Z , {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /2\mathbb {Z} ,} a function is skew-symmetric if and only if it is symmetric (as 1 = − 1 {\displaystyle 1=-1} ). This leads to the notion of ε-quadratic forms and ε-symmetric forms.
Vitamin A receptor Overview Vitamin_A_receptor > Mechanism of action > Overview ROH is released to LRAT which will convert retinol into retinylesters. Following the release of holo-CRBP-I from intercellular STRA6, STAT5 is recruited to STRA6 phosphorylated Y643 region where it is then phosphorylated by JAK2. This phosphorylation activates STAT5 which then makes its way to the nucleus to induce expression of target genes including suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a strong inhibitor of insulin signaling.
Einride Technology Einride > Technology Einride uses self-driving technology as well as remote operation for the Einride Autonomous Electric Truck which allows drivers to monitor multiple vehicles and remotely control the vehicle in difficult traffic situations. The Einride Autonomous Electric Truck can travel 200 km (124 miles) on a fully charged battery.
Computer age Transistors Computer_age > Innovations > Transistors The onset of the Information Age can be associated with the development of transistor technology. The concept of a field-effect transistor was first theorized by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. The first practical transistor was the point-contact transistor, invented by the engineers Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen while working for William Shockley at Bell Labs in 1947. This was a breakthrough that laid the foundations for modern technology.
Free vortex Rotational vortices Vortex > Properties > Vortex types > Rotational vortices A rotational vortex – a vortex that rotates in the same way as a rigid body – cannot exist indefinitely in that state except through the application of some extra force, that is not generated by the fluid motion itself. It has non-zero vorticity everywhere outside the core. Rotational vortices are also called rigid-body vortices or forced vortices. For example, if a water bucket is spun at constant angular speed w about its vertical axis, the water will eventually rotate in rigid-body fashion.
Negative priming Experimental terminology Negative_priming > Characteristics of negative priming in experiments > Experimental terminology In the previous example provided, prime refers to the repeated perception of the blue pen as the distractor. Probe trial in an experiment refers to the actual testing for negative priming effects. In this trial, the repeated distractor of the prime trial is presented as the target.
Cancer genomics Synthetic lethality Cancer_genomics > Synthetic lethality The major pathway depends on BRCA1, PALB2 and BRCA2 while an alternative pathway depends on RAD52. Pre-clinical studies, involving epigenetically reduced or mutated BRCA-deficient cells (in culture or injected into mice), show that inhibition of RAD52 is synthetically lethal with BRCA-deficiency.Mutations in genes employed in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) cause a high mutation rate.
Paired receptors Genetics and evolution Paired_receptors > Genetics and evolution Homologous paired receptors are located in the same gene cluster and are thought to have evolved through gene duplication. Sequence features such as the presence of an ITIM-like sequence in the 3' untranslated region of some activating receptors imply that the activating members of the pair likely evolved from the inhibitory members. A number of pathogens interact with the inhibitory member of a pair as a means of immune evasion or viral entry, suggesting that activating members with similar binding competencies may be an evolutionary response to this mechanism. This hypothesis is known as the "counterbalance theory" and these evolutionary dynamics represent an evolutionary arms race between pathogens and the host immune system.
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis Treatment Acute_generalized_exanthematous_pustulosis > Treatment Skin infections, which may lead to sepsis, are potentially lethal complications of AGEP; preventative methods and rapid treatment of such infections with appropriate antibiotics and, where needed, further supportive measures are critical in the treatment of this complication. Overall, however, AGEP has a lethality of less than 5% with recent reports showing no fatalities. Typically, individuals with AGEP have rapid rates of recovery even in when experiencing the cited complications.
Silver acetate Hydrogenation AgC2H3O2 > Reactions > Hydrogenation A solution of silver acetate in pyridine absorbs hydrogen, producing metallic silver: 2 CH3CO2Ag + H2 → 2 Ag + 2 CH3CO2H
Elasticity of cell membranes Selected papers on cell membranes Elasticity_of_cell_membranes > Bibliography > Selected papers on cell membranes Gen. 37 (2004) 11407-11429. Z. C. Tu and Z. C. Ou-Yang, Elastic theory of low-dimensional continua and its applications in bio- and nano-structures,arxiv:0706.0001.
IBM XL C/C++ Compilers Compiler IBM_XL_C/C++_Compilers > Compiler The IBM XL compilers are built from modularized components consisting of front ends (for different programming languages), a platform-agnostic high-level optimizer, and platform-specific low-level optimizers/code generators to target specific hardware and operating systems. The XL C/C++ compilers target POWER, BlueGene/Q, and IBM Z hardware architectures.
Java keyword Variables Java_keyword > Basics > Variables Variables are identifiers associated with values. They are declared by writing the variable's type and name, and are optionally initialized in the same statement by assigning a value. Multiple variables of the same type can be declared and initialized in one statement using comma as a delimiter.
Immune evasion Tumor escape Immune_evasion > Mechanisms of evasion > Tumor escape These cells can then limit the responses of T cells through the production of cytokines and by releasing immune-modulating enzymes. Additionally tumors can escape antigen-directed therapies by loss or down-regulation of the associated antigens, as well demonstrated after checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and CAR-T cell therapy though more recent data indicate that this may be prevented by localized bystander killing mediated by fasL/fas. Alternatively therapies can be developed to encompass multiple antigens in parallel.
Emotional support Human behavior Emotional_support > Human behavior People make decisions by weighing costs against potential outcomes. Research on decision-making distinguishes two mechanisms, often labeled "System 1" (or "gut") and "System 2" (or "head"). System 1 uses affective cues to dictate decisions, whereas System 2 is based in logic and reason. For example, deciding on where to live based on how the new home feels would be a System 1 decision, whereas deciding based on the property value and personal savings would be a System 2 decision.
Substantia nigra Parkinson's disease Substantia_nigra > Clinical significance > Parkinson's disease Regardless of the cause of neuronal death, the plasticity of the pars compacta is very robust; Parkinsonian symptoms do not generally appear until at least 30% of pars compacta dopaminergic neurons have died. Most of this plasticity occurs at the neurochemical level; dopamine transport systems are slowed, allowing dopamine to linger for longer periods of time in the chemical synapses in the striatum.Menke, Jbabdi, Miller, Matthews and Zari (2010) used diffusion tensor imaging, as well as T1 mapping to assess volumetric differences in the SNpc and SNpr, in participants with Parkinson's compared to healthy individuals. These researchers found that participants with Parkinson's consistently had a smaller substantia nigra, specifically in the SNpr.
Bijective proof Summary Bijective_proof In combinatorics, bijective proof is a proof technique for proving that two sets have equally many elements, or that the sets in two combinatorial classes have equal size, by finding a bijective function that maps one set one-to-one onto the other. This technique can be useful as a way of finding a formula for the number of elements of certain sets, by corresponding them with other sets that are easier to count. Additionally, the nature of the bijection itself often provides powerful insights into each or both of the sets.
Space Tethered Autonomous Robotic Satellite STARS spacecraft Space_Tethered_Autonomous_Robotic_Satellite > Cubesat Experiments > STARS spacecraft The Space Tethered Autonomous Robotic Satellite (STARS, aka STARS-1, aka KUKAI, COSPAR 2009-002G, SATCAT 33498) robotic spacecraft developed by the Kagawa Satellite Development Project in the Kagawa University consisted of mother and daughter satellites connected by a tether. The main mission was: separate the mother and daughter satellites deploying the tether between them in the process, document the deployment of the tether using an onboard camera and demonstrate that the daughter satellite can perform attitude control using the tether and a robotic arm. The satellite also had amateur radio capabilities.STARS was launched 23 January 2009 as a secondary payload aboard H-IIA flight 15, which also launched GOSAT. It successfully separated from the rocket, but the tether failed to deploy "due to the launch lock trouble of the tether reel mechanism." As of June 2022, the satellite is still in orbit.
EXIT chart Summary EXIT_chart The response can either be seen as extrinsic information or a representation of the messages in belief propagation. If there are two components which exchange messages, the behaviour of the decoder can be plotted on a two-dimensional chart. One component is plotted with its input on the horizontal axis and its output on the vertical axis.
Herpes simplex virus 2 Immune Evasion Herpes_simplex_virus_2 > Virology > Immune Evasion HSV evades the immune system through interference with MHC class I antigen presentation on the cell surface, by blocking the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) induced by the secretion of ICP-47 by HSV. In the host cell, TAP transports digested viral antigen epitope peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing these epitopes to be combined with MHC class I molecules and presented on the surface of the cell. Viral epitope presentation with MHC class I is a requirement for activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), the major effectors of the cell-mediated immune response against virally-infected cells. ICP-47 prevents initiation of a CTL-response against HSV, allowing the virus to survive for a protracted period in the host.
The Physics of Fluids Summary Physics_of_Fluids Physics of Fluids is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering fluid dynamics, established by the American Institute of Physics in 1958, and is published by AIP Publishing. The journal focus is the dynamics of gases, liquids, and complex or multiphase fluids—and the journal contains original research resulting from theoretical, computational, and experimental studies.
Distributed file system for cloud Client-server architecture Distributed_file_system_for_cloud > Architectures > Client-server architecture Upload/download model: The client can access the file only locally. It means that the client has to download the file, make modifications, and upload it again, to be used by others' clients.The file system used by NFS is almost the same as the one used by Unix systems. Files are hierarchically organized into a naming graph in which directories and files are represented by nodes.
Bench (geology) Summary Bench_(geology) Second, other benches are narrow fluvial terraces created by the abandonment of a floodplain by a river or stream and entrenchment of the river valley into it. Finally, a bench is also the name of a narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff that was created by waves or other physical or chemical erosion near the shoreline. These benches are typically referred to as either "coastal benches," "wave-cut benches," or "wave-cut platforms. "In mining, a bench is a narrow, strip of land cut into the side of an open-pit mine. These step-like zones are created along the walls of an open-pit mine for access and mining.
Electric power system Residential power systems Electrical_power_systems > Power systems in practice > Residential power systems Circuits would have both an active and neutral wire with both the lighting and power sockets being connected in parallel. Sockets would also be provided with a protective earth. This would be made available to appliances to connect to any metallic casing.
Peter Menzies (philosopher) Summary Peter_Menzies_(philosopher) Peter Menzies (5 Feb 1953 – 6 Feb 2015) was an Australian philosopher and past president of the Australasian Association of Philosophy, who held teaching positions at Macquarie University, University of Sydney, and Australian National University. He specialized in metaphysics, especially the philosophy of causation. He became a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2007.Menzies was a student of Nancy Cartwright at Stanford University where he received his PhD in 1984.He and philosopher Huw Price developed a version of Agency Theory of Causation, which is statement of manipulability theory of causation. In this view, human actors play an important role in cause and effect. == References ==
Electron velocity Experimental measure Electron_velocity > Experimental measure The formula for evaluating the drift velocity of charge carriers in a material of constant cross-sectional area is given by: u = j n q , {\displaystyle u={j \over nq},} where u is the drift velocity of electrons, j is the current density flowing through the material, n is the charge-carrier number density, and q is the charge on the charge-carrier. This can also be written as: j = n q u {\displaystyle j=nqu} But the current density and drift velocity, j and u, are in fact vectors, so this relationship is often written as: J = ρ u {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\rho \mathbf {u} \,} where ρ = n q {\displaystyle \rho =nq} is the charge density (SI unit: coulombs per cubic metre). In terms of the basic properties of the right-cylindrical current-carrying metallic ohmic conductor, where the charge-carriers are electrons, this expression can be rewritten as: u = m σ Δ V ρ e f ℓ , {\displaystyle u={m\;\sigma \Delta V \over \rho ef\ell },} where u is again the drift velocity of the electrons, in m⋅s−1 m is the molecular mass of the metal, in kg σ is the electric conductivity of the medium at the temperature considered, in S/m. ΔV is the voltage applied across the conductor, in V ρ is the density (mass per unit volume) of the conductor, in kg⋅m−3 e is the elementary charge, in C f is the number of free electrons per atom ℓ is the length of the conductor, in m
Grey body Cosmic microwave background radiation Blackbody_temperature > Realizations > Cosmic microwave background radiation The Big Bang theory is based upon the cosmological principle, which states that on large scales the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. According to theory, the Universe approximately a second after its formation was a near-ideal black body in thermal equilibrium at a temperature above 1010 K. The temperature decreased as the Universe expanded and the matter and radiation in it cooled. The cosmic microwave background radiation observed today is "the most perfect black body ever measured in nature". It has a nearly ideal Planck spectrum at a temperature of about 2.7 K. It departs from the perfect isotropy of true black-body radiation by an observed anisotropy that varies with angle on the sky only to about one part in 100,000.
Dagger category Summary Dagger_functor In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a dagger category (also called involutive category or category with involution) is a category equipped with a certain structure called dagger or involution. The name dagger category was coined by Peter Selinger.
List & Label Summary List_&_Label List & Label is a professional reporting tool for software developers. It provides comprehensive design, print and export functions. The software component runs on Microsoft Windows and can be implemented in desktop, cloud and web applications. List & Label can be used to create user-defined dashboards, lists, invoices, forms and labels.
Uninterruptible power supplies Power factor Battery_backup > Power factor A problem in the combination of a double-conversion UPS and a generator is the voltage distortion created by the UPS. The input of a double-conversion UPS is essentially a big rectifier. The current drawn by the UPS is non-sinusoidal. This can cause the voltage from the AC mains or a generator to also become non-sinusoidal.
Teletraffic engineering in broadband networks In call centers Teletraffic_engineering_in_broadband_networks > In call centers A good example of the use of teletraffic theory in practice is in the design and management of a call center. Call centers use teletraffic theory to increase the efficiency of their services and overall profitability through calculating how many operators are really needed at each time of the day. Queueing systems used in call centers have been studied as a science. For example, completed calls are put on hold and queued until they can be served by an operator. If callers are made to wait too long, they may lose patience and default from the queue (hang up), resulting in no service being provided.
Wood effect Works by Wood Wood_effect > Bibliography > Works by Wood (1909). "Note on the Theory of the Greenhouse". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science.
Bipolaron Bipolarons in physics Bipolaron > Bipolarons in physics If the interaction is sufficiently large, then that attraction leads to a bound bipolaron. For strong attraction, bipolarons may be small. Small bipolarons have integer spin and thus share some of the properties of bosons.
The Toyota Way Right process will produce right results The_Toyota_Way > Research findings > Right process will produce right results The next seven principles are focused on process with an eye towards a quality outcome. Following these principles, work processes are redesigned to eliminate waste (muda) through the process of continuous improvement — kaizen. The seven types of muda are (1) overproduction; (2) waiting, time on hand; (3) unnecessary transport or conveyance; (4) overprocessing or incorrect processing; (5) excess inventory; (6) motion; and (7) defects. The principles in this section empower employees in spite of the bureaucratic processes of Toyota, as any employee in the Toyota Production System has the authority to stop production to signal a quality issue, emphasizing that quality takes precedence (Jidoka).
Energy conversion device Release of energy from hydrogen fusion potential Energy_Conversion > History of energy transformation > Release of energy from hydrogen fusion potential The release of this energy as heat and light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire; or it may be available more slowly for animal or human metabolism when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action. Through all of these transformation chains, the potential energy stored at the time of the Big Bang is later released by intermediate events, sometimes being stored in several different ways for long periods between releases, as more active energy. All of these events involve the conversion of one kind of energy into others, including heat.
Buffer stock scheme Single-price scheme Ever_Normal_Granary > Operation > Single-price scheme As illustrated, the term "buffer stock scheme" can also refer to a scheme where the floor price and ceiling price are equal; in other words, an intervention in the market to ensure a fixed price. For such stores to be effective, the figure for "average supply" must be adjusted periodically to keep up with any broad trends toward increased yield. That is, it must truly be an average of probable yield outcomes at that given point in time. The diagram shows the supply and demand for a grain market.
Reduced ring Summary Reduced_ring In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a ring is called a reduced ring if it has no non-zero nilpotent elements. Equivalently, a ring is reduced if it has no non-zero elements with square zero, that is, x2 = 0 implies x = 0. A commutative algebra over a commutative ring is called a reduced algebra if its underlying ring is reduced. The nilpotent elements of a commutative ring R form an ideal of R, called the nilradical of R; therefore a commutative ring is reduced if and only if its nilradical is zero.
Apportionment paradox Summary Apportionment_paradox This results, at times, in unintuitive observations, or paradoxes. Several paradoxes related to apportionment, also called fair division, have been identified.
Avrami equation Summary Avrami_equation Akad. Nauk. SSSR., 1937, 3, 355).
Virotherapy Summary Virotherapy Gene knockout uses RNA methods to silence or reduce expression of disease-causing genes. Suicide gene delivery introduces genetic sequences that induce an apoptotic response in cells, usually to kill cancerous growths. In a slightly different context, virotherapy can also refer more broadly to the use of viruses to treat certain medical conditions by killing pathogens.
Programmable logic control Communication Programmable_logic_controllers > Functionality > Communication This allows separate parts of a complex process to have individual control while allowing the subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication link. These communication links are also often used for HMI devices such as keypads or PC-type workstations. Formerly, some manufacturers offered dedicated communication modules as an add-on function where the processor had no network connection built-in.
Pharmacometabolomics Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Pharmacometabolomics > Metabolite Quantification and Analysis > Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy has been utilized for the analysis of biological samples since the 1980s, and can be used as an effective technique for the identification and quantification of both known and unknown metabolites. For details on the principles of this technique, see NMR spectroscopy. In pharmacometabolomics analyses, NMR is advantageous because minimal sample preparation is required.
Continuous-time dynamical system Nonlinear dynamical systems and chaos Non-linear_dynamics > Ergodic systems > Nonlinear dynamical systems and chaos This branch of mathematics deals with the long-term qualitative behavior of dynamical systems. Here, the focus is not on finding precise solutions to the equations defining the dynamical system (which is often hopeless), but rather to answer questions like "Will the system settle down to a steady state in the long term, and if so, what are the possible attractors?" or "Does the long-term behavior of the system depend on its initial condition?"
Antiporter Role in Homeostatic Mechanisms Antiporter > Role in Homeostatic Mechanisms Prokaryotic organisms contain antiporter families such as NhaA, NhaB, NhaC, NhaD, NhaP, along with NapA. The most prominent functions, including pH regulation, are completed by Na+/H+ antiporter family NhaA in prokaryotes like Escherichia coli. Plants are sensitive to high amounts of salt, which can halt certain necessary functions of the eukaryotic organism, including photosynthesis. For the organisms to maintain homeostasis and carry out crucial functions, Na+/H+ antiporters are used to rid the cytoplasm of excess sodium by pumping Na+ out of the cell. These antiporters can also close their channel to stop sodium from entering the cell, along with allowing excess sodium within the cell to enter into a vacuole.
Rectifiable path Finding arc lengths by integration Arc_length > Finding arc lengths by integration If a planar curve in R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} is defined by the equation y = f ( x ) , {\displaystyle y=f(x),} where f {\displaystyle f} is continuously differentiable, then it is simply a special case of a parametric equation where x = t {\displaystyle x=t} and y = f ( t ) . {\displaystyle y=f(t).} The Euclidean distance of each infinitesimal segment of the arc can be given by: The arc length is then given by: Curves with closed-form solutions for arc length include the catenary, circle, cycloid, logarithmic spiral, parabola, semicubical parabola and straight line. The lack of a closed form solution for the arc length of an elliptic and hyperbolic arc led to the development of the elliptic integrals.
Swine flu vaccine Manufacturing methods Swine_flu_vaccine > Manufacturing methods For the inactivated vaccines, the virus is grown by injecting it, along with some antibiotics, into fertilized chicken eggs. About one to two eggs are needed to make each dose of vaccine. The virus replicates within the allantois of the embryo, which is the equivalent of the placenta in mammals. The fluid in this structure is removed and the virus purified from this fluid by methods such as filtration or centrifugation.
Cognitive development Neuroscience Cognitive_development > Neuroscience Cerebellum, which is the part of brain that is most responsible for motor skills, has been shown to have significant importance in cognitive functions in the same way that prefrontal cortex has important duties in not only cognitive abilities but also development of motor skills. To support this, there is evidence of close co-activation of neocerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in functional neuroimaging as well as abnormalities seen in both cerebellum and prefrontal cortex in the same developmental disorder. In this way, we see close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and they cannot operate in their full capacity when either of them are impaired or delayed.
Augustin-Jean Fresnel Historical context: From Newton to Biot Conical_refraction > Contributions to physical optics > Historical context: From Newton to Biot : 35–37 He described this reinforcement or cancellation as interference. Neither Newton nor Huygens satisfactorily explained diffraction—the blurring and fringing of shadows where, according to rectilinear propagation, they ought to be sharp.
One-way speed of light The one-way speed One-way_speed_of_light > The one-way speed Although the average speed over a two-way path can be measured, the one-way speed in one direction or the other is undefined (and not simply unknown), unless one can define what is "the same time" in two different locations. To measure the time that the light has taken to travel from one place to another it is necessary to know the start and finish times as measured on the same time scale. This requires either two synchronized clocks, one at the start and one at the finish, or some means of sending a signal instantaneously from the start to the finish. No instantaneous means of transmitting information is known.
Normalized cross-correlation Symmetry property Cross-correlation_coefficient > Cross-correlation of stochastic processes > Properties > Symmetry property For jointly wide-sense stationary stochastic processes, the cross-correlation function has the following symmetry property:: p.173 Respectively for jointly WSS processes:
Silencer (genetics) Mechanisms Silencer_(genetics) > Functionality > Mechanisms The best example of this is the Neuronal-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF) that is produced by the REST gene. The REST gene produces NRSF in order to repress the transcription of neuronal genes that are essential for localization of neuronal tissue. When a silencer represses REST, NRSF is also inhibited, allowing for the transcription of neuronal genes.
World Water Forum 5th World Water Forum: Turkey World_Water_Forum > History > 5th World Water Forum: Turkey Over 30,000 participants from 182 countries took part in the 5th World Water Forum, from 16 to 22 March 2009 in Istanbul, Turkey. More than 400 organisations prepared together over 100 sessions organised according to 6 themes, 7 regional reports and 5 high-level panels.For the first time in the World Water Forum’s history, a heads of state meeting was organized. In addition, the ministerial statement and water guide were developed through a series of four preparatory meetings of government officials, in which thematic and regional coordinators and representatives of major groups participated. Further exchanges with stakeholder representatives were organized through ministerial roundtable discussions during the 5th World Water Forum.
Realtime 3D graphics Application stage Real-time_computer_graphics > Rendering pipeline > Application stage Collision detection uses algorithms to detect and respond to collisions between (virtual) objects. For example, the application may calculate new positions for the colliding objects and provide feedback via a force feedback device such as a vibrating game controller.