Datasets:
Matisse6410
/
more-sim-docs

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
page_content
stringlengths
51
3.15k
Description number Application to undecidability proofs Description_number > Application to undecidability proofs Since δ is built up from what we have assumed are Turing machines as well then it too must have a description number, call it e. So, we can feed the description number e to the UTM again, and by definition, δ(k) = U(e, k), so δ(e) = U(e, e). But since TEST(e) is 1, by our other definition, δ(e) = U(e, e) + 1, leading to a contradiction. Thus, TEST(e) cannot exist, and in this way we have settled the halting problem as undecidable.
Left bundle branch block Treatment Left_bundle_branch_block > Treatment Patients with LBBB require complete cardiac evaluation, and those with LBBB and syncope or near-syncope may require a pacemaker. Some patients with LBBB, a markedly prolonged QRS (usually > 150 ms), and systolic heart failure may benefit from a biventricular pacemaker, which allows for better synchrony of heart contractions.
Friction-stir welding Applications Friction-stir_welding > Applications The FSW process has initially been patented by TWI in most industrialised countries and licensed for over 183 users. Friction stir welding and its variants – friction stir spot welding and friction stir processing – are used for the following industrial applications: shipbuilding and offshore, aerospace, automotive, rolling stock for railways, general fabrication, robotics, and computers.
Failure of electronic components Printed circuit board failures Failure_of_electronic_components > Printed circuit board failures Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are vulnerable to environmental influences; for example, the traces are corrosion-prone and may be improperly etched leaving partial shorts, while the vias may be insufficiently plated through or filled with solder. The traces may crack under mechanical loads, often resulting in unreliable PCB operation. Residues of solder flux may facilitate corrosion; those of other materials on PCBs can cause electrical leaks. Polar covalent compounds can attract moisture like antistatic agents, forming a thin layer of conductive moisture between the traces; ionic compounds like chlorides tend to facilitate corrosion.
Artificial enzyme 2020s Artificial_enzyme > Nanozymes > 2020s A nanozyme therapy for hyperuricemia and ischemic stroke was developed. Chemistry World published a perspective on artificial enzymes and nanozymes. A review on single-atom catalysts, including single-atom nanozymes, was published.
Soft body dynamics Spring/mass models Soft-body_dynamics > Deformable solids > Spring/mass models In this approach, the body is modeled as a set of point masses (nodes) connected by ideal weightless elastic springs obeying some variant of Hooke's law. The nodes may either derive from the edges of a two-dimensional polygonal mesh representation of the surface of the object, or from a three-dimensional network of nodes and edges modeling the internal structure of the object (or even a one-dimensional system of links, if for example a rope or hair strand is being simulated). Additional springs between nodes can be added, or the force law of the springs modified, to achieve desired effects. Applying Newton's second law to the point masses including the forces applied by the springs and any external forces (due to contact, gravity, air resistance, wind, and so on) gives a system of differential equations for the motion of the nodes, which is solved by standard numerical schemes for solving ODEs.
Absolutely integrable Summary Absolutely_integrable_function In mathematics, an absolutely integrable function is a function whose absolute value is integrable, meaning that the integral of the absolute value over the whole domain is finite. For a real-valued function, since where both ∫ f + ( x ) d x {\textstyle \int f^{+}(x)\,dx} and ∫ f − ( x ) d x {\textstyle \int f^{-}(x)\,dx} must be finite. In Lebesgue integration, this is exactly the requirement for any measurable function f to be considered integrable, with the integral then equaling ∫ f + ( x ) d x − ∫ f − ( x ) d x {\textstyle \int f^{+}(x)\,dx-\int f^{-}(x)\,dx} , so that in fact "absolutely integrable" means the same thing as "Lebesgue integrable" for measurable functions. The same thing goes for a complex-valued function.
Differential steering Geared Differential_steering > Mechanisms > Geared In geared differential steering, two complete gearboxes are used to provide power to either side, and one distinct turning radius can be derived from each gear ratio combination. The main disadvantage to this system is that it doubles the size and weight of the total transmission and therefore it has only been implemented experimentally.
Revenue Management Optimization Revenue_Management > Process > Optimization While forecasting suggests what customers are likely to do, optimization suggests how a firm should respond. Often considered the pinnacle of the revenue management process, optimization is about evaluating multiple options on how to sell your product and to whom to sell your product. Optimization involves solving two important problems in order to achieve the highest possible revenue. The first is determining which objective function to optimize.
Inverse trigonometric functions Finding the angle of a right triangle Arc_(function_prefix) > Applications > Finding the angle of a right triangle Arctangent comes in handy in this situation, as the length of the hypotenuse is not needed. θ = arctan ⁡ ( opposite adjacent ) . {\displaystyle \theta =\arctan \left({\frac {\text{opposite}}{\text{adjacent}}}\right)\,.}
Halomonas titanicae Cell morphology Halomonas_titanicae > Cell morphology Halomonas titanicae is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that produces peritrichous flagella. It is catalase and oxidase positive. It has been found to form biofilms and some strains are capable of oxidation of thiosulfate, which is regulated by quorum sensing. It is able to withstand high osmotic pressure due to producing molecules like ectoine, hydroxyectoine, betaine, and glycine.
Available energy The Exergy Flux of Sunlight Exergy > Mathematical description > Exergy Analysis involving Radiative Heat Transfer > The Exergy Flux of Sunlight In addition to the production of power directly from sunlight, solar radiation provides most of the exergy for processes on Earth, including processes that sustain living systems directly, as well as all fuels and energy sources that are used for transportation and electric power production (directly or indirectly). This is primarily with the exception of nuclear fission power plants and geothermal energy (due to natural fission decay). Solar energy is, for the most part, thermal radiation from the Sun with an emission temperature near 5762 Kelvin, but it also includes small amounts of higher energy radiation from the fusion reaction or higher thermal emission temperatures within the Sun. The source of most energy on Earth is nuclear in origin.
Fully automated synthesis Concerns with automated synthesis Automated_synthesis > Concerns with automated synthesis The primary concern of automated synthesis is job displacement. Other concerns are high initial investment and maintenance costs, privacy concerns, and an over-dependence on technology. There are also ethical concerns, regarding the use of artificial intelligence and robotics. See Ethics of artificial intelligence, Robot ethics, Machine ethics.
Density-functional theory Pseudo-potentials Generalized_gradient_approximation > Pseudo-potentials The many-electron Schrödinger equation can be very much simplified if electrons are divided in two groups: valence electrons and inner core electrons. The electrons in the inner shells are strongly bound and do not play a significant role in the chemical binding of atoms; they also partially screen the nucleus, thus forming with the nucleus an almost inert core. Binding properties are almost completely due to the valence electrons, especially in metals and semiconductors.
Hierarchical control system Artificial intelligence Hierarchical_control_system > Applications > Artificial intelligence Behavior need not be planned by a superior layer, rather behaviors may be triggered by sensory inputs and so are only active under circumstances where they might be appropriate.Reinforcement learning has been used to acquire behavior in a hierarchical control system in which each node can learn to improve its behavior with experience. James Albus, while at NIST, developed a theory for intelligent system design named the Reference Model Architecture (RMA), which is a hierarchical control system inspired by RCS. Albus defines each node to contain these components.
Experimental cancer treatment p53 activation therapy Experimental_cancer_treatment > Drug therapies > p53 activation therapy Several drug therapies are being developed based on p53, the tumour suppressor gene that protects the cell in response to damage and stress. It is analogous to deciding what to do with a damaged car: p53 brings everything to a halt, and then decides whether to fix the cell or, if the cell is beyond repair, to destroy the cell. This protective function of p53 is disabled in most cancer cells, allowing them to multiply without check.
Thymic carcinoma Staging Thymic_carcinoma > Diagnosis > Staging There is no consensus staging protocol for thymic carcinoma. Both the Masaoka staging system, designed for thymoma staging, and the TNM staging system have been proposed and used for thymic carcinoma, but consensus has been limited. The Masaoka staging system has been more commonly used, but it has been suggested to have limited applicability as most thymic carcinoma patients present at an advanced stage. The TNM system predicts prognosis if lymph node spread is observed; however, cancer spread to lymph nodes is uncommon. At the time of diagnosis, cancer spread outside of the chest cavity is estimated at less than 7%.
Interdependence theory Principle of structure (the situation) Interdependence_theory > Four basic assumptions of interdependence theory > Principle of structure (the situation) All interactions are set within the context of their given situation (known in Interdependence theory as structure). In order to best analyze this factor, Interdependence theory presents a taxonomy of situations that includes the six dimensions listed below. A key concept with the Principle of Structure is Affordance, or what the situation affords (makes possible) for the individuals within the interaction. Six dimensions of structure:Degree/level of dependence.
Social communication Other species Social_communication > Other species A common assumption in this regard comes from evolutionary biology and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of natural selection. In this regard, "communication can be defined as the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both the signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange." So the sender should benefit by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver should benefit by responding to the signal.
Feature (linguistics) In phonology Feature_(linguistics) > In phonology Examples of phonemic or distinctive features are: , (binary features) and (a unary feature; also a place feature). Surface representations can be expressed as the result of rules acting on the features of the underlying representation. These rules are formulated in terms of transformations on features.
Circuit topology (electrical) Equivalence Circuit_topology_(electrical) > Graph theory > Equivalence Graphs are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other by deformation. Deformation can include the operations of translation, rotation and reflection; bending and stretching the branches; and crossing or knotting the branches. Two graphs which are equivalent through deformation are said to be congruent.In the field of electrical networks, there are two additional transforms that are considered to result in equivalent graphs which do not produce congruent graphs.
Multivariate Pólya distribution A second example: Naive Bayes document clustering Multivariate_Pólya_distribution > Likelihood function > For a set of individual outcomes > In a Bayesian network > A second example: Naive Bayes document clustering However, we don't already know the correct category of any documents; instead, we want to cluster them based on mutual similarities. (For example, a set of scientific articles will tend to be similar to each other in word use but very different from a set of love letters.) This is a type of unsupervised learning.
Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems Summary Ergodic_Theory_and_Dynamical_Systems Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by Cambridge University Press. Established in 1981, the journal publishes articles on dynamical systems. The journal is indexed by Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH. Its 2009 impact factor was 0.822.
Five-point stencil 1D higher-order derivatives Five-point_stencil > In one dimension > 1D higher-order derivatives The centered difference formulas for five-point stencils approximating second, third, and fourth derivatives are The errors in these approximations are O(h4), O(h2) and O(h2) respectively.
Innovation diffusion Complex systems models Diffusion_of_innovation > Mathematical treatment > Complex systems models Complex network models can also be used to investigate the spread of innovations among individuals connected to each other by a network of peer-to-peer influences, such as in a physical community or neighborhood.Such models represent a system of individuals as nodes in a network (or graph). The interactions that link these individuals are represented by the edges of the network and can be based on the probability or strength of social connections. In the dynamics of such models, each node is assigned a current state, indicating whether or not the individual has adopted the innovation, and model equations describe the evolution of these states over time.In threshold models, the uptake of technologies is determined by the balance of two factors: the (perceived) usefulness (sometimes called utility) of the innovation to the individual as well as barriers to adoption, such as cost. The multiple parameters that influence decisions to adopt, both individual and socially motivated, can be represented by such models as a series of nodes and connections that represent real relationships.
Boole's rule Summary Boole's_rule In mathematics, Boole's rule, named after George Boole, is a method of numerical integration.
Thyristor Summary Fast_switching A thyristor () is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating P- and N-type materials used for high-power applications. : 12 It acts exclusively as a bistable switch (or a latch),: 12 conducting when the gate receives a current trigger, and continuing to conduct until the voltage across the device is reverse-biased, or until the voltage is removed (by some other means). : 12 There are two designs, differing in what triggers the conducting state. In a three-lead thyristor, a small current on its Gate lead controls the larger current of the Anode to Cathode path.
Fish anatomy Immune system Fish_anatomy > Immune system They have three specialized organs that are unique to chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissues similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the Leydig's organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells). They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well-developed spleen (their most important immune organ) where various lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored.
Short interfering RNA Post-transcriptional gene silencing Short_interfering_RNA > Post-transcriptional gene silencing This cleavage results in mRNA fragments that are further degraded by cellular exonucleases. The 5' fragment is degraded from its 3' end by exosome while the 3' fragment is degraded from its 5' end by 5' -3' exoribonuclease 1(XRN1). Dissociation of the target mRNA strand from RISC after the cleavage allow more mRNA to be silenced.
Optical bandpass filter Summary Optical_bandpass_filter Photographic filters are a particular case of optical filters, and much of the material here applies. Photographic filters do not need the accurately controlled optical properties and precisely defined transmission curves of filters designed for scientific work, and sell in larger quantities at correspondingly lower prices than many laboratory filters. Some photographic effect filters, such as star effect filters, are not relevant to scientific work.
Oxidation-reduction reaction Oxidants Redox_reactions > Terminology > Oxidants The oxidant (oxidizing agent) removes electrons from another substance, and is thus itself reduced. : A50 And, because it "accepts" electrons, the oxidizing agent is also called an electron acceptor.
Learning standards Examples Learning_standards > Examples An example of learning standards are state-developed learning standards as described below or the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) developed by the NGA and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO). State learning standards are developed by state boards of education and enforced by state education agencies across the US.Learning standards are also present at the local level in curriculum published by school districts where they often take the form of guidelines by grade of what a student can or should be able to do, or possibly even activity level learning objectives. These often are based on the state standards but at a finer grain. Learning standards can also take the form of learning objectives and content-specific standards and controlled vocabulary, as well as metadata about content. There are technical standards for encoding these standards that deal with K-12 learning environments, which are separate from those in higher education and private business.
Nuclear powered Hybrid fusion-fission Fission_power > Research > Hybrid fusion-fission Hybrid nuclear power is a proposed means of generating power by the use of a combination of nuclear fusion and fission processes. The concept dates to the 1950s and was briefly advocated by Hans Bethe during the 1970s, but largely remained unexplored until a revival of interest in 2009, due to delays in the realization of pure fusion. When a sustained nuclear fusion power plant is built, it has the potential to be capable of extracting all the fission energy that remains in spent fission fuel, reducing the volume of nuclear waste by orders of magnitude, and more importantly, eliminating all actinides present in the spent fuel, substances which cause security concerns.
Enzymatic reaction Trypsin Enzymatic_Reactions > Examples of catalytic mechanisms > Trypsin Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) is a serine protease that cleaves protein substrates after lysine or arginine residues using a catalytic triad to perform covalent catalysis, and an oxyanion hole to stabilise charge-buildup on the transition states.
Dynamical pictures Hamiltonian operator Dynamical_pictures > Interaction Picture > Definition > Operators > Hamiltonian operator For the operator H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} itself, the interaction picture and Schrödinger picture coincide, H 0 , I ( t ) = e i H 0 , S t / ℏ H 0 , S e − i H 0 , S t / ℏ = H 0 , S . {\displaystyle H_{0,I}(t)=e^{iH_{0,S}t/\hbar }H_{0,S}e^{-iH_{0,S}t/\hbar }=H_{0,S}.} This is easily seen through the fact that operators commute with differentiable functions of themselves.
CISC instruction Design issues CISC_processor > Design issues While many designs achieved the aim of higher throughput at lower cost and also allowed high-level language constructs to be expressed by fewer instructions, it was observed that this was not always the case. For instance, low-end versions of complex architectures (i.e. using less hardware) could lead to situations where it was possible to improve performance by not using a complex instruction (such as a procedure call or enter instruction) but instead using a sequence of simpler instructions. One reason for this was that architects (microcode writers) sometimes "over-designed" assembly language instructions, including features that could not be implemented efficiently on the basic hardware available. There could, for instance, be "side effects" (above conventional flags), such as the setting of a register or memory location that was perhaps seldom used; if this was done via ordinary (non duplicated) internal buses, or even the external bus, it would demand extra cycles every time, and thus be quite inefficient.
Chemotherapy Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Chemotherapy > Adverse effects > Immunosuppression and myelosuppression Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of the immune system, often by paralysing the bone marrow and leading to a decrease of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Anemia and thrombocytopenia may require blood transfusion. Neutropenia (a decrease of the neutrophil granulocyte count below 0.5 x 109/litre) can be improved with synthetic G-CSF (granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g., filgrastim, lenograstim).In very severe myelosuppression, which occurs in some regimens, almost all the bone marrow stem cells (cells that produce white and red blood cells) are destroyed, meaning allogenic or autologous bone marrow cell transplants are necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; in allogenic BMTs, the source is a donor.)
Vector computer Summary Vector_processing In computing, a vector processor or array processor is a central processing unit (CPU) that implements an instruction set where its instructions are designed to operate efficiently and effectively on large one-dimensional arrays of data called vectors. This is in contrast to scalar processors, whose instructions operate on single data items only, and in contrast to some of those same scalar processors having additional single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) or SWAR Arithmetic Units. Vector processors can greatly improve performance on certain workloads, notably numerical simulation and similar tasks. Vector processing techniques also operate in video-game console hardware and in graphics accelerators. Vector machines appeared in the early 1970s and dominated supercomputer design through the 1970s into the 1990s, notably the various Cray platforms. The rapid fall in the price-to-performance ratio of conventional microprocessor designs led to a decline in vector supercomputers during the 1990s.
RDF query language Query language properties RDF_query_language > Query language properties Properties relevant to RDF query language design include support for the RDF format: Support for RDF data, which is a collection of triples that form the RDF graph Support for RDF semantics and inference that allows for entailment, the reasoning about the meaning of RDF graphs Support for schema data types, such as XML schemaand for desirable language features: Expressiveness: the power of query expression that may be constructed Closure: data operations on an RDF graph should result in another RDF graph Orthogonality: data operations are independent of the context in which they are used Safety: every expression returns a finite set of results.
Fermat's right triangle theorem Fermat's proof Fermat's_right_triangle_theorem > Fermat's proof Since Pythagorean triangles have positive integer areas, and there does not exist an infinite descending sequence of positive integers, there also cannot exist a Pythagorean triangle with square area.In more detail, suppose that x {\displaystyle x} , y {\displaystyle y} , and z {\displaystyle z} are the integer sides of a right triangle with square area. By dividing by any common factors, one can assume that this triangle is primitive and from the known form of all primitive Pythagorean triples, one can set x = 2 p q {\displaystyle x=2pq} , y = p 2 − q 2 {\displaystyle y=p^{2}-q^{2}} , and z = p 2 + q 2 {\displaystyle z=p^{2}+q^{2}} , by which the problem is transformed into finding relatively prime integers p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} (one of which is even) such that the area p q ( p 2 − q 2 ) {\displaystyle pq(p^{2}-q^{2})} is square. For this number to be a square, its four linear factors p {\displaystyle p} , q {\displaystyle q} , p + q {\displaystyle p+q} , and p − q {\displaystyle p-q} (which are relatively prime) must themselves be squares; let p + q = r 2 {\displaystyle p+q=r^{2}} and p − q = s 2 {\displaystyle p-q=s^{2}} .
Database model Network model Database_model > Early data models > Network model IDMS gained a considerable customer base; in the 1980s, it adopted the relational model and SQL in addition to its original tools and languages. Most object databases (invented in the 1990s) use the navigational concept to provide fast navigation across networks of objects, generally using object identifiers as "smart" pointers to related objects. Objectivity/DB, for instance, implements named one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many named relationships that can cross databases. Many object databases also support SQL, combining the strengths of both models.
Inverse element Definitions and basic properties Inverse_element > Definitions and basic properties The concepts of inverse element and invertible element are commonly defined for binary operations that are everywhere defined (that is, the operation is defined for any two elements of its domain). However, these concepts are commonly used with partial operations, that is operations that are not defined everywhere. Common examples are matrix multiplication, function composition and composition of morphisms in a category.
Group dynamics Group structure Group_dynamics > Intragroup dynamics > Group structure Analysing the intermember relations aspect of a group can highlight the degree centrality of each member in the group, which can lead to a better understanding of the roles of certain group (e.g. an individual who is a 'go-between' in a group will have closer ties to numerous group members which can aid in communication, etc.).Values are goals or ideas that serve as guiding principles for the group. Like norms, values may be communicated either explicitly or on an ad hoc basis. Values can serve as a rallying point for the team.
Modular Cognition Framework Summary Modular_Cognition_Framework In doing so researchers can identify their own hypotheses and research findings not only as confirming or challenging their own theory but also as a manifestation of the basic principles underlying all cognitive processing and representation. By the end of 2020 four books based specifically on the framework had been published along with over 35 articles and chapters; numerous publications and theses by researchers using the MCF for their own purposes had also appeared. This has built on the framework giving it a richer, more elaborate structure in those areas that have been investigated.
Solar car Solar array Solar-powered_car > Solar array Some of the cells will be at an optimal angle whereas others will be shaded. trailer.
Distributional semantics Summary Distributional_semantics Distributional semantics is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The basic idea of distributional semantics can be summed up in the so-called distributional hypothesis: linguistic items with similar distributions have similar meanings.
History of quaternions Response History_of_quaternions > Response The variety of fonts available led Hoüel to another notational innovation: A designates a point, a and a are algebraic quantities, and in the equation for a quaternion A = cos ⁡ α + A sin ⁡ α , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}=\cos \alpha +\mathbf {A} \sin \alpha ,} A is a vector and α is an angle. This style of quaternion exposition was perpetuated by Charles-Ange Laisant and Alexander Macfarlane.William K. Clifford expanded the types of biquaternions, and explored elliptic space, a geometry in which the points can be viewed as versors. Fascination with quaternions began before the language of set theory and mathematical structures was available.
Linear Algebra History Linear_Algebra > History Arthur Cayley introduced matrix multiplication and the inverse matrix in 1856, making possible the general linear group. The mechanism of group representation became available for describing complex and hypercomplex numbers. Crucially, Cayley used a single letter to denote a matrix, thus treating a matrix as an aggregate object.
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis Contributing factors Multi-drug-resistant_tuberculosis > Epidemiology > Russian prisons > Contributing factors Fry et al.'s study also listed side effects of TB treatment medications (especially in HIV positive individuals), financial worries, housing insecurities, family problems, and fear of arrest as factors that prevented some prisoners from properly adhering to TB treatment. They also note that some researchers have argued that the short-term gains TB-positive prisoners receive, such as better food or work exclusion, may dis-incentivize becoming cured. In their World Health Organization article, Gelmanova et al. posit that non-adherence to TB treatment indirectly contributes to bacterial resistance.
Stirling numbers Notation Karamata_notation > Notation Several different notations for Stirling numbers are in use. Ordinary (signed) Stirling numbers of the first kind are commonly denoted: s ( n , k ) . {\displaystyle s(n,k)\,.} Unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind, which count the number of permutations of n elements with k disjoint cycles, are denoted: = c ( n , k ) = | s ( n , k ) | = ( − 1 ) n − k s ( n , k ) {\displaystyle {\biggl }=c(n,k)=|s(n,k)|=(-1)^{n-k}s(n,k)\,} Stirling numbers of the second kind, which count the number of ways to partition a set of n elements into k nonempty subsets: { n k } = S ( n , k ) = S n ( k ) {\displaystyle {\biggl \{}{\!n\!
Collections API BlockingDeque interface Collections_API > Queue interfaces > Double-ended queue (Deque) interfaces > BlockingDeque interface The java.util.concurrent.BlockingDeque interface extends java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue. BlockingDeque is similar to BlockingQueue. It provides the same methods for insertion and removal with time limits for waiting for the insertion or removal to become possible. However, the interface also provides the flexibility of a Deque. Insertions and removals can take place at both ends. The blocking function is combined with the Deque function.
Electrolytic capacitor Reliability (failure rate) Electrolytic_capacitor > Operational characteristics > Reliability (failure rate) Failures totalized in a failure rate are short circuit, open circuit, and degradation failures (exceeding electrical parameters). The reliability prediction is generally expressed in a failure rate λ, abbreviated FIT (Failures In Time). This is the number of failures that can be expected in one billion (109) component-hours of operation (e.g., 1000 components for 1 million hours, or 1 million components for 1000 hours which is 1 ppm/1000 hours) at fixed working conditions during the period of constant random failures.
Metamaterial Summary Electromagnetic_metamaterial Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials. Appropriately designed metamaterials can affect waves of electromagnetic radiation or sound in a manner not observed in bulk materials. Those that exhibit a negative index of refraction for particular wavelengths have been the focus of a large amount of research.
Virtual leak S Glossary_of_engineering:_M–Z > S Structural loadA structural load or structural action is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects loads on structures and structural elements.
Exocrine pancreas Blood glucose regulation Exocrine_component_of_pancreas > Function > Blood glucose regulation Other factors also influence the secretion of these hormones. Some amino acids, that are byproducts of the digestion of protein, stimulate insulin and glucagon release.
Deep image compositing Generating deep data Deep_image_compositing > Generating deep data 3D renderers produce the necessary data as a part of the rendering pipeline. Samples are gathered in depth and then combined. The deep data can be written out before this happens and so is nothing new to the process.
Linear trend estimation Trends in random data Linear_trend_estimation > Trends in random data These 100,000 series can then be analysed individually to calculate estimated trends in each series, and these results establish a distribution of estimated trends that are to be expected from such random data – see diagram. Such a distribution will be normal according to the central limit theorem except in pathological cases. A level of statistical certainty, S, may now be selected – 95% confidence is typical; 99% would be stricter, 90% looser – and the following question can be asked: what is the borderline trend value V that would result in S% of trends being between −V and +V?
Polynomial root-finding algorithms Principles Polynomial_root-finding_algorithms > Principles It follows that the problem of root finding for polynomials may be split in three different subproblems; Finding one root Finding all roots Finding roots in a specific region of the complex plane, typically the real roots or the real roots in a given interval (for example, when roots represents a physical quantity, only the real positive ones are interesting).For finding one root, Newton's method and other general iterative methods work generally well. For finding all the roots, arguably the most reliable method is the Francis QR algorithm computing the eigenvalues of the Companion matrix corresponding to the polynomial, implemented as the standard method in MATLAB. The oldest method of finding all roots is to start by finding a single root.
Inductive bias Types Inductive_bias > Types Although cross-validation may seem to be free of bias, the "no free lunch" theorems show that cross-validation must be biased. Maximum margin: when drawing a boundary between two classes, attempt to maximize the width of the boundary. This is the bias used in support vector machines.
Sones GraphDB Architecture Sones_GraphDB > Architecture GraphDB has a modular structure consisting of 4 application layers. The storage engines act as the interface to different storage media. The GraphFS serializes and deserializes database objects (nodes and edges) and operates the available storage engines. The actual graph-oriented database logic as well as all functionalities specific to the database are implemented in the GraphDB. The GraphDS provides the interface for using the database. The interfaces between the application layers are generic, which makes it possible to update components separately.
True strain Almansi strain Strain_(mechanics) > Strain measures > Almansi strain The Euler-Almansi strain is defined as
Exponential law Economics Exponential_law > Examples > Economics Economic growth is expressed in percentage terms, implying exponential growth.
Pulmonary function Arterial blood gases Pulmonary_function_testing > Tests > Arterial blood gases Arterial blood gases (ABGs) are a helpful measurement in pulmonary function testing in selected patients. The primary role of measuring ABGs in individuals that are healthy and stable is to confirm hypoventilation when it is suspected on the basis of medical history, such as respiratory muscle weakness or advanced COPD. ABGs also provide a more detailed assessment of the severity of hypoxemia in patients who have low normal oxyhemoglobin saturation.
Low field nuclear magnetic resonance Summary Low_field_NMR Low field NMR spans a range of different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) modalities, going from NMR conducted in permanent magnets, supporting magnetic fields of a few tesla (T), all the way down to zero field NMR, where the Earth's field is carefully shielded such that magnetic fields of nanotesla (nT) are achieved where nuclear spin precession is close to zero. In a broad sense, Low-field NMR is the branch of NMR that is not conducted in superconducting high-field magnets. Low field NMR also includes Earth's field NMR where simply the Earth's magnetic field is exploited to cause nuclear spin-precession which is detected. With magnetic fields on the order of μT and below magnetometers such as SQUIDs or atomic magnetometers (among others) are used as detectors.
Vaccination policy Trust in vaccination Vaccination_policy > Evaluating vaccination policy > Trust in vaccination Today, the medical and scientific communities obviously face a big challenge where vaccines are concerned, namely enhancing the trust with which the general public regards the entire endeavor. Indeed, earning the public's trust in public health is a big challenge. Accurately, studying the trust in vaccines, and understanding the factors that affect the reduction of trust, allows authorities to build an effective vaccine campaign and communication strategies to fight the disease.
High Level Assembly Compile-Time Language High_Level_Assembly > Distinguishing features > Compile-Time Language The HLA macro system is actually a subset of a larger feature known as the HLA Compile-Time Language (CTL). The HLA CTL is an interpreted language that is available in an HLA program source file. An interpreter executes HLA CTL statements during the compiling of an HLA source file; hence the name compile-time language. The HLA CTL includes many control statements such as #IF, #WHILE, #FOR, #PRINT, an assignment statement and so on.
Common knowledge (logic) Proof Common_knowledge_(logic) > Example > Solution > Proof For k > 1, the outsider is only telling the island citizens what they already know: that there are blue-eyed people among them. However, before this fact is announced, the fact is not common knowledge, but instead mutual knowledge. For k = 2, it is merely "first-order" knowledge ( E G {\displaystyle E_{G}} ).
Java programming language Hello world example Java_programming_language > Syntax > Hello world example The traditional Hello world program can be written in Java as: All source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorldApp.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file with the .class suffix (Main.class, in this case). Only then can it be executed or launched. The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple classes with a non-public access modifier and any number of public inner classes.
Letters on Sunspots Making predictions to test a hypothesis Letters_on_Sunspots > Significance of Letters on Sunspots > Making predictions to test a hypothesis In modern science falsifiability is generally considered important. In De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Copernicus had published both a theoretical description of the universe and a set of tables and calculating methods for working out the future positions of the planets. In Letters on Sunspots Galileo did as Copernicus had done – he elaborated his ideas on the form and substance of sunspots, and accompanied this with tables of predictions for the position of the moons of Jupiter. In part this was to demonstrate that Scheiner was wrong in comparing sunspots with the moons. More generally, Galileo was using his predictions to establish the validity of his ideas – if he could be demonstrably right about the complex movements of many small moons, his readers could take that as a token of his wider credibility. This approach was the opposite of the method of Aristotelian astronomers, who did not build theoretical models based on data, but looked for ways of explaining how the available data could be accommodated within existing theory.
R4000 Secondary cache R4000 > Description > Secondary cache The R4000 (SC and MC configurations only) supports an external secondary cache with a capacity of 128 KB to 4 MB. The cache is accessed via a dedicated 128-bit data bus. The secondary cache can be configured either as a unified cache or as a split instruction and data cache. In the latter configuration, each cache can have a capacity of 128 KB to 2 MB.
Fast Kalman Filter Inverse problem Fast_Kalman_Filter > Motivation > Inverse problem The computing load of the inverse problem of an ordinary Kalman recursion is roughly proportional to the cube of the number of the measurements processed simultaneously. This number can always be set to 1 by processing each scalar measurement independently and (if necessary) performing a simple pre-filtering algorithm to de-correlate these measurements. However, for any large and complex system this pre-filtering may need the HWB computing. Any continued use of a too narrow window of input data weakens observability of the calibration parameters and, in the long run, this may lead to serious controllability problems totally unacceptable in safety-critical applications. Even when many measurements are processed simultaneously, it is not unusual that the linearized equation system becomes sparse, because some measurements turn out to be independent of some state or calibration parameters. In problems of Satellite Geodesy, the computing load of the HWB (and FKF) method is roughly proportional to the square of the total number of the state and calibration parameters only and not of the measurements that are billions.
Prothrombin complex concentrate Medical uses Prothrombin_complex_concentrate > Medical uses Prothrombin complex concentrate reverses the effects of warfarin and other vitamin K antagonist anti-coagulants and is used in cases of significant bleeding in people with a coagulopathy. It is also used when such a person must undergo an emergency operation. Other uses include a deficiency of one of the included clotting factors, either congenital or due to liver disease, and hemophilia. Several guidelines, including those from the American College of Chest Physicians, recommend prothrombin complex concentrate for warfarin reversal in people with serious bleeding.For rapid anticoagulation reversal for surgery, four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate reduces international normalized ratio (INR) and decreases bleeding during surgery when compared with administration of fresh frozen plasma. No differences in thromboembolic event was found.
Pulmonary artery hypertension Echocardiography Pulmonary_artery_hypertension > Diagnosis > Echocardiography If pulmonary hypertension is suspected based on the above assessments, echocardiography is performed as the next step. A meta-analysis of Doppler echocardiography for predicting the results of right heart catheterization reported a sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 56%, respectively. Thus, Doppler echocardiography can suggest the presence of pulmonary hypertension, but right heart catheterization (described below) remains the gold standard for diagnosis of PAH. Echocardiography can also help to detect congenital heart disease as a cause of pulmonary hypertension.
Vladimir Yakubovich Summary Vladimir_Yakubovich Vladimir Andreevich Yakubovich (October 21, 1926 in Novosibirsk – August 17, 2012 in the Gdov region) was a notable Russian control theorist and head of the Department of Theoretical Cybernetics at Saint Petersburg State University (formerly Leningrad University). In 1996 he received the IEEE Control Systems Award for his contributions to control theory, including the Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov lemma.
Linear variable differential transformer Introduction Linear_variable_differential_transformer > Introduction LVDTs are robust, absolute linear position/displacement transducers; inherently frictionless, they have a virtually infinite cycle life when properly used. As AC operated LVDTs do not contain any electronics, they can be designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures or up to 1200 °F (650 °C), in harsh environments, and under high vibration and shock levels. LVDTs have been widely used in applications such as power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, satellites, nuclear reactors, and many others. These transducers have low hysteresis and excellent repeatability.The LVDT converts a position or linear displacement from a mechanical reference (zero or null position) into a proportional electrical signal containing phase (for direction) and amplitude (for distance) information. The LVDT operation does not require an electrical contact between the moving part (probe or core assembly) and the coil assembly, but instead relies on electromagnetic coupling.
Phyllic disphenoid Electricity and electronics Twelve-point_sphere > Applications > Electricity and electronics If six equal resistors are soldered together to form a tetrahedron, then the resistance measured between any two vertices is half that of one resistor.Since silicon is the most common semiconductor used in solid-state electronics, and silicon has a valence of four, the tetrahedral shape of the four chemical bonds in silicon is a strong influence on how crystals of silicon form and what shapes they assume.
OLAP cube Terminology OLAP_cube > Terminology A cube can be considered a multi-dimensional generalization of a two- or three-dimensional spreadsheet. For example, a company might wish to summarize financial data by product, by time-period, and by city to compare actual and budget expenses. Product, time, city and scenario (actual and budget) are the data's dimensions.Cube is a shorthand for multidimensional dataset, given that data can have an arbitrary number of dimensions. The term hypercube is sometimes used, especially for data with more than three dimensions.
Lubricating oil Keep moving parts apart Lube_oil > Functions of lubricants > Keep moving parts apart The most common is by forming a physical barrier i.e., a thin layer of lubricant separates the moving parts. This is analogous to hydroplaning, the loss of friction observed when a car tire is separated from the road surface by moving through standing water. This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication. In cases of high surface pressures or temperatures, the fluid film is much thinner and some of the forces are transmitted between the surfaces through the lubricant.
Motion capture Traditional systems Markerless_motion_capture > Optical systems > Markerless > Traditional systems Optical tracking systems are also used to identify known spacecraft and space debris despite the fact that it has a disadvantage compared to radar in that the objects must be reflecting or emitting sufficient light.An optical tracking system typically consists of three subsystems: the optical imaging system, the mechanical tracking platform and the tracking computer. The optical imaging system is responsible for converting the light from the target area into a digital image that the tracking computer can process. Depending on the design of the optical tracking system, the optical imaging system can vary from as simple as a standard digital camera to as specialized as an astronomical telescope on the top of a mountain.
Acute liver failure Haemodynamic and cardio-respiratory compromise Acute_liver_failure > Signs and symptoms > Haemodynamic and cardio-respiratory compromise Hyperdynamic circulation, with peripheral vasodilatation from low systemic vascular resistance, leads to hypotension. There is a compensatory increase in cardiac output. Adrenal insufficiency has been documented in 60% of ALF cases, and is likely to contribute in haemodynamic compromise. There is also abnormal oxygen transport and utilization.
Discrete inverse Using Euler's theorem Discrete_inverse > Computation > Using Euler's theorem {\displaystyle a^{-1}\equiv a^{m-2}{\pmod {m}}.} This method is generally slower than the extended Euclidean algorithm, but is sometimes used when an implementation for modular exponentiation is already available. Some disadvantages of this method include: The value ϕ ( m ) {\displaystyle \phi (m)} must be known and the most efficient known computation requires m's factorization.
Social constructivism (learning theory) The importance of context Constructivist_learning > Individual > The role of the instructor > Collaboration among learners > The importance of context : 25 Holt and Willard-Holt (2000) emphasize the concept of dynamic assessment, which is a way of assessing the true potential of learners that differs significantly from conventional tests. Here, the essentially interactive nature of learning is extended to the process of assessment. Rather than viewing assessment as a process carried out by one person, such as an instructor, it is seen as a two-way process involving interaction between both instructor and learner.
Parabrachial nuclei Blood sugar control Subparabrachial_nucleus > Function > Blood sugar control Other neurons in the superior lateral parabrachial nucleus that contain cholecystokinin have been found to prevent hypoglycemia.
Condenser (heat transfer) Chemistry Condenser_(heat_transfer) > Examples of condensers > Chemistry In chemistry, a condenser is the apparatus which cools hot vapors, causing them to condense into a liquid. Examples include the Liebig condenser, Graham condenser, and Allihn condenser. This is not to be confused with a condensation reaction which links two fragments into a single molecule by an addition reaction and an elimination reaction. In laboratory distillation, reflux, and rotary evaporators, several types of condensers are commonly used.
Adverse Childhood Experiences movement Biological changes Adverse_Childhood_Experiences_movement > Health outcomes due to ACEs > Adulthood > Biological changes Due to many of the early life stressors caused by exposure to ACEs there are noted changes the body in people with ACE exposures compared to people with little to no ACE exposure. This is most evident in structural changes in the brain with the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the corpus callosum being important targets of study. These areas of the brain are more vulnerable than others due to the higher density of glucocorticoid receptors in these regions of the brain. Multiple effects have been noted including diminished thickness, reduced size, and reduced size of connective networks in the brain.
Central pattern generator Mechanism of rhythmic generators: post-inhibitory rebound Central_pattern_generator > Functions > Mechanism of rhythmic generators: post-inhibitory rebound Once inhibition has ceased, this period of PIR can be explained as the time with increased neuronal excitability. It is the property of many CNS neurons that sometimes results in action potential "bursts" following immediately after inhibitory synaptic input. "Because of this, it has been suggested that PIR may contribute to the maintenance of oscillatory activity in neural networks that are characterized by mutual inhibitory connections, like those involved in locomotor behaviors.
Acidophobe Summary Acidophobe An acidophobe is an organism that is intolerant of acidic environments. The terms acidophobia, acidophoby and acidophobic are also used. The term acidophobe is variously applied to plants, bacteria, protozoa, animals, chemical compounds, etc. The antonymous term is acidophile.Plants are known to be well-defined with respect to their pH tolerance, and only a small number of species thrive well under a broad range of acidity. Therefore the categorization acidophile/acidophobe is well-defined.
IBM mainframe IBM System/360 IBM_mainframes > IBM System/360 The System/360 later evolved into the System/370, the System/390, and the 64-bit zSeries, System z, and zEnterprise machines. System/370 introduced virtual memory capabilities in all models other than the very first System/370 models; the OS/VS1 variant of OS/360 MFT, the OS/VS2 (SVS) variant of OS/360 MVT, and the DOS/VS variant of DOS/360 were introduced to use the virtual memory capabilities, followed by MVS, which, unlike the earlier virtual-memory operating systems, ran separate programs in separate address spaces, rather than running all programs in a single virtual address space. The virtual memory capabilities also allowed the system to support virtual machines; the VM/370 hypervisor would run one or more virtual machines running either standard System/360 or System/370 operating systems or the single-user Conversational Monitor System (CMS). A time-sharing VM system could run multiple virtual machines, one per user, with each virtual machine running an instance of CMS.
Human performance modeling Specificity Human_performance_modeling > Benefits > Specificity A sizable majority of explanations in psychology are not only qualitative but also vague. Concepts such as "attention", "processing capacity", "workload", and "situation awareness" (SA), both general and specific to human factors, are often difficult to quantify in applied domains. Researchers differ in their definitions of such terms, which makes it likewise difficult to specify data for each term. Formal models, in contrast, typically require explicit specification of theoretical terms. Specificity requires that explanations be internally coherent; while verbal theories are often so flexible that they fail to remain consistent, allowing contradictory predictions to be derived from their use. Not all models are quantitative in nature, however, and thus not all provide the benefit of specificity to the same degree.
Group psychotherapy Settings Group_psychotherapy > Settings It was popularized in the science fiction novel, Red Orc's Rage. Group therapy is now often utilized in private practice settings.Group analysis has become widespread in Europe, and especially the United Kingdom, where it has become the most common form of group psychotherapy. Interest from Australia, the former Soviet Union and the African continent is also growing.
Drosophila embryogenesis Life cycle Drosophila_embryogenesis > Life cycle After thirteen mitotic divisions and about 4 hours after fertilization, an estimated 6,000 nuclei accumulate in the unseparated cytoplasm of the oocyte before they migrate to the surface and are encompassed by plasma membranes to form cells surrounding the yolk sac producing a cellular blastoderm. Like other triploblastic metazoa, gastrulation leads to the formation of three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The mesoderm invaginates from the ventral furrow (VF), as does the ectoderm that will give rise to the midgut.
List of investigational antidepressants Mixed List_of_investigational_antidepressants > Mixed Tramadol (ETS6103; Viotra) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and possible serotonin releasing agent (SRA), 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, and other actions
Geocentric orbit Geosynchronous classifications Earth_orbits > Types > Geosynchronous classifications More than 160 satellites are gathered at these two points.Supersynchronous orbit A disposal / storage orbit above GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift west. Subsynchronous orbit A drift orbit close to but below GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift east. Graveyard orbit, disposal orbit, junk orbit An orbit a few hundred kilometers above geosynchronous that satellites are moved into at the end of their operation.
Universal enveloping algebra Example: Pseudo-differential operators Universal_enveloping_algebra > Casimir operators > Example: Pseudo-differential operators For the quadratic Casimir invariant, this is the Laplacian. Quartic Casimir operators allow one to square the stress–energy tensor, giving rise to the Yang-Mills action. The Coleman–Mandula theorem restricts the form that these can take, when one considers ordinary Lie algebras. However, the Lie superalgebras are able to evade the premises of the Coleman–Mandula theorem, and can be used to mix together space and internal symmetries.
Immune Attack Game summary Immune_Attack > Game summary Visual and audio clues in the game provide the information needed to accomplish this goal. Each subsequent level of Immune Attack features a different infection, and a different cell type the player must train.
Interpreted programming language Efficiency Bytecode_interpreter > Compilers versus interpreters > Efficiency A few interpreters, such as the PBASIC interpreter, achieve even higher levels of program compaction by using a bit-oriented rather than a byte-oriented program memory structure, where commands tokens occupy perhaps 5 bits, nominally "16-bit" constants are stored in a variable-length code requiring 3, 6, 10, or 18 bits, and address operands include a "bit offset". Many BASIC interpreters can store and read back their own tokenized internal representation. An interpreter might well use the same lexical analyzer and parser as the compiler and then interpret the resulting abstract syntax tree. Example data type definitions for the latter, and a toy interpreter for syntax trees obtained from C expressions are shown in the box.
Diffusion creep Principle Diffusion_creep > Principle A flow of vacancies is the same as a flow of particles in the opposite direction. This means a crystalline material can deform under a differential stress, by the flow of vacancies. Highly mobile chemical components substituting for other species in the lattice can also cause a net differential mass transfer (i.e. segregation) of chemical species inside the crystal itself, often promoting shortening of the rheologically more difficult substance and enhancing deformation.
37 (number) In mathematics 37_(number) > In mathematics There are exactly 37 complex reflection groups. The first two integers that return 0 {\displaystyle 0} for the Mertens function (2 and 39) have a difference of 37.Their product (2 × 39) is the twelfth triangular number 78. Their sum is 41, which is the constant term in Euler's lucky numbers that yield prime numbers of the form k2 − k + 41; the largest of which (1601) is a difference of 78 from the second-largest prime (1523) generated by this quadratic polynomial.
Positive definite kernel Connection with reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and feature maps Positive_definite_kernel > Connection with reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and feature maps The following result shows equivalence between RKHS and reproducing kernels: Now the connection between positive definite kernels and RKHS is given by the following theorem Thus, given a positive-definite kernel K {\displaystyle K} , it is possible to build an associated RKHS with K {\displaystyle K} as a reproducing kernel. As stated earlier, positive definite kernels can be constructed from inner products. This fact can be used to connect p.d.
Combustion theory Reaction mechanism Combustion_gas > Reaction mechanism To initiate combustion, energy is required to force dioxygen into a spin-paired state, or singlet oxygen. This intermediate is extremely reactive. The energy is supplied as heat, and the reaction then produces additional heat, which allows it to continue.