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Paul A. D. de Maine Selected works Paul_A._D._de_Maine > Publications > Selected works Linear equations". Computers & Chemistry. Elsevier BV.
Blind return oriented programming Stack reading Blind_return_oriented_programming > Phases of attack > Stack reading A program crash implies that the stack value was incorrectly guessed, therefore in 256 tries (average case is 128 tries), the stack value can be probably estimated. On 64 bit machines, 4 such stack reads would be required to leak the canary. Once the canary is leaked, the return instruction pointer can be perturbed in the same way. It may, however, be noted that though the estimation of the stack canary is exact, the same cannot be said about the return instruction address. The attacker would be satisfied to be able to leak any address within the text segment of the address space.
Base dissociation constant Micro-constants Acid–base_equilibrium > Experimental determination > Micro-constants The two microconstants represent deprotonation either at sulphur or at nitrogen, and the macroconstant sum here is the acid dissociation constant K a = K a ( − SH ) + K a ( − NH 3 + ) . {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a} }=K_{\mathrm {a} }{\ce {(-SH)}}+K_{\mathrm {a} }{\ce {(-NH3+)}}.} Similarly, a base such as spermine has more than one site where protonation can occur.
Plenary power United States Plenary_power > United States In United States constitutional law, plenary power is a power that has been granted to a body or person in absolute terms, with no review of or limitations upon the exercise of that power. The assignment of a plenary power to one body divests all other bodies from the right to exercise that power, where not otherwise entitled. Plenary powers are not subject to judicial review in a particular instance or in general. There are very few clear examples of such powers in the United States, due to the nature of the Constitution, which grants different, but at times overlapping, roles to the three branches of federal government and to the states.
Molar configuration Summary Molar_configuration Nonetheless, there is a connection between what are ordinarily referred to as "minorities" and Deleuze and Guattari's conception of the minor and becoming-minor. If becoming-minor often occurs in the context of what are ordinarily called minority groups, then this is because, Deleuze and Guattari argue, becoming-minor is catalyzed by existence in cramped social spaces. The key point not to be missed is that becoming-minor is not related to molar identities, nor is it a politics that seeks representation or recognition of such identities (though Deleuze and Guattari stress that these are worthwhile political ambitions).The example of patriarchy provides an illustration of how the concept of "minority" is used: while there may be more women than men numerically, in Deleuze and Guattari's terms, which are sensitive to relations of power, men still constitute the majority whereas women form a minority.
Nonnegative integer Formal definitions Zermelo_ordinals > Formal definitions A probable example is Fermat's Last Theorem. The definition of the integers as sets satisfying Peano axioms provide a model of Peano arithmetic inside set theory. An important consequence is that, if set theory is consistent (as it is usually guessed), then Peano arithmetic is consistent. In other words, if a contradiction could be proved in Peano arithmetic, then set theory would be contradictory, and every theorem of set theory would be both true and wrong.
Life simulation games Summary Raising_sim Life simulation games form a subgenre of simulation video games in which the player lives or controls one or more virtual characters (human or otherwise). Such a game can revolve around "individuals and relationships, or it could be a simulation of an ecosystem". Other terms include artificial life game and simulated life game (SLG).
Homologous point Circles Antihomologous_point > Circles Circles are geometrically similar to one another and mirror symmetric. Hence, a pair of circles has both types of homothetic centers, internal and external, unless the centers are equal or the radii are equal; these exceptional cases are treated after general position. These two homothetic centers lie on the line joining the centers of the two given circles, which is called the line of centers (Figure 3). Circles with radius zero can also be included (see exceptional cases), and negative radius can also be used, switching external and internal.
Fisheye lens Other applications Fish_eye_lens > Other applications Many planetariums now use fisheye projection lenses to project the night sky or other digital content onto the interior of a dome. Fish-eye lenses are used in POV pornography to make things right in front of the camera look bigger. Flight simulators and visual combat simulators use fisheye projection lenses in order to create an immersive environment for pilots, air traffic controllers, or military personnel to train in.
Topoisomerase inhibitor Mechanism Topoisomerase_inhibitor > Topoisomerase I inhibitors > Mechanism In cancer cells, however, these checkpoints are typically inactivated, making them selectively sensitive to TopI inhibitors. Non-camptothecins, such as indenoisoquinolines and indolocarbazoles, also associate with TopI itself, forming hydrogen bonds with residues that typically confer resistance to camptothecin. Indenosioquinolines and indolocarbazoles also lack the lactone ring present in camptothecin, making them more chemically stable and less prone to hydrolysis at biological pH.
Continuous function (topology) Extreme value theorem Discontinuity_set > Real functions > Properties > Extreme value theorem The extreme value theorem states that if a function f is defined on a closed interval {\displaystyle } (or any closed and bounded set) and is continuous there, then the function attains its maximum, i.e. there exists c ∈ {\displaystyle c\in } with f ( c ) ≥ f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(c)\geq f(x)} for all x ∈ . {\displaystyle x\in .} The same is true of the minimum of f. These statements are not, in general, true if the function is defined on an open interval ( a , b ) {\displaystyle (a,b)} (or any set that is not both closed and bounded), as, for example, the continuous function f ( x ) = 1 x , {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{x}},} defined on the open interval (0,1), does not attain a maximum, being unbounded above.
DNA polymerase II Eukaryotic DNA_polymerase_II > Species distribution > Eukaryotic While Polymerase II will not function naturally in conjunction with the eukaryotic members of Family B, it does share similar structural and functional motifs. The members of Family B include Polymerase α, ε, ζ, and δ. These polymerases all function to proofread the newly synthesized DNA in the 3′→5′ direction. These polymerases are capable of synthesizing DNA on both the leading and lagging strands. This class of polymerase tends to be very accurate which allows them to correct any mispairings that occur during DNA synthesis.
Chloroplast Outer chloroplast membrane Red_algal_derived_chloroplast > Structure > Outer chloroplast membrane They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.
Database scalability Clustered computers Database_scalability > Techniques > Clustered computers Network-attached storage (NAS) and Storage area networks (SANs) coupled with local area networks and Fibre Channel technology enable such configurations. The approach includes a "shared" logical cache in which data that has been cached in memory on server is made available to other servers without requiring them to again read the data from disk. Each page is moved from server to server to satisfy requests.
Congenital hypopituitarism Prognosis Combined_pituitary_hormone_deficiency > Prognosis Apart from cardiovascular disease, this study also showed an increased risk of death from lung disease.Quality of life may be significantly reduced, even in those people on optimum medical therapy. Many report both physical and psychological problems.
Computational models of language acquisition Philosophy Probabilistic_models_of_language_acquisition > Philosophy As an example, many proponents of POTS claim that because children are never exposed to negative evidence, that is, information about what phrases are ungrammatical, the language structure they learn would not resemble that of correct speech without a language-specific learning mechanism. Chomsky's argument for an internal system responsible for language, biolinguistics, poses a three-factor model.
Benjamin Schumacher Summary Benjamin_Schumacher Schumacher is also credited with inventing the term qubit along with William Wootters of Williams College, which is to quantum computation as a bit is to traditional computation. He is the author of Physics in Spacetime, a textbook on Special Relativity, and Quantum Processes, Systems, and Information (with Michael Westmoreland), a textbook on Quantum Mechanics.
Double-layer capacitance Capacitance Double-layer_capacitance > Capacitance This is the area close to the IHP, in which the polarized electrolyte ions are collected. This separation of two layers of polarized ions through the double-layer stores electrical charges in the same way as in a conventional capacitor. The double-layer charge forms a static electric field in the molecular IHP layer of the solvent molecules that corresponds to the strength of the applied voltage.
Experimenter's bias Preventative steps to mitigate observer bias Experimenter's_bias > Preventative steps to mitigate observer bias Researchers that know which of the subjects received the placebo and those that received the trial drugs may later report that the group that received the trial drugs had a calmer disposition, due to the expectations of that outcome. Similarly, if the participants in the trial were not blinded, then they may report how they are feeling differently based on whether they were provided with the placebo or the trial drug. A further example could be seen at schools.
Sagan effect Empiricism Sagan_effect > Science > Empiricism Thanks to his examination of the meticulous observations compiled by astronomer Tycho Brahe, Kepler "was the first to understand the nature of the departures from uniform circular motion that had puzzled astronomers since the time of Plato. "The replacement of circles by supposedly ugly ellipses overthrew Plato's notion of perfection as the celestial explanatory principle. It also destroyed Aristotle's model of the planets carried in their orbits by crystalline spheres; writes Weinberg, "there is no solid body whose rotation can produce an ellipse."
Circuit topology (electrical) Topology names Circuit_topology_(electrical) > Topology names Many topology names relate to their appearance when drawn diagrammatically. Most circuits can be drawn in a variety of ways and consequently have a variety of names. For instance, the three circuits shown in Figure 1.1 all look different but have identical topologies. This example also demonstrates a common convention of naming topologies after a letter of the alphabet to which they have a resemblance. Greek alphabet letters can also be used in this way, for example Π (pi) topology and Δ (delta) topology.
Rocket body Summary Rocket_launch To control their flight, rockets rely on momentum, airfoils, auxiliary reaction engines, gimballed thrust, momentum wheels, deflection of the exhaust stream, propellant flow, spin, or gravity. Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling technology for the Space Age, including setting foot on the Moon.
Paleopathology Methods and techniques Paleopathology > Methods and techniques To analyze human remains of the past, different techniques are used depending on the type of remains that are found. For example, "the approach to palaeopathological samples depends on the nature of the sample itself (e.g. bone, soft tissue or hair), its size (from minimal fragments to full bodies), the degree of preservation and, very importantly, the manipulation allowed (from intact sample ready for display to absolute access and freedom to undertake any kind of valuable destructive analysis including a full autopsy study)." Much research done by archaeologists and paleopathologists is on bones. The basic nature of bones allows them to not degrade over time like other human remains would, making osteopathology important in studying ancient disease.
Formation constant Experimental methods Formation_constant > Experimental methods Current practice is to take absorbance or fluorescence measurements at a range of wavelengths and to fit these data simultaneously. Various NMR chemical shifts can also be fitted together. The chemical model will include values of the protonation constants of the ligand, which will have been determined in separate experiments, a value for log Kw and estimates of the unknown stability constants of the complexes formed.
Space helmet Design concepts SpaceX_spacesuit > Design concepts A space suit should allow its user natural unencumbered movement. Nearly all designs try to maintain a constant volume no matter what movements the wearer makes. This is because mechanical work is needed to change the volume of a constant pressure system. If flexing a joint reduces the volume of the space suit, then the astronaut must do extra work every time they bend that joint, and they have to maintain a force to keep the joint bent.
Interdependence theory Principle of structure (the situation) Interdependence_theory > Four basic assumptions of interdependence theory > Principle of structure (the situation) This dimension focuses on the level of reliance that one member of an interaction has on another member of the interaction. This dimension is characterized by the following types of control, a) Actor Control- the impact of individual's behavior on the individual's outcomes, b) Partner Control- the impact of each individual behavior on the outcomes of the other individuals in the interaction, c) Joint Control- the joint impact of each individual's behavior on each individual's outcome. An example of this would be if person A is able to achieve a positive outcome regardless of the actions of person B, then person A is high in Actor Control.
Hardware-assisted virtualization Disadvantages Hardware-assisted_virtualization > Disadvantages Hardware-assisted virtualization requires explicit support in the host CPU, which is not available on all x86/x86_64 processors. A "pure" hardware-assisted virtualization approach, using entirely unmodified guest operating systems, involves many VM traps, and thus high CPU overheads, limiting scalability and the efficiency of server consolidation. This performance hit can be mitigated by the use of paravirtualized drivers; the combination has been called "hybrid virtualization".In 2006 first-generation 32- and 64-bit x86 hardware support was found rarely to offer performance advantages over software virtualization.
Expression proteomics Summary Proteomics Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many functions such as the formation of structural fibers of muscle tissue, enzymatic digestion of food, or synthesis and replication of DNA. In addition, other kinds of proteins include antibodies that protect an organism from infection, and hormones that send important signals throughout the body. The proteome is the entire set of proteins produced or modified by an organism or system.
Jet Engine Energy efficiency relating to aircraft jet engines Jet_Engine > General physical principles > Energy efficiency relating to aircraft jet engines These may be included in a transmission, or transfer, efficiency η T {\displaystyle \eta _{T}} . However, these losses are more than made up by the improvement in propulsive efficiency. There are also extra pressure losses in the bypass duct and an extra propelling nozzle.
Premature infants Specific risks for the preterm neonate Premature_infants > Outcomes and prognosis > Specific risks for the preterm neonate Neurodevelopmental problems have been linked to lack of maternal thyroid hormones, at a time when their own thyroid is unable to meet postnatal needs. Cardiovascular complications may arise from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth: patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Respiratory problems are common, specifically the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS or IRDS) (previously called hyaline membrane disease).
Event queue SYS V Message_queue > Implementation in UNIX > SYS V msgget() This system call takes a key as an argument and returns a descriptor of the queue with the matching key if it exists. If it does not exist, and the IPC_CREAT flag is set, it makes a new message queue with the given key and returns its descriptor. msgrcv() Used to receive a message from a given queue descriptor.
Cache stampede Summary Cache_stampede A cache stampede is a type of cascading failure that can occur when massively parallel computing systems with caching mechanisms come under a very high load. This behaviour is sometimes also called dog-piling.To understand how cache stampedes occur, consider a web server that uses memcached to cache rendered pages for some period of time, to ease system load. Under particularly high load to a single URL, the system remains responsive as long as the resource remains cached, with requests being handled by accessing the cached copy. This minimizes the expensive rendering operation.
Liver fibrosis Grading Liver_cirrhosis > Grading It was approved by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) as a way to determine the allocation of liver transplants to awaiting people in the United States. It is also used as a validated survival predictor of cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, acute liver failure, and acute hepatitis. The variables included bilirubin, INR, creatinine, and dialysis frequency.
Acoustoelastic effect Constitutive relation – hyperelastic materials (Stress-strain relation) Acoustoelastic_effect > Non-linear elastic theory for hyperelastic materials > Constitutive relation – hyperelastic materials (Stress-strain relation) The same arguments can be used for the third order elastic moduli C i j k l m n {\displaystyle C_{ijklmn}} . These symmetries also allows the elastic moduli to be expressed by the Voigt notation (i.e. C i j k l = C I J {\displaystyle C_{ijkl}=C_{IJ}} and C i j k l m n = C I J K {\displaystyle C_{ijklmn}=C_{IJK}} ). The deformation gradient tensor can be expressed in component form as where u i {\displaystyle u_{i}} is the displacement of a material point P {\displaystyle P} from coordinate X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} in the reference configuration to coordinate x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} in the deformed configuration (see Figure 2 in the finite strain theory page). Including the power expansion of strain energy function in the constitutive relation and replacing the Lagrangian strain tensor E k l {\displaystyle E_{kl}} with the expansion given on the finite strain tensor page yields (note that lower case u {\displaystyle u} have been used in this section compared to the upper case on the finite strain page) the constitutive equation where and higher order terms have been neglected (see for detailed derivations). For referenceM by neglecting higher order terms in ∂ u k / ∂ X l {\displaystyle \partial u_{k}/\partial X_{l}} this expression reduce to P i j = C i j k l ∂ u k ∂ X l , {\displaystyle P_{ij}=C_{ijkl}{\frac {\partial u_{k}}{\partial X_{l}}},} which is a version of the generalised Hooke's law where P i j {\displaystyle P_{ij}} is a measure of stress while ∂ u k / ∂ X l {\displaystyle \partial u_{k}/\partial X_{l}} is a measure of strain, and C i j k l {\displaystyle C_{ijkl}} is the linear relation between them.
Aerobic digester Effluent quality Aerobic_treatment_system > Comparison to traditional septic systems > Effluent quality Since the effluent from an ATS is often discharged onto the surface of the leach field, the quality is very important. A typical ATS will, when operating correctly, produce an effluent with less than 30 mg/liter BOD5, 25 mg/L TSS, and 10,000 cfu/mL fecal coliform bacteria. This is clean enough that it cannot support a biomat or "slime" layer like a septic tank.ATS effluent is relatively odorless; a properly operating system will produce effluent that smells musty, but not like sewage. Aerobic treatment is so effective at reducing odors, that it is the preferred method for reducing odor from manure produced by farms.
Vector equation General behavior Linear_system_of_equations > Solution set > General behavior It must be kept in mind that the pictures above show only the most common case (the general case). It is possible for a system of two equations and two unknowns to have no solution (if the two lines are parallel), or for a system of three equations and two unknowns to be solvable (if the three lines intersect at a single point). A system of linear equations behave differently from the general case if the equations are linearly dependent, or if it is inconsistent and has no more equations than unknowns.
Anelasticity Mechanical spectroscopy applications Anelasticity > Mechanical spectroscopy applications A technique that measures internal friction and modulus of elasticity is called Mechanical Spectroscopy. It is extremely sensitive and can give information not attainable with other experimental methodologies. Despite being historically uncommon, it has some great utility in solving practical problems regarding industrial production where knowledge and control of the microscopic structure of materials is becoming more and more important. Some of these applications are the following.
Chemical reaction network theory Model reduction Chemical_reaction_network_theory > Types of results > Model reduction The QSS is defined as the steady state under the condition that the concentrations of other species do not change. The limiting step or bottleneck is a relatively small part of the reaction network, in the simplest cases it is a single reaction, which rate is a good approximation to the reaction rate of the whole network.The quasi-equilibrium approximation and the quasi steady state methods were developed further into the methods of slow invariant manifolds and computational singular perturbation. The methods of limiting steps gave rise to many methods of the analysis of the reaction graph.
Accessible computing Assessment for assistive technology use Accessible_computing > Assessment for assistive technology use People wishing to overcome an impairment in order to use a computer comfortably and productively may require a "special needs assessment" by an assistive technology consultant (such as an occupational therapist, a rehabilitation engineering technologist, or an educational technologist) to help them identify and configure appropriate assistive technologies to meet individual needs. Even those who are unable to leave their own home or who live far from assessment providers may be assessed (and assisted) remotely using remote desktop software and a web cam. For example, the assessor logs on to the client's computer via a broadband Internet connection, observes the user's computer skills, and then remotely makes accessibility adjustments to the client's computer where necessary.
Protective autoimmunity Mechanism of action Protective_autoimmunity > Mechanism of action Local properties of antigen presenting cells (i.e. the levels of MHC-II-self antigen complexes and the type of co-stimulatory molecules) dictate the profile of the subsequent T cell response. The interaction between the T cells and the microglia/dendritic cells results in the production of a set of inflammatory cytokines (such as interferon gamma) and chemokines (chemoatractant proteins) that, in turn, orchestrate the ensuing repair process in which many cell types participate. Microglia and myeloid cells recruited from the circulating blood restrict the spread of damage by buffering excessive levels of toxic self-compounds (such as the neurotransmitter glutamate), and by producing growth factors (such as insulin-like growth factor-1) that prevent neuronal death and induce axonal re-growth.
Polymer chain Morphology Organic_polymer > Structure > Morphology Individual molecules can lead to entanglements between the lamellae and can also be involved in the formation of two (or more) lamellae (chains than called tie molecules). Several lamellae form a superstructure, a spherulite, often with a diameter in the range of 0.05 to 1 mm.The type and arrangement of (functional) residues of the repeat units effects or determines the crystallinity and strength of the secondary valence bonds. In isotactic polypropylene, the molecules form a helix.
Machine learning in bioinformatics Tasks Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics > Tasks Machine learning algorithms in bioinformatics can be used for prediction, classification, and feature selection. Methods to achieve this task are varied and span many disciplines; most well known among them are machine learning and statistics. Classification and prediction tasks aim at building models that describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction.
Quantum algorithms Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm Quantum_algorithm > Algorithms based on the quantum Fourier transform > Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm The Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm solves a black-box problem which probably requires exponentially many queries to the black box for any deterministic classical computer, but can be done with one query by a quantum computer. However, when comparing bounded-error classical and quantum algorithms, there is no speedup since a classical probabilistic algorithm can solve the problem with a constant number of queries with small probability of error. The algorithm determines whether a function f is either constant (0 on all inputs or 1 on all inputs) or balanced (returns 1 for half of the input domain and 0 for the other half).
CD4+ lymphocytes Limitations to the Th1/Th2 model CD4+_cells > Determination of the effector T cell response > Limitations to the Th1/Th2 model The interactions between cytokines from the Th1/Th2 model can be more complicated in some animals. For example, the Th2 cytokine IL-10 inhibits cytokine production of both Th subsets in humans. Human IL-10 (hIL-10) suppresses the proliferation and cytokine production of all T cells and the activity of macrophages, but continues to stimulate plasma cells, ensuring that antibody production still occurs. As such, hIL-10 is not believed to truly promote the Th2 response in humans, but acts to prevent over-stimulation of helper T cells while still maximising the production of antibodies.There are also other types of T cells that can influence the expression and activation of helper T cells, such as natural regulatory T cells, along with less common cytokine profiles such as the Th3 subset of helper T cells.
Thermodynamic work Conservation of energy Work_(thermodynamics) > Overview > Conservation of energy The possibility of such transfer defines the system as an open system, as opposed to a closed system. By definition, such transfer is neither as work nor as heat. Changes in the potential energy of a body as a whole with respect to forces in its surroundings, and in the kinetic energy of the body moving as a whole with respect to its surroundings, are by definition excluded from the body's cardinal energy (examples are internal energy and enthalpy).
Plausible reasoning Volume I: Induction and analogy in mathematics Plausible_reasoning > George Polya and plausible reasoning > Volume I: Induction and analogy in mathematics . . In the next chapter the techniques of generalization, specialization and analogy are presented as possible strategies for plausible reasoning. In the remaining chapters, these ideas are illustrated by discussing the discovery of several results in various fields of mathematics like number theory, geometry, etc. and also in physical sciences.
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry Natural gas Hydrogen_isotope_biogeochemistry > Applications > Fossil fuels > Natural gas Stolper et al. established this temperature calibration using laboratory equilibrated methane and field methane from known formation temperature, and applied this to several gas reservoirs to study natural gas formation and mixing. Wang et al. also reported strong non-equilibrium isotope effect in methane clumped isotopes from lab-cultured methanogens and field samples. These methane samples have relatively low abundance of clumped isotopologues, sometimes even lower than the stochastic distribution. This indicates that there are irreversible steps in enzymatic reactions during methanogenesis that fractionation against clumped isotopologues to create the depleted signal. Isotope clumping in methane has proven a robust proxy, and scientists are now moving towards higher-order alkane molecules like ethane for further work.
Code Co-op Distinguishing features Code_Co-op > Distinguishing features The exchange of scripts may proceed using different transports, including e-mail (support for SMTP and POP3, integration with MAPI clients, Gmail) and LAN. Code Co-op has a built-in peer-to-peer wiki system, which can be used to integrate documentation with a software project. It is also possible to create text-based Wiki databases, which can be queried using simplified SQL directly from wiki pages.
Algorand Design Algorand > Design Algorand is intended to solve the "blockchain trilemma": the claim that any blockchain system can have at most two of three desirable properties: decentralization, scalability, and security. A system with all three could run on nodes which each have only moderate consumer-grade resources (i.e., does not need a datacenter or large cluster of virtual machines), has transaction processing which scales with the total network resources (rather than the resources available per-node), and could not be subverted by attackers who individually possess a large fraction of the network's total resources.
Diameter Diameter vs. radius Diameter_of_a_point_set > Diameter vs. radius The diameter of a circle is exactly twice its radius. However, this is true only for a circle, and only in the Euclidean metric. Jung's theorem provides more general inequalities relating the diameter to the radius.
Function reference Summary First-class_function In computer science, a programming language is said to have first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class citizens. This means the language supports passing functions as arguments to other functions, returning them as the values from other functions, and assigning them to variables or storing them in data structures. Some programming language theorists require support for anonymous functions (function literals) as well. In languages with first-class functions, the names of functions do not have any special status; they are treated like ordinary variables with a function type.
Octal numeral system Summary Octal_number The octal, or oct for short, is the base-8 positional numeral system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. This is to say that 10octal represents eight and 100octal represents sixty-four. However, English, like most languages, uses a base-10 number system, hence a true octal system might use different vocabulary. In the decimal system, each place is a power of ten.
Unmanned airplanes Sensors Drone_aircraft > Computer control systems > Architecture > Sensors Position and movement sensors give information about the aircraft state. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance measurements, while exproprioceptive ones correlate internal and external states.Non-cooperative sensors are able to detect targets autonomously so they are used for separation assurance and collision avoidance.Degrees of freedom (DOF) refers to both the amount and quality of sensors on board: 6 DOF implies 3-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers (a typical inertial measurement unit – IMU), 9 DOF refers to an IMU plus a compass, 10 DOF adds a barometer and 11 DOF usually adds a GPS receiver.In addition to the navigation sensors, the UAV (or UAS) can be also equipped with monitoring devices such as: RGB, multispectral, hyper-spectral cameras or LiDAR, which may allow providing specific measurements or observations.
Riemannian connection on a surface Example: the 2-sphere Riemannian_connection_on_a_surface > Example: the 2-sphere Thus E becomes a principal bundle with structure group K. Taking the G-orbit of the point ((1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1)), the space E may be identified with G. Under this identification the actions of G and K on E become left and right translation. In other words: The oriented orthonormal frame bundle of S2 may be identified with SO(3). The Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} of SO(3) consists of all skew-symmetric real 3 x 3 matrices.
BO Microscopii Summary BO_Microscopii As many as 25 prominences have been observed simultaneously, extending outward as far as 3.6 times the radius of the star. BO Mic is a flare star that undergoes sudden increases in X-ray and ultraviolet emissions.
Polymer capacitor Polymer aluminium chip capacitors Polymer_capacitor > Types and styles > Rectangular chip style > Polymer aluminium chip capacitors Rectangular polymer Al-caps have one or more layered aluminium anode foils and a conductive polymer electrolyte. The layered anode foils are at one side contacted with each other, this block is anodically oxidized to achieve the dielectric, and the block is impregnated with the precursors of the polymer to achieve the polymer electrolyte, the counter electrode. Like for polymer tantalum capacitors this polymerized block now is successively dipped into conducting graphite and then silver to provide a good connection to the conducting polymer. This layers achieves the cathode connection of the capacitor.
Depth filtration Backwashing in depth filters Depth_filter > Assessment of main process characteristics > Backwashing in depth filters Most designs typically employ backwashing once per day of operation. The operation of depth filters is inherently cyclic due to the necessity of solids removal build up during the process, as such two or more units are typically used so that backwashing does not interfere with the filtration. Effective backwashing occurs when the filter medium is fluidized. Fluidization flow rates generally fall in the range of 20-50 gpm/ft2.
Bomb calorimeter Continuous Reaction Calorimeter Calorimeter > Continuous Reaction Calorimeter This can lead to the formation of by-products or consecutive products which alter the measured heat of reaction, since other bonds are formed. The amount of by-product or secondary product can be found by calculating the yield of the desired product. If the heat of reaction measured in the HFC (Heat flow calorimetry) and PFR calorimeter differ, most probably some side reactions have occurred. They could for example be caused by different temperatures and residence times. The totally measured Qr is composed of partially overlapped reaction enthalpies (ΔHr) of main and side reactions, depending on their degrees of conversion (U).
Processor Consistency Processor Consistency vs Other Relaxed Consistency Models Processor_Consistency > Processor Consistency vs Other Relaxed Consistency Models Processor consistency, while weaker than sequential consistency, is still in most cases a stronger consistency model than is needed. This is due to the number of synchronization points inherent to programs that run on multiprocessor systems. This means that no data races can occur (a data race being multiple simultaneous accesses to memory location where at least one access is a write). With this in mind, it is clear to see that a model could allow for reorganization of all memory operations, as long as no operation crosses a synchronization point and one does, called Weak Ordering.
Generative semantics Interpretive or generative? Generative_semantics > Interpretive or generative? By contrast, generative semantics was faced with the problem of explaining the emergence of meaning in neuro-biological rather than social and rational terms. This problem was solved in the 1980s by Lakoff in his version of Cognitive Linguistics, according to which language generates through sensory experience. Thus, engaging with the physical world provides the person with visual, tactile and other sensory input, which crystallizes into language in the form of conceptual metaphors, organizing rational thinking. Such a view of the mind has not been fully approved by neuroscientists.
Continuous dynamical system Multidimensional generalization Evolution_parameter > Formal definition > Geometrical definition > Multidimensional generalization Dynamical systems are usually defined over a single independent variable, thought of as time. A more general class of systems are defined over multiple independent variables and are therefore called multidimensional systems. Such systems are useful for modeling, for example, image processing.
Multilayer perceptron Learning Multilayer_perceptron > Mathematical foundations > Learning Learning occurs in the perceptron by changing connection weights after each piece of data is processed, based on the amount of error in the output compared to the expected result. This is an example of supervised learning, and is carried out through backpropagation, a generalization of the least mean squares algorithm in the linear perceptron. We can represent the degree of error in an output node j {\displaystyle j} in the n {\displaystyle n} th data point (training example) by e j ( n ) = d j ( n ) − y j ( n ) {\displaystyle e_{j}(n)=d_{j}(n)-y_{j}(n)} , where d j ( n ) {\displaystyle d_{j}(n)} is the desired target value for n {\displaystyle n} th data point at node j {\displaystyle j} , and y j ( n ) {\displaystyle y_{j}(n)} is the value produced by the perceptron at node j {\displaystyle j} when the n {\displaystyle n} th data point is given as an input.
Prostaglandin E2 Neurological effects Prostaglandin_E2 > Physiological effects > Neurological effects In response to physiologic and psychologic stress, prostaglandin E2 is involved in several inflammation and immunity pathways. As one of the most abundant prostaglandins in the body, Prostaglandin E2 is involved almost all typical inflammation markers such as redness, swelling, and pain. It regulates these responses through binding to G coupled protein prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4). The activation of these different EP receptors is dependent on the type of triggering stress stimuli and results in the corresponding stress response.
Lebesgue integrability condition Examples Riemann_integrability > Examples This makes the total sum at least zero and at most ε. So let δ be a positive number less than ε/n. If it happens that two of the ti are within δ of each other, choose δ smaller. If it happens that some ti is within δ of some xj, and ti is not equal to xj, choose δ smaller.
Formal theorem Relation with scientific theories Mathematical_theorem > Relation with scientific theories The Riemann hypothesis has been verified to hold for the first 10 trillion non-trivial zeroes of the zeta function. Although most mathematicians can tolerate supposing that the conjecture and the hypothesis are true, neither of these propositions is considered proved. Such evidence does not constitute proof.
UW Hybrid Vehicle Team The Team UW_Hybrid_Vehicle_Team > The Team The Mechanical and Drivetrain groups work to design and implement new components, renovate old parts, and perform general vehicle maintenance. The Control and Electrical Groups are responsible for maintaining all of the vehicle computer and electrical components; this includes developing a complex control strategy and programing the electronic control unit, rewiring the vehicle to accommodate the hybrid systems, and maintaining the battery pack as well as other electrically sensitive components. The Outreach group is responsible for publishing newsletters, maintaining the website, obtaining positive relationships with local businesses and the community, and involving the team in community events. Each group is led by a veteran team member who meets to coordinate projects and make decisions for the vehicle's progress. Each leader is responsible to teach each of the group's attendants safely.
Animal experiment Invertebrates Laboratory_animal_science > Care and use of animals > Invertebrates However, the lack of an adaptive immune system and their simple organs prevent worms from being used in several aspects of medical research such as vaccine development. Similarly, the fruit fly immune system differs greatly from that of humans, and diseases in insects can be different from diseases in vertebrates; however, fruit flies and waxworms can be useful in studies to identify novel virulence factors or pharmacologically active compounds.Several invertebrate systems are considered acceptable alternatives to vertebrates in early-stage discovery screens. Because of similarities between the innate immune system of insects and mammals, insects can replace mammals in some types of studies.
Social construction of technology First Stage: Interpretative flexibility Social_construction_of_technology > Original Core concepts > First Stage: Interpretative flexibility Bijker and Pinch show that the air tire of the bicycle meant a more convenient mode of transportation for some people, whereas it meant technical nuisances, traction problems and ugly aesthetics to others. In racing air tires lent to greater speed.These alternative interpretations generate different problems to be solved. For the bicycle, it means how features such as aesthetics, convenience, and speed should be prioritized. It also considers tradeoffs, such as between traction and speed.
General adaptation syndrome Etymology and historical usage General_adaptation_syndrome > Etymology and historical usage The term "stress" had none of its contemporary connotations before the 1920s. It is a form of the Middle English destresse, derived via Old French from the Latin stringere, "to draw tight". The word had long been in use in physics to refer to the internal distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. In the 1920s and '30s, biological and psychological circles occasionally used the term to refer to a mental strain or to a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness.Walter Cannon used it in 1926 to refer to external factors that disrupted what he called homeostasis.
Luigi Fantappiè Summary Luigi_Fantappiè A process that is driven by negative entropy will increase order with time, such as all forms of life tend to do. This was a very controversial view at the time and not at all accepted by his colleagues. His findings indicate that negative entropy is associated with life in the same way as consciousness is.
Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks OS/VS2 SVS and MVS Multiprogramming_with_a_Variable_number_of_Tasks > System/370 and virtual memory operating systems > OS/VS2 SVS and MVS OS/VS2 release 1 was just MVT plus virtual memory and VSAM (see below). This version was eventually renamed OS/VS2 SVS, for Single Virtual Storage, when OS/VS2 Release 2, also known as MVS, for Multiple Virtual Storage, was introduced. SVS was intended as a stepping stone from MVT to MVS, and is only of historical interest today. In 1974 IBM released what it described as OS/VS2 Release 2 but which was really a new operating system that was upwards-compatible with OS/VS2 Release 1.
Preferred metric sizes Summary Preferred_metric_sizes Preferred metric sizes are a set of international standards and de facto standards that are designed to make using the metric system easier and simpler, especially in engineering and construction practices. One of the methods used to arrive at these preferred sizes is the use of preferred numbers and convenient numbers, such as the Renard series and 1-2-5 series, to limit the number of different sizes of components needed. One of the largest benefits of such limits is an ensuing multiplicative or exponential reduction in the number of parts, tools and other items needed to support the installation and maintenance of the items built using these techniques. This occurs because eliminating one diameter fastener will typically allow the elimination of a large number of variations on that diameter (multiple thread pitches, multiple lengths, multiple tip types, multiple head types, multiple drive types, and the tools needed for installing each, including multiple drill bits (one for each different thread pitch, material, and fit combination).
Surround Optical Fiber Immunoassay SOFIA as an ante mortem test for prion diseases Surround_optical-fiber_immunoassay > Applications > Ante mortem test for prion diseases > SOFIA as an ante mortem test for prion diseases SOFIA meets the needs of increased sensitivity in the detection of prion diseases in both presymptomatic and symptomatic TSE infected animals, including humans, by providing methods of analysis using highly sensitive instrumentation, which requires less sample preparation than previously described methods, in combination with recently developed Mabs against PrP. The method of the present version of SOFIA provides sensitivity levels sufficient to detect PrPSc in brain tissue. When coupled with limited sPMCA, the methods of the present inventions provide sensitivity levels sufficient to detect PrPSc in blood plasma, tissue and other fluids collected antemortem.
Force lines Summary Force_lines Force lines method is used in Solid Mechanics for visualization of internal forces in a deformed body. A force line represents graphically the internal force acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces. The force lines show the maximal internal forces and their directions.
U6 snRNA Associated proteins U6_spliceosomal_RNA > Associated proteins This study suggests that in the free form of U6, Prp24 binds to the telestem and the uridine-rich 3' tail of the U6 snRNA is threaded through the ring of Lsms. Another important NTC-related protein associated with U6 is Cwc2, which by interaction with important catalytic RNA elements induces the formation of a functional catalytic core in the spliceosome. Cwc2 and U6 achieve formation of this complex by interaction with the ISL and regions located near the 5' splice site.
Probability plot correlation coefficient plot Comparing distributions Probability_plot_correlation_coefficient_plot > Comparing distributions In addition to finding a good choice for estimating the shape parameter of a given distribution, the PPCC plot can be useful in deciding which distributional family is most appropriate. For example, given a set of reliability data, one might generate PPCC plots for a Weibull, lognormal, gamma, and inverse Gaussian distributions, and possibly others, on a single page. This one page would show the best value for the shape parameter for several distributions and would additionally indicate which of these distributional families provides the best fit (as measured by the maximum probability plot correlation coefficient). That is, if the maximum PPCC value for the Weibull is 0.99 and only 0.94 for the lognormal, then one could reasonably conclude that the Weibull family is the better choice.
András Kornai Monographs András_Kornai > Monographs ISBN 978-1-84628-985-9 Hardbound, approximately 300 pages. See description. Formal Phonology. In the series Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics, Garland Publishing, 1994, ISBN 0-8153-1730-1, hardbound, 240 pages Contents, Preface, Introduction (20 pages) On Hungarian Morphology. In the series Linguistica, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1994, ISBN 963-8461-73-X, paperbound, 174 pages Contents, Preface, Introduction (10 pages)
Spastic paralysis Pathophysiology Spastic_paralysis > Pathophysiology CNS damage also causes nerve cell membranes to rest in a more state. The combination of decreased inhibition and an increased depolarized state of cell membranes, decreases action potential threshold for nerve signal conduction, and thus increases activity of structures innervated by the affected nerves (spasticity). Muscles affected in this way have many other potential features of altered performance in addition to spasticity, including muscle weakness; decreased movement control; clonus (a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions often symptomatic of muscle over-exertion and/or muscle fatigue); exaggerated deep tendon reflexes; and decreased endurance.
Anthropic bias Summary Anthropic_reasoning Carter distinguished the WAP from the strong anthropic principle (SAP), which considers the universe in some sense compelled to eventually have conscious and sapient life emerge within it. A form of the latter known as the participatory anthropic principle, articulated by John Archibald Wheeler, suggests on the basis of quantum mechanics that the universe, as a condition of its existence, must be observed, thus implying one or more observers. Stronger yet is the final anthropic principle (FAP), proposed by John D. Barrow and Frank Tipler, which views the universe's structure as expressible by bits of information in such a way that information processing is inevitable and eternal.
MEMO model (wind-flow simulation) Nesting facility MEMO_model_(wind-flow_simulation) > Nesting facility In MEMO, a one-way interactive nesting scheme is implemented. With this nesting scheme a coarse grid and a fine grid simulation can be nested. During the coarse grid simulation, data is interpolated and written to a file. A consecutive fine grid simulation uses this data as lateral boundary values.
Thermal time constant Thermal time constant Time_constant > Examples > Thermal time constant Comparison with the introductory differential equation suggests the possible generalization to time-varying ambient temperatures Ta. However, retaining the simple constant ambient example, by substituting the variable ΔT ≡ (T − Ta), one finds: Systems for which cooling satisfies the above exponential equation are said to satisfy Newton's law of cooling. The solution to this equation suggests that, in such systems, the difference between the temperature of the system and its surroundings ΔT as a function of time t, is given by: Δ T ( t ) = Δ T 0 e − t / τ , {\displaystyle \Delta T(t)=\Delta T_{0}e^{-t/\tau },} where ΔT0 is the initial temperature difference, at time t = 0. In words, the body assumes the same temperature as the ambient at an exponentially slow rate determined by the time constant.
Demyelinating disease Summary Demyelinating_disease Chronic exposure to neuroleptic medications may also cause demyelination. Furthermore, deficiencies in vitamin B12 can result in dysmyelination.Demyelinating diseases are traditionally classified into two types: demyelinating myelinoclastic diseases and demyelinating leukodystrophic diseases. In the first group, a healthy and normal myelin is destroyed by toxic substances, chemicals, or autoimmune reactions.
Soil Moisture Velocity Equation Soil moisture velocity equation Soil_Moisture_Velocity_Equation > Soil moisture velocity equation The advection-like term of the Soil Moisture Velocity Equation is particularly useful for calculating the advance of wetting fronts for a liquid invading an unsaturated porous medium under the combined action of gravity and capillarity because it is convertible to an ordinary differential equation by neglecting the diffusion-like term. and it avoids the problem of representative elementary volume by use of a fine water-content discretization and solution method. This equation was converted into a set of three ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the method of lines to convert the partial derivatives on the right-hand side of the equation into appropriate finite difference forms. These three ODEs represent the dynamics of infiltrating water, falling slugs, and capillary groundwater, respectively.
Twenty Questions Computers, scientific method and situation puzzles Twenty_Questions > Computers, scientific method and situation puzzles Testing the smallest logical components of a hypothesis one at a time does not mean asking about, say, 1048576 subjects one at a time, but extracting aspects of a guess or hypothesis, and asking, for example, "Did an animal do this?" before asking "Did a horse do this?". That aspect of scientific method resembles also a situation puzzle in facing (unlike twenty questions) a puzzling scenario at the start.
Ebola disease Summary Ebola_hemorrhagic_fever The symptoms of Ebola may resemble those of several other diseases, including malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Diagnosis is confirmed by testing blood samples for the presence of viral RNA, viral antibodies or the virus itself.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services and community engagement, including rapid detection, contact tracing of those exposed, quick access to laboratory services, care for those infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Prevention measures involve wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when in close proximity to patients and while handling potentially infected bushmeat, as well as thoroughly cooking bushmeat.
Islamic philosophy Scientific method Islamic_philosophy > Philosophy of science > Scientific method He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. Ibn al-Haytham attributed his experimental scientific method and scientific skepticism to his Islamic faith.
Art of Fighting Gameplay Art_of_Fighting > Gameplay The Art of Fighting series was also the first fighting series to allow players to perform a "super attack". In the original Art of Fighting, the player's character can learn a super attack (dubbed the super death blow) by completing one of the game's bonus rounds (this technique is available by default in the 3rd game). All three games also feature "Desperation Attacks" that can only be performed when the player's health is low and the life bar is flashing. The series also introduced graphical scaling into the fighting game genre: as the characters move towards each other, the camera zooms in to maximize the level of detail. Character sprites in Art of Fighting change as the fight progresses to become more bruised and cut as damage is taken.
Magnetism Magnetic dipoles Repulsive_force_(magnetism) > Magnetic dipoles A very common source of magnetic field found in nature is a dipole, with a "South pole" and a "North pole", terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe. Since opposite ends of magnets are attracted, the north pole of a magnet is attracted to the south pole of another magnet. The Earth's North Magnetic Pole (currently in the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada) is physically a south pole, as it attracts the north pole of a compass.
A* search algorithm History A*_search_algorithm > History Peter Hart invented the concepts we now call admissibility and consistency of heuristic functions. A* was originally designed for finding least-cost paths when the cost of a path is the sum of its costs, but it has been shown that A* can be used to find optimal paths for any problem satisfying the conditions of a cost algebra.The original 1968 A* paper contained a theorem stating that no A*-like algorithm could expand fewer nodes than A* if the heuristic function is consistent and A*'s tie-breaking rule is suitably chosen. A "correction" was published a few years later claiming that consistency was not required, but this was shown to be false in Dechter and Pearl's definitive study of A*'s optimality (now called optimal efficiency), which gave an example of A* with a heuristic that was admissible but not consistent expanding arbitrarily more nodes than an alternative A*-like algorithm.
Glossary of environmental science P Glossary_of_environmental_science > P polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – a clear, tough, light and shatterproof type of plastic, used to make products such as soft drink bottles, film packaging and fabrics. polypropylene (PP) - a member of the polyelofin family of plastics. PP is light, rigid and glossy and is used to make products such as washing machine agitators, clear film packaging, carpet fibres and housewares.
Xbox 360 Controller Design Xbox_360_Controller > Design The Xbox 360 controller has the same basic familiar button layout as the Controller S except that a few of the auxiliary buttons have been moved. The "back" and "start" buttons have been moved to a more central position on the face of the controller, and the "white" and "black" buttons have been removed and replaced with two new bumpers that are positioned over the analog triggers on the back of the controller. The controller has a 2.5 mm TRS connector on the front, allowing users to connect a headset for voice communication. It also features a proprietary serial connector (which is split into 2 parts on either side of the headset connector) for use with additional accessories, such as the chatpad.
Codensity monad Summary Codensity_monad In mathematics, especially in category theory, the codensity monad is a fundamental construction associating a monad to a wide class of functors.
Gram determinant Applications Gram_determinant > Examples > Applications 79–94). In the finite element method, the Gram matrix arises from approximating a function from a finite dimensional space; the Gram matrix entries are then the inner products of the basis functions of the finite dimensional subspace. In machine learning, kernel functions are often represented as Gram matrices. (Also see kernel PCA) Since the Gram matrix over the reals is a symmetric matrix, it is diagonalizable and its eigenvalues are non-negative. The diagonalization of the Gram matrix is the singular value decomposition.
MAJC Avoiding interlocks and stalls MAJC > Design elements > Avoiding interlocks and stalls In order for the compiler to avoid these interlocks, it would have to know exactly how long each of these instructions would take to complete. For instance, if a particular implementation took three cycles to complete a floating-point multiplication, MAJC compilers would attempt to schedule in other instructions that took three cycles to complete and were not currently stalled. A change in the actual implementation might reduce this delay to only two instructions, however, and the compiler would need to be aware of this change.
Queue (abstract data type) Amortized queue Queue_(abstract_data_type) > Purely functional implementation > Amortized queue And, if r {\displaystyle r} is not empty, it is easy to remove from the end of the queue by removing the node at the head of r {\displaystyle r} . When r {\displaystyle r} is empty, the list f {\displaystyle f} is reversed and assigned to r {\displaystyle r} and then the head of r {\displaystyle r} is removed. The insert ("enqueue") always takes O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle O(1)} time.
Resistojet rocket Disadvantages Resistojet_rocket > Disadvantages The main disadvantage of a resistojet design in comparison to simpler cold gas thrusters is the need for a power supply, which takes up space and is therefore sometimes a prohibitive factor for Microsat missions. In addition, the increased technical complexity of a resistojet relative to simpler solutions results in a greater risk of technical failure. Since they do not take advantage of chemical combustion, resistojets (and similar designs) have a lower thrust that is orders of magnitude lower than those of more conventional solid fuel and liquid-propellant rockets. As a result, they are unsuitable for orbital maneuvers that require high delta V over shorter periods.
Circuit rider (technology) Summary Circuit_rider_(technology) They can serve regional constituencies by travel from a central location. Additionally, circuit riders can "cross-pollinate" the groups they service, transmitting insights, tools, and tips as they travel throughout the sector. In addition, training materials and resources can be used at multiple sites, thereby spreading the development cost out across a number of organizations. The umbrella term for this field is nonprofit technology, and circuit riders are a form of nonprofit technology assistance provider
Sorivudine Mechanism of action Sorivudine > Pharmacology > Mechanism of action Sorivudine is phosphorylated by thymidine kinase activity in the body and is absorbed into the virus's DNA instead of the correct nucleoside. It is a competitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase, so the viral DNA cannot be replicated and the virus cannot grow.
Interpreted programming language Template Interpreter Interpreted_programming_language > Variations > Template Interpreter Making the distinction between compilers and interpreters yet again even more vague is a special interpreter design known as a template interpreter. Rather than implement the execution of code by virtue of a large switch statement containing every possible bytecode, while operating on a software stack or a tree walk, a template interpreter maintains a large array of bytecode (or any efficient intermediate representation) mapped directly to corresponding native machine instructions that can be executed on the host hardware as key value pairs (or in more efficient designs, direct addresses to the native instructions), known as a "Template". When the particular code segment is executed the interpreter simply loads or jumps to the opcode mapping in the template and directly runs it on the hardware. Due to its design, the template interpreter very strongly resembles a just-in-time compiler rather than a traditional interpreter, however it is technically not a JIT due to the fact that it merely translates code from the language into native calls one opcode at a time rather than creating optimized sequences of CPU executable instructions from the entire code segment. Due to the interpreter's simple design of simply passing calls directly to the hardware rather than implementing them directly, it is much faster than every other type, even bytecode interpreters, and to an extent less prone to bugs, but as a tradeoff is more difficult to maintain due to the interpreter having to support translation to multiple different architectures instead of a platform independent virtual machine/stack. To date, the only template interpreter implementations of widely known languages to exist are the interpreter within Java's official reference implementation, the Sun HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, and the Ignition Interpreter in the Google V8 javascript execution engine.
Linear recurrence with constant coefficients Summary Linear_recurrence A linear recurrence denotes the evolution of some variable over time, with the current time period or discrete moment in time denoted as t, one period earlier denoted as t − 1, one period later as t + 1, etc. The solution of such an equation is a function of t, and not of any iterate values, giving the value of the iterate at any time. To find the solution it is necessary to know the specific values (known as initial conditions) of n of the iterates, and normally these are the n iterates that are oldest. The equation or its variable is said to be stable if from any set of initial conditions the variable's limit as time goes to infinity exists; this limit is called the steady state. Difference equations are used in a variety of contexts, such as in economics to model the evolution through time of variables such as gross domestic product, the inflation rate, the exchange rate, etc. They are used in modeling such time series because values of these variables are only measured at discrete intervals. In econometric applications, linear difference equations are modeled with stochastic terms in the form of autoregressive (AR) models and in models such as vector autoregression (VAR) and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models that combine AR with other features.