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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%96%20%28%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%2C%201927%29
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Після опівночі (фільм, 1927)
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Після опівночі (фільм, 1927)
Після опівночі — американська драма режисера Монти Белла 1927 року.
Сюжет
Історія нічних клубів Нью-Йорка. Мері — хазяйка кабаре із золотим серцем, а її сестра Мейзі — золотошукач без серця.
У ролях
Норма Ширер — Мері Міллер
Лоуренс Грей — Джо Міллер
Гвен Лі — Мейзі
Едді Стургіс — Ред Сміт
Філіп Сліман — Гас Ван Ганді
Джонні Мак Браун
Роберт Дадлі
Родні Гілдебранд
Джон Келлі
Пет Сомерсет
Посилання
After Midnight на сайті Internet Movie Database
After Midnight на сайті AllMovie
Фільми-драми США
Чорно-білі фільми
Німі фільми США
Фільми Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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108750
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwinton%2C%20Connecticut
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Harwinton, Connecticut
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Harwinton, Connecticut
Harwinton is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 5,484 at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region. The high school is Lewis S. Mills.
History
The town incorporated in 1737. The name of the town alludes to Hartford and Windsor, Connecticut (HAR + WIN) followed by the suffix -ton, meaning town.
Geography
Harwinton is in eastern Litchfield County; it is bordered to the northwest by the city of Torrington and to the east by Burlington in Hartford County. Hartford, the state capital, is to the east, and Bristol is to the southeast.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Harwinton has a total area of , of which are land and of it, or 1.12%, are water. The town is bordered to the west by the Naugatuck River. The southeastern portion of the town contains the Roraback Wildlife Area and several reservoirs.
Principal communities
Campville
Harwinton Center (part of Northwest Harwinton CDP)
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,283 people, 1,958 households, and 1,546 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 2,022 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.69% White, 0.08% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.89% of the population.
There were 1,958 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.6% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $66,222, and the median income for a family was $75,912. Males had a median income of $51,597 versus $40,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,137. About 0.8% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Connecticut Route 4 connects the town to Torrington in the northwest and to Hartford in the east. Route 118 connects the town westward to Litchfield center, with a junction for the Route 8 expressway in the western part of Harwinton. Route 222 runs south from Harwinton to Thomaston center. Route 72 leads south then east to the city of Bristol.
Notable people
Harry C. Bentley (1877–1967), founder of Bentley University
Jonathan Brace (1754–1837), judge and U.S. congressman
George S. Catlin (1808–1851), U.S. congressman
Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900), one of four men who formed the Central Pacific Railroad
Elam Luddington (1806–1893), Mormon pioneer to Utah and the first Mormon missionary to preach in Thailand
Luman Watson (1790–1834), clockmaker
Abner Wilcox (1808–1869), missionary teacher to the Kingdom of Hawaii
References
External links
Military service in early Harwinton
Description of Harwinton from The Connecticut Guide, 1935
Towns in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Towns in the New York metropolitan area
Towns in Connecticut
Towns in Northwest Hills Planning Region, Connecticut
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52960961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes%20Wolf
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Hannes Wolf
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Hannes Wolf may refer to:
Hannes Wolf (football manager) (born 1981), German football manager
Hannes Wolf (footballer) (born 1999), Austrian footballer
See also
Hanns Wolf (1894–1968), German composer and pianist
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1499363
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Галльстагаммар (значення)
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Галльстагаммар (значення)
Галльстагаммар (комуна) — адміністративна комуна в Швеції.
Галльстагаммар — місто у Швеції, у лені Вестманланд.
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3671086
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0
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Маляєвка
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Маляєвка — село у Ленінському районі Волгоградської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 1222 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Маляєвське сільське поселення.
Історія
Село розташоване у межах українського історичного та культурного регіону Жовтий Клин.
Згідно із законом від 14 лютого 2005 року № 1004-ОД органом місцевого самоврядування є Маляєвське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Ленінського району (Волгоградська область)
Села Волгоградської області
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3931745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen-na-Obi
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Kamen-na-Obi
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Kamen-na-Obi, known until 1933 as Kamen, is a town in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Ob River northwest of Barnaul, the administrative center of the krai. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 43,888.
History
Pre-revolutionary period
The founding date of the settlement is considered to be 1751. Previously, the founding date was considered to be 1670, however, in 2000, a scientific study was carried out, during which it turned out that the founding date of the village of Kamen is 1751. The name has a literal explanation: the village was named so because of the rocky outcrop of a spur of the Salair Ridge on the surface of the earth near it.
On a detailed map of the Kolyvan-Voznesensk mountain district in 1816, the village is called Kamenka.
On the General Map of Western Siberia in 1848, the village is labeled Kamenka (Buksilova).
On the map of Tomsk province in Ilyin's atlas (1871) the village is called Kuksilovo.
On the map Map of provinces and regions of the Russian Empire along the Siberian Railway (1893) the village is called Katelnarskaya (Kamen).
Since 1886, it has been classified as a village. It was formed by the merger of several smaller settlements located in the neighborhood.
The favorable geographical location and the presence of a pier determined the economic development of the village. By the end of the 19th century, the village of Kamen was a large trading village in the Barnaul Uezd of the Tomsk Governorate and became (until 1925) the center of the Kamensk volost. Local merchants established economic trade ties with Russian and European enterprises. The main commodity sold at that time was grain. The largest suppliers of wheat were local merchants Vinokurov and Falkov. In 1912, in terms of trade turnover, the village of Kamen ranked 4th in the Tomsk Governorate, after Tomsk, Novonikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk) and Barnaul. There was also a handicraft industry in the city and county: tanneries, oil churns, mills and other small enterprises for processing agricultural raw materials. In the district there were about 200 butter-making artels, many private butter factories and grain storage centers. The labor force, represented by landless peasant migrants from Central Russia, was unusually cheap.
After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway in Novonikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk), the importance of water transport decreased and the economic role of the village in the region began to gradually fade away. However, railway transport did not develop so quickly and the village remained a major grain transshipment point. On May 10 (23), 1915, the village of Kamen was given the status of a city; by 1917 there were 15 thousand inhabitants.
Kamen during the October Revolution
A feature of the political development of the city in 1917 was the hegemony of the Bolsheviks, who were among the first in Siberia to form a party organization separate from the Mensheviks and took power in the city peacefully. Power passed to the Soviets at the end of December 1917. The executive committee of the Council adopted the name "District Council of People's Commissars". Ignatiy Vladimirovich Gromov (Mamonov) was elected chairman of the Kamensky District Soviet. After the establishment of Soviet power, the People's House was opened in the city, clubs were opened in the volost villages, and reading huts were opened in the villages. The council nationalized several houses of large landlords and turned them over to schools. To finance public education, as well as the fight against counter-revolution, an indemnity in the amount of 3 million rubles was imposed on the local bourgeoisie (of which they managed to collect about 2 million).
At the suggestion of the anarchists elected to the Council, the issue of creating the Kamensk district federal republic was discussed. Local anarchists wanted to achieve independence from the province so as not to supply food to the center.
In February – March 1918, a counter-revolutionary rebellion broke out in Kamen and its district, led by the head of the district police, former lieutenant Samoilov. The rebels killed Bolsheviks, Soviet activists, and destroyed Soviet institutions. Red Guard detachments from Barnaul and Novonikolaevsk arrived to eliminate the rebellion. The Barnaul detachment of Red Guard railwaymen, numbering up to 150 bayonets, was led by I. M. Tsaritsyn and M. A. Fomin. As a result, the rebellion was suppressed, moreover, Soviets appeared in those villages of the district where they had not previously existed.
By May 1918, Kamen's Red Guard detachment numbered about 300 fighters, but its main forces were sent to Transbaikalia to fight against the gangs of Ataman Semyonov. By the time of the White Czech uprising, the Kamensk Bolsheviks were practically unarmed. On June 9, 1918, the city was taken without a fight by the White Guards, who arrived by boat from Novonikolaevsk. 8 Bolsheviks remained in the city to conduct underground work.
In August 1919, Kamen became a frontline city. A peasant uprising began in the village of Ust-Mosikha, organized by a local teacher, Bolshevik A. N. Danilov. On August 29, 1919, the partisan detachment of Ignatius Gromov occupied the city for several hours. This action pursued not so much military as political goals: to show the increased power of pro-Bolshevik partisans. In the afternoon, the Whites returned to the city, supported by one and a half thousand Poles, with two steamships, two cannons and machine guns. The Red partisans and peasants retreated, capturing 400 rifles and looting warehouses with ammunition, uniforms, textiles and leather goods. The Reds freed about five hundred captured Hungarians, from whom a company of Red Magyars was formed under the command of Max Lamberg.
Soviet power in the city was restored on November 28, 1919 by partisan detachments and units of the regular Red Army that occupied Kamen.
Soviet period and the present
In 1930, according to the project and under the leadership of Yuri Kondratyuk, a unique structure named "Mastodon" was built – the largest wooden granary in the world with a capacity of 13,000 tons. This structure was built without a single nail. In the mid-1990s, Mastodon was seriously damaged during a major fire and was subsequently destroyed.
Since April 10, 1933, the city has had its modern name – Kamen-na-Obi.
During World War II, some enterprises and institutions were evacuated to Kamen-on-Ob: in particular, the Voronezh Agricultural Institute and the Altai State Pedagogical University.
In the post-war years, Kamen-na-Obi developed as an agricultural center in the region. Thus, in the early 1960s, the Central Siberian Mainline of the West Siberian Railway was put into operation, which made it possible to establish stable transport links with major cities of Siberia. From 1973 to 1983, the Kulunda main canal was built, designed to irrigate agricultural lands in the arid steppe of Altai Krai. In 1977, the head pumping station and the head section, starting in Kamen-na-Obi, were put into operation. In 1979, construction of the largest grain elevator beyond the Urals was completed.
Until 2015 it was a city of regional significance; since then it has been a city of district significance.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kamen-na-Obi serves as the administrative center of Kamensky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality (the station of Plotinnaya), incorporated within Kamensky District as the town of district significance of Kamen-na-Obi. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Kamen-na-Obi is incorporated within Kamensky Municipal District as Kamen-na-Obi Urban Settlement.
As an administrative division, prior to September 2015 Kamen-na-Obi and Plotinnaya were incorporated separately into the town of krai significance of Kamen-na-Obi—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of krai significance of Kamen-na-Obi was incorporated as Kamen-na-Obi Urban Okrug. The status of both units was changed in September 2015, when the town of krai significance was demoted to a town of district significance and subordinated to Kamensky District, while the urban okrug was demoted to an urban settlement within Kamensky Municipal District.
Economy
Industry
Kamen-na-Obi has a very developed trade and food industry, and other industries are also represented in small numbers.
The main enterprises in the town are a metal plant, a Voskhod meat processing plant, a butter and cheese factory, a fish factory, a poultry farm, a grain elevator, a furniture factory, and an enterprise for the production of deep-frozen products.
In 2011, one of the largest woodworking plants in the Siberian region, the Kamensky Timber and Wood Processing Plant, was launched. The processing capacity of the plant is 1000 cubic meters of wood per day. The volume of wood processing at Kamenskoye LDK is 220–240 thousand m³ per year.
Transport
The city has rail, road and river transport.
The Central Siberian Mainline of the West Siberian Railway passes through the Kamen-na-Obi railway station. With the commissioning of the second bridgeа across the Ob on September 25, 2009, the Central Siberian Railway became the main freight route of the West Siberian Railway. Long-distance passenger trains to Moscow, Omsk and Rubtsovsk and commuter trains to Karasuk, Barnaul and Plotinnaya run through the Kamen-na-Obi station.
Public transport is represented by intercity, suburban and city bus transportation. From the Kamen bus station, buses depart to Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Rubtsovsk, Slavgorod, Bayevo, Tyumentsevo, Zavyalovo and other settlements of the region. Suburban passenger transportation is carried out in the villages of Kamensky and Krutikhinsky districts. The urban transport route network consists of eight bus routes. The regional highway P380 Novosibirsk – Kamen-na-Obi – Barnaul passes through the city.
River transport is represented by passenger transportation (2 suburban routes) and freight transportation (barge transportation of sand, crushed stone, etc.).
There is a military airfield 9 km west of the city. Until the mid-1990s, the 96th training aviation regiment of the Barnaul VVAUL was based at the airfield. Currently, the airfield is mothballed. The airfield accepts civil aircraft (medical and agricultural aviation).
Main highways of the city:
Barnaulskiy Trakt (to Barnaul on highway P380),
Kamenskaya Street (to Novosibirsk on highway P380),
Novoyarkovsky Trakt (to Bayevo, Zavyalovo),
as well as inner city streets such as Kolesnikova, Pushkina, Leningradskaya and Gogol streets as well as others.
Geography
Climate
Kamen-na-Obi has a cold and temperate climate. High rainfall, even in the dry months. According to the Köppen climate classification, it lies in a humid continental climate (Dfb index) with uniform humidity and warm summers.
The continental climate of Kamen-na-Obi is determined by its unique geographical location in southwestern Siberia. Openness to the influence simultaneously from the Altai Mountains, the Arctic Ocean and the semi-desert regions of Central Asia creates the possibility of the arrival of air masses of different properties, which contributes to a significant contrast in weather conditions. Kamen-na-Obi is characterized by frosty, moderately severe and little snow winters and warm, dry summers.
The coldest month of the year is January (average temperature −17 °C), while the warmest is July (+20 °C). Relative humidity in the cold period of the year varies between 71% and 89%, and in the warm period it is about 58%. The average annual precipitation is 381 mm.
Social sphere
The city has educational, healthcare and cultural institutions, and there are bank branches, including Sberbank.
Education
Among the educational institutions there are 7 secondary schools (including 2 lyceums, 1 gymnasium), a secondary vocational educational institution, 3 secondary specialized educational institutions (Kamenska Pedagogical College, Kamensk Medical College, Kamensk Agrarian College). There are also branches of some universities in Barnaul and Novosibirsk. There are institutions of additional education (3 music schools, a sports school, an environmental and biological station, a young technician station, a children's creativity center, etc.).
Healthcare
Health care institutions in the city are represented by the Kamensk Central District Hospital, Regional Psychiatric Hospital No. 2, clinics, and an anti-tuberculosis dispensary. There are several private dental offices in the city.
Culture
The city has a city library and its branches, cultural centers, a recreation park, and a local history museum, which was created in 1920.
Attractions
The main attractions are located on Lenin Street (formerly Main Street), which runs parallel to the Ob River for more than 3 km from Bazarnaya Square (currently home to the Spartak stadium) to the port facilities.
At the beginning of the street on a hill is the Epiphany Church (consecrated in 1902). The construction and arrangement of a stone church on the site of a dilapidated wooden one was carried out with donations from merchants Vinokurov, Zorin, Pudovkin, Simonin and Chaigin. The temple was based on an exemplary design in the Russian Revival architectural style, with elements of ancient Russian religious architecture. In the 1930s, the crosses were removed from the temple, and a distillery was located inside. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. Currently, the plant's facilities have been transferred to another building – the temple building is being restored.
In the building of the mansion of the merchant A.S. Khomutov (Lenin St., 18), next to the church, there was a medical school until 2007. This is a two-story brick house with a basement. The façade is decorated with white brick ornaments. The building is made in an Eclectic style using elements of classicism. In connection with the start of construction in 2006 of the second railway bridge across the Ob, the school moved to a new building on Pushkin Street.
At house number 49 on Lenin Street there is the Kamensk State Museum of Local Lore. The city museum is located in the neoclassical mansion of the Vinokurov merchants ("Vinokurovsky House"). In 1942–1944. the building housed the evacuated Voronezh Agricultural Institute. Since May 2008, the Vinokurov and Sons trading house has been protected by the state as an architectural monument of federal significance.
On the corner of Lenin Street (No. 66) and Komsomolskaya there is a beautiful two-story brick house of the merchant Pudovkin with a rounded corner shape. Its architecture contains elements of early century Art Nouveau. On the second floor there are twisted wrought iron balconies and decorative elements. At the address st. Lenina, 78 is the main building of the estate of the merchant Zorin (now the Office of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for Kamen-na-Obi and Kamensky District), also built in the eclectic style of the early 20th century. It is also a two-story brick building with a cubic shape. On the second floor of the central facade there is a beautiful wrought-iron balcony; the windows are decorated with white brick ornaments.
Among the modern attractions, one can note the embankment, stretching along the river bank from Krasnoarmeyskaya Street to the city park.
Notable people
Ivan Pyryev, (November 4 (17), 1901 – February 7, 1968) – Soviet film director, screenwriter, actor, teacher, public figure, People's Artist of the USSR (1948), laureate of six Stalin Prizes (1941, 1942, 1943, 1946, 1948 , 1951). Knight of three orders of Lenin (1938, 1948, 1967)
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Official website of Kamen-na-Obi
Kamen-na-Obi Business Directory
Cities and towns in Altai Krai
Populated places established in 1751
1751 establishments in the Russian Empire
Populated places on the Ob River
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5185814
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81%20%D1%96%D0%B7%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D1%96%20%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9
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Офіс із залучення і підтримки інвестицій
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Офіс із залучення і підтримки інвестицій
Державна установа «Офіс із залучення і підтримки інвестицій» (ДУ «Юкрейнінвест») — українська державна установа, уповноважена супроводжувати інвесторів у підготовці та реалізації проєктів зі значними інвестиціями.
Історія
Офіс із залучення та підтримки інвестицій було створено 19 жовтня 2016 року постановою Кабінету Міністрів України № 740 як тимчасовий консультативно-дорадчим органом Кабінету Міністрів України, діяльність якого координується Урядовим уповноваженим з питань інвестицій. Офіс було утворено з метою сприяння взаємодії інвесторів з державними органами та органами місцевого самоврядування, відповідними суб’єктами господарювання під час підготовки та реалізації ними інвестиційних проектів із залученням прямих іноземних інвестицій.
2 травня 2018 була зареєстрована однойменна Державна установа «Офіс із залучення і підтримки інвестицій».
3 лютого 2021 постановою КМУ № 81 Офіс із залучення і підтримки інвестицій, як консультативно-дорадчий орган, був ліквідований.
Натомість 17 лютого 2021 підтримав рішення, яким уповноваженою установою на здійснення супроводу інвестора в підготовці та реалізації проекту зі значними інвестиціями визначена Державна установа «Офіс із залучення та підтримки інвестицій» (UkraineInvest).
Завдання і сектори
Функціями UkraineInvest визначені:
залучення потенційних заявників для реалізації інвестиційних проєктів зі значними інвестиціями;
надання інвесторам організаційної та інформаційно-консультативної допомоги щодо підготовки та реалізації інвестиційних проєктів;
взаємодія з органами державної влади, органами місцевого самоврядування з питань, пов'язаних із супроводом підготовки та реалізації інвестиційних проєктів зі значними інвестиціями;
підготовка та подання до уповноваженого органу періодичних та оперативних звітів про стан супроводу інвестиційних проєктів зі значними інвестиціями;
розроблення пропозицій, рекомендацій, планів дій, спрямованих на удосконалення процесу підготовки та реалізації інвестиційних проєктів зі значними інвестиціями;
організація навчання та проведення інформаційних заходів з питань підготовки та реалізації інвестиційних проєктів зі значними інвестиціями для органів державної влади та органів місцевого самоврядування.
UkraineInvest наголошує на перевагах України для іноземних інвесторів у своїй секторальній стратегії 1+4, просуваючи ті економічні сектори, де Україна має явну порівняльну перевагу:
Інноваційні технології (штучний інтелект, кібербезпека, нанотехнології).
Агробізнес (переробка харчових продуктів, первинне виробництво),
Енергетика (особливо відновлювані джерела енергії та енергоефективність),
Виробництво (кластери — автомобільна, аерокосмічна, фармацевтична),
Інфраструктура (порти та аеропорти, транспортна інфраструктура)
Діяльність
10 листопада 2023 UkraineInvest уклав меморандум з корпорацією Terwin про супровід інвестпроєкту на загальну суму понад 500 мільйонів доларів з можливістю розширення до 1 мільярда. Цей інвестпроєкт стосується він будівництва чотирьох логістичних комплексів площею 1 мільйон квадратних метрів.
Директори
Данило Білак був директором Офісу із залучення інвестицій та головним радником прем'єр-міністра України з інвестицій. З 1 листопада 2016 року Кабінет Міністрів України призначив Білака директором UkraineInvest та головним радником Прем'єр-міністра України з інвестицій. Разом з Урядовим уповноваженим з питань інвестицій він скеровує інвесторів та консультує Прем'єр-міністра щодо покращення інвестиційного та бізнес-середовища в Україні. Дипломований канадський юрист із понад 25-річним досвідом роботи в Україні та регіоні, раніше він консультував великі міжнародні та українські компанії в сферах енергетики, агробізнесу, інфраструктури та технологій. Останнім часом він був керуючим партнером українського офісу міжнародної юридичної фірми CMS Cameron McKenna . Він також виконував обов'язки радника Інституту бізнес-омбудсмена та протягом багатьох років працював старшим експертом з питань управління Програми розвитку ООН (ПРООН) в українському уряді.
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Прямі іноземні інвестиції
Агенції з просування інвестицій
Державні установи України
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Опіканець (фільм)
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Опіканець (фільм)
«Опіканець» — французько-бельгійський драматичний фільм 2018 року, поставлений режисеркою Жанною Еррі за власним сценарієм. Стрічка отримала 7 номінацій на французьку національну кінопремію «Сезар» та 4 номінації на премію «Люм'єр» за 2018 рік.
Сюжет
Тео, який з'явився на світ під час анонімних пологів, в перший день народження віддають на всиновлення. Його біологічна матір має два місяці, щоб переглянути своє рішення… або ні. Служби соціального захисту дітей та усиновлення приходять в рух. На цьому етапі невизначеності одні повинні піклуватися про дитину, носити (в повному розумінні цього слова) його на руках, інші — знайти ту, хто стане його названою матір'ю.
Її звуть Аліса (Елоді Буше), і вона вже десять років бореться за те, щоб мати дитину. Це історія зустрічі між 41-річною Алісою і тримісячним Тео.
У ролях
Знімальна група
Нагороди та номінації
Примітки
Посилання
(станом на 24.01.2019)
Фільми Франції 2018
Фільми-драми Франції
Фільми французькою мовою
Фільми про сиріт
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Hatton
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Ricky Hatton
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Ricky Hatton
Richard John Hatton (born 6 October 1978) is a British former professional boxer who competed between 1997 and 2012, and has since worked as a boxing promoter and trainer. During his boxing career he held multiple world championships in the light-welterweight division, and one at welterweight. In 2005 he was named Fighter of the Year by The Ring magazine, the Boxing Writers Association of America, and ESPN.
In 2000, Hatton won the British light-welterweight title, followed by the World Boxing Union (WBU) title the following year; he made a record fifteen successful defences of the latter from 2001 to 2004. He reached the pinnacle of his career in 2005 by defeating Kostya Tszyu for the International Boxing Federation (IBF), Ring and lineal titles. This was followed up later that year with a victory over Carlos Maussa to claim the World Boxing Association (WBA) title (Super version), thereby becoming a unified light-welterweight world champion.
Making his welterweight debut in 2006, Hatton won a tough fight against WBA champion Luis Collazo to win a world title in his second weight class. A return to light-welterweight in 2007 saw him win the vacant IBF title for a second time, as well as the International Boxing Organization (IBO) title. In the same year, Hatton had his career first defeat against Floyd Mayweather Jr. in an attempt to win the World Boxing Council (WBC), Ring and lineal welterweight titles. This defeat took a severe toll on Hatton's wellbeing, as did a second defeat in 2009 when he lost his IBO, Ring and lineal light-welterweight titles to Manny Pacquiao.
After Hatton's career was put on a long hiatus, rumours of a comeback continued to circulate the media over the next several years. In 2011, Hatton announced his retirement from the sport, but in 2012, more than three years after his last fight, he confirmed his comeback. A loss to Vyacheslav Senchenko in his first match back prompted Hatton to immediately announce his final retirement.
Hatton has been lauded as one of the most beloved and popular British boxers of all time, with a raucous fan base that travelled in their tens of thousands across the Atlantic to support him. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2024.
Early life
Born in Stockport, Hatton grew up in a pub on the Hattersley council estate in Hyde, Greater Manchester. He first trained at the Sale West ABC (Racecourse Estate). He was educated at Hattersley High School. His grandfather and his father both played football for Rochdale and Hatton had a trial for the youth team. He found a local boxing club in Hyde to train at. His entrance music is the Manchester City club song "Blue Moon", as performed by the band "Supra." Aged 14, Hatton was taken by his uncles Ged and Paul to Manchester United's Old Trafford stadium to watch the second fight between Nigel Benn and Chris Eubank. He joined the family carpet business on leaving school, but after he cut four of his fingers with a Stanley knife, his father made him a salesman to prevent him from losing his fingers.
Amateur career
Hatton had a short amateur career, in which he won seven British titles and represented his country at the 1996 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships. His elimination in the semi-finals caused controversy. Four of the five judges awarded the contest to Hatton, but under the scoring rules Hatton was defeated as the fifth judge gave the match to Hatton's opponent by 16 points. The judge was later found to have accepted a bribe, and disillusioned with the amateur governing bodies, Hatton turned professional, aged 18. Hatton was based at Billy "The Preacher" Graham's gym in Moss Side, where fellow boxers included Carl Thompson and Michael Gomez.
Amateur highlights
ABA national junior champion (class C) – light-welterweight (1994)
ABA national junior champion (class A) – light-welterweight (1995, 1996)
ABA national junior champion (class B) – light-welterweight (1997)
ABA national champion – light-welterweight (1997)
Professional career
Light-welterweight
Early career
Hatton made his professional debut on 11 September 1997 against Colin McAuley in Widnes at Kingsway Leisure Centre. Hatton won by a technical knockout (TKO) in first round, while in his second fight he boxed at Madison Square Garden in New York, as part of the undercard to Naseem Hamed vs. Kevin Kelley. Soon he was fighting on the undercard of contests involving major British boxers, such as the two WBO cruiserweight title fights between Carl Thompson and Chris Eubank in 1998. In 1999 the British Boxing Writers' Club named Hatton their Young Boxer of the Year. His first international title came in May 1999, when he defeated Dillon Carew for the WBO inter-continental light-welterweight title.
Hatton's next four fights after gaining the WBO inter-continental belt were all won within four rounds. He then gained the WBA Inter-Continental title following a unification bout against Giuseppe Lauri. The following month he fought Jon Thaxton for the vacant British title. Despite sustaining a cut over his left eye in the first round, Hatton continued for the full twelve rounds and won on points, the first time in his career that he had been taken beyond six rounds. As the cut was his fourth above the same eye, Hatton had plastic surgery on his eyebrow that November, with a view to a world title shot in the spring. Hatton claimed the vacant WBU title in March 2001, having sent opponent Tony Pep to the canvas three times in the process.
Hatton vs. Tszyu
On 5 June 2005, Hatton defeated IBF and The Ring champion Kostya Tszyu, then widely regarded as one of the top pound-for-pound boxers in the world by a TKO after the Australian failed to answer the bell for the twelfth round. Hatton was a heavy underdog for this fight and the victory announced his entry to the upper echelons of the world boxing scene. Prior to the fight, the majority of boxing critics had given Hatton little or no chance and this victory was regarded as one of the best victories by an English boxer in the last 20 years.
Light Welterweight Unification
On 26 November 2005, Hatton won the WBA light-welterweight title when he defeated Carlos Maussa in the ninth round of a unification bout. In December, Hatton was named the 2005 Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year.
Hatton relinquished his IBF title on 29 March 2006 after refusing to fulfil a mandatory defence against number one contender Naoufel Ben Rabah because he intended to move up to the welterweight division. Hatton signed a three-fight contract with Dennis Hobson's fight academy after splitting from long time promoter Frank Warren. The three fights would take place in the United States.
Welterweight
Hatton vs. Collazo
Hatton moved up a division to meet American Luis Collazo for the WBA welterweight title which took place on 13 May 2006. Hatton won the WBA title from Collazo but struggled. Hatton started well, knocking Collazo down in the very first few seconds of the first round, but it turned out to be one of the toughest fights of his career, with some boxing analysts claiming Collazo won the fight, although many thought Hatton had done enough early on to secure victory, with the knockdown a pivotal point in the fight.
Return to light-welterweight
Hatton vs. Urango
Hatton's first fight back at light-welterweight was against then IBF light-welterweight champion Juan Urango for his title and the vacant IBO title on 20 January 2007 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Hatton's promoter, Dennis Hobson, stated that the impetus for moving back down was to set up a fight with José Luis Castillo, a fighter who nearly beat Floyd Mayweather Jr. at lightweight in 2002.
Hatton ended up winning a twelve-round unanimous decision (UD) against Urango to re-capture the IBF light-welterweight title. He won all but one round on all three judges' scorecards. Castillo, who was on the undercard, also won, setting up their long-awaited fight.
Hatton vs. Castillo
Hatton was forced to relinquish his IBF title again on 10 February to be able to fight Castillo. The fight was held on 23 June 2007, at the Thomas & Mack Center in Paradise, Nevada. In round four, Hatton landed a "perfect" left hook to the liver, which put Castillo to the canvas. Hatton later claimed that four of Castillo's ribs were broken with this one punch. Unable to stand up, Castillo was counted out for the first time in his career.
Return to welterweight
Hatton vs. Mayweather Jr.
Hatton agreed to terms on 27 July for an 8 December 2007 welterweight fight with Floyd Mayweather Jr. which was considered to be the biggest welterweight fight since the 1999 clash between Oscar De La Hoya and Puerto Rican legend Tito Trinidad. The MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas was announced as the venue on 17 August 2007. The fight was agreed to less than three months after Mayweather had said he planned to retire following a victory over Oscar De La Hoya. Hatton was able to bring the fight to Mayweather in the early rounds. In the 1st round, Hatton caught Mayweather with a left jab which knocked Mayweather off balance. His constant pressure appeared to make Mayweather uncomfortable at first. In the third round, Mayweather landed a right that cut Hatton above the right eye. In round six, referee Joe Cortez took a point away from Hatton after he appeared to hit Mayweather on the back of the head while Mayweather was rested between the ropes. However, the punch was revealed to have hit the rope rather than Mayweather's head, but Hatton was warned for punching behind the head on numerous occasions before the deduction. Hatton became angry at the referee's decision to deduct a point and turned his back on him. Hatton later claimed he was angered by the referee, which caused him to lose his calm and contributed to his downfall. Hatton was able to hold his own until round eight, when Mayweather began to adapt to Hatton and started counterattacking. Mayweather knocked Hatton down to the mat in round ten. Hatton got up, but Mayweather quickly resumed his attack, resulting in Joe Cortez putting a stop to the fight and Hatton's corner threw in the towel. Official scorecards read 88–82, 89–81, and 89–81 at the time of stoppage, all in favour of Mayweather. The fight received large amounts of publicity, with both fighters promoting the fight heavily.
Second return to light-welterweight
Hatton vs. Lazcano
On 24 May 2008, Hatton beat Mexican Juan Lazcano by UD with scores of 120–110, 118–110, and 120–108, in front of his home crowd of 55,000 (a post-World War II record for a boxing match in Britain), at City of Manchester Stadium to retain The Ring and IBO light-welterweight titles.
Hatton did well when he boxed and controlled the range, utilising his jab and dominating a lot of the early exchanges. In round eight, Hatton absorbed a left hook to the chin that wobbled him. In round ten, Hatton was hurt again by a left hook. Despite that, Hatton outworked Lazcano to win at least ten of the rounds.
Hatton vs. Malignaggi
Hatton fought Paulie Malignaggi of the United States at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on 22 November 2008 for Hatton's The Ring light-welterweight title. He was trained for the fight by Floyd Mayweather Sr. Hatton dominated for all of the fight and defeated Malignaggi by eleventh-round TKO when Malignaggi's trainer, Buddy McGirt, threw in the towel 48 seconds into the round.
Hatton vs. Pacquiao
Hatton fought Manny Pacquiao on 2 May 2009 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. The fight was at light-welterweight, which was the sixth weight category Pacquiao has fought at and is the weight at which Hatton was previously undefeated. Pacquiao defeated Hatton in the second round by a KO victory after knocking Hatton down twice in the first round, and then a final time in the second round. Following the loss to Pacquiao, Hatton put his career on hiatus. After more than a year out of action, in a June 2010 interview with Gulfnews.com, the British boxer seemed uninterested in coming to the ring again. He stated: "Boxing started off as a habit and it ended up giving me some money and making me a little bit of a better person. But I don't think I will have a fight again. But you can never say never as I have not announced officially that I won't be boxing. At the moment I don't have any fire in the belly for a fight or to get myself to a gym." However, Hatton also added: "But it has been only 13 months and I am only 31, so never count me out."
Hatton has also voiced suspicion that Pacquiao may be using performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). Hatton said he should have made the same blood testing demand as Floyd Mayweather Jr., whose fight against Pacquiao fell through in early 2010. However, the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) cited a medical analysis which supported Pacquiao's decision to abstain from blood testing similar to that demanded by Mayweather, stating that drawing blood close to a fight may cause "hematomas, infections or other injuries." Hatton also admitted that he underestimated Pacquiao and that "it could be that he is just a great fighter who has improved."
Final comeback at welterweight
Hatton vs. Senchenko
On 14 September 2012, Hatton confirmed he would return to professional boxing with a fight against an unnamed opponent scheduled to take place in November that year. Tickets for the comeback sold out in two days, before the opponent or undercard were announced. His opponent was later revealed to be Vyacheslav Senchenko. Having reached a maximum weight of nearly 15 stone (95 kg), in the months leading up to his comeback, Hatton's bodyweight decreased by nearly half his fighting weight.
Hatton started the fight the stronger of the pair, but did not time his shots well. Senchenko used his superior reach to land jabs, and gained the upper hand as the fight progressed. In the ninth round, a left hook to the body sent Hatton to the floor. Knocked down by the type of punch previously viewed as his own signature, Hatton was counted out by the referee. It was the third time Hatton had been stopped, taking his overall record to 45 wins and 3 defeats. He announced his final retirement from the ring immediately afterwards, saying "I needed one more fight to see if I had still got it – and I haven't. I found out tonight it isn't there no more."
Outside the ring
Hatton is a passionate supporter of Manchester City, with strong links to the club via his father and grandfather, who are both former players. Hatton also once had a trial at City for the youth team. His entrance music was the club's song "Blue Moon" as performed by the band "Supra".
Regarding his nickname, Hatton said, "I've always been a fan of Tommy Hearns, and everybody associates that that's where I got it from, but everybody's a Tommy Hearns fan. I got the nickname the first day I walked in the gym. I was 10 years old and put a pair of gloves on and started walloping the bag, and my amateur coach said, "Look at him, look how evil he is. He's a little Hitman."
Hatton is sometimes referred to by boxing fans as "Ricky Fatton" because he was known to allow himself to weigh as much as 175 to 180 pounds (35 to 40 pounds over his fight weight) when not in training for a fight. Ever since Hatton turned professional, he always opted to eat a full English breakfast before fights – his favourite place in Hyde is The Butty Box in Mottram Road, where he was interviewed by Gabby Logan for Inside Sport; and is known to drink Guinness on Thursday night when he plays darts for the New Inn. Experts used his ill-balanced diet, akin to Jake LaMotta's ballooning up between fights, to explain his poor performances in later fights and his nature to tire towards the end of fights. Hatton appeared on ITV1's daytime show Loose Women in August 2007, stating that the reason he put on weight between fights was because "I have a lot on my plate at the moment."
Hatton appeared on the Friday Night with Jonathan Ross show in March 2007. When the host, Ross, placed some pads on his hands and gave Hatton gloves to hit them with, he knocked a pad clean off Ross's hand with a powerful left hook. Interviewed on ITV1's Parkinson on 13 October 2007, at the beginning of the interview, Hatton handed Michael Parkinson a custom made pair of boxing shorts with 'Mike' and 'Parky' written on them. The shorts had the Barnsley emblem on them and were coloured red and blue, Barnsley Football Club's colours, because Parkinson supports Barnsley. While talking about Floyd Mayweather's arrogance, Hatton said "if there was such a thing as re-incarnation, Floyd would come back as himself."
Hatton received the MBE for services to sport in the 2007 New Year Honours.
In 2008, he started hosting his own live chat show called Ricky Speaks, on Nuts TV.
His father, Ray Hatton, said, "We had a conversation with a third party asking whether, if we were approached by the Mayweather team, would a possible rematch be on the cards." Ray Hatton added, "Really, at the moment we're looking at Manny Pacquiao. It's very nice for Ricky to still be in such a big league."
Although negotiations stalled at some points, Hatton fought the number one pound-for-pound fighter, Manny Pacquiao, on 2 May 2009.
Hatton hosted the 9 November 2009 edition of WWE Raw at the Sheffield Arena, defeating professional wrestler Chavo Guerrero in a match.
On 13 September 2010, Hatton was admitted to a rehabilitation facility, The Priory, in Roehampton, London, England, for substance abuse to tackle a drink and depression problem. He was caught on camera apparently snorting class A drugs, lines of cocaine, in a Manchester hotel room. Doctors said they were more worried about his depression and alcohol abuse than drug use. Hatton sought medical help two weeks prior after news emerged about a night out where he drank 11 pints of Guinness, vodka and sambuca during the night out with Emma Bowe, 29, the Irish national senior women's boxing champion.
In September 2023, it was announced that Hatton would be competing in the sixteenth series of the ITV1 skating competition Dancing on Ice in 2024.
Family
Hatton's mother, Carol, still works on the carpet stall on Glossop Market in the Peak District. His father Ray was his manager, and manages Hatton's brother and fellow boxer Matthew Hatton. Hatton and his girlfriend, Jennifer Dooley, lived in his house, the "Heartbreak Hotel", named after his favourite artist, Elvis, in Hyde.
Hatton has a son, Campbell, conceived after a short reconciliation with ex-girlfriend Claire. Hatton set up a trust fund to make sure his son was always provided for and sees him every day. Campbell has followed in the footsteps of his father, Ricky, by pursuing a career in professional boxing. He is currently trained by Ricky's brother, Matthew Hatton.
On 12 September 2010, the Sunday tabloid News of the World published a front-page story alleging Hatton has been a regular cocaine user with accompanying pictures showing the boxer apparently using the drug. Hatton was said to be "devastated" following the story.
Charity
Hatton is a supporter of The Village News, Haughton Green's local children's newspaper made by children in aid of charity. Hatton supported them at a charity auction by appearing and signing boxing gloves, with the evening raising £1,600. Hatton was also recently a special guest speaker for The Toby Henderson Trust at a sportsmans' dinner at the Gosforth Marriott Hotel. Thanks to Hatton's help via donations and a highly successful auction, a lot of money was raised for the Centre for First Initiatives in Crosby Liverpool.
In 2013, Hatton became the patron of Manchester-based homeless charity Barnabus.
Fans
Hatton has attracted many fans who were very vocal in their support during fights. The main chant was a modified version of the Christmas song "Winter Wonderland", with the lyrics changed to promote Hatton.
Hatton fans also liked to taunt opponents by singing "Who Are Ya?", a popular English football chant. Along with Floyd Mayweather, Hatton is referenced by New York rapper GZA on the track "Paper Plate" of his 2008 album, Pro Tools.
Hatton Promotions
Hatton has his own boxing promotions that has boxers Anthony Upton, Sonny Upton, Paul Upton, Lucas Browne, Cameron Hammond, Damien Hooper, Zhanat Zhakiyanov, Adam Etches, Matty Askin, Scott Jenkins Sergey Rabchenko and Ryan Burnett. On 11 February 2017 Zhanat Zhakiyanov became the first fighter under Hatton Promotions, as well as trained by Hatton, to become world champion when he defeated Rau'shee Warren by split decision (SD) to win the WBA bantamweight title.
Training career
Hatton is a boxing manager and trainer. He is the trainer of Nathan Gorman, the great nephew of Bartley Gorman King of Gypsies, Zhanat Zhakiyanov as well as Irish champion Paul Upton. Hatton is also the trainer of Tommy Fury, the younger brother of Tyson Fury, and was in the corner of Tyson for his fight against Deontay Wilder in 2018. On 1 December 2023, Hatton guided Chloe Watson to a unanimous decision win over Justine Lallemand to claim the vacant European female flyweight title.
Professional boxing record
Exhibition boxing record
Pay-per-view bouts
See also
List of boxing families#Hatton family
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
British boxing promoters
English autobiographers
English male boxers
Illeists
International Boxing Federation champions
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Hyde, Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from Stockport
World Boxing Association champions
International Boxing Organization champions
The Ring (magazine) champions
World light-welterweight boxing champions
World welterweight boxing champions
British Boxing Board of Control champions
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Фіумський конфлікт
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Фіумський конфлікт — збройне протистояння між військами Італії, КСХС (Югославії) і Республіки Фіуме у 1919 році.
Конфлікт
Конфлікт почався зі територіальної суперечки Італії та Королівства Словенців, Хорватів і Сербів, через Істрію і Далмацію. Італія, як представник Антанти, вимагала, щоб ці території перейшли до її складу. Цим було незадоволене Королівство Словенців, Хорватів і Сербів, яке почало збирати війська югославів. Приводом до військових дій стало захоплення влади у місті Фіуме італійськими «легіонерами», які проголосили утворення Республіки Фіуме. Новопризначений «президент» республіки Габріеле д'Аннунціо (відомий італійський письменник і передвісник фашизму в Італії) закликав італійський уряд ввести війська в Фіуме і анексувати цю територію. Однак уряд Італії, під тиском Антанти, не погодився на таку пропозицію. Італійська морська ескадра, вогнем морської артилерії примусила псевдореспубліку до капітуляції 30 грудня 1920. Республіка Фіуме проіснувала 16 місяців, на її місці була утворена Вільна держава Фіуме.
Див. також
Вільна держава Фіуме
Вільна територія Трієст
Війни XX століття
Розпад Австро-Угорської імперії
Війни Італії
Війни Словенії
Війни Хорватії
Війни Сербії
Конфлікти в 1919
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Стрижково
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Стрижково — присілок в Островському районі Псковської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 2 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Бережанская волость.
Історія
Від 2015 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Бережанская волость.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Островського району Псковської області
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53151474
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersville%2C%20Maryland
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Bakersville, Maryland
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Bakersville, Maryland
Bakersville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Washington County, Maryland, United States. Its population was 30 as of the 2010 census.
History
Bakersville is an historic rural crossroads community located where one of the earliest east–west roads through western Maryland crossed the main north–south road from the Sharpsburg area. The region known as Carey's Crossroads for a then prominent landowner George Carey, had become central to the mostly German settlement taking place in southeast Washington County during the mid to late 18th century. The immigrants followed various denominations of the Christian faith and about 1800 joined to erect a union meeting house to be shared by the different groups, primarily Lutheran, German Reformed and Methodist Episcopal. The church and graveyard were built on land provided by George Carey (Garrick). In 1823 the group had outgrown the log church and a stone sanctuary and schoolhouse was built to replace it. The population had grown enough for the churches to separate by 1854 and Salem Lutheran Church was built as it stands today. The cemetery of Salem Lutheran holds the remains of many prominent early residents. Bakersville was once home to a store, post office, doctor's office and grist mill. 19th century census records list many C&O Canal workers and boatmen in the village and surrounding area. Today, Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church and cemetery is the only public entity remaining along with the several remaining older homes making up the rural village.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of , all land.
Demographics
References
Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland
Census-designated places in Washington County, Maryland
Census-designated places in Maryland
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1381560
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
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Турійська районна рада
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Турійська районна рада — районна рада Турійського району Волинської області, з адміністративним центром в смт Турійськ.
Турійській районній раді підпорядковані 2 селищні і 20 сільських рад, до складу яких входять 2 селища міського типу Турійськ, Луків та 77 сіл.
Населення становить 26,4 тис. осіб. З них 8,8 тис. (31,9%) — міське населення, 18,8 тис. (68,1%) — сільське.
Керівний склад ради
Загальний склад ради: 44 депутати.
Голова — Черен Ольга Миколаївна, (з жовтня 2010), обраний 31 жовтня 2010 р.
Джерела
Сайт Верховної Ради України
Турійський район у Вікіпедії
Районні ради Волинської області
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12313048
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanapteryx
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Glanapteryx
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Glanapteryx is a genus of catfishes native to South America.
Taxonomy
Glanapteryx is a monophyletic genus. Glanapteryx has been proposed as the sister group to a clade composed of Pygidianops and Typhlobelus, with Listrura the sister group to those three.
Species
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
Glanapteryx anguilla Myers, 1927
Glanapteryx niobium de Pinna, 1998
Distribution and habitat
G. anguilla originates from the Negro and Orinoco River basins of Brazil and Venezuela, growing to a length of about 6.1 centimetres (2.4 in) TL. G. niobium reaches about 5.5 cm (2.2 in). These species lack an anal fin.
Glanapteryx anguilla has been found in small forest streams with sandy substrate covered by leaf litter.
References
Trichomycteridae
Pencil catfish of Brazil
Freshwater fish genera
Catfish genera
Taxa named by George S. Myers
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59460429
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Hartmann
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Alexis Hartmann
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Alexis Hartmann
Alexis Frank Hartmann Sr. (October 30, 1898 – September 6, 1964) was an American pediatrician and clinical biochemist. He is best known for adding sodium lactate to Ringer's solution, creating what is now known as Ringer's lactate solution or Hartmann's solution for intravenous infusions.
Early life
Hartmann was born on October 30, 1898, in St. Louis, Missouri. His parents were Henry Charles Hartmann, a general practitioner, and Bertha Hauck Griesedick; both were of German ancestry. He enrolled at Washington University in St. Louis, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1919 and master's and medical degrees in 1921. While he was a medical student, he developed a new technique to test blood sugar levels.
Career
Hartmann completed his residency in pediatrics at St. Louis Children's Hospital in 1923. He was an instructor in pediatrics at Washington University, his alma mater, and was promoted to assistant professor in 1925 then associate professor in 1927. He was promoted to a full professor in pediatrics and head of the pediatric department at Washington University in 1936. In the same year, he was appointed physician-in-chief at St. Louis Children's Hospital, and remained in the position when the hospital became racially integrated in 1950.
Hartmann published 90 papers during his career. His scientific work pertained to biochemistry and problems of metabolism, while his clinical pediatric interests included anoxia, hypoglycemia, nephritis, nephrosis and chemotherapy. He was among the first doctors to use insulin to treat diabetes in infants. His best known contribution to medicine was in body electrolytes and intravenous fluids replacement. He modified Ringer's solution by adding sodium lactate, an alkaline substance, to treat acidosis in children. His invention, Ringer's lactate solution, became popular internationally and is commonly known as Hartmann's solution.
Personal life
Hartmann married Gertrude Krochmann, a librarian, in 1922. They had two sons: Henry Carl Hartmann, a businessman, and Alexis Frank Hartmann Jr., a pediatric cardiologist. Hartmann retired in 1964 and died on September 6 of that same year.
References
1898 births
1964 deaths
American pediatricians
20th-century American biochemists
American medical researchers
Physicians from Missouri
Writers from St. Louis
American people of German descent
Washington University School of Medicine alumni
Washington University School of Medicine faculty
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
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4302798
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%202.2
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Nokia 2.2
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Nokia 2.2 — смартфон початкового рівня, розроблений компанією HMD Global під брендом Nokia. Був представлений 6 червня 2019 року.
Дизайн
Екран виконаний зі скла Corning Gorilla Glass 3. Корпус виконаний з глянцевого пластику.
Знизу розміщені роз'єм microUSB та мікрофон. Зверху розташований 3.5 мм аудіороз'єм. З лівого боку розміщена кнопка виклику Google Асистента. З правого боку розміщені кнопки регулювання гучності та кнопка блокування смартфона. На задній панелі розміщені блок основної камери з LED-спалахом та другий динамік. Під знімною задньою панеллю розташовані слоти під 2 SIM-картки і карту пам'яті формату microSD до 400 ГБ.
В Україні Nokia 2.2 продавався в кольорах Чорний вольфрам та Сталь (сірий). Також як у Nokia 1 у Nokia 2.2 можна змінювати панелі Xpress-on на дані панелі іншого кольору.
Технічні характеристики
Платформа
Смартфон отримав процесор MediaTek Helio A22 та графічний процесор PowerVR GE8320.
Батарея
Смартфон отримав батарею об'ємом 3000 мА·год. Також є можливість її заміни.
Камера
Смартфон отримав основну камеру 13 Мп, f/2.2 з автофокусом та здатністю запису відео в роздільній здатності 1080p@30fps. Фронтальна камера отримала роздільність 5 Мп та здатність запису в роздільній здатності 1080p@30fps.
Екран
Екран IPS LCD, 5.71", HD+ (1520 × 720) зі співвідношенням сторін 19:9, щільністю пікселів 267 ppi та краплеподібним вирізом під фронтальну камеру.
Пам'ять
Смартфон продавався в комплектаціях 2/16 та 3/32 ГБ. В Україні смартфон продавався лише у версії 2/16 ГБ.
Програмне забезпечення
Nokia 2.2 входить до програми Android One, тож він отримав «чистий» Android 9 Pie. 17 березня 2020 року був оновлений до Android 10, а 13 квітня 2021 року до Android 11.
Примітки
Посилання
Стільникові телефони Nokia
Пристрої на базі Android
Мобільні телефони, представлені в 2019 році
Мобільні телефони із знімною батареєю
Смартфони, зняті з виробництва
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2327258
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul
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RuPaul
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RuPaul
РуПол Андре Чарльз (англ. RuPaul Andre Charles, нар. 17 листопада 1960 року), відомий професійно під власним мононімом РуПол — американський актор, дреґ-квін, модель, автор, телевізійна персона та музикант. З 2009 року він веде та продюсує дреґ-квін реаліті-шоу RuPaul's Drag Race, за яке у 2016 році отримав премію Еммі.
РуПол відомий з-поміж інших дреґ-королев своєю небайдужістю щодо гендерно-специфічних займенників, вживаних при звертанні до нього — і «він» і «вона» вважає прийнятними, як вказано у його автобіографії: «Ви можете кликати мене „він“. Ви можете кликати мене „вона“. Ви можете кликати мене Реджіс та Кейті Лі; мене не обходить! Головне, що ви мене кличете». Також РуПол грав чоловіків у кількох ролях та з'являвся між людей як в дреґу, так і поза ним. У 1999 році його нагородили премією Віто Руссо за внесок у просування рівності всередині ЛГБТ-спільноти.
Біографія
1960—92: Ранні роки та кар'єра
РуПол народився 1960-го року в Сан-Дієго, штат Каліфорнія. Ім'я йому дала мати, корінна американка з Луїзіани. Перша частина його імені походить від слова «roux», що є терміном, що позначає основу для ґамбо та інших креольських стю й супів. Коли його батьки розлучились у 1967 році, він та його троє сестер жили з його мамою, Тоні Чарльз.
У віці 15 років він перебрався до Атланти, штат Джорджія, зі своєю сестрою Ренеттою, щоб вивчати виконавські види мистецтва. Протягом 1980-х РуПол намагався заробляти як музикант та кінорежисер. Він брав участь у підпільному кінематографі, допомагаючи у створенні малобюджетної стрічки Star Booty, та однойменного альбому. В Атланті РуПол часто грав у клубі Celebrity Club як танцівник на барі, або зі своїм гуртом Wee Wee Pole. Також він був бек-вокалістом для Ґлен Мідмор разом з дреґ-королевою Веджінел Дейвіс. Першою появою національного масштабу для РуПол була другорядна танцювальна роль у відео до синглу Love Shack гурту The B-52's у 1989 році.
На початку дев'яностих РуПол працював у нічних клубах штату Джорджія та був відомий під своїм повним ім'ям. Початково беручи участь у шоу стилю гендер-бендер, РуПол грав соло або у співпраці з іншими гуртами в кількох нічних клубах Нью-Йорка, найбільш помітно у Pyramid Club. Впродовж багатьох років він відвідував щорічний дреґ-фестиваль Віґсток, та з'явився у документальній стрічці Wigstock: The Movie.
1993—97: Supermodel of the World, Foxy Lady та Ho-ho-ho
У 1993 році РуПол записав денс/хауз альбом Supermodel of the World, куди увійшов хіт Supermodel (You Better Work), кліп до якого мав несподіваний успіх на каналах MTV.
Його наступні два сингли/відео, Back to My Roots та A Shade Shady (Now Prance), посіли перші місця у чарті Billboard в категоріях «Hot Dance Music/Club Play».
РуПол підписав модельний контракт з MAC Cosmetics, ставши першою дреґ-квін супермоделлю. Різноманітні білборди показували його повністю в дреґу, часто супроводжуючи словами «Я є MAC дівчинкою». Він також видав свою автобіографію, Lettin' It All Hang Out. Він просував цю книжку частково у гостьовій появі в серіалі Усі мої діти у 1995 році.
Наступного року РуПол розпочав власне ток-шоу на каналі мережі VH1 під назвою The RuPaul Show, де проводив зустрічі з зірковими гостями та музикантами. Серед помітних гостей шоу були Даяна Росс, Nirvana, Duran Duran, Мері Джей Блайдж, Беатрис Артур, Діонн Ворвік, Сінді Лопер, Олівія Ньютон-Джон, Біні Мен, Піт Бернз, Bow Wow Wow та Backstreet Boys. Його співведучою була Мішель Вісаж, з якою він також вів передачу на радіо. У одній із серій РуПол запросив порнорежисера Чі Чі ЛеРу та порноактора Тома Чейса, щоб поговорити на тему гей-порноіндустрії.
Згодом цього ж року він видав свій другий альбом, Foxy Lady. Серед інших, до нього увійшли кавер-версії пісень Даяни Росс Work That Body, та If You Were a Woman and I Was a Man, початково записані Бонні Тайлер. Завдяки потужній базі прихильників серед гей-спільноти РуПол брав участь у подіях гей-прайдів та грав в численних гей-барах.
У 1997 році він видав свій третій, різдвяний, альбом Ho, Ho, Ho.
2004—07: Red Hot, ReWorked та Starbooty
У 2004 році РуПол видав свій четвертий альбом, Red Hot, під своїм власним музичним лейблом, який, проте, не досягнув значної популярності в клубах та радіо та не отримав належного висвітлення у пресі. У своєму блозі РуПол писав, що почувався зрадженим розважальною індустрією, особливо гей-пресою. Був відомим випадок, коли видання Entertainment Weekly відмовилось робити огляд його альбому, попросивши натомість зробити комедійний внесок до модної статті. РуПол порівняв цей досвід до вислову «чорну людину можуть запросити на вечірку, проте лише якщо вона прислуговуватиме». Незважаючи на розчарування успіхом альбому, деякі пісні з нього таки змогли посісти високі місця в чартах. Проте сам альбом фігурував лише в одному рейтингу. Коли РуПол запитали про цю ситуацію в інтерв'ю, він відповів: «Ну, слово „зраджений“ буде недоречним. „Зраджений“ натякає на уявлення, що мені було дано певного роду обіцянки, а їх ніколи не було. Більш того, я був розчарований. Я не вважаю, що це була зрада. У шоу-бізнесі ніхто нічого не обіцяє, і ти розумієш це з першого дня. Проте, я не знаю, що трапилось. Здавалось, я не міг привабити увагу преси до мого альбому, якщо не бажав підігрувати ролі, яку мейнстрим-преса призначила геям, а саме бути слугами традиційних ідеалів».
В червні 2006 року РуПол видав ReWorked, перший альбом реміксів та п'ятий альбом загалом.
2008—10: RuPaul's Drag Race та Champion
У 2008 році РуПол почав продюсувати RuPaul's Drag Race, реаліті-телешоу, яке стартувало на телеканалі Logo в лютому 2009 року. Задумом програми було змагання кількох дреґ-королев за титул «Американська нова дреґ-суперзірка» під суддівством РуПол та інших членів журі. Переможцем першого сезону стала Бебе Захара Бенет.
В березні 2009 року РуПол видав альбом Champion. Він сягнув 12 позиції у чарті Billboard в категорії денс/електронна музика. До нього увійшли танцювальні сингли Cover Girl та Jealous of My Boogie, обидва гімни у RuPaul's Drag Race. В березні 2010 року РуПол видав шостий альбом реміксів, Drag Race.
2011—13: Glamazon, лінія парфумів та косметики
У квітні 2011 року, одночасно з фіналом 3 сезону RuPaul's Drag Race РуПол видав свій шостий студійний альбом Glamazon, продюсером якого став RevoLucian, що до того працював з РуПол над альбомом Champion. На початку червня 2011 року стартував другий сезон RuPaul's Drag U. Наприкінці 2011 року розпочалось просування 4 сезону RuPaul's Drag Race. РуПол з'явився в гостях у The Rosie Show та The Chew. Стартував 4 сезон 30 січня 2012 року, де РуПол знову був суддею та ведучим. По його закінченню TV.com проголосив RuPaul's Drag Race найкращим реаліті-шоу на телебаченні.
Восени 2012 року після численних звернень шанувальників шоу відбулась прем'єра додаткового проекту RuPaul's All Stars Drag Race. В ньому взяли участь колишні учасники попередніх сезонів. 5 сезон RuPaul's Drag Race стартував 28 січня 2013 року. 30 квітня 2013 року РуПол видав сингл Lick It Lollipop за участі Леді Банні, з якою раніше співпрацював для Champion.
Восени 2013 року РуПол спільно з виробниками косметики Colorevolution запустив власну косметичну лінію з ультра-яскравими пігментами.
2014: Born Naked, What's The Tee? та Skin Wars
РуПол разом із композитором та музичним продюсером RevoLucian на своїх сторінках у Twitter та Instagram підтвердили, що працюють над майбутнім, сьомим, студійним альбомом. Реліз Born Naked відбувся 24 лютого 2014 року якраз до прем'єри шостого сезону RuPaul's Drag Race. Через тиждень після релізу альбом посів перше місце в рейтингу dance-альбомів iTunes. Наступного тижня він посів 4 місце у dance-чарті Billboard у США. 9 квітня 2014 року РуПол та Мішель Вісаж запустили першу серію свого подкасту RuPaul: What's the Tee? with Michelle Visage. В серпні він приєднався до реаліті-змагання Skin Wars у ролі судді.
2015: Realness, Good Work та Slay Belles
У березні 2015 року РуПол випустив свій восьмий студійний альбом під назвою Realness. Його реліз збігся з прем'єрою сьомого сезону RuPaul's Drag Race. У квітні він розпочав нове ток-шоу, Good Work, на тему пластичної хірургії. У жовтні він випустив свій другий різдвяний альбом (дев'ятий студійний) Slay Belles. Туди увійшло 10 оригінальних тематичних різдвяних пісень. Альбом сягнув 21 місця у dance-чарті Billboard у США.
2016: Gay for Pay, Butch Queen та нагорода Еммі
У січні 2016 року стало відомо, що РуПол презентує нове ігрове шоу для Logo TV під назвою Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul, яке стартувало 11 квітня 2016 року після RuPaul's Drag Race. В лютому 2016 РуПол оголосив випуск свого десятого альбому, Butch Queen. Реліз альбому відбувся 4 березня 2016 року, саме перед прем'єрою восьмого сезону RuPaul's Drag Race. Альбом посів 3 місце у dance-чарті Billboard у США.
14 липня 2016 року було оголошено, що РуПол номіновано на прайм-тайм премію «Еммі» у номінації «Видатний ведучий реаліті- або реаліті-змагальної програми».
Особисте життя
РуПол перебуває у стосунках із своїм партнером, австралійцем Джорджем, з середини 1990-х років.
Дискографія
Студійні альбоми
Фільмографія
Телебачення
Кіно
Короткий метр
Нагороди та номінації
Епоніми
На честь актора у 2020 році названо новий вид мух Opaluma rupaul
Бібліографія
Lettin' It All Hang Out
Workin' It! RuPaul's Guide to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Style є другою книгою, виданою дреґ-королевою та самоназваною «супермоделлю світу» РуПол. Ця книга дає поради щодо моди, краси, стилю та впевненості дівчатам та хлопцям, традиційної та нетрадиційної орієнтацій. Вона містить чимало корисної інформації про косметику, вибір одягу та ілюзію дреґу. Окрім того, вона розповідає про філософію стилю та поведінки самого РуПол.
Див. також
Дреґ-королева
Джерела
Посилання
Офіційна вебсторінка
Блогери США
Активісти ЛГБТ-руху у США
ЛГБТ-актори
Американські кіноактори
Американські телеактори
Американські чоловіки-моделі
ЛГБТ у музиці
Драг-квін
Музиканти-геї США
ЛГБТ-співаки США
Актори-геї США
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15992464
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico%20%28Romanian%20singer%29
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Nico (Romanian singer)
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Nico (Romanian singer)
Nicoleta Matei (born 1 February 1970), known by her stage name Nico, is a Romanian singer and TV personality. She collaborated with several Romanian hip hop artists, such as Morometzii (in 1999), B.U.G. Mafia (in 2000, 2002), Cabron (in 2003, 2007, 2010), Puya, Blat Jargon, and Codu Penal. She represented Romania along with Vlad in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "Pe-o margine de lume".
In 2017 she was chosen by Walt Disney Pictures to provide the Romanian voice of Mrs. Potts in the live-action movie Beauty and The Beast.
Discography
Studio albums
2003 Gand Pentru Ei
2005 Asa Cum Vrei
2007 Cast Away
2010 Love Mail
2016 Motive
Singles
"Nu Pot sa Mai Suport", featuring Cabron
"Asa Cum Vrei" Peak: 98, Romanian Top 100
"Vocea Inimii"
"Cast Away"
"Dulce Amaruie"
"Pe-o Margine De Lume" Peak: 24, Romanian Top 100
"Love Mail" Peak: 3, Romanian Top 100
"Poate Undeva"
"Mai Da-Mi O Sansa"
"100 De Zile"
"9", featuring F.Charm
"Clipe" featuring Shobby
"Alt Inceput" featuring Sonny Flame
"In Locul Tau"
"(Sa-mi Dai) Motive"
"Indestructibili"
"A Little Late"
"Suflet Pereche (Stai Langa Mine)"
"Nebuni Indragostiti"
"Oare Cine"
"Vine Craciunul"
"Amintirile Nu Mor"
"Vara Pentru Amandoi" / "Corazon Partido"
"4 Pereti"
"Scopul si Durata"
"Esti Liber"
"Trenul Vietii"
"Magia De Craciun" featuring Connect-R
"La Fel Și Eu"
"Oscar De Dor" featuring Cabron
"Asculta-ma" featuring Theo Rose
"O Lume Mai Buna"
"Zile si Nopti" featuring Pepe
Music competitions, awards and nominations
References
External links
Official site
1970 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2008
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Romania
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Romanian singers
21st-century Romanian women singers
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2146068
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%29
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Новомусино (Кабаковська сільська рада)
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Новомусино (Кабаковська сільська рада)
Новомусино — присілок у складі Кармаскалинського району Башкортостану, Росія. Входить до складу Кабаковської сільської ради.
Населення — 4 особи (2010; 6 в 2002).
Національний склад:
татари — 67 %
росіяни — 33 %
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Кармаскалинського району
Присілки Башкортостану
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63160111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-AMG%20SL%20%28R232%29
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Mercedes-AMG SL (R232)
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Mercedes-AMG SL (R232)
The Mercedes-AMG SL (model code R232) is the seventh generation of the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class roadster, replacing the R231 model. Marketed under the Mercedes-AMG branding, it was presented on 28 October 2021. Since this generation, the SL became exclusive to Mercedes-AMG and serves as a direct replacement for the GT Roadster.
Design
Roof system
The R232 has several departures from its previous SL-Class predecessors, one of which is the design of the convertible roof. AMG switched from a folding metal roof to a fabric-lined roof that utilizes electric motors compared to hydraulics which reduces the weight of the car by . This was done to lower the center of gravity for improved handling. The R232 is also fitted with the fourth generation of Mercedes all-wheel-drive system, 4MATIC, and rear-axle steering.
Seating and dashboard
The R232 reintroduced the 2+2 seating as standard, since the C107 and R129, which had the optional 2+2 seating. The dashboard is symmetrical, with a 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster and an 11.9-inch touchscreen panel in the center. The instrument cluster is placed within a binnacle which Mercedes claims to reduce the reflections from the sunlight and improve visibility when the roof is folded down. The touchscreen panel in the center is electronically tiltable to the vertical position for the same reason.
Frame
The car's platform is an aluminum space frame self-supporting body structure developed by AMG to provide more rigidity. Transverse rigidity and longitudinal rigidity are said to be 50% and 40% higher, respectively compared to the GT roadster platform. AMG's chief technical officer, Jochen Hermann, revealed that the new SL shell only weighs .
Technical data
At the launch, the sole engine option was a biturbo 4.0-litre V8 with two different levels of output: SL 55 4MATIC+ and SL 63 4MATIC+. The lesser SL 55 is rated at & while the SL 63 has & . The base six-cylinder inline engine and a more powerful hybrid version of the V8 engine are to be introduced at later date. The 4-cylinder model is added with the SL 43. The SL 43 is rated at & which adds an extra for mild hybrid. This marks the first time the SL-Class is powered by an inline-4 engine since Mercedes-Benz 190 SL.
References
External links
R232
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2021
Roadsters
Personal luxury cars
Coupés
Grand tourers
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
2020s cars
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194028
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%20%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8
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Динаміка процесу руйнування гірської породи
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Динаміка процесу руйнування гірської породи — зміна в часі зусиль на руйнуючому інструменті під впливом властивостей гірської породи, що руйнується, і особливостей кінематики гірничої машини.
Див. також
Комбіновані способи руйнування гірських порід
Література
Фізика гірських порід
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2502
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acantharea
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Acantharea
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Acantharea
The Acantharea (Acantharia) are a group of radiolarian protozoa, distinguished mainly by their strontium sulfate skeletons. Acantharians are heterotrophic marine microplankton that range in size from about 200 microns in diameter up to several millimeters. Some acantharians have photosynthetic endosymbionts and hence are considered mixotrophs.
Morphology
Acantharian skeletons are composed of strontium sulfate, SrSO4, in the form of mineral celestine crystal. Celestine is named for the delicate blue colour of its crystals, and is the heaviest mineral in the ocean. The denseness of their celestite ensures acantharian shells function as mineral ballast, resulting in fast sedimentation to bathypelagic depths. High settling fluxes of acantharian cysts have been observed at times in the Iceland Basin and the Southern Ocean, as much as half of the total gravitational organic carbon flux.
Acantharian skeletons are composed of strontium sulfate crystals secreted by vacuoles surrounding each spicule or spine. Acantharians are unique among marine organisms for their ability to biomineralize strontium sulfate as the main component of their skeletons.
However, unlike other radiolarians whose skeletons are made of silica, acantharian skeletons do not fossilize, primarily because strontium sulfate is very scarce in seawater and the crystals dissolve after the acantharians die. The arrangement of the spines is very precise, and is described by what is called the Müllerian law, which can be described in terms of lines of latitude and longitude – the spines lie on the intersections between five of the former, symmetric about an equator, and eight of the latter, spaced uniformly. Each line of longitude carries either two tropical spines or one equatorial and two polar spines, in alternation.
The cell cytoplasm is divided into two regions: the endoplasm and the ectoplasm. The endoplasm, at the core of the cell, contains the main organelles, including many nuclei, and is delineated from the ectoplasm by a capsular wall made of a microfibril mesh. In symbiotic species, the algal symbionts are maintained in the endoplasm. The ectoplasm consists of cytoplasmic extensions used for prey capture and also contains food vacuoles for prey digestion. The ectoplasm is surrounded by a periplasmic cortex, also made up of microfibrils, but arranged into twenty plates, each with a hole through which one spicule projects. The cortex is linked to the spines by contractile myonemes, which assist in buoyancy control by allowing the ectoplasm to expand and contract, increasing and decreasing the total volume of the cell.
Taxonomy
The way that the spines are joined at the center of the cell varies and is one of the primary characteristics by which acantharians are classified. The skeletons are made up of either ten diametric or twenty radial spicules. Diametric spicules cross the center of the cell, whereas radial spicules terminate at the center of the cell where they either form a tight or flexible junction depending on species. Acantharians with diametric spicules or loosely attached radial spicules are able to rearrange or shed spicules and form cysts.
Holacanthida – 10 diametric spicules, simply crossed, no central junction, capable of encystment
Chaunacanthida – 20 radial spicules, loosely attached, capable of encystment
Symphiacanthida – 20 radial spicules, tight central junction
Arthracanthida – 20 radial spines, tight central junction
The morphological classification system roughly agrees with phylogenetic trees based on the alignment of ribosomal RNA genes, although the groups are mostly polyphyletic. Holacanthida seems to have evolved first and includes molecular clades A, B, and D. Chaunacanthida evolved second and includes only one molecular clade, clade C. Arthracanthida and Symphacanthida, which have the most complex skeletons, evolved most recently and constitute molecular clades E and F.
Symbiosis
Many acantharians, including some in clade B (Holacanthida) and all in clades E & F (Symphiacanthida and Arthracanthida), host single-celled algae within their inner cytoplasm (endoplasm). By participating in this photosymbiosis, acantharians are essentially mixotrophs: they acquire energy through both heterotrophy and autotrophy. The relationship may make it possible for acantharians to be abundant in low-nutrient regions of the oceans and may also provide extra energy necessary to maintain their elaborate strontium sulfate skeletons. It is hypothesized that the acantharians provide the algae with nutrients (N & P) that they acquire by capturing and digesting prey in return for sugar that the algae produces during photosynthesis. It is not known, however, whether the algal symbionts benefit from the relationship or if they are simply being exploited and then digested by the acantharians.
Symbiotic Holacanthida acantharians host diverse symbiont assemblages, including several genera of dinoflagellates (Pelagodinium, Heterocapsa, Scrippsiella, Azadinium) and a haptophyte (Chrysochromulina). Clade E & F acantharians have a more specific symbiosis and primarily host symbionts from the haptophyte genus Phaeocystis, although they sometimes also host Chrysochromulina symbionts. Clade F acantharians simultaneously host multiple species and strains of Phaeocystis and their internal symbiont community does not necessarily match the relative availability of potential symbionts in the surrounding environment. The mismatch between internal and external symbiont communities suggests that acantharians can be selective in choosing symbionts and probably do not continuously digest and recruit new symbionts, and maintain symbionts for extended periods of time instead.
Life cycle
Adults are usually multinucleated. Earlier diverging clades are able to shed their spines and form cysts, which are often referred to as reproductive cysts. Reproduction is thought to take place by formation of swarmer cells (formerly referred to as "spores"), which may be flagellate, and cysts have been observed to release these swarmers. Non-encysted cells have also been seen releasing swarmers in laboratory conditions. Not all life cycle stages have been observed, however, and no one has witnessed the fusion of swarmers to produce a new acantharian. Cysts are often found in sediment traps and it is therefore believed that the cysts help acantharians sink into deep water. Genetic data and some imaging suggests that non-cyst-forming acantharians may also sink to deep water to release swarmers. Releasing swarmer cells in deeper water may improve the survival chances of juveniles. Study of these organisms has been hampered mainly by an inability to "close the lifecycle" and maintain these organisms in culture through successive generations.
References
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3420985
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%29
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Парма (Нью-Йорк)
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Парма (Нью-Йорк)
Парма — місто в США, в окрузі Монро штату Нью-Йорк. Населення — осіб (2020).
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкали особи в домогосподарствах у складі родин. Було 6309 помешкань
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,2 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 2,0 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 24,0 % — особи молодші 18 років, 62,3 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 13,7 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 41,7 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 98,7 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 96,6 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 6,9 % осіб, у тому числі 12,4 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 1,7 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 28,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 15,2 %, виробництво — 13,2 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Містечка Нью-Йорку
Населені пункти округу Монро (Нью-Йорк)
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214359
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5
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Гаркушине
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Гаркушине
Села:
Гаркушине — Дніпропетровська область, Дніпровський район
Гаркушине — Харківська область, Сахновщинський район
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3017784
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80
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Суат Сердар
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Суат Сердар — німецький футболіст турецького походження, центральний півзахисник клубу «Герта» та національної збірної Німеччини. На правах оренди грає за італійську «Верону».
Клубна кар'єра
У віці 11 років Суат потрапив в академію «Майнца». Дебютував у Бундеслізі 18 вересня 2015 року, у матчі проти Гоффенгайма, вийшовши на заміну на 88-й хвилині замість автора хет-трика — Юнуса Маллі. Загалом у сезоні відіграв 12 матчів у всіх турнірах.
Улітку 2018 футболіст перейшов до складу «Шальке 04», підписавши з клубом контракт на 4 роки.
15 червня 2021 року підписав 5-річний контракт із берлінською «Гертою». Відіграв у Берліні наступні два сезони, за результатами другого з яких команда втратила місце у Бундеслізі. Після цього, влітку 2023 року, гравець погодився на перехід на умовах річної оренди до італійської «Верони».
Кар'єра у збірних
У 2013 році вперше був викликаний до юнацької збірної Німеччина U-16. Загалом на юнацькому рівні відіграв 31 матч і забив 4 голи.
З 2017 по 2019 викликався до лав молодіжної збірної Німеччини, за яку відіграв 8 матчів та забив 2 голи.
9 жовтня 2019 дебютував у складі національної збірної Німеччини у товариському матчі проти збірної Аргентини. Протягом наступного року ще тричі виходив на поле у складі національної команди, незмінно на заміну у середині других таймів.
Статистика виступів
Статистика клубних виступів
Статистика виступів за збірну
Примітки
Посилання
німецькі футболісти
Гравці молодіжної збірної Німеччини з футболу
Гравці збірної Німеччини з футболу
Футболісти «Майнца»
Футболісти «Шальке 04»
Футболісти «Герти»
Футболісти «Верони»
німецькі футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери в Італії
Уродженці Рейнланд-Пфальцу
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1439055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrotrin
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Petrotrin
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Petrotrin
Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (trading as Petrotrin) was a state-owned oil company in Trinidad and Tobago. Its principal activities were the exploration, development and production of hydrocarbons in addition to the manufacturing and marketing of petroleum products.
As a state enterprise, Petrotrin was under the direct control of the Minister of Finance acting as the Corporation Sole, and the Ministry of Energy as the line ministry that provides specialized technical analyses and statutory approvals for the company's operations.
History
The company was established in 1993 by the merger of Trintopec and Trintoc, two state-owned oil companies. A third company, Trinmar Ltd was merged into the company in 2000. Trintoc was formed from the assets of Shell Trinidad Ltd in 1974 and Texaco in 1985. Trintopec was formed in 1985 when the government purchased the interests of Trinidad Tesoro, a joint venture between the government and Tesoro Oil Company, which was created to purchase the assets of British Petroleum (BP) in 1969. Trinmar was formed when the government purchased the offshore exploration assets of Trinidad Northern Areas Limited (TNA) which was formed by the then "Big Three": British Petroleum, Texaco and Shell.
These companies were formed from a suite of earlier companies including Trinidad Oilfields Limited (TOL), United British Oilfields of Trinidad (UBOT), Trinidad Leaseholds Limited (TLL), Trinidad Petroleum Development Co (TPD), Apex Trinidad Oilfields (APEX/ATO) and Kern Trinidad Oilfields (KTO), which had themselves been formed to first able commercialize oil finds in Trinidad in the early twentieth century.
Petrotrin operated in land and marine acreage across southern Trinidad. In some instances, the company engaged in joint ventures, lease operator-ships, farm-outs and incremental production services contracts to support its exploration and production activities. In 2004, Petrotrin was granted an automatic stake in all exploration and production arrangements with foreign companies in Trinidad and Tobago.
In 2018, 90% of Petrotrin's sales to the local market were fuel – 46% from gasoline, 37% from diesel, 11% from jet fuel and 5% from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or cooking gas). Petrotrin exported to the Caricom market with the main countries being Jamaica, Barbados and Guyana.
Refining
In the early 1900s, there were several small refineries operating in Trinidad, including plants in Santa Flora (TPD 1930 – ?) and Brighton (UBOT 1911–1978). These were all closed over time as they became non-viable either because of aging technology or supply and cost challenges. The Point Fortin Refinery built in 1912 that once refined Venezuelan crude was the last to be shut down in 1994 due to cost challenges after the economic recession of the 1980s to make way for Atlantic LNG as Trinidad and Tobago shifted its emphasis from oil to natural gas.
Petrotrin operated Trinidad and Tobago's single petroleum refinery, located at Pointe-à-Pierre, just north of the city of San Fernando, popularly known as the Pointe-a-Pierre Refinery. The refinery produced liquid petroleum gases, unleaded motor gasoline, avjet/kerosene, diesel/heating oil, fuel oil and aviation gasoline among other products. It has driven the country's economy and placed the country in the hydrocarbon sector.
In 1913, former sugar estates in the area was purchased for plans to build a refinery by Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd, a British subsidiary of Central Mining Company headquartered in the United Kingdom. In 1917, the refinery was built and began production at 75,000 barrels of oil per day (bpd). Its first upgrade occurred in 1928 with the construction of the No 3 and 4 Topping plants. During World War II the refinery was identified as an asset to be "protected at all cost" as a major supplier of aircraft fuel for the Allied forces. By 1940, the refinery went through another expansion, a top secret project known as Project 1234 and by May 1942, the first Catalytic Cracking Unit came on stream where refining capacity in Trinidad and Tobago was recorded at 28.5 million barrels per year. At the end of World War II, the refinery was recognized as the largest in the British empire.
In 1956, Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd was acquired by Texaco where by April 1960, the No 8 Topping Unit came on stream along with a lubricating oil plant, canning plant and a paraffins plant with production increasing and peaking to 360,000 barrels per day by 1970. Following the unrest of the 1970 Black Power Revolution, throughput was down to 183,000 barrels per day yet the refinery continued to be viable. By late 1984, Texaco assets including the refinery was acquired by the State and placed under the state company Trintoc, which itself was merged to form Petrotrin in 1993. By 1997, upgrades to infrastructure, instrumentation, and environmental systems were competed. This was done to improve product quality by reducing the sulfur content and increasing octane moving production from 90,000 to 160,000 barrels per day. More upgrades were done on the plants as recent as 2011. By being the only refinery in operation in the Caribbean, Trinidad & Tobago became the supplier of refined petroleum products to the rest of the region.
Petrotrin produced and had proven reserves totaling .
The refinery had a capacity of and it was the only refinery in the world that operated alongside a wildlife park.
Closure
Petrotrin became the embodiment of poor corporate governance, expressed in bad policy decisions, wastage, corruption and nepotism across governments. The power of the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union over the company due to consolidation of past state oil companies made it even more difficult for management to institute changes. On 28 August 2018, it was announced by Prime Minister Dr Keith Rowley that Petrotrin would have to be shut down (although earlier stating in his political campaign they would not shut down the state-owned company) because of the government and company's inability to generate a profit during a period of low oil prices, where TT$8 billion was lost over five years. Also cited by the government was lack of competitiveness, declining production, TT$12 billion in debt, and the loss of foreign exchange due to the importation of oil to be used together with locally produced oil to keep the refinery in operation. According to the government, a cash injection of TT$25 billion would be required to refresh its infrastructure and repay its debt. On 30 November 2018, Petrotrin was shut down with the country's largest refinery officially closed after 101 years in operation. Approximately 5,500 permanent and temporary/casual employees lost their jobs.
Petrotrin broke into four new companies that became effective from 1 December 2018:
Trinidad Petroleum Holding Limited – Legacy matters such as settling outstanding financial debts by Petrotrin and the parent company of the following three companies:
Heritage Petroleum Company Limited – Exploration, development, production and marketing of crude oil.
Paria Fuel Trading Company – Trading and marketing of imported fuel products.
Guaracara Refining Company – Holding company for the Pointe-à-Pierre refinery and related assets to be offered for sale.
The refinery flame was a national landmark, with many in surrounding communities such as Pointe-à-Pierre, Marabella, Claxton Bay and Gasparillo expressing hopes for the refinery to be purchased and restarted by a private enterprise.
References
External links
1993 establishments in Trinidad and Tobago
Energy companies established in 1993
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1993
Oil and gas companies of Trinidad and Tobago
Texaco
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1436921
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%20Windows%20Phone%208S
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HTC Windows Phone 8S
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HTC Windows Phone 8S — смартфон, розроблений компанією HTC Corporation, анонсований 19 вересня 2012 року у Нью-Йорку, США. Працює під управлінням мобільної операційної системи Windows Phone 8.
Продажі
В Україні продажу почнуться у другій декаді листопада, рекомендована ціна буде 3699 ₴, про що було оголошено 2 листопада 2012 року під час презентації лінійки смартфонів компанією HTC.
У Великій Британії смартфон буде доступним 15 листопада 2012 року, про що було оголошено у роздрібній торговій мережі Clove, початкова ціна становить £ 224.99.
Огляд приладу
Огляд HTC Windows Phone 8S від TechRadar
Бюджетний смартфон HTC Windows Phone 8S на CNET
HTC Windows Phone 8S і 8X: попередній огляд смартфонів на Windows 8
Відео
Windows Phone 8X і 8S by HTC Пресконференція
Огляд HTC Windows Phone 8S від HTC
Огляд HTC Windows Phone 8S від PhoneArena
Огляд Windows Phone 8S by HTC від engadget
Примітки
Посилання
HTC Windows Phone 8S на українському сайті HTC
HTC Windows Phone 8S на світовому сайті HTC
Пристрої на базі Windows Phone
Мобільні телефони, представлені в 2012 році
Смартфони, зняті з виробництва
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2156547
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%20%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8
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Серапіонові брати
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Серапіонові брати
«Серапіонові брати» — об'єднання молодих письменників прозаїків, поетів і критиків, що виникло в Петрограді 1 лютого 1921 року. Назва запозичена з збірки новел німецького романтика Е.Т.А. Гофмана «Серапіонові брати», в яких фігурує літературне співтовариство імені пустельника Серапіона.
Групу утворили учні Євгена Замятіна і Віктора Шкловського. В різний час групою керували керували Корній Чуковський, Микола Гумільов і Борис Ейхенбаум. Ідейним керівником групи був Євген Замятін.
В групу входили: Лев Лунц, Ілля Груздєв, Михайло Зощенко, Веніамін Каверін, Микола Нікітін, Михайло Слонімський, Єлизавета Полонська, Костянтин Федін, Микола Тихонов, Всеволод Іванов. «Канонічний» склад групи зображений на фотографії 1921 року. Пізніше до групи приєднався Володимир Познер.
Об'єднання декларувало свою аполітичність, виступало проти ідейності в мистецтві. Репресії і посилення цензурного гніту змусили частину «серапіоновців» та їх захисників емігрувати: в 1921 емігрували Горький, Шкловський, Познер, в 1923 — Лунц. Решта прийняли платформу радянської влади: Федін написав «Викрадення Європи», Тихонов — «Кочівники» і «Війна», Слонімський «Повість про Левіне» тощо.
В 1923—1924 об'єднання почало занепадати, в 1924 до Москви перебралися Нікітін і Іванов, в 1926 збори припинились.
Посилання
Юрій Тинянов, «Серапионовы братья. Альманах I », 1922
«Серапионовы братья» о себе. «Литературные записки», 1922, № 3.
Літературні об'єднання Росії
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349751
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Сукре (значення)
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Сукре (значення)
Сукре може посилатися на такі поняття:
Сукре — конституційна столиця Болівії
Сукре (штат) — один із штатів Венесуели
Сукре (департамент) — один з департаментів Колумбії
Сукре (Араґуа) — муніципалітет у Венесуелі
Сукре (Міранда) — муніципалітет у Венесуелі
Сукре (Еквадор) — місто в Еквадорі
Антоніо Хосе де Сукре (1795 — 1830) — герой війни за незалежність південної Америки
Родина Сукре — стара та впливова венесуельська родина
Фернандо Сукре — вигаданий герой-пуерториканець американського серіалу Prison Break
Валюти
Сукре (грошова одиниця) — спільна грошова одиниця організації Боліварського Альянсу для народів нашої Америки (АЛБА)
Еквадорський сукре — колишня грошова одиниця Еквадору
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13459540
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt%2C%20Germany
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Holt, Germany
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Holt, Germany
Holt is a municipality in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
References
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Flensburg
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4015622
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%AF%D1%80%20%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Красний Яр (Теньгушевський район)
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Красний Яр (Теньгушевський район)
Красний Яр — присілок у складі Теньгушевського району Мордовії, Росія. Входить до складу Теньгушевського сільського поселення.
Населення — 276 осіб (2010; 333 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 97 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Теньгушевського району
Присілки Мордовії
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4898085
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Дубрава (Большесолдатський район)
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Дубрава (Большесолдатський район)
Дубрава — присілок в Большесолдатському районі Курської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 91 особу. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Сторожевська сільрада.
Історія
Населений пункт розташований на території українського етнічного та культурного краю Східна Слобожанщина.
Від 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Сторожевська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Большесолдатського району
Присілки Курської області
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2686288
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81
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Ештон Голмс
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Ештон Голмс (17 лютого 1978, Олбані, штат Нью-Йорк, США) — американський актор та музикант, найбільш відомий завдяки ролям Джека Столла у кримінальній драмі «Виправдана жорстокість» (2005), Сідні Філліпса у міні-серіалі «Тихий океан» (2010) та Тайлера Баррола у драматичному телесеріалі «Помста» (2011—2012).
Життєпис
Ештон Голмс народився 17 лютого 1978 року в Олбані, штат Нью-Йорк. Його мати Сьюзен — соціальний працівник. Вже у віці шести років Ештон Голмс почав брати уроки акторської майстерності та брати участь в аматорських театральних постановках.
Закінчив школу для хлопчиків «». Ештон Голмс був вокалістом місцевого музичного гурту «Method of Groove». Навчався за стажерською програмою у Нью-йоркському Театральному Інституті.
Театральний дебют Ештона Голмса відбувся, коли його взяли на одну з головних ролей у рок-опері «Рента». Він також виступав в лондонському Вест-Енді у постановці «Снігової королеви» та «Різдвяній пісні».
Дебютував на телебаченні у 2002-2003 роках у мильній опері «Одне життя, щоб жити», яка виходить на телеканалі «ABC» з 15 липня 1968 року.
Фільмографія
Примітки
Посилання
Уродженці Олбані (Нью-Йорк)
Актори США
Діти-актори
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6125950
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%20Velia
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Novi Velia
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Novi Velia is a town and comune of the Province of Salerno, Campania, southern Italy. It is located in the southern Cilento area.
The town takes its name from the ancient Greek town of Velia, whose archaeological remains are located nearby.
Novi Velia is located in the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, and the comune contains Monte Gelbison.
See also
Pruno Cilento — largest forest in the Cilento.
Cilentan Coast
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Campania
Localities of Cilento
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4681984
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C
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Таємна особистість
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Таємна особистість — це альтер-его людини, яке невідоме широкому загалу, найчастіше використовується в художній літературі. Ця концепція, яку в 1903 році ввела в популярну культуру Скарлет Пімпернел, особливо поширена в американському жанрі коміксів і є символом маскараду.
В американських коміксах персонаж зазвичай має подвійну ідентичність, одну публічну та одну таємну. Публічна особистість відома широкому загалу як «персона супергероя», а інша — таємна особистість. Приватна чи таємна особа зазвичай є офіційним ім’ям супергероя, справжньою особою та/або « цивільною особою», якщо вони активно не приймають себе за особу супергероя. Його приховують від їхніх ворогів і широкого загалу, щоб захистити себе від юридичних наслідків, тиску чи громадського контролю, а також щоб захистити своїх друзів і близьких від шкоди, завданої їхнім діям як супергероїв.
Іноді цей троп інвертується. Двома яскравими прикладами цього є фільми Кіновсесвіту Marvel «Залізна людина» (2008), де фільм закінчується тим, що головний герой заявляє світові «Я — Залізна людина», і «Людина-павук: Дороги додому немає» (2021), де закінчується тим, що публічна особа Пітера Паркера назавжди стирається з пам’яті всього світу в результаті заклинання Доктора Стренджа.
Див. також
Alter ego
Інкарнація
Примітки
Посилання
Хто в масці
Багато, багато людей, які знають «таємну» особу Бетмена
Більше ніяких таємних ідентичностей: проблеми з іншими его
Секретність
Псевдоніми
Шпигунство
Військові операції за алфавітом
Пригодницька література
Супергеройські теми
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5879043
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlin
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Karlin
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Karlin may refer to:
Places
Belarus
Karlin (Pinsk), a village
Czech Republic
Karlín, a district of Prague
Karlín (Hodonín District), a municipality and village
Karlín, a village and administrative part of Dolní Poustevna
Poland
Karlin, Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland
Karlin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-west Poland
United States
Karlin, Cleveland
Karlin, Michigan
Karlin, Missouri
Other uses
Karlin (surname)
Karlin (Hasidic Dynasty)
See also
Carline (name)
Carlin (disambiguation)
Carling (disambiguation)
Charlin (disambiguation)
Charlene (disambiguation)
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168494
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Murray%20Abraham
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F. Murray Abraham
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F. Murray Abraham (born Murray Abraham; October 24, 1939) is an American actor. Known for his roles on stage and screen, he has received an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award as well as nominations for a BAFTA Award, four Emmy Awards, and a Grammy Award. He came to prominence for his portrayal of Antonio Salieri in the drama film Amadeus (1984) for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor.
Abraham made his Broadway debut in the 1968 play The Man in the Glass Booth. He received the Obie Award for Outstanding Performance for his roles in Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya (1984) and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice (2011). He returned to Broadway in the revival of Terrence McNally's comedy It's Only a Play (2014), receiving a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play nomination.
He has appeared in many roles, both leading and supporting, in films such as All the President's Men (1976), Scarface (1983), The Name of the Rose (1986), Last Action Hero (1993), Mighty Aphrodite (1995), Dillinger and Capone (1995), Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), Finding Forrester (2000), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), Isle of Dogs (2018) and How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019).
He was a regular cast member on the Showtime drama series Homeland (2012–2018), which earned him two nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. He also starred in Mythic Quest (2020–2021), Moon Knight (2022) and The White Lotus (2022), with the latter earning him a nominations for the Golden Globe Award and the Primetime Emmy Award.
Early life and education
Abraham was born Murray Abraham on October 24, 1939, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Fahrid "Fred" Abraham, an automotive mechanic and his wife Josephine (née Stello; April 15, 1915 – March 10, 2012), Murray has described himself as an Italian American and Syrian American.
His father emigrated with his family from Muqlus, Ottoman Syria, a small village in the Valley of the Christians, at age five due to the famine of Mount Lebanon; his paternal grandfather was a priest in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. His mother, one of 14 children, was Italian American and the daughter of an Italian immigrant who worked in the coal mines of Western Pennsylvania. He had two younger brothers, Robert and Jack, who were killed in separate car accidents.
Abraham was raised in El Paso, Texas. Murray and his two younger brothers were altar boys in the St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church in El Paso. He attended Vilas Grammar School, and graduated from El Paso High School in 1958. He was a gang member during his teenage years. In El Paso, Abraham worked in the factory owned by a Lebanese family before launching a career in acting. He attended Texas Western College (later named University of Texas at El Paso), where he was given the best actor award by Alpha Psi Omega for his portrayal of the Indian Nocona in Comanche Eagle during the 1959–60 season. He attended the University of Texas at Austin, then studied acting under Uta Hagen at HB Studio in New York City. He began his acting career on the stage, debuting in a Los Angeles production of Ray Bradbury's The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit.
Abraham added "F." to his stage name in honor of his father Fahrid. He has stated that "Murray Abraham just doesn't seem to say anything. It just is another name, so I thought I'd frame it".
Career
1971–1978: Early roles
Abraham made his screen debut as an usher in the George C. Scott comedy They Might Be Giants (1971). He can be seen as one of the undercover police officers along with Al Pacino in Sidney Lumet's Serpico (1973) and in television roles including the bad guy in one fourth-season episode of Kojak ("The Godson"). His early film roles include small parts as a cabdriver in the theatrical version of Neil Simon's The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1975), a mechanic in the theatrical version of Simon's The Sunshine Boys (1975). He also played a police officer in the Alan J. Pakula Watergate film All the President's Men (1976), and acted in the comedy films The Ritz (1976) opposite Rita Moreno and The Big Fix (1978) alongside Richard Dreyfuss.
By the mid-1970s, he also had steady employment doing commercials and voice-overs. Most notably, he played "the leaf", one of four costumed characters, in television and print commercials for Fruit of the Loom underwear. In 1978, he gave up this work. Frustrated with the lack of substantial roles, he said: "No one was taking my acting seriously. I figured if I didn't do it, then I'd have no right to the dreams I've always had." His wife, Kate Hannan, went to work as an assistant and Abraham became a "house husband". As he described it: "I cooked and cleaned and took care of the kids. It was very rough on my macho idea of life. But it was the best thing that ever happened to me."
1983–1986: Breakthrough and acclaim
Abraham gained greater prominence when he appeared as drug dealer Omar Suárez in the gangster film Scarface (1983). Then, in 1984, he played envious composer Antonio Salieri in the Academy Award for Best Picture-winning Amadeus (1984), directed by Miloš Forman. Abraham won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role, an award for which his co-star in the film Tom Hulce, playing Mozart, had also been nominated. He also won a Golden Globe Award, among other awards and his role in the film remains his most famous.
Abraham's relatively low-profile film career subsequent to his Academy Award win has been considered an example of the "Oscar jinx." According to film critic Leonard Maltin, professional failure following an early success is referred to in Hollywood circles as the "F. Murray Abraham syndrome." Abraham rejected this notion and told Maltin, "The Oscar is the single most important event of my career. I have dined with kings, shared equal billing with my idols, lectured at Harvard and Columbia. If this is a jinx, I'll take two." In the same interview, Abraham said, "Even though I won the Oscar, I can still take the subway in New York, and nobody recognizes me. Some actors might find that disconcerting, but I find it refreshing."
Abraham also joined The Mirror Theater Ltd's Mirror Repertory Company in 1984. He joined MRC the week after winning his Oscar for Best Actor for his work in Amadeus because he wanted to work with MRC Artist-in-Residence Geraldine Page (to whom he would eventually present her own Academy Award the following year) and would star opposite her in MRC's The Madwoman of Chaillot.
Since Amadeus, he mainly focused on classical theater and has starred in many Shakespearean productions such as Othello and Richard III. He was highlighted in many other plays by the likes of Samuel Beckett and Gilbert and Sullivan and played the lead in Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya (for which he received an Obie Award). His next film role was in The Name of the Rose (1986), in which he played Bernardo Gui, nemesis to Sean Connery's William of Baskerville. In its DVD commentary, the director of the film, Jean-Jacques Annaud, described Abraham as an "egomaniac" on the set, who considered himself more important than Sean Connery because Connery did not have an Oscar. Despite the on-set tensions, the film was a critical and commercial success.
1989–1998: Established actor
After the release of The Name of the Rose, Abraham tired of appearing as villains and wanted to return to his background in comedy. From May 10 through July 14, 1991, Abraham portrayed King Lear in American Repertory Theater's (A.R.T.) production of King Lear, directed by Adrian Hall, Cambridge, MA. In 1994, Abraham portrayed Roy Cohn in the first Broadway production of Tony Kushner's Angels in America at the Walter Kerr Theater, replacing Ron Leibman in the role.
Over the next decade or so, Abraham had fewer prominent roles, but he did have substantial supporting roles in Peter Yates' An Innocent Man (1989), Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995), Ahdar Ru'afo in Star Trek: Insurrection (1998) and Gus Van Sant's Finding Forrester (2000), where he again played the nemesis to Connery. He had a significant role in Brian De Palma's adaptation of The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990), but chose not to be credited due to a contract dispute. He continued his association with classical music by narrating the plot summaries of the operas of Wagner's Ring Cycle in the 1990 PBS broadcast from the Metropolitan Opera, to the largest viewing audience of the Ring Cycle in history, conducted by James Levine.
In the 1997/98 Broadway season, he starred in the new chamber musical Triumph of Love opposite Betty Buckley, based on Marivaux's classic comedy. The production did not find a large audience, running 85 performances after its pre-opening preview period. He has also taught theater at Brooklyn College.
2000–present: Career resurgence
A 2009 guest appearance on Saving Grace began a new phase of Abraham's career, wherein he has become gradually more prolific onscreen. Further guest appearances include roles on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Louie and Curb Your Enthusiasm as well as a recurring role on The Good Wife between 2011 and 2014. Additionally, Abraham was the primary narrator for the PBS series Nature between 2007 and 2010, narrating 32 episodes (plus one more in 2013). Abraham's most notable television role came about through Showtime's drama series Homeland, in which he portrayed black ops specialist Dar Adal. This role resulted in his first Emmy Award nomination in 2015, followed by a second in 2018.
Abraham has focused on stage work throughout his career, giving notable performances as Pozzo in Mike Nichols's production of Waiting for Godot, Malvolio in Twelfth Night for the New York Shakespeare Festival and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice for the Off-Broadway Theatre for a New Audience (TFANA) in March 2007, which was performed at the Duke Theater in New York and also at the Swan Theater, part of the Royal Shakespeare Company. He reprised this role in February 2011, when he replaced Al Pacino in the Public Theater's production.
In the 2010s, he featured prominently in two widely acclaimed films: first as folk music impresario Bud Grossman in the Coen brothers' drama Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), then as the mysterious Mr. Moustafa in Wes Anderson's The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014). He was nominated along with the ensemble for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture for the later. That same year he returned to Broadway portraying Ira Drew in the revival of Terrence McNally's comedic play It's Only a Play. Abraham starred alongside Nathan Lane, Matthew Broderick, Stockard Channing, and Rupert Grint. For his performance he earned a nomination for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play. In 2016, he played the title role in Classic Stage Company's production of Nathan the Wise.
He reunited with Wes Anderson voicing a role in stop-motion animated film Isle of Dogs (2018), voiced Grimmel in DreamWorks' How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019), and played Tony in the Disney+ 2019 live-action Lady and the Tramp. From 2020 to 2021 he acted in the Apple TV+ comedy series Mythic Quest. In 2022 he was fired after being accused of inappropriate behavior while on set. In a response statement, Abraham apologized and stated that he never intended "to offend anyone, I told jokes, nothing more, that upset some of my colleagues and as a result lost a great job with wonderful people." In February 2022, it was revealed that Abraham would be voicing Khonshu in the superhero limited series Moon Knight, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He starred in the 2022 film adaptation of The Magic Flute based on the opera of the same name. That same year he played Dr. Carl Withers in the Netflix series Guillermo del Toro's Cabinet of Curiosities (2022). In 2023 he portrayed Judge John Sirica in the HBO political drama limited series White House Plumbers.
Murray acted in the HBO series The White Lotus: Sicily (2022) playing the elderly and gregarious grandfather Bert Di Grasso, earning nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. Also in 2023 he acted in the film Mother, Couch alongside Ewan McGregor, Taylor Russell, and Ellen Burstyn. The film is premiered at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival. In 2024 it was announced that Abraham would return to the stage as David Siegel in the Stephen Schwartz musical The Queen of Versailles starring Kristin Chenoweth at the Emerson Colonial Theatre in Boston.
Personal life
Marriage
Abraham was married to Kate Hannan for 60 years (1962–2022) until her death on November 19, 2022. At that time, they had two children and one grandchild.
In 1993, while filming the movie Surviving the Game in rural Washington state, Abraham was involved in a car crash in which another driver was killed, while Abraham was injured. In January 2010, Abraham scuffled with a thief in the dressing room area during a public rehearsal at the Classic Stage Company in New York City.
Religious beliefs
Abraham has spoken about his faith: "I've attended many churches. I grew up as an Orthodox Christian and I was an altar boy. I love the Society of Friends, the Quakers. I attended their meetings for almost fifteen years. I'm now [in 2008] attending the First Presbyterian Church of New York because they're such a generous, terrific church with outreach. They reach out to old people, to homeless, to A.A., to cross-dressers: it's truly a church of the teachings of Christ. Religion is essential to my life."
Acting credits and accolades
Abraham received an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for his performance in Amadeus (1984). He also received a British Academy Film Award nomination for his performance. He has also received a Grammy Award and two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. He has earned three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations with the ensemble casts of Homeland and The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014). He has earned two Obie Awards for his work in theater for his performances in Uncle Vanya (1984) and The Merchant of Venice (2011).
In July 2004, during a ceremony in Rome, he was awarded the "Premio per gli Italiani nel Mondo". This is a prize distributed by the Marzio Tremaglia foundation and the Italian government to Italian emigrants and their descendants who have distinguished themselves abroad. In 2009, he was recognized by the Alumni Association of the City College of New York with John H. Finley Award in recognition of exemplary dedicated service to the City of New York. In 2010, Abraham was the recipient of The Gielgud Award (Theater) for that year. In 2015, Abraham was an inductee to the American Theater Hall of Fame. He also has an honorary doctorate from Rider University in Lawrenceville, New Jersey.
References
External links
Yahoo! Movies Biography
1939 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
University of Texas at El Paso alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Royal Shakespeare Company members
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male Shakespearean actors
American people of Italian descent
American people of Syrian descent
Male actors from Pittsburgh
Middle Eastern Christians
American Presbyterians
American Quakers
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Brooklyn College faculty
Obie Award recipients
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-temperature%20gas-cooled%20reactor
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High-temperature gas-cooled reactor
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High-temperature gas-cooled reactor
A high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is a type of gas-cooled nuclear reactor which use uranium fuel and graphite moderation to produce very high reactor core output temperatures. All existing HTGR reactors use helium coolant. The reactor core can be either a "prismatic block" (reminiscent of a conventional reactor core) or a "pebble-bed" core. China Huaneng Group currently operates HTR-PM, a 250 MW HTGR power plant in Shandong province, China.
The high operating temperatures of HTGR reactors potentially enable applications such as process heat or hydrogen production via the thermochemical sulfur–iodine cycle. A proposed development of the HGTR is the Generation IV very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR) which would initially work with temperatures of 750 to 950 °C.
History
The use of a high-temperature, gas-cooled reactor for power production was proposed by in 1944 by Farrington Daniels, then associate director of the chemistry division at the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory. Initially, Daniels envisaged a reactor using beryllium moderator. Development of this high temperature design proposal continued at the Power Pile Division of the Clinton Laboratories (known now as Oak Ridge National Laboratory) until 1947.
Professor Rudolf Schulten in Germany also played a role in development during the 1950s. Peter Fortescue, whilst at General Atomics, was leader of the team responsible for the initial development of the High temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), as well as the Gas-cooled fast reactor (GCFR) system.
The Peach Bottom unit 1 reactor in the United States was the first HTGR to produce electricity, and did so very successfully, with operation from 1966 through 1974 as a technology demonstrator. Fort St. Vrain Generating Station was one example of this design that operated as an HTGR from 1979 to 1989. Though the reactor was beset by some problems which led to its decommissioning due to economic factors, it served as proof of the HTGR concept in the United States (though no new commercial HTGRs have been developed there since).
Experimental HTGRs have also existed in the United Kingdom (the Dragon reactor) and Germany (AVR reactor and THTR-300), and currently exist in Japan (the High-temperature engineering test reactor using prismatic fuel with 30 MWth of capacity) and China (the HTR-10, a pebble-bed design with 10 MWe of generation). Two full-scale pebble-bed HTGRs, the HTR-PM reactors, each with 100 MW of electrical production capacity, have gone operational in China as of 2021.
Reactor design
Neutron moderator
The neutron moderator is graphite, although whether the reactor core is configured in graphite prismatic blocks or in graphite pebbles depends on the HTGR design.
Nuclear fuel
The fuel used in HTGRs is coated fuel particles, such as TRISO fuel particles. Coated fuel particles have fuel kernels, usually made of uranium dioxide, however, uranium carbide or uranium oxycarbide are also possibilities. Uranium oxycarbide combines uranium carbide with the uranium dioxide to reduce the oxygen stoichiometry. Less oxygen may lower the internal pressure in the TRISO particles caused by the formation of carbon monoxide, due to the oxidization of the porous carbon layer in the particle. The TRISO particles are either dispersed in a pebble for the pebble bed design or molded into compacts/rods that are then inserted into the hexagonal graphite blocks. The QUADRISO fuel concept conceived at Argonne National Laboratory has been used to better manage the excess of reactivity.
Coolant
Helium has been the coolant used in all HTGRs to date. Helium is an inert gas, so it will generally not chemically react with any material. Additionally, exposing helium to neutron radiation does not make it radioactive, unlike most other possible coolants.
Control
In the prismatic designs, control rods are inserted in holes cut in the graphite blocks that make up the core. The VHTR will be controlled like current PBMR designs if it utilizes a pebble bed core, the control rods will be inserted in the surrounding graphite reflector. Control can also be attained by adding pebbles containing neutron absorbers.
Safety features and other benefits
The design takes advantage of the inherent safety characteristics of a helium-cooled, graphite-moderated core with specific design optimizations. The graphite has large thermal inertia and the helium coolant is single phase, inert, and has no reactivity effects. The core is composed of graphite, has a high heat capacity and structural stability even at high temperatures. The fuel is coated uranium-oxycarbide which permits high burn-up (approaching 200 GWd/t) and retains fission products. The high average core-exit temperature of the VHTR (1,000 °C) permits emissions-free production of high grade process heat. Reactors are designed for 60 years of service.
List of HTGR reactors
Constructed reactors
As of 2011, a total of seven HTGR reactors had been constructed and operated. A further two HTGR reactors were brought on-line at China's HTR-PM site, in 2021/22.
Additionally, from 1969 to 1971, the 3 MW Ultra-High Temperature Reactor Experiment (UHTREX) was operated by Los Alamos National Laboratory to develop the technology of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. In UHTREX, unlike HTGR reactors, helium coolant contacted nuclear fuel directly, reaching temperatures in excess of 1300 °C.
Proposed designs
Pebble bed modular reactor (1994) – reactor proposed for Koeberg Nuclear Power Station, South Africa
Gas turbine modular helium reactor (1997) – proposed reactor with gas turbine power conversion
Next Generation Nuclear Plant (2005) – a proposed Generation IV very-high-temperature reactor
X-energy (2016) – developers of a proposed Generation IV pebble-bed reactor
U-Battery (2020) – a micro–small modular reactor design effort, discontinued in 2023
References
External links
Idaho National Lab VHTR Fact Sheet
(from the year 2002)
Generation IV International Forum VHTR website
Pebble Bed Advanced High Temperature Reactor (PB-AHTR)
IAEA HTGR Knowledge Base
ORNL NGNP page
INL Thermal-Hydraulic Analyses of the LS-VHTR
IFNEC slides from 2014 about Areva's SC-HTGR:
The Office of Nuclear Energy reports to the IAEA in April 2014:
Nuclear power reactor types
Graphite moderated reactors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey%20Kong%20%28character%29
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Donkey Kong (character)
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Donkey Kong (character)
Donkey Kong, also shortened to DK, is a fictional gorilla-like character in the Donkey Kong and Mario video game series, created by Shigeru Miyamoto. The original Donkey Kong first appeared as the title character and antagonist of the eponymous 1981 game, a platformer by Nintendo, which would lead to the Donkey Kong series. The Donkey Kong Country series was launched in 1994 with a new Donkey Kong as the protagonist (although several installments focus on his friends Diddy Kong and Dixie Kong instead). This version of the character persists as the main one up to today. While the 1980s games' Donkey Kong and the modern Donkey Kong share the same name, the manual for Donkey Kong Country and subsequent games portray the former as Cranky Kong, the latter's grandfather, with the exception of Donkey Kong 64 and The Super Mario Bros. Movie, in which Cranky is depicted as his father, alternatively portraying the modern Donkey Kong as the original Donkey Kong from the arcade games. Donkey Kong is considered one of the most popular and iconic characters in video game history.
Mario, the protagonist of the original 1981 game, went on to become the central character of the Mario franchise; the modern Donkey Kong is regularly featured as a character in the Mario games. He has also been playable in every entry of the Super Smash Bros. crossover fighting series, and serves as the main antagonist of the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series from 2004 to 2015. The character is voiced by Richard Yearwood and Sterling Jarvis in the animated series Donkey Kong Country (1997–2000), and by Seth Rogen in the Illumination Entertainment feature film The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023).
Concept and creation
In 1981, Nintendo was pursuing a license to make a game based on the 1930s Popeye comic strip. When this relationship was cancelled, Nintendo decided to take the opportunity to create original characters that could then be marketed and used in later games. Shigeru Miyamoto came up with many characters and plot concepts, but he eventually settled on a love triangle between gorilla, carpenter, and girlfriend, that mirrored the rivalry between Bluto and Popeye for Olive Oyl. Bluto was replaced by a large enraged ape, which Miyamoto said was "nothing too evil or repulsive", and the pet of the main character. Miyamoto has also named the 1933 film King Kong as influences for the character. In addition to 1930s American media, Miyamoto also stated he drew inspiration from "Beauty and the Beast".
Miyamoto used "donkey" to convey "stubborn" in English; while "Kong" was simply to imply him being a "large ape", the name Donkey Kong was intended to convey "stubborn ape" to the American audience. When he suggested this name to Nintendo of America, people laughed, but the name stuck.
The character's appearance was redesigned for the Super NES in 1994 by former Rare character artist Kevin Bayliss with supervision from Miyamoto, who suggested giving Donkey Kong a red tie. Bayliss presented the modern look to Nintendo and was immediately approved for the high-resolution 3D medium. Although the character design has been tweaked over the years, Donkey Kong's appearance remains consistent since the last modification by Bayliss.
Characteristics
The Donkey Kong Country series introduced the setting of Donkey Kong Island and a backstory for the character. The series also introduced Diddy Kong as DK's sidekick and best friend, and K. Rool, King of the Kremlings, as his nemesis who steals his and Diddy Kong's banana hoard. While retaining the red necktie featured in the Game Boy game, Donkey Kong, he also donned a distinct physical appearance featuring heavy brows and a peaked lock of hair on top of his head. This would become the standard look for Donkey Kong still used over two decades later. The modern Donkey Kong is portrayed as a powerful yet laid-back ape, who is interested mainly in his banana hoard and his girlfriend, Candy Kong. He has pugilistic abilities that are often emphasized, featuring as a hidden boss in Punch-Out!!, uppercutting K. Rool out of his castle at the end of Donkey Kong Country 2, and having punch-based attacks as his special and final smash moves in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. In a match against boxing champion "Krusha" K. Rool in Donkey Kong 64, DK's weight is given at 800 pounds.
The new Donkey Kong introduced in Donkey Kong Country was initially characterized as the grandson of the original Donkey Kong who appears in the game as an elderly ape named Cranky Kong. This remained the most consistent storyline, with it also being directly stated in both Donkey Kong Land and Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest, but Donkey Kong 64 portrays the modern Donkey Kong as Cranky Kong's son. Leigh Loveday, the writer of Donkey Kong Country 2, prefacing his statement with "As far as I know", said that he is a grown-up version of Donkey Kong Jr. Nintendo of Europe's website also states that the modern DK is DK Jr.
However, the Game Boy Advance versions of Donkey Kong Country and Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, Donkey Kong Country Returns, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, Gregg Mayles of Rare, and Playing With Super Power: Nintendo Super NES Classics eGuide all explicitly state that the present-day Donkey Kong is Cranky's grandson.
Appearances
Early history
Donkey Kong first appeared as the titular antagonist of the 1981 arcade game Donkey Kong (alongside protagonist Mario and damsel in distress, Pauline). As Mario, the player must reach Donkey Kong at the top of each stage, where he is holding Pauline captive. Donkey Kong attempts to hinder the player's progress by throwing barrels, springs, and other objects towards Mario. The ape reappeared the following year in the sequel Donkey Kong Jr., where Donkey Kong is taken captive and locked in a cage by Mario, while Donkey Kong Junior sets out to rescue him. Donkey Kong resumed his antagonistic role in Donkey Kong 3, this time the character Stanley the Bugman taking Mario's place as the protagonist. Stanley fights Donkey Kong's attempts to invade a greenhouse along with a horde of killer bees.
After Donkey Kong, Mario went on to become Nintendo's primary mascot, while Donkey Kong and his son were relegated to supporting roles and cameos. The 1994 Game Boy version of Donkey Kong marked his re-emergence as a major character. He was redesigned, appearing with a red necktie, which sometimes bears his initials, "DK".
Rare era
The 1994 Super Nintendo Entertainment System game Donkey Kong Country, developed by British game developer Rare, was the beginning of a series. The manual for Donkey Kong Country states that the main protagonist in this game is the grandson of the Donkey Kong from the original trilogy, who is now Cranky Kong. Cranky orchestrates the events of Donkey Kong Land to recreate those of DKC. Despite his name being in the titles, Donkey Kong is the figurative damsel-in-distress in the two sequels to DKC and those to DKL, where he is captured by K. Rool. In these sequels, the player controls Diddy, Dixie, and Kiddy as they set out to rescue Donkey Kong. The Donkey Kong Country series also led to an animated television series and Donkey Kong 64, in which DK is playable once again.
Post-Rare era
Following Rare's departure from the series, Nintendo co-produced a trilogy of rhythm games with Namco for the GameCube known as the Donkey Konga series, which were based on Namco's own Taiko: Drum Master, though only two of the series' games made it to America. Donkey Kong Jungle Beat was released in March 2005, in North America for the GameCube. It depicted DK as being more violent than his original image and also used the bongo controllers. It was also the first game to receive the ESRB E10+ Rating. In October 2007, Donkey Kong Barrel Blast was released in North America for the Wii.
On handheld consoles, Donkey Kong was reunited with his former rival Mario in the 2004 Game Boy Advance game Mario vs. Donkey Kong. A throwback to the Donkey Kong game for the Game Boy, Donkey Kong resumed his antagonist role from his earlier games by taking over the Mario Toy Company, upset over the lack of Mini-Mario toys available for purchase. The game was followed by a 2006 sequel titled Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis, where Donkey Kong, who is infatuated with Pauline, kidnaps her and takes her to the roof of the Super Mini-Mario World amusement park when she ignores a Mini-Donkey Kong toy in favor of a Mini-Mario. He also once again appeared as the antagonist in Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Minis March Again! and Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem!. Aside from those, Donkey Kong appeared in DK King of Swing on the GBA around the time of Jungle Beat, and in its sequel, DK Jungle Climber, for the Nintendo DS. In the 2010 Wii game Donkey Kong Country Returns, Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong get rid of the Tiki Tak Tribe, who appears on Donkey Kong Island and hypnotizes various creatures. In the 2014 Wii U game Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, Donkey Kong sets out to get his home back from evil Vikings known as the Snowmads.
Other appearances
Every Mario Kart game has featured a version of Donkey Kong as a playable character. Super Mario Kart featured Donkey Kong Junior as a playable character. The modern Donkey Kong made his first appearance in the series with Mario Kart 64, and has been in every game to date since.
In the Mario Party series, he was a playable character in all three titles released for the N64, and also Mario Party 4 for the GameCube, this one being his last playable appearance in the series for some time. He eventually became an "event character" in later games, making appearances as an incidental character on the game board. He made an appearance within Mario Party 8, once again as an incidental character on the game board. Donkey Kong also appears in Mario Party DS and in Mario Party 9 as a non-player character, though he came back as playable in Mario Party 10 and in Mario Party: Star Rush (along with Diddy Kong). Donkey Kong appears as a contender in Mario Party: The Top 100, and later as an unlockable, playable character in Super Mario Party.
Donkey Kong has also made playable appearance in various Mario sports games. Donkey Kong was a selectable character in Mario Tennis, Mario Power Tennis, Mario Tennis: Power Tour, Mario Tennis Open, Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash and Mario Tennis Aces. Donkey Kong is playable in Mario Golf, Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour, Mario Golf: World Tour and Mario Golf: Super Rush but not Mario Golf: Advance Tour. Donkey Kong is featured in Super Mario Strikers for the GameCube and made his first appearance on the Wii within the title Mario Strikers Charged as a playable soccer captain. In Mario Super Sluggers, he appears as a captain again. Donkey Kong also appears in Mario Superstar Baseball. He made a playable appearance in almost every Mario & Sonic game, starting with Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games. He's also playable in Mario Hoops 3-on-3 and Mario Sports Mix.
He is also playable in each Super Smash Bros. game. Donkey Kong appeared in Super Smash Bros. as the first character from the Donkey Kong series and had a stage called "Kongo Jungle", which was based on Donkey Kong Country. Both he and Kongo Jungle returned for the series second game, Super Smash Bros. Melee. In this game, he had two new stages called "Jungle Japes" and "Kongo Jungle", and a version of the "DK Rap" from Donkey Kong 64 serves as stage music for Kongo Jungle (the one difference in the lyrics being the word "heck" substituted from the word "hell"). He appeared once more in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, this time being joined by his sidekick Diddy Kong and three stages – "Jungle Japes" from Melee, "Rumble Falls" from Donkey Kong Jungle Beat, and "75m" from the original Donkey Kong game from 1981. Both Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong returned to the series in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, with Donkey Kong being among the first wave of amiibo released for the games. Jungle Japes from Melee returns in the 3DS version, and both Kongo Jungle from the original Super Smash Bros. and 75m from Brawl return in the Wii U version, along with a new stage called Jungle Hijinxs from Donkey Kong Country Returns. Along with Bowser, he is also a playable guest character in the Nintendo versions of Skylanders: SuperChargers. Super Mario Maker features Donkey Kong as a Mystery Mushroom costume. Donkey Kong appears as one of the playable characters in the downloadable campaign, Donkey Kong Adventure, for Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle.
The character has also made more incidental appearances. Two minor enemies in Super Mario RPG bear a striking resemblance to Donkey Kong. One of the enemies, named "Guerrilla", says "Don't confuse me with someone else", referring to DK. Both Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. appear as minor antagonists in the Super Mario Bros.-based adventure book Doors to Doom. Donkey Kong was also featured on the Game & Watch Gallery handheld series and Tetris DS. In Yoshi's Island DS, Donkey Kong appears as "Baby DK", a younger version of himself, similar to Baby Mario. First appearing in World 2–1, most of his gameplay reflects Donkey Kong Jr., even featuring the Snapjaw enemies from the game. He has been seen in the audience of some games in the Punch-Out!! series. He also serves as the hidden opponent in 2009's Punch-Out!! on the Wii. During Rare's time, references were seen throughout Rare's games. In Banjo-Tooie, Bottle's daughter, Goggles, is seen holding a Donkey Kong plush doll. Also in the worker's quarters in Grunty's Industries, the DK logo is seen on the fridge.
Outside of video games, Donkey Kong has made several appearances in animation. The 1983 animated anthology series Saturday Supercade featured cartoon segments based on the original Donkey Kong arcade game. In the segments, Donkey Kong, voiced by Soupy Sales, was an escaped circus gorilla on the run from Mario and Pauline, who seek to recapture him. A second series of segments based on Donkey Kong Jr. focused on the title character, voiced by Frank Welker, who sought to find his missing father after his escape from the circus. Donkey Kong later appeared as a recurring antagonist in the 1989 animated series Captain N: The Game Master, voiced by Garry Chalk. He is depicted as the territorial and easily angered ruler of Kongoland, and must be fed to be appeased. Donkey Kong was also the main character of the 1996 Donkey Kong Country animated series, in which Donkey Kong fought to protect Kongo Bongo Island and the mystical Crystal Coconut from King K. Rool and his Kremling henchmen. Donkey Kong was voiced by Richard Yearwood, with his singing voice performed by Sterling Jarvis. Donkey Kong is subtly alluded to in the 1993 film Super Mario Bros. when the character of Anthony Scapelli, portrayed by Gianni Russo, is inadvertently devolved into a chimpanzee by King Koopa. Donkey Kong was voiced by Seth Rogen in the 2023 film by Illumination Entertainment, in addition to having been given a subtle redesign composed of elements from his contemporary and original arcade appearances. In November 2021, reports surfaced that Illumination had begun development on a Donkey Kong spin-off film, with Rogen set to reprise his role. In response to backlash for voicing Donkey Kong in his normal speaking voice, Rogen explained: "I was very clear that I don't do voices. If you want me to be in this movie, then it's going to sound like me and that's it. That was the beginning and end of that conversation. I think in the film and in the game, all you seem to know about Donkey Kong is that he throws barrels and does not like Mario very much. And that's what I ran with".
Reception and legacy
Donkey Kong has been described as one of the most iconic mascots for Nintendo. In their 250th issue in January 2010, Nintendo Power ranked him as their eighth-favorite Nintendo hero, stating that while he is a somewhat goofy hero, he is decently good overall and an entertaining one. They also ranked him as their eighth-favorite Nintendo villain, joking that one should avoid him if he is not wearing a tie. IGN criticized his tie, stating that "DK needs a fashion makeover". They said that while he "used to be a working icon", "his status is starting to show signs of rust". 1UP.com listed him as the most "Gracelessly Aging Character", citing the fact that the original Donkey Kong from the arcade game eventually became Cranky Kong. IGN ranked him 5th in their "Top 100 Videogames Villains" list for his earlier appearances. UGO.com listed Donkey Kong seventh on their list of "The 25 Awesomest Hidden Characters" for his cameo appearance in Punch-Out!!. Empire also included him on their list of the 50 greatest video game characters, adding that he is "the worst named character in the history of gaming". The 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition lists Donkey Kong as the 33rd-most popular video game character. In 2012, GamesRadar ranked him as the 25th-best hero in video games. Jeremy Parish of Polygon ranked 73 fighters from Super Smash Bros. Ultimate "from garbage to glorious", listing Donkey Kong as 22nd, stating that "we'd love to play as Donkey Kong. This guy, though? He's just the latter-day imposter version from Donkey Kong Country — the original DK's son". Gavin Jasper of Den of Geek ranked Donkey Kong in 13th place of Super Smash Bros. Ultimate characters, stating that "DK is a blast to play as, especially when unleashing his ground-slap move in a match against seven opponents and everyone's bouncing around like ping-pong balls. His wind-up punch is perfect, too". HobbyConsolas also included Donkey Kong on their "The 30 best heroes of the last 30 years". According to Matt Reeves, the treacherous Koba-loyal apes in service of the Colonel in his 2017 film War for the Planet of the Apes are nicknamed "donkeys" in a reference both to Donkey Kong, and how they are used as "pack mules".
See also
List of Donkey Kong video games
List of fictional primates
References
External links
Donkey Kong – Play Nintendo
DK Vine
Donkey Kong Wiki
Animal characters in video games
Anthropomorphic video game characters
Donkey Kong characters
Fictional gorillas
Fictional boxers
Male characters in video games
Mario (franchise) characters
Mario (franchise) enemies
Nintendo protagonists
Punch-Out!! characters
Rare (company) characters
Super Smash Bros. fighters
Video game bosses
Video game characters introduced in 1981
Video game characters with superhuman strength
Video game mascots
Male characters in animated films
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96
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Ханцкі
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Ханцкі — село в Грузії.
За даними перепису населення 2014 року в селі проживає 443 особи.
Примітки
Села Грузії
Населені пункти Самегрело-Земо-Сванеті
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4478920
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%84%3A%20%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%84
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Сізіф: Міф
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Сізіф: Міф — південнокорейський науково-фантастичний телесеріал, що розповідає історію про геніального інженера Хан Тхе Суля, який вирушає на пошуки правди, що прихована від звичайних людей, та Кан Со Хе, що прибула з майбутнього, щоб врятувати Тхе Суля від небезпеки. Серіал транслювався на телеканалі JTBC щосереди і щочетверга з 17 лютого по . У головних ролях Чо Син У, Пак Сін Хє та Кім Пьон Чхоль.
Сюжет
Сучасність. Хан Тхе Суль працює CEO в компанії «Quantum and Time». Він свого часу поставив роботу вище за сім'ю, через що втрата свого брата, Хан Тхе Сана, і після втрати в нього з'явилися хворобливі галюцинації. Однак, після того, як Тхе Суль запобігає авіакатастрофи, він випадково дізнається, що причиною катастрофи стала не пташка, а справжній чемодан якоїсь людини.
Майбутнє. Кан Со Хе живе у Кореї, що була зруйнована ядерної війною. Вона свого часу знайшла щоденник, в якому зазначено, що потрібно врятувати життя Хан Тхе Сулю, щоб зупинити ядерні обстріли Південної Кореї. Со Хе, використовуючи «Вивантажувач» вирушає зі свого часу в теперішній час, щоб врятувати Тхе Суля.
Сучасність. Тхе Суль під час пошуку чемодану, який пошкодив літак, дізнається про таємничих осіб, яких кличуть «нелегальні іммігранти», та про можливість, що його брат живий. Об'єднуючи свої зусилля з Со Хе, Тхе Суль прагне розкрити таємницю, яка пов'язана з «нелегальними іммігрантами» та врятувати свого брата.
Акторський склад
Головні ролі
Чо Син У як Хан Тхе Суль
Чон Хьон Джун як Хан Тхе Суль у дитинстві
Пак Сін Хє як Кан Со Хе
Со І Су як Кан Со Хе у дитинстві
Кім Пьон Чхоль як Сігма/Со Кіль Бок
Лі Чу Вон як Со Кіль Бок у дитинстві
Другорядні ролі
Люди навколо Тхе Суль
Хо Чун Сок як Хан Тхе Сан
Тхе Ін Хо як Едді Кім/Кім Син Бок
Чон Кук Хван як Кім Хан Йон
Чон Хє Ін як Кім Со Джін/Кім Агнеса
Тхе Вон Сок як Йо Пон Сон
Люди навкало Со Хе
Кім Чон Тхе як Кан Тон Ґі
Лі Йон Су як Лі Ин Хї
Чхе Чон Хьоп як «Sun»/Чхве Че Сон
Офіс контролю
Чхве Чон У як Хван Хьон Син
Ко Юн як Чон Хьон Ґі
Ян Чун Мо як Чхве Йон Сік
Asia Mart
Сон Тон Іль як Пак Са Джан/Пак Хьон До
Лі Сі У як Бін Бін
Лі Мьон Ро як Ом Сон Дже
Чон Ха Джун як Ом Сон Хо
Оригінальні звукові доріжки
Повний альбом
Альбом частинами
Рейтинги
Найнижчі рейтинги позначені синім кольором, а найвищі — червоним кольором.
Примітки
Телесеріали Південної Кореї 2021
Телесеріали Південної Кореї, завершені у 2021
Науково-фантастичні телесеріали Південної Кореї
Телесеріали-трилери Південної Кореї
Програми телеканалу JTBC
Корейськомовні програми Netflix з виключним правом на міжнародну дистрибуцію
Телесеріали SLL
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11887250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20magnetic%20field
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Stellar magnetic field
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Stellar magnetic field
A stellar magnetic field is a magnetic field generated by the motion of conductive plasma inside a star. This motion is created through convection, which is a form of energy transport involving the physical movement of material. A localized magnetic field exerts a force on the plasma, effectively increasing the pressure without a comparable gain in density. As a result, the magnetized region rises relative to the remainder of the plasma, until it reaches the star's photosphere. This creates starspots on the surface, and the related phenomenon of coronal loops.
Measurement
The magnetic field of a star can be measured by means of the Zeeman effect. Normally the atoms in a star's atmosphere will absorb certain frequencies of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum, producing characteristic dark absorption lines in the spectrum. When the atoms are within a magnetic field, however, these lines become split into multiple, closely spaced lines. The energy also becomes polarized with an orientation that depends on orientation of the magnetic field. Thus the strength and direction of the star's magnetic field can be determined by examination of the Zeeman effect lines.
A stellar spectropolarimeter is used to measure the magnetic field of a star. This instrument consists of a spectrograph combined with a polarimeter. The first instrument to be dedicated to the study of stellar magnetic fields was NARVAL, which was mounted on the Bernard Lyot Telescope at the Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the French Pyrenees mountains.
Various measurements—including magnetometer measurements over the last 150 years; 14C in tree rings; and 10Be in ice cores—have established substantial magnetic variability of the Sun on decadal, centennial and millennial time scales.
Field generation
Stellar magnetic fields, according to solar dynamo theory, are caused within the convective zone of the star. The convective circulation of the conducting plasma functions like a dynamo. This activity destroys the star's primordial magnetic field, then generates a dipolar magnetic field. As the star undergoes differential rotation—rotating at different rates for various latitudes—the magnetism is wound into a toroidal field of "flux ropes" that become wrapped around the star. The fields can become highly concentrated, producing activity when they emerge on the surface.
The magnetic field of a rotating body of conductive gas or liquid develops self-amplifying electric currents, and thus a self-generated magnetic field, due to a combination of differential rotation (different angular velocity of different parts of body), Coriolis forces and induction. The distribution of currents can be quite complicated, with numerous open and closed loops, and thus the magnetic field of these currents in their immediate vicinity is also quite twisted. At large distances, however, the magnetic fields of currents flowing in opposite directions cancel out and only a net dipole field survives, slowly diminishing with distance. Because the major currents flow in the direction of conductive mass motion (equatorial currents), the major component of the generated magnetic field is the dipole field of the equatorial current loop, thus producing magnetic poles near the geographic poles of a rotating body.
The magnetic fields of all celestial bodies are often aligned with the direction of rotation, with notable exceptions such as certain pulsars.
Periodic field reversal
Another feature of this dynamo model is that the currents are AC rather than DC. Their direction, and thus the direction of the magnetic field they generate, alternates more or less periodically, changing amplitude and reversing direction, although still more or less aligned with the axis of rotation.
The Sun's major component of magnetic field reverses direction every 11 years (so the period is about 22 years), resulting in a diminished magnitude of magnetic field near reversal time. During this dormancy, the sunspots activity is at maximum (because of the lack of magnetic braking on plasma) and, as a result, massive ejection of high energy plasma into the solar corona and interplanetary space takes place. Collisions of neighboring sunspots with oppositely directed magnetic fields result in the generation of strong electric fields near rapidly disappearing magnetic field regions. This electric field accelerates electrons and protons to high energies (kiloelectronvolts) which results in jets of extremely hot plasma leaving the Sun's surface and heating coronal plasma to high temperatures (millions of kelvin).
If the gas or liquid is very viscous (resulting in turbulent differential motion), the reversal of the magnetic field may not be very periodic. This is the case with the Earth's magnetic field, which is generated by turbulent currents in a viscous outer core.
Surface activity
Starspots are regions of intense magnetic activity on the surface of a star. (On the Sun they are termed sunspots.) These form a visible component of magnetic flux tubes that are formed within a star's convection zone. Due to the differential rotation of the star, the tube becomes curled up and stretched, inhibiting convection and producing zones of lower than normal temperature. Coronal loops often form above starspots, forming from magnetic field lines that stretch out into the stellar corona. These in turn serve to heat the corona to temperatures over a million kelvins.
The magnetic fields linked to starspots and coronal loops are linked to flare activity, and the associated coronal mass ejection. The plasma is heated to tens of millions of kelvins, and the particles are accelerated away from the star's surface at extreme velocities.
Surface activity appears to be related to the age and rotation rate of main-sequence stars. Young stars with a rapid rate of rotation exhibit strong activity. By contrast middle-aged, Sun-like stars with a slow rate of rotation show low levels of activity that varies in cycles. Some older stars display almost no activity, which may mean they have entered a lull that is comparable to the Sun's Maunder minimum. Measurements of the time variation in stellar activity can be useful for determining the differential rotation rates of a star.
Magnetosphere
A star with a magnetic field will generate a magnetosphere that extends outward into the surrounding space. Field lines from this field originate at one magnetic pole on the star then end at the other pole, forming a closed loop. The magnetosphere contains charged particles that are trapped from the stellar wind, which then move along these field lines. As the star rotates, the magnetosphere rotates with it, dragging along the charged particles.
As stars emit matter with a stellar wind from the photosphere, the magnetosphere creates a torque on the ejected matter. This results in a transfer of angular momentum from the star to the surrounding space, causing a slowing of the stellar rotation rate. Rapidly rotating stars have a higher mass loss rate, resulting in a faster loss of momentum. As the rotation rate slows, so too does the angular deceleration. By this means, a star will gradually approach, but never quite reach, the state of zero rotation.
Magnetic stars
A T Tauri star is a type of pre-main-sequence star that is being heated through gravitational contraction and has not yet begun to burn hydrogen at its core. They are variable stars that are magnetically active. The magnetic field of these stars is thought to interact with its strong stellar wind, transferring angular momentum to the surrounding protoplanetary disk. This allows the star to brake its rotation rate as it collapses.
Small, M-class stars (with 0.1–0.6 solar masses) that exhibit rapid, irregular variability are known as flare stars. These fluctuations are hypothesized to be caused by flares, although the activity is much stronger relative to the size of the star. The flares on this class of stars can extend up to 20% of the circumference, and radiate much of their energy in the blue and ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.
Straddling the boundary between stars that undergo nuclear fusion in their cores and non-hydrogen fusing brown dwarfs are the ultracool dwarfs. These objects can emit radio waves due to their strong magnetic fields. Approximately 5–10% of these objects have had their magnetic fields measured. The coolest of these, 2MASS J10475385+2124234 with a temperature of 800-900 K, retains a magnetic field stronger than 1.7 kG, making it some 3000 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. Radio observations also suggest that their magnetic fields periodically change their orientation, similar to the Sun during the solar cycle.
Planetary nebulae are created when a red giant star ejects its outer envelope, forming an expanding shell of gas. However it remains a mystery why these shells are not always spherically symmetrical. 80% of planetary nebulae do not have a spherical shape; instead forming bipolar or elliptical nebulae. One hypothesis for the formation of a non-spherical shape is the effect of the star's magnetic field. Instead of expanding evenly in all directions, the ejected plasma tends to leave by way of the magnetic poles. Observations of the central stars in at least four planetary nebulae have confirmed that they do indeed possess powerful magnetic fields.
After some massive stars have ceased thermonuclear fusion, a portion of their mass collapses into a compact body of neutrons called a neutron star. These bodies retain a significant magnetic field from the original star, but the collapse in size causes the strength of this field to increase dramatically. The rapid rotation of these collapsed neutron stars results in a pulsar, which emits a narrow beam of energy that can periodically point toward an observer.
Compact and fast-rotating astronomical objects (white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes) have extremely strong magnetic fields. The magnetic field of a newly born fast-spinning neutron star is so strong (up to 108 teslas) that it electromagnetically radiates enough energy to quickly (in a matter of few million years) damp down the star rotation by 100 to 1000 times. Matter falling on a neutron star also has to follow the magnetic field lines, resulting in two hot spots on the surface where it can reach and collide with the star's surface. These spots are literally a few feet (about a metre) across but tremendously bright. Their periodic eclipsing during star rotation is hypothesized to be the source of pulsating radiation (see pulsars).
An extreme form of a magnetized neutron star is the magnetar. These are formed as the result of a core-collapse supernova. The existence of such stars was confirmed in 1998 with the measurement of the star SGR 1806-20. The magnetic field of this star has increased the surface temperature to 18 million K and it releases enormous amounts of energy in gamma ray bursts.
Jets of relativistic plasma are often observed along the direction of the magnetic poles of active black holes in the centers of very young galaxies.
Star-planet interaction controversy
In 2008, a team of astronomers first described how as the exoplanet orbiting HD 189733 A reaches a certain place in its orbit, it causes increased stellar flaring. In 2010, a different team found that every time they observe the exoplanet at a certain position in its orbit, they also detected X-ray flares. Theoretical research since 2000 suggested that an exoplanet very near to the star that it orbits may cause increased flaring due to the interaction of their magnetic fields, or because of tidal forces. In 2019, astronomers combined data from Arecibo Observatory, MOST, and the Automated Photoelectric Telescope, in addition to historical observations of the star at radio, optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray wavelengths to examine these claims. Their analysis found that the previous claims were exaggerated and the host star failed to display many of the brightness and spectral characteristics associated with stellar flaring and solar active regions, including sunspots. They also found that the claims did not stand up to statistical analysis, given that many stellar flares are seen regardless of the position of the exoplanet, therefore debunking the earlier claims. The magnetic fields of the host star and exoplanet do not interact, and this system is no longer believed to have a "star-planet interaction."
See also
References
External links
Magnetic field
Magnetism in astronomy
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1494987
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%96%20%28%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29
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Наркевичі (станція)
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Наркевичі (станція)
Наркевичі — проміжна залізнична станція Жмеринської дирекції Південно-Західної залізниці на лінії Гречани — Волочиськ між станцією Чорний Острів та зупинним пунктом Баглаї. Розташована неподалік від смт Наркевичі та села Юхимівці Хмельницької області.
Історія
Станцію відкрито 1912 року, через 40 років після будівництва дільниці Тернопіль — Жмеринка. Її виникнення пов'язано з цікавою історією: поміщик Йотко Наркевич після навчання у Петрограді поїхав у Нью-Йорк, де виграв конкурс на проєкт мосту через річку Гудзон і став багатою людиною. Повернувшись на батьківщину, він звернув увагу, що від його дому до найближчої станції дуже далеко, тому він за власний кошт побудував неподалік залізничну станцію поблизу сіл Юхимівці, Сергіївка, Велика Бубнівка, землями яких володів(з дозволу влади Петрограду), яку назвали його ім'ям. Його палац знаходився у селі Великій Бубнівці і був спалений під час революційних бунтів 1917—1918 років.
Під час Другої світової війни станція була повністю зруйнована. Її відновлення й активний розвиток почались у 1950-х роках поруч зі станцією побудували цукровий завод і селище, які отримали назви — Наркевицький цукровий завод, а призаводське селище — Наркевичі. Впродовж 1955—1985 років цукровий завод випустив стільки продукції, що вантажний потяг був би завдовжки від Наркевичів до Фастова.
У 1950-х роках також був побудований новий вокзал: це невелика одноповерхова будівля у вигляді букви «Н», яка прикрашена пілястрами. Вокзал зведений за типовим проєктомна той час, коли мало замислювались про архітектуру, будівля насамперед мала бути функціональною.
1998 року станція електрифікована змінним струмом (~ 25кВ) в складі дільниці Тернопіль — Гречани.
Пасажирське сполучення
На станції зупиняються приміські електропоїзди до станцій Волочиськ, Підволочиськ та Хмельницький.
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
Розклад руху приміських електропоїздів по станції Наркевичі
Станція Наркевичі на сайті tokatema
Засновані в Україні 1908
Залізничні станції Хмельницької області
Транспорт Волочиського району
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2531098
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/POM121C
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POM121C
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POM121C – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на 7-й хромосомі. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 1 229 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 125 059.
Кодований геном білок за функцією належить до фосфопротеїнів.
Задіяний у таких біологічних процесах, як транспорт, транспорт білків, транспорт мРНК, транслокація, альтернативний сплайсинг.
Локалізований у ядрі, мембрані, ендоплазматичному ретикулумі, комплексі ядерної пори.
Література
Примітки
Див. також
Хромосома 7
Некатегоризовані білки
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135588
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Lavaca%2C%20Texas
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Port Lavaca, Texas
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Port Lavaca, Texas
Port Lavaca is a city in Calhoun County, located in the U.S. state of Texas. The population was 12,248 at the 2010 census and 11,557 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Calhoun County and part of the Port Lavaca, Texas micropolitan statistical area. Port Lavaca is southwest of Houston.
History
Port Lavaca was originally known as Lavaca. The town would quickly grow as a result of the Linnville Raid of 1840. This raid saw the town of Linville decimated by the Comanche tribe, and caused former residents of the town to settle in what is now Port Lavaca. Thomas McConnell would purchase a section of land from Isidro Benavides, and establish the town using this land
Geography
Port Lavaca is located in northern Calhoun County on the west side of Lavaca Bay, an arm of Matagorda Bay. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 28.04%, is water.
Climate
Port Lavaca holds the state record of the highest wind speed ever reached. During Hurricane Carla in September 1961, the winds were recorded to gust up to .
In 2004, Port Lavaca, including the South Texas Area, recorded up to of snowfall.
During Hurricane Harvey in August 2017, Port Lavaca was the location of the peak of the storm surge, which was measured at .
Port Lavaca also suffered damage in hurricanes in 1942 and 1945.
Tropical Storm Beta also made landfall on Port Lavaca on late September 2020, causing flooding.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 11,557 people, 4,334 households, and 2,914 families residing in the city.
2000 Census data
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,035 people, 4,189 households, and 3,133 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 4,791 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 71.95% White, 4.05% African American, 0.47% Native American, 3.96% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 16.92% from other races, and 2.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 50.11% of the population.
There were 4,189 households, out of which 39.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 100.0% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.31.
In the city, the population was 30.3% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,626, and the median income for a family was $38,250. Males had a median income of $35,526 versus $18,427 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,431. About 16.8% of families and 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under age 18 and 14.7% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
An important economic hub is the Port of Port Lavaca. The city is centrally located between several large manufacturing facilities including Alcoa, Formosa Plastics, and DuPont, where many Port Lavaca residents work. Fishing is an important part of the local economy, particularly shrimp and oysters. Tourism makes up a small portion of the Port Lavaca economy as well. "Winter Texans" from colder states and Canada stay in the city's many RV and camping parks between October and April.
Parks and recreation
Locally caught seafood can be found in some of the city's restaurants.
In 2006, two new fishing piers with lighting for night fishermen were constructed in Port Lavaca and one at the 6 Mile Park. This pier is located at the eastern end of Main Street in the vicinity of the Nautical Landings Marina. The second pier, Lighthouse Pier, is located on Hwy 35 at Lavaca Bay. The 6 Mile pier (and boat ramp) is located northwest on FM 1090 about from the intersection of Hwy 35 and FM 1090 (Virginia Street). Common game fish caught in the area include redfish, speckled trout, flounder, and drum.
Lighthouse Beach at the intersection of Hwy 35 and Lavaca Bay has covered picnic tables, swimming, and a birdwatching trail.
Education
Port Lavaca is served by the Calhoun County Independent School District. Port Lavaca is served by two Pre-Kindergarten through 5th grade and excellent special needs elementary programs: H.J.M Elementary School and Jackson/Roosevelt Elementary School. All residents are zoned to Travis Middle School (grades 6 through 8) and Calhoun High School (9 through 12). Hope High School is another high school, mainly for students with troubled pasts or behavioural issues. Our Lady of the Gulf Catholic school, Pre-K through grade 8, has also served the county since 1996.
Victoria College has an extension campus at the former Harrison Elementary School campus. Most of the courses offered there are through distance learning and "ITV" television learning from the VC main campus.
Infrastructure
Healthcare
Memorial Medical Center, which is located in the city of Port Lavaca is a small hospital that serves the city, and county as well.
Transportation
Calhoun County Airport, a general aviation airport, is located in unincorporated Calhoun County northwest of Port Lavaca.
U.S. 87 (Main Street) comes into Port Lavaca from the northwest as a four-lane divided highway, and then narrows down as it runs through Port Lavaca's historic downtown. Via US 87 it is to Victoria. Texas State Highway 35 is the other major road through Port Lavaca, running generally northeast–southwest through the city. To the northeast it crosses Lavaca Bay via the Port Lavaca Causeway and leads to Palacios, while to the southwest it leads to Corpus Christi.
Notable people
Hope Dworaczyk (born 1984), Playboy magazine's 2010 Playmate of the Year
Nelva Gonzales Ramos (born 1965), former Texas State District Court judge, currently serving on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas
Steven Saylor (born 1956), writer of historical novels
Brucene Smith, Miss World USA 1971, Miss USA International 1974, Miss International 1974
References
External links
City of Port Lavaca official website
Port Lavaca Chamber of Commerce
Handbook of Texas Online article
Cities in Calhoun County, Texas
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Victoria, Texas metropolitan area
Populated coastal places in Texas
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18896212
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9anne%20Morin
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Andréanne Morin
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Andréanne Morin (born August 9, 1981) is a Canadian rower and Olympian.
Career
Morin was an integral part of Canada's women's eights rowing team. She won medals at three world championships, a bronze medal at the 2003 World Rowing Championships and silver at the 2010 World Rowing Championships and 2011 World Rowing Championships. She was the NCAA champion in rowing 2006.
Morin was a three time Olympian finishing seventh in the 2004 Summer Olympics and in fourth place at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China. At the 2012 Summer Olympics she was part the Canadian women's eight that won the silver medal.
Other work
Morin was a member of the Athlete Committee at the World Anti Doping Agency.
Education
She attended The Study, graduating in grade 11 in 1998, and later attended Phillips Exeter Academy, graduating in 2000, followed by a bachelor's degree in political science at Princeton University in 2006. She also later studied law at Université de Montréal.
Honours
In 2012 Morin was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.
In 2019, an eponymous shell in her name, the A. Morin 2000, was christened and added to the Phillips Exeter Academy boathouse.
See also
Princeton University Olympians
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Olympic rowers for Canada
Sportspeople from Quebec City
Princeton Tigers women's rowers
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in rowing
Canadian female rowers
World Anti-Doping Agency members
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for Canada
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
21st-century Canadian sportswomen
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34216677
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Shirshov
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Aleksandr Shirshov
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Aleksandr Shirshov (born 25 August 1972) is a Russian former sabre fencer. He was born in Moscow, and was a member of CSKA Moscow. He won a gold medal in the team sabre event at the 1992 Summer Olympics as part of the Unified Team, and came in 13th in the individual sabre. He is now a fencing coach. 2013 world team champion Kamil Ibragimov and four-time junior world champion Konstantin Lokhanov have been his pupils. He is married to two-time Olympic team épée champion Oksana Yermakova.
References
External links
Alexander Shirshov at the Russian Fencing Federation (in English)
1972 births
Living people
Russian male fencers
Olympic fencers for the Unified Team
Fencers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Unified Team
Olympic medalists in fencing
Martial artists from Moscow
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
20th-century Russian people
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239550
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5
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Єгорове
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Єгорове — селище в Україні, в Керченському районі Автономної Республіки Крим.
Відстань від райцентру становить 3 кілометрів по прямій.
Примітки
Селища Автономної Республіки Крим
Населені пункти Керченського району
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61291213
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymurzino
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Taymurzino
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Taymurzino (Taymırźa) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Taymurzinsky Selsoviet, Dyurtyulinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 661 as of 2010. There are nine streets.
Geography
Taymurzino is located 17 km southwest of Dyurtyuli (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sultanbekovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Dyurtyulinsky District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezia%20Province
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Zambezia Province
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Zambezia Province
Zambezia is the second most-populous province of Mozambique, located in the central coastal region south-west of Nampula Province and north-east of Sofala Province. It has a population of 5.11 million, according to the 2017 census. The provincial capital is Quelimane.
Zambezia has a total area of 103,478 km2. The 2,574 kilometre Zambezi River runs through Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique before emptying into the Indian Ocean off the coast of Zambezia. Mangroves are predominant along the coast and five of the 10 islands archipelago are offshore of the region. Considerable forests can be found inland, with a scattering of estuaries and rivers.
Zambezia's islands lie in the Primeiras e Segundas Environmental Protection Area. This string of islands is split into the Primeiras Islands and Segundas Islands (First Islands and Second Islands in Portuguese) and are largely uninhabited, aside from providing a stop-off for local artisanal fishers. At present, only Ilha do Fogo, one of the Primeiras Islands, has infrastructure. It runs solely on clean energy, using solar power, and offers ecotourism retreats.
Agricultural products include rice, maize, cassava, cashews, sugarcane, soybeans, coconuts, citrus, cotton, and tea. The country's largest tea estates are at Gurúè, while Lioma is a centre of soybean production. Fishing is especially productive of shrimp, and gemstones are mined at several sites.
Vasco da Gama landed at the site of Quelimane in 1498. Shortly after, the Portuguese established a permanent presence, and many moved up the Zambezi into the interior, for many years the farthest inland European presence (although over time there was much intermarrying, and few residents were of purely Portuguese descent).
Districts
Zambezia Province is divided into the 16 districts of:
Alto Molocue District - with an area of 6,386 km2 and 278,064 people,
Chinde District - with an area of 4,403 km2 and 121,173 people,
Gilé District - with an area of 8,875 km2 and 168,962 people,
Gurué District - with an area of 5,606 km2 and 302,948 people,
Ile District - with an area of 5,589 km2 and 292,504 people,
Inhassunge District - with an area of 745 km2 and 91,989 people,
Lugela District - with an area of 6,178 km2 and 137,040 people,
Maganja da Costa District - with an area of 7,597 km2 and 282,173 people,
Milange District - with an area of 9,794 km2 and 515,029 people,
Mocuba District - with an area of 8,867 km2 and 306,543 people,
Mopeia District - with an area of 7,614 km2 and 115,614 people,
Morrumbala District - with an area of 12,972 km2 and 361,896 people,
Namacurra District - with an area of 1,798 km2 and 179,133 people,
Namarroi District - with an area of 3,019 km2 and 127,651 people,
Nicoadala District - with an area of 3,582 km2 and 232,929 people, and
Pebane District - with an area of 9,985 km2 and 186,330 people.
In addition, there is one municipality - the city of
Quelimane - with an area of 117 km2 and 192,876 population.
The above district populations are from the provisional results of the September 2007 Census.
Demographics
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of Zambezia
References
Bibliography
External links
http://www.mozambique.mz/provinc/zambezia/eindex.htm
Province of Zambezia official site
Zambezia Online
Provinces of Mozambique
Former Portuguese colonies
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70526422
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Paths
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Six Paths
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Six Paths
The Six Paths in Buddhist cosmology are the six worlds where sentient beings are reincarnated based on their karma, which is linked to their actions in previous lives. These paths are depicted in the Bhavacakra ("wheel of existence"). The six paths are:
the world of gods or celestial beings (deva) ;
the world of warlike demigods (asura) ;
the world of human beings (manushya) ;
the world of animals (tiryagyoni) ;
the world of hungry ghosts (preta) ;
the world of Hell (naraka).
The first three paths are known as "the three benevolent destinies" (kuśalagati), where beings experience varying degrees of virtue, pleasure, and pain. The last three paths are referred to as the three unbenevolent destinies (akuśalagati), where beings lack virtue and suffer predominantly. Typically, we as human beings only perceive the animals around us. The first Buddhist texts mention only five paths without distinguishing between the paths of deva and asura. Moreover not all texts acknowledge the world of asura. In Japan, the monk Genshin even inexplicably places the path of humans below that of the asuras.
The elements forming karma are constituted in bodily, oral or mental volitional acts. The chain of transmigration due to the Three Poisons (hatred, greed, ignorance), of which ignorance (avidyā) of the ultimate truth (Sanskrit: paramārtha; Chinese: zhēndì 真谛) or the true law (Sanskrit: saddharma, सद्धर्म, correct law; Chinese: miàofǎ, 妙法, marvelous law) is generally presented as the source of reincarnation in the three non-benevolent destinies.
Early Buddhist descriptions devided the psychocosmic universe into three "worlds": the kāma-loka ("world of desire"), rūpa-loka ("world of form") and arūpa-loka (""world of non-form"). The kāma-loka dealt with the daily psychological possibilities of humans and was devided into five above mentioned worlds with the exception of the asura realm.
Early texts are not explicit about how these realms are to be interpreted, however, they can be seen as states of consciousness. The realm of deva symbolising the purer and spiritual stages of consciousness, humans relating to the abilities of reason and logic, animals and hunger ghosts especially can be seen as an image of instinct and Naraka would represent the accumulated dukkha from past actions. Humans can therefore easily move through different stages throughout their lifes.
While it might be tempting to aspire a rebirth within the world of gods or celestial beings, the deva are so full of joy in this realm that are unable to understand the teaching about the permanent dukkha in samsara. Furthermore, even a deva having consumed all the good karma within the pleasurable existence in this realm, can be reborn in Naraka.
Interpretation
The Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra ("Sutra of the Remembrance of the True Law") interprets the different realms, stating that the deva world is a human ideal of pleasure based upon ignorance which is transitory and decays. This causes the deva eventual suffering. Being situated in the human world exposes one to disease, impurities, exposure to impermanence and a non-self (anātman). The animal realm is a place for those who have tormented animals and will receive the same treatment. The asura are in this realm as well and wage war against the deva. The preta realm is created by greed and ignorance of humans. It is the place for those who have refused offerings and are controlled by avarice.
The hells (naraka) represent the dark labyrinths of the mind entrenched by ignorance and self-deceit. The grotesque hell imagery is used in order to iniate the individual on the path of enlightenment and to identify within the hell of their own mind the faceless past existences that are in constant suffering.
See also
Naraka (Buddhism)
Bhavacakra
References
Sanskrit words and phrases
Buddhist terminology
Pages with unreviewed translations
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81
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Густав Ернесакс
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Густав Ернесакс (12 листопада 1908 Пенінгі, Гар'юмаа — 24 січня 1993, Таллінн) — естонський композитор, хоровий диригент. Відіграв виняткову роль у здійсненні Співочої революції в Естонії (1990). Пік творчості припав на 40-80-ті роки XX століття.
Творчість
Основу творчості Ернесакса складають хорові пісні. Твір «Моя Вітчизна, моя любов» (Mu isamaa on minu arm) на слова Лідії Койдули став символом національного спротиву в роки окупації військами СРСР. Естонці вважають Ернесакса ідеологом всенародних Співочих свят. За іронією долі, саме він є автором музики Гімну Естонської РСР, який виконувався в країні з 1945 по 1990 рік.
«Грандіозні за своїми масштабами Співочі свята відомі далеко за межами країни (Естонії). Серед тих, хто зробив значний внесок у розвиток хорового співу — народний просвітитель I. Янсен, „батько естонської духової музики“ Д. О. Віркхауз, диригенти I. Каппель, Т. Веттик, Г. Ернесакс», — повідомляє сайт Національної парламентської бібліотеки України.
Окупаційний режим наділив маестро званням Народний артист СРСР 1956 року.
Останній виданий CD-диск із творами композитора — Mu isamaa on minu arm. Eesti Rahvusmeeskoor, 2008 рік.
Зв'язки з Україною
1958 року Ернесакс відвідав місто Красноград Харківської області. Під його керівництвом тут виступав Державний академічний чоловічий хор Естонії.
Твір Е. «Гойдалка», поруч з композиціями Сібеліуса та Людіга, входить до репертуару львівського хору хлопчиків «Дударик». Очевидно, це результат участи хору в трьох фестивалях у Естонії.
Естонський чоловічий хор, створений Густавом Ернесаксом, порівнюють з Державною академічною чоловічою хоровою капелою України ім. Л. Ревуцького.
Примітки
Джерела
CD-диск Ґустава Ернесакса, 2008
Персоналії за алфавітом
Естонські композитори
Народні артисти Естонської РСР
Автори національних гімнів
Хорові диригенти
Депутати Верховної Ради Естонської РСР 4-го скликання
Депутати Верховної Ради Естонської РСР 5-го скликання
Депутати Верховної Ради Естонської РСР 6-го скликання
Депутати Верховної Ради Естонської РСР 7-го скликання
Композитори академічної музики XX століття
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4311602
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0
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Абра-Пампа
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Абра-Пампа — гірське селище в аргентинських Андах (плато Альтіплано). Адміністративний центр департаменту у провінції Жужуй.
Клімат
Містечко знаходиться у зоні, котра характеризується океанічним кліматом субтропічних нагір'їв. Найтепліший місяць — січень із середньою температурою 13 °C (55.4 °F). Найхолодніший місяць — липень, із середньою температурою 3.5 °С (38.3 °F).
Див. також
Список найвищих міст світу
Примітки
Містечка Аргентини
Жужуй (провінція)
Адміністративні центри департаментів та округів Аргентини
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4439075
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Експансія (значення)
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Експансія (значення)
Терміни
Експансія — філософський та соціальний термін, що має значення «розширення», «розповсюдження».
Експансія — гіпероператор у математиці.
Економічна експансія — урядова політика у сфері бюджету та оподаткування, що передбачає збільшення державних видатків.
Медіа та розваги
«Експансія» (1984—1990) — серія з трьох романів російського письменника Юліана Семенова про радянського розвідника Штірліца.
Франшиза «Експансії»
«Експансія» (2011—2022) — серія науково-фантастичних літературних романів Джеймса С. А. Корі, що є творчим псевдонімом двох авторів: Деніела Ебрахема і Тая Френка.
«Експансія» (2015—2022) — американський телесеріал у жанрі космічної науково-військової фантастики, заснований на однойменній серії романів Джеймса Корі.
«The Expanse: A Telltale Series» (2023) — відеоігра-приквел до телесеріалу «Експансія»
Примітки
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1888712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannis%20Baratheon
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Stannis Baratheon
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Stannis Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. He is the second son of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont, as well as the brother of Robert – lord of the Seven Kingdoms, and Renly – lord of Storm's End. He is the Lord of Dragonstone, and after his elder brother's death, becomes a claimant to the Iron Throne of Westeros and a key player in the subsequent civil war. Stannis's goals are frequently impeded by his lack of manpower and resources, owing to his unpopularity with other noble houses. He must therefore rely on the counsel of the foreign priestess Melisandre and his right-hand man, lowborn smuggler Davos Seaworth, who he later promotes to Hand of the King. Stannis often struggles to escape the shadow of his two more overtly charismatic brothers, particularly Robert.
Though first mentioned in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Stannis formally appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). In December 2011, Martin posted a sample chapter from the yet-unfinished The Winds of Winter, told from Theon Greyjoy's viewpoint, which confirmed Stannis' return in the sixth book.
Stannis is portrayed by English actor Stephen Dillane in the HBO television adaptation of the series, who has received significant critical praise for his performance. Stannis is a divisive character among fans of the books and television show alike, enjoying both great popularity for his dedication to justice and dark horse status, as well as opposition for his unrelenting attitude towards the Iron Throne. He has earned particular attention for the differences in his characterization between the novels and show, particularly during season five.
Character description
Stannis Baratheon is the younger brother of King Robert and older brother of Renly. He is portrayed as a brooding and humorless man with a harsh but fair sense of duty and justice whose dour demeanor is often off-putting in comparison to his two more charismatic brothers. He is renowned as a skilled and prescient military commander. Although he is initially said to be extremely stubborn and inflexible, in later books he has shown some ability to use diplomacy and deception to achieve his goals.
Background
Stannis was born the second of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont's three sons and in his youth was constantly overshadowed by Robert. When Stannis was 14, he witnessed his parents' death in a shipwreck off the coast of House Baratheon's castle, Storm's End, and subsequently lost his faith in the Seven Gods.
During Robert's Rebellion, a teenage Stannis holds Storm's End in Robert's absence, successfully defending the besieged castle from the Reach forces of Mace Tyrell and Paxter Redwyne for the best part of the year. Stannis' garrison avoids starvation thanks only to the smuggler Davos Seaworth, who evades the blockade by the Redwyne fleet to bring the Baratheon soldiers a cargo of onions and fish. When Eddard Stark arrives to lift the siege, Stannis knights Davos as reward for his aid, but also insists that Davos have four fingers removed as punishment for his years of illegal smuggling; Davos agrees, on the condition that Stannis removes the fingers himself. Stannis is subsequently tasked with building a new royal fleet to assault Dragonstone and capture the island, but arrives to find that Aerys II Targaryen's children Viserys and the newborn Daenerys had fled. Robert names Stannis Lord of Dragonstone, giving him control over the islands of Blackwater Bay and the nearby peninsula of Massey's Hook - but Stannis feels slighted, as their younger brother Renly is named Lord of Storm's End, giving him control over the entirety of the Stormlands.
Several years later, Stannis is married to Lady Selyse Florent, but Robert soiled their wedding bed by deflowering Selyse's cousin Delena, further insulting Stannis. Stannis and Selyse have a single daughter together, Shireen, who nearly dies in infancy after contracting greyscale and is left disfigured. Stannis, who is named Robert's Master of Ships, destroys the Iron Fleet under the command of Victarion Greyjoy at Fair Isle during the Greyjoy Rebellion and leads the conquest of Great Wyk, the largest of the Iron Islands, adding to his significant military resume.
At the beginning of the first novel A Game of Thrones, Stannis comes to suspect that Robert's children with Cersei Lannister are not actually his. He suspects that Robert will not believe his word alone, so he reveals his suspicions to Robert's Hand of the King and trusted friend, Lord Jon Arryn. The two discover several of Robert's bastard children in King's Landing and begin to gather proof of the bastardy of Cersei's children. Jon Arryn agrees to foster his young son and heir, Robert Arryn, at Dragonstone. However, Jon Arryn dies unexpectedly. Stannis suspects that the Lannisters assassinated Jon Arryn, so he immediately leaves the capital for Dragonstone.
Appearance and personality
Stannis is frequently described as a large and sinewy man that towers over others, such as Davos Seaworth and Jon Snow, a Baratheon trait. He lacks the long black hair of his brothers, and is instead balding, although he keeps a close-cropped beard of the signature Baratheon black. His face is described as 'tight like cured leather' with hollow, gaunt cheeks. His eyes are described by Asha Greyjoy as 'deep, sunken pits', with a powerful stare that suggests an 'iron ferocity'.
Stannis' most prominent characteristics are his flinty and austere demeanor, unrelenting stubbornness, and powerful sense of duty and justice, the latter of which he is notorious for throughout Westeros. He rarely forgives a slight; Jon Snow once comments that "Stannis Baratheon with a grievance was like a mastiff with a bone; he gnawed it down to splinters." His signature tic is grinding his teeth, often in the face of unpleasant or unforeseen circumstances. He is a renowned commander, sailor, and warrior, although he is a better tactician than fighter. Stannis is known for his brusqueness and lack of tact in social situations and finds himself uncomfortable around women, including his own wife. He abhors brothels and once tried to have them banned from King's Landing, which made him unpopular with the smallfolk there. He dresses plainly in dark clothing and is rarely seen without his sword and dagger. Stannis is plagued with bitterness at the lack of respect and affection he has been shown by his older brother King Robert, and even in childhood was described by the Baratheon family maester as "the most unloved of the three"; a "solemn and joyless" child "mature beyond his years". Stannis is an atheist, despite claims that he is being manipulated by the red priestess Melisandre.
Although Stannis suffers from a lack of support and resources during the War of Five Kings, he is frequently described by his adversaries, including Tywin Lannister, as the most dangerous rival claimant. Above all he is characterized by his fearless and uncompromising pursuit of justice and duty - he is described by Varys in this way: "His claim is the true one, he is known for his prowess as a battle commander, and he is utterly without mercy. There is no creature on earth half so terrifying as a truly just man."
Storylines
Novels
Stannis is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, predominantly Davos Seaworth and Jon Snow, and later Asha and Theon Greyjoy.
A Game of Thrones
When Robert travels to Winterfell to name Eddard as his new Hand, Stannis flees to Dragonstone with his forces, including most of the royal navy. Stannis suspects Cersei's involvement in Jon's death. It is later revealed that the true culprit was Jon's wife Lysa, who was persuaded to poison her husband by her lover, Petyr Baelish. Eddard continues Stannis and Jon's investigations, and discovers that Cersei's children are the products of her incestuous affair with her twin brother Jaime Lannister. After Robert's death, Eddard tries to replace Robert's presumed heir Joffrey Baratheon with Stannis, but loses the political struggle against the Lannisters and is executed.
A Clash of Kings
Stannis comes under the influence of the red priestess Melisandre, who believes that Stannis is the reincarnation of Azor Ahai, a messianic figure in her faith. Stannis declares himself the one true King; however, most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of his younger and more charismatic brother Renly, as does the powerful House Tyrell due to Renly's marriage to Margaery Tyrell. Stannis tries to negotiate with Renly, offering him the chance to become his heir, which Renly rejects, planning to use his superior numbers to destroy Stannis' army the next day. However, Renly is unexpectedly assassinated by a living shadow conjured by Melisandre using Stannis' life force. After his death, many of Renly's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis, although the Tyrells side with the Lannisters due to their offer to have Margaery marry Joffrey. Renly's protector Brienne of Tarth swears to avenge his death by killing Stannis, but is talked out of it by Catelyn Stark.
Now equipped with the strongest army and navy in Westeros, Stannis attempts to capture the capital city of King's Landing by sea, but many of his men are killed when Tyrion Lannister detonates jars of wildfire in the Blackwater River and burns most of his fleet. Stannis' forces still nearly claim victory, but Lannister and Tyrell reinforcements arrive in time to drive Stannis' men away from King's Landing. However, with the help of Rolland Storm, the Bastard of Nightsong, Stannis flees to Dragonstone to fight another day.
A Storm of Swords
Stannis retreats to Dragonstone with what is left of his army. He imprisons his Hand Lord Alester Florent, one of his wife's uncles, for trying to offer terms of surrender to the Lannisters. Another of Selyses' uncles, Ser Axell Florent, castellan of Dragonstone, aims to become Stannis' Hand of the King. He suggests a plan to attack Claw Isle in retaliation for Lord Celtigar's bending the knee to Joffrey, but Davos derides an attack on this defenseless island as evil. For this honest counsel Stannis names Davos as his new Hand. Melisandre tells Stannis to burn Edric Storm, one of Robert's bastards, as a sacrifice to raise dragons from Dragonstone. Stannis is conflicted about burning his nephew but uses Edric's blood collected by three leeches to curse the rival kings: Balon Greyjoy, Joffrey Baratheon, and Robb Stark. After Joffrey's, Balon's and Robb's deaths seem to prove the power of king's blood, Stannis considers sacrificing Edric. Davos smuggles Edric off Dragonstone to the Free Cities, and then persuades Stannis to sail to the North and save the Night's Watch from the wildling army.
After Melisandre burns Alester Florent as a sacrifice to R'hllor to ensure favorable winds, Stannis takes most of his remaining army and sails north to the Wall to relieve the Wildlings' threat on Castle Black. Stannis' sudden arrival at the Wall catches Mance Rayder, the King-Beyond-the-Wall, by surprise, and his cavalry routs the whole Wildling host with few casualties. Afterwards, he remains at Castle Black to negotiate settlement over the Wildling prisoners and offers to legitimise Eddard Stark's bastard son Jon Snow as the new lord of Winterfell if Jon swears loyalty to him and joins the fight against House Bolton. Despite being tempted, Jon declines the offer as he has made an oath binding him to serve the Night's Watch and does not want Winterfell's godswood to be burned by Melisandre. Later, Stannis pressures the Night's Watch to finish electing a new Lord Commander, and Jon is eventually elected through secret lobbying by Samwell Tarly.
A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons
Stannis sends ravens to the Northern houses asking for their support in the name of the legitimate king, but only House Karstark and a small faction of House Umber swear allegiance. Stannis has Mance Rayder burned at the stake, and most of the Wildlings end up bending the knee to Stannis, although Stannis is unaware that Melisandre had used blood magic to disguise Mance as his lieutenant, the Lord of Bones, and vice versa. To rally the northern houses to his side, Stannis intends to attack House Bolton's castle The Dreadfort with the help of Arnolf Karstark, castellan of Karhold. In reality, Arnolf is working with the Boltons, hoping to entrap Stannis and have his great-nephew Harrion Karstark (who is the heir of Karhold and captured by House Lannister as hostage) executed, so his branch of the family can take control of Karhold. Jon Snow, however, advises Stannis to march west instead and attack the Ironborn invaders, so that he can rally the Northern lords in the west coast and the northern mountain clans. In exchange, Jon wants the Wildling prisoners so he can reinforce the defense of the Wall. Stannis accepts Jon's counsel and defeats the Ironborn holding Deepwood Motte and taking Asha Greyjoy captive. He restores the castle to House Glover, thus winning their support and that of the nearby House Mormont. He then marches on Winterfell to confront the Boltons, joined by the men of Arnolf Karstark and Mors Umber, but his army is waylaid by heavy snows and forced to camp at a small crofter's village three days' marching away from Winterfell.
Some time later, Jon Snow receives a letter allegedly written by Ramsay Bolton, claiming that Stannis has been defeated and killed, though it is unknown how much of the letter is true or whether it was even written by Ramsay. George R. R. Martin confirmed to a fan in 2015 that Stannis is still alive in the books.
The Winds of Winter
In December 2011, Martin posted a sample chapter from the yet-unfinished sixth book The Winds of Winter, told from Theon Greyjoy's viewpoint, where Stannis is actively and efficiently preparing for the looming battle against the Bolton-Frey alliance. He secures a loan by signing a blood contract with the Braavosi banker Tycho Nestoris, whose convoy managed to find Stannis' army, and plans to immediately send Tycho back to the Wall for safety. Tycho also brought along a message from Jon Snow informing Stannis of Arnolf Karstark's planned treachery, after which Stannis arrested Arnolf, his son Arthor and his three grandsons and plans to execute them. He also subdued Tybald, the Dreadfort maester, who out of fear confesses that he has already revealed Stannis's position to the Boltons in Winterfell.
Stannis then sends Ser Justin Massey to escort Tycho and the escaped "Arya Stark" back to Castle Black to reunite her with Jon Snow, in gratitude for Jon's counsel of gathering the northern mountain clans. Massey is to then travel to Braavos and use a loan from the Iron Bank to hire twenty thousand sellswords for Stannis. Stannis tells Massey that in case of his reported death, even if that news is true, Massey is to follow the orders as to seat his daughter Shireen on the Iron Throne.
Stannis then interrogates Theon for information regarding the Boltons' military strength. When Theon taunts Stannis for not taking Ramsay seriously enough, Stannis confidently reveals that he already has a battle plan to utilize the terrain against the incoming Frey army. Stannis next receives Asha Greyjoy, and informs her that her brother Theon must be executed, as showing him mercy would mean losing all of the northmen. To spare Theon the agony of death by burning, Asha pleads with Stannis to personally behead him before a weirwood tree in the tradition of the northmen.
TV adaptation
Stannis Baratheon is played by Stephen Dillane in the television adaption of the series of books.
Season 2
Stannis falls under the influence of Melisandre, a priestess of R'hllor who believes Stannis is the reincarnation of a legendary hero from her religion. After Robert's death, Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei's children are bastards born of incest. However, most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the younger but far more charismatic Renly. Stannis confronts Renly and offers to make him his heir if he supports him, but Renly refuses, only using the negotiations as an opportunity to mock his brother, and intending to kill Stannis in battle the next day. Melisandre, who had seduced Stannis, gives birth to a shadow baby bearing Stannis' face that kills Renly, and many of Renly's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis. He then attacks King's Landing by sailing up Blackwater Bay. Stannis' force breaches the walls, but due to Tyrion Lannister's use of wildfire and the arrival of last-minute Lannister and Tyrell reinforcements, he is defeated. Nonetheless, he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre, and is further convinced by her magic as she shows him a vision of a battle in the flames.
Season 3
Stannis acquires one of Robert's bastards, Gendry, from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne. After Davos Seaworth questions his course of action, Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry's blood and throws them into a fire, calling for the death of Robb Stark, Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon. Upon the news of Robb's death, Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being sacrificed. Stannis subsequently sentences Davos to death but is swayed by Melisandre, who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night's Watch against the White Walkers emerging from beyond the Wall.
Season 4
Stannis hears of Joffrey's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army, prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis' name to help pay for an army. The Iron Bank nearly refuses Stannis' request, but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age. Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle of Castle Black, interrupting a parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder and crushing the wildling force. Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark's son, and on Jon's advice, he places Mance and his men under arrest. He is later present at the funeral of the Night's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black.
Season 5
Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton, hoping to recruit Mance's wildling army, if Mance will bend the knee to him. Mance refuses, and Stannis has him burnt at the stake. Stannis offers to legitimise Jon as a Stark to win the loyalty of the Northerners who refuse to recognise Stannis as their king, but Jon decides to remain loyal to his vows to the Night's Watch. Stannis marches on Winterfell, but his army is delayed by a large snowstorm. In the chaos Ramsay Bolton and his men infiltrate Stannis's camp, and destroy all supplies and horses. Melisandre persuades a reluctant Stannis to sacrifice Shireen to ensure victory. Although the snowstorm lifts, half of Stannis's army deserts him, Selyse commits suicide out of guilt, and Melisandre flees to Castle Black. Stannis decides to complete the march on foot. As his army arrives at Winterfell, it is swiftly defeated by a cavalry charge led by Ramsay Bolton. Stannis survives the battle, but is confronted by Brienne of Tarth, a former member of Renly's Kingsguard. Stannis confesses to killing Renly with blood magic, and Brienne executes him, telling Stannis she is killing him in the name of the 'rightful' King Renly.
Critical reception
The English actor Stephen Dillane has received positive reviews for his performance as Stannis Baratheon, especially in the fifth season. On her review for "Sons of the Harpy", Sarah Hughes of The Guardian wrote, "Stephen Dillane has always been wonderful at showing us the core of this rigid, complex man." His performance on the same episode also received positive reviews from Vulture. Harri Sargeant of Hypable wrote, "Stephen Dillane has always been one of the classiest actors on the show, and his last moments as the King Who Almost Was saw as commanding a performance as ever." In her review for "Mother's Mercy", Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote, "Whether you like Stannis or not, you have to admit that Stephen Dillane delivered a monumental performance this season." Cindy Davis of Pajiba wrote "After Shireen's seemingly pointless death, it's a testament to Stephen Dillane's phenomenal skills that we could feel anything at all for a man who watched his daughter burned alive." Nick Steinberg of Goliath wrote, "Credit has to go to Stephen Dillane for his performance, especially in these last few episodes where he's had to convey a form of grim tragedy that's effectively conveyed the character's downfall." For his part, Dillane expressed misgivings about his performance, telling The Times newspaper, "I didn't know what I was doing until we'd finished filming and it was too late. The damage had been done. I thought no one would believe in me and I was rather disheartened by the end. I felt I'd built the castle on non-existent foundations.”
Family tree of House Baratheon
References
Sources
A Song of Ice and Fire characters
Literary characters introduced in 1996
Fictional filicides
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Fictional revolutionaries
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Television characters introduced in 2012
Male characters in television
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Чапліно (Паське сільське поселення)
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Чапліно (Паське сільське поселення)
Чапліно — присілок у Волховському районі Ленінградської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 6 осіб. Належить до муніципального утворення Паське сільське поселення.
Історія
Згідно із законом № 56-оз від 6 вересня 2004 року належить до муніципального утворення Паське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Присілки Ленінградської області
Населені пункти Волховського району
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1402872
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Meslier
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Jean Meslier
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Jean Meslier (also Mellier; 15 June 1664 – 17 June 1729) was a French Catholic priest (abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism and materialism. Described by the author as his "testament" to his parishioners, the text criticizes and denounces all religions.
Life
Jean Meslier was born in Mazerny in the Ardennes. He began learning Latin from a neighbourhood priest in 1678 and eventually joined the seminary; he later claimed, in the Author's Preface to his Testament, this was done to please his parents. At the end of his studies, he took Holy orders and, on 7 January 1689, became priest at Étrépigny, in Champagne.
One public disagreement with a local nobleman aside, Meslier was to all appearances generally unremarkable. However, he was twice reproved by clerical authorities for inappropriately employing young adult servant women, with whom the atheist and Meslier biographer Michel Onfray suggests he was sexually involved. "Discreetly and secretly, the curé had to practice the joy of free love advocated in his work," writes Onfray. He lived like a pauper, and every penny left over was donated to the poor.
When Meslier died in Étrépigny, there were found in his house three copies of a 633-page octavo manuscript in which the village curate denounces organised religion as "but a castle in the air" and theology as "but ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system".
Thought
In his Testament, Meslier repudiated not only the God of conventional Christianity, but even the generic God of the natural religion of the deists. For Meslier, the existence of evil was incompatible with the idea of a good and wise God. He denied that any spiritual value could be gained from suffering, and he used the deist's argument from design against god, by showing the evils that he had permitted in this world. To him, religions were fabrications fostered by ruling elites; although the earliest Christians had been exemplary in sharing their goods, Christianity had long since degenerated into encouraging the acceptance of suffering and submission to tyranny as practised by the kings of France: injustice was explained away as being the will of an all-wise Being. None of the arguments used by Meslier against the existence of God were original. In fact, he derived them from books written by orthodox theologians in the debate between the Jesuits, Cartesians, and Jansenists. Their inability to agree on a proof for God's existence was taken by Meslier as a good reason not to presume that there were compelling grounds for belief in God.
Meslier's philosophy was that of an atheist. He also denied the existence of the soul and dismissed the notion of free will. In Chapter V, the priest writes, "If God is incomprehensible to man, it would seem rational never to think of Him at all". Meslier later describes God as "a chimera" and argues that the supposition of God is not prerequisite to morality. In fact, he concludes that "Whether there exists a God or not ... men's moral duties will always be the same so long as they possess their own nature". In chapters XXXIII and XXXIV, Meslier challenged Jesus' mental health by implying that Jesus "was really a madman, a fanatic" (étoit véritablement un fou, un insensé, un fanatique).
In his most famous quote, Meslier refers to a man who "wished that all the great men in the world and all the nobility could be hanged, and strangled with the guts of the priests." Meslier admits that the statement may seem crude and shocking, but comments that this is what the priests and nobility deserve, not for reasons of revenge or hatred, but for love of justice and truth. Equally well-known is the version by Diderot: "And [with] the guts of the last priest let's strangle the neck of the last king." During the political unrest of May 1968, the radical students of the Sorbonne Occupation Committee paraphrased Meslier's epigram, stating that "humanity won’t be happy till the last capitalist is hung with the guts of the last bureaucrat."
Meslier also vehemently attacked social injustice and sketched out a kind of rural proto-communism. All the people in a region would belong to a commune in which wealth would be held in common, and everybody would work. Founded on love and brotherhood, the communes would ally to help each other and preserve peace. An opponent of cruelty to animals, Meslier wrote that "it is an act of cruelty, of barbarism, to kill, to strike unconscious, and to cut the throat of animals, who do no harm to anyone, the way we do." He considered the lack of compassion and concern by Christians for animal suffering at the hands of man to be, according to Matthieu Ricard, further proof of "the nonexistence, or the malice, of their God."
Voltaire's Extrait
Various edited abstracts (known as "extraits") of the Testament were printed and circulated, condensing the multi-volume original manuscript and sometimes adding material that was not written by Meslier. Abstracts were popular because of the length and convoluted style of the original. Voltaire often mentions Meslier (referring to him as "a good priest") in his correspondence, in which he tells his daughter to "read and read again" Meslier's only work, and says that "every honest man should have Meslier's Testament in his pocket." He also described Meslier as writing "in the style of a carriage-horse". Voltaire published his own expurgated version as Extraits des sentiments de Jean Meslier (first edition, 1762). Voltaire's edition changed the thrust of Meslier's arguments, or drew on other Extraits which did this, so that he appeared to be a deist—like Voltaire—rather than an atheist.
The following passage is found at the end of Voltaire's Extrait, and has been cited in support of the view that Meslier was not really an atheist; however, the passage does not appear in either the 1864 complete edition of the Testament, published in Amsterdam by Rudolf Charles, or in the complete works of Meslier published 1970–1972.
Another book, Good Sense, published anonymously in 1772, was long attributed to Meslier, but was in fact written by Baron d'Holbach. The complete Testament of Meslier was published in English translation (by Michael Shreve) for the first time in 2009.
Legacy
In his book In Defense of Atheism (2007), the atheist philosopher Michel Onfray describes Meslier as the first person to write an entire text in support of atheism. He writes:
Prior to announcing Meslier as the first atheist philosopher, Onfray considers and dismisses Cristóvão Ferreira, a Portuguese and former Jesuit who renounced his faith under Japanese torture in 1633 and went on to write a book titled The Deception Revealed. Onfray decides that Ferreira was not such a good candidate as Meslier, since Ferreira converted to Zen Buddhism. The Situationist cultural theorist Raoul Vaneigem praised Meslier's resistance to hierarchical authority, claiming that "the last full-fledged exemplars of priests genuinely loyal to the revolutionary origins of their religion were Jean Meslier and Jacques Roux fomenting jacquerie and riot". According to Colin Brewer (2007), who co-produced a play about Meslier's life,
Historians argue about who was the first overt, post-Classical atheist but Meslier was arguably the first to put his name to an incontrovertibly atheist document. That this important event is largely unrecognised (Meslier was absent from both Richard Dawkins’ and Jonathan Miller's recent TV series on atheism) is due partly to Voltaire who published, in 1761, a grossly distorted "Extract" that portrayed Meslier as a fellow-deist and entirely suppressed Meslier's anti-monarchist, proto-communist opinions.
Bibliography
Meslier, Jean (2009). Testament: Memoir of the Thoughts and Sentiments of Jean Meslier. Translated by Michael Shreve. Prometheus Books. .
References
Further reading
Benitez, Miguel (2012). Les yeux de la raison: le matérialisme athée de Jean Meslier. Paris: Champion.
Bredel, Marc (1983). Jean Meslier L'enragé: prêtre athée et révolutionnaire sous Louis XIV. Paris: Baland.
Brewer, Colin (2007). "Thinker: Jean Meslier", New Humanist. Vol. 122 (4), July/August. Available online: Thinker: Jean Meslier.
Deprun, Jean; Desné, Roland; Soboul, Albert (1970–72). Jean Meslier. Oeuvres complètes. Vols. 1–3. Paris: Editions Anthropos.
Dommanget, Maurice (2008). Le curé Meslier : athée, communiste & révolutionnaire sous Louis XIV. Paris: Coda: Institut français d'histoire sociale.
Morehouse, Andrew R. (1936). Voltaire and Jean Meslier. Yale Romanic Studies, IX. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wade, Ira O. (1933). "The Manuscripts of Jean Meslier's "Testament" and Voltaire's Printed "Extrait" ", Modern Philology, Vol. 30 (4), May, pp. 381–98 The Manuscripts of Jean Meslier's "Testament" and Voltaire's Printed "Extrait".
External links
Superstition In All Ages, Common Sense 1732 English
Le bon sens du curé J. Meslier, suivi de son testament published 1830 includes correspondence of Voltaire on Meslier's testament, a biography of Meslier by Voltaire, Le bon sens, by d'Holbach, and the Extrait of the Testament produced by Voltaire.
1864 complete edition Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3
A translation of Voltaire's abridged "Testament".
Jean Meslier and "The Gentle Inclination of Nature" by Michel Onfray translated by Marvin Mandell
The Poisoned Will of Jean Meslier. History Today. 10 October 2017.
Archive of Jean Meslier Papers at the International Institute of Social History
1664 births
1729 deaths
17th-century atheists
17th-century French Roman Catholic priests
18th-century atheists
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
18th-century French male writers
Atheist philosophers
Critics of religions
French atheism activists
French communists
French male writers
French materialists
French writers on atheism
17th-century French philosophers
18th-century French philosophers
People from Ardennes (department)
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18639835
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciemnoszyje
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Ciemnoszyje
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Ciemnoszyje is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grajewo, within Grajewo County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Grajewo and north-west of the regional capital Białystok.
References
Ciemnoszyje
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2478257
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B4%D0%B5
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Ерфде
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Ерфде — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Шлезвіг-Гольштейн. Входить до складу району Шлезвіг-Фленсбург. Складова частина об'єднання громад Кропп-Штапельгольм.
Площа — 33,95 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ).
Галерея
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Громади Шлезвіг-Гольштейну
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19127236
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capodimonte
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Capodimonte
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Capodimonte (lit. "head of [the] mountain") is an Italian placename. It may refer to:
, an area of Naples which includes:
, the major park of Naples which was laid out for Charles III of the House of Bourbon in 1734
Palace of Capodimonte, a royal palace
Museo di Capodimonte, housed in the former Palace of Capodimonte
Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
Capodimonte porcelain manufactory
Capodimonte, Viterbo, a town and commune (municipality) on the shores of Lake Bolsena, Province of Viterbo, Lazio
Capo Di Monte, Hampstead, a Grade II listed house in Hampstead, London
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1866767
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo%20Basin
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Congo Basin
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Congo Basin
The Congo Basin is the sedimentary basin of the Congo River. The Congo Basin is located in Central Africa, in a region known as west equatorial Africa. The Congo Basin region is sometimes known simply as the Congo. It contains some of the largest tropical rainforests in the world and is an important source of water used in agriculture and energy generation.
The rainforest in the Congo Basin is the largest rainforest in Africa and second only to the Amazon rainforest in size, with 300 million hectares compared to the 800 million hectares in the Amazon. Because of its size and diversity the basin's forest is important for mitigating climate change in its role as a carbon sink. However, deforestation and degradation of the ecology by the impacts of climate change may increase stress on the forest ecosystem, in turn making the hydrology of the basin more variable. A 2012 study found that the variability in precipitation caused by climate change will negatively affect economic activity in the basin.
Eight sites of the Congo Basin are inscribed on the World Heritage List, five being also on the list of World Heritage in Danger (all five located in Democratic Republic of the Congo). Fourteen percent of the humid forest is designated as protected.
Description
Congo is a traditional name for the equatorial Middle Africa that lies between the Gulf of Guinea and the African Great Lakes. The basin begins in the highlands of the East African Rift system with input from the Chambeshi, the Uele and Ubangi rivers in the upper reaches and the Lualaba River draining wetlands in the middle reaches. Because of the young age and active uplift of the East African Rift at the headwaters, the river's yearly sediment load is very large, but the drainage basin occupies large areas of low relief throughout much of its area. It is delineated largely by swells including the Bie, Mayumbe, Adamlia, Nil-Congo, East African, and Zambian Swells.
The basin ends where the river empties into the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The basin is a total of 3.7 million square kilometers and is home to some of the largest undisturbed stands of tropical rainforest on the planet, in addition to large wetlands.
Countries wholly or partially in the Congo region:
Angola
Gabon
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Tanzania
Zambia
History
The first inhabitants of the Congo Basin area were believed to be pygmies, and at that time, the dense forests and wet climate kept the population of the region low, with the prevention of hunter-gatherer society, whose remnants of their culture survive to the present day. Eventually Bantu peoples migrated there and founded the Kingdom of Kongo.
Belgium, France, and Portugal later established colonial control over the entire region by the late 19th century. The General Act of the Berlin Conference of 1885 gave a precise definition to the "conventional basin" of the Congo, which included the entire actual basin plus some other areas. The General Act bound its signatories to neutrality within the conventional basin, but this was not respected during the First World War.
The World Resources Institute estimated that 80 million people live in and around the Congo Basin.
Climate
The Congo Basin is a globally important climatic region with annual rainfall of between 1500 and 2000 mm. It is one of three hotspots of deep convection (thunderstorms) in the tropics, the other two being over the Maritime continent and the Amazon. These three regions together drive the climate circulation of the tropics and beyond. The Congo Basin has the highest lightning strike frequency of anywhere on the planet. The high rainfall supports the second largest rainforest on Earth, which is a globally significant carbon sink and an important component of the global carbon cycle.
Averaged across the whole basin, there are two major rainfall seasons in March to May and September to November. In both hemispheres the rainfall maximises in September to November, at above 210 mm per month. In northern hemisphere winter, rainfall is relatively low to the north of the equator (<80 mm per month). In southern hemisphere winter, rainfall is instead lower to the south of the equator (<80 mm per month). The annual rhythm of the wind systems which carry water vapour account for the rainfall seasonality. Much of the rainfall is derived from large Mesoscale convective systems. The systems last over 11 hours on average and have a mean size exceeding 500 km2 in some parts of the Congo Basin.
Temperatures in the Congo Basin (usually between 20 and 30 °C) are lower than in the African desert regions to the north (The Sahara) and to the south (Kalahari). The differences in temperature between the deserts and the Congo Basin is important for driving wind systems known as African easterly jets, which affect climate and weather in the Sahel and Southern Africa.
Future climate projections indicate that the region will get hotter in response to global climate change. There is more uncertainty over how average rainfall in the region will change, with the climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) disagreeing on core elements of the rainfall distribution in the region. While the average rainfall change is uncertain, it is likely that extreme rainfall events will become more extreme owing to the increases in water vapour in the atmosphere.
Owing to the global climatic importance of the Congo Basin, it has been suggested that, along with the Amazon, severe changes in the rainfall or climate of the Congo Rainforest could act as a 'tipping point', with widespread impacts on the Earth System.
Flora and fauna
The Congo forest is home to the okapi, African forest elephant, pygmy hippopotamus, bongo (antelope), chimpanzee, bonobo and the Congo peafowl. Its apex predator is the Leopard, which are larger than their savannah counterparts due to lack of competition from other large predators. The basin is home to the endangered western lowland gorilla. In 2010, the United Nations Environment Programme warned that gorillas could be extinct from the greater Congo Basin in a matter of 15 years.The Congo Basin is the largest forest in Africa. More than 10,000 plant species can be found in and around the forest. The humid forests cover 1.6 million km². The Congo Basin is an important source of African teak, used for building furniture and flooring. An estimated 40 million people depend on these woodlands, surviving on traditional livelihoods.
Ecology and protection
At a global level, Congo's forests act as the planet's second lung, counterpart to the rapidly dwindling Amazon. They are a huge "carbon sink", trapping carbon that could otherwise remain carbon dioxide. The Congo Basin holds roughly 8% of the world's forest-based carbon. If these woodlands are deforested, the carbon they trap will be released into the atmosphere. Predictions for future unabated deforestation estimate that by 2050 activities in the DRC will release roughly the same amount of carbon dioxide as the United Kingdom has emitted over the last 60 years. A 2013 study by British scientists showed that deforestation in the Congo Basin rainforest was slowing down. In 2017, British scientists discovered that peatlands in the Cuvette Centrale, which cover a total of 145,500 sq km, contain 30 billion tonnes of carbon, or 20 years of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. In 2021, the deforestation rate of the Congolese rainforest increased by 5%.
The Global Forest Atlas estimated that the logging industry covers from 44 to 66 million hectares of forest. A study published in 2019 in Nature Sustainability showed that 54,000 miles of roads for forest concessions were built between 2003 and 2018, reaching a total of 143,500 miles. A moratorium on logging in the Congo forest was agreed between the World Bank and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2002. The World Bank agreed to provide $90 million of development aid to Democratic Republic of the Congo with the provision that the government did not issue any new concessions granting logging companies rights to exploit the forest. The deal also prohibited the renewal of existing concessions.
The government has written a new forestry code that requires companies to invest in local development and follow a sustainable, 25-year cycle of rotational logging. When a company is granted a concession from the central government to log in Congo, it must sign an agreement with the local chiefs and hereditary land owners, who give permission for it to extract the trees in return for development packages. In theory, the companies must pay the government nearly $18 million rent per year for these concessions, of which 40% should be returned to provincial governments for investment in social development of the local population in the logged areas.
In its current form, the Kyoto Protocol does not reward so-called "avoided deforestation"—initiatives that protect forest from being cut down. But many climate scientists and policymakers hope that negotiations for Kyoto's successor will include such measures. If this were the case, there could be a financial incentive for protecting forests. L’Île Mbiye, an island in the Lualaba River in Kisangani, is part of a project about forest ecosystem conservation, conducted by Stellenbosch University. Democratic Republic of the Congo is also looking to expand the area of forest under protection, for which it hopes to secure compensation through emerging markets for forest carbon. The main Congolese environmental organization working to save the forests is an NGO called OCEAN, which serves as the link between international outfits like Greenpeace and local community groups in the concessions.
National parks
Lobéké National Park
Lomami National Park
Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park
Ntokou-Pikounda National Park
Odzala-Kokoua National Park
Salonga National Park
Virunga National Park
Garamba National Park
Kundelungu National Park
Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Upemba National Park
Maiko National Park
References
External links
Pygmies.org: African Pygmies website — first inhabitants of the Congo Basin rainforests.
01
Congo River
Drainage basins of Africa
Sedimentary basins of Africa
Regions of Africa
Congolian forests
Landforms of Angola
Landforms of Cameroon
Geography of Central Africa
Landforms of Burundi
Landforms of Rwanda
Landforms of Tanzania
Landforms of the Central African Republic
Landforms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Landforms of the Republic of the Congo
Landforms of Zambia
Basins of Africa
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Коровай
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Коровай — великий круглий пухкий хліб із прикрасами з тіста. Зазвичай випікають на весілля або на якісь інші урочистості та свята, виконує святкові та обрядові функції.
Етимологія
Загальноприйнятої етимології не має. Висунуто кілька версій походження слова «коровай». Основна розглядає його як споріднене з корова і пов'язує переважно з весільним обрядом (весільний пиріг символізував родючість). На користь цієї версії існують такі доводи:
російське діалектне значення лексеми корова — «наречена»;
, що окрім «яловиця», також має значення «коровай» (оскільки бик символізував нареченого, корова мала бути символом нареченої; коровай був чарівним засобом для плодючості)
назви тварин часто вживаються щодо виробів з тіста («різдвяне печиво з прикрасами»).
Юрій Откупщиков відкидав припущення про зв'язок з *korva, виводячи назву хліба від кореня *kor- («різати», «краяти») і припускаючи первісне значення «відкраяний шматок» (пор. рос. діал. коротай — «короткий каптан»). Менш переконливе зіставлення з коров'як («коров'ячий гній»). Інші малоймовірні версії вважають спорідненими такі слова в інших індоєвропейських мовах, як дав.-інд. carúṣ («жертовний хліб»), чи («кривий, опуклий»), чи («кривий»), дав.-інд. cárvati («розжовує»).
Обрядовість
Термін «коровай» був поширеним не лише в Україні, а й на всіх слов'янських землях. Українці на відміну від інших народів терміном «коровай» у минулому позначали лише обрядовий хліб. Це зазвичай була висока кругла паляниця, оздоблена квітами, шишками та пташками з тіста. За давньою традицією, якщо дівчина йшла заміж «нечесною» (втратила цноту до шлюбу), то коровай на її весілля не випікали взагалі.
В Україні коровай готують на весілля, при цьому дотримуючись певних обрядових правил. Весільні короваї готують заміжні жінки тільки тоді, коли дівчина виходить заміж.
В Україні коровай на весіллі присипали сиром, а подекуди й клали під коровай «тридев'ять вареників із сиром…». У зв'язку з цим звичаєм стоїть, мабуть, і весільна пісня, що в ній зять порівнюється із сиром:Ой, сиру ж мій, сиру, білий ти мій сиру; Ой зятю ж, мій зятю да милий же ти сину…За призначенням умовно виокремлюють такі види весільного хліба:
хліб для сватання
печиво/«шишки», яке випікали для запрошення гостей і обдаровування «коровайниць»
хліб для благословення, вітання молодих
коровай для обдаровування родин наречених і дружок молодої
хліб для обміну між сім'ями молодих як символ поєднання двох родин і його різновид — хліб для «викупу» молодої
весільне печиво лише для батьків молодих
хліб для освячення ложа молодих.
На значній території (західні та південно-східні області) весільний хліб мав вигляд деревця чи гілочок із відповідними назвами: «коровай», «гільце», «теремок», «дивень», «дивування», «ріжки» тощо.
Микола Сумцов пише, що коровай — священний хліб, який має велике ритуальне значення і, без сумніву, жертовний характер. Як стверджують науковці та дослідники історії виникнення коровайництва, зокрема волиняни Віктор і Зоряна Давидюки, еволюція короваю від тваринної жертви, до короваю — жертви рослинної, вказує на різні епохи розвитку людської спільноти на Волині: мисливці — скотарі — хлібороби. А якщо це жертва, то й ставлення до неї особливе.
Прикрашають складними візерунками з тіста і гілочкою калини, якій з язичницьких часів приписують містичні властивості і яка є символом кохання. Коровай вважався символом щастя і достатку. Коровай виносять на вишитому рушнику. Чим пишніший вдавався випечений коровай, тим щасливіше і багатше життя чекає молодят, які скуштували коровай. Коровай випікали багатошаровим, і ділив його хресний батько нареченого або нареченої. Верхівку віддавали молодим, середню частину — гостям, а низ, в який часто запікають монети, — музикантам. Разом зі шматочком короваю молоді ділилися з гостями своїм щастям. Гості у відповідь дякували нареченому й нареченій подарунками.
Згідно з українським звичаєм, дорогих гостей зустрічають хлібом-сіллю — короваєм, який виносять на вишитому рушнику.
Коровай також використовують на похоронах. Його кладуть на кришку труни, а на цвинтарі роздають рідним.
У популярній культурі
«Коровай» — пісня гурту «Брати Гадюкіни» (альбом «Ми — хлопці з Бандерштадта»).
Галерея
Див. також
Бгання короваю
Шишки (весільне обрядове печиво)
Боговиця
Примітки
Посилання
Доцяк В. С. Українська кухня: Технологія приготування страв. — К.: Вища шк., 1995. — 550 с.
Коровай //
Весільний коровай
Бібліографія
Наталія М. З коровая починається сім'я. // Газ. «Нове життя», 6 серпня 2011 р., — с. 6.
Сумцов Н. Ф. Народный быт и обряды / Сост., предисл., примеч. А. Д. Каплина — М.: Институт русской цивилизации, 2014. — 688 с.
Українські народні звичаї
Випічка
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Географічний атлас
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Географічний атлас
Атлас географічний — систематизований збірник географічних карт з одноманітним зовнішнім оформленням і змістом, підпорядкованим меті його складання.
Генеза
Першим географічним атласом вважають додаток з 27 геогр. карт до твору К. Птолемея «Посібник з географії» (2 століття). Довгий час цей збірник карт та йому подібні називали «Птолемеями».
В епоху Відродження був виданий збірник географічних карт картографа Г. Меркатора (1595), символічно названий ім'ям міфічного велетня Атласа, зображенням якого була оздоблена обкладинка. З цього часу назва «атлас» стає загальною для всіх збірників географічних карт.
Перший збірник карт України склав і видав у 1648—60 французький інженер Ґ. Боплан франц. мовою. Першим російським географічним атласом вважають збірник карт С. Ремезова «Чертежная книга Сибири» (Тобольськ, 1701).
Види атласів
Атласи географічні бувають:
за призначенням — довідкові, навчальні, виробничі;
за охопленою територією — атласи світу, окремих країн, областей;
за змістом — загальногеографічні, комплексні, спеціальні (геологічні, кліматичні тощо).
Атласи XVI століття
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Атласи XVII століття
1648 - атлас «Europe» Ніколи Сансона
Космографія Блау
1692 - «Atlas novus ad serenissime Burgundiæ ducis. Atlas françois à l'usage de monseigneur le duc de Bourgogne contenant les cartes, et des empires, monarchies, royaumes, et états du monde» («Новий Атлас герцога Бургундії. Французький Атлас для використання монсеньєра герцога Бургундії, що містить мапи імперій, монархій, королівств та держав світу») Ніколи Сансона
Le Neptune François
Атласи XVIIІ століття
1751 та 1764 - Морський атлас (Atlas Maritime) та Малий морський атлас (Petit Atlas Maritime. Recueil de cartes et plans des quatre parties du monde, etc) Жака-Ніколи Белліна
Атласи XIX століття
«Докладний атлас Російської імперії» («Подробный атлас Российской империи») - 22 мапи. 1860. Автор - Зуєв Микита Іванович.
«Атлас народонаселення Західно-Російського краю за віросповіданнями» («Атлас народонаселения Западно-Русского края по исповеданиям») 1864. Автор - Ріттіх Олександр Федорович.
Атласи XX століття
«Методичний атлас» Сідов-Вагнеда, 1932,
«Всесвітній атлас» Відаль-Лаблоша, Париж, 1933
«Атлас Філіппа і Дербі», Лондон, 1937
«Великий радянський атлас світу» («Большой советский атлас мира»), (т. 1—2), Москва, 1937—39
«Морський атлас» («Морской атлас»), (т. 1—2), Москва, 1950—53
«Атлас світу» («Атлас мира»), Москва, 1954
Література
Посилання
Атлас географічний // ВУЕ
Картографія
Географічні атласи
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Санарі-сюр-Мер
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Санарі-сюр-Мер — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Прованс — Альпи — Лазурний Берег, департамент Вар. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 700 км на південний схід від Парижа, 45 км на південний схід від Марселя, 11 км на захід від Тулона.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році у муніципалітеті числилось 9096 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 18129,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача.
Сусідні муніципалітети
Галерея зображень
Персоналії
Андре Сальмон — французький поет (помер в Санарі-сюр-Мер 1969 року)
Посилання
Офіційний сайт міста Санарі-сюр-Мер
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Вар
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Вар
Населені пункти, засновані 1035
засновані в Європі 1035
Французька Рив'єра
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gaud%C3%A9ric
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Saint-Gaudéric
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Saint-Gaudéric is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Aude department
References
Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%20%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80
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Маріян Чавар
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Маріян Чавар (2 лютого 1998, Прозор-Рама) — боснійський футболіст, півзахисник клубу «Широкі Брієг».
Виступав, зокрема, за клуби «Айнтрахт» та «Осієк», а також національну збірну Боснії і Герцеговини.
Володар Кубка Німеччини.
Клубна кар'єра
Народився 2 лютого 1998 року в місті Прозор-Рама. Вихованець юнацьких команд футбольних клубів Branitelj та «Зріньскі».
У дорослому футболі дебютував 2017 року виступами за команду «Зріньскі», в якій провів один сезон, взявши участь у 16 матчах чемпіонату.
Своєю грою за цю команду привернув увагу представників тренерського штабу клубу «Айнтрахт», до складу якого приєднався 2018 року. Відіграв за франкфуртський клуб наступні три сезони своєї ігрової кар'єри.
У 2018 році уклав контракт з клубом «Осієк», у складі якого провів наступний рік своєї кар'єри гравця.
Протягом 2021 року захищав кольори клубу «Гройтер».
До складу клубу «Широкі Брієг» приєднався 2021 року. Станом на 18 грудня 2021 року відіграв за команду з міста Широкі Брієг 12 матчів в національному чемпіонаті.
Виступи за збірні
У 2016 році дебютував у складі юнацької збірної Боснії і Герцеговини (U-19), загалом на юнацькому рівні взяв участь у 12 іграх, відзначившись одним забитим голом.
З 2017 року залучався до складу молодіжної збірної Боснії і Герцеговини. На молодіжному рівні зіграв у 18 офіційних матчах, забив 3 голи.
У 2018 році дебютував в офіційних матчах у складі національної збірної Боснії і Герцеговини.
Статистика виступів
Статистика виступів за збірну
Титули і досягнення
Володар Кубка Німеччини (1):
«Айнтрахт»: 2017-2018
Посилання
Боснійські футболісти
Гравці молодіжної збірної Боснії і Герцеговини з футболу
Гравці збірної Боснії і Герцеговини з футболу
Футболісти «Зріньскі»
Футболісти «Айнтрахта» (Франкфурт-на-Майні)
Футболісти «Осієка»
Футболісти «Гройтера»
Футболісти «Широкі Брієга»
Боснійські футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери в Німеччині
Футбольні легіонери в Хорватії
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal%20Jord%C3%A1n
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Michal Jordán
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Michal Jordán (born 17 July 1990) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Lahti Pelicans of the Liiga. He previously played for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Hurricanes in the fourth round, 105th overall, of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.
Playing career
Amateur
Prior to turning professional, Jordán played major junior ice hockey in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) with the Windsor Spitfires and the Plymouth Whalers. At the end of his first season of major junior hockey, 2007–08, he was selected by the Carolina Hurricanes in the fourth round, 105th overall, at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.
Professional
Jordán made his professional debut in the 2010–11 season with the Hurricanes' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers. On 9 October 2014, just prior to the commencement of the 2014–15 season, his fifth with the Checkers, Jordán was named team captain.
After six years within the Hurricanes organization, Jordán left as a free agent following the 2015–16 season. On October 7, 2016, he belatedly signed a one-year deal for the duration of the 2016–17 season with Ak Bars Kazan of the KHL. He was limited to 27 games with Kazan, contributing with 7 points.
As a free agent, Jordán opted to continue in the KHL, securing a two-year contract with Amur Khabarovsk on May 26, 2017.
During the 2019–20 season, in November 2019, amidst the controversy of Bill Peters racially-charged comments toward a former player of color, Jordán came to the forefront of NHL media as he described playing for Peters as an "...experience with the worst coach ever by far." He went on to describe how Peters would kick and punch him and others players in the head during a game.
Returning for his sixth season with Amur Khabarovsk in the 2022–23 season, Jordán as team captain, contributed with 2 goals and 11 points through 22 games. On 5 December 2022, Jordán opted to leave Amur and the KHL, agreeing to a contract for the remainder of the season with Swiss club, SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the NL.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Ak Bars Kazan players
Amur Khabarovsk players
Carolina Hurricanes draft picks
Carolina Hurricanes players
Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Czech ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Lahti Pelicans players
Olympic ice hockey players for the Czech Republic
Plymouth Whalers players
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players
Windsor Spitfires players
Ice hockey people from Zlín
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugita%20Genpaku
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Sugita Genpaku
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Sugita Genpaku
was a Japanese physician and scholar known for his translation of Kaitai Shinsho (New Book of Anatomy) and a founder of Rangaku (Western learning) and Ranpō (Dutch style medicine) in Japan. He was one of the first Japanese scholars in Edo (modern day Tokyo) to study the Dutch language and is credited with being one of the first Japanese physicians to study Western medical teachings in Japan.
In 1771 Genpaku and Maeno Ryōtaku, a Japanese scholar studying the Dutch language, translated a Dutch book of anatomy Ontleedkundige Tafelen, originally published in German by physician and professor Johann Adam Kulmus in 1734. Genpaku was inspired to translate the Dutch text after witnessing the dissection of a female criminal while viewing Ontleekundige Tafelen as an anatomical reference throughout the dissection. He was inspired by the German drawings of human organs, which accurately depicted the organs and vasculature he saw during the dissection. The German drawings were more anatomically detailed and accurate than Chinese texts and after the dissection he and his colleagues made it their scholarly mission to produce a Japanese translation of the Ontleekundige Tafelen. It took three full years and eleven manuscripts to produce the first translation of the text entitled Kaitai Shinsho in 1774.
Early life
Born in the Wakasa-Obama estate of Feudal Lord Wakasa in 1733, Genpaku was the son of a physician, Hosen Sugita, who was the official doctor of Feudal Lord Wakasa. Genpaku's mother, daughter of Genkō Yomogida, died during childbirth. Around age 17, Genpaku began studying surgery under Gentetsu Nishi. He also studied Confucianism under Saburoemon Miyase. Genpaku moved away from his father's home at age 25 after being granted permission from his liege lord to begin working as a medical practitioner. His first business was located at 4-chōme, Nihonbashidōri and was attached to the home of painter Sekkei Kusumoto.
Career
Genpaku was forced to relocate his medical practice from Nihonbashidōri-dōri to Hakoya-chō in 1759 and later to Horidome-chō in 1762, both due to losing his property from fires. He later left Horidome-chō and moved to property owned by Feudal Lord Sakai around 1770.
Under the rule of the Tokogawa shoguns, Genpaku lived in a period Japanese isolation from the Western world and most of East Asia. The period of isolation, sakoku, was driven by the shogun's desire to halt the spread of Christianity propagated largely by Portuguese missionaries. During this period, Nagasaki was the only port of entry and only Holland was allowed to enter Japan, as their transactions were understood to be exclusively pertaining to trade. In the early eighteenth century, Western texts were severely restricted in Japan and Western knowledge predominately spread orally, mediated through translators whose grasp of Japanese was limited. As relations evolved with the Dutch, the eighth shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune (ruled 1716-45), allowed Rangaku (Western learning) to take hold in Japan. Yoshimune launched efforts to systematically study Dutch in 1740, giving rise to the scholarly pursuit of rangaku, however this learning was still restricted from the general public. In many cases by the police who were known to destroy Dutch texts. In mid eighteenth century, Dutch books became sought after as scholarly texts by the Japanese, and it was during this time that Genpaku came into the medical profession.
With the acceptance of rangaku, Dutch physicians presented lectures and demonstrations to the Shōgun in Edo. Genpaku attended one such demonstration in 1768 where a Dutch surgeon, Rudolf Bauer, cured a patient with gangrene of the tongue by drawing blood from the infected area.
As a practicing physician and scholar of surgery, Genpaku was aware of physician Tōyō Yamawaki's (1705–62) observations through dissection, though only through second hand information from physician Genteki Kosugi. Yamawaki first witnessed dissection of a beheaded criminal on February 7, 1754, and it is thought that his interest in witnessing dissection arose from his possession of a German anatomical text Syntagma Anatomicum. An account of Yamawaki's observations were published as Zōshi (Description of the organs), and this text is credited as the beginning of experimental anatomy in Japan. Also in possession of a Western anatomical text, Ontleekundige Tafelen, Genpaku was interested by the opportunity to witness a dissection.
As a physician practicing during the Tokugawa shogun, Genpaku and his contemporary physicians are often referred to as “Tokugawa physicians.” Collectively, these physicians shared a sentiment of radical social equality. Genpaku wrote in Keiei yawa:Other than the differences between males and females, there are no distinctive differences between human beings, from the emperor to all commoners. Where there are no differences, then, humans themselves have artificially created above and below, and the names of the four social statuses. Yet there is no difference between us, because we are all human.Such ideas of equality were not widely accepted in the class based Japanese society, but particularly before Western learning from Dutch travellers began to spread within scholarly communities, Japanese physicians already have a belief in nature as the foundation for truth and the body as an extension of nature. Tokugawa physicians expanded their regard for the body to a responsibility to protect the wellness of the body as a shared logic of nature. The introduction of Western medicine in Japan occurred without colonization efforts, which allowed the Tokugawa physicians to use Western medicine for performing humanitarian medical acts without the spread of western religions that usually comes with it.
Translating Ontleekundige Tafelen
On March 4, 1771 Genpaku and colleagues Maeno Ryōtaku, Hoshū Katsuragawa, and Junan Nakagawa witnessed a dissection of a female criminal, Aocha-Baba ("Green Tea Hag"), who was executed by beheading. According to court records, the woman was executed for killing her adopted children. Genpaku and Ryōtaku watched the dissection while referencing Ontleekundige Tafelen and were struck by the anatomical accuracy of the text, which different greatly from the Chinese texts and understanding of anatomy they previously held. On their walk home from the execution grounds where they witnessed the dissection, Genpaku and Ryōtaku decided to dedicate themselves to making a Japanese translation of Ontleekundige Tafelen.
Translating Ontleekundige Tafelen took Genpaku and Ryōtaku three full years and at least eleven manuscripts before the final product, Kaitai Shinsho, was published in 1774. With only Maeno's 600 word Dutch vocabulary to complete the translation, the first edition of Kaitai Shinsho was crude and contained errors and omissions. However, the text is still regarded as a turning point in the introduction of Western medicine in Japan.
Teaching Rangaku
Genpaku took on many students in the emerging field of Rangaku, including Gentaku Otsuki (1757-1827). Considered one of his most fastidious students in the study of Dutch, after six years of study under Genpaku, Otsuki went on to study Dutch more closely in Nagasaki. This education enabled him to become a proficient Dutch translator. Otsuki went on to rewrite the translation of Kaitai Shinsho, published in 1788, and publish an original text Yōi Shinsho (New book on surgery) in 1790. Otsuki is most recognized for his work Rangaku Kaitai (Ladder to Dutch study) published in 1788, which was a text credited with fostered Dutch and Western learning in Japan.
Later life and legacy
Genpaku continued to collect Dutch texts and build a robust medical library. After mentoring many students in Rangaku—including Gentaku Otsuki, Shojuro Arai, and Genzui Udagawa—Genpaku began spending more time working as a physician than as a scholar towards the end of his life. One of Genpaku’s last students was Genshin Udugawa, a man who came to know Genpaku through a mutual fascination in the Dutch language. At this time in his old age, Genpaku was looking to adopt a son who could succeed him in taking his home, profession, and legacy of medical service to Japan. Genpaku initially took Genshin in as a student and prospective son to inherit his estate. A young man, Genshin was temperamental and did not heed Genpaku’s wishes to better his behavior. As such, Genpaku disowned Genshin. A few years passed and Genshin continued his studies of Rangaku and bettered his ambitions, eventually gaining favor of the Udagawas who were friends of Genpaku. With the change in Genshin’s behavior, Genpaku re-welcomed him as a son, and left him to inherit his estate.
Above all, Genpaku’s legacy is that of a teacher and physician with the goal to better the health of Japanese citizens through the knowledge of foreign nations. The path of learning Genpaku set his students on fostered a generation of scholars that would come to introduce Western medicine to Japan. In addition to his influence on Japanese medicine, Genpaku’s Japanese translations of Dutch texts were translated into Chinese. These works were among the first Western medical texts in Chinese.
Notable works
Although Genpaku is most well known for his translation of Ontleekundige Tafelen, he published many other works including medical, political, and historical works.
Yoka Taisei (A Handbook of Surgery)
Rangaku Koto-hajime (A History of the Development of Rangaku)
Teriakaho-San (Concerning Theriac)
Kei-ei Yawa (Conversations with the Shadows of Men. A work on medical politics and ethics)
Oranda Iti Mondo (Dialogues on Dutch Medicine), 1795
Nochi-Migusa (Essays in Hindsight)
Yojo-Schichi-Fuka (Seven Articles About Hygiene)
Gallery
References
Bibliography
External links
Kaitai shinsho. Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.
1733 births
1817 deaths
18th-century Japanese physicians
Japanese writers of the Edo period
Japanese scholars
Rangaku
18th-century Japanese translators
People from Shinjuku
Artists from Tokyo
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13129887
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beddegama%20%28film%29
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Beddegama (film)
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Beddegama (film)
Beddegama (The Village in the Jungle) is a 1980 Sinhala drama film directed by Lester James Peries that follows the lives of village people in British Colonial Sri Lanka. The film is based on the 1913 book The Village in the Jungle by Leonard Woolf. Sir Arthur C. Clarke also has a minor role in the film as an English Judge.
Plot
The lives of a poor family in a small village called Beddegama (literally, "The village in the jungle") as they struggle to survive the challenges presented by poverty, disease, superstition, the unsympathetic colonial system, and the jungle itself. The head of the family is a hunter named Silindu, who has two daughters named Punchi Menika and Hinnihami. After being manipulated by the village authorities and a debt collector, Silindu is put on trial for murder
Cast
Malini Fonseka as Punchi Menika
Joe Abeywickrama as Silindu
Vijaya Kumaratunga as Babun
Tony Ranasinghe as Fernando mudalali
Nadeeka Gunasekara as Hinni hami
Trilishya Abeykoon as Karlina hami
D. R. Nanayakkara as Exorcist and traditional physician
Henry Jayasena as Village head Babehami Arachchi
Arthur C. Clarke as Leonard Woolf
Trilicia Gunawardena as Karalina, Silindu's sister
David Dharmakeerthi as Mudali
Indira Abeydheera as Nanchohami
Vincent Vaas
See also
List of Sri Lankan films
References
External links
National Film Corporation of Sri Lanka - Official Website
Official website of Lester James Peries in association with Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Sri Lanka
San Francisco International Film Festival
1980 films
1980s Sinhala-language films
Films directed by Lester James Peries
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1208771
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%29
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Пеука (комуна)
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Пеука (комуна)
Пеука — комуна у повіті Сібіу в Румунії. До складу комуни входять такі села (дані про населення за 2002 рік):
Богату-Ромин (616 осіб)
Броштень (408 осіб)
Пеука (705 осіб) — адміністративний центр комуни
Пресака (497 осіб)
Комуна розташована на відстані 245 км на північний захід від Бухареста, 31 км на північний захід від Сібіу, 88 км на південь від Клуж-Напоки, 139 км на захід від Брашова.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у комуні проживали осіб.
Національний склад населення комуни:
Рідною мовою назвали:
Склад населення комуни за віросповіданням:
Посилання
Дані про комуну Пеука на сайті Ghidul Primăriilor
Примітки
Комуни повіту Сібіу
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651144
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Nature
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Human Nature
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Human Nature — R&B композиція американського співака Майкла Джексона. Ця пісня останньою ввійшла у шостий альбом співака Thriller. Сингл було випущено 3-го липня 1983. Human Nature стала п'ятим синглом Джексона з цього альбому, що досягла Топ-10 у Billboard Hot 100. Критики позитивно віднеслися до балади. Власного музичного відео пісня не має.
Чарти
Пісні Майкла Джексона
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1852018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabatinga
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Tabatinga
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Tabatinga, originally Forte de São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga, is a municipality in the Três Fronteiras area of Western Amazonas. It is in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Its population was 67,182 (2020) and its area is 3,225 km2.
Together with the neighbouring Colombian city of Leticia and the Peruvian city of Santa Rosa de Yavari, the urban area has more than 100,000 residents spread along the Amazon River. The first Portuguese settlement in the area was founded in the 18th century as a military outpost. It became an autonomous municipality on February 1, 1983. Formerly, it was part of the municipality of Benjamin Constant. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alto Solimões.
Etymology
The word Tabatinga is of indigenous origin, coming from the Tupi tobatinga, having its meaning designated as white clay or soil white. It is believed that the indigenous people referred to the region with that name because of the white clay found abundantly at the bottom of the region's rivers. In the Tupi Guarani, the word also means small house.
History
In the middle of the 17th century, near of the Amazon River, the foundation of a village by the Jesuits was registered by the Portuguese empire. A military post and tax office were established near the site in 1766 to become a border region with Colombia and Peru. Fernando da Costa Ataíde Teives was responsible for the creation of a military post in the region and also created a border post between the domains of the Kingdom of Portugal and Spain, alongside other military posts. The town of São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga was then established. Of the three main colonial border settlements (São Francisco Xavier de Tabatinga, Vila Ipiranga and Vila Bittencourt), only the first was actively developing. On June 28, 1866, near the village, the border between Brazil and Peru was drawn. Until then, the region was administratively subordinated to the municipality of São Paulo de Olivença, however many few municipalities were established in the region. In 1898, with the dismantling of the territory of São Paulo de Olivença and the emancipation of the district of Benjamin Constant, the city of Tabatinga became part of the newly created municipality, including it as one of the subdivisions of the main district.
A post between the borders of Tabatinga and Leticia in 1924 consistently defined the borders between Brazil and Colombia. On 4 June 1968, under Federal Law 5.449, the entire area of the municipality of Benjamin Constant, to which Tabatinga was subordinated, was classified by the Brazilian government as a National Security Area, due to its extensive open border with other countries and its poor border surveillance. For a long time Tabatinga was a district of Benjamin Constant. Tabatinga's political emancipation occurred on December 10, 1981, under the constitutional amendment of the State of Amazonas No. 12, which now defines the Tabatinga district as an autonomous municipality. The installation of municipal offices took place on January 1, 1983.
Geography
Ethnic composition
The population of Tabatinga municipality is quite heterogeneous. It is formed by Brazilians, Peruvians, Colombians, among them indigenous people of different ethnic groups, most of whom are Tikunas and Kokamas. Among the Brazilians in Tabatinga, there is the rotating population, corresponding to the military of the armed forces, bank branch workers and people who work for public agencies of the Brazilian government, because it is a border region, a large number of federal police officers, federal revenue agents, federal prosecutors, among others, are seen. The Ticunas Indians form the largest ethnic group in Tabatinga, and the Tukuna Umariaçu indigenous reserve is found in the region of the municipality, inhabited by a majority belonging to this ethnic group. The official language of the municipality is Portuguese, but Spanish and tribal languages are understood, including Tikuna language.
Economy
The city's economy is driven by a significant portion of the informal economy and subsistence agriculture. It is also made up of public sector jobs and the extensive financial exchange of the Colombian city of Leticia, which, based on dollar regulation, takes place in parallel in the city between the Colombian Peso and the Brazilian Real.
Security
Due to the extensive border with Colombia and Peru, Tabatinga is considered by the Federal Police and the Brazilian Army to be one of the main points of entry of cocaine into Brazil. According to Brazilian police authorities, the precarious enforcement of the law and problems of neighboring nations with illicit narcotics production make Tabatinga a frequent point of entry for drugs bound for Brazil's major cities.
Transportation
The city is served by Tabatinga International Airport, and Tabatinga port where passengers can travel downriver by boat to Manaus or upriver to Iquitos, Peru.
Gallery
References
External links
Human mobility in the triple border of Peru, Colombia and Brazil, Márcia Maria de Oliveira, São Paulo May/August 2006 (abstract in English, text in Portuguese).
Pictures of Tabatinga, Pictures of Tabatinga.
Municipalities in Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Populated places on the Amazon
Tres Fronteras
Upper Amazon
Brazil–Colombia border crossings
Brazil–Peru border crossings
Road-inaccessible communities of Brazil
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41375813
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studienkolleg
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Studienkolleg
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Studienkolleg
The Studienkolleg is a public educational institution in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, for students whose secondary school certificate is not recognized as equivalent to the Abitur. It is a preparatory course or first year program for academic studies at university.
Training
German is spoken in all courses. The students are prepared in a two-semester course which is subject-specific.
Usually these types of courses are offered:
University Preparatory schools
G-course for the humanities
W-course for social sciences (including economics and law)
M-Course for medical studies (medicine, biology, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine)
T-Course for technical studies (engineering, math, physics, chemistry) and
S-Course for philology
Technical College Preparatory schools
TI-Course for Technical and Engineering studies
WW-course for Economics and Business studies
GD-course for Art and Design studies
SW-course for Social Science studies
Costs
The lessons and tests at the Studienkollegs (except in Dresden and Glauchau) are currently free, but the registered students have to pay semester fees (registration fee, social contribution, semester ticket, etc.). These costs are depending on each college from 100 to 400 euros per semester.
The cost of living (housing, clothing, food and drink etc.) are around 700 euros per month. For the students of Studienkollegs there are usually no scholarships.
Secondary School Education (Abitur)
After two semesters of study the students complete their secondary school education. Exams must be passed in different subjects, such as maths, sciences, economics, languages. In the German language test, students must achieve level C1 of the CEFR. After passing the Studienkolleg, the students can apply to either the university or technical college of their choice. However, graduates of a university-preparatory Studienkolleg cannot attend a Technical College and graduates of a technical-preparatory Studienkolleg cannot attend university.
References
External links
Studienkollegs in Deutschland
Secondary school qualifications
Education in Germany
Education in Austria
Education in Switzerland
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217973
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%20%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9
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Маврінг Сполетський
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Маврінг Сполетський
Маврінг († 824), син Суппо I, у 824 герцог Сполетський впродовж кількох днів після смерті герцога Аделара.
Джерела
Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400—1000. MacMillan Press: 1981.
Герцогство Сполетське
Правителі Європи IX століття
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2465176
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5
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Ланце
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Ланце — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Шлезвіг-Гольштейн. Входить до складу району Герцогство Лауенбург. Складова частина об'єднання громад Лютау.
Площа — 9,05 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ).
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Громади Шлезвіг-Гольштейну
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327755
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE
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Русальо
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Русальо - муніципалітет, розташований в Автономній області Каталонія, в Іспанії. Код муніципалітету за номенклатурою Інституту статистики Каталонії - 251898. Знаходиться у районі (кумарці) Саґрія (коди району - 33 та SI) провінції Лєйда, згідно з новою адміністративною реформою перебуватиме у складі Західної баґарії (округи).
Назва муніципалітету
За аналогією з історичним районом (кумаркою) Русільйоном, місто Русальо вимовляється по різному у різних діалектах каталанської мови : літературною каталанською , у північнокаталанському діалекті або , у валенсійському діалекті .
Населення
Населення міста (у 2007 р.) становить 2.611 осіб (з них менше 14 років - 17,3%, від 15 до 64 - 68,2%, понад 65 років - 14,5%). У 2006 р. народжуваність склала 35 осіб, смертність - 27 осіб, зареєстровано 12 шлюбів. У 2001 р. активне населення становило 882 особи, з них безробітних - 53 особи.Серед осіб, які проживали на території міста у 2001 р., 1.505 народилися в Каталонії (з них 1.309 осіб у тому самому районі, або кумарці), 344 особи приїхали з інших областей Іспанії, а 53 особи приїхали з-за кордону. Університетську освіту має 9,7% усього населення. У 2001 р. нараховувалося 614 домогосподарств (з них 12,9% складалися з однієї особи, 26,9% з двох осіб,23,9% з 3 осіб, 22,3% з 4 осіб, 8,6% з 5 осіб, 3,1% з 6 осіб, 1,3% з 7 осіб, 0,3% з 8 осіб і 0,7% з 9 і більше осіб).Активне населення міста у 2001 р. працювало у таких сферах діяльності : у сільському господарстві - 7,2%, у промисловості - 26,4%, на будівництві - 16,2% і у сфері обслуговування - 50,2%. У муніципалітеті або у власному районі (кумарці) працює 635 осіб, поза районом - 468 осіб.
Безробіття
У 2007 р. нараховувалося 69 безробітних (у 2006 р. - 55 безробітних), з них чоловіки становили 33,3%, а жінки - 66,7%.
Економіка
Підприємства міста
Промислові підприємства
Роздрібна торгівля
Сфера послуг
Житловий фонд
У 2001 р. 2,3% усіх родин (домогосподарств) мали житло метражем до 59 м2, 20,2% - від 60 до 89 м2, 50,5% - від 90 до 119 м2 і
27% - понад 120 м2.З усіх будівель у 2001 р. 65,2% було одноповерховими, 27,6% - двоповерховими, 6,6
% - триповерховими, 0,5% - чотириповерховими, 0% - п'ятиповерховими, 0% - шестиповерховими,
0% - семиповерховими, 0% - з вісьмома та більше поверхами.
Автопарк
Вживання каталанської мови
У 2001 р. каталанську мову у місті розуміли 98,1% усього населення (у 1996 р. - 98,8%), вміли говорити нею 88,2% (у 1996 р. -
88,6%), вміли читати 77,8% (у 1996 р. - 82,2%), вміли писати 51
% (у 1996 р. - 49,3%). Не розуміли каталанської мови 1,9%.
Політичні уподобання
У виборах до Парламенту Каталонії у 2006 р. взяло участь 973 особи (у 2003 р. - 990 осіб). Голоси за політичні сили розподілилися таким чином:
У муніципальних виборах у 2007 р. взяло участь 1.168 осіб (у 2003 р. - 1.095 осіб). Голоси за політичні сили розподілилися таким чином:
Історія та культура
Див. також
Дані Інституту статистики Каталонії
Інформація про підприємства муніципалітету
Русальо
Міста Каталонії
Міста Іспанії
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312763
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0
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Пучдалба
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Пучдалба - муніципалітет, розташований в Автономній області Каталонія, в Іспанії. Знаходиться у районі (кумарці) Ал Панадес провінції Барселона, згідно з новою адміністративною реформою перебуватиме у складі Баґарії (округи) Барселона.
Населення
Населення міста (у 2007 р.) становить 449 осіб (з них менше 14 років - 15,4%, від 15 до 64 - 70,2%, понад 65 років - 14,5%). У 2006 р. народжуваність склала 6 осіб, смертність - 8 осіб, зареєстровано 2 шлюби. У 2001 р. активне населення становило 170 осіб, з них безробітних - 11 осіб.Серед осіб, які проживали на території міста у 2001 р., 303 народилися в Каталонії (з них 247 осіб у тому самому районі, або кумарці), 40 осіб приїхало з інших областей Іспанії, а 4 особи приїхали з-за кордону. Університетську освіту має 10,9% усього населення. У 2001 р. нараховувалося 118 домогосподарств (з них 21,2% складалися з однієї особи, 23,7% з двох осіб,22,9% з 3 осіб, 17,8% з 4 осіб, 8,5% з 5 осіб, 3,4% з 6 осіб, 0,8% з 7 осіб, 0% з 8 осіб і 1,7% з 9 і більше осіб).Активне населення міста у 2001 р. працювало у таких сферах діяльності : у сільському господарстві - 6,3%, у промисловості - 31,4%, на будівництві - 10,7% і у сфері обслуговування - 51,6%. У муніципалітеті або у власному районі (кумарці) працює 84 особи, поза районом - 114 осіб.
Безробіття
У 2007 р. нараховувалося 16 безробітних (у 2006 р. - 10 безробітних), з них чоловіки становили 18,8%, а жінки - 81,2%.
Економіка
Підприємства міста
Промислові підприємства
Роздрібна торгівля
Сфера послуг
Житловий фонд
У 2001 р. 0,8% усіх родин (домогосподарств) мали житло метражем до 59 м2, 13,6% - від 60 до 89 м2, 25,4% - від 90 до 119 м2 і
60,2% - понад 120 м2.З усіх будівель у 2001 р. 4,9% було одноповерховими, 87,4% - двоповерховими, 7,7
% - триповерховими, 0% - чотириповерховими, 0% - п'ятиповерховими, 0% - шестиповерховими,
0% - семиповерховими, 0% - з вісьмома та більше поверхами.
Автопарк
Вживання каталанської мови
У 2001 р. каталанську мову у місті розуміли 99,4% усього населення (у 1996 р. - 99,7%), вміли говорити нею 92% (у 1996 р. -
90,9%), вміли читати 88,8% (у 1996 р. - 87%), вміли писати 62,2
% (у 1996 р. - 52,4%). Не розуміли каталанської мови 0,6%.
Політичні уподобання
У виборах до Парламенту Каталонії у 2006 р. взяло участь 236 осіб (у 2003 р. - 237 осіб). Голоси за політичні сили розподілилися таким чином:
У муніципальних виборах у 2007 р. взяло участь 335 осіб (у 2003 р. - 282 особи). Голоси за політичні сили розподілилися таким чином:
Історія та культура
Див. також
Дані Інституту статистики Каталонії (Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya)
Міста Каталонії
Міста Іспанії
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234827
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridicule%20%28film%29
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Ridicule (film)
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Ridicule (film)
Ridicule is a 1996 French period drama film directed by Patrice Leconte and starring Charles Berling, Jean Rochefort, Fanny Ardant and Judith Godrèche. Set in the 18th century at the decadent court of Versailles, where social status can rise and fall based on one's ability to mete out witty insults and avoid ridicule oneself, the film's plot examines the social injustices of late 18th-century France, in showing the corruption and callousness of the aristocrats.
Ridicule was selected as France's submission and was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 69th Academy Awards.
Plot
In 18th-century France, Baron Grégoire Ponceludon de Malavoy, a minor aristocrat and engineer, devises a scheme to drain the marshy region of the Dombes and improve the lot of the peasants living there. He sets off for Versailles in order to seek the support of King Louis XVI. Along the way, he is robbed and beaten but is taken in by the Marquis de Bellegarde, a physician, who teaches him about wit and the court's ways. Ponceludon realizes that the court is corrupt and hollow but finds solace in Mathilde de Bellegarde, the doctor's daughter, who agrees to marry a rich old man to support her science experiments and pay off her father's debts.
As Ponceludon helps Mathilde with her experiments, he discovers that the court is full of deceit and manipulation. Madame de Blayac, the beautiful and wealthy recent widow of Monsieur de Blayac, who was supposed to be Ponceludon's sponsor at court, cheats at a game of wits with the help of her lover, L'abbé de Vilecourt. Blayac repays his generosity by arranging for the certification of his lineage, allowing his suit to proceed. However, Ponceludon sees through their schemes and realizes that he cannot trust anyone at court.
Meanwhile, a deaf-mute named Paul wears Mathilde's diving suit and frightens Madame de Blayac, who plots against Ponceludon with Vilecourt. At a dinner party, Ponceludon is trapped, and a contest of wit ensues to settle who must leave in disgrace. Ponceludon loses, but he is reminded of why he set out to seek the King's help in the first place when a child from the village dies from drinking contaminated water.
Ponceludon sleeps with Madame de Blayac in exchange for her assistance in arranging a meeting with the King, but she maliciously has Bellegarde attend her when Ponceludon is still with her, ensuring that Mathilde learns of their relationship. At a presentation of the Abbé de l'Épée's work with deaf people, the nobles ridicule the deaf, but some nobles change their minds when the deaf demonstrate their own form of wit: sign language puns. Ponceludon supports them, and Mathilde is touched. He joins the King's entourage and secures a private meeting with the King to discuss his project, but he is forced into a duel with a cannoneer who insults him.
Ponceludon kills the cannoneer and learns that the King cannot meet with someone who has killed one of his officers, although he is assured that it was right to uphold his honor. Madame de Blayac plots her revenge by inviting Ponceludon to a costume ball "only for wits," where he is tripped and ridiculed. However, he tears off his mask and condemns their decadence, vowing to drain the swamp by himself, and leaves the court with Mathilde.
Cast
Charles Berling as Le Baron Grégoire Ponceludon de Malavoy
Jean Rochefort as Le Marquis de Bellegarde
Fanny Ardant as Madame de Blayac
Judith Godrèche as Mathilde de Bellegarde
Bernard Giraudeau as L'abbé de Vilecourt
Bernard Dhéran as Monsieur de Montaliéri
Carlo Brandt as Le Chevalier de Milletail
Jacques Mathou as Abbé de l'Epée
Urbain Cancelier as Louis XVI
Albert Delpy as Baron de Guéret
Bruno Zanardi as Paul
Marie Pillet as Charlotte
Reception
Critical response
Ridicule has an approval rating of 80% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews, and an average rating of 7.3/10.
Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".
Awards
Won
César Award for Best Film
César Award for Best Director – Patrice Leconte
César Award for Best Costume Design – Christian Gasc
César Award for Best Art Direction – Ivan Maussion
BAFTA Award for Best Film not in the English Language
David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film
Nominations
César Award for Best Actor – Charles Berling
César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Bernard Giraudeau, Jean Rochefort
César Award for Best Original Screenplay – Remi Waterhouse
César Award for Best Music – Antoine Duhamel
César Award for Best Cinematography – Thierry Arbogast
César Award for Best Sound – Dominique Hennequin, Jean Goudier
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Cannes Film Festival –
See also
List of submissions to the 69th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of French submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References
External links
Ridicule at Virtual History
1996 films
1990s French-language films
1996 drama films
Films directed by Patrice Leconte
French Revolution films
Films set in the 1780s
Films set in 1794
Films set in France
Best Foreign Language Film BAFTA Award winners
Best Film César Award winners
Best Film Lumières Award winners
Films whose director won the Best Director César Award
Films featuring a Best Actress Lumières Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Actor Lumières Award-winning performance
Cultural depictions of Louis XVI
1990s historical drama films
French historical drama films
1990s French films
Films produced by Philippe Carcassonne
Films scored by Antoine Duhamel
Films shot at the Palace of Versailles
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13156517
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9menes
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Crémenes
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Crémenes is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2010 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 660 inhabitants.
References
Municipalities in the Province of León
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4014830
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0
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Федеральна Ліга
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Федеральна Ліга або Ліга вільних людей — союз південноамериканських провінцій колишніх іспанських колоній, які мали намір створити конфедерацію держав після Травневої революції 1810 року.
Травнева революція 1810 року призвела до відсторонення від влади іспанського віцекороля Ріо-де-ла-Плати, віцекоролівство було перетворено на Сполучені провінції Ріо-де-ла-Плати. Прийшовши до влади в жовтні 1812 року новий уряд скликав у січні 1813 року «Асамблею 13-го року», яка мала проголосити незалежність від Іспанії і визначити державний устрій нової країни. На Асамблеї зіткнулися ідеї двох груп: «унітаристів», що стояли за сильну вертикаль влади, і «федералістів», які орієнтувалися на модель Сполучених Штатів Америки.
1814 року Хосе Хервасіо Артігас вигнав останніх роялістів зі Східної смуги, де створив Східну провінцію. 29 червня 1815 року на Східному конгресі в Арройо-де-ла-Чині утворено Федеральну Лігу, а Артігас отримав титул «Захисник вільних людей». Делегати від провінцій, що увійшли в Лігу, вирушили на Тукуманський конгрес з наказом проголосити повну незалежність від Іспанії й утворити конфедерацію провінцій, але не були допущені до його діяльності з формальних приводів, і незалежність було проголошено без їх участі.
Протистояння «федералістів» і «унітаристів» призвело до громадянської війни. Поки йшла війна, Східну провінцію окупувало Сполучене королівство Португалії, Бразилії і Алгарве. 1820 року, розгромивши сили «унітаристів», губернатори провінцій Ентре-Ріос, Санта-Фе і Коррієнтес підписали з Буенос-Айресом угоду і возз'єдналися зі Сполученими провінціями, тим самим розваливши Федеральну Лігу. Артігас вступив у конфлікт з колишніми союзниками, був розбитий і втік до Парагваю.
Історія Південної Америки
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13235962
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altef%C3%A4hr
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Altefähr
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Altefähr is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
Transport
Altefähr railway station is served by local services between Rostock, Stralsund and Sassnitz.
References
External links
Official website of Altefähr
Towns and villages on Rügen
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5269123
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0
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Середньовічні написи Мангупа
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Середньовічні написи Мангупа — корпус епіграфічних джерел з історії християнського Мангупа, систематизований останніми роками Андрієм Виноградовим, який зараз включає 27 грецьких і 2 готські пам'ятки, виявлених на території городища, або в його окрузі: мангупські написи — треті за кількістю в Північному Причорномор'ї, поступаючись лише Херсонесу та Керчі. За тематикою зустрічаються написи будівельні, посвятні, зі зверненнями (закликами), літургійні, пам'ятні, підписи до ікон. Багато написів, знайдених і описаних до 1917 року, нині або втрачені повністю, або дійшли у пошкодженому стані (фрагментами). Про написи на воротах Мангупа, згаданих Мартіном Бронєвським і на одній з веж у балці Гамам-Дере, яку бачили лише І. Андрієвський та Микола Мурзакевич, відомо лише, що вони існували. Грецькі написи виконувались на візантійській грецькій мові двома видами шрифту: унціалом та мінускулом.
Історія вивчення
Першим звернув увагу на мангупські написи Павло Сумароков - це був відомий будівельний напис Олексія 1427 року. 1896 року вийшов перший звід візантійських і післявізантійських грецьких написів Василя Латишева. 1933 року виходить оглядова робота Неофіта Малицького «Примітки до епіграфіки Мангупа».
Надалі вчені зверталися до середньовічних написів, в основному, якщо того вимагав зміст наукової роботи. У більшості випадків інтерпретація текстів містила помилки, викликані або невірним прочитанням букв і слів (дослідження, в основному, велися по фотографіях з відповідним того часу якістю, або, із застарілою історичною базою, що суперечить сучасним поглядам).
З 2015 року за часів окупаційної влади Андрій Виноградов видає в електронному вигляді повний корпус стародавніх написів Північного Причорномор'я, починаючи з V тому «Візантійські написи». У нього включені і мангупські епіграфічні пам'ятники. У корпус включені всі відносяться до Мангупу 19 грецьких написів c V століття по 1475 рік, але лише п'ять з них мають точну датування (іноді спірну), датування ще п'яти допускає різночитання. Написи виконані на кам'яних плитах (в основному з місцевого вапняку, дуже рідко-з привізного мармуру), надгробках і архітектрурних деталях будівель, в основному, храмів.
Датовані написи
Будівельний напис Юстиніана I
Будівельний напис часу Юстиніана I, з датою, що дискутується: 532—533 рік, 547—548 рік або 562—563 рік. Знайдено під час розкопок Великої базиліки Р. Лепером 1913 року, як повторно використана при реконструкції храму. За характером написи — коротка формула і дуже великі літери, вона призначалася для розгляду з великої відстані і, мабуть, була вставлена в стіну. Передбачається, що напис розповідає про будівництво фортеці на Мангупі, відомому з трактату Прокопія Кесарійського «Про споруди». — «…за (?)] Юстиніана самодержця …, в 11-й індикт, в … році»
Напис Цули-ббега
Дуже важливим вважається пам'ятник, відомий як «напис Цули-бега», що дозволяє точно датувати будівництво (відновлення) фортечної стіни в яру Табана-дері 994—995 роками, під час входження Мангупа до складу візантійської Херсонської феми. Напис виконаний на вапняковій плиті висотою 48,0 см і шириною 44,0 см з рельєфною рамкою (на нижній стороні якої вирізано останній рядок), згодом покритою тонким шаром білої штукатурки. «Побудована ця стіна за днів місцеблюстителя Цули-бега, сина Політа, 6503 року»Напис був випадково виявлений 9 вересня 1901 археологом-любителем М. Скубетовим у стіні однієї з веж в яру Табана-дері і опублікований Василем Латишевим 1902 року. Зважаючи на те, що Скубетов не знав грецької, він не зовсім правильно перемалював літери, через що Латишевим був також неправильно перекладений та інтерпретований напис. Головна помилка була допущена в 7-му рядку, в якому Скубетов прийняв першу літеру в позначенні року за альфу: виходило, що стіна споруджена 1503 року, що і написав Латишев у своїй роботі. При більш ретельному розгляді в останньому рядку добре видно стигму і в сучасному прочитанні дата вказує на 6503 (з 1 вересня 994 до 31 серпня 995 року).
Будівельний напис 1179 року
Напис на круглій капітелі у вигляді плетеного кошика з валиком з «Каралезької базиліки» — залишків храму, знайденого при будівництві ставка на початку 1980-х років на західній околиці села Ходжа-Сала (зараз затоплено).
Напис на стіні печери 1220—1221
Напис на північно-східній стіні північної печери верхнього ярусу Північного монастиря розташований над північною нішою, на висоті 80 см від підлоги. Містить позначення року («У [6]729 році», що відповідає 1220—1221 році), трактується як пам'ятна, але не виключається дата вирубки печери. Виявлена Олександром Бертьє-Делагардом близько 1896 року, публікувалася Латишевим 1897 року.
Будівельний напис 1224—1225 року
«Недбало вирізаний» напис знаходиться на південній стіні печерного храму Північного монастиря над аркосолієм з гробницею. Виявлено та обстежено Р. Лепером і М. Скубетовим 1913 року, в даний час сильно закопчений, і погано читається, перекладений, як «6733 року. Будується нині… паном… все…найщим ієромонахом і…» і, можливо, оповідає про створення храму, як похоронного, у роки створення монастиря.
Будівельний напис 1282—1283 року
«Будівельний напис 1282—1283 року» — варіант назви напису XIV століття, виконаного на вапняковій плиті, що розповідає про військове зіткнення феодоритів з деякими ворогами, що влаштували розбійний напад на околицях Мангупа. Зберігається у колекції Бахчисарайського музею.
Будівельний напис Хуїтана
Широко відомий «Будівельний напис Хуїтана», на думку більшості істориків, розповідає про будівельні роботи з перенесення стіни та веж у 1300—1301 або 1361—1362 рики, при цьому Андрій Виноградов вважає, що з більшою ймовірністю плита з написом призначалася для зміцнення на Бойці, але постраждала в пожежі не була туди доставлена. Знайдена та опублікована Лепером 1913 року. Перший дослідник пам'ятника Неофіт Малицький запропонував прочитання дати на написі, як «6870», тобто 1361—1362 роки.
Напис Чичікія
Напис на мармуровій плиті, висотою 71,0 см, шириною 35,0 см і товщиною 13,0 см, обламаною праворуч, зі сколами по всіх краях, виконаний грецькою мовою, датований періодом 1391—1401 року. Частина напису, що збереглася перекладі, виглядає так: «Пос… …снування працями …ці сотні… в ц… Тохтами… в 6900 році», або, після доопрацювання на підставі відомих фактів, як «Побудовано від заснування працями …ці сотника в царювання Тохтамиша 6900 року» . Була знайдена, як повторно використана, у кладці вежі другої лінії оборони в Табана-Дері Федором Брауном 1890 року. Перше вивчення і переклад зроблено Василем Латишевим 1896 року, від того ж прочитав ім'я будівельника, як сотника Чичікія, після чого воно закріпилося в науковому обігу; також Латишев вважав, що все відбувалося за хана Тохти. Неофіт Малицький, у роботі 1933 року, не приймає прочитання будівельника, як Чичікія, висуваючи версію про тюркське закінчення імені. Ім'я хана, критикуючи помилки Латишева, читає, як Тохтамиш, датуючи напис 1380-ми роками. Андрій Виноградов, в наш час, ім'я Чичікія при прочитанні також не виявив, в його тлумаченні від імені залишилося тільки закінчення «ці».
Будівельний напис 1403 року
Напис на плиті з проконесського мармуру, висотою 23,0 см, шириною 39,0 см і товщиною 13,0 см, розбитий на 3 частини та зламаний з усіх боків, крім правої. Залишки напису читаються якВідновлюється у вигляді «1 [кв]ітня, у [неділю], у шість тисяч дев'ятсот 11-му році, в 11-й індикт». Пам'ятник знайдено Т. Лепером 1913 року при розкопках палацу, опублікований Василем Латишевим, який в порівнянні шрифтів відносив напис до періоду близько 1425 року. У фондах Херсонеського музею на сьогоднішній день збереглася лише центральна частина напису.
Будівельний напис Олексія 1425 року
Напис на дверях, за консенсусом, що склався, належав палацу князя Олексія і розповідає про його будівництво — [Побудовано цю [вежу (?)] разом із пал[ацом і з благос]ловенною фортец[ею, яка нині видима, за] днів пана Ол[ексія, пана пана міст]а Феодоро і по[мор'я, у жов]тні 6934 року.Знайдено Робертом Лепером при розкопках 1912 року біля вежі-донжона палацу, вхід до якої, мабуть, і прикрашала. Зберігається в колекції музею Бахчисарайського.
Будівельний напис Олексія 1427 року
Найвідоміший з мангупських епіграфічних пам'яток, що дискутується походження та призначення, в даний час більшістю фахівців належить до Мангупа.
Надгробок анагноста Стефана
Однорогий двосхилий вапняковий надгробок анагноста (читача) Стефана було виявлено Робертом Лепером 1912 року при розкопках біля Великої базиліки, зовні храму, біля стіни апсиди. Напис розташований на розі та частково на основному масиві пам'ятника. Лепер тоді ж прочитав і переклав текст, його інтерпітація збігається із сучасною. Напис говорить — Спочив раб Божий Стефан, його дружина і діти 9 листопада 6965 рокуУ григоріанському літочисленні — 9 листопада 1456 року. За різним накресленням літер фахівці зробили висновок, що надгробок було виготовлено заздалегідь, а дата вирізана після смерті читця і вона відноситься лише до Стефана, а не до членів його родини.
Не датовані написи
Вісім епіграфічних пам'ятників у різний час було знайдено на території Великої базиліки: Середньовічні написи базиліки.
Посвячення читця, IX—X століття — напис на плиті з щільного мергелю, розмірами 14,0 см заввишки, 13,0 см шириною і товщиною 4,0 см. Плита обламана з усіх боків, лицьова сторона сильно потерта. Обрамлена рельєфною рамкою з вибитим посередині рельєфним хрестом з кінцями, що розширюються, у верзній частині якого нанесений текст, також вгорі зображена рельєфна гілка. Ймовірно, є посвятою, пов'язаною з будівництвом або окрасою храму. Знайдено в 1981 році Віктором Мицем при розкопках Хрестоподібного храму — Я, читець, раб Христовий… Зберігається в Ялтинському історико-літературному музеї. Перше прочитання написи було зроблено Еллою Соломонік, яка припустилася помилок у перекладі, в результаті зробивши невірний висновок про посвяту храму св. Феодоту.
Демонстративний напис XIV—XV століття — напис на плиті з вапняку, розмірами 73,0 см заввишки, 25,0 см шириною і товщиною 27,0 см. На лицьовій стороні, з сильно стертою поверхнею, 2 плоскі стрілчасті ніші глибиною 2-3 см з рельєфним зображенням процвілого хреста у кожній. З художнього оформлення датується XIV—XV століттям. Реконструйований верхній рядок напису з перекладом має такий вигляд:
— Світло Христове сяє всімДругий рядок перекладу не піддається. Пам'ятник було виявлено та обстежено під керівництвом Євгенія Веймарна 1968 року, описаний в роботі Є. Веймарна та інших «Археологічні дослідження столиці князівства Феодоро», в якій зазначено на нечитаність напису та висловлюється припущення про належність плити як архітектурну деталь невстановленому храму. Сучасне місцезнаходження плити невідоме.
Прохання невідомого — напис на плиті з мармуру, знайденої в 1890 році при розкопках октогонального храму Ф. А. Брауном, про що було повідомлено на засіданні Таврійської вченої архівної комісії у 1891 році: «…уламок мармурової плити з грецькою написом, яку по неповноті важко відновити». Знахідку доставили в музей комісії. Коротка згадка про уламки мармуру з буквами і зображеннями Хреста залишив К. К. Косцюшко-Пневжинич. Сучасне місце розташування пам'ятника невідоме, фотографій напису немає, за рукописними звітами відновлено текст з невідомим датуванням — помил… раба Твоего
Прохання Костянтина, ІХ-XI століття — 4 написи на стелі з вапняку, виконаної у вигляді кола, розмірами 29,0 см заввишки, 30.5 см шириною і товщиною 9,3 см. Стела обрамлена по периметру рамкою висотою 0,5 см, всередині рамки — рельєфний хрест з розширюються кінцями і кругом в центрі. Написи розміщені на кінцях рукавів Хреста (причому одна зроблена повех інший), на верхній частині рамки і в правому верхньому куті — по 1 рядку і в лівому верхньому кутку, з розташуванням рядків від низу до верху. 1-й напис містить типову формулу «світло, життя» ), поверх якої нанесена наступна канонічна «Ісус перемагає» ). На верхній частині-початок заамвонної молитви «Спаси … люди твоя і…» і напис в лівому верхньому кутку, що дала назву пам'ятнику — Господи, допоможи рабу Твоєму Костянтину грішникуАртефакт був знайдений при розкопках «Каралезської базиліки» 1984 року і, мабуть, призначався для закладки в стіну. Виявив стелу археолог В. Сидоренко, не прочитавши всього тексту, датував напис, як і всю базиліку, 2-ю половиною VI століття. На підставі палеографічного аналізу Виноградів датує написи ІХ-XI століттям. Зберігається в Центральному музеї Тавриди.
Надгробок Карамані XV століття — надгробний напис на плиті з вапняку, розмірами 17,0 см заввишки, 15,0 см шириною і товщиною 8,0 см, обламаної з усіх боків. Знайдена при розкопках р. Х. Лепера в 1912 році в ямі біля палацу князя Олексія, видана в. в. Латишевим 1918 року у вигляді (… і раб [Божий] Карамані…). Палеографічно датується XV століттям, зберігається в Херсонеському музеї.
Надгробок текли, ІХ-XI століття — надгробний напис, знайдений археологом В. А. Сидоренко при розкопках «Каралезької базиліки» в 1984 році і ним же опублікований. Перекладено, як «Померла раба Божа Текла, дружина раба Божого…,.- го…, в …», палеографічно датується ІХ-XI століттям. Зберігається в Центральному музеї Тавриди. Це єдина в середньовічному Криму згадка імені «Текла».
Посилання
Література
Пам'ятки Криму
Мангуп
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5108729
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKASHII
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OKASHII
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OKASHII — південнокорейський хіп-хоп гурт, що входить до складу Mine Field (лейбл під AP Alchemy), створений Джефрі Вайтом в 2018-му році. Із заснування гурту його склад змінився, наразі учасниками є Джефрі Вайт (Jeffrey White), Мейсон Гоум (MASON HOME), Раф Санду (Raf Sandou) і Метт (Matt).
Назву гурту придумав Раф Санду, що прожив 16 років в Японії. В перекладі з японської, слово (おかしい) означає дивакуватий, відмінний від норми, смішний, незвичний.
Історія
В 2016 році Джефрі Вайт вступив на факультет фізичної культури в університет Йонсе, де протягом багатьох років існував хіп-хоп гурток до якого він приєднався, наступного року до гуртку приєднався і першокурсник факультету одягу і навколишнього середовища Раф Санду. Студенти, що займалися хіп-хопом в рамках гуртка, брали участь в різноманітній діяльності, цей хіп-хоп гурток мав назву RYU. Саме під цією назвою (Yonsei University RYU) можна знайти перші пісні Санду та Джефрі.
Пізніше до гурту приєднався Мейсон Гоум, разом із яким Раф Санду працював у коктейль-барі протягом трьох років. І разом з Мейсоном, його брат близнюк Пуллапбой, який переважно фотографується як модель для мерчу, займається режисерською діяльністю та записує фонові звуки для треків.
24 березня 2019 року відбувся реліз першого мікстейпу OKASHII під назвою 666. Того ж року, Раф Санду разом із Мейсоном і Levysnow випустили мініальбом Snippets. Пізніше Раф Санду випустив сольний мініальбом Mesmerized Parrots того ж року.
13 листопада 2020 року відбувся реліз першого повноформатного альбому — AGATHA.
В 2020 році Мейсон Гоум також випустив свій мініальбом HYPER DURAG. В 2021 вийшов фристайл «LOW LOW freestyle» від Мейсона.
Раф Санду звернув на себе увагу, коли у 2021 році взяв участь у створенні трека «BUSINESS IS BUSINESS», альбому Login Chillin Homie разом із продюсером Сонґуком, який і познайомив Рафа Санду зі Swings.
В 2022 році Джефрі Вайт випустив свій сингл під назвою «지금».
У вересні 2022 Vapo (учасник AP Alchemy) випустив трек «Wanna Know» з участю Мейсона.
В 2023 році Свінґс заявив, що цей рік — рік AP Alchemy, і саме цього року вдалося більше дізнатися про OKASHII, бо вони брали активну участь у створенні обох альбомів AP Alchemy, «A side» i «P side». І вже 5 березня вийшла офіційна заява про приєднання OKASHII до лейблу, а також було випущено інтерв'ю, де Свінґс знайомить глядачів із гуртом та розповідає про плани на майбутнє.
Раф Санду також брав активну участь у створенні альбому BEIGE Kid Milli. Саме в цей час інтерес щодо особистості Санду виріс. Також Санду продюсував, і писав лірику в цьогорічному альбомі Юнхвей (YUNHWAY).
7 липня 2023 відбувся реліз другого повноформатного альбому OKASHII ANTIVANDALISM.
Також у цьому році у Мейсона, iico та Рона вийшов реліз під назвою «zZ».
11 листопада 2023 року OKASHII випустили альбом +.
Про учасників
Джефрі Вайт — Чон Теґьон, народився 02 вересня 1997 року. Колишні псевдоніми — San Dollar і TYKE. Є продюсером половини треків OKASHII.
Мейсон Гоум — Лі Тесок, народився 25 листопада 1998 року. Колишні псевдоніми — COKE KIXX.
Раф Санду — Чон Синхван, народився 22 січня 1999. Колишні псевдоніми — Cissé. Його нікнейм, Раф Санду, він придумав, коли купував одяг свого улюбленого бренду Raf Simons в Омотесандо, що в Японії.
Метт — Кім Йонмін, народився 30 липня 2001 року. Він продюсер OKASHII та музичний інженер. До знайомства із Рафом Санду, деякий час був у складі Mine Field, після чого опинився в гурті.
Колишні учасники:
Шін Мьонґин (honzadinner)
Camel Jack (카멜잭) або Van Cleef
Cold Bay
Дискографія
Альбоми
AGATHA (13.11.2020)
ANTIVANDALISM (07.07.2023)
+ (11.11.2023)
Мікстейпи
666 (24.03.2019)
Також кожен з учасників має сольні проекти або треки у рамках співпраці з іншими виконавцями.
Примітки
Посилання
Instagram OKASHII
Youtube OKASHII
Instagram AP Alchemy
Youtube AP Alchemy
SoundCloud
Instagram Jeffrey White
Instagram Mason Home
Instagram Raf Sandou
Instagram Matt
Друкарня
Південнокорейські музичні гурти
Музичні колективи, що з'явились 2018
Хіп-хоп гурти Південної Кореї
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1577883
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0
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Нова Князівка
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Нова Князівка — село в складі Березинського району Мінської області, Білорусь. Село підпорядковане Ушанській сільській раді, розташоване в східній частині області.
Джерела
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 1. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2010. — 736 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0302-3.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 2. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2011. — 464 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0554-6.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 3. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2012. — 624 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0636-9.
Див. також
Адміністративний поділ Білорусі
Список міст Білорусі
Селища міського типу Білорусі
Райони Білорусі
Посилання
Вебресурс Березинського району
Каталог сіл Березинського району
Села Мінської області
Населені пункти Березинського району
Ушанська сільська рада
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2996794
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%201914
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Ялинки 1914
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Ялинки 1914
«Ялинки 1914» — російська новорічна кінокомедія 2014 року, приквел Ялинки 3 (2013). В прокат в Україні та Росії фільм вийшов 25 грудня 2014 року.
Синопсис
Дія фільму відбувається Російській імперії в 1914 році на фоні початку Першої світової війни. Шість новел фільму розповідають про життя росіян різних міст Росії.
У ролях
Іван Ургант — Борис Юхимович
Сергій Свєтлаков — Євген Павлович
Євгенія Брік — Белла
Олександр Паль — Іван Філіппов
Віра Панфілова — Тетяна
Артур Смольянинов — Петро Кузнецов
Катерина Шпица — Ксенія
Володимир Гостюхін — Олексій Володимирович/начальник Петра
Антон Богданов — Сенько
Ян Цапник — пан Олександр Аркадійович
Віктор Вержбицький — граф Востриков
Олександр Головін — Митя
Олександр Домогаров-молодший — Федір
Галина Стаханова — Марія Іллівна (баба Маня)
Анна Хилькевич — Катя
Данило Ізотов — Гриша
Софія Хількова — Глаша
Ільдар Абдразаков — Федір Шаляпін
Марія Порошина — мама Гриші і Глаши
Костянтин Хабенський — офіцер, батько Гриші і Глаши / голос за кадром
Дато Бахтадзе — генерал Тархан-Моураві
Євген Пронін — брат Івана
Ірина Архипова — Антоніна
Олена Плаксіна — Оля
Ніна Дворжецкая — Олена Павлівна
Альберт Філозов — Василь Григорович
Олександра Назарова — Марія Опанасівна
Еммануїл Віторган — Олексій Трохимович
Тетяна Піскарьова — Настасья Фроловна
Олександр Куріцин — Лев Опанасович
Олександр Половцев — комендант
Олександр Баширов — матрос Желєзняк
Сергій Баталов — Володимир | поранений солдат
Олександр Комісаров — Серафим
Андрій Гусєв — аптекар
Володимир Демидов — господар ательє
Олександр Чернявський — лікар
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт фільму
Кінокомедії Росії
Новорічні фільми
Фільми-сиквели
Фільми російською мовою
Кінокомедії 2014
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3743383
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3
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Світлий Лог
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Світлий Лог — хутір у Калачевському районі Волгоградської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 343 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення П'ятиізбянське сільське поселення.
Історія
Хутір розташований у межах українського історичного та культурного регіону Жовтий Клин.
Згідно із законом від 20 січня 2005 року № 994-ОД органом місцевого самоврядування є П'ятиізбянське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Калачевського району
Хутори Волгоградської області
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1452102
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BE
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Чен Хао
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Чен Хао (程顥, 1032 — 7 липня 1085) — китайський філософ, педагог, поет часів династії Сун, один з основоположників неоконфуціанства.
Життєпис
Народився у 1032 році у м. Лоян (сучасна провінція Хенань). Походив із знатного чиновницького роду. Син Чен Сяна, провінційного чиновника. Разом з молодшим братом Чен І в 1046–1047 навчався у Чжоу Дуньї. У 1052 році отримав вищий вчений ступінь цзіньши. Служив чиновником для доручень при спадкоємці престолу, окружним інспектором, викладав в Лояні. Виступав проти реформ Ван Аньши, піддавав критиці ідеї зрівняльного перерозподілу землі, виступаючи за підтримку заможних господарств, в яких бачив гарант стійкості економічної і фіскальної системи. Помер 7 липня 1085 року.
Філософія
Основними творами є «Дін сіншу» («Книга про встановлення індивідуальної природи»), «Шижень пянь» («Глави про пізнання гуманності»). Інші твори написав разом з братом Чен І. Вони були зведені у збірки «І шу» («Залишені після смерті») і «Ер Чен цюаньшу» («Повне зібрання творів двох братів Чен»).
Вважаючи «лі» загальним «принципом» природних і соціальних процесів, «змін і перетворень» (бяньхуа) в навколишньому світі, Чен Хао на відміну від Чен І уникав ставити акцент на первинність лі по відношенню до «пневми». Останню Чен Хао ототожнював з «оформленим» (юсін), тобто зі світом речей (у), а «неоформлене» (усін) вважав синонімом дао, «що не має ні початку, ні кінця». Ця теза була в рамках заперечення висунутої Чжан Цзаєм концепції «Великої порожнечі» (тайсюй) як єдиної загальносвітової «пневми» і джерела різноманіття речей.
На думку Чен Хао, «прояви неба і землі» є «прояви всього і мене»; хоча «принцип неба, землі і темряви речей (ваньу) передбачає обов'язкову наявність всередині себе протилежностей», але «щире і шанобливе серце» не протистоїть речам, бо воно тотожне Небу (тянь) — вищому природного початку, яке одночасно є універсальним" принципом". Тому «вичерпання власного серця» є способом «вичерпання принципу» (цюн лі) і «вичерпного пізнання своєї природи» (цзиньсін), яка є однією сутністністю природи Всесвіту. «Я сам є найкраща міра всього», бо при «зверненні до власного серця» усувається подвійність сприйняття світу нібито поділеного на «внутрішній» та «зовнішній».
Поезія
Відзначався легким стиля вірша. Головними темами були: опис природи, пори року, оточуючих подій. Найвідомішими є «Раптово написав весняним днем», «Осінній місяць» «Гуляю уздовж греблі».
Джерела
Chan Wing-tsit. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princ., L., 1963, p. 518–543.
De Bary Wm. Th. The Message of the Mind in the Neo-Confucianism. N. Y., 1990.
Китайські філософи
Поети династії Сун
Уродженці Лояна
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding
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Shipbuilding
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Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. In modern times, it normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.
Until recently, with the development of complex non-maritime technologies, a ship has often represented the most advanced structure that the society building it could produce. Some key industrial advances were developed to support shipbuilding, for instance the sawing of timbers by mechanical saws propelled by windmills in Dutch shipyards during the first half of the 17th century. The design process saw the early adoption of the logarithm (invented in 1615) to generate the curves used to produce the shape of a hull, especially when scaling up these curves accurately in the mould loft.
Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as naval engineering. The construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building.
The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking.
The earliest evidence of maritime transport by modern humans is the settlement of Australia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. This almost certainly involved rafts, possibly equipped with some sort of sail. Much of the development beyond that raft technology occurred in the "nursery" areas of the Mediterranean and in Maritime Southeast Asia. Favoured by warmer waters and a number of inter-visible islands, boats (and, later, ships) with water-tight hulls (unlike the "flow through" structure of a raft) could be developed. The ships of ancient Egypt were built by joining the hull planks together, edge to edge, with tenons set in mortices cut in the mating edges. A similar technique, but with the tenons being pinned in position by dowels, was used in the Mediterranean for most of classical antiquity. Both these variants are "shell first" techniques, where any reinforcing frames are inserted after assembly of the planking has defined the hull shape. Carvel construction then took over in the Mediterranean. Northern Europe used clinker construction, but with some flush-planked ship-building in, for instance, the bottom planking of cogs. The north-European and Mediterranean traditions merged in the late 15th century, with carvel construction being adopted in the North and the centre-line mounted rudder replacing the quarter rudder of the Mediterranean. These changes broadly coincided with improvements in sailing rigs, with the three masted ship becoming common, with square sails on the fore and main masts, and a fore and aft sail on the mizzen.
Ship-building then saw a steady improvement in design techniques and introduction of new materials. Iron was used for more than fastenings (nails and bolts) as structural components such as iron knees were introduced, with examples existing in the mid-18th century and from the mid-19th century onwards. This was partly led by the shortage of "compass timber", the naturally curved timber that meant that shapes could be cut without weaknesses caused by cuts across the grain of the timber. Ultimately, whole ships were made of iron and, later, steel.
History
Pre-history
The earliest known depictions (including paintings and models) of shallow-water sailing boats is from the 6th to 5th millennium BC of the Ubaid period of Mesopotamia. They were made from bundled reeds coated in bitumen and had bipod masts. They sailed in shallow coastal waters of the Persian Gulf.
4th millennium BC
Ancient Egypt
Evidence from Ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3100 BC. Egyptian pottery as old as 4000 BC shows designs of early fluvial boats or other means for navigation. The Archaeological Institute of America reports that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the Abydos boats. These are a group of 14 ships discovered in Abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were "sewn" together. Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor of New York University, woven straps were found to have been used to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to Pharaoh Khasekhemwy, originally they were all thought to have belonged to him, but one of the 14 ships dates to 3000 BC, and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating. The ship dating to 3000 BC was about 75 feet (23 m) long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. According to professor O'Connor, the 5,000-year-old ship may have even belonged to Pharaoh Aha.
Austronesia
The Austronesian expansion, which began with migration from Taiwan to the island of Luzon in the Philippines, spread across Island Southeast Asia. Then, between 1500 BC and 1500 AD they settled uninhabited islands of the Pacific, and also sailed westward to Madagascar. This is associated with distinctive maritime technology: lashed lug construction techniques (both in outrigger canoes and in large planked sailing vessels), various types of outrigger and twin-hulled canoes and a range of sailing rigs that included the crab claw sail. The origins of this technology is difficult to date, relying largely on linguistics (studying the words for parts of boats), the written comments of people from other cultures, including the observations of European explorers at the time of first contact and the later more systematic ethnographic observations of the types of craft in use. There is only a small body of archaeological evidence available. Since Island Southeast Asia contained effective maritime transport between its very large number of islands long before Austronesian seafaring, it is argued that Austronesians adopted an existing maritime technology from the existing inhabitants of this region.
Austronesian ships varied from simple canoes to large multihull ships. The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge with dowels inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from rattan or fiber) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the "lashed-lug" technique. They were commonly caulked with pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibres which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction as well as the absence of metal nails. Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.
Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant pandanus leaves. These sails allowed Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging.
The ancient Champa of Vietnam also uniquely developed basket-hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and resin-caulked bamboo, either entirely or in conjunction with plank strakes. They range from small coracles (the o thúng) to large ocean-going trading ships like the ghe mành.
3rd millennium BC
Ancient Egypt
Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, using pitch for caulking the seams. The "Khufu ship", a 43.6-meter vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza in the Fourth Dynasty around 2500 BC, is a full-size surviving example which may have fulfilled the symbolic function of a solar barque. Early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints.
Indus Valley
The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast in India. Other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade. Ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia. Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India. Native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by Alexander the Great to navigate across the Hydaspes and even the Indus, under Nearchos. The Indians also exported teak for shipbuilding to ancient Persia. Other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr.
2nd millennium BC
Mediterranean
The ships of Ancient Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters (80 ft) in length and had a single mast, sometimes consisting of two poles lashed together at the top making an "A" shape. They mounted a single square sail on a yard, with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar propelled. The ocean- and sea-going ships of Ancient Egypt were constructed with cedar wood, most likely hailing from Lebanon.
The ships of Phoenicia seem to have been of a similar design.
1st millennium BC
Austronesia
Austronesians established the Austronesian maritime trade network at around 1000 to 600 BC, linking Southeast Asia with East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and later East Africa. The route later became part of the Spice trade network and the Maritime Silk Road.
China
The naval history of China stems back to the Spring and Autumn period (722 BC–481 BC) of the ancient Chinese Zhou dynasty. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as "castle ships", which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts. However, the Chinese vessels during this era were essentially fluvial (riverine). True ocean-going Chinese fleets did not appear until the 10th century Song dynasty.
Mediterranean
There is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean.
1st millennium AD
Austronesia
Large multi-masted seafaring ships of Southeast Asian Austronesians first started appearing in Chinese records during the Han dynasty as the k'un-lun po or kunlun bo ("ship of the k'un-lun [dark-skinned southern people]"). These ships used two types of sail of their invention, the junk sail and tanja sail. Large ships are about 50–60 metres (164–197 ft) long, had tall freeboard, each carrying provisions enough for a year, and could carry 200–1000 people. The Chinese recorded that these Southeast Asian ships were hired for passage to South Asia by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims and travelers, because they did not build seaworthy ships of their own until around the 8–9th century AD.
Austronesians (especially from western Island Southeast Asia) were trading in the Indian Ocean as far as Africa during this period. By around 50 to 500 AD, a group of Austronesians, believed to be from the southeastern coasts of Borneo (possibly a mixed group related to the modern Ma'anyan, Banjar, and/or the Dayak people) crossed the Indian Ocean and colonized Madagascar. This resulted in the introduction of outrigger canoe technology to non-Austronesian cultures in the East African coast.
China
The ancient Chinese also built fluvial ramming vessels as in the Greco-Roman tradition of the trireme, although oar-steered ships in China lost favor very early on since it was in the 1st century China that the stern-mounted rudder was first developed. This was dually met with the introduction of the Han dynasty junk ship design in the same century. The Chinese were using square sails during the Han dynasty and adopted the Austronesian junk sail later in the 12th century. Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails, and the junk rig of Chinese ships is believed to be developed from tilted sails.
Southern Chinese junks were based on keeled and multi-planked Austronesian ship known as po by the Chinese, from the Old Javanese parahu, Javanese prau, or Malay perahu – large ship. Southern Chinese junks showed characteristics of Austronesian ships that they are made using timbers of tropical origin, with keeled, V-shaped hull. This is different from northern Chinese junks, which are developed from flat-bottomed riverine boats. The northern Chinese junks were primarily built of pine or fir wood, had flat bottoms with no keel, water-tight bulkheads with no frames, transom (squared) stern and stem, and have their planks fastened with iron nails or clamps.
It was unknown when the Chinese people started adopting Southeast Asian (Austronesian) shipbuilding techniques. They may have been started as early as the 8th century, but the development was gradual and the true ocean-going Chinese junks did not appear suddenly. The word "po" survived in Chinese long after, referring to the large ocean-going junks.
Mediterranean
In September 2011, archeological investigations done at the site of Portus in Rome revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of Trajan (98–117) that indicated the existence of a shipbuilders guild.
Early 2nd millennium AD
Austronesia
Roughly at this time is the last migration wave of the Austronesian expansion, when the Polynesian islands spread over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean were being colonized by the (Austronesian) Polynesians from Island Melanesia using double-hulled voyaging catamarans. At its furthest extent, there is a possibility that they may have reached the Americas. After the 11th century, a new type of ship called djong or jong was recorded in Java and Bali. This type of ship was built using wooden dowels and treenails, unlike the kunlun bo which used vegetal fibres for lashings.
The empire of Majapahit used jong, built in northern Java, for transporting troops overseas. The jongs were transport ships which could carry 100–2000 tons of cargo and 50–1000 people, 28.99–88.56 meter in length. The exact number of jong fielded by Majapahit is unknown, but the largest number of jong deployed in an expedition is about 400 jongs, when Majapahit attacked Pasai, in 1350.
Europe
Until recently, Viking longships were seen as marking an advance on traditional clinker-built hulls where leather thongs were used to join plank boards. This consensus has recently been challenged. Haywood has argued that earlier Frankish and Anglo-Saxon nautical practice was much more accomplished than had been thought and has described the distribution of clinker vs. carvel construction in Western Europe (see map ). An insight into shipbuilding in the North Sea/Baltic areas of the early medieval period was found at Sutton Hoo, England, where a ship was buried with a chieftain. The ship was long and wide. Upward from the keel, the hull was made by overlapping nine strakes on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks together. It could hold upwards of thirty men.
Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpost, enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the side. Development in the Middle Ages favored "round ships", with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends. Another important ship type was the galley, which was constructed with both sails and oars.
The first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written by Michael of Rhodes, a man who began his career as an oarsman on a Venetian galley in 1401 and worked his way up into officer positions. He wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on shipbuilding, a treatise on mathematics, much material on astrology, and other materials. His treatise on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships.
China
Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty (1368~1644) were not the same as the shipbuilders in other Chinese dynasties, due to hundreds of years of accumulated experiences and rapid changes in the Ming dynasty. Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty primarily worked for the government, under command of the Ministry of Public Works.
During the early years of the Ming dynasty, the Ming government maintained an open policy towards sailing. Between 1405 and 1433, the government conducted seven diplomatic Ming treasure voyages to over thirty countries in Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and Eastern Africa. The voyages were initiated by the Yongle Emperor, and led by the Admiral Zheng He. Six voyages were conducted under the Yongle Emperor's reign, the last of which returned to China in 1422. After the Yongle Emperor's death in 1424, his successor the Hongxi Emperor ordered the suspension of the voyages. The seventh and final voyage began in 1430, sent by the Xuande Emperor. Although the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors did not emphasize sailing as much as the Yongle Emperor, they were not against it. This led to a high degree of commercialization and an increase in trade. Large numbers of ships were built to meet the demand.
The Ming voyages were large in size, numbering as many as 300 ships and 28,000 men. The shipbuilders were brought from different places in China to the shipyard in Nanjing, including Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Huguang (now the provinces of Hubei and Hunan). One of the most famous shipyards was Long Jiang Shipyard (:zh:龙江船厂), located in Nanjing near the Treasure Shipyard where the ocean-going ships were built. The shipbuilders could build 24 models of ships of varying sizes.
Several types of ships were built for the voyages, including Shachuan (沙船), Fuchuan (福船) and Baochuan (treasure ship) (宝船). Zheng He's treasure ships were regarded as Shachuan types, mainly because they were made in the treasure shipyard in Nanjing. Shachuan, or 'sand-ships', are ships used primarily for inland transport. However, in recent years, some researchers agree that the treasure ships were more of the Fuchuan type. It is said in vol. 176 of San Guo Bei Meng Hui Bian (三朝北盟汇编) that ships made in Fujian are the best ones. Therefore, the best shipbuilders and laborers were brought from these places to support Zheng He's expedition.
The shipyard was under the command of Ministry of Public Works. The shipbuilders had no control over their lives. The builders, commoner's doctors, cooks and errands had lowest social status. The shipbuilders were forced to move away from their hometown to the shipyards. There were two major ways to enter the shipbuilder occupation: family tradition, or apprenticeship. If a shipbuilder entered the occupation due to family tradition, the shipbuilder learned the techniques of shipbuilding from his family and is very likely to earn a higher status in the shipyard. Additionally, the shipbuilder had access to business networking that could help to find clients. If a shipbuilder entered the occupation through an apprenticeship, the shipbuilder was likely a farmer before he was hired as a shipbuilder, or he was previously an experienced shipbuilder.
Many shipbuilders working in the shipyard were forced into the occupation. The ships built for Zheng He's voyages needed to be waterproof, solid, safe, and have ample room to carry large amounts of trading goods. Therefore, due to the highly commercialized society that was being encouraged by the expeditions, trades, and government policies, the shipbuilders needed to acquire the skills to build ships that fulfil these requirements.
Shipbuilding was not the sole industry utilising Chinese lumber at that time; the new capital was being built in Beijing from approximately 1407 onwards, which required huge amounts of high-quality wood. These two ambitious projects commissioned by Emperor Yongle would have had enormous environmental and economic effects, even if the ships were half the dimensions given in the History of Ming. Considerable pressure would also have been placed on the infrastructure required to transport the trees from their point of origin to the shipyards.
Shipbuilders were usually divided into different groups and had separate jobs. Some were responsible for fixing old ships; some were responsible for making the keel and some were responsible for building the helm.
It was the keel that determined the shape and the structure of the hull of Fuchuan Ships. The keel is the middle of the bottom of the hull, constructed by connecting three sections; stern keel, main keel and poop keel. The hull spreads in the arc towards both sides forming the keel.
The helm was the device that controls direction when sailing. It was a critical invention in shipbuilding technique in ancient China and was only used by the Chinese for a fairly long time. With a developing recognition of its function, the shape and configuration of the helm was continually improved by shipbuilders. The shipbuilders not only needed to build the ship according to design, but needed to acquire the skills to improve the ships.
After 1477, the Ming government reversed its open maritime policies, enacting a series of isolationist policies in response to piracy. The policies, called Haijin (sea ban), lasted until the end of the Ming dynasty in 1644. During this period, Chinese navigation technology did not make any progress and even declined in some aspect.
Indian Ocean
In the Islamic world, shipbuilding thrived at Basra and Alexandria. The dhow, felucca, baghlah, and the sambuk became symbols of successful maritime trade around the Indian Ocean from the ports of East Africa to Southeast Asia and the ports of Sindh and Hind (India) during the Abbasid period.
Early modern
Bengal
Mughal Empire had a large shipbuilding industry, which was largely centred in the Bengal Subah. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.
Shipbuilding in Bengal was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time, with Bengal selling ships to European firms. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution.
West Africa
Documents from 1506, for example, refer to watercraft on the Sierra Leone river carrying 120 men. Others refer to Guinea coast peoples using war canoes of varying sizes – some 70 feet in length, 7–8 feet broad, with sharp pointed ends, rowing benches on the side, and quarterdecks or forecastles build of reeds. The watercraft included miscellaneous facilities, such as cooking hearths, and storage spaces for the crew's sleeping mats.
From the 17th century, some kingdoms added brass or iron cannons to their vessels. By the 18th century, however, the use of swivel cannons on war canoes accelerated. The city-state of Lagos, for instance, deployed war canoes armed with swivel cannons.
Europe
With the development of the carrack, the west moved into a new era of ship construction by building the first regular oceangoing vessels. In a relatively short time, these ships grew to an unprecedented size, complexity, and cost.
Shipyards became large industrial complexes, and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors. These considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights and ultimately led to the field of naval architecture, in which professional designers and draftsmen played an increasingly important role. Even so, construction techniques changed only very gradually. The ships of the Napoleonic Wars were still built more or less to the same basic plan as those of the Spanish Armada of two centuries earlier, although there had been numerous subtle improvements in ship design and construction throughout this period. For instance, the introduction of tumblehome, adjustments to the shapes of sails and hulls, the introduction of the wheel, the introduction of hardened copper fastenings below the waterline, the introduction of copper sheathing as a deterrent to shipworm and fouling, etc.
Industrial Revolution
Though still largely based on pre-industrial era materials and designs, ships greatly improved during the early Industrial Revolution period (1760 to 1825), as "the risk of being wrecked for Atlantic shipping fell by one-third, and of foundering by two thirds, reflecting improvements in seaworthiness and navigation respectively." The improvements in seaworthiness have been credited to "replacing the traditional stepped deck ship with stronger flushed decked ones derived from Indian designs, and the increasing use of iron reinforcement." The design originated from Bengal rice ships, with Bengal being famous for its shipbuilding industry at the time. Iron was gradually adopted in ship construction, initially to provide stronger joints in a wooden hull e.g. as deck knees, hanging knees, knee riders and the other sharp joints, ones in which a curved, progressive joint could not be achieved. One study finds that there were considerable improvements in ship speed from 1750 to 1850: "we find that average sailing speeds of British ships in moderate to strong winds rose by nearly a third. Driving this steady progress seems to be the continuous evolution of sails and rigging, and improved hulls that allowed a greater area of sail to be set safely in a given wind. By contrast, looking at every voyage between the Netherlands and East Indies undertaken by the Dutch East India Company from 1595 to 1795, we find that journey time fell only by 10 percent, with no improvement in the heavy mortality, averaging six percent per voyage, of those aboard."
Initially copying wooden construction traditions with a frame over which the hull was fastened, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's of 1843 was the first radical new design, being built entirely of wrought iron. Despite her success, and the great savings in cost and space provided by the iron hull, compared to a copper-sheathed counterpart, there remained problems with fouling due to the adherence of weeds and barnacles. As a result, composite construction remained the dominant approach where fast ships were required, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame (Cutty Sark is a famous example). Later Great Britains iron hull was sheathed in wood to enable it to carry a copper-based sheathing. Brunel's represented the next great development in shipbuilding. Built-in association with John Scott Russell, it used longitudinal stringers for strength, inner and outer hulls, and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments. Steel also supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century, providing great savings when compared with iron in cost and weight. Wood continued to be favored for the decks.
During World War II, the need for cargo ships was so great that construction time for Liberty ships went from initially eight months or longer, down to weeks or even days. They employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today. The total number of dry-cargo ships built in the United States in a 15-year period just before the war was a grand total of two. During the war, thousands of Liberty ships and Victory ships were built, many of them in shipyards that did not exist before the war. And, they were built by a workforce consisting largely of women and other inexperienced workers who had never seen a ship before (or even the ocean).
Worldwide shipbuilding industry
After World War II, shipbuilding (which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers, and many related service and knowledge providers) grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:
The large number of skilled workers required directly by the shipyard, along with supporting industries such as steel mills, railroads and engine manufacturers; and
A nation's need to manufacture and repair its own navy and vessels that support its primary industries
Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules and a tendency towards (state-supported) over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers, and generate income as the shipbuilding market is global.
Japan used shipbuilding in the 1950s and 1960s to rebuild its industrial structure; South Korea started to make shipbuilding a strategic industry in the 1970s, and China is now in the process of repeating these models with large state-supported investments in this industry. Conversely, Croatia is privatising its shipbuilding industry.
As a result, the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices (although the industry experienced a price increase in the period 2003–2005 due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases), low profit margins, trade distortions and widespread subsidisation. All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the 1994 international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the 2003–2005 round of negotiations being paused in September 2005 after no agreement was possible. After numerous efforts to restart the negotiations these were formally terminated in December 2010. The OECD's Council Working Party on Shipbuilding (WP6) will continue its efforts to identify and progressively reduce factors that distort the shipbuilding market.
Where state subsidies have been removed and domestic industrial policies do not provide support in high labor cost countries, shipbuilding has gone into decline. The British shipbuilding industry is a prime example of this with its industries suffering badly from the 1960s. In the early 1970s British yards still had the capacity to build all types and sizes of merchant ships but today they have been reduced to a small number specialising in defence contracts, luxury yachts and repair work. Decline has also occurred in other European countries, although to some extent this has reduced by protective measures and industrial support policies. In the US, the Jones Act (which places restrictions on the ships that can be used for moving domestic cargoes) has meant that merchant shipbuilding has continued, albeit at a reduced rate, but such protection has failed to penalise shipbuilding inefficiencies. The consequence of this is that contract prices are far higher than those of any other country building oceangoing ships.
Present day shipbuilding
Beyond the 2000s, the three East Asian manufacturing powerhouses, China, South Korea and Japan, have dominated world shipbuilding by completed gross tonnage. China State Shipbuilding Corporation, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering and Imabari Shipbuilding supply most of the global market for large container, bulk carrier, tanker and Ro-ro ships. During the early 2020s, Chinese shipbuilders saw an increase in orders as operators demand greener fleets.
When referring to the type, then China, South Korea and Japan are the producing countries of the carrier ships as mentioned above. While Italy, France, Finland, Germany, United Kingdom and other country in Europe are the makers of cruise ships (the most), icebreakers, crane vessel and so on.
The market share of European ship builders began to decline in the 1960s as they lost work to Japan in the same way Japan most recently lost their work to South Korea and China. Over the four years from 2007, the total number of employees in the European shipbuilding industry declined from 150,000 to 115,000. In 2022, some key shipbuilders in Europe are Fincantieri, Damen Group, Navantia, Naval Group and BAE Systems.
The output of the United States also underwent a similar change. The US is ranked the 10th largest shipbuilder worldwide. The top companies that build large naval vessels, such as aircraft carriers and frigates, include Huntington Ingalls, Bollinger and General Dynamics. In the small to medium military vessels category, key shipbuilders include Vigor Industrial, and VT Halter Marine. As the US Navy is shifting to a new fleet architecture that is more widely distributed, Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) development is rapidly propelled to higher priority. Key strategic Program of Record includes prototyping and construction of up to 9 MUSVs, for which a sole contract was awarded to L3Harris Technologies, who partnered with Swiftships to build the MUSVs.
2018 Defense Department initiated Overlord Program, and developed USV Prototypes 1 (NOMAD) and 2 (RANGER). Both of them took part in multiple fleet level exercises and demonstrations, traveled 28,982 nautical miles in autonomous mode, and tested numerous payloads. Nomam, formerly known as Riley Claire, is a converted offshore patrol vessel, which was built by Swiftships. The objective of the Ghost Fleet Overlord program is to convert large, commercial vessels to autonomous systems.
Modern shipbuilding manufacturing techniques
Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections. Entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place. This is known as "block construction". The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.
Ship design work, also called naval architecture, may be conducted using a ship model basin. Previously, loftsmen at the mould lofts of shipyards were responsible for taking the dimensions, and details from drawings and plans and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting sketches, profiles, margins and other data. However, since the early 1970s computer-aided design became normal for the shipbuilding design and lofting process.
Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks (see problems of the Liberty ship). Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used. Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists. Brittle fracture of modern vessels continues to occur from time to time because grade A and grade B steel of unknown toughness or fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) in ships' side shells can be less than adequate for all ambient conditions.
As modern shipbuilding panels on a panel line become lighter and thinner, the laser hybrid welding technique is utilized. The laser hybrid blend focuses a higher energy beam on the material to be joined, allowing it to keyhole with a much higher depth to width ratio than comparative traditional welding techniques. Typically a MIG process trails the keyhole providing filler material for the weld joint. This allows for very high penetration without excessive heat input from decreased weld metal deposited leading to less distortion and welding at higher travel speeds.
Ship repair industry
All ships need repair work at some point in their working lives. A part of these jobs must be carried out under the supervision of the classification society.
A lot of maintenance is carried out while at sea or in port by ship's crew.
However, a large number of repair and maintenance works can only be carried out while the ship is out of commercial operation, in a ship repair yard.
Prior to undergoing repairs, a tanker must dock at a deballasting station for completing the tank cleaning operations and pumping ashore its slops (dirty cleaning water and hydrocarbon residues).
See also
Ancient shipbuilding techniques
Boat building
List of shipbuilders and shipyards
List of the largest shipbuilding companies
List of Russian marine engineers
Ships of ancient Rome
References
Notes
External links
Shipbuilding Picture Dictionary
U.S. Shipbuildingextensive information about the U.S. shipbuilding industry, including over 500 pages of U.S. shipyard construction records
Shipbuilding News
Bataviawerf – the Historic Dutch East Indiaman Ship YardShipyard of the historic ships Batavia and Zeven Provincien in the Netherlands, since 1985 here have been great ships reconstructed using old construction methods.
Photos of the reconstruction of the Dutch East Indiaman Batavia Photo web site about the reconstruction of the Batavia on the shipyard Batavia werf, a 16th-century East Indiaman in the Netherlands. The site is constantly expanding with more historic images as in 2010 the shipyard celebrates its 25th year.
Modern shipbuilding and the men engaged in it, David Pocock (London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1884).
Naval architecture
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Фегервар АВ19
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Фегервар АВ19
«Фегервар АВ19» — хокейний клуб з Секешфегервара, Угорщина. Заснований у 1960 році.
Історичні назви
1960 – Будапешт Волан СК
1977 – Секешфегервар Волан СК
1984 – Альба Волан Секешфегервар
1998 – Альба Волан-Ріцеланд
2000 – Альба Волан-ФеВіта
2005 – Альба Волан Секешфегервар
2009 – Сапа Фегервар АВ19
2014 – Фегервар АВ19
Історія
Спортивний клуб «Будапешт Волан» засновано у 1960 році. У 1964–65 команда виступала на відкритому повітрі, через 10 років створено професійну хокейну команду. У 1977 році відкрито нову штучну ковзанку. На той момент тільки Будапешт та Дунауйварош мали придатну структуру для хокею. Свій перший сезон в угорському чемпіонаті «Секешфегервар Волан» провів у сезоні 1977–78. Через три сезони клуб вперше став чемпіоном країни.
На рубежі тисячоліть «Альба Волан» став провідною командою в країні. Клуб виграв дванадцять чемпіонських титулів Угорщини поспіль. У цей період керівництво угорської команди переконало Австрійську хокейну лігу про включення клубу до цих змагань. Дебют у сезоні 2007–08 став для угорців провальним за підсумками регулярної першості вони посіли останнє місце. Компенсацієїю для угорців стало перше місце в дивізіоні IA та повернення до Топ-дивізіону світової першості після семидесятирічної перерви.
З 2012 року в чемпіонаті Угорщини брала участь молодіжна команда «Фегервар АВ19» але і вона згодом почала брати участь в молодіжній лізі Ерсте Банку, продовжуючи змагатись за Кубок Угорщини.
У сезоні 2018–19 вперше вийшов до плей-оф, де поступився австрійському клубу «Ред Булл» (Зальцбург).
Досягнення
Чемпіонат Угорщини:
Чемпіон (13) : 1981, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
Інтерліга:
Переможець (2): 2003, 2007
Континентальний кубок:
Третє місце (1) : 2005
Закріплені номери
19 Габор Очкаї
24 Крістіан Палькович
25 Балаж Канд'яль
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний вебсайт
Архів
Хокейні клуби Угорщини
Хокейні клуби, засновані 1960
Секешфегервар
Засновані в Угорщині 1960
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Зелений вогонь (роман)
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Зелений вогонь (роман)
«Зелений вогонь» — науково-фантастичний роман американського письменника (псевдонім Еріка Темпла Белла). Опублікований 1928 року видавництвом E. P. Dutton. Роман було адаптовано та переписано під п'єсу.
Сюжет
Роман розповідає про дві корпорації, які конкурують між собою у розвитку потужності атомної енергії. Незалежні лабораторії працюють над удосконаленням людства, а об'єднана влада працює задля особистого впливу. Природа поступово знищується, а Джеймс Фергюсон, лідер Незалежних, дізнається, що директор компанії Об'єднаних Євич досяг своєї мети. Туманності в космосі позначаються зеленуватим мерехтінням, а потім знищуються. Макроберт, який раніше відхилив будь-які пропозиції Корпорації, приєднується до Незалежних. Він приєднується до Євича вчасно, щоб запобігти руйнуванням.
Відгуки
Басіл Девенпорт, в огляді роману на сторінках Нью-Йорк таймс, звинуватив роман у «психологічній грубості», але зазначив, що «Зелений вогонь» також відзначається «яскравими концепціями та дуелями влади зі справжньою непердбачуваністю».
Еверетт Ф. Блейлер звинуватив роман у дефектах, включаючи «погану експозицію», проте зазначив, що Євлич був змодельований з Ніколи Тесли, але назвав дані про його ранні роки життя «захоплюючими».
Примітки
Література
Науково-фантастичні романи 1928
Науково-фантастичні романи США
Твори Джона Тейна
Англомовні фантастичні романи
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Tropidurus helenae
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Tropidurus helenae — вид ігуаноподібних ящірок родини Tropiduridae. Ендемік Бразилії.
Поширення і екологія
Tropidurus helenae мешкають в штаті Піауї на північному сході Бразилії. Вони живуть серед вапнякових і пісковикових скель.
Примітки
Tropiduridae
Тварини, описані 1990
Плазуни Бразилії
Ендемічна фауна Бразилії
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Lustration in Ukraine
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Lustration in Ukraine
In Ukraine, lustration (liustratsiia) refers to the removal from public office of civil servants who served under Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych. This measure was initiated under president Petro Poroshenko, after Yanukovich was deposed in the Revolution of Dignity. This lustration also applies to civil servants who were active in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union prior to 1991. A 2019 proposal by the newly elected president Volodymyr Zelensky proposed to expand the lustration to the officials who served under Poroshenko, citing the dissatisfaction many Ukrainians felt with Ukraine’s largely ineffective bureaucracy by the time Poroshenko’s presidential term ended. The proposal attracted much more criticism, including international criticism, than the first round of lustration (2014), both because Poroshenko peacefully turned over power to Zelensky as well as the belief held amongst many Ukrainians that Poroshenko’s presidency was much less corrupt than Yanukovych’s. Nonetheless, the ECHR’s ruling has important implications for future such programs. A week after the proposal, a member of Zelensky’s Servant of the People party proposed to end the policy of lustration. By 2020, lustration had been argued to be relatively successful in purging much of Ukraine’s previous corrupt bureaucracy, as well as purging pro-Russian officials who served under President Yanukovych. However, it was also argued to be somewhat of a failure in that many representatives of Yanukovych’s Party of Regions remained with political influence, although as the political opposition in Ukraine, and instead now named the “Opposition Bloc”. Amidst the Russo-Ukrainian War, in 2022 the Opposition Bloc, along with other pro-Russian parties, were banned, resulting in lustration being completed after 8 years.
The name "lustration" alludes to similar purges of civil servants that took place in Eastern Europe following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The exclusion from service is set to a term of five to ten years.
Overview
The purpose of the lustration campaign is to remove from public office "for ten years and others for five years" civil servants who worked under Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych for more than a year "and did not resign of their own accord" between 25 February 2010 and 22 February 2014 and civil servants "who were elected and worked in high positions in the Soviet Communist Party, were permanent workers or secret agents of the Soviet KGB, the Main Intelligence Department of the Soviet Defense Ministry, graduated from higher education establishments of the Soviet KGB (except for technical specializations), worked with the special services of foreign countries as secret informers or carried out events aimed at sabotaging the foundations of Ukraine's national security, defense or territorial integrity by their actions or lack thereof, made public calls for violations of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, or fanned ethnic feud".
The complete process of checking all civil servants is to be completed in December 2016. Elected offices like the President of Ukraine and People's Deputies of Ukraine will not be subject to lustration checks. Current judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the Supreme Court of Ukraine will not be subject to lustration either.
History
Lustration was one of the demands of the Euromaidan-protestors. The Euromaidan protests started in November 2013 and ended with the 22 February 2014 removal of office of President Viktor Yanukovych. On 26 February 2014, Yehor Soboliev was nominated to lead the "Committee on Lustration" in the new Yatsenyuk Government. On 14 August 2014, the Ukrainian parliament adopted a bill on government lustration that introduced "procedures for conducting checks of government officials and people nominated for government position with the purpose of deciding whether they meet certain criteria for occupying relevant post". The bill was passed with the support of 252 out of 450 MPs. On 16 September 2014 the Ukrainian parliament at the third reading adopted the law on lustration and thus finally passed the bill that took effect on 16 October 2014. The head of the working group which finalized the bill on lustration, Yuriy Derevianko, said that the adopted document differed from the bill considered by the parliament at first reading.
The first lustration wave, in October 2014, resulted in the removal of 39 high-ranking officials. By mid-September 2015 700 officials were lustrated/fired.
Criticism
According to General Prosecutor of Ukraine Vitaly Yarema the lustration law adopted by the Ukrainian parliament complied neither with the Ukrainian Constitution nor international law, and he warned "its enactment will have negative consequences".
Volodymyr Yavorsky of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group described the 14 August 2014 lustration bill as "unreasonable." He warned that its implementation would entail "serious systematic violations of human rights," because, among other reasons, too many people would be affected by it, including the effects of dismissing officials who could not be easily replaced.
The Council of Europe's Venice Commission ruled on 12 December 2014 that the lustration law contained some serious flaws; it called for revision of the lustration criteria, administrative decisions on lustration to be postponed and that information on who is subject to lustration should only be published after a final court ruling issued.
See also
Decommunization in Ukraine
Derussification in Ukraine
References
Political history of Ukraine
Euromaidan
Decommunization in Ukraine
2014 in Ukraine
2015 in Ukraine
Anti-communism in Ukraine
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Лагоріо Олександр Євгенович
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Лагоріо Олександр Євгенович
Олександр Євгенович Лагоріо (1852—1944) — вчений-петрограф, кристалограф і мінералог, дійсний статський радник (1900), таємний радник (1907).
Життєпис
Народився 27 серпня 1852 року в Феодосії в родині Євгена Феліксовича Лагоріо, сина неаполітанського віце-консула Феліче (Фелікса) Лагоріо.
Початкову освіту він здобув удома, після чого навчався в Кишинівській класичній гімназії з 1866 по 1870 рік.
1870 року він продовжив навчання в Дерптському університеті (Естонія) — спочатку вивчав зоологію, але згодом зацікавився геологією. 1875 року закінчив університет, здобувши ступінь бакалавра мінералогії.
Там же він ропочав свою наукову і педагогічну дільяність. В якості асистента кафедри геології читав лекції з мінералогії у Дерптському ветеринарному інституті.
Він здобув ступінь магістра в 1877 році, після завершення дослідницької поїздки на Кавказ і в Крим та презентації дисертації «Про андезити Кавказу», а в травні 1880 року він здобув ступінь доктора наук, захистивши дисертацію на тему «Порівняльно-петрографічні дослідження кримських масивних порід». В тому ж році він був призначений доцентом Імператорського Варшавського університету, в якому пропрацював 18 років.
Від 1881 року був секретарем, а 1894—1901 років — деканом факультету фізико-математичних наук цього вишу.
1885 року став ординарним професором кафедри мінералогії.
1896 року був обраний членом-корреспондентом Петербурзької академії наук, а 1897 року став членом Санкт-Петербурзького товариства дослідників природи.
1897 — член оргкомітету Варшавського політехнічного інституту, а з квітня 1898 — перший директор цього вишу, в якому також був деканом гірничого відділення..
1904—1917 — керуючий учбовим відділом, член ради з навчальних справ і голова Вченого Комітету Міністерства торгівлі і промисловості Росії.
1917 року з родиною переїхав до Фінляндії, а у жовтні 1920 року — до Берліна, де став помічником Вільгельма Оствальда, лауреата Нобелівської премії з хімії 1909 року. Працював у галузі хімічної геології та кольорознавства у Дрездені та Берліні.
В деяких джерелах зазначалось, що він помер 1922 року в Берліні, проте професору Еріку Амбургеру вдалось дізнатись точну дату смерті Лагоріо — він помер в Мюнхені 25 березня 1944 року. Його листи до Вільгельма Оствальда також доводять, що Лагоріо був ще живий у 1930-х роках.
Наукові праці
1876 — «Mikroskopische Analyse ostbaltischer Gebirgsarten»
1880 — «Vergleichend petrographische Untersuchungen über die massigen Gesteine der Krym»
1887 — «Über die Natur der Glasbasis, sowie der Krystallisationsvorgänge im eruptiven Magma»
1878 — «Die Andesite des Caucasus»
1897 — «О причинах разнообразия изверженных пород»
Родина
Батько, Лагоріо Євген Феліксович (1820—1854) — намісник в Криму, колезький реєстратор Сімферопільського окружного управління. Мати Аделаїда (1829—1887), уроджена Бернардацці, швейцарсько-італійського походження.
Дядько, Лагоріо Лев Феліксович (1826—1905) — видатний художник-мариніст. Дід, Фелікс Лагоріо (1781—1857) — віце-консул Королівства Обох Сицилій у Феодосії.
Дружина Жюлі-Луїза (уроджена фон Фалтін; 1860—1836). Донька Аделаїда Лагоріо (1886—1976) — художниця-мініатюристка Донька Марія Ісцеленнова (1893—1979) — живописець, графік. Син Олександр фон Лагоріо (1890—1965) — німецький кінооператор.
Троюрідний брат, Лагоріо Євген Олександрович (1843—1896) був директором Київського реального училища в 1895—1889 роках.
Примітки
Посилання
А. Е. Лагорио // Сайт Російської академії наук
А. Е. Лагорио // «История геологии и горного дела» ГИН РАН
Ehe mit Alexander v. Lagorio // Alexander v. Faltin
Alexander Evgenevich v. Lagorio
Кристалографи
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1730830
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83
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Адміністративний устрій Сватівського району
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Адміністративний устрій Сватівського району — адміністративно-територіальний устрій Сватівського району Луганської області на 1 міську раду, 1 селищну раду та 17 сільських рад, які об'єднують 60 населених пунктів і підпорядковані Сватівській районній раді. Адміністративний центр — місто Сватове.
Список рад Сватівського району
* Примітки: м. — місто, смт — селище міського типу, с. — село, с-ще — селище
Див. також
Сватівський район
Примітки
Сватівський район
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5192388
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%28%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Характеристичне число (інтегральні рівняння)
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Характеристичне число (інтегральні рівняння)
Характеристичне число ядра інтегрального рівняння — комплексне значення , за якого однорідне інтегральне рівняння Фредгольма другого роду
має нетривіальний (тобто не рівний тотожно нулю) розв'язок , називаний власною функцією. Тут — ділянка в , — ядро інтегрального рівняння. Характеристичні числа — це величини, обернені власним значенням інтегрального оператора з ядром . Значення , які не є характеристичними числами, називають регулярними. Якщо — регулярне значення, інтегральне рівняння Фредгольма другого роду
має єдиний розв'язок за будь-якого вільного члена ; характеристичні числа — це «особливі точки», в яких розв'язок не існує або існує безліч розв'язків, залежно від вільного члена .
Властивості
Характеристичні числа неперервного ядра мають такі властивості:
Множина характеристичних чисел зліченна і не має скінченних граничних точок.
Кратністю характеристичного числа називають кількість відповідних йому лінійно незалежних власних функцій. Кратність кожного характеристичного числа є скінченною.
З перших двох властивостей випливає, що характеристичні числа можна пронумерувати в порядку зростання їх модуля:
повторюючи при цьому число стільки разів, яка його кратність.
— всі характеристичні числа союзного ядра .
Якщо і , , тобто і — власні функції ядер і відповідно, то — власні функції ортогональні в просторі .
Повторне ядро має характеристичні числа і ті самі власні функції , що й ядро .
Навпаки, якщо і — характеристичне число та відповідна власна функція повторного ядра , то принаймні один із коренів рівняння є характеристичне число ядра .
Множина характеристичних чисел ермітового неперервного ядра не порожня і розташована на дійсній осі, систему власних функцій можна обрати ортонормованою.
Характеристичні числа збігаються з полюсами резольвенти.
Вироджене ядро має скінченне число характеристичних чисел.
Неперервне ядро Вольтерри не має характеристичних чисел.
Див. також
Інтегральне рівняння Фредгольма
Інтегральний оператор Фредгольма
Ядро інтегрального оператора
Резольвента інтегрального рівняння
Альтернатива Фредгольма
Власні вектори та власні значення
Примітки
Література
Теорія Фредгольма
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445802
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE
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П'єдімонте-Сан-Джермано
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П'єдімонте-Сан-Джермано — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Лаціо, провінція Фрозіноне.
П'єдімонте-Сан-Джермано розташовані на відстані близько 115 км на південний схід від Рима, 36 км на південний схід від Фрозіноне.
Населення — (2014).
Демографія
Сусідні муніципалітети
Акуїно
Кастрочієло
Колле-Сан-Маньо
Піньятаро-Інтерамна
Терелле
Вілла-Санта-Лучія
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів провінції Фрозіноне
Примітки
Муніципалітети провінції Фрозіноне
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28306557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock%20Prize%20in%20Physics
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Comstock Prize in Physics
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Comstock Prize in Physics
The Comstock Prize in Physics is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for recent innovative discovery or investigation in electricity, magnetism, or radiant energy, broadly interpreted."
Honorees must be residents of North America. Named after Cyrus B. Comstock, it has been awarded about every five years since 1913.
List of Comstock Prize winners
See also
List of physics awards
Prizes named after people
References
Awards established in 1913
Physics awards
Awards of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1913 establishments in the United States
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3455974
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%94%20%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC
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Герой має бути сам
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Герой має бути сам
«Герой має бути сам» — роман, написаний в 1995 році Генрі Лайоном Олді. Переосмислення давньогрецьких міфів про Геракла.
Спочатку, як продовження «Герой має бути сам» був задуманий роман «Нам тут жити», але опублікована версія, написана в співавторстві з Андрієм Валентиновим, майже нічого спільного з ним не має.
Роман «Одісей, син Лаерта» не можна вважати продовженням цього роману в повному сенсі цього слова, хоча зв'язок їх безсумнівний.
Головні герої
Амфітріон Персеїд — батько Алкіда та Іфікла. Його можна вважати головним героєм роману. Нащадок богів, людина горда й жорстка, він, не бажаючи примиритися з відведеною йому долею та роллю богів, здатний на багато що, в тому числі — посперечатися з мороком Аїда.
Алкмена — дружина Амфітріона, мати близнюків.
Алкід — один з близнюків. Через те, що бажаючі взяти гору над богами Одержимі Тартаром з народження хлопчика приносили йому людські жертви, — схильний до нападів божевілля.
Іфікл — один з близнюків; єдиний, здатний утримувати брата під час нападів. Добровільно відмовився від будь-якої слави на користь брата, заради того, щоб чутка (а значить, боги й Одержимі) не дізналася, що героїв — двоє.
Гермес — бог; став вихователем і другом близнюків-Амфітріадів. Один з найпам'ятніших персонажів: хитрун, жартівник та пройдисвіт, але водночас здатний на щирі почуття та глибоку прихильність. Його також прозивають Пустишкою, Лукавим.
Іолай — перший син Іфікла; буде супроводжувати близнюків, і його назвуть Візником Геракла.
Евріт Ойхаллійський — глава Салмонеєвського Братства (група Одержимих Тартаром), учень Аполлона, прекрасний лучник, базилей Ойхаллії. Антагоніст: мріє зрівнятися з богами, на шляху до мети не зупинявся ні перед чим. Будучи убитий, декілька разів повертався в світ живих.
Іфіт Ойхаллійський — син Евріта, лучник, учитель близнюків, жертва Одержимих Тартаром (один з батьків Гігантів).
Іола — дочка Евріта, жертва Одержимих Тартаром: після відправки на Флегр дещо пошкодила розум (перестала розмовляти).
Лаодамія — дочка базилея Акаста; згодом — дружина Іолая.
Аїд — старший син Кроноса та Реї. Управляє Підземним царством — царством мертвих. Ніколи не залишає межі своїх володінь. Уособлює собою темряву. Безпосередньо не бере участь в справах Сім'ї (Олімпійських богів) та людей. Але, при цьому, дуже впливає на долю Геї. Гермес називає його Старшим або Владикою.
Посилання
«Герой має бути сам» на сайті «Лабораторія Фантастики»
Фантастичні романи 1995
Російськомовні фантастичні романи
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27486212
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20United%20States%20Grand%20Prix
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2012 United States Grand Prix
|
2012 United States Grand Prix
The 2012 United States Grand Prix (formally the 2012 Formula 1 United States Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit of the Americas in Travis County, near Austin, Texas on November 18, 2012. The race, run over fifty-six laps, was the penultimate round of the 2012 championship. It was the inaugural race at the circuit, and the first time the United States Grand Prix had been held since . On Sunday a capacity crowd of 117,429 watched the race around the brand new 20-turn circuit.
Sebastian Vettel started the race from pole position. Lewis Hamilton won the race, his last for McLaren before his move to Mercedes, with Vettel finishing second and Fernando Alonso in third.
Vettel's second place gave Red Bull Racing enough points to secure their third consecutive World Constructors' Championship.
Report
Background
After a troubled construction period that saw a stop-work order issued in November 2011, and the threat of the race being removed from the Formula One calendar altogether, construction laid the final layer of tarmac on September 21. The circuit passed its final pre-race inspection on September 25, allowing the race to go ahead as planned. By comparison, the most-recent additions to the Formula One calendar – the Korea International Circuit in South Korea and the Buddh International Circuit in India – were only completed in the days leading up to their inaugural races. The event was not the first Formula One Grand Prix in the state of Texas- the one-off Dallas Grand Prix was held in July 1984 and the event was run in the extremely high temperatures of a Texas summer.
Tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with the medium and hard compounds for the race, with the hard tyre designated the prime compound, and the medium tyre the option compound. As a result of this, Pirelli's Paul Hembery predicted that the race would feature one-stop strategies throughout the field. The selection of tyres was criticised by teams and drivers for being too conservative and counter-productive to racing, though Pirelli claimed that this was a result of the highly-specific chemical makeup of the tarmac used at circuits hosting Grands Prix. After analysing data gathered in free practice on Friday, Pirelli admitted that the soft and super-soft compounds would have been better-suited to the characteristics of the circuit.
The race saw the use of a single Drag Reduction System (DRS) zone, located along the back straight to facilitate overtaking into Turn 12. The detection point was located before the apex of the Turn 11 hairpin, with the activation point positioned after the Turn 11 apex, making the total DRS zone some in length.
Free practice
Sebastian Vettel was the fastest driver in both the opening practice sessions, setting a time a second and a half faster than Lewis Hamilton in the Friday morning session, and two seconds faster than title rival Fernando Alonso. The session was run without incident, though drivers reported that there was very little grip around the circuit. Ma Qinghua was the only reserve driver to take part in the session, replacing Narain Karthikeyan at HRT. He finished the session in twenty-fourth and last position, ten seconds behind Vettel.
Vettel was again fastest in the Friday afternoon session, seven tenths of a second quicker than team-mate Mark Webber and Alonso. Vettel's running was limited by a water leak that forced him to spend half the session in the pits, while Caterham's Heikki Kovalainen suffered a puncture when he made contact with Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Jean-Éric Vergne, and Pastor Maldonado suffered an engine failure in his Williams late in the session.
Vettel completed the trifecta of fastest lap times when he topped the final session on Saturday morning, finishing two and a half tenths of a second faster than Hamilton. The hour-long session was marked by a collision between Sauber's Sergio Pérez and the Marussia of Charles Pic that damaged the floor of Pic's car. Pérez escaped without penalty, much to the chagrin of Marussia. Jean-Éric Vergne also ran into further trouble, breaking his front suspension when he hit a kerb and stopped on the circuit.
Qualifying
Qualifying was held over one hour on Saturday afternoon. The session was broken up into three periods of twenty minutes, fifteen minutes and ten minutes respectively. At the end of the first period, Q1, the slowest seven cars were eliminated, and would start the race from the last seven positions on the grid. Any car that failed to qualify within 107% of the fastest lap time recorded in Q1 would have failed to qualify, though they would be eligible to enter the race at the discretion of the stewards. At the end of the second period, Q2, the slowest seven cars were again eliminated and would start the race in positions eleven to seventeen. This would leave the ten fastest cars to compete for pole position in the final ten-minute period, Q3.
Q1
With the surface of the circuit offering very little grip, every team sent their drivers out for extended runs in the first twenty-minute period of qualifying, with the objective of laying down enough rubber on the circuit to improve their overall lap time, and trying to time their final flying runs to take full advantage of the circuit.
HRT were initially concerned that they would fail to qualify inside the 107% cut-off, and therefore fail to qualify for the race. These fears were not realised as they sent Pedro de la Rosa and Narain Karthikeyan out on the softer option tyres, allowing them to record faster lap times than if they had used the harder prime compound, which most of the front-runners would use in the first period so as to keep a set of soft tyres in reserve. Both de la Rosa and Karthikeyan qualified for the race, filling out the final row of the grid. Karthikeyan's session ended early when he pulled over onto the tarmac run-off at Turn 2, the victim of a mechanical fault. The positioning of his car forced race control to show yellow flags in the first sector, obliging drivers to slow down to avoid an accident.
Caterham's Vitaly Petrov struggled early in the session with traffic, and spent most of the twenty minutes outside the 107% cut-off. His final flying lap saw him qualify twenty-first for the race, one place ahead of team-mate Heikki Kovalainen. It was only the sixth time in eighteen races that Petrov had out-qualified his team-mate. Caterham later claimed that Karthikeyan's stoppage robbed them of the chance to set faster times, and the net result was that both Caterham cars qualified behind the Marussias of Timo Glock and Charles Pic, prompting the team to declare that they had now caught Caterham in terms of raw pace.
Daniel Ricciardo was the seventh and final driver eliminated at the end of the first qualifying period. He had spent most of the twenty minutes engaged in a battle to avoid elimination with Mercedes' Nico Rosberg, with Rosberg prevailing when Ricciardo's final lap was compromised by the yellow flags in the first sector. The result meant that a Scuderia Toro Rosso was eliminated in the first qualifying period for the tenth time in 2012, though it was only Ricciardo's second elimination.
Q2
The trend towards the circuit becoming faster as more rubber was laid down continued in Q2, with lap times continuing to drop. Sebastian Vettel, who had recorded the fastest time in Q1, went on to beat his best time by eight tenths of a second in Q2. The faster lap times now meant that the softer option compound was a necessity; predictions from the teams – which would soon prove to be accurate – suggested that it would be impossible to advance to the final period of qualifying using the harder prime tyres.
Despite narrowly beating Ricciardo in Q1, Nico Rosberg was unable to improve his time in Q2, and qualified in seventeenth overall. His team later defended the decision to have him compete in an older specification of the Mercedes F1 W03 as they felt it was better-suited to Rosberg's driving style, particularly when it came to heating his tyres. The Saubers of Pérez and Kamui Kobayashi filled out the eighth row of the grid, with the team unable to explain their lack of pace despite early predictions that they could challenge Mercedes for fifth place in the World Constructors' Championship in Austin and Brazil.
Jean-Éric Vergne overcame his free practice dramas to qualify fourteenth, two tenths of a second ahead of Pérez and two tenths of a second behind Paul di Resta, who was disappointed to be eliminated in Q2 when team-mate Nico Hülkenberg comfortably progressed to Q3. Jenson Button had to settle for twelfth overall when his McLaren MP4-27 lost all power late in the period, and he later admitted that he was afraid of getting caught up in what he called a "chaotic first lap". Bruno Senna was the last driver eliminated in Q2, qualifying in eleventh place in his best qualifying performance since his Q3 appearance in the .
Q3
Sebastian Vettel took pole position with the fastest lap of the weekend to date, setting a time of 1:35.657 on his final flying lap. In spite of this, Lewis Hamilton was closer to Vettel than he had been all weekend, missing pole position by just one tenth of a second. Mark Webber qualified third, ahead of Romain Grosjean, who was later demoted to ninth when he received a five-place grid penalty for an unscheduled gearbox change. Kimi Räikkönen qualified fifth, expressing surprise at such a strong qualifying performance when his team had been struggling with the lack of grip throughout free practice. Michael Schumacher, who has won the United States Grand Prix on five occasions, qualified sixth in his penultimate race before his second retirement from the sport, ahead of former team-mate Felipe Massa. Nico Hülkenberg finished the session in eighth, while Fernando Alonso struggled throughout qualifying to finish ninth overall. Ferrari were later forced to defend their qualifying tactics after sending Alonso out to complete his final timed run on a set of "scrubbed" – used – tyres. Pastor Maldonado completed the top ten.
Post-qualifying
Both Michael Schumacher and Mark Webber were summoned to the stewards' office after qualifying. Schumacher had been cited for blocking Alonso during Q2 when the Mercedes driver impeded him at Turn 15. Schumacher escaped without punishment, as he had been on a flying lap of his own at the time, and blocking Alonso had not prevented him from advancing to Q3.
Webber, on the other hand, was called to answer charges of missing the mandatory weight check at the end of qualifying. The stewards accepted that Red Bull Racing had made an error and saw that the car was immediately sent to scrutineering once it was realised. Webber escaped with a reprimand, thereby allowing him to keep his grid position for the race.
Race
At the start, Vettel led from pole position and Webber passed Hamilton before entering the first corner. Alonso made a good start to gain 3 places. Vettel opened up a lead over Webber before Hamilton passed the Australian in the DRS zone on the long straight from T11 to T12 on Lap 4. Webber would later retire on Lap 17 when KERS shut down and eventually the alternator failed on the Red Bull car. Vettel would pit on Lap 22 but retained the lead over Räikkönen, Hamilton, Massa, and Alonso. Hamilton was able to catch and pass Vettel on Lap 42 in the DRS zone and kept the lead into turn 12. McLaren's Lewis Hamilton would go on to win the race, his last win for McLaren, followed by Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel and Ferrari's Fernando Alonso. Bruno Senna scored his final Formula One point.
Classification
Qualifying
Notes
— Romain Grosjean received a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change, and Felipe Massa received the same penalty when Ferrari broke the FIA seal on his gearbox in order to maximise Fernando Alonso's grid position.
Race
Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
References
United States
2012
Grand Prix
United States Grand Prix
United States Grand Prix
Sports in Austin, Texas
United States Grand Prix
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA
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Ментик
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Ментик (від — «плащ», «накидка») — короткий одяг, схожий на куртку, обкладену хутром, з ґудзиками в кілька рядів, зі шнурками і петлями.
Ментик був частиною форменого одягу гусарів, який в холодну пору року надягали зверху доломана. У теплий період року, ментики носили накинутими на ліве плече, від звалювання ментик утримувався шнурком, який охоплював шию та мав назву ментишкет. У російській армії у теплу пору року з 1836 року ментик носили за спиною, за винятком гусарів, озброєних піками (частина полку під час бойових дій, наприклад у війні 1812 року). Перед атакою ментик було положено знімати зовсім або надягати у рукави, аби він розвиваючись на скаку, не створював незручностей.
Ментики в Україні
Протягом 1760-70-х років ментик (під назвою ментия або ментія) був складовою частиною гусарського однострою Надвірної компанійської корогви гетьмана Розумовського. Надвірна команда («їздові»), що знаходилась при похідній канцелярії гетьмана в Санкт-Перебурзі, мала ментики блакитні у поєднанні з червоними доломанами та чакчирами (гербові кольори Розумовського), тоді як решта особистого складу корогви мала червоні ментики у поєднанні з зеленими доломанами та чакчирами (традиційні кольори компанійських полків).
З 1765 року Слобідські козацькі полки були розформовані, а з їх особового складу було створено п'ять нових гусарських полків. Кольори одностроїв гусарських полків, збігалися з кольорами скасованих козацьких полків. У козаків ці кольори були такі: сині кунтуші в усіх полках, жупани, чекмені та шаровари по полках — у Харківському — жовті, у Сумському — світло-сині, у Охтирському — зелені, у Ізюмському — червоні та у Острогозькому — червоно-помаранчеві. У новосформованих гусарських полках кольори чекменів та шароварів стали кольорами доломанів та чакчирів, тоді як колір кунтушів повинен був стати кольором ментиків, але згідно з «Історичним описом одягу та озброєння російських військ» останній вказаний як чорний.
Примітки
Джерела
Вісковатов О. В., Історичний опис одягу та озброєння Російських військ, 2 вид., ч. 1-27, СПБ, 1899—1944;
Габаєв Г. Розпис російських полків 1812 року. Додаток до "Військово-історичного вісника —Київ.: Типографія окружного штабу, вулиця Банкова, б.№ 11, 1912—С.23, 78-81, 100, 112, 114, 288—289 с.
Військова форма одягу
Мілітарія
Куртки
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