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28985959
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivchenko%20AI-20
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Ivchenko AI-20
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Ivchenko AI-20
The Ivchenko AI-20 is a Soviet turboprop engine developed by the Ivchenko design bureau in the 1950s. It has been built in large numbers, serving as the powerplant for both the Antonov An-12 transport and the Ilyushin Il-18 airliner.
Design and development
The AI-20 was the first gas turbine engine developed by the design bureau led by Aleksandr Ivchenko based at Zaporizhia, USSR, which had previously concentrated on small piston engines such as the Ivchenko AI-14 and AI-26 radials. It was designed as a prospective powerplant for the new, large Ilyushin Il-18 airliner and the Antonov An-10, to be powered by four turboprops, in competition with the Kuznetsov NK-4 engines. Both engines were tested on the preproduction batch of 20 Il-18s, but the Ivchenko engine was chosen for full production, possibly due to a crash caused by an inflight failure of an NK-4 engine, and possibly due to the desire for the engines of the Ukrainian An-10 to also be built in Ukraine.
The Il-18B was powered by four Ivchenko AI-20A Series 1 turboprops, each providing a takeoff power of 2,985 kW (4,000 shp) and sustained power of 2,090 kW (2,800 shp) at cruise altitude. Early Il-18A production had initially been fitted with Kuznetsov NK-4 engines, but they were soon exchanged for AI-20s. Later Il-18B production featured AI-20A Series 2 engines, with the same power ratings, but with technical improvements, thus older machines were updated with the Series 2 powerplants. The AI-20s drove four-bladed variable pitch reversible props with a diameter of 4.5 meters (14 feet 9 inches), featuring prominent propeller spinners, and hydraulic actuation for prop pitch. The engines were mounted above the wing and featured integrated fire extinguishers. The engines were started with electric motors, the power for the motors being provided by a ground cart.
The AI-20 is a single-shaft turboprop with a ten-stage axial compressor and a three-stage power turbine, and is designed to run at a constant speed. A big problem with early production engines was the poor reliability of the AI-20 engines, which had a time between overhauls (TBO) in the range of 600 to 750 hours. The AI-20K engine variant was finally introduced, with a TBO of 2,000 hours – unimpressive by modern standards, but a big improvement. One issue that was never addressed was noise; turboprops are relatively noisy and high noise levels were a problem for the passengers. As mentioned, the overhaul life of the engine was initially poor compared with contemporary western engines, being reported as 600–750 hours in 1964, but was later improved by continuous development to 8,000 hours, with a service life of 22,000 hours in the AI-20D series 5M.
Serial production was carried out at Zaporozhye (Motor Sich) and at Perm Engine Plant (UEC-Perm Engines), USSR in 1958, also being built under licence in China as the WJ-6. About 14,000 AI-20s have been built in total.
Variants
AI-20A series 1
Initial production variant for early version of IL-18 producing 2,985 kW (4,000 shp). TBO was horrendous at 200–400 hrs.
AI-20A series 2
Improved production variant with same power ratings but technical improvements; older airplanes were updated with the Series 2 engines. TBO was still poor (600–750 hrs)
AI-20K
Reliability and durability was addressed with this much improved variant. TBO went up to 2,000 hours. This became the standard production variant.
AI-20M
This variant was a significant improvement over the earlier engine variants in all respects. The AI-20M raised takeoff power from 2,985 kW (4,000 shp) to 3,169 kW (4,250 shp), improving takeoff performance under "hot and high" conditions and permitting higher takeoff weights. Higher continuous power ratings were also attained (2700 shp) which made for more efficient cruise. Beyond these, the AI-20M also had good reliability, was lighter, and in particular featured much improved SFC.
AI-20D
This variant saw significant improvement in power output. Fuel economy was also marginally improved. AI-20D is also often referred to as AI-20D series 4. Power was uprated to a massive 5,180 shp.
AI-20D series 5
This variant builds on the previous success of the series 4 variant. Most performance parameters remained the same with the only major improvement being in the area of reliability and durability. The TBO/Service life was improved to 6000 hrs / 20,000 hrs respectively.
AI-20D series 5M or AI-20DM
This is the final variant developed. The AI-20DM is essentially the same with the AI-20D series 5, the only difference being in the power setting. The AI-20DM is derated to 4,750 shp (take-off power) which allows the engine to have extended life and increased TBO. The Time before overhaul (TBO) is consequently increased to 8000 hrs with a Service life of 22,000 hrs.
Applications
AI-20
Antonov An-8
Antonov An-10
Antonov An-12
Antonov An-32
Beriev Be-12
Ilyushin Il-18
Ilyushin Il-38
Tupolev Tu-4 (KJ-1 AEWC)
WJ-6
Shaanxi Y-8
Shaanxi Y-9
Qing-6 (Chinese upgraded Be-6 airframe)
AVIC AG600 amphibian
Xi'an KJ-600 carrier onboard delivery
Specifications (AI-20D series 5)
See also
References
External links
Motorsich
1950s turboprop engines
Ivchenko-Progress aircraft engines
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5376446
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabab%20koobideh
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Kabab koobideh
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Kabab koobideh or Kobide is an Iranian type of kofta kabab made from ground lamb or beef, often mixed with ground pepper and chopped onions. Kebabs hold a revered place in Iranian cultural traditions, gracing ceremonial occasions and everyday home dining.
Etymology
Koobideh comes from the Persian word koobidan (کوبیدن), meaning 'slamming', which refers to the style in which the meat is prepared. Traditionally, the meat was placed on a flat stone (specifically, a black flat stone) and smashed with a wooden mallet. It is cooked on a seekh, Persian for 'skewer'. It is similar to the Turkish Adana kebab.
Preparation and cooking
Lamb or beef (precisely 20% fat, 80% meat) is minced twice for finer consistency. A mixture of lamb and beef is also popular. Salt, black pepper, very finely grated onion and optionally one egg yolk per pound of meat is added. All ingredients are mixed, covered, and left to marinate in the refrigerator for at least one hour or overnight.
Kabab koobideh is grilled on wide, flat skewers, traditionally over hot coals, and is served with chelow (plain white rice with oil, salt and saffron), accompanied by grilled tomatoes and onions. Sumac is usually served as a tableside garnishing spice.
Chicken kabab koobideh is made using chives or green onions, parsley, salt and pepper. It is served over polow, plain white rice, accompanied by a grilled tomato. It can be served with flatbread.
Gallery
See also
Adana kebabı
Ćevapi
Chelow kabab
Kabab barg
Kebab
Kofta
List of kebabs
Lula kebab
Şiş köfte
References
Ground meat
Iranian cuisine
Middle Eastern grilled meats
Skewered kebabs
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2141810
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/III%20%28%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%20Moderat%29
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III (альбом Moderat)
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III (альбом Moderat)
III — третій студійний альбом електронного тріо Moderat, представлений 1 квітня 2016 року на лейблі Monkeytown Records.
Список композицій
Позиції в чартах
Примітки
Посилання
«III» на Discogs
Альбоми Moderat
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2045174
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%20%28%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%29
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Кіно-Театр (журнал)
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Кіно-Театр (журнал)
«Кіно-Театр» — український мистецький ілюстрований журнал. Журнал засновано у 1995 році студентами Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська Академія», слухачами курсу «Кіномистецтво» на чолі з кінокритиком Ларисою Брюховецькою. До редколегії увійшли відомі режисери, драматурги, культурологи.
У 1999 році редакція заснувала серію «Бібліотека журналу „Кіно-Театр“», з якої видано чотирнадцять книжок: монографії, наукові збірники, дайджести, буклет. 2005 року на базі журналу створено Науково-дослідний центр кінематографічних студій.
Редколегія
Головний редактор: Лариса Брюховецька
Безгін Ігор
Януш Ґазда, Польща
Гайдабура Валерій
Гладій Григорій, Канада
Елен Сіксу, Франція
Скуратівський Вадим
Чміль Ганна
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
Журнали України
Журнали про кіно
Театральні журнали
Українськомовні журнали
Засновані в Києві 1995
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1702315
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0
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Спокуси доктора Фауста
|
Спокуси доктора Фауста - комедійний фільм режисера Євгена Вагнера знятий в 2001 році. Є комедійної екранізацією опери «Фауст».
Сюжет
Дія фільму відбувається в будинку доктора Фауста. Доктор бажаючи отримати багато золота і позбутися від дружини Маргарити викликає Мефістофеля з проханням допомогти йому в цьому.
У ролях
Посилання
Фільм на сайті ТО «Маски»
1 серія онлайн
Кінокомедії України
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1831152
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81
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Алпамис
|
Алпамис — село у складі Жетисайського району Туркестанської області Казахстану. Входить до складу сільського округу Шаблана Дільдабекова.
До 2011 року село називалось Женіс, у Радянські часи було частиною села Отділення № 1 совхоза Більшовик.
Населення — 617 осіб (2009; 577 в 1999).
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Жетисайського району
Села Туркестанської області
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1020604
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%2C%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29
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Салліван (округ, Пенсільванія)
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Салліван (округ, Пенсільванія)
Округ Салліван — округ (графство) у штаті Пенсільванія, США. Ідентифікатор округу 42113.
Історія
Округ утворений 1847 року.
Демографія
За даними перепису
2000 року
загальне населення округу становило 6556 осіб, усе сільське.
Серед мешканців округу чоловіків було 3312, а жінок — 3244. В окрузі було 2660 домогосподарств, 1754 родин, які мешкали в 6017 будинках.
Середній розмір родини становив 2,81.
Віковий розподіл населення поданий у таблиці:
Суміжні округи
Бредфорд — північ
Вайомінг — схід
Лузерн — південний схід
Колумбія — південь
Лайкомінг — захід
Див. також
Список округів штату Пенсільванія
Виноски
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1962927
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20ban
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Imperial ban
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Imperial ban
The imperial ban was a form of outlawry in the Holy Roman Empire. At different times, it could be declared by the Holy Roman Emperor, by the Imperial Diet, or by courts like the League of the Holy Court (Vehmgericht) or the Reichskammergericht.
People under imperial ban, known as Geächtete (from about the 17th century, colloquially also as Vogelfreie, lit. "free as a bird"), lost all their rights and possessions. They were legally considered dead, and anyone was allowed to rob, injure, or kill them without legal consequences. The imperial ban automatically followed the excommunication of a person, as well as extending to anyone offering help to a person under the imperial ban.
Those banned could reverse the ban by submitting to the legal authority. The Aberacht, a stronger version of the imperial ban, could not be reversed.
The imperial ban was sometimes imposed on whole Imperial Estates. In that case, other estates could attack and seek to conquer them. The effect of the ban on a city or other Estate was that it lost its Imperial immediacy and in the future would have a second overlord in addition to the emperor.
Famous people placed under the imperial ban included:
1180 - Henry the Lion, for refusing military support to Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor against the cities of the Lombard League.
1225 - Count Frederick of Isenberg, for killing his uncle Engelbert II of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne.
1235 - King Henry (VII) of Germany, for his rebellion against his father the Emperor Frederick II.
1276 - King Ottokar II of Bohemia, for his capture of imperial lands from Rudolph I.
1309 - John Parricida, for the murder of his uncle King Albert I of Germany.
1415 - Frederick IV, Duke of Austria for aiding the flight of Antipope John XXIII from the Council of Constance.
1512 and 1518 - Götz von Berlichingen, the first time for robbery, the second for kidnapping.
1521 - Martin Luther and his supporters, for claiming that some doctrines practiced by the Catholic Church were contrary to the Bible or had no biblical basis.
1546 - John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, for leading the Schmalkaldic League.
1566 - Wilhelm von Grumbach, for insurgency.
1621 - Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and his supporters Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg and Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, for seizing power in Bohemia.
1706 - Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, and Joseph Clemens, Elector of Cologne, for supporting France in the War of the Spanish Succession (ban reversed in 1714).
1708 - Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, for supporting France in the War of the Spanish Succession. The Duchy of Mantua was confiscated by the emperor as a result.
1793 - Georg Forster, for collaboration with the French Republic.
The imperial ban imposed by the Emperor Rudolf II on the city of Donauwörth after an anti-Catholic riot was one of the incidents leading to the Thirty Years' War.
An imperial ban on Bremen preceded the 1654 Swedish attack on Bremen.
See also
King's ban, a royal order or prohibition in the Holy Roman Empire.
References
Punishments
Law of the Holy Roman Empire
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951510
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F
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Гарешниця
|
Гарешниця — місто і однойменний муніципалітет в Беловарсько-Білогорській жупанії Хорватії. Належить до мікрорегіону Мославіна. Налічує 11630 жителів, 82 % з яких хорвати.
Географія
Гарешниця розташована в центральній Хорватії, біля підніжжя Мославацької гори, за 17 км на північний схід від Кутини, на автомагістралі Кутина—Великі Зденці—Вировитиця. Довколишня місцевість лісиста і придатна для пішохідних екскурсій та велотурів. Неподалік протікають річки Ілова і Топлиця та розташована велика штучна водойма (рибництво). Гарешниця також відома як виноградарський район.
У місті споруджено пам'ятник полеглим оборонцям міста часів хорватської війни за незалежність.
Історія
Гарешниця вперше згадується 1527 р. Зі споруд, вартих уваги гостей міста, слід відзначити збудовану в 1752 році парафіяльну церкву Відвідання Пресвятої Діви Марії, у якій донині збереглося багато начиння з часу заснування.
Населення
2001 — 4 252 жителів
1991 — 4 308 (хорвати — 3 269, серби — 503, югослави — 212, решта — 324)
1981 — 3 731 (хорвати — 2 538, югослави — 652, серби — 338, решта — 203)
1971 — 3 002 (хорвати — 2 375, серби — 361, югослави — 92, решта — 174)
Населення громади за даними перепису 2011 року становило 10 472 осіб, 3 з яких назвали рідною українську мову. Населення самого міста становило 3 874 осіб.
Динаміка чисельності населення громади:
Динаміка чисельності населення міста:
Населені пункти
Крім міста Гарешниця, до громади також входять:
Циглениця
Дишник
Духові
Гарешницький Брестоваць
Горній Уляник
Храстоваць
Кайгана
Каниська Іва
Капелиця
Мала Бршляниця
Малий Пашиян
Мало Вуков'є
Рогожа
Томашиця
Трновитицький Поповаць
Уляницький Брієг
Уляник
Велика Бршляниця
Великий Пашиян
Великий Прокоп
Велико-Вуковє
Зденчаць
Відомі уродженці
Славко Колар (1891—1963), Палешник, — хорватський прозаїк, драматург і сценарист.
Борис Буден — сучасний австрійський філософ
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний вебсайт Гарешниці
Міста Хорватії
Б'єловарсько-Білогорська жупанія
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143645
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province%20of%20Soria
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Province of Soria
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Province of Soria
Soria is a province of central Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Most of the province is in the mountainous Sistema Ibérico area.
Demographics
It is bordered by the provinces of La Rioja, Zaragoza, Guadalajara, Segovia, and Burgos. Soria is the least populous of all of Spain's provinces, with a density of around 9 inhabitants/km2—one of the lowest in the European Union. The average population density of provinces in Spain and European Union are 83.6 and 116 inhabitants per square km respectively. In comparison, the Soria province is less dense than some northern parts of the Nordic countries.
Of the province's population of 91,487 (2002), nearly 40% live in the capital, Soria. 26.7% of its population was above 65 years of age while the nation's average is 16.9%. There are 183 municipalities in Soria, of which nearly half are hamlets of under 100 people and of which only 12 have more than 1,000 people. The cathedral town of the province is El Burgo de Osma.
Population development
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Economy
The province's most important agricultural products are cereals. In the 1950s, there were a total of 70,000 hectares cultivated land, but excessive fragmentation and lack of mechanization resulted in a very low productivity. In 1960, while the agricultural sector accounted for 69% of workers in the province, 70% of farms were used exclusively for animal rearing. There are currently about 100,000 hectares of land in the province dedicated to the cultivation of wheat and other 100,000 hectares for barley cultivation.
The indigenous forest resources are also being exploited for timber, resin and collecting mushrooms. Marble quarries are located in Espejón while Sierra de Toranzo and Ólvega have iron mines. Magnetite sources are also being exploited in Borobia. The capital city Soria is an important tourist destination. While the agricultural sector has a very high contribution to GDP of the province, the industrial sector represents a small proportion, just over 20% of GDP. Apart from these the province also has important food, wood processing, furniture production and auxiliary automotive components industries.
Subdivision
Comarcas
Soria has 183 municipalities divided in 10 comarcas:
Comarca de Almazán
Comarca de Berlanga
Comarca de Burgo de Osma
Comarca de Campo de Gómara
Comarca de El Valle
Comarca de Pinares
Comarca de Soria
Comarca de Tierras Altas
Comarca del Moncayo
Tierra de Medinaceli
Coat of arms
The province's coat of arms bears the motto Soria pura, cabeza de estremadura, which means "Soria the pure, head of the borderland", as Soria was centuries ago on the expanding borders between the northern Christian kingdoms and the territories then held by the Muslims.
Municipalities
Notes and references
External links
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1879153
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Терець Олександр Миколайович
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Терець Олександр Миколайович
Олександр Миколайович Терець — полковник Збройних сил України.
Станом на травень 2012 року — начальник відділу утримання ракет і набоїв Озброєння Збройних Сил України.
Нагороди
31 жовтня 2014 року за особисту мужність і героїзм, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, вірність військовій присязі під час російсько-української війни, відзначений — нагороджений орденом Богдана Хмельницького III ступеня.
Джерела
Указ № 838/2014
Повітряний простір міст, де відбудуться матчі Євро-2012, прикриватимуть розрахунки стрільців-зенітників із ПЗРК «Ігла»
Українські військовики
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70279025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93NATO%20relations
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Armenia–NATO relations
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Armenia–NATO relations
Armenia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have maintained a formal relationship since 1992, when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Armenia officially established bilateral relations with NATO in 1994 when it became a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme. In 2002, Armenia became an Associate Member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
Cooperation
Armenia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, Armenia has pursued developing closer Euro-Atlantic ties with the member states of NATO. Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1992, which was succeeded in 1997 by the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). The EAPC brings together NATO allies and partner countries from the Euro-Atlantic area. On 5 October 1994, Armenia became a member of the Partnership for Peace programme.
The Armenian Atlantic Association, established in 2001, seeks to promote Armenia–NATO relations. It is a full member of the Atlantic Treaty Association. In 2002, Armenia became an Associate Member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. In 2004, Armenia established a Permanent Mission to NATO located in Brussels, Belgium. In 2007, a NATO Information Centre opened in Yerevan.
Armenia organizes an annual "NATO Week", which raises awareness of the country's engagements with NATO.
Individual Partnership Action Plan
On 16 December 2005, Armenia signed an Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) with NATO. IPAP's are plans developed between NATO and different countries which outline the objectives and the communication framework for dialogue and cooperation between both parties. As part of Armenia's Individual Partnership Action Plan, Armenia and NATO cooperate in the defense sphere, improving democratic standards and the rule of law, and tackling corruption.
Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre
Armenia cooperates with the Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre (EADRCC). NATO and Armenia jointly established the Crisis Management National Centre in Yerevan. Between 11 and 16 September 2010, in cooperation with the EADRCC, Armenia hosted its "Armenia 2010" civil emergency exercise near Yerevan, which was one of NATO's largest ever events for disaster response. Armenian rescue teams actively participate in the activities of the EADRCC and take part in various civil emergency exercises.
Science for Peace and Security
Since 1993, Armenia has been involved in the NATO Science for Peace and Security (SPS) programme. Areas of cooperation include defense against chemical, biological, and nuclear agents, counter-terrorism, and cyberwarfare.
Peacekeeping operations
Armenia has participated in certain NATO peacekeeping operations, including:
Afghanistan
In February 2010, Armenia deployed approximately 130 soldiers in Afghanistan, as part of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). They served under German command protecting an airport in Kunduz.
Iraq
After the end of the invasion of Iraq, Armenia deployed a unit of 46 peacekeepers under Polish command. Armenian peacekeepers were based in Al-Kut, from the capital of Baghdad.
Kosovo
Since 2004, Armenia has been an active contributor to the NATO-led operation in Kosovo and currently deploys approximately 70 peacekeepers as part of NATO's Kosovo Force.
Potential membership
Historically, Armenia's policies have often aligned it closer with Russia than NATO members. It is a founding member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), an alternative Russian-led military alliance. NATO support for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan (an ally of NATO member Turkey) in its dispute with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh has led to tensions with the alliance.
However, several politicians and political parties have called on the Government of Armenia to withdraw Armenia's membership in the Collective Security Treaty Organization and either seek full membership in NATO or become a major non-NATO ally (MNNA). For example, the European Party of Armenia has campaigned in favor of Armenia's membership in NATO, while the Armenian National Movement Party calls for developing deeper relations with NATO.
After the start of renewed fighting between Armenia and Azerbaijan on 13 September 2022, Armenia triggered the mutual defence Article 4 of the CSTO treaty. However, the CSTO mission sent to monitor the situation along the border took a rather uncommitted position in the conflict, leading to increased criticism towards CSTO membership inside Armenian political circles, with the secretary of the Security Council of Armenia, Armen Grigoryan even stating that he saw no more hope for the CSTO. The lack of Russian support during the conflict prompted a national debate in Armenia, as an increasing percentage of the population put into doubt whether it is beneficial to continue CSTO membership, calling for realignment of the state with NATO instead. This coincided with a visit from Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi to Yerevan on 17 September 2022, largely seen as an effort to reorient the security alliance structure of Armenia. The Helsinki Citizens' Assembly presented a document of recommendations to Nancy Pelosi during her visit to Yerevan. One of the recommendations was to provide MNNA status to Armenia.
On 23 November 2022, opposition protestors gathered in Yerevan, led by the anti-Russian National Democratic Pole Alliance. Protestors called for the withdrawal of Armenia from the CSTO and for the country to develop closer relations with the United States and the West.
Some US politicians like Sam Brownback have also campaigned for Armenia to be granted MNNA status. On 21 June 2023, Brownback stated, "Armenia is a natural long-term ally of the United States. Armenia must be given Major Non-NATO Ally Status of the US."
On 3 September 2023, during an interview, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that it was a strategic mistake for Armenia to solely rely on Russia to guarantee its security. Pashinyan stated, "Moscow has been unable to deliver and is in the process of winding down its role in the wider South Caucasus region" and "the Russian Federation cannot meet Armenia's security needs. This example should demonstrate to us that dependence on just one partner in security matters is a strategic mistake." Pashinyan accused Russian peacekeepers deployed to uphold the ceasefire deal of failing to do their job. Pashinyan confirmed that Armenia is trying to diversify its security arrangements, most notably with the European Union and the United States.
On 23 February 2024, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that Armenia has frozen its participation in the CSTO. Pashinyan said "We have now in practical terms frozen our participation in this treaty" and "membership of the CSTO was under review" during a live broadcast interview. On 28 February 2024, during a speech made in the National Assembly, Pashinyan further stated that the CSTO is "a threat to the national security of Armenia". On 12 March, Pashinyan said that the CSTO needed to clarify "what constitutes Armenia's sovereign territory", as the organization had not come to Armenia's defence when requested following Azerbaijani troops crossing the border into Armenia's internationally recognized territory. Pashinyan said that if the CSTO's response did not align with Armenia's expectations, the country would officially withdraw from the organization.
Bilateral visits
In 1999, Armenian President Robert Kocharyan participated in the 50th anniversary Summit of NATO in Washington, D.C. In 2001, the Secretary General of NATO, George Robertson visited Armenia. In 2005, Robert Kocharyan held meetings at NATO headquarters in Belgium. In 2008, President Serzh Sargsyan attended a NATO meeting in Romania and also met with Secretary General Jaap De Hoop Scheffer in Belgium later that year. In 2009, Claudio Bizoniero, deputy Secretary General visited Armenia. In 2010, Serzh Sargsyan held a meeting at NATO headquarters. In 2012, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen visits Armenia and meets with Serzh Sargsyan. In 2014, Serzh Sargsyan participates in a NATO Member and Partner States meeting. In 2017, Serzh Sargsyan held discussions with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg. In 2018, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan participated in a NATO summit in Brussels. In 2019, NATO's Special Representative for the Caucasus and Central Asia, James Appathurai paid a visit to Armenia and met with President Armen Sarkissian and other high-ranking officials. On 26 April 2022, Javier Colomina Píriz, the NATO Secretary General's Special Representative for the Caucasus and Central Asia met with the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, Vahe Gevorgyan. Both sides discussed deepening cooperation between NATO and Armenia. On 19 March 2024, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg met with Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and President Vahagn Khachaturyan in Yerevan.
See also
Armenia and the United Nations
Armenia–BSEC relations
Armenia–European Union relations
Armenia in the Council of Europe
Armenia–OSCE relations
Armenia–Russia relations
Armenia–United States relations
Enlargement of NATO
Foreign relations of Armenia
Foreign relations of NATO
Kansas–Armenia National Guard Partnership
Military of Armenia
NATO open door policy
Partnership for Peace Information Management System
References
External links
Armenia-NATO partnership
NATO Information Centre in Armenia
Armenia–NATO relations
NATO relations
Enlargement of NATO
Foreign relations of Armenia
Politics of Armenia
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liopholis%20montana
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Liopholis montana
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Liopholis montana — вид сцинкоподібних ящірок родини сцинкових (Scincidae). Ендемік Австралії.
Поширення і екологія
Liopholis montana мешкають в горах Великого Вододільного хребта на території Нового Південного Уельсу і Вікторії (на південь до верхів'їв річки Ярра). Вони живуть у високогірних лісах, де трапляються серед скель. Зустрічаються на висоті понад 900 м над рівнем моря.
Збереження
МСОП класифікує стан збереження цього виду як близький да загрозливого. Liopholis montana загрожує знищення природного середовища, хижацтво з боку інвазивних ссавців та зміни клімату.
Примітки
Сцинкові
Тварини, описані 2002
Плазуни Австралії
Ендемічна фауна Австралії
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15841
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0
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Церковна музика
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Церковна музика — вокальна та інструментальна музика християнської церкви.
Церковна музика в Україні
Обрядова музика в Україні існувала ще до офіційного прийняття християнства. Це так званий «обичний спів». З хрещенням України-Русі у 988 році разом з обрядами прийшли й церковні співи з Візантії і деякі за посередництвом Болгарії. Основною рисою української Церковної музики був і є її винятково вокальний характер. Ранні церковні співи були одноголосі. Важливе значення мала система поділу церковного співу на 8 мелодичних типів, які один від одного різняться обсягом мелодій і типовими мелодичними формулами. Упродовж віків форми цієї системи, званої восьмиголоссям (октоехос), поповнювалися українським народнопісенним змістом, перебудовувалися і пристосовувалися до укр. сприймання. Першим огнищем, де українська церковна музика розвинула свої питоменні риси, була Києво-Печерська лавра. Тут на основі давніх співів постав києвопечерський розспів. Відповідно до церковної музичної практики виробився і спосіб записування мелодій — знаменна нотація, яка складалася зі знаків (невмів, крюків), писаних без нотних ліній.
Від середини XVI до кінця XVII століття розвивався багатоголосий так званий партесний спів: спів поділений на голоси — партії. Для його точного запису прийнялася лінійна система нотації, звана київським знам'ям. Партесний спів плекали особливо хори, організовані при церковних братствах. Їх рівень був настільки високий, що вони справно виконували твори на 4, 6, 8 і 12 голосів. Улюбленою формою став хоровий одночастинний концерт, написаний до нелітургічного тексту. Між композиторами партесної музики відомі М. Дилецький, автор музично-теоретичного підручника «Музикальна граматика» (1677), А. Рачинський та ін. У другій половині XVIII століття з'явилися визначні українські композитори — М. Березовський, Д. Бортнянський, А. Ведель. Панівною у їхній творчості була форма циклічного хорового концерту. З XVIII століття походять важливі види церковних співів: «Ірмолой» (Л. 1707) і «Богогласник» (Почаїв, 1790).
Окремим родом церковної музики є канти і псальми, пісні релігійного змісту сильно просякнені елементами української народної музики. Вони найчастіше триголосні; були поширені особливо у XVII і XVIII століттях.
У XIX столітті церковну музику розвивали головні композитори Західно-українських земель: М. Вербицький, І. Лаврівський, С. Воробкевич, В. Матюк та ін. У XX столітті її плекали К. Стеценко, М. Леонтович, О. Кошиць, М. Гайворонський, А. Гнатишин та ін.
Див. також
Духовна музика
Релігійна музика
Література
Кудрик Б. Огляд історії української церковної музики. Л. 1937
Маценко П. Нариси до Історії української церковної музики. Вінніпег 1968 * Маценко П. Конспект історії української церковної музики. Вінніпеґ 1973
Antonowych M. The chants from Ukrainian Heiimologia. Більтговен 1974.
Музичні напрями
Релігійна музика
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/140%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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140 (значення)
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140 (значення)
Натуральне число 140
140 рік до нашої ери
140 рік нашої ери
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2926199
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC
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Нажим
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Нажим — село в Польщі, у гміні Ілово-Осада Дзялдовського повіту Вармінсько-Мазурського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Цехановського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Дзялдовського повіту
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203313
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemmican
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Pemmican
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Pemmican (also pemican in older sources) is a mixture of tallow, dried meat, and sometimes dried berries. A calorie-rich food, it can be used as a key component in prepared meals or eaten raw. Historically, it was an important part of indigenous cuisine in certain parts of North America and it is still prepared today.
The name comes from the Cree word , which is derived from the word , 'fat, grease'. The Lakota (or Sioux) word is , originally meaning 'grease derived from marrow bones', with the creating a noun, and referring to small pieces that adhere to something. It was invented by the Indigenous peoples of North America.
Pemmican was widely adopted as a high-energy food by Europeans involved in the fur trade and later by Arctic and Antarctic explorers, such as Captain Robert Bartlett, Ernest Shackleton, Richard E. Byrd, Fridtjof Nansen, Robert Falcon Scott, George W. DeLong, Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, and Roald Amundsen.
Ingredients
Pemmican has traditionally been made using whatever meat was available at the time: large game meat such as bison, deer, elk, or moose, but also fish such as salmon, and smaller game such as duck; while contemporary pemmican may also include beef. The meat is dried and chopped, before being mixed with rendered animal fat (tallow). Dried fruit may be added: cranberries, saskatoon berries (Cree ), and even blueberries, cherries, chokeberries, and currants—though in some regions these are used almost exclusively for ceremonial and wedding pemmican—and European fur traders have also noted the addition of sugar.
Among the Lakota and Dakota nations, there is also a corn (or pemmican) that does not contain dried meat. This is made from toasted cornmeal, animal fat, fruit, and sugar.
Traditional preparation
Traditionally, the meat was cut in thin slices and dried, either over a slow fire or in the hot sun until it was hard and brittle. Approximately of meat are required to make of dried meat suitable for pemmican. This thin brittle meat is known in Cree as and colloquially in North American English as dry meat. The was then spread across a tanned animal hide pinned to the ground, where it was beaten with flails or ground between two large stones till it turned into very small pieces, almost powder-like in its consistency. The pounded meat was mixed with melted fat in an approximate 1:1 ratio by weight. Typically, the melted fat would be suet that has been rendered into tallow. In some cases, dried fruits, such as blueberries, chokecherries, cranberries, or saskatoon berries, were pounded into powder and then added to the meat-fat mixture. The resulting mixture was then packed into rawhide bags for storage where it would cool, and then harden into pemmican.
Today, some people store their pemmican in glass jars or tin boxes. The shelf life may vary depending on ingredients and storage conditions. At room temperature, pemmican can generally last from one to five years, but there are anecdotal stories of pemmican stored in cool cellars being safely consumed after a decade or more.
A bag of bison pemmican weighing approximately was called a (French for "bull") by the Métis of Red River. These bags of ("bulls"), when mixed with fat from the udder, were known as , when mixed with bone marrow, as , and when mixed with berries, as . It generally took the meat of one bison to fill a .
Serving
In his notes of 1874, North-West Mounted Police Sergeant Major Sam Steele recorded three ways of serving pemmican: raw, boiled in a stew called "rubaboo", or fried, known in the West as a "rechaud":
History
As bone grease is an essential ingredient in pemmican, archaeologists consider evidence of its manufacture a strong indicator of pemmican making. There is widespread archaeological evidence (bone fragments and boiling pits) for bone grease production on the Great Plains by AD 1, but it likely developed much earlier. However, calcified bone fragments from Paleo-Indian times do not offer clear evidence, due to lack of boiling pits and other possible usages.
It has also been suggested that pemmican may have come through the Bering Strait crossing 40–60 centuries ago. The first written account of pemmican is considered to be Francisco Vázquez de Coronado records from 1541, of the Querechos and Teyas, traversing the region later called the Texas Panhandle, who sun-dried and minced bison meat and then would make a stew of it and bison fat. The first written English usage is attributed to James Isham, who in 1743 wrote that "pimmegan" was a mixture of finely pounded dried meat, fat and cranberries.
The voyageurs of the North American fur trade had no time to live off the land during the short season when the lakes and rivers were free of ice. They had to carry all of their food with them if the distance traveled was too great to be resupplied along the way. A north canoe with six men and 25 standard packs required about four packs of food per . Montreal-based canoemen could be supplied by sea or with locally grown food. Their main food was dried peas or beans, sea biscuit, and salt pork. (Western canoemen called their Montreal-based fellows or "pork-eaters".) In the Great Lakes, some maize and wild rice could be obtained locally. By the time trade reached the Lake Winnipeg area, the pemmican trade was developed.
Trading people of mixed ancestry and becoming known as the Métis would go southwest onto the prairie in Red River carts, slaughter bison, convert it into pemmican, and carry it north to trade from settlements they would make adjacent to North West Company posts. For these people on the edge of the prairie, the pemmican trade was as important a source of trade goods as was the beaver trade for the Indigenous peoples farther north. This trade was a major factor in the emergence of the new and distinct Métis society. Packs of pemmican would be shipped north and stored at the major fur posts: Fort Alexander, Cumberland House, Île-à-la-Crosse, Fort Garry, Norway House, and Edmonton House.
So important was pemmican that, in 1814, governor Miles Macdonell started the Pemmican War with the Métis when he passed the short-lived Pemmican Proclamation, which forbade the export of pemmican from the Red River Colony.
Alexander Mackenzie relied on pemmican on his 1793 expedition from the Canadas to the Pacific.
North Pole explorer Robert Peary used pemmican on all three of his expeditions, from 1886 to 1909, for both his men and his dogs. In his 1917 book, Secrets of Polar Travel, he devoted several pages to the food, stating, "Too much cannot be said of the importance of pemmican to a polar expedition. It is an absolute . Without it a sledge-party cannot compact its supplies within a limit of weight to make a serious polar journey successful."
British polar expeditions fed a type of pemmican to their dogs as "sledging rations". Called "Bovril pemmican" or simply "dog pemmican", it was a beef product consisting, by volume, of protein and fat (i.e., a 2:1 ratio of protein to fat), without carbohydrate. It was later ascertained that although the dogs survived on it, this was not a nutritious and healthy diet for them, being too high in protein. Members of Ernest Shackleton's 1914–1916 expedition to the Antarctic resorted to eating dog pemmican when they were stranded on ice during the antarctic summer.
During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), British troops were given an iron ration made of of pemmican and 4 ounces of chocolate and sugar. The pemmican would keep in perfect condition for decades. It was considered much superior to biltong, a form of cured game meats commonly used in Africa. This iron ration was prepared in two small tins (soldered together) that were fastened inside the belts of the soldiers. It was the last ration used and it was used only as a last resort—when ordered by the commanding officer. A man could march on this for 36 hours before he began to drop from hunger.
While serving as chief of scouts for the British Army in South Africa, American adventurer Frederick Russell Burnham required pemmican to be carried by every scout.
Pemmican, likely condensed meat bars, was used as a ration for French troops fighting in Morocco in the 1920s.
A 1945 scientific study of pemmican criticized using it exclusively as a survival food because of the low levels of certain vitamins.
A study was later done by the U.S. military in January 1969, entitled Arctic Survival Rations, III. The Evaluation of Pemmican Under Winter Field Conditions. The study found that during a cycle of two starvation periods the subjects could stave off starvation for the first cycle of testing with only 1000 calories worth of pemmican.
Contemporary uses
Today, people in many indigenous communities across North America continue to make pemmican for personal, community, and ceremonial consumption. Some contemporary pemmican recipes incorporate ingredients that have been introduced to the Americas in the past 500 years, including beef. There are also indigenous-owned companies, such as Tanka Bar, based on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, that produce pemmican or foods based on traditional pemmican recipes, for commercial distribution.
See also
, also called "butter mochi", a similar high caloric density food invented by Japanese matagi hunters
Alaskan ice cream
Food drying
Forcemeat
Jerky
Mincemeat
Nutraloaf
Pastirma
Smoked fish
Smoked meat
Tolkusha
Viande fumée
Notes
References
External links
Métis Nation in the pemmican trade
Experiments in traditional pemmican preparation
How to make pemmican
How to Make a 5,000-Year-Old Energy Bar
Arctic Survival Rations, III. The Evaluation of Pemmican Under Winter Field Conditions
Cree language
First Nations cuisine
Métis cuisine
Native American cuisine
Dried meat
Indigenous cuisine in Canada
Traditional meat processing
Fur trade
Indigenous culture of the Great Plains
Historical foods in American cuisine
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Ікеда
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Ікеда — ставкові поля.
Топоніми
Ікеда — місто в Японії, у префектурі Осака.
Ікеда — містечко в Японії, у префектурі Ґіфу.
Ікеда — містечко в Японії, у префектурі Наґано.
Ікеда — містечко в Японії, у префектурі Фукуй.
Ікеда — містечко в Японії, у префектурі Хоккайдо.
Ікеда — колишнє містечко в Японії, у префектурі Осака. Складова сучасного міста Ікеда.
Ікеда — колишнє містечко в Японії, у префектурі Токусіма. Складова сучасного міста Мійосі.
Ікеда — колишнє містечко в Японії, у префектурі Каґава. Складова сучасного міста Сьодосіма.
Ікеда — назва багатьох колишніх сіл в Японії.
Персоналії
Ікеда — японське прізвище.
Ікеда Акіхіса (池田晃久) — японський манґака.
Ікеда Хаято — японський політичний і державний діяч, фінансист.
Ікеда Дайсаку — японський філософ, письменник, громадський і політичний діяч
Ікеда — самурайський рід.
Японські прізвища
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2201133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry%20of%20Suzdal
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Dmitry of Suzdal
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Dmitry of Suzdal
Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) was Prince of Suzdal and Grand Prince of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal from 1365. He took the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir from his son-in-law, Dmitry Donskoy, from 1360 to 1363. The famous Shuisky family descends from his eldest son, Vasily Kirdyapa.
Biography
A senior descendant of Vsevolod the Big Nest and also of Yaroslav II of Vladimir (Dmitry was great-grandson of Yaroslav II's third son Andrey), he inherited Suzdal in 1359 and Nizhny Novgorod in 1365. His policy towards Tatars was conciliatory for the most part, as his eastern lands were continuously exposed to their attacks. After some rivalry with Dmitry of Moscow, he was installed by the Khan of the Golden Horde as the Grand Duke of Vladimir in 1360. During his reign, he repeatedly quarreled with the Novgorod Republic over the raids of Novgorodian pirates who looted his own capital and Tatar markets along the Volga River.
Three years later he was dethroned and had to make peace with Dmitry by marrying him to his daughter, Eudoxia. Joining his army with Dmitry's, he led an allied assault on Volga Bulgars and Mordovia. In 1377, the allied armies were defeated by the Tatars at the Battle on Pyana River, because (as the chronicler put it) they were too drunk to fight. However, in 1382, Dmitry Konstantinovich took the side of Khan Tokhtamysh in taking over Moscow and sent his sons to serve in the Tatar army.
Family
He had issue:
Vasiliy Kirdyapa c. 1350–1403, prince of Suzdal. A descendant of 6th generation is Vasili IV tsar of Russia.
(died 2 August 1377 in the Battle on Pyana River).
Simeon died 1402, prince of Suzdal. A descendant of 8th generation is Michael I Romanov tsar of Russia.
Eudoxia died 1407, married to Dmitry Donskoy grand prince of Moscow.
References
1324 births
1383 deaths
Shuysky family
Grand Princes of Vladimir
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Yurievichi family
14th-century Russian princes
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253482
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BA
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Косяк
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Косяк (колишня німецька колонія Нейдорф, Козяк, Костяк) — село в Україні, в Звягельському районі Житомирської області. Населення становить 19 осіб. Входить до складу Ємільчинської селищної громади.
Історія
У 1906 році — колонія Емільчинської волості Новоград-Волинського повіту Волинської губернії. Відстань від повітового міста 65 верст, від волості 18. Дворів 92, мешканців 483.
У 1926—1954 роках — адміністративний центр Косяцької сільської ради Ємільчинського району.
Примітки
Посилання
Прогноз погоди в селі Косяк
Села Житомирської області
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49188229
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea%20Does
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Chelsea Does
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Chelsea Does is an American television documentary series first released on Netflix on January 23, 2016. The episodes follow comedian Chelsea Handler as she explores different subjects. Most of the episodes include discussions between Handler and her friends (often fellow comedians), family, and psychologists about the topic at hand. Handler also travels for the show visiting destinations relevant to the topic.
Episodes
Season 1 (2016)
References
External links
Chelsea Does ranked as Top 5 New Netflix Originals for 2016
Review By Robert Lloyd - LA TIMES
American English-language television shows
Netflix original programming
2016 American television series debuts
2016 American television series endings
2010s American mockumentary television series
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1909543
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81
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Павел Гросс
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Павел Гросс (11 травня 1968, Усті-над-Лабем, ЧССР) — чехословацький хокеїст, чеський та німецький тренер.
Кар'єра гравця
З сезону 1987/88 виступав за хокейний клуб «Спарта» (Прага). У драфті НХЛ 1988 року Павел був обраний клубом НХЛ Нью-Йорк Айлендерс.
Влітку 1990 року переїхав до Німеччини, де уклав контракт з клубом «Фрайбург», після вильоту «Фрайбурга» в сезоні 1992/93 перейшов до «Маннхаймер ЕРК» у сезоні 1993/94 та залишився там до сезону 1998/99. У складі «орлів» став тричі чемпіоном Німеччини у 1997, 1998 та 1999 роках. У сезоні 1999/2000 переїхав до Берліна, де виступав за «Берлін Кепіталс» до сезону 2001/02, після цього сезону «Берлін Кепіталс» втратив ліцензію та був переведений до Регіональної ліги. Завершив кар'єру гравця у 2004 році.
У складі збірної Чехії провів три матчі у сезоні 1995/96 років.
Кар'єра тренера
Граючий тренер клубу «Берлін Кепіталс» у 2001 році.
Помічник головного тренера «Фрайбург» у сезоні 2004/05.
Помічник головного тренера «Франкфурт Ліонс» у сезоні 2005/06.
З сезону 2008/09 спочатку помічник головного тренера Грізлі Адамс Вольфсбург. Головним тренером клубу «Вольфсбург» став у сезоні 2010/11.
Примітки
Посилання
Профіль на hockeydb
Профіль на eurohockey
Профіль на eliteprospects
Чехословацькі хокеїсти
Чеські хокеїсти
Гравці збірної Чехії з хокею
Хокеїсти «Спарти» (Прага)
Хокеїсти «Фрайбурга»
Хокеїсти «Адлер Мангайм»
Хокеїсти «Берлін Кепіталс»
Чеські хокейні тренери
Німецькі хокейні тренери
Уродженці Усті-над-Лабем
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4383005
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%20%28%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29
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2-й піхотний полк (Австро-Угорщина)
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2-й піхотний полк (Австро-Угорщина)
{{Картка військового формування
| назва = 2-й Угорський піхотний полк імператора Олександра І
| дати = 1741–1918
| країна = → →
| вид = Сухопутні війська
| почесні_найменування = Угорський
| визначні_командувачі = полковник Густав Бон фон Блюменштейн
| битви = Австро-турецькі війни,Семирічна війна,Наполеонівські війни,Угорська революція (1848—1849),Австро-прусська війна,Перша світова війна
| тип = піхота
| гарнізон_назва = Штаб-квартира
| гарнізон = Сібіу
| штандарт =
| штандарт_назва = Полковий колір
| зображення = Kappenabzeichen k.u.k. Infanterieregiment Nr. 2.png
| підпис = Каппен 2-го піхотного полку.
}}2-й Угорський піхотний полк імператора Олександра І (IR 2'') ― піхотний полк Спільної армії Збройних сил Австро-Угорщини.
Історія
Утворений в 1741 році як 2-й Угорський піхотний полк «Уйвар'ї». В різний час у назві полку були присутні імена його покровителів: ерцгерцог Карл (1749), ерцгерцог Фердинанд (1761); з 1805 по 1848 роки полк називався 2-й піхотний полк Австрійської імперії, з 1848 покровителем полку став Олександр I, з 1894 і до початку Першої світової війни покровителем полку був російський імператор Микола II.
Штаб-квартири: Сібіу (1903–1909), Брашов (1910–1914). Округ поповнення № 2 Брашов і Сібіу, на території 12-го армійського корпусу.
Відмінною особливістю полку у XVIII столітті, як і у всіх угорських полків, була уніформа: піхота носила білі німецькі мундири із золотим оздобленням, кольоровими бутоньєрками та чорними краватками, яскраві кольорові штани та сукняні наколінники «шаліварі». У 2-го піхотного полку характерною рисою було носіння традиційних гусарських ташок. Основною зброєю солдатів 2-го полку, як і всіх угорських полків, були рушниці з багнетами і піхотними шаблями.
В 1903 р. полк перебував в Сібіу, крім 3-го батальйону, який базувався в Брашові. В 1914 р. полк переведений в Брашов, а 1-й батальйон залишився в Сібіу.
У результаті реформ Конрада з червня 1918 року кількість батальйонів було скорочено до трьох, і 4-й батальйон було розформовано.
Бойовий шлях
Полк брав участь у Семирічній війні, у Наполеонівських війнах та Австро-італо-прусській війні.
У 1915 році полк вирушив на Італійський фронт Першої світової війни, де брав участь у кількох битвах при Ізонцо.
26 серпня 1916 року полк прибув до Првачина на схід від Герца. Згодом переведений у Східну Галичину.
Склад
1-й батальйон (1903—1914: Сібіу);
2-й батальйон (1903—1909: Сібіу, 1910—1914: Брашов);
3-й батальйон (1903—1914: Брашов);
4-й батальйон (1903—1909: Сібіу, 1910—1914: Брашов).
Національний склад (1914)
61 % — угорці;
27 % — румуни;
12 % — інші національності.
Почесні шефи полку
1814—1825: російський імператор Олександр І;
1825—1826: фельдмаршал-лейтенант Франц фон Коллер;
1827—1852: фельдцехмейстер Адам Ретсі фон Ретц;
1852—1865: фельдмаршал-лейтенант Вільгельм Фердинанд Карл фон Шірндінг;
1866—1869: фельдмаршал-лейтенант Антон фон Рукстухл;
1873—1881: російський імператор Олександр ІІ;
1894—1914: російський імператор Микола ІІ.
Командування
1826: полковник Йозеф фон Радл;
1865: полковник Отто Вельзерсхаймб;
1879—1895: полковник Василій Скуліч;
1895—1903: полковник Фелікс Кеменович;
1903—1906: полковник Міхель Шандру;
1906—1909: полковник Лукаш Шнярич;
1910—1911: полковник Теодор Стипек;
1913—1914: полковник Густав Бон фон Блюменштейн;
1914: полковник Рудольф Кренн.
Підпорядкування
2-й піхотний полк входив в 31-у піхотну бригаду 16-ї піхотної дивізії.
Однострій
Військовослужбовці
Барон Карл фон Пфланцер-Балтін (01.06.1855 — 08.04.1925).
Примітки
Піхотні полки Австро-Угорщини
Військові формування, засновані 1741
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCng%C3%B6y%20Ala-Too%20Range
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Küngöy Ala-Too Range
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Küngöy Ala-Too Range
The Kungey Alatau (Küngöy Ala-Too; , Küngei Alataw), also spelled Kungoy Ala-Too, and Kungey Alataw, is a mountain range, which forms the northern Tien Shan with Zailiyskiy Alatau.
The word "Alatau" or "Ala-too" means "variegated mountains", a designation indicating a pronounced high-altitude zone of mountains, partly white due to snow, partly dark on snowless areas. The word "Kungey" or "Kyungei" means "the side (of the mountain) facing to the South".
Description
The ridge runs east–west and has a length of in a straight line. It borders the basin in which Lake Issyk-Kul is located from the north (the same basin bounded by the Terskey Ala-Too ridge from the south). The width of the ridge in the highest part is about . The Zailiysky Alatau stretches parallel to the ridge from the north. The Kungey Alatau and Zailiysky Alatau are separated in the west by the valley of the Chon-Kemin, the main tributary of the Chu River, and in the east by the valley of the Chilik, a tributary of the Ili River. The Chilik-Kemin Bridge connecting the two ridges separates the Chon-Kemin and Chilik valleys. The border of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, which runs along the Zailiysky Alatau ridge in the west, passes over the Chiliko-Kemin Bridge to the Kungey Alatau ridge. Thus, the ridge to the west of the bridge is located in Kyrgyzstan, and to the east of the bridge it passes the border of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
The range begins in the west in the area of the Boom Gorge of the Chu River, where it adjoins the Kyrgyz Ala-Too. The Kungey Alatau in the easterly direction sharply gains height and in the area of the upper reaches of the Dure river reaches a height of . Here begins the highest central part of the ridge. The highest point is Choktal - , to the east of which is the Boztyri peak. Here the Kumbel ridge leads off in a southeasterly direction. The largest river of the southern slope of the Kungey Alatau, Chon-Ak-Suu, which flows into Issyk-Kul, begins at this point and flows in an easterly direction, so that the northern slope of its valley is the main ridge of the Kungey Alatau, and the southern ridge of the Kumbel. Then the Chon-Ak-Suu valley turns to the south and enters the Semyonovsky gorge. From the Keminsky peak massif, the Chiliko-Kemin Bridge runs to the north-west. East of Tchaikovsky peak, the ridge descends and passes into the .
The climate of the Northern Tien Shan is continental. The coldest month is January, and the warmest is July. At low altitudes, there is a forest (mainly Tien Shan spruce), and then from there is a subalpine zone, even higher — glaciers.
Here there are four of the most famous and visited lakes of the Almaty Region: three Kolsay lakes and Lake Kaindy in the gorges of the Kolsay and the Kaindy.
The Kungey ridge is interesting in mountaineering terms, as a little "conquered" ridge. Of the 150 peaks of the range, only 40 were conquered. Climbers have never visited the section from the Zharbulak river valley to the Talda valley.
References
The Geographical names of the world (Географические названия мира: Топонимический словарь. — М: АСТ. Поспелов Е. М. 2001)
Жетытор // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005.
V.N. Vukolov - The North West Tien Shan (Вуколов В. Н. По Северному Тянь-Шаню: Горные туристские маршруты по Заилийскому Алатау и Кунгей Алатау / Рец.: мастер спорта СССР А. Ф. Харченко. — М.: Профиздат, 1991. — 208 с. — (Библиотечка самодеятельного туриста). — 15 000 экз. — .
V.N. Vukolov - The mountains touristic trails (Вуколов В. Н. По Северному Тянь-Шаню: горные туристские маршруты по Заилийскому Алатау и Кунгей Алатау: Учебное пособие. — Изд 2-ое, испр. и доп. — Алматы, 2006. — 344 с.)
Mountain ranges of Kyrgyzstan
Mountain ranges of Kazakhstan
Mountain ranges of the Tian Shan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghul%20people
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Aghul people
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Aghul people
Aghuls (Aghul: агулар/agular) are a people in Dagestan, Russia. According to the 2010 census, there were 34,160 Aghuls in Russia (7,000 in 1959). The Aghul language belongs to the Lezgian language family, a group of the Northeast Caucasian family. Ethnically, the Aghuls are close to the Lezgins. There are four groups of the Aghul people, who live in four different gorges: Aguldere, Kurakhdere, Khushandere, and Khpyukdere. Like their neighbors the Kaitaks, the Aghuls were converted to Islam at a fairly early date, subsequent to the Arab conquest of the eighth century. Their oral traditions claim Jewish descent.
Culture
Each Aghul village had a village council, on which each of the three or four tukhums were represented. The council was headed by an elder. The village mullah and qadi also played an important role in local affairs. In some cases the wealthier tukhums exerted a disproportionate strong influence on village government. As elsewhere in Daghestan, the Aghuls were divided into tukhums (clans), comprising twenty to forty households. Each tukhum had its own cemetery, pastures, and hay fields, and the members were bound by obligations of mutual support and defense.
The Aghuls tended to practice endogamy within the tukhum—marriages with outsiders were very rare. In the past the Aghuls lived in extended family households, though not especially large ones (fifteen to twenty members, on average). A senior male, father or eldest brother, functioned as chief, with fairly broad authority over the affairs of the household and its members. Should the extended family split up, sisters—even those who had already married and left the household—received a portion of the land as well as the movable property. They were each apportioned one-half of the land share given to each of their brothers, a practice that was unusually generous by Daghestanian standards.
References
Further reading
The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire entry on Aguls
Lezgins
Ethnic groups in Dagestan
Muslim communities of Russia
Peoples of the Caucasus
Muslim communities of the Caucasus
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BA%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Сторожук Іван Якович
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Сторожук Іван Якович
Іван Якович Сторожук (1922, село Коров'є Подільської губернії, тепер Теофіпольського району Хмельницької області — 11 грудня 1975, місто Хмельницький) — український радянський і партійний діяч, секретар Хмельницького обкому КПУ. Депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 7-го скликання.
Біографія
Народився в селянській родині. Трудову діяльність розпочав у 1937 році секретарем Теофіпольського районного відділу народної освіти Кам'янець-Подільської області. Потім працював бухгалтером районної ощадної каси і завідувачем діловодства Теофіпольського районного військового комісаріату Кам'янець-Подільської області.
У 1941—1942 роках — колгоспник колгоспу «Октябрь» Хрєновського району Воронезької області РРФСР.
Служив у Червоній армії, учасник радянсько-німецької війни з 1942 року. Був важко поранений.
Член ВКП(б) з 1944 року.
Після демобілізації, з 1944 року перебував на партійній роботі в Кам'янець-Подільській області: помічник секретаря Теофіпольського районного комітету КП(б)У, штатний пропагандист, завідувач відділу партійних, профспілкових і комсомольських організацій Теофіпольського районного комітету КП(б)У.
З 1950 року — 2-й секретар Теофіпольського районного комітету КП(б)У Кам'янець-Подільської області.
Освіта вища. У 1955 році закінчив Вищу партійну школу при ЦК КПУ.
У 1955—1962 роках — 1-й секретар Теофіпольського (з 1959 року — Мануїльського) районного комітету КПУ Хмельницької області.
У березні — грудні 1962 року — парторг Хмельницького обласного комітету КПУ по Старокостянтинівському територіальному виробничому колгоспно-радгоспному управлінню. У грудні 1962 — січні 1965 року — секретар партійного комітету Старокостянтинівського територіального виробничого колгоспно-радгоспного управління Хмельницької області.
У січні 1965 — грудні 1970 року — 1-й секретар Старокостянтинівського районного комітету КПУ Хмельницької області.
19 грудня 1970 — 12 серпня 1975 року — секретар Хмельницького обласного комітету Компартії України.
З серпня 1975 року — персональний пенсіонер союзного значення.
Нагороди
орден Леніна
два ордени Трудового Червоного Прапора (26.02.1958)
орден Червоної Зірки
Джерела
газета «Радянське Поділля» (Хмельницький) — грудень 1975 року.
Персоналії за алфавітом
Уродженці Теофіпольського району
Українські партійні діячі
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 7-го скликання
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Прилипко Юрій Ілліч
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Прилипко Юрій Ілліч
Юрій Ілліч Прилипко (11 серпня 1960, Гостомель, Києво-Святошинський район, Київська область, Українська РСР, СРСР — 3 березня 2022, Гостомель, Бучанський район, Київська область, Україна) — український політик. Селищний голова Гостомеля (2015—2022), депутат Ірпінської міської ради протягом трьох скликань (до 2015).
Вбитий російськими окупантами.
Біографія
Народився 11 серпня 1960 року в Гостомелі Київської області у родині робітників (батько — водій автопідприємства, мати працювала кухарем).
Освіта
У 1975 році закінчив вісім класів Гостомельської селищної середньої школи і вступив до Катюжанського сільського професійно-технічного училища № 21 на спеціальність: «Механізатор меліоративних робіт», яке закінчив у 1978 році.
У 1985 році закінчив трирічний Університет марксизму-ленінізму, отримавши вищу освіту у системі політичного навчання.
Військова служба
З 1978 по 1980 рік проходив дійсну військову службу в м. Дрезден у складі Групи радянських військ у Німеччині.
Трудова діяльність
1980—1988 рр. — працював водієм автобази № 513.
1988—1991 рр. — працював водієм Ірпінського автопарку № 13250.
1991—1993 рр. — працював заступником голови кооперативу «Нектар».
З 23 лютого 1993 року займався підприємницькою діяльністю, створивши приватне мале підприємство «Міраж».
Громадська діяльність
Представляв громаду Гостомеля в Ірпінській міській раді протягом трьох скликань.
На посаді селищного голови
Переміг на виборах міського голови Гостомеля у 2015 році. 2018 року суд на два місяці відсторонив його від займаної посади за клопотанням прокурора за підозрою у розтраті бюджетних коштів під час асфальтування доріг у селищі.
На виборах у листопаді 2020 року Прилипка знову обрали міським головою Гостомеля та очолив Гостомельську об'єднану територіальну громаду. У грудні 2021 року був відсторонений від займаної посади на час досудового слідства за підозрою в хабарництві.
Юрій Прилипко допомагав переховувати автопарк засудженого за державну зраду колишнього Президента України Віктора Януковича, за що піддавався громадській критиці. Юрій Прилипко виступав проти виділення землі ветеранам АТО, через що у нього був конфлікт з ними. Піддавався критиці з боку активістів "Миротворця"
Російськими сайтами була поширена сумнівна інформація, що глава Гостомеля нібито був убитий за те, що пішов на контакт з російськими військами.
Прилипка та двох волонтерів вбили пострілом в голову російські окупанти, коли вони роздавали людям хліб і ліки 7 березня 2022 року.
Сім'я
Був одружений. Мав трьох дітей — Ольга (1984), Надія (1988) та Вячеслав (1989).
Відзнаки
Орден «За мужність» III ст. (24 березня 2022, посмертно) — за вагомий особистий внесок у захист державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, мужність і самовіддані дії, виявлені під час організації оборони населених пунктів від російських загарбників''
Нагороджений українською православною церквою Київського патріархату Почесною відзнакою «Георгія Побідоносця» — золотим хрестом 1, 2 і 3-го ступеня.
Юрій Ілліч Прилипко є почесним громадянином селища Гостомель. Нагороджений багатьма подяками, грамотами й дипломами від державних установ та суспільних організацій за меценатську діяльність у розвитку культури, спорту, медицини та освіти Ірпінського регіону, Бородянського та Вишгородського районів.
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт Гостомельської селищної ради
Депутати міських рад України
Селищні голови України
Українські футбольні функціонери
Українські політики, що загинули під час російсько-української війни
Український футзал
Люди, загиблі в російсько-українській війні
Померли в Бучанському районі
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B7
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Лямбліоз
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Лямбліоз (жіардіаз) — антропонозна інфекційна хвороба з переважним функціональним порушенням дванадцятипалої кишки та інших відділів тонкої кишки, яка виникає через паразитування джгутикових найпростіших — лямблій і в більшості людей перебігає малосимптомно.
Історичні відомості
Уперше збудника захворювання в 1681 році виявив Антоні ван Левенгук у фекаліях. Згодом у 1859 році його детально вивчив Вілем Душан Лямбль. Він спостерігав збудників у випорожненнях дітей з проносом, надав детальний опис трофозоїта, відобразивши його у власноруч зроблених малюнках. У 1888 році паразит отримав назву Giardia lamblia на честь Лямбля і французького біолога Альфреда Матьє Жіара, який вперше описав найпростішого з роду Giardia, до якого надалі віднесли лямблій.
Актуальність
На 2018 рік лямблії вважаються найпоширенішим кишковим патогенним найпростішим та найпоширенішим збудником, що передається через воду. Лямбліоз обумовлює високу частку діареї мандрівників, до 7 % випадків гострої діареї у розвинених країнах та близько 30 % — у тих державах, що розвиваються.
Етіологія
Збудник Giardia intestinalis (син. — Giardia lamblia, Lamblia intestinalis, Lamblia duodenalis, Giardia duodenalis), належить до роду Giardia, родини Hexamitidae найпростіших. Має рухому вегетативну (трофозоїт) і нерухому цистну стадії розвитку. Вегетативна форма виглядає як груша з витягнутим заднім кінцем, із двома симетрично розташованими ядрами. Передня частина трофозоїта має присмоктувальний диск, за допомогою якого він нестійко прикріплюється до клітин епітелію кишкових ворсинок у тонкому кишечнику. Здійснює поступальний або обертальний рух завдяки 4 парам джгутиків. Ротового отвору трофозоїт не має, харчується всією поверхнею тіла осмотичним шляхом, так само й виділяє продукти метаболізму. Розмноження відбувається поздовжнім поділом, трофозоїти подвоюються кожні 9-12 годин. Вегетативна форма живе до 30-40 діб, нестійка в довкіллі (гине за 5-10 хвилин), швидко руйнується під впливом кип'ятіння, звичайних дезінфекційних засобів, соляної кислоти. Проникаючи з тонкої кишки в товсту (де умови для них несприятливі), трофозоїти втрачають свою рухливість і перетворюються на цисти.
Циста — нерухома овальна форма лямблій, в якій вони існують за несприятливих умов. Має двоконтурну прозору оболонку, один або два набори по 2 ядра; як і вегетативна форма, здатна до ділення. Цисти зафарбовуються розчином Люголя в коричневий або жовтий колір. Легко проникають крізь шлунковий бар'єр, де протягом 10-15 хвилин з однієї цисти утворюються 2 трофозоїти, які у подальшому здатні до самостійного розмноження. Цисти зберігаються у випорожненнях до 3 тижнів, каналізаційних стоках до 10 тижнів, ґрунті — 6 міс. і довше, але швидко гинуть при висиханні. Кислото- і жовчостійкі, хлоровмісні дезінфекційні засоби на цисти лямблій практично не діють. Виявлено ряд генів, за допомогою яких лямблії можуть уникати імунних атак макроорганізму.
Епідеміологічні особливості
Джерело і резервуар інфекції
Джерелом збудника є хвора людина або здоровий носій, які виділяють з випорожненнями за добу декілька мільярдів цист лямблій, 1 г фекалій містить до 2,2 млн життєздатних цист. У поширенні лямблій мають значення тільки цисти, для зараження достатньо лише 10-25 їх. Період від зараження до виділення цист з калом складає 4-6 діб. Процес цистовиділення може тривати багато місяців, причому періоди виділення змінюються періодами згасання, а пауза між виділенням цист триває від 1 до 17 діб. Середня тривалість інвазії при однократному зараженні становить приблизно 6 місяців.
Механізм і фактори зараження
Зараження відбувається фекально-оральним механізмом передачі інфекції. Інвазія можлива з водою, харчовими продуктами (особливо фруктами, овочами, ягодами), вжитими без термічної обробки, через забруднені руки, побутові речі. Механічним переносником цист можуть бути мухи, таргани.
Сприйнятливість
Зараженість дітей, особливо в організованих колективах, може сягати 50-80 %, що у 2-4 рази вища, ніж у дорослих. Захворюваність найчастіше має спорадичний характер, але можливі спалахи, зумовлені потраплянням стічних вод у питну воду, забрудненням фруктів, овочів при використанні фекалій як добрива. Відмічена літньо-осіння сезонність. Імунітет не захищає від повторних заражень.
Патогенез та клінічні прояви
Основною формою взаємин лямблій з організмом людини є безсимптомне носійство. За недостатньої резистентності організму, масивної інвазії, інших несприятливих обставин носійство може трансформуватись у хворобу. Перебіг хвороби може бути більш тяжким при супутній ахілії та недостатності функції підшлункової залози.
Цисти потрапляють з їжею або водою до травного каналу, долають кислотний бар'єр шлунка й у тонкій кишці розчиняється їхня оболонка. Вегетативна форма паразитує у щітковій облямівці слизової оболонки дванадцятипалої кишки і проксимальному відділі порожньої кишки, де проходить процес розмноження. Більшість дослідників заперечує можливість мешкання лямблій у жовчних протоках і міхурі через бактерицидні властивості жовчі, проте у низьких концентраціях жовч стимулює їхній розвиток і розмноження. Є свідчення того, що зменшення потрапляння жовчі до тонкого кишечнику, зміни її хімізму сприяють маніфестації лямбліозу. У подальшому формується дуоденіт, ентерит або гастродуоденіт.
Виділяють такі фактори патогенної дії лямблій на організм людини:
механічне і токсичне подразнення стінки кишки, вплив на місцеві нервові закінчення, що призводить до виникнення вегетативно-вісцерального рефлексу з боку травного каналу;
порушення синтезу деяких ферментів та, як наслідок, розвиток функціонального дисбалансу і лактозної недостатності;
сенсибілізація організму людини продуктами обміну і токсичними речовинами, які утворюються при загибелі лямблій;
індукція механізмів формування алергії, зокрема до харчових продуктів;
порушення процесів пристінкового травлення, формування синдрому мальабсорбції, дефіцит мікронутрієнтів, полівітамінна недостатність, особливо жиророзчинних вітамінів (змінюється обмін фолієвої кислоти, рибофлавіну, тіаміну, ціанокобаламіну, знижується концентрація в сироватці крові аскорбінової кислоти, вітаміну А та каротину);
порушення функції печінки як детоксикаційного органа при тривалому лямбліозі, зміни хімічних параметрів хімусу і порушення мікробіоценозу різних відділів кишечнику з формуванням дисбіозу;
Хоча самі лямблії не уражають слизову оболонку кишки, їхня здатність присмоктуватися до неї дає можливість розвитку мікробної автоінвазії, що спричинює різні запалення (холангіт, холецистит, дуоденіт, ентерит). Персистенція лямблій в організмі людини зумовлює виникнення хронічної ендогенної інтоксикації. Зниження перетравлення і поглинання розчинених харчових речовин може спричинювати метеоризм, осмотичну діарею. У процесі хвороби розвивається імунний дисбаланс — дефіцит IgA, IgM, гіпогамаглобулінемія, гіперпродукція IgE.
Клінічні прояви
Класифікація
У МКХ-10 виділяють «Жіардіаз (лямбліоз)» А07.1 у розділі «Інші кишкові протозойні хвороби».
Інкубаційний період триває від кількох годин (при масивному потраплянні цист з водою) до 1-4 тижнів.
Розрізняють 2 основні форми інвазії лямбліями:
без клінічних проявів (латентний перебіг або лямбліоносійство);
маніфестний лямбліоз.
Лише у 10 % заражених виникають різні, частіше слабовиражені, клінічні прояви.
За клінічним перебігом виділяють:
гострий (частіше виявляють у немовлят і дітей раннього віку, він триває 5-7 діб);
затяжний рецидивний і хронічний (у окремих хворих лямбліоз може затягуватись на місяці та хронізуватися).
Маніфестний лямбліоз
У клінічній симптоматиці маніфестного лямбліозу виділяють 4 основних синдроми:
диспепсичний,
больовий,
астено-невротичний,
алергічний.
У разі масивної інвазії переважають симптоми порушення роботи верхнього відділу травного каналу. Хворі скаржаться на нудоту, зниження апетиту або несприйняття деяких харчових продуктів, печію, незначний тупий або, рідше, переймоподібний біль у животі — в епігастральній, пілородуоденальній зонах, навколо пупка, в правому і лівому підребер'ях; можливе блювання, відрижка. Біль частіше не пов'язаний з прийомом їжі. Періодично спостерігаються метеоризм, здуття і бурчання в животі, напіврідкі випорожнення (смердючі, пінисті, жироподібні).
Тривала інвазія може спричинити розвиток хронічного дуоденіту, ентериту або гастроентериту. У такий ситуації періодично посилюється больовий синдром, пов'язаний з прийомом їжі (пізній і нічний біль), більш виражені диспепсичні явища, дисфункція кишок (запор або пронос). Діти часто скаржаться на слабкість, головний біль, поганий сон. При огляді привертають увагу зниження маси тіла, блідість шкіри, ознаки вегето-судинних розладів (підвищена пітливість, незрозуміле відчуття ознобу, тремор рук тощо). Часто визначається пігментація навколо пупка і по ходу білої лінії живота. При пальпації відмічається болючість в надчеревній (епігастральній) ділянці. Фаза загострення може переходити у тривалу ремісію.
Дискінезія жовчних проток і міхура спочатку перебігає за гіпертонічним типом. У віддалені строки збільшується частота гіпотонічної дискінезії, вторинного бактерійного холециститу та холангіту. Зміни в шлунку виникають рідко і мають вторинний характер. Крім порушення моторно-евакуаторної функції відмічається помірне підвищення або зниження шлункової секреції. Може пригнічуватись зовнішня секреторна функція підшлункової залози.
Характерний розвиток астено-невротичного синдрому («лямблія — паразит туги і печалі», за влучним виразом Лямбля) у вигляді дратівливості, підвищеної нервової збудливості, плаксивості, втомлюваності, порушення сну, головного болю, запаморочення, серцебиття, болю в ділянці серця, задишки. У частини хворих виявляється субфебрилітет.
Алергічний синдром, зокрема на харчові антигени (цитрусові, молоко, рибу, яйця — часто у дітей), проявляється дерматитом, кропив'янкою, бронхіальною астмою, астматичним бронхітом.
При поєднанні з іншими захворюваннями лямбліоз сприяє їхньому затяжному і тяжчому перебігу (синдром «взаємного обтяження»).
Діагностика
Лабораторно-інструментальна діагностика
З клінічних симптомів значення надають комбінації диспепсичного, больового, астено-невротичного та алергічного синдромів. У загальному аналізі крові виявляється невелика еозинофілія. Фіброгастродуоденоскопія виявляє виражені запальні та атрофічні зміни у постбульбарному відділі дванадцятипалої кишки, дуоденогастральний рефлюкс. Запропоновано орієнтовну пробу — при змішуванні на предметному склі досліджуваного матеріалу з кишечнику з розчином вітаміну В12 за наявності лямблій відбувається знебарвлення препарату (чутливість методу 88 %).
Специфічна лабораторна діагностика
Ґрунтується на методі мікроскопічного дослідження — прямої паразитоскопії, виявленні цист у свіжому калі та вегетативних форм (трофозоїти) лямблій у дуоденальному вмісті. При проносі в калі можуть виявлятися трофозоїти. Пошук паразитів у калі бажано здійснювати не менше 3 разів з проміжками 1-2 дні. Цисти лямблій при тяжкій інвазії можна знайти й у зіскрібках з поверхні язика. Частота знахідок збільшується при проведенні повторних досліджень, а також попередньої підготовки (прийом жовчогінних препаратів 5-7 днів до обстеження), використанні методів формалін-ефірного збагачення, реакції імунофлюоресценції (РІФ) і люмінесцентної мікроскопії за допомогою акридинового оранжевого. У випорожненнях можна також виявити антигени лямблій методами зустрічного імуноелектрофорезу.
Серологічна діагностика ретроспективна і недостатньо чутлива. Використовують імуноферментний аналіз (ІФА) і реакцію непрямої імунофлюоресценції (РНІФ) для виявлення IgM та IgG, діагностичний титр 1:32. Специфічні IgM швидко зникають з крові, IgG можуть зберігатися ще 12-15 місяців після звільнення організму від збудників.
Лікування
Протилямблійні препарати слід застосовувати, якщо є докази маніфестного лямбліозу. Найчастіше використовують фуразолідон, ніфурател, метронідазол, орнідазол, тинідазол, альбендазол, німоразол. Фуразолідон рекомендують по 0,1 г 4 рази на день після їди протягом 7 днів. Ніфурател — по 0,2-0,4 г 3 рази на день протягом 7 днів. Метронідазол призначають по 0,25 г 3 рази на день протягом 5 днів. Орнідазол — по 1,5 г дорослим на ніч протягом 2-3 днів. Тинідазол — однократно 2,0 г. Альбендазол — по 0,4 г на день протягом 3-5 днів. Німоразол використовують по 0,5 г 2 рази на день протягом 5-7 днів. Усі препарати призначають тільки перорально. Контрольні дослідження на наявність лямблій у дуоденальному вмісті та їх цист у калі проводять через 2 тижні після специфічного лікування. Якщо лямблії залишаються після курсу лікування, проводять ще 2-3 курси терапії, кожний раз іншим препаратом, з інтервалом між курсами 2-5 днів.
У комплексну терапію включають обов'язково жовчогінні засоби, замісники жовчі, пробіотики. Хворим з виразним гастродуоденітом й ентеритом показані дієтичне харчування, обволікувальні засоби, іноді блокатори Н2-гістамінорецепторів чи інгібітори протонної помпи. Лікування дискінезії кишок і жовчних проток й міхура здійснюють із врахуванням її типу, використовуючи спазмолітичні, седативні та жовчогінні препарати, лікарські рослини, фізіотерапевтичні процедури, мінеральну воду, лікувальну фізкультуру. При гіперацидозі в комплексне лікування включають антацидні засоби, лужні мінеральні води, картопляний сік. У випадку недостатності підшлункової залози показані ферментні препарати, що містять панкреатин.
Профілактика
У сім'ях і дитячих колективах треба дотримуватись повноцінного санітарно-гігієнічного режиму, який би виключав можливість фекального забруднення харчових продуктів, води, предметів побуту. Потенційно заражену воду слід вживати після варення, овочі та фрукти ретельно мити, при значному забрудненні — обпарювати кип'ятком. Необхідне щоденне вологе прибирання приміщень з обробкою щіток, віників, відер крутим кип'ятком, з кип'ятінням або повною зміною ганчірок. Дезінфікують меблі, іграшки, дитячі горщики, прасують білизну, рушники. Важливе значення має миття рук після туалету і перед їдою. Санацію здорових дітей не проводять, заражені лямбліями можуть відвідувати дошкільні заклади і школу. Працівники громадського харчування у випадку лямбліоносійства не усуваються від роботи. Специфічної профілактики не існує.
Джерела
Інфекційні хвороби: підручник / за ред. О. А. Голубовської. — Київ: ВСВ «Медицина» (2 видання, доповнене і перероблене). — 2018. — 688 С. + 12 с. кольор. вкл. (О. А. Голубовська, М. А. Андрейчин, А. В. Шкурба та ін.) ISBN 978-617-505-675-2 / С. 158—164
Посилання
Роль лямблій в патології органів травлення у дітей_12.12.2005. - Рекомендовано для педіатрів, дитячих гастроентерологів, дитячих інфекціоністів.
Клінічні прояви лямбліозу.
Лямбліоз та його профілактика. — Медичний вісник.
Лямбліоз у дітей: проблема діагностики й вибору терапії.
Роль сучасного препарату мератин у комплексному лікуванні хворих на лямбліоз.
Медична енциклопедія — Лямбліоз. Опис та причини.
Антропонози
Протозойні хвороби
Захворювання, що передаються через воду
Кишкові інфекційні захворювання
Епоніми у медицині
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Кяревере
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Кяревере (Kärevere) — назва географічних об'єктів Естонії.
Кяревере — село у волості Тарту повіту Тартумаа.
Кяревере — село у волості Пиг'я-Сакала повіту Вільяндімаа.
Кяревере — село у волості Тюрі повіту Ярвамаа.
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9
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Сухайтуй
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Сухайтуй — село у складі Тунгокоченського району Забайкальського краю, Росія. Входить до складу Нижньостанського сільського поселення.
Населення
Населення — 37 осіб (2010; 61 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 100 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Тунгокоченського району
Села Забайкальського краю
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931893
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldur%27s%20Gate%20II%3A%20Throne%20of%20Bhaal
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Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal
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Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal — це сюжетне розширення для рольової відеоігри Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn, що додає до гри багаторівневе підземелля і завершує основний сюжет. Також було представлено кілька нових видів зброї та магічних навичок, підвищено максимальний рівень персонажа і вдосконалено графічну складову оригіналу. У вересні 2001 року вийшов однойменний роман за авторством Дрю Карпішина.
Ігровий процес
Хоча розширення зберігає фундаментальні ігрові механіки Shadows of Amn, а нові локації включені у вже існуючу карту світу з оригінальної гри, було внесено ряд налаштувань і покращень: підвищено максимальний рівень персонажа, додано нових ворогів та внутрішньоігрові предмети.
Крім того, якщо гравець завершив основну сюжетну кампанію, у Throne of Bhaal є можливість завантажити ігрове збереження і почати сюжет розширення зі своїми персонажами і їх спорядженням.
Реліз
У Сполучених Штатах Throne of Bhaal посіла 5 місце в чарті продажів комп’ютерних ігор NPD Intelect за період з 24 по 30 червня, потім опустилася на 7 місце на другому тижні та на 10 місце на третьому. На четвертому тижні її вже не було в тижневому топ-10. Однак, за даними NPD, Throne of Bhaal залишався у місячних чартах продажів на 13-му місці в липні та 20-му в серпні. Вона вийшла з місячного топ-20 до вересня 2001 року. До першого тижня листопада тільки в Сполучених Штатах було продано 85 451 копію. Освітлюючи ці події, автор GameSpot Десслок зазначив, що гра «добре продавалась і продовжує це робити». Продажі в Сполучених Штатах коливалися між відміткою від 100 тисяч до 480 тисяч копій до 2006 року.
За даними BioWare, глобальні продажі Throne of Bhaal досягли приблизно 500 тисяч копій до грудня 2002 року.
Оцінки і відгуки
Доповнення загалом позитивно було сприйнято як професійними критиками, так і ігровою спільнотою. Редакція Computer Gaming World писала: «Throne of Bhaal зробив те, що мала зробити Ultima IX: він став чудовим прощальним поклоном франшизи. Це чудова і гідна нагорода тим, хто провів свого маленького героя всім шляхом, починаючи з оригінальної Baldur's Gate». Gamespot пропонував гравцеві, який дійшов до кінця, озирнутися на минулі ігри серії та оцінити, наскільки великий шлях був пройдений ними і назвав доповнення «повнорозмірною грою», яка не просто відповідає високим стандартам, встановленим її попередниками, але й у деяких випадках їх перевершує. Оглядачі PC Gamer US назвали Throne of Bhaal «такою ж майстерною, як Baldur's Gate II», вказавши, що «ймовірно, це найбільший пакет доповнень за весь час».
Графічне оформлення оглядачі назвали подібним до оригіналу і навіть більш детальним, ніж у Shadows of Amn. У GameSpot позитивно оцінювалися деталізація нових областей, їхня візуальна привабливість і своєрідність, а також велика кількість анімації фонів. Деякі рецензенти відзначили, що загалом рушій Infinity Engine, який використовувався у всій серії Baldur's Gate, починаючи з першої частини, на момент виходу Throne of Bhaal вже був досить застарілим і зберіг свої неприємні особливості, такі як проблеми зі знаходженням шляху персонажами. Проте в цілому формат доповнення, що використовує рушій і значну частину графічних ресурсів Baldur's Gate II, не передбачав будь-яких суттєвих поліпшень — лише дещо зросли системні вимоги через масштабніші битви та велику кількість використовуваних заклинань з графічними ефектами.
Примітки
Відеоігри 2001
Baldur's Gate (серія відеоігор)
Ігри Bioware
Ігри Interplay Entertainment
Класичні ігри для OS X
Ігри для OS X
Ігри для Windows
Доповнення до відеоігор
Продовження відеоігор
Рольові відеоігри
Ігри по Forgotten Realms
Відеоігри, розроблені в Канаді
Відеоігри, адаптовані у літературі
Відеоігри за участю героїв різної статі
Відеоігри з ізометричною графікою
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Тимошенко Олег Семенович
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Тимошенко Олег Семенович (4 грудня 1932, Кремінна — 20 грудня 2010, Швейцарія) — український хоровий диригент і педагог. Народний артист України (1992), академік Національної академії мистецтв України, професор.
Біографічні дані
Народився 4 грудня 1932 року в місті Кремінній Донецької губернії (нині Луганська область).
Від 1949 року навчався в Луганському музичному училищі яке закінчив в 1953 році.
Від 1954 року — в Київській державній консерваторії ім. Петра Чайковського, яку закінчив 1960 року.
У 1960–1963 роках — директор і викладач Вінницького музичного училища ім. Миколи Леонтовича.
У 1963–2004 роках працював у Київській консерваторії: З 1963 по 1965 — старший викладач, з 1965 по 1983 — проректор з навчальної роботи; у 1983–2004 роках — ректор.
Очолював хори у Вінниці, Харкові, Луганську, Києві (у 1973–1983 роках — художній керівник заслуженої хорової капели УРСР Південно-Західної залізниці).
Автор науково-методичних праць з історії та теорії хорового мистецтва.
Серед учнів — Євген Савчук, Інеса Шилова, Г. Сорокопуд, Алла Шейко, Юлія Пучко-Колесник, Віктор Петриченко, Людмила Шумська, Володимир Ніколенко, Павло Ковалик, Андрій Козачок, Людмила Сенченко, Єва Хадаші (справжнє ім'я — Євгенія Суда).
1996 року затверджений дійсним членом-засновником Національної академії мистецтв України.
Помер 20 грудня 2010 року в Швейцарії. Похований на Байковому кладовищі у Києві (ділянка № 52а).
Відзнаки
Нагороджений орденами «За заслуги» І, ІІ та ІІІ ступеня, «Знак Пошани», Почесними грамотами Верховної Ради України та Кабінету міністрів України, почесними закордонними відзнаками.
Вшанування пам'яті
10 вересня 2012 року, з нагоди 80-річчя Тимошенко О. С., на фасаді навчального корпусу Національної музичної академії України імені П. І. Чайковського встановлено меморіальну дошку.
1 грудня 2012 року, на фасаді будинку, де проживав О. С. Тимошенко, встановлено меморіальну дошку.
Література
— С. 575.
— С. 581.
Примітки
Електронні джерела
Тимошенко Олег Семенович
Меморіальна дошка
Уродженці Кремінної
Випускники Київської консерваторії
Українські хорові диригенти
Українські педагоги
Академіки Академії мистецтв України
Поховані на Байковому кладовищі
Науковці Київської консерваторії
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Лобашкіно
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Лобашкіно — присілок у складі Аліковського району Чувашії, Росія. Входить до складу Кримзарайкінського сільського поселення.
Населення — 120 осіб (2010; 143 у 2002).
Національний склад:
чуваші — 99 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Аліковського району
Присілки Чувашії
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3721051
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29
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Золотуха (Липецька область)
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Золотуха (Липецька область)
Золотуха — село у Лев-Толстовському районі Липецької області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 750 осіб. Належить до муніципального утворення Остро-Каменська сільрада.
Історія
З 13 червня 1934 до 26 вересня 1937 року у складі Воронезької області, у 1937-1954 роках — Рязанської області. Відтак входить до складу Липецької області.
Згідно із законом від 2 липня 2004 року №114-оз органом місцевого самоврядування є Остро-Каменська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Села Липецької області
Населені пункти Лев-Толстовського району
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1958436
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian%20State%20Library
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Bavarian State Library
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Bavarian State Library
The Bavarian State Library (abbreviated BSB, called Bibliotheca Regia Monacensis before 1919) in Munich is the central "Landesbibliothek", i. e. the state library of the Free State of Bavaria, the biggest universal and research library in Germany and one of Europe's most important universal libraries. With its collections currently comprising around 10.89 million books (as of 2019), it ranks among the leading research libraries worldwide. The furthermore is Europe's second-largest journals library (after the British Library). Furthermore, its historical holdings encompass one of the most important manuscript collections of the world, the largest collection of incunabula worldwide, as well as numerous further important special collections. Its collection of historical prints before 1850 totals almost one million units.
The legal deposit law, still applicable today, has been in force since 1663 and requires that two copies of every printed work published in Bavaria have to be submitted to the . The BSB publishes the specialist journal Bibliotheksforum Bayern and has been publishing the Bibliotheksmagazin together with the Berlin State Library since 2007. Its building is situated in the Ludwigstrasse.
Tasks
General and research library
Central state and repository library of the Free State of Bavaria
Collection of regional legal deposits and publications related to Bavaria
Part of Germany's virtual national library in cooperation with the German National Library and the Berlin State Library
Runs the Munich Digitization Center
Responsibility for special subject collections of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft)
Collaboration on the Corporate Body Authority File (Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei, GKD) and the Name Authority File (Personennamendatei, PND)
Use
In 2019, the library counted 78,600 active users and 1,173,000 loans. Its reading rooms are used by around 4,000 readers every day. In the general reading room, open daily from 8 AM to 12 AM, approximately 111,000 volumes, primarily reference works, are freely accessible. Additionally, every day approximately 1,500 volumes are retrieved from the repositories and made available for use there. In the periodicals reading room around 18,000 topical issues of current periodicals are available. The departments of manuscripts and early printed books, maps and images, music, as well as Eastern Europe, Orient and East Asia have their own reading rooms with open-access collections. In 2010, a new research reading room was opened, focusing on Historical Sciences and Bavarian History and Culture (Aventinus Reading Room).
Inventory
c. 33,921,166 media holding (including e-media)
c. 10.89 million books
c. 140,000 manuscripts: the catalogue is the work of librarian Johann Andreas Schmeller (1785–1852).
Latin (Codices latini monacenses – Clm), c. 17,000 items.
Mulomedicina Chironis (Clm 243), 4th century
Breviarium Alarici (Clm 22501), 6th century
Purple Evangeliary (Clm 23631), 9th century
Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram (Clm 14000),
Computistic ms. of St. Emmeram (Clm 14456), early 9th century
Prayerbook of Otto III, (Clm 30111)
Evangeliary of Otto III (Clm 4453),
Pericopes of Henry II (Clm 4452)
Sacramentary of Henry II (Clm 4456)
Uta Codex (Clm 13601),
Ruodlieb romance fragments (Clm 19486),
Scheyerer Matutinalbuch (Clm 17401)
Carmina Burana (Clm 4660)
prayer book of Maximilian I of Bavaria (Clm 23640)
the "Munich Manual of Demonic Magic" (Clm 849)
German (Codices germanici monacenses – Cgm), c. 10,500 items
Manuscript A of the Nibelungenlied (Cgm 34); which was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2009
Freising manuscripts
Wessobrunn Prayer (Clm 22053)
Muspilli (Clm 14098)
Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach (Cgm 19)
Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg (Cgm 51)
the Liber illuministarum (ca. 1500), one of the largest European arts and crafts recipe books (Cgm 821)
Greek (Codices graeci – Cod.graec.), 645 items
Slavic (Codices slavici, Cod.slav.), c. 100 items
the "Munich Serbian Psalter", after 1370
Music manuscripts, c. 37,500 items
Illustrated manuscripts (Codices iconographici), c. 550 items
Fechtbuch of Paulus Hector Mair (Cod. icon. 393)
choir books by Orlando di Lasso (Mus. ms. A I+II)
Illuminated manuscripts from the Ottonian period produced in the monastery of Reichenau (Lake Constance), which were inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2003
54,400 current periodicals (print and electronic; Europe's second largest holding)
21,000 incunabula (the world's largest holding) of around 9,660 different incunabula, among them
a Gutenberg Bible
c. 2,509,000 digitized volumes
Areas of emphasis
History, general
Pre-history and early history
Byzantium
Classical studies, incl. ancient history Medieval—and new Latin philology
History of Germany, Austria and Switzerland
History of France and Italy
Romania
Romanian language and literature
Albanian language and literature
Eastern-, eastern central and south-eastern Europe (in detail: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo
Modern-age Greece (including language and literature)
Musicology
Information science, book studies and library science
Organisation
Directorate
Since 1 April 2015 Klaus Ceynowa is director general of the Bavarian State Library. The head office, the assistant to the directors, the office of corporate counsel, the information technology department and the public relations department are also part of the directorate.
Directors general:
1882–1909 Georg von Laubmann
1909–1929
1929–1935 Georg Reismüller
1935–1945 Rudolf Buttmann
1948–1966
1967–1972
1972–1992
1992–2004
2004–2014 Rolf Griebel
2015– Klaus Ceynowa
Main departments
Central Administration
The central administration is in charge of general administrative management; moreover, it acts as a service provider for all areas of the library. The department is responsible for the areas "budget", "human resources" and "internal services, construction".
Collection Development and Cataloguing
This department acquires all types of media (in the form or by way of presents, purchase, licensing, deposit copies and swapping items), and catalogues and indexes them both formally and according to subject. The Munich Digitisation Centre is a section of the department. It handles the digitisation and online publication of the cultural heritage preserved by the Bavarian State Library and by other institutions. It provides one of the largest and fastest growing digital collections in Germany. The department is also responsible for conservation and collection care. This division protects the media published from the year 1850 onward against damage and decay. It secures their long-term availability.
User Services
The user services department acts as an agent of the collections and services of the library. The department consists of the divisions of document provision, document administration, document delivery and information- and reading-room services.
Manuscripts and Early Printed Books
The department of manuscripts and early printed books is responsible for the most valuable historical collections of the library. The worldwide renown of the is founded on this precious heritage. The department has a separate reading room that is specially equipped for working with old books.
Special Departments
Map Collection and Image Archive
This department administrates printed maps from the year 1500 up to the present, atlases, cartographic material and the image archive of the . The image archive also includes parts of the archives of Heinrich Hoffmann, Bernhard Johannes and Felicitas Timpe. The Map Collection and Image Archive also have – together with the department of music – their own reading room.
Department of Music
The Department of Music ranks among the world's leading music libraries, due to both the quantity and quality of its historical collections and its broad acquisition profile. Its beginnings date back to the 16th century. The area of collection emphasis "musicology" of the German Research Foundation is overseen by this department. A special reading room for music, maps and images is provided for the library users.
Oriental and East Asia Department
The oriental collections of the comprise 260,000 volumes in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Hebrew, Yiddish, Mongolian, Persian, Tibetan and Indian languages. The East-Asian collections comprise more than 310,000 volumes in the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese languages. Users can avail themselves of the open-access collections in the east reading room occupied together with the department of Eastern Europe.
Department of Eastern Europe (Osteuropaabteilung)
The department of Eastern Europe is the largest special department of the , holding around one million books about and from Eastern Europe, from early modern times up to the 21st century. In addition to the eastern European area, it also addresses eastern central and south-eastern Europe as well as the Asian part of Russia. The open-access collection of the department is accommodated in the library's east reading room.
Departments in Charge of Predominantly Regional-Level Tasks
The departments in charge of tasks predominantly allocated to a regional level are the Bayerische Bibliotheksschule (Bavarian School of Library and Information Science), the Landesfachstelle für das öffentliche Bibliothekswesen (Consulting Centre for Public Libraries) as well as the head office of the Bavarian Library Network (Bibliotheksverbund Bayern).
State-Funded Bavarian Regional Libraries
The Bavarian regional state-funded libraries form part of Bavaria's academic library system. They are subordinated to the in the organisation structure. Among these libraries are the state libraries of Amberg, Ansbach, Neuburg an der Donau, Passau and Regensburg, the Studienbibliothek Dillingen, the Landesbibliothek Coburg, the Bamberg State Library as well as the Hofbibliothek Aschaffenburg.
History
The library was founded in 1558 as the court library of Duke Albrecht V, and was originally located in the vaulted chamber of the Alter Hof (old court) of the Munich residence. Initially, two book collections were acquired: on the one hand the personal papers of the Austrian jurist, orientalist and imperial chancellor Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter, consisting of oriental manuscripts and prints, editions of classic authors and works from the areas of theology, philosophy und jurisprudence, and on the other hand the collection of the Augsburg patrician Johann Jakob Fugger, which was acquired in 1571. Fugger had commissioned agents to collect volumes of manuscripts and printed works in Italy, Spain and the Netherlands. In the end the works collected in this way amounted to more than 10,000 volumes. At the same time, he had had manuscripts copied in Venice.
Apart from this, in 1552 Fugger had purchased the collection of manuscripts and incunabula of the physician and humanist Hartmann Schedel, representing one of the richest humanistic private libraries north of the Alps. The Fugger collection was first administrated and organised by the physician Samuel Quichelberg from Antwerp. He had adopted the shelving system of the Augsburg court library. Later the collection was administered by the librarian Wolfgang Prommer, who had catalogued the collection both alphabetically and according to keywords. Aegidius Oertel from Nuremberg became the first librarian in 1561. The main users of the library were the Jesuits, who had been invited to Munich in 1559.
William V continued the collection, making further purchases:
Spanish prints from the personal papers of the Tyrolean knight Anselm Stöckel (1583)
The collection of the Augsburg councillor Johann Heinrich Herwarth von Hohenberg comprising numerous music prints (1585)
Humanistic library of the canon of Augsburg and Eichstätt Johann Georg von Werdenstein (1592)
In 1600 the collection comprised 17,000 volumes.
The secularization of Bavaria and the transfer of the court library of the Electorate of the Palatinate around the year 1803 added approximately 550,000 volumes and 18,600 manuscripts to the library's holdings.
In 1827 Friedrich von Gärtner was commissioned to plan a representative building for the court- and state library. The original plan was to erect the building at Ludwigstrasse 1. In 1828 the plot opposite the Glyptothek on Königsplatz was chosen as location, but later in the same year the planners switched back again to Ludwigstrasse. The blueprints were completed in 1831. For lack of funds the laying of the foundation stone had to be postponed to 8 July 1832. The construction work on the building planned by Gärtner was concluded in 1843.
In 1919 the library received the name that it still bears today: .
During the Second World War more than 500,000 volumes were lost, although the collections were partly evacuated from the building. Some of the books were for example stored in the palace chapel of Schloss Haimhausen. Of the building itself 85% was destroyed. The reconstruction of the library building and the reintegration of evacuated holdings started in 1946. The books were destroyed on two occasions; the first time 400,000 items were lost including 140,000 theses, and the second time 100,000 unspecified items. Of the books that have been lost (about 380,000), a third or 118,800 have been recovered or repurchased to the present (2020).
From 1953 to 1966 the professors Hans Döllgast und Sep Ruf had to plan and realize the reconstruction of the eastern wing, a new area behind historic walls, and the extension building of the Bavarian State Library, a glass-steel frame construction for the bibliotheca. They made an available surface of 17.000 m2 and a cubature of 84.000 m3. 1967 a jury with Hans Scharoun gave the price of the BDA Bayern to the extension building. The inauguration of the restored south wing of the building in 1970 marked the conclusion of the reconstruction work on the building.
The Speicherbibliothek Garching (book repository) was inaugurated in 1988.
The has also initiated large-scale internet projects. In 1997 the Munich Digitization Center took up work and the BSB started developing its web portals, including its own web site. The card catalogue 1841–1952 and the catalogue of incunabula 1450–1500 were converted, thus making the complete holdings of printed materials of the available online. The service "Digitisation on Demand", offered by a network of several European libraries, makes millions of books published between 1500 and 1900 available in digital form.
On 7 March 2007 Director General Rolf Griebel announced that Google Book Search will take over the digitisation of the copyright-free holdings of the . In 2008, the year of its 450th anniversary, the Deutscher Bibliotheksverband (German Library Association) awarded the title of Bibliothek des Jahres (Library of the year) to the BSB.
In 2012 an Italian scholar discovered among Johann Jakob Fugger's manuscripts in the library an 11th-century Greek codex containing 29 ancient homilies, previously unpublished, by the theologian Origen of Alexandria.
Restitution
Since 2003 the Bavarian State Library has gone to great efforts to restitute illegally-acquired library material. The most recent example is the restitution of the so-called Plock Pontifical to Poland in April 2015. It had been stolen by the Nazis from the Plock Bishopric in 1940 and was taken to Königsberg University. The Bavarian State Library bought the manuscript in 1973 for 6,200 DM at an auction in Munich. In the past years, the library has searched through those segments of its collections that are in question for illegitimate purchases. All in all, over 60,000 books have been meticulously checked so far. The library has identified around 500 books whose acquisition is to be regarded as unlawful. Subsequently, to these findings, several restitutions have taken place, amongst others the Bavarian State Library returned 78 volumes originating from Thomas Mann's research library to the Thomas Mann Archive in Zürich in 2007. Further restitutions are in preparation, for example 252 books from the former publishing house Geca Kon.
See also
State libraries of Germany
German National Library
Google Books Library Project
Virtual Library of Musicology
Books in Germany
References
Riding, Alan. "France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google," New York Times. 11 April 2005.
External links
Website of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (in English)
Website of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (in German)
Website of the digital collections of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
Website of the Munich Digitization Center
hu-berlin.de – Lecture of Prof. Dr. Peter Zahn on the history of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (in German)
europeana
Website of bavarikon, the internet portal of the Free State of Bavaria for the presentation of art, culture and stocks of knowledge from Bavarian institutions.
Libraries in Munich
Buildings and structures in Munich
Historicist architecture in Munich
Deposit libraries
World Digital Library partners
1558 in literature
Educational organizations established in the 1550s
Libraries established in the 16th century
1558 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
16th-century establishments in Bavaria
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1132662
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2125%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB-%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%81
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2125 Карл-Онтьєс
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2125 Карл-Онтьєс (2125 Karl-Ontjes) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 24 вересня 1960 року.
Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,322.
Примітки
Див. також
Список астероїдів (2101-2200)
Посилання
Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net
Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1960
Головний пояс астероїдів
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21407247
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzekcin
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Rzekcin
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Rzekcin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zwierzyn, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Strzelce Krajeńskie and east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
References
Rzekcin
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2343671
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9
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Льонок японський
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Льонок японський (Linaria japonica) — вид квіткових рослин родини подорожникові (Plantaginaceae).
Поширення
Рослина поширена на північному сході Китаю, у Кореї, Японії (Хонсю, Хокайдо), Росії (Сахалін, Курильські острови). Зростає на кам'янистих південних схилах, морському узбережжі.
Опис
Багаторічна трав'яниста рослина висотою 15-25 см. Стебла лежачі. Листя овальне або довгасто-овальне, більш-менш м'ясисте. Суцвіття малоквіткове, шпорка коротк, трохи загнута.
Застосування у медицині
З лікувальною метою заготовляють траву (стебла, листя, квітки). Рослина містить іридоїди (антирринозид, антирид, лінариозид), вуглеводи, манітол, дитерпеноїди (лінариенон, лінаридіаль), флавоноїди (лінарин, пектолінарин, ацетилпектолінарин, цинарин). Водний настій трави в експерименті проявляє гіпотензивну дію, збільшує пульсову хвилю, прискорює і поглиблює дихання. Настій трави в японській медицині використовується як сечогінний.
Література
Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. Amsterdam 2:115. 1865
Посилання
Я
Флора Китаю
Флора Кореї
Флора Японії
Флора Сахаліну
Рослини, описані 1865
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3140618
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB
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Фейрдейл
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Фейрдейл
Фейрдейл — місто, штат Північна Дакота
Фейрдейл — переписна місцевість, штат Пенсільванія
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18772
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Фореггер Микола Михайлович
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Фореггер Микола Михайлович
Микола Михайлович Фореггер,справжнє прізвище фон Грейфентурн (* 18 (6) квітня 1892, Київ — † 8 червня 1939, Москва) — режисер в оперному та драматичному театрі, кіно, балетмейстер, театральний художник та педагог. Народний артист УРСР.
Біографічні відомості
Закінчив 1917 року Київський університет. У 1929 — 1934 роках головний режисер Харківської опери: ставив «Половецькі танки» з «Князя Ігоря» О. Бородіна; балети: «Ференджі» Б. Яновського і «Футболіст» В. Оранського; опери: «Весілля Фіґаро» В. Моцарта, «Машиніст Гопкінс» М. Бранда. 1934 — 36 у Київській опері поставив «Гугеноти» Д. Меєрбера, «Золотий обруч» Б. Лятошинського та ін.
Фореггера критикували за формалізм. 1938 — 1939 головний режисер і мистецький керівник опери в Куйбишеві.
Література
Чепалов А. Судьба пересмешника или Новые странствия Фракасса [Театр. роман-исследование]. – Харьков, 2001. – 188 с.
Прес-центр
прес-центр
Українські хореографи
Російські хореографи
Уродженці Києва
Випускники Київського університету
Українські режисери
Народні артисти УРСР
Народились 18 квітня
Народились 1892
Померли 1939
Померли 8 червня
Персоналії:Харківський національний академічний театр опери та балету імені Миколи Лисенка
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1342950
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%96%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%81
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Джейсі Фелпс
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Джейсі Фелпс (26 вересня 1979) — американська гімнастка, олімпійська чемпіонка.
Виступи на Олімпіадах
Зовнішні посилання
Досьє на sport.references.com
Спортивні гімнастки США
Олімпійські чемпіони США
Уродженці Індіанаполіса
Спортивні гімнастки на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1996
Чемпіони літніх Олімпійських ігор 1996
Спортсмени з Індіани
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1535339
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Лещенко Іван Федорович
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Лещенко Іван Федорович
Іван Федорович Лещенко (24 квітня 1923, Кирило-Ганнівка, хутір Лещенки — нині Зіньківський район), український перекладач, член спілки журналістів України.
Життєпис
Походить з селянської родини, при колективізації родина була вислана до Сибіру. Батько воював в російсько-японську війну 1905 року, з дружиною виховували сімох дітей, Іван був наймолодшим. Повернулися 1932, Голодомор 1933 пережив у Полтаві, рятувався вербовою корою: «Мати, було, приходить і каже, що у тих пиріжках із м'ясом… ніготь знайшли… Рідний батько, рідна мати вбивали дітей — то було страшне… У нашій сім'ї голод пережили всі, слава Богу».
По війні, у 1959 році закінчив філологічне відділення Київського державного університету імені Т. Г. Шевченка. По закінченню вишу працював перекладачем в «Інтуристі».
25 років відпрацював у видавництві «Дніпро» — старший редактор відділу зарубіжної літератури.
Перекладав англомовну літературу. Спільно з В. Митрофановим, Маром Пінчевським, Ю. Покальчуком та рядом інших переклав твори 4-томник Ернеста Гемінґвея, Марка Твена (1972, спільно з Ростиславом Доценком, Юрієм Лісняком та іншими), «Моя біографія» Чарльза Спенсера Чапліна (1989, спільно з Маром Пінчевським).
2003 року з його слів студенти записали дані про Голодомор. Станом на 2006 рік мешкав у Києві.
Джерела
Лещенко Іван Федорович
Частина 2
Прес-центр
Я, Іван Лещенко
Книгоман
Уродженці Зіньківського району
Українські перекладачі
Члени НСЖУ
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25429111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%2C%20Roga%C5%A1ka%20Slatina
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Plat, Rogaška Slatina
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Plat, Rogaška Slatina
Plat is a small settlement in the Municipality of Rogaška Slatina in eastern Slovenia. The area of Rogaška Slatina belongs to the traditional Styria region and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
References
External links
Plat on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Rogaška Slatina
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2571931
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Wings
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Blue Wings
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Blue Wings — колишня німецька авіакомпанія, що базувалася в аеропорту Дюссельдорфа (головний офіс м. Бохольт). Здійснювала регулярні і чартерні рейси з Дюссельдорфа в Москву, Санкт-Петербург і ряд турецьких міст.
Компанія припинила польоти 31 березня 2009 року через фінансові труднощі і відкликання ліцензії.
13 січня 2010 року компанія повністю припинила свою діяльність.
Географія польотів
Авіакомпанія Blue Wings здійснювала регулярні рейси в такі міста:
З середини червня 2009 року компанія виконувала польоти з Мюнстера і Баден-Бадена в Москву. Анонсувалися також рейси з Лейпцига в Москву.
Історія
Авіакомпанія була заснована в 2002 році як чартерний авіаперевізник і почала здійснювати рейси в 2003-му. Тоді у Blue Wings був лише один орендований Аеробус А320. Авіакомпанія отримала сертифікат 27 червня 2003 і через місяць почала польоти. У червні 2006 року, російська корпорація НРК через свій швейцарський холдинг Alpstream придбала 48 % пакету акцій Blue Wings для створення низькобюджетної авіакомпанії, що базується в Москві. Передбачуваний бренд майбутнього лоукостера — Національні Крила
Європейське агентство з безпеки польотів (EASA) не продовжило дію ліцензії авіакомпанії Blue Wings. Ліцензія діяла до кінця березня 2009 р.
Причина відкликання ліцензії — відсутність доказів фінансового благополуччя авіакомпанії, йдеться в повідомленні відомства. Через фінансові труднощі Blue Wings влада Німеччини обмежила дію безстрокової ліцензії Blue Wings вже з січня. За правилами Євросоюзу, авіакомпанія повинна зарезервувати на своїх рахунках кошти, яких вистачить на покриття поточних витрат за три місяці.
У квітні 2009 р. Олександр Лебедєв, найбільший акціонер, запустив процедуру банкрутства авіакомпанії.
У травні 2009 року компанія відновила роботу.
13 січня 2010 року компанія припинила свою діяльність і польоти.
Показники діяльності
Пасажиропотік компанії в 2008 році — 1,1 млн осіб, виручка — €154 млн, прибуток не розкривається.
Флот
Середній вік літаків авіакомпанії Blue Wings становив 7,2 року..
Примітки
Посилання
(рос.) Офіційний сайт Blue Wings (Archive)
(нім.)/(англ.)/(тур.) Офіційний сайт Blue Wings (Archive)
Флот Blue Wings
Олександр Лебедєв буде банкрутувати Blue Wings
Авіакомпанії за алфавітом
Авіакомпанії Німеччини
Засновані в Німеччині 2002
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18378376
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustynowo
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Augustynowo
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Augustynowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izbica Kujawska, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Izbica Kujawska, south-west of Włocławek, and south of Toruń.
References
Villages in Włocławek County
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4834808
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BD
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Люен
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Люен — громада в Швейцарії в кантоні Во, округ Ньйон.
Географія
Громада розташована на відстані близько 110 км на південний захід від Берна, 30 км на захід від Лозанни.
Люен має площу 2,7 км², з яких на 13,6 % дозволяється будівництво (житлове та будівництво доріг), 75 % використовуються в сільськогосподарських цілях, 11 % зайнято лісами, 0,4 % не є продуктивними (річки, льодовики або гори).
Демографія
2019 року в громаді мешкало 622 особи (+20,1 % порівняно з 2010 роком), іноземців було 29,9 %. Густота населення становила 233 осіб/км².
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 21,5 % — особи молодші 20 років, 65,8 % — особи у віці 20—64 років, 12,7 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Було 264 помешкань (у середньому 2,3 особи в помешканні).
Із загальної кількості 190 працюючих 95 було зайнятих в первинному секторі, 22 — в обробній промисловості, 73 — в галузі послуг.
Примітки
Громади Во
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55839778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Marconi
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Władysław Marconi
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Władysław Marconi (29 February 1848 in Warsaw - 4 June 1915 in Warsaw) – was a Polish architect and son of Enrico Marconi and Margaret Heiton, who came from a Scottish family settled in Poland. He was raised by his mother as a Calvinist.
After completing his studies in 1874 at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, he returned to Warsaw where he started his career and took part in numerous social and cultural activities. He was a co-founder of the Society for the Care of Monuments of the Past, the Circle of Architects and the construction committee for Poniatowski Bridge. He was also a member of the Warsaw Photographic Society.
Important projects
Family
Bibliography
Stanisław Łoza, Architects and Builders in Poland, Warsaw 1954
Hanna Krzyżanowska, Marconi Władysław Polish Biographical Dictionary of Monument Conservators edited by Henryk Kondziela, Hanna Krzyżanowska, Poznań 2006
Links
Władysław Marconi w serwisie Warszawa1939.pl (in Polish)
1848 births
1915 deaths
Architects from the Russian Empire
Architects from Warsaw
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68672
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger
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Anger
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Anger, also known as wrath or rage, is an intense emotional state involving a strong uncomfortable and non-cooperative response to a perceived provocation, hurt, or threat.
A person experiencing anger will often experience physical effects, such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and increased levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Some view anger as an emotion which triggers part of the fight or flight response. Anger becomes the predominant feeling behaviorally, cognitively, and physiologically when a person makes the conscious choice to take action to immediately stop the threatening behavior of another outside force.
Anger can have many physical and mental consequences. The external expression of anger can be found in facial expressions, body language, physiological responses, and at times public acts of aggression. Facial expressions can range from inward angling of the eyebrows to a full frown. While most of those who experience anger explain its arousal as a result of "what has happened to them", psychologists point out that an angry person can very well be mistaken because anger causes a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability.
Modern psychologists view anger as a normal, natural, and mature emotion experienced by virtually all humans at times, and as something that has functional value for survival. Uncontrolled anger can negatively affect personal or social well-being and negatively impact those around them. While many philosophers and writers have warned against the spontaneous and uncontrolled fits of anger, there has been disagreement over the intrinsic value of anger. The issue of dealing with anger has been written about since the times of the earliest philosophers, but modern psychologists, in contrast to earlier writers, have also pointed out the possible harmful effects of suppressing anger.
Psychology and sociology
Three types of anger are recognized by psychologists:
Hasty and sudden anger is connected to the impulse for self-preservation. It is shared by humans and other animals, and it occurs when the animal feels tormented or trapped. This form of anger is episodic.
Settled and deliberate anger is a reaction to perceived deliberate harm or unfair treatment by others. This form of anger is episodic.
Dispositional anger is related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions. Irritability, sullenness, and churlishness are examples of the last form of anger.
Anger can potentially mobilize psychological resources and boost determination toward correction of wrong behaviors, promotion of social justice, communication of negative sentiment, and redress of grievances. It can also facilitate patience. In contrast, anger can be destructive when it does not find its appropriate outlet in expression. Anger, in its strong form, impairs one's ability to process information and to exert cognitive control over one's behavior. An angry person may lose their objectivity, empathy, prudence or thoughtfulness and may cause harm to themselves or others. There is a sharp distinction between anger and aggression (verbal or physical, direct or indirect) even though they mutually influence each other. While anger can activate aggression or increase its probability or intensity, it is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for aggression.
Neuropsychological perspective
Extension of the stimuli of the fighting reactions: At the beginning of life, the human infant struggles indiscriminately against any restraining force, whether it be another human being or a blanket which confines their movements. There is no inherited susceptibility to social stimuli as distinct from other stimulation, in anger. At a later date the child learns that certain actions, such as striking, scolding, and screaming, are effective toward persons, but not toward things. In adults, though the infantile response is still sometimes seen, the fighting reaction becomes fairly well limited to stimuli whose hurting or restraining influence can be thrown off by physical violence.
Brain regions which are activated when recognizing threat or provocation, and facilitate autonomic arousal and interoception and activate the stress response, are the salience network (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula cortex) and subcortical area (the thalamus, the amygdala, and the brain stem).
Differences between related concepts
Raymond Novaco of University of California Irvine, who since 1975 has published a plethora of literature on the subject, stratified anger into three modalities: cognitive (appraisals), somatic-affective (tension and agitations), and behavioral (withdrawal and antagonism).
The words annoyance and rage are often imagined to be at opposite ends of an emotional continuum: mild irritation and annoyance at the low end and fury at the high end. Rage problems are conceptualized as "the inability to process emotions or life's experiences" either because the capacity to regulate emotion (Schore, 1994) has never been sufficiently developed or because it has been temporarily lost due to more recent trauma. Rage is understood as raw, undifferentiated emotions, that spill out when another life event that cannot be processed, no matter how trivial, puts more stress on the organism than it can bear.
Anger, when viewed as a protective response or instinct to a perceived threat, is considered as positive. The negative expression of this state is known as aggression commits antisocial personality disorder and Intermittent explosive disorder. Acting on this misplaced state is rage due to possible potential errors in perception and judgment.
Examples
Characteristics
William DeFoore, an anger management writer, described anger as a pressure cooker, stating that "we can only suppress or apply pressure against our happy for so long before it erupts".
One simple trichotomy of anger expression is passive anger versus aggressive anger versus assertive anger. These three types of anger have some characteristic symptoms:
Passive anger
Passive anger can be expressed in the following ways:
Dispassion, such as giving someone the cold shoulder or a fake smile, looking unconcerned or "sitting on the fence" while others sort things out, dampening feelings with substance abuse, overreacting, oversleeping, not responding to another's anger, frigidity, indulging in sexual practices that depress spontaneity and make objects of participants, giving inordinate amounts of time to machines, objects or intellectual pursuits, talking of frustrations but showing no feeling.
Evasiveness, such as turning one's back in a crisis, avoiding conflict, not arguing back, becoming phobic.
Defeatism, such as setting people up for failure, choosing unreliable people to depend on, being accident prone, underachieving, sexual impotence, expressing frustration at insignificant things but ignoring serious ones.
Obsessive behavior, such as needing to be inordinately clean and tidy, making a habit of constantly checking things, over-dieting or overeating, demanding that all jobs be done perfectly.
Psychological manipulation, such as provoking people to aggression and then patronizing them, provoking aggression but staying on the sidelines, emotional blackmail, false tearfulness, feigning illness, sabotaging relationships, using sexual provocation, using a third party to convey negative feelings, withholding money or resources.
Secretive behavior, such as stockpiling resentments that are expressed behind people's backs, giving the silent treatment or under-the-breath mutterings, avoiding eye contact, putting people down, gossiping, anonymous complaints, poison pen letters, stealing, and conning.
Self-blame, such as apologizing too often, being overly critical, inviting criticism.
Aggressive anger
The symptoms of aggressive anger are:
Bullying, such as threatening people directly, persecuting, insulting, pushing or shoving, using power to oppress, shouting, driving someone off the road, playing on people's weaknesses.
Destruction, such as destroying objects as in vandalism, harming animals, child abuse, destroying a relationship, reckless driving, substance abuse.
Grandiosity, such as showing off, expressing mistrust, not delegating, being a sore loser, wanting center stage all the time, not listening, talking over people's heads, expecting kiss and make-up sessions to solve problems.
Hurtfulness, such as violence, including sexual abuse and rape, verbal abuse, biased or vulgar jokes, breaking confidence, using foul language, ignoring people's feelings, willfully discriminating, blaming, punishing people for unwarranted deeds, labeling others.
Risk-taking behavior, such as speaking too fast, walking too fast, driving too fast, reckless spending.
Selfishness, such as ignoring others' needs, not responding to requests for help, queue jumping.
Threats, such as frightening people by saying how one could harm them, their property or their prospects, finger pointing, fist shaking, wearing clothes or symbols associated with violent behavior, tailgating, excessively blowing a car horn, slamming doors.
Unjust blaming, such as accusing other people for one's own mistakes, blaming people for person's own feelings, making general accusations.
Unpredictability, such as explosive rages over minor frustrations, attacking indiscriminately, dispensing unjust punishment, inflicting harm on others for the sake of it, illogical arguments.
Vengeance, such as being over-punitive. This differs from retributive justice, as vengeance is personal, and possibly unlimited in scale.
Assertive anger
Blame, such as after a particular individual commits an action that's possibly frowned upon, the particular person will resort to scolding. This is in fact, common in discipline terms.
Punishment, the angry person will give a temporary punishment to an individual like further limiting a child's will to do anything they want like playing video games, watching television, etc., after they did something to cause trouble. Or disciplining a pet.
Sternness, such as calling out a person on their behaviour, with their voices raised with utter disapproval/disappointment.
Six dimensions of anger expression
Anger expression can take on many more styles than passive or aggressive. Ephrem Fernandez has identified six dimensions of anger expression. They relate to the direction of anger, its locus, reaction, modality, impulsivity, and objective. Coordinates on each of these dimensions can be connected to generate a profile of a person's anger expression style. Among the many profiles that are theoretically possible in this system, are the familiar profile of the person with explosive anger, profile of the person with repressive anger, profile of the passive aggressive person, and the profile of constructive anger expression.
Ethnicity and culture
Much research has explored whether the emotion of anger is experienced and expressed differently depending on the culture. Matsumoto (2007) conducted a study in which White-American and Asian participants needed to express the emotions from a program called JACFEE (Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion) in order to determine whether Caucasian observers noticed any differences in expression of participants of a different nationality. He found that participants were unable to assign a nationality to people demonstrating expression of anger, i.e. they could not distinguish ethnic-specific expressions of anger. Hatfield, Rapson, and Le (2009) conducted a study that measured ethnic differences in emotional expression using participants from the Philippines, Hawaii, China, and Europe. They concluded that there was a difference between how someone expresses an emotion, especially the emotion of anger in people with different ethnicities, based on frequency, with Europeans showing the lowest frequency of expression of negative emotions.
Other research investigates anger within different ethnic groups who live in the same country. Researchers explored whether Black Americans experience and express greater anger than Whites (Mabry & Kiecolt, 2005). They found that, after controlling for sex and age, Black participants did not feel or express more anger than Whites. Deffenbacher and Swaim (1999) compared the expression of anger in Mexican American people and White non-Hispanic American people. They concluded that White non-Hispanic Americans expressed more verbal aggression than Mexican Americans, although when it came to physical aggression expressions there was no significant difference between both cultures when it came to anger.
Causes
Some animals make loud sounds, attempt to look physically larger, bare their teeth, and stare. The behaviors associated with anger are designed to warn aggressors to stop their threatening behavior. Rarely does a physical altercation occur without the prior expression of anger by at least one of the participants. Displays of anger can be used as a manipulation strategy for social influence.
People feel really angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended, when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event, when they are convinced someone else is responsible, and when they feel they can still influence the situation or cope with it. For instance, if a person's car is damaged, they will feel angry if someone else did it (e.g. another driver rear-ended it), but will feel sadness instead if it was caused by situational forces (e.g. a hailstorm) or guilt and shame if they were personally responsible (e.g. they crashed into a wall out of momentary carelessness). Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham defines anger in terms of our expectations and assumptions about the world. Graham states anger almost always results when we are caught up "...expecting the world to be different than it is".
Usually, those who experience anger explain its arousal as a result of "what has happened to them" and in most cases the described provocations occur immediately before the anger experience. Such explanations confirm the illusion that anger has a discrete external cause. The angry person usually finds the cause of their anger in an intentional, personal, and controllable aspect of another person's behavior. This explanation is based on the intuitions of the angry person who experiences a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability as a result of their emotion. Anger can be of multicausal origin, some of which may be remote events, but people rarely find more than one cause for their anger. According to Novaco, "Anger experiences are embedded or nested within an environmental-temporal context. Disturbances that may not have involved anger at the outset leave residues that are not readily recognized but that operate as a lingering backdrop for focal provocations (of anger)." According to Encyclopædia Britannica, an internal infection can cause pain which in turn can activate anger. According to cognitive consistency theory, anger is caused by an inconsistency between a desired, or expected, situation and the actually perceived situation, and triggers responses, such as aggressive behavior, with the expected consequence of reducing the inconsistency. Sleep deprivation also seems to be a cause of anger.
Cognitive effects
Anger causes a reduction in cognitive ability and the accurate processing of external stimuli. Dangers seem smaller, actions seem less risky, ventures seem more likely to succeed, and unfortunate events seem less likely. Angry people are more likely to make risky decisions, and make less realistic risk assessments. In one study, test subjects primed to feel angry felt less likely to have heart disease, and more likely to receive a pay raise, compared to fearful people. This tendency can manifest in retrospective thinking as well: in a 2005 study, angry subjects said they thought the risks of terrorism in the year following 9/11 in retrospect were low, compared to what the fearful and neutral subjects thought.
In inter-group relationships, anger makes people think in more negative and prejudiced terms about outsiders. Anger makes people less trusting, and slower to attribute good qualities to outsiders.
When a group is in conflict with a rival group, it will feel more anger if it is the politically stronger group and less anger when it is the weaker.
Unlike other negative emotions like sadness and fear, angry people are more likely to demonstrate correspondence bias – the tendency to blame a person's behavior more on his nature than on his circumstances. They tend to rely more on stereotypes, and pay less attention to details and more attention to the superficial. In this regard, anger is unlike other "negative" emotions such as sadness and fear, which promote analytical thinking.
An angry person tends to anticipate other events that might cause them anger. They will tend to rate anger-causing events (e.g. being sold a faulty car) as more likely than sad events (e.g. a good friend moving away).
A person who is angry tends to place more blame on another person for their misery. This can create a feedback, as this extra blame can make the angry person angrier still, so they in turn place yet more blame on the other person.
When people are in a certain emotional state, they tend to pay more attention to, or remember, things that are charged with the same emotion; so it is with anger. For instance, if a person is trying to persuade someone that a tax increase is necessary, if the person is currently feeling angry, they would do better to use an argument that elicits anger ("more criminals will escape justice") than, say, an argument that elicits sadness ("there will be fewer welfare benefits for disabled children"). Also, unlike other negative emotions, which focus attention on all negative events, anger only focuses attention on anger-causing events.
Anger can make a person more desiring of an object to which his anger is tied. In a 2010 Dutch study, test subjects were primed to feel anger or fear by being shown an image of an angry or fearful face, and then were shown an image of a random object. When subjects were made to feel angry, they expressed more desire to possess that object than subjects who had been primed to feel fear.
Expressive strategies
As with any emotion, the display of anger can be feigned or exaggerated. Studies by Hochschild and Sutton have shown that the show of anger is likely to be an effective manipulation strategy in order to change and design attitudes. Anger is a distinct strategy of social influence and its use (e.g. belligerent behaviors) as a goal achievement mechanism proves to be a successful strategy.
Larissa Tiedens, known for her studies of anger, claimed that expression of feelings would cause a powerful influence not only on the perception of the expresser but also on their power position in the society. She studied the correlation between anger expression and social influence perception. Previous researchers, such as Keating, 1985 have found that people with angry face expression were perceived as powerful and as in a high social position. Similarly, Tiedens et al. have revealed that people who compared scenarios involving an angry and a sad character, attributed a higher social status to the angry character. Tiedens examined in her study whether anger expression promotes status attribution. In other words, whether anger contributes to perceptions or legitimization of others' behaviors. Her findings clearly indicated that participants who were exposed to either an angry or a sad person were inclined to express support for the angry person rather than for a sad one. In addition, it was found that a reason for that decision originates from the fact that the person expressing anger was perceived as an ability owner, and was attributed a certain social status accordingly.
Showing anger during a negotiation may increase the ability of the anger expresser to succeed in negotiation. A study by Tiedens et al. indicated that the anger expressers were perceived as stubborn, dominant and powerful. In addition, it was found that people were inclined to easily give up to those who were perceived by them as powerful and stubborn, rather than soft and submissive. Based on these findings Sinaceur and Tiedens have found that people conceded more to the angry side rather than for the non-angry one.
A question raised by Van Kleef et al. based on these findings was whether expression of emotion influences others, since it is known that people use emotional information to conclude about others' limits and match their demands in negotiation accordingly. Van Kleef et al. wanted to explore whether people give up more easily to an angry opponent or to a happy opponent. Findings revealed that participants tended to be more flexible toward an angry opponent compared with a happy opponent. These results strengthen the argument that participants analyze the opponent's emotion to conclude about their limits and carry out their decisions accordingly.
Coping strategies
Therapy and behavioral strategies
According to Leland R. Beaumont, each instance of anger demands making a choice. A person can respond with hostile action, including overt violence, or they can respond with hostile inaction, such as withdrawing or stonewalling. Other options include initiating a dominance contest; harboring resentment; or working to better understand and constructively resolve the issue.
According to Raymond Novaco, there are a multitude of steps that were researched in attempting to deal with this emotion. In order to manage anger the problems involved in the anger should be discussed, Novaco suggests. The situations leading to anger should be explored by the person.
Conventional therapies for anger involve restructuring thoughts and beliefs to bring about a reduction in anger. These therapies often come within the schools of CBT (or cognitive behavioral therapy) like modern systems such as REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy). Research shows that people with excessive anger often harbor and act on dysfunctional attributions, assumptions and evaluations in specific situations. It has been shown that with therapy by a trained professional, individuals can bring their anger to more manageable levels. The therapy is followed by the so-called "stress inoculation" in which the clients are taught "relaxation skills to control their arousal and various cognitive controls to exercise on their attention, thoughts, images, and feelings. "Logic defeats anger, because anger, even when it's justified, can quickly become irrational." (American Psychological Association). In other words, although there may be a rational reason to get angry, the frustrated actions of the subject can become irrational. Taking deep breaths is regarded as the first step to calming down. Once the anger has subsided a little, the patient will accept that they are frustrated and move on. Lingering around the source of frustration may bring the rage back.
The skills-deficit model states that poor social skills is what renders a person incapable of expressing anger in an appropriate manner. Social skills training has been found to be an effective method for reducing exaggerated anger by offering alternative coping skills to the angry individual. Research has found that persons who are prepared for aversive events find them less threatening, and excitatory reactions are significantly reduced. In a 1981 study, that used modeling, behavior rehearsal, and videotaped feedback to increase anger control skills, showed increases in anger control among aggressive youth in the study. Research conducted with youthful offenders using a social skills training program (aggression replacement training), found significant reductions in anger, and increases in anger control. Research has also found that antisocial personalities are more likely to learn avoidance tasks when the consequences involved obtaining or losing tangible rewards. Learning among antisocial personalities also occurred better when they were involved with high intensity stimulation. Social learning theory states that positive stimulation was not compatible with hostile or aggressive reactions. Anger research has also studied the effects of reducing anger among adults with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), with a social skills program approach that used a low fear and high arousal group setting. This research found that low fear messages were less provocative to the ASPD population, and high positive arousal stimulated their ability to concentrate, and subsequently learn new skills for anger reduction.
A new integrative approach to anger treatment has been formulated by Fernandez (2010). Termed CBAT, for cognitive behavioral affective therapy, this treatment goes beyond conventional relaxation and reappraisal by adding cognitive and behavioral techniques and supplementing them with effective techniques to deal with the feeling of anger. The techniques are sequenced contingently in three phases of treatment: prevention, intervention, and postvention. In this way, people can be trained to deal with the onset of anger, its progression, and the residual features of anger.
Medication therapy
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest that certain psychiatric medications may be effective in controlling symptoms of anger, hostility, and irritability. These include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants like sertraline, certain anticonvulsant mood stabilizers, antipsychotics like aripiprazole, risperidone, and olanzapine, and benzodiazepines like midazolam, among others. Another meta-analysis of antidepressants and aggression found no change in aggression in adults and increased aggression in children. Psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamines as well as the atypical antipsychotic risperidone are useful in reducing aggression and oppositionality in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial personality disorder, and autism spectrum disorder with moderate to large effect sizes and greater effectiveness than other studied medications. Yet another meta-analysis found that methylphenidate slightly reduced irritability while amphetamines increased the risk of irritability several-fold in children with ADHD.
Suppression
Modern psychologists point out that suppression of anger may have harmful effects. The suppressed anger may find another outlet, such as a physical symptom, or become more extreme. John W. Fiero cites Los Angeles riots of 1992 as an example of sudden, explosive release of suppressed anger. The anger was then displaced as violence against those who had nothing to do with the matter. There is also the case of Francine Hughes, who suffered 13 years of domestic abuse. Her suppressed anger drove her to kill her abuser husband. It is claimed that a majority of female victims of domestic violence who suppress their aggressive feelings are unable to recognize, experience, and process negative emotion and this has a destabilising influence on their perception of agency in their relationships. Another example of widespread deflection of anger from its actual cause toward scapegoating, Fiero says, was the blaming of Jews for the economic ills of Germany by the Nazis.
Some psychologists criticized the catharsis theory of aggression, which suggests that releasing pent-up anger reduces aggression. On the other hand, there are experts who maintain that suppression does not eliminate anger since it merely forbids the expression of anger and this is also the case for repression, which merely hides anger from awareness. There are also studies that link suppressed anger and medical conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Suppressed or repressed anger is found to cause irritable bowel syndrome, eating disorders, and depression among women. Suppression is also referred to as a form of "self-silencing", which is described as a cognitive activity wherein an individual monitors the self and eliminate thoughts and feelings that are perceived to be dangerous to relationships. Anger suppression is also associated with higher rates of suicide.
Dual threshold model
Anger expression might have negative outcomes for individuals and organizations as well, such as decrease of productivity. and increase of job stress, It could also have positive outcomes, such as increased work motivation, improved relationships and increased mutual understanding (for ex. Tiedens, 2000). A Dual Threshold Model of Anger in organizations by Geddes and Callister, (2007) provides an explanation on the valence of anger expression outcomes. The model suggests that organizational norms establish emotion thresholds that may be crossed when employees feel anger. The first "expression threshold" is crossed when an organizational member conveys felt anger to individuals at work who are associated with or able to address the anger-provoking situation. The second "impropriety threshold" is crossed if or when organizational members go too far while expressing anger such that observers and other company personnel find their actions socially and/or culturally inappropriate.
The higher probability of negative outcomes from workplace anger likely will occur in either of two situations. The first is when organizational members suppress rather than express their anger—that is, they fail to cross the "expression threshold". In this instance personnel who might be able to address or resolve the anger-provoking condition or event remain unaware of the problem, allowing it to continue, along with the affected individual's anger. The second is when organizational members cross both thresholds—"double cross"— displaying anger that is perceived as deviant. In such cases the angry person is seen as the problem—increasing chances of organizational sanctions against him or her while diverting attention away from the initial anger-provoking incident. In contrast, a higher probability of positive outcomes from workplace anger expression likely will occur when one's expressed anger stays in the space between the expression and impropriety thresholds. Here, one expresses anger in a way fellow organizational members find acceptable, prompting exchanges and discussions that may help resolve concerns to the satisfaction of all parties involved. This space between the thresholds varies among different organizations and also can be changed in organization itself: when the change is directed to support anger displays; the space between the thresholds will be expanded and when the change is directed to suppressing such displays; the space will be reduced.
Physiology
Neuroscience has shown that emotions are generated by multiple structures in the brain. The rapid, minimal, and evaluative processing of the emotional significance of the sensory data is done when the data passes through the amygdala in its travel from the sensory organs along certain neural pathways towards the limbic forebrain. Emotion caused by discrimination of stimulus features, thoughts, or memories occurs when its information is relayed from the thalamus to the neocortex. Based on some statistical analysis, some scholars have suggested that the tendency for anger may be genetic. Distinguishing between genetic and environmental factors requires further research and actual measurement of specific genes and environments.
In neuroimaging studies of anger, the most consistently activated region of the brain was the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. This region is associated with approach motivation and positive affective processes.
The external expression of anger can be found in physiological responses, facial expressions, body language, and at times in public acts of aggression. The rib cage tenses and breathing through the nose becomes faster, deeper, and irregular. Anger activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. The catecholamine activation is more strongly norepinephrine than epinephrine. Heart rate and blood pressure increase. Blood flows to the hands. Perspiration increases (particularly when the anger is intense). The face flushes. The nostrils flare. The jaw tenses. The brow muscles move inward and downward, fixing a hard stare on the target. The arms are raised and a squared-off stance is adopted. The body is mobilized for immediate action, often manifesting as a subjective sense of strength, self-assurance, and potency. This may encourage the impulse to strike out.
Measuring anger
The Gallup World Poll
Every year, Gallup asks people in over 140 countries, "did you experience anger during a lot of the day yesterday?" In 2021, Gallup found that 23% of adults experienced a lot of anger, which is up from 18% in 2014. The countries that experienced the most anger were Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, Iraq, and Afghanistan; the countries that experience the least anger were Finland, Mauritius, Estonia, Portugal, and the Netherlands.
Self-reports of Psychological Anger
The most common way to measure anger has been through the use of self-report measures. It is currently thought there are just under 50 measures of psychological anger.
The Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and the Novaco Anger Scale and Provocation Inventory are widely recognized and frequently used self-report measures for assessing anger, focusing on various aspects of anger expression including outward, inward, and controlled expressions. Additionally, various anger scales draw on different perspectives, such as cognitive processes of anger rumination, anger as behavioral and cognitive responses to avoidance, assertion, and social support, cognitive and emotional aspects of irritability, functional and dysfunctional responses and goal-oriented behavior in response to anger, experiences of anger, and positive beliefs about anger. Some approaches even consider anger as being reciprocally related to frustration and hostility.
In 2023, a study revealed that the relationships between 46 subscales of publicly available self-report measures of anger suggest five primary factors. These factors suggest a model of five key dimensions to anger; anger-arousal, anger-rumination, frustration-discomfort, anger-regulation, and socially constituted anger. The proposed five-factor model is based on various theoretical contexts and provides a useful framework for examining the distinct domains of anger.
Anger-arousal, which acknowledges the commonly observed existence of anger expressions in everyday life. This domain highlights the tendency for frequent and intense anger experiences and offers a means to examine how anger can represent an individual's stable and predictable responses to different situations.
Anger-rumination, which centers around the cognitive and emotional processes that occur within an individual regarding anger and the cognitive appraisals and action tendencies in response to perceived wrong-doings. This domain offers an opportunity to examine anger within the broader context of rumination and explore how metacognitive beliefs about emotional stress, like anger, can lead to behavioral and emotional dysregulation, such as depression.
Frustration-discomfort, which reflects measures that are tailored to Rational-Emotive Behavior Theory, which explore absolutistic and demand-related beliefs related to entitlement, achievement, and alleviating discomfort. This domain provides an opportunity to examine how our cognitive beliefs give rise to expressions of anger.
Anger-regulation, which reflects cognitive strategies or processes that modify the expression and experience of anger. This domain provides a chance to examine coping strategies, such as avoidance, seeking distraction, and downplaying, which are common ways of managing stressful situations related to anger.
Socially constituted anger, which takes a socially constructed perspective on anger, and views anger as operating within social dominance and conflict dynamics. This approach recognizes that the recognition of anger in others can reveal their possible motivations and highlight potential disagreements between individuals' values; particularly in terms of within the protection and enhancement of the self, social norms, and the extent to which anger is constructed via joint understandings of the world.
The study suggests a number of existing subscales that can be used to measure these five domains of anger.
Philosophical perspectives
Ancient history
Ancient Greek philosophers, describing and commenting on the uncontrolled anger, particularly toward slaves, in their society generally showed a hostile attitude towards anger. Galen and Seneca regarded anger as a kind of madness. They all rejected the spontaneous, uncontrolled fits of anger and agreed on both the possibility and value of controlling anger. There were disagreements regarding the value of anger. For Seneca, anger was "worthless even for war". Seneca believed that the disciplined Roman army was regularly able to beat the Germans, who were known for their fury. He argued that "...in sporting contests, it is a mistake to become angry".
Aristotle on the other hand, ascribed some value to anger that has arisen from perceived injustice because it is useful for preventing injustice. Furthermore, the opposite of anger is a kind of insensibility, Aristotle stated. The difference in people's temperaments was generally viewed as a result of the different mix of qualities or humors people contained. Seneca held that "red-haired and red-faced people are hot-tempered because of excessive hot and dry humors". Ancient philosophers rarely refer to women's anger at all, according to Simon Kemp and K.T. Strongman perhaps because their works were not intended for women. Some of them that discuss it, such as Seneca, considered women to be more prone to anger than men.
Control methods
Seneca addresses the question of mastering anger in three parts: 1. how to avoid becoming angry in the first place 2. how to cease being angry and 3. how to deal with anger in others. Seneca suggests, to avoid becoming angry in the first place, that the many faults of anger should be repeatedly remembered. One should avoid being too busy or dealing with anger-provoking people. Unnecessary hunger or thirst should be avoided and soothing music be listened to. To cease being angry, Seneca suggests
Seneca further advises daily self-inquisition about one's bad habit. To deal with anger in others, Seneca suggests that the best reaction is to keep calm. A certain kind of deception, Seneca says, is necessary in dealing with angry people.
Galen repeats Seneca's points but adds a new one: finding a guide and teacher can help the person in controlling their passions. Galen also gives some hints for finding a good teacher. Both Seneca and Galen (and later philosophers) agree that the process of controlling anger should start in childhood on grounds of malleability. Seneca warns that this education should not blunt the spirit of the children nor should they be humiliated or treated severely. At the same time, they should not be pampered. Children, Seneca says, should learn not to beat their playmates and not to become angry with them. Seneca also advises that children's requests should not be granted when they are angry.
Post-classical history
During the period of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages, philosophers elaborated on the existing conception of anger, many of whom did not make major contributions to the concept. For example, many medieval philosophers such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Roger Bacon and Thomas Aquinas agreed with ancient philosophers that animals cannot become angry. On the other hand, al-Ghazali (Algazel), who often disagreed with Aristotle and Ibn Sina on many issues, argued that animals do possess anger as one of the three "powers" in their heart, the other two being appetite and impulse. He also argued that animal will is "conditioned by anger and appetite" in contrast to human will which is "conditioned by the intellect". A common medieval belief was that those prone to anger had an excess of yellow bile or choler (hence the word "choleric"). This belief was related to Seneca's belief that "red-haired and red-faced people are hot-tempered because of excessive hot and dry humors".
By gender
Wrath was sinful because of the social problems it caused, sometimes even homicide. It served to ignore those who are present, contradicts those who are absent, produces insults, and responds harshly to insults that are received. Aristotle felt that anger or wrath was a natural outburst of self-defense in situations where people felt they had been wronged. Aquinas felt that if anger was justified, it was not a sin. For example, "He that is angry without cause, shall be in danger; but he that is angry with cause, shall not be in danger: for without anger, teaching will be useless, judgments unstable, crimes unchecked. Therefore to be angry is not always an evil."
The concept of wrath contributed to a definition of gender and power. Many medieval authors in 1200 agreed the differences between men and women were based on complexion, shape, and disposition. Complexion involved the balance of the four fundamental qualities of heat, coldness, moistness, and dryness. When various combinations of these qualities are made they define groups of certain people as well as individuals. Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen all agreed on that, in terms of biology and sexual differentiation, heat was the most important of the qualities because it determined shape and disposition. Disposition included a balance of the previous four qualities, the four elements and the four humors. For example, the element of fire shared the qualities of heat and dryness: fire dominated in yellow bile or choler, meaning a choleric person was more or hot and dry than others. Hot and dry individuals were active, dominant, and aggressive. The opposite was true with the element of water. Water, is cold and moist, related closely to phlegm: people with more phlegmatic personalities were passive and submissive. While these trait clusters varied from individual to individual most authors in the Middle Ages assumed certain clusters of traits characterized men more than women and vice versa.
Women
Scholars posted that females were seen by authors in the Middle Ages to be more phlegmatic (cold and wet) than males, meaning females were more sedentary and passive than males. Women's passive nature appeared "natural" due to their lack of power when compared to men. Aristotle identified traits he believed women shared: female, feminine, passive, focused on matter, inactive, and inferior. Thus medieval women were supposed to act submissively toward men and relinquish control to their husbands. Hildegard of Bingen believed women were fully capable of anger. While most women were phlegmatic, individual women under certain circumstances could also be choleric.
Men
Medieval scholars believed most men were choleric, or hot and dry. Thus they were dominant and aggressive. (Barton) Aristotle also identified characteristics of men: male, masculine, active, focused on form, potent, outstanding, and superior. Men were aware of the power they held. Given their choleric "nature", men exhibited hot temperatures and were quick to anger. Peter of Albano once said, "The male's spirit, is lively, given to violent impulse; [it is] slow getting angry and slower being calmed." Medieval ideas of gender assumed men were more rational than women. Masculinity involved a wide range of possible behaviors, and men were not angry all the time. Every man's humoral balance was different, some men were strong, others weak, also some more prone to wrath than others. There are those who view anger as a manly act. For instance, David Brakke maintained:
Control methods
Maimonides considered being given to uncontrollable passions as a kind of illness. Like Galen, Maimonides suggested seeking out a philosopher for curing this illness just as one seeks out a physician for curing bodily illnesses. Roger Bacon elaborates Seneca's advices. Many medieval writers discuss at length the evils of anger and the virtues of temperance. In a discussion of confession, John Mirk, an English 14th-century Augustinian writer, tells priests how to advise the penitent by considering the spiritual and social consequences of anger:
In The Canon of Medicine, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) modified the theory of temperaments and argued that anger heralded the transition of melancholia to mania, and explained that humidity inside the head can contribute to such mood disorders.
On the other hand, Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi classified anger (along with aggression) as a type of neurosis, while al-Ghazali argued that anger takes form in rage, indignation and revenge, and that "the powers of the soul become balanced if it keeps anger under control".
Modern perspectives
Immanuel Kant rejects revenge as vicious. Regarding the latter, David Hume argues that because "anger and hatred are passions inherent in our very frame and constitution, the lack of them is sometimes evidence of weakness and imbecility". Martha Nussbaum has also agreed that even "great injustice" is no "excuse for childish and undisciplined behavior". Two main differences between the modern understanding and ancient understanding of anger can be detected, Kemp and Strongman state: one is that early philosophers were not concerned with possible harmful effects of the suppression of anger; the other is that, recently, studies of anger take the issue of gender differences into account. Soraya Chemaly has in contrast argued that anger is "a critically useful and positive emotion" which "warns us, as humans, that something is wrong and needs to change" when "being threatened with indignity, physical harm, humiliation and unfairness" and therefore "a powerful force for political good". Furthermore, she argues that women and minorities are not allowed to be angry to the same extent as white men. In a similar vein, Rebecca Traister has argued that holding back anger has been an impediment to the progress of women's rights.
The American psychologist Albert Ellis has suggested that anger, rage, and fury partly have roots in the philosophical meanings and assumptions through which human beings interpret transgression. According to Ellis, these emotions are often associated and related to the leaning humans have to absolutistically depreciating and damning other peoples' humanity when their personal rules and domain are transgressed.
Religious perspectives
Judaism
In Judaism, anger is a negative trait. In the Book of Genesis, Jacob condemned the anger that had arisen in his sons Simon and Levi: "Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel."
Restraining oneself from anger is seen as noble and desirable, as Ethics of the Fathers states:
Maimonides rules that one who becomes angry is as though that person had worshipped idols. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi explains that the parallel between anger and idol worship is that by becoming angry, one shows a disregard of Divine Providence – whatever had caused the anger was ultimately ordained from Above – and that through coming to anger one thereby denies the hand of God in one's life.
In its section dealing with ethical traits a person should adopt, the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch states: "Anger is also a very evil trait and it should be avoided at all costs. You should train yourself not to become angry even if you have a good reason to be angry."
In modern writing s, Rabbi Harold Kushner finds no grounds for anger toward God because "our misfortunes are none of His doing". In contrast to Kushner's reading of the Bible, David Blumenthal finds an "abusing God" whose "sometimes evil" actions evoke vigorous protest, but without severing the protester's relationship with God.
Christianity
Both Catholic and Protestant writers have addressed anger in different perspectives.
Catholic
Wrath is one of the Seven Deadly Sins in Catholicism; and yet the Catechism of the Catholic Church states (canons 1772 and 1773) that anger is among the passions, and that "in the passions, as movements of the sensitive appetite, there is neither good nor evil". The neutral act of anger becomes the sin of wrath when it's directed against an innocent person, when it's unduly unbending or long-lasting, or when it desires excessive punishment. "If anger reaches the point of a deliberate desire to kill or seriously wound a neighbor, it is gravely against charity; it is a mortal sin" (CCC 2302). Hatred is the sin of desiring that someone else may suffer misfortune or evil, and is a mortal sin when one desires grave harm (CCC 2302-03).
Medieval Christianity vigorously denounced wrath as one of the seven cardinal, or deadly sins, but some Christian writers at times regarded the anger caused by injustice as having some value. Saint Basil viewed anger as a "reprehensible temporary madness". Joseph F. Delany in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1914) defines anger as "the desire of vengeance" and states that a reasonable vengeance and passion is ethical and praiseworthy. Vengeance is sinful when it exceeds its limits in which case it becomes opposed to justice and charity. For example, "vengeance upon one who has not deserved it, or to a greater extent than it has been deserved, or in conflict with the dispositions of law, or from an improper motive" are all sinful. An unduly vehement vengeance is considered a venial sin unless it seriously goes counter to the love of God or of one's neighbor.
A more positive view of anger is espoused by Roman Catholic pastoral theologian Henri J.M. Nouwen. Father Nouwen points to the spiritual benefits in anger toward God as found in both the Old Testament and New Testament of the Bible. In the Bible, says Father Nouwen, "it is clear that only by expressing our anger and hatred directly to God will we come to know the fullness of both his love and our freedom".
Georges Bernanos illustrates Nouwen's position in his novel The Diary of a Country Priest. The countess gave birth to the son she had long wanted, but the child died. She was fiercely angry. When the priest called, the countess vented her anger toward her daughter and husband, then at the priest who responded gently, "open your heart to [God]". The countess rejoined, "I've ceased to bother about God. When you've forced me to admit that I hate Him, will you be any better off?" The priest continued, "you no longer hate Him. Hate is indifference and contempt. Now at last you're face to face with Him... Shake your fist at Him, spit in His face, scourge Him." The countess did what the priest counseled. By confessing her hate, she was enabled to say, "all's well".
Protestant
Everyone experiences anger, Andrew D. Lester observes, and furthermore anger can serve as "a spiritual friend, a spiritual guide, and a spiritual ally". Denying and suppressing anger is contrary to St. Paul's admonition in his Epistle to the Ephesians 4:26. When anger toward God is denied and suppressed, it interferes with an individual's relation with God. Expressing one's anger toward God can deepen the relationship. C. FitzSimons Allison holds that "we worship God by expressing our honest anger at him".
Biblical scholar Leonard Pine concludes from his studies in the Book of Habakkuk that "far from being a sin, proper remonstration with God is the activity of a healthy faith relationship with Him". Other biblical examples of anger toward God include the following:
Moses was angry with God for mistreating his people: "Lord, why have you mistreated [lit. done evil to] this people?" (Book of Exodus 5:22).
Naomi was angry with God after the death of her husband and two sons: "The Almighty has dealt bitterly with me. The Almighty has brought calamity upon me" (Book of Ruth 1:20–21 abr).
Elijah was angry with God after the son of the widow died: "O Lord my God, have you brought calamity even upon the widow with whom I am staying, by killing her son?" (1 Kings 17:20).
Job was angry with God: "You have turned cruel to me; with the might of your hand you persecute me" (Book of Job 30:21).
Jeremiah was angry with God for deceiving his people: "Ah, Lord God, how utterly you have deceived this people and Jerusalem" (Book of Jeremiah 4:10).
Hinduism
In Hinduism, anger is equated with sorrow as a form of unrequited desire. The objects of anger are perceived as a hindrance to the gratification of the desires of the angry person. Alternatively if one thinks one is superior, the result is grief. Anger is considered to be packed with more evil power than desire. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna regards greed, anger, and lust as signs of ignorance that lead to perpetual bondage. As for the agitations of the bickering mind, they are divided into two divisions. The first is called avirodha-prīti, or unrestricted attachment, and the other is called virodha-yukta-krodha, anger arising from frustration. Adherence to the philosophy of the Māyāvādīs, belief in the fruitive results of the karma-vādīs, and belief in plans based on materialistic desires are called avirodha-prīti.
Jñānīs, karmīs and materialistic planmakers generally attract the attention of conditioned souls, but when the materialists cannot fulfill their plans and when their devices are frustrated, they become angry. Frustration of material desires produces anger.
Buddhism
Anger is defined in Buddhism as: "being unable to bear the object, or the intention to cause harm to the object". Anger is seen as aversion with a stronger exaggeration, and is listed as one of the five hindrances. Buddhist monks, such as Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibetans in exile, sometimes get angry. Most often a spiritual person is aware of the emotion and the way it can be handled. Thus, in response to the question: "Is any anger acceptable in Buddhism?' the Dalai Lama answered:
Buddhist scholar and author Geshe Kelsang Gyatso has also explained Buddha's teaching on the spiritual imperative to identify anger and overcome it by transforming difficulties:
The Buddha himself on anger:
Islam
A verse in the third surah of the Quran instructs people to restrain their anger.
Anger (Arabic: غضب, ghadab) in Islam is considered to be instigated by Satan (Shaitan). Factors stated to lead to anger include selfishness, arrogance and excessive ambition. Islamic teachings also state that anger hinders the faith (iman) of a person. The Quran attributes anger to prophets and believers as well as Muhammad's enemies. It mentions the anger of Moses (Musa) against his people for worshiping a golden calf and at the moment when Moses strikes an Egyptian for fighting against an Israelite. The anger of Jonah (Yunus) is also mentioned in the Quran, which led to his departure from the people of Nineveh and his eventual realization of his error and his repentance. The removal of anger from the hearts of believers by God (Arabic: ) after the fighting against Muhammad's enemies is over. In general, suppression of anger (Arabic: كَظم, kazm) is deemed a praiseworthy quality in the hadis. Ibn Abdil Barr, the Andalusian Maliki jurist explains that controlling anger is the door way for restraining other blameworthy traits ego and envy, since these two are less powerful than anger. The hadis state various ways to diminish, prevent and control anger. One of these methods is to perform a ritual ablution, a different narration states that the angry person should lie down and other narrations instruct the angry person to invoke God and seek refuge from the Devil, by reciting I take refuge with Allah/God from the accursed Devil.
Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad said "A moment of patience in a moment of anger saves a thousand moments of regret" and "Anger begins with madness, and ends in regret."
Divine retribution
In many religions, anger is frequently attributed to God or gods. Primitive people held that gods were subject to anger and revenge in anthropomorphic fashion. The Hebrew Bible says that opposition to God's will results in God's anger. Reform rabbi Kaufmann Kohler explains:
Christians believe in God's anger at the sight of evil. This anger is not inconsistent with God's love, as demonstrated in the Gospel where the righteous indignation of Christ is shown in the Cleansing of the Temple.
See also
Angry Cognitions Scale
Fear
Indignation
Moral emotions
Outrage (emotion)
Rage (emotion)
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Maintaining A Good and Healthy Anger
Managing emotions in the workplace
Controlling Anger – Before It Controls You
What Your Anger May Be Hiding – Leon F Seltzer Ph.D.
The Interpersonal Effects of Anger and Happiness in Negotiations
Get mad and get more than even: When and why anger expression is effective in negotiations
How To Manage Anger, Stay Calm And Live A Good Life
Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral
Emotions
Seven deadly sins
Violence
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Волдемарс Рейнголдс
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Волдемарс Рейнголдс
Андрейс Волдемарс Рейнголдс (23 червня 1903 — 4 липня 1986) — латиський офіцер, лейтенант латиської армії, штурмбанфюрер військ СС. Кавалер Лицарського хреста Залізного хреста.
Біографія
В 1920-39 роках служив в латиській армії. В 1941 році вступив в охоронну поліцію. В 1943 році перейшов у війська СС. В кінці війни разом з кількома товаришами втік в ліси, щоб продовжити боротьбу. Спочатку вони планували прорватись в Німеччину, проте були схоплені радянськими військами. Рейнголдс зміг вибратись з автомобіля і втекти, коли їх доставили на місце розстрілу. Переховувався в родичів, потім переїхав у Ригу, де працював електриком під вигаданим іменем Андрейс Островскіс. В Ризі познайомився з іншими колишніми легіонерами, один з яких здав його НКВС. 21 серпня 1948 року заарештований і засуджений до 25 років таборів. Утримувався в Воркутинському таборі. 21 серпня 1958 року амністований і повернувся в Ригу, де працював електриком до 1977 року. Продовжував підтримувати зв'язок з колишніми легіонерами, незважаючи на нагляд радянських спецслужб.
Нагороди
Залізний хрест
2-го класу (24 жовтня 1943)
1-го класу (16 лютого 1944)
Німецький хрест в золоті (28 листопада 1944) — як командир 1-го батальйону 42-го гренадерського полку військ СС 19-ї гренадерської дивізії військ СС.
Лицарський хрест Залізного хреста (11 травня 1945) — як командир 3-го батальйону 43-го гренадерського полку військ СС 19-ї гренадерської дивізії військ СС.
Література
Fellgiebel W.P., Elite of the Third Reich, The recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939—1945: A Reference, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull, 2003, ISBN 1-874622-46-9
Patzwall K., Scherzer V., Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941—1945, Geschichte und Inhaber Band II, Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall, Norderstedt, 2001, ISBN 3-931533-45-X
Учасники Другої світової війни
Штурмбанфюрери СС
Латиські колаборанти з нацистською Німеччиною
В'язні ГУЛАГу
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Sammanthurai 10 Grama Niladhari Division
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Sammanthurai 10 Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Samanthurai Divisional Secretariat, of Ampara District, of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka.
Demographics
Ethnicity
Religion
References
Ampara District
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Белінгтон (Західна Вірджинія)
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Белінгтон (Західна Вірджинія)
Белінгтон — місто в США, в окрузі Барбур штату Західна Вірджинія. Населення — 1805 осіб (2020).
Географія
Белінгтон розташований за координатами (39.015088, -79.940836). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 5,52 км², з яких 5,34 км² — суходіл та 0,18 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкала особа в 776 домогосподарствах у складі 548 родин. Густота населення становила 348 осіб/км². Було 878 помешкань (159/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,8 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,0 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 23,8 % — особи молодші 18 років, 58,2 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 18,0 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 40,9 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 90,8 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 91,1 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 22,6 % осіб, у тому числі 28,8 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 9,4 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 827 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 23,3 %, роздрібна торгівля — 12,2 %, виробництво — 11,4 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Містечка Західної Вірджинії
Населені пункти округу Барбур (Західна Вірджинія)
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4264246
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84
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Карла Бодендорф
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Карла Бодендорф — німецька легкоатлетка, яка спеціалізувалася в бігу на короткі дистанції.
Досягнення
Олімпійська чемпіонка в естафеті 4×100 метрів (1976).
Фіналістка Олімпіади-1976 у бігу на 200 метрів (4-е місце).
Бронзова призерка чемпіонату Європи у бігу на 200 метрів та в естафеті 4×100 метрів (1978).
Переможниця Кубка Європи в естафеті 4×100 метрів (1975).
Ексрекордсменка світу та Європи в естафеті 4×100 метрів.
Чемпіонка НДР у бігу на 200 метрів (1978).
По завершенні спортивної кар'єри працювала вчителем, пізніше — у органах влади землі Саксонія-Ангальт.
Основні міжнародні виступи
Джерела
Карла Бодендорф — профіль на сайті Світової легкої атлетики
Карла Бодендорф — профіль на сайті trackfield.brinkster.net
Довідник з хронології світових рекордів на сайті Світової легкої атлетики
Німецькі бігуни на короткі дистанції
Німецькі легкоатлетки
Легкоатлети на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1976
Чемпіони літніх Олімпійських ігор 1976
Німецькі олімпійські чемпіони
Призери чемпіонатів Європи з легкої атлетики
Рекордсмени світу з легкої атлетики
Рекордсмени Європи з легкої атлетики
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8033631
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20handball
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Beach handball
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Beach handball is a team sport where two teams pass and bounce or roll a ball, trying to throw it in the goal of the opposing team. The game is similar to standard handball, but it is played on sand instead of on a solid floor. Because the ball loses most of its bounce on sand, there is little to no dribbling, and players instead perform more passing as the rules of travelling still apply.
Description
Matches are played as two 10 minute sets, with a half-time of 5 minutes. If teams are tied at the end of a regular set then the teams play for a golden goal. If the teams are tied at the end of 2 sets then the teams will participate in a tie breaker. The tie break involves a goalie throwing the ball to their own player while that player attempts to score one-on-one with the opposing goalie. During regular play, if the goalkeeper scores a goal this counts as two points, compared to a normal goal scored by an outfield player which counts as 1 point. Creative or spectacular goals, such as 360 degree jumps and alley-oops, are awarded with two points, as well as in-flights and 6 meter throws.
The first European Championships was played in the year 2000.
, Brazil is ranked the number 1 country in the world, and is the winner of the world championship in both men's and women's divisions at the 2014 Beach Handball World Championships.
Attire
In 2021, the Norway women's national beach handball team was fined €1500 for being improperly dressed after the women wore bike shorts instead of bikini bottoms at a European championship match in Bulgaria. Critics derided the fine and the underlying rule. Although the Norwegian Handball Federation announced they would pay the fines, pop singer Pink offered to pay for them. Later, in November 2021, the International Handball Federation changed their dress rules to allow female players to wear some kinds of shorts, specifying "Female athletes must wear short tight pants with a close fit".
Competitions
Beach Handball World Championships
Beach handball at the World Games
Beach handball at the World Beach Games
IHF Youth Beach Handball World Championship
Regional
Asian Beach Handball Championship
European Beach Handball Championship (disambiguation)
Oceania Beach Handball Championship
Pan American Beach Handball Championship
See also
Beach volleyball
Handball
References
External links
Suances Cup Beach Handball Championships
Polish Beach Handball Community
World CUP Cadiz 2008
Calella International Beach Handball Open
2011 European Beach Handball Championships,Umag, Croatia
Croatia 2011 European Men's and Women's Beach Handball Champions
Croatian Beach Handball
Handball variants
Ball games
Team sports
handball
Sports originating in Australia
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1832423
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%20%28%D0%95%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%29
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Гохдорф (Есслінген)
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Гохдорф (Есслінген)
Гохдорф — громада в Німеччині, знаходиться в землі Баден-Вюртемберг. Підпорядковується адміністративному округу Штутгарт. Входить до складу району Есслінген.
Площа — 7,75 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ).
Галерея
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Громади Баден-Вюртембергу
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14408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huneric
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Huneric
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Huneric, Hunneric or Honeric (died December 23, 484) was King of the (North African) Vandal Kingdom (477–484) and the oldest son of Gaiseric. He abandoned the imperial politics of his father and concentrated mainly on internal affairs. He was married to Eudocia, daughter of western Roman Emperor Valentinian III (419–455) and Licinia Eudoxia. The couple had one child, a son named Hilderic.
Huneric was the first Vandal king who used the title King of the Vandals and Alans. Despite adopting this style, and that of the Vandals of maintaining their sea-power and their hold on the islands of the western Mediterranean, Huneric did not have the prestige that his father Gaiseric had enjoyed with other states.
Early life
Huneric was a son of King Gaiseric, and was sent to Italy as a hostage in 435, when his father made a treaty with the Western emperor Valentinian III. Huneric became king of the Vandals on his father's death on 25 January 477. Like Gaiseric he was an Arian, and his reign is chiefly memorable for his persecution of Catholic Christians in his dominions. Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III, was Huneric's wife.
His reign
Huneric was a fervent adherent to Arianism. Yet his reign opened with making a number of positive overtures towards the local Roman population. Following the visit of a diplomatic mission from the Eastern Roman Empire led by Alexander, Huneric restored properties seized by his father from the merchants of Carthage. He also lifted the policy of persecuting the local Catholics (Nicene Christians), allowing them to hold a synod wherein they elected a new Catholic bishop of Carthage, Eugenius, after a vacancy of 24 years.
However, not long after the ordination of Eugenius, Huneric reversed himself and began to once again persecute Catholics. Furthermore, he tried to make Catholic property fall to the state, but when this caused too much protest from the Eastern Roman Emperor, he chose to banish a number of Catholics to a faraway province instead. On February 1, 484 he organized a meeting of Catholic bishops with Arian bishops, but on February 24, 484 he forcibly removed the Catholic bishops from their offices and banished some to Corsica. A few were executed, including the former proconsul Victorian along with Frumentius and other wealthy merchants, who were killed at Hadrumetum after refusing to become Arians. Among those exiled was Vigilius, bishop of Thapsus, who published a theological treatise against Arianism.
Additionally, Huneric murdered many members of the Hasdingi dynasty and also persecuted Manichaeans.
Towards the end of his reign, the Moors in the Aurès Mountains (in modern-day Algeria) successfully rebelled from Vandal rule.
Upon his death Huneric was succeeded by his nephew Gunthamund, who reigned until 496. A lurid account of Huneric's death by putrefaction and "an abundance of worms" is included in the Historia persecutionis Africanae Provinciae, temporibus Genserici et Hunirici regum Wandalorum (History of the African Province Persecution, in the Times of Genseric and Huneric, the Kings of the Vandals), written by his contemporary, Victor of Vita, although it is probable that this particular section was added at a later date.
See also
Hunericopolis, the Catholic Metropolitan Archbishopric Hadrumetum renamed after him
References
5th-century Arian Christians
Christian monarchs
5th-century monarchs in Africa
484 deaths
Christian anti-Gnosticism
Kings of the Vandals
Year of birth unknown
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379469
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D2%90%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0
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Імператор Ґо-Тоба
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Імператор Ґо-Тоба (ґо-тоба тенно; 6 серпня 1180 — 28 березня 1239) — 82-й Імператор Японії, синтоїстське божество. Роки правління: 8 вересня 1183 — 18 лютого 1198. До вступу на трон мав ім'я принца Такахіра (також знаний як принц Таканарі).
У результаті заколоту в 19 років був змушений зректися престолу і прийняти постриг. У 1221 р. спробував організувати власний заколот проти сьоґуна, проте зазнав поразки й був засланий на острови Окі, де й помер.
Літературна діяльність
Усе життя, особливо після відмови від трону, займався поезією, був талановитим поетом. Ініціював відновлення діяльності департаменту поезії — Пісенної палати («Дайка-сьо», або ще «Вака-докоро»), створеної ще 951 р. імператором Муракамі, організовував придворні поетичні турніри («ута-авасе»), укладав поетичні антології.
Саме за його наказом чиновники Пісенної палати Фудзівара но Тейка й Фудзівара но Іетака розпочали роботу над створенням відомої поетичної антології «Сін кокін вака-сю» («Нова збірка старих і нових японських пісень»). Робота була завершена в 1205 р., тобто якраз до 300-річного ювілею її славетної попередниці — антології «Кокінвакасю» («Збірка старих і нових японських пісень»), укладеної під керівництвом Кі-но Цураюкі 905 р.
Перебуваючи на засланні, Ґо-Тоба-ін продовжував працювати над удосконаленням «Сінкокінвакасю», яку вважав головною працею свого життя, створивши практично її новий варіант. Ця антологія містить 34 вірші-танка самого імператора. А загалом до його творчого спадку, окрім поетичних творів, які склали приватну антологію його віршів «Ґотобаінґосю», входять також трактат із теорії поезії «Ґотобаінґокуден» («Заповіти ґотоба-ін»), трактат із детальним описом придворних традицій «Седзоку сенсінхіссьо» та щоденник «Готобаінсінкі».
Примітки
Джерела та література
Бондаренко І. Розкоші і злидні японської поезії: японська класична поезія в контексті світової та української літератури. — К.: Видавничий Дім Дмитра Бураго, стор. 505—506
Рубель В. А. Японська цивілізація: традиційне суспільство і державність. — Київ: «Аквілон-Прес», 1997.
『新編 日本史辞典』 (Нове видання. Словник історії Японії) / 京大日本史辞典編纂会. — 東京: 東京創元社, 1994. — P.1057—1058.
『歴代天皇全史―万世一系を彩る君臨の血脈』 (歴史群像シリーズ (69)) (Вся історія Імператорів Японії — монархічне генеалогічне дерево безперервної лінії. Серія «Історичні портрети»). — 東京: 学研, 2003.
Посилання
Список Імператорів Японії
Імператори Японії
Поети Японії
Народились 6 серпня
Народились 1180
Померли 28 березня
Померли 1239
Уродженці Кіото
Правителі XII століття
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3771235
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%94%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE
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Ближнє коло
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Ближнє коло
«Ближнє коло» — художній фільм режисера Андрія Кончаловського.
Сюжет
Фільм розповідає історію однієї людини — Івана Саньшіна, який був кіномеханіком Сталіна. Він працював на Сталіна з 1939 року і до смерті вождя. Основні дійові особи — сам Іван, його дружина Анастасія та сусідка, єврейська дівчина Катя. Батьків Каті репресували, але до неї була прив'язаною Анастасія, яка марно намагалася її вдочерити.
У долі Івана Саньшіна відбувається справжня трагедія — його дружина стає коханкою Берії і її подальша доля на певний час залишається туманною. Приблизно через рік вона повертається до Івана вагітною і кінчає життя самогубством. Проте Іван, попри це, залишається відданим режиму і Сталіну особисто. Його сусід Бартнєв з гіркотою зауважує, що саме завдяки таким наївним і добрим людям тримається тоталітарний режим, заснований на культі особи.
У ролях
Том Галс — Іван Саньшін (озвучує Євген Миронов)
Лоліта Давидович — Анастасія, дружина Івана Саньшіна (озвучує Олена Дробишева)
Олександр Збруєв — Сталін
Боб Госкінс — Берія (озвучує Андрій Кончаловський)
Віктор Уральський — Калінін
Михайло Кононов — Ворошилов (озвучує Рудольф Панков)
Віктор Балабанов — Молотов
Ілля Чанбуданов — Каганович
Валентин Черв'яков — Маленков
Віктор Тардян — Мікоян
Олег Табаков — Власик
Олександр Феклістов — Большаков
Федір Шаляпін-молодший — професор Бартнєв (озвучує Юрій Яковлєв)
Бесс Мейер — Катя (17 років) (озвучує Ніна Тобілевич)
Марія Баранова — Катя (6 років)
Марія Виноградова — Феодосія
Євдокія Германова — вихователька в дитячому будинку
Ірина Купченко — директриса дитячого будинку
Володимир Кулешов — полковник Щелкасов
Всеволод Ларіонов — генерал Румянцев
Володимир Стеклов — Хрустальов
Олександр Філіппенко — майор Хитров (озвучує Борис Бистров)
Олександр Пашутін — комендант поїзда
Сергій Арцибашев — офіцер Берії
Олександр Сирин — Воронкин
Любов Матюшина — Соня Губельман у дитинстві
Олександр Гарін — Василь Морда
Володимир Єпископосян — охоронець Берії
Олена Борзунова — лейтенант Попова
Знімальна група
Автори сценарію: Андрій Кончаловський, Анатолій Усов
Режисер: Андрій Кончаловський
Оператор: Енніо Гуарньєрі
Художники-постановники: Володимир Мурзін, Джоні Джованьоні
Композитори: Едуард Артем'єв, Дмитро Атовмян
Прототипом головного героя фільму, придворного кіномеханіка Івана Саньшіна послужив Олександр Сергійович Ганьшин — кіномеханік, який відповідав за покази фільмів для перших осіб держави в кремлівському кінозалі з 1939 до 1980-х років. Робоча назва фільму — «Киномеханик Сталіна».
Примітки
Посилання
«Ближнє коло» на сайті «Енциклопедія вітчизняного кіно»
Фільми США 1991
Фільми англійською мовою
Фільми СРСР 1991
Фільми-драми СРСР
Фільми-драми Італії
Фільми-драми США
Фільми російською мовою
Фільми Андрія Кончаловського
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7329848
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum%20Eitingon
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Nahum Eitingon
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Nahum Eitingon
Nahum Isaakovich Eitingon (Naum Isaakovič Ejtingon), also known as Leonid Aleksandrovich Eitingon (6 December 1899 – 3 May 1981), was a Soviet intelligence officer, who gained prominence through his involvement in several NKVD operations, including the assassination of Leon Trotsky, the orchestration of partisan movements during World War II, and atomic espionage. He has been described by Yevgeny Kiselyov as one of the organisers and managers of the state terrorism system under Joseph Stalin and later a victim thereof. He may have been a great-cousin of Max Eitingon, though this has been disputed.
Early life
Eitingon was born into a Lithuanian Jewish family in Shklow, Belarus, then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Isaac Faivelovich Eitingon, was a paper mill clerk, and his grandfather was a lawyer. Shortly before the Russian Revolution his family moved to Mogilev, where Nahum studied at Mogilev Commercial School. Eitingon first became involved in labor during the German occupation of Mogilev, when he joined a cement worker's union and joined the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. In his memoirs, KGB General and friend and colleague of Eitingon Pavel Sudoplatov claimed that Eitingon had fought in the Red Army since 1918, however, this claim is not substantiated by official records of the time. Following the Russian Revolution, he became a clerk at the commodities exchange. Following several promotions within the local labor bureaucracy, he joined the CPSU in 1919.
Intelligence career
Eitingon joined the Cheka on May 10, 1920, having been recruited to a shortage of Chekists in the area. Along with other Chekists, he took part in numerous operations during the Russian Civil War, including the "liquidation" of a number of the more prosperous citizens of the Belarusian town of Gomel. He also gained prominence at the time for his work against banditry in Belarus. Eitingon was temporarily ejected from the Cheka and investigated during a 1921 purge due to his bourgeois origins, however, he was quickly let back in. In 1924, he graduated from Frunze Military Academy, after which served at several diplomatic postings in China and Turkey under the auspices of the OGPU. From 1927–1929 he served as Vice-Consul General at the Consulate of the USSR at Harbin. He also served at the special operations directorate of the OGPU from 1930–1932 and served under Alexander Orlov during the Spanish Civil War, using his linguistic skills to adopt several aliases. During this time, he was involved in several operations, including the assassination of Zhang Zoulin and the transportation of the Spanish gold reserves to the USSR. At the end of the 1920s, Eitingon, a polyglot, organized and led an operation producing fake documents which persuaded the Japanese that 20 Russian agents who were working for them had secretly applied to have their Soviet citizenship restored. This ruse resulted in the Japanese executing their anti-Soviet allies.
In 1930, Eitingon was appointed deputy director of the Administration for Special Tasks under Yakov Serebryansky, but due to his poor personal relations with Serebryansky, in April 1933 he was shifted to chief of section charged with coordinating the operation of "illegals" in the INO (Foreign Department of the OGPU) under Artur Artuzov and later (from May 1935) Abram Slutsky. According to Pavel Sudoplatov, Eitingon was sent to the U.S. as an "illegal" in the beginning of the 1930s, prior to the establishment of Soviet Union–United States relations in November 1933, to recruit Japanese and Chinese emigrants with a view to possible using them in military and sabotage operations against Japan (the U.S. itself was not deemed a high priority for intelligence operations by the Centre then). One of the agents recruited by Eitingon in the U.S. was Japanese painter Yotoku Miyagi, who in 1933 returned to Japan and became a member of Richard Sorge's spy ring in that country. Eitingon was also tasked to assess the intelligence potential of Americans involved in Communist activities.
He was active in Spain in the late 1930s, during the Spanish Civil War. Eitingon was reputedly responsible for a number of kidnappings and assassinations at the behest of the OGPU/NKVD in Western countries. However, Pavel Sudoplatov writes that Western accounts of Eitingon′s role in the abduction of White Russian Gen Yevgeny Miller in Paris in September 1937, organised by NKVD, are false. Sudoplatov also notes the unabashed sexual promiscuity of Eitingon, who in this period of his career had concurrent relationships with several women (including his wives) and used his female colleagues and subordinates as mistresses. For example, Eitingon took with him to Spain, Aleksandra Kochergina as his mistress who played the role of his third "wife" while he ran NKVD guerrilla operations during the Spanish Civil War. He remained married to his second wife. While in Spain, he managed to meet and seduce the aristocrat, Caridad Mercader del Rio, the mother of Ramon, Trotsky's assassin. Then in 1942, Eitingon impregnated Muza Malinovskaya, a champion Soviet parachutist while on a mission in Turkey (for eight months). One should wonder how he is able to afford this lifestyle (dating, courting, cafes, cabarets, wine, renting an apartment or house rather than living in the NKVD barracks). Cheka and NKVD operatives had a reputation for extra-legal measures of secret police work. They frequently used torture and requisitioning when deemed necessary and targeted both the rich and the poor (the workers whether peasants or proletariat). Were these methods employed to procure funds outside of the mission budget? Yet, Sudoplatov praised Eitingon for spending all of his money on his wives and children. His turnover rate was quite high. How did he afford this lifestyle (to include a later marriage to Yevgenia Puzirova)?
The illegal espionage network, which included Jews with ancestry in the Russian Empire, established by Eitingon in the United States in the early 1930s helped Pavel Sudoplatov in the 1940s run a wide network of Soviet moles in the scientific community in the U.S. and beyond, to conduct scientific espionage.
Assassination of Trotsky
Leon Trotsky, the Soviet revolutionary, had been banished from the USSR by Joseph Stalin and had found refuge in Mexico. Stalin assigned the organisation and execution of a plan to assassinate Trotsky to Eitingon. While in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, Eitingon was able to recruit a young Spaniard communist ideologue, Ramón Mercader, as executioner. Trotsky was living in Mexico at the time and, soon after Mercader worked his way into Trotsky's group of friends, Eitingon had also arrived in Mexico.
On 20 August 1940, Mercader attacked and fatally wounded Trotsky with an ice axe while the exiled Russian was in the study of his house in Coyoacán (then a village on the southern fringes of Mexico City). Eitingon and another collaborator (Caridad Mercader, Ramon Mercader's mother) in the assassination plot were waiting outside Trotsky's residence, in separate cars, to provide a getaway for Mercader. When Mercader failed to return (having been detained by Trotsky's bodyguards), they both left and fled the country.
Second World War
Eitingon continued his service in the NKVD during World War II. In 1941, he and Sudoplatov successfully negotiated the release of purged NKVD officers with Lavrentiy Beria, as they were needed at the outset of the war. After this, he was involved in the assurance of Turkish neutrality from 1941–42. In late 1942, he was appointed as deputy head of the 4th Directorate of the NKVD, which was focused on sabotage and infiltration operations behind enemy lines. In this capacity as the deputy of Sudoplatov, he organized several successful operations, including Operation Scherhorn. He also assisted in the organization of several partisan movements in Eastern Europe. Through this work, Eitingon was introduced to Rudolf Abel, who would become famous as a spy in the US. Eitingon also used his extensive preexisting network in the US to conduct Atomic Espionage.
Eitingon was further said to have been instrumental in the NKVD "Max" network, the Jewish-led Abwehr spy ring whose allegiances continue to befuddle historians to the present day.
After the war
After the victory of the USSR in World War II, Eitingon was made deputy head of the C Department of the NKVD (later KGB), where he continued atomic espionage. In this role, Eitingon was also tasked with operations against the anti-communist Forest Brothers in the Baltic states and other anti-Soviet movements in Eastern Europe. He was also tasked with the liquidation of the OUN and other Ukrainian nationalist movements. During this time, he played roles in the arrests and executions of suspected nationalist collaborators or sympathizers, including Bishop Theodore Romzha and Alexander Shumsky.
Doctor's Plot and later life
In October 1951, Major-General of State Security Eitingon, along with three other high-ranking members of the government (all Russian Jewish), were accused of "a Zionist plot to seize power" (the Doctors' Plot). Eitingon's sister Sofia was also arrested. As a doctor, she was considered to be the "link" to the plotting doctors who were allegedly planning to poison high-ranking Soviet leaders. The officers were all imprisoned in cold, dark cells and tortured. The tortures led many of them to falsely confess but Eitingon was steadfast in his denial. Sofia was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
After Stalin's death in March 1953, the head of Soviet intelligence and security services Lavrentiy Beria issued an order to close the cases against the "Zionist plotters" and all were released, including Sofia.
Beria was arrested in June 1953 and executed. Eitingon, considered a supporter of Beria, was arrested again and held in jail without trial at the Butyrka prison in Moscow for four years. In November 1957 he was put on trial, in which he was accused (again) of conspiracy against the regime (but this time without any Zionist connotations). The court sentenced him to 12 years in prison, and his rank and all his medals were taken from him. After Nikita Khrushchev's ouster from power in 1964, Eitingon was released from prison. After his release, he worked as an interpreter and editor at the International Book Organization in Moscow.
Nahum Eitingon died in 1981 of natural causes. He is buried in the Donskoye Cemetery. In 1992 the Russian Supreme Court annulled the conviction and cleared his name. Eitingon had persistently sought his official rehabilitation, but this was granted only posthumously.
See also
Pavel Sudoplatov
Notes and citations
References
Books
Katamidze, Vyacheslav 'Slava' (2003). Loyal Comrades, Ruthless Killers: The Secret Services of the USSR 1917–1991, Lewis International, Inc., , pp. 74–85, 91, 99, 103, 115, 126–29, 133, 136, 145–46, 155–56
Further reading
Wilmers, Mary-Kay (2009). The Eitingons, London: Faber,
1899 births
1981 deaths
People from Shklow
Jews from the Russian Empire
Belarusian Jews
KGB officers
Soviet Army officers
Soviet Jews in the military
Soviet people of the Spanish Civil War
Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union
Inmates of Vladimir Central Prison
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
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1555027
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96
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П'яцельчиці
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П'яцельчиці — село в складі Берестовицького району Гродненської області, Білорусь. Село підпорядковане Макарівецькій сільській раді, розташоване у західній частині області.
Література
Села Гродненської області
Населені пункти Берестовицького району
Макарівецька сільська рада
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16426573
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3544%20Borodino
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3544 Borodino
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3544 Borodino (prov. designation: ) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1977, by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij, on the Crimean peninsula. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.44 hours. It was named for the Russian village of Borodino where the Battle of Borodino took place.
Orbit and classification
Borodino is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,359 days; semi-major axis of 2.4 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as at Johannesburg Observatory in August 1936. The body's observation arc begins with its observations as at Turku Observatory in April 1943, or more than 34 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnij.
Naming
This minor planet was named after the Russian village of Borodino near Moscow where the Battle of Borodino took place in September 1812 during the Napoleonic Wars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 November 1992.
Physical characteristics
Borodino is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the albedo measured (see below) by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).
Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Borodino have been obtained from photometric observations since 2007. Best-rated lightcurve by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins at the Hunters Hill Observatory gave a rotation period of 5.442 hours with a brightness variation of 0.60 magnitude. Other observations by French amateur astronomer Patrick Mazel, by astronomers at Texas A&M University, using the SARA-telescopes of the Southeastern Association for Research and Astronomy consortium, and by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, gave a period of 5.435, 5.437 and 5.44 hours with an amplitude of 0.74, 0.65 and 0.63 magnitude, respectively. A high brightness amplitude is indicative of a non-spherical shape.
Poles
Two lightcurves, published in 2016, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources, gave a concurring sidereal period of and hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two spin axes of (104.0°, −57.0°) and (267.0°, −53.0°), as well as (294.0°, −60.0°) and (157.0°, −57.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β), respectively.
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Borodino measures between 6.11 and 8.688 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2361 and 0.474. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.84 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.
Notes
References
External links
Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
003544
Discoveries by Nikolai Chernykh
Named minor planets
19770907
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2292215
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex%20pulicaris
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Carex pulicaris
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Carex pulicaris — вид багаторічних кореневищних трав'янистих рослин родини осокові (Cyperaceae).
Опис
Стебла до 30 см, циліндричні, гладкі. Листя шириною 1 мм. Суцвіттям є один колос довжиною 2 см, у верхній частині якого чоловічі, а в нижній частині жіночі квітки. Мішечки зазвичай сильно відігнуті, 3.5–6 мм, з дзьобом 0,2–0,5 мм. Приймочок 2. 2n=58, 60.
Поширення
Європа: Естонія, Латвія, Литва, Австрія, Бельгія, Чехія, Німеччина, Нідерланди, Польща, Словаччина, Швейцарія, Данія, Фарерські острови, Фінляндія, Ісландія, Ірландія, Норвегія, Швеція, Велика Британія, Італія, Словенія, Франція, Іспанія.
Населяє болота, драговини й затоплювані місця, як правило, на базово багатих ґрунтах.
Галерея
Джерела
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
Flora of NW Europe
Euro+Med Plantbase
Flora of Iceland (webpage of Icelandic Institute of Natural History)
pulicaris
Флора Європи
Рослини, описані 1753
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2951541
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/109%20%D0%BA%D0%BC%20%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%29
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109 км (пост)
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109 км (пост)
109 кілометр — залізничний пасажирський пост Луганської дирекції Донецької залізниці.
Розташований на місці розібраного відгалуження на Ізотове, Довжанський район, Луганської області на лінії Дебальцеве — Красна Могила між станціями Валянівський (4 км) та Довжанська (4 км).
Через військову агресію Росії на сході України транспортне сполучення припинене, водночас на середину листопада 2018 р. двічі на день курсує пара електропоїздів сполученням Фащівка — Красна Могила, що підтверджує сайт Яндекс.
Примітки
Джерела
Транспорт Довжанського району
Зупинні пункти Донецької залізниці
Зупинні пункти Луганської області
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2248665
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%20%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0
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Реймонд Гунемба
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Реймонд Гунемба (4 червня 1986, Лае, провінція Моробе, Папуа Нова Гвінея) — папуаський футболіст, нападник клубу «Лае Сіті Двеллерз» та збірної Папуа Нової Гвінеї. Він зіграв 12 поєдинків у футболці збірної Папуа Нової Гвінеї. Він забив 5 голів на Кубку націй ОФК 2016 та став найкращим бомбардиром турніру.
Голи за збірну
Матчі зіграні станом на 1 червня 2016 року. Забиті м'ячі, забиті Папуа Новою Гвінеєю, вказані першими, колонка рахунок показує зміну рахунку після кожного голу Гунемби.
Досягнення
Клубні
Хекарі Юнайтед
Національна Соккер Ліга ПНГ:
Чемпіон (3): 2011/12, 2013, 2014
Лае Сіті Двеллерз
Національна Соккер Ліга ПНГ:
Чемпіон (1): 2015
Збірна
Папуа Нова Гвінея
Кубок націй ОФК
Фіналіст (1): 2016
Індивідуальні
Кубок націй ОФК
Золота Бутса (1): 2016
Примітки
Джерела
Профіль гравця на сайті transfermarkt.com
Профіль гравця на сайті eurosport.ru
Профіль гравця на сайті footballdatabase.eu
Профіль гравця на сайті espnfc.com
Профіль гравця на сайті goal.com
Папуаські футболісти
Гравці збірної Папуа Нової Гвінеї з футболу
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4567124
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5
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Мія Валле
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Мія Валле — канадська стрибунка у воду, призерка чемпіонату світу.
Посилання
Мія Валле на FINA
Примітки
Канадські стрибуни у воду
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525953
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82
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Міжнародний харчовий стандарт
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Міжнародний харчовий стандарт (IFS) — європейський стандарт для продуктів харчування, що продаються вроздріб.
Стандарт для аудитування продуктів харчування, що випускаються під брендом роздрібних та гуртових торговельних організацій.
Примітки
ТзОВ "Європейський центр менеджменту якості та гігієни продуктів харчування «Лілія»
міжнародна торгівля
міжнародні стандарти
харчування
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10424867
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Watery%20Place
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The Watery Place
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The Watery Place
"The Watery Place" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the October 1956 issue of Satellite Science Fiction and reprinted in the 1957 collection Earth Is Room Enough. It is Asimov's only science fiction story set in Idaho.
Plot summary
"The Watery Place" is narrated by the unnamed deputy sheriff of Twin Gulch, Idaho, who opens the story by explaining that humanity will never achieve space travel. This, he says, is due to his boss, Sheriff Bart Cameron. The deputy explains that Cameron is an impatient man generally, and becomes particularly impatient when he's working on his income taxes. It was the world's bad fortune that the first extraterrestrials to land on Earth happened to arrive in Twin Gulch, Idaho on the evening of 14 April 1956.
The deputy sees a flying saucer land while staring out the window of the sheriff's office, and sees the two occupants approach. The aliens look perfectly human, and are dressed in ordinary business suits. The deputy notes, "I would have thought they were city fellows if I hadn't seen the flying saucer land in the scrub." Cameron is too busy working on his taxes to notice the landing.
The aliens enter and explain to Cameron that they have chosen to make first contact with humanity in Twin Gulch because it is isolated and peaceful, and that they have chosen Cameron to make first contact with because he is the local leader. "We come from the watery place your people call Venus." They want Cameron's help contacting the leaders of the United States of America.
This sets Cameron off. He storms at them, calls them wise-guy jerks, and threatens to lock them up for disturbing the peace. He finishes by saying, "Get the hell out of here and back to wherever you're from and don't ever come back. I don't want to see you and no one else around here does."
The alien can tell that Cameron is serious, so he says that he will leave, and see to it that nobody ever returns and that Cameron's people will never have to leave. The deputy can tell that he means it, and that humanity will be fenced in on Earth forever.
After the aliens leave, the outraged deputy drags Cameron over to the window and makes him watch as the flying saucer takes off. He asks why Cameron sent them away. When Cameron says he thought they were just foreigners, the deputy reminds him that they said they were from Venus. Cameron responds, "Venus! When they talked about the watery place, I thought they meant Venice!"
External links
Short stories by Isaac Asimov
1956 short stories
Science fiction short stories
Works originally published in Satellite Science Fiction
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449743
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush%20hour
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Rush hour
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Rush hour
A rush hour (American English, British English) or peak hour (Australian English) is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice every weekday: once in the morning and once in the afternoon or evening, the times during which most people commute. The term is often used for a period of peak congestion that may last for more than one hour.
The term is very broad, but often refers specifically to private automobile transportation traffic, even when there is a large volume of cars on a road but not many people, or if the volume is normal but there is some disruption of speed. By analogy to vehicular traffic, the term Internet rush hour has been used to describe periods of peak data network usage, resulting in delays and slower delivery of data packets.
Definition
The name is sometimes a misnomer, as the peak period often lasts more than one hour and the "rush" refers to the volume of traffic, not the speed of its flow. Peak traffic periods may vary from country to country, city to city, from region to region, and seasonally.
The frequency of public transport service is usually higher in the rush hour, and longer trains or larger vehicles are often used. However, the increase in capacity is often less than the increased number of passengers, due to the limits on available vehicles, staff and, in the case of rail transport, track capacity including platform length. The resulting crowding may force many passengers to stand, and others may be unable to board. If there is inadequate capacity, this can make public transport less attractive, leading to higher car use and partly shifting the congestion to roads.
Transport demand management, such as road pricing or a congestion charge, is designed to induce people to alter their travel timing to minimize congestion. Similarly, public transport fares may be higher during peak periods; this is often presented as an off peak discount for single fares. Season tickets or multi-ride tickets, sold at a discount, are commonly used in rush hours by commuters, and may or may not reflect rush hour fare differentials.
Staggered hours have been promoted as a means of spreading demand across a longer time span—for example, in Rush Hour (1941 film) and by the International Labour Office.
Traffic management by country
Australia and New Zealand
In the morning, and evening, Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne, and Auckland and Christchurch are usually the most congested cities in Australia and New Zealand respectively. In Melbourne the Monash Freeway, which connects Melbourne's suburban sprawl to the city, is usually heavily congested each morning and evening. In Perth, Mitchell Freeway, Kwinana Freeway and various arterial roads are usually congested between peak hours, making movement between suburbs and the city quite slow.
Efforts to minimise traffic congestion during peak hour vary on a state by state and city by city basis.
In Melbourne, congestion is managed by means including:
Inbound transit lanes on busy freeways which are limited to motorcycles and other vehicles with more than one occupant during busy periods.
Free travel on metropolitan trains before 7am. Passengers must exit the system at their destination station before 7am.
Dedicated bus lanes on major inner city roads such as Hoddle Street.
Introduction of dedicated bicycle lanes (often by removing vehicle lanes) in the inner city area to encourage cyclists and deter dual-track vehicles.
Prohibition of parking along busy roads during peak traffic periods to create an extra lane for traffic.
In Brisbane, congestion is managed by means including:
Fares for using public transport outside of peak periods (referred to as off-peak) are cheaper than peak period fares.
Transport for Brisbane operated bus lines for Translink, Bus upgrade zone) designated lines increase their frequency from every 15 minutes to every 10 minutes between 7am and 9am, and between 4:30pm and 6:30pm.
Busways in Brisbane grade separate a significant amount of bus traffic, particularly on the South and Eastern suburbs using the South East Busway, the Eastern Busway (connects with the South East Busway at Buranda), with some relief on the northern suburbs provided by the Northern Busway. This reduces the traffic load shared by buses and other vehicles, therefore allowing for more capacity for other vehicles on major trunk roads in and out of Brisbane.
Some specific peak-hour only bus services are denoted by a "P" prefix where only fares are accepted by tapping on with a go card, with no cash-paid ticket sales. These services may also be noted as having the suffix
"(Rocket)" in timetables, where many inner city suburb stops may be bypassed.
On some Queensland Rail operated lines for Translink, increase frequency from every 30 minutes to as frequent as every 6 minutes, between 6:45am and 7:45am and from 4:45pm to 5:45pm during peak times. Most notable on the Caboolture, Ipswich & Rosewood, Redcliffe Peninsula and Springfield lines.
On the Caboolture, Sunshine Coast and Redcliffe Peninsula line, trains may run express to reduce travel time. A notable example is the trains on the Cabooolture and Sunshine Coast lines run express from Petrie to Bowen Hills, stopping only at Northgate, Eagle Junction and Bowen Hills; previously before the timetable changes, average commute time from Caboolture to Central was 1 hour and 6 minutes. After the timetable changes, it was reduced to 51 minutes, a saving of 15 minutes.
Introduction of the South East Bikeway, which runs alongside the South East Busway to allow for cycle commuting from the Southern suburbs. Some paths along the Brisbane River are also widened to include a specific bikeway section (particularly between Toowong and North Quay).
Prohibition of parking along busy roads during peak traffic periods to create an extra lane for traffic.
In Sydney, congestion is managed by many means including:
Buses increase frequency from 4 per hour to 12 per hour on the Metrobus network, other routes increase limited and express services
The Sydney Trains network runs double-decker electric multiple unit trains that allowed many more passengers to board the trains compared to the 1950s single-level 'Red Rattlers', and 'Silver Ghosts'.
Time-of-day ticket prices allow train commuters to board trains before 6 am or after 7 pm at a cheaper rate on single or day return tickets
Transit and/or HOV Lanes are installed on many major arterial roads,
The Rail Clearways Program, which allows for broken-down trains on the Sydney Trains network to not affect the running of trains on separate lines due to building bypasses, and loop-backs alongside the existing track
The Inner West Light Rail, which was the first operational light rail line in Sydney, increases headways during peak hour, providing services up to every eight minutes.
Traffic congestion is managed through the Traffic Management Centre via a network of Closed Circuit TV's, with operators able to change the timing of traffic signals to reduce wait times
Most major motorways have the ability for contraflow lane to allow continuing flow of traffic in case of a major accident
Older motor ways have been upgraded from two lanes in each direction, to three lanes in each direction
Motor way toll booths have been replaced with electronic toll systems (M2 Hills Motorway was the last to do so on 21 January 2012); time-of-day tolling is in use on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Harbour Tunnel to provide cash incentives for commuters to remain out of the city in peak times.
Brazil
In São Paulo, Brazil, each vehicle is assigned a certain day of the week in which it cannot travel the roads during rush hour (7–10 am and 5–8 pm). The day of the week for each vehicle is derived from the last digit in the licence plate number and the rule is enforced by traffic police (1 and 2 for Mondays, 3 and 4 for Tuesdays, 5 and 6 for Wednesdays, 7 and 8 for Thursdays and 9 and 10 for Fridays). This policy is aimed at reducing the number of vehicles on the roads and encouraging the use of buses, subway and the urban train systems.
Canada
Vancouver's portion of the Trans-Canada Highway is served with high-occupancy vehicle lanes in addition to standard lanes for all automobiles. These lanes are meant to improve traffic flow by encouraging carpooling and transit use. Richmond, part of the Vancouver metro region, is also constructing a new interchange at Steveson Highway and British Columbia Highway 99 which will be the first of its kind in British Columbia in an effort to improve traffic flow.
Kelowna's Harvey Avenue is served also by HOV lanes.
China
China is home to some of the busiest subway networks in the world. Despite aggressive expansion of rapid transit networks in the past decade, rapid urban population growth has put heavy demand on urban transport. Some systems routinely restrict station entrances and transfer passages to prevent the network from being overwhelmed. For example, 96 subway stations in the Beijing Subway have entry restrictions at some point of the day. The Guangzhou Metro has 51 stations with passenger flow restrictions.
Colombia
In the pico y placa (peak and license plate) program in Bogotá, drivers of non-commercial automobiles are prevented from driving them during rush hours on certain days of the week. The vehicles barred each day are determined by the last digit of their license plate. The measure is mandatory and those who break it are penalized. The digits banned each day are rotated every year.
Japan
In Japan, the proportion of rail transportation is high compared with the use of automobiles. Rail transport accounts for 27% of all passenger transport in Japan (other examples: Germany (7.7%), United Kingdom (6.4%), United States (0.6%)). In the Greater Tokyo Area and the Keihanshin metropolitan area there is a dense rail network and frequent service, which accounts for more than half of the passenger transport; most people in the area commute by public transport without using cars.
Railways in the Greater Tokyo Area are traditionally known to be severely congested, with oshiya employed to assist passengers getting on the train. This is gradually being improved by increasing rail capacity and demand management. Train lines in Tokyo have had significant reductions in overcrowding and today run at an average of 163 percent of capacity. This is in contrast to the average loading of 221 percent of designed capacity in 1975 rush-hour trains.
In road transport, the expressways of Japan operate on a beneficiaries-pay principle which imposes expensive toll fees, having the effect of reducing road traffic. Electronic toll collection (ETC) is widespread and discounts during low-traffic periods have been introduced to distribute traffic over a longer period. Road pricing is being considered but has not been introduced, partly because the expressway fee is already very high.
Netherlands
For trains in the Netherlands there is an off-peak discount available, giving a 40% discount. Its validity starts at 9am (until 4am the next morning) on weekdays, and all day at weekends and in July and August. In the case of a group of up to four people, all get the discount even if only one has a pass.
Rail passes not requiring an additional ticket come in two versions: for a fixed route, and for the whole network. Both are mainly used by commuters. No off-peak discount version of these passes is offered since there is insufficient demand; commuters usually cannot avoid the rush hour.
Philippines
Inside Metro Manila, the Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program, popularly known as the "number coding scheme", is implemented by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. The program stipulates that vehicles are prohibited from plying all roads within the metropolis, depending on the last digit of their license plates and on the day of the week.
The vehicles are banned from 7am to 7pm. Unlike the public vehicles, the private vehicles have a five-hour window exception which runs from 10am to 3pm. However, the cities of Makati and San Juan do not implement the five-hour window.
This table shows the license plates with numbers ending with its corresponding days:
Exempted from the program are motorcycles, school buses, shuttle buses, ambulances, fire engines, police cars, military vehicles, those carrying a person needing immediate medical attention, and vehicles with diplomatic license plates.
On the other hand, in other places, there are certain policies the municipal or city government are proposing or has implemented for the whole municipality or city.
While most schools are open, peak hours in rapid transit trains on Manila Metro Rail Transit System and Manila Light Rail Transit System, and in commuter trains on Philippine National Railways are 6-9am and 4-8pm.
Singapore
In Singapore, there is a free travel scheme before 7:45am and 50 cent discount between 7:45am and 8am, which applies only if you exit and not enter at the 18 CBD stations. This is an attempt to encourage commuters' travel on the MRT outside the crowded weekday morning peak. Electronic Road Pricing is intended to discourage driving between 7:30am and 8pm. In addition, employees were given travel incentives through Travel Smart programme. Peak hours are defined as follows: 7:30–9:30 am and 5–8 pm, with different times for terminal stations.
United Kingdom
In London, Peak Day Travelcards allow travel at all hours. Off-peak Day Travelcards are 20–50% cheaper but are valid for travel only after 9:30am and on weekends. This is an attempt to encourage commuters' travel on the London Underground, Docklands Light Railway, buses, and trams outside of the crowded weekday morning peak. There is a similar system on Transport (Bus and Tyne and Wear Metro) in the Newcastle upon Tyne area. In London, congestion charges are intended to discourage driving between 7am and 6pm.
In Manchester, the Metrolink light rail system offers single, return and 'Metromax' daysaver tickets at a reduced price when they are purchased after 9:30am. This incentive is designed to lure passengers into avoiding the daily crowded conditions at Metrolink stations during rush hour.
For 16–25 Railcard holders, the offer of one-third off ticket prices is valid only after 10 am (unless a minimum fare is paid) or weekends. This restriction does not apply in July and August, the main summer holiday season.
For other Railcards, other restrictions apply; for example, the Family Railcard and Network Railcard cannot be used for peak journeys within London and south-east England.
United States
Efforts to manage transportation demand during rush hour periods vary by state and by metropolitan area. In some states, freeways have designated lanes that become HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicle, aka car-pooling) only during rush hours, while open to all vehicles at other times. In others, such as the Massachusetts portion of I-93, travel is permitted in the breakdown lane during this time. Several states use ramp meters to regulate traffic entering freeways during rush hour. Transportation officials in Colorado and Minnesota have added value pricing to some urban freeways around Denver, the Twin Cities, and Seattle, charging motorists a higher toll during peak periods.
Transit agencies – such as Metro-North serving New York City and WMATA serving Washington, D.C. – often charge riders a higher "peak fare" for travel during the morning and evening rush hour.
Heavy traffic within the larger Greater Boston region was addressed with the Big Dig project, which temporarily improved expressway traffic.
Third rush hour
The term "third rush hour" has been used to refer to a period of the midday in which roads in urban and suburban areas become congested due to numerous people taking lunch breaks using their vehicles. These motorists often frequent restaurants and fast food locations, where vehicles crowding the entrances cause traffic congestion.
See also
Carpool
Congestion pricing
High occupancy vehicle lane
Road space rationing
Road traffic control
Traffic wave
Ramp meter
Notes
a. Crowding levels defined by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism:
100% — Commuters have enough personal space and are able to take a seat or stand while holding onto the straps or hand rails.
150% — Commuters have enough personal space to read a newspaper.
180% — Commuters must fold newspapers to read.
200% — Commuters are pressed against each other in each compartment but can still read small magazines.
250% — Commuters are pressed against each other, unable to move.
References
Public transport
Periodic phenomena
Commuting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan
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Turbofan
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Turbofan
A turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that is widely used in aircraft propulsion. The word "turbofan" is a combination of the preceding generation engine technology of the turbojet, and a reference to the additional fan stage added. It consists of a gas turbine engine which achieves mechanical energy from combustion, and a ducted fan that uses the mechanical energy from the gas turbine to force air rearwards. Thus, whereas all the air taken in by a turbojet passes through the combustion chamber and turbines, in a turbofan some of that air bypasses these components. A turbofan thus can be thought of as a turbojet being used to drive a ducted fan, with both of these contributing to the thrust.
The ratio of the mass-flow of air bypassing the engine core to the mass-flow of air passing through the core is referred to as the bypass ratio. The engine produces thrust through a combination of these two portions working together; engines that use more jet thrust relative to fan thrust are known as low-bypass turbofans, conversely those that have considerably more fan thrust than jet thrust are known as high-bypass. Most commercial aviation jet engines in use today are of the high-bypass type, and most modern fighter engines are low-bypass. Afterburners are used on low-bypass turbofan engines with bypass and core mixing before the afterburner.
Modern turbofans have either a large single-stage fan or a smaller fan with several stages. An early configuration combined a low-pressure turbine and fan in a single rear-mounted unit.
Principles
The turbofan was invented to improve the fuel consumption of the turbojet. It achieves this by pushing more air, thus increasing the mass and lowering the speed of the propelling jet compared to that of the turbojet. This is done mechanically by adding a ducted fan rather than using viscous forces by adding an ejector, as first envisaged by Whittle.
Frank Whittle envisioned flight speeds of 500 mph in his March 1936 UK patent 471,368 "Improvements relating to the propulsion of aircraft", in which he describes the principles behind the turbofan, although not called as such at that time. While the turbojet uses the gas from its thermodynamic cycle as its propelling jet, for aircraft speeds below 500 mph there are two penalties to this design which are addressed by the turbofan.
Firstly, energy is wasted as the propelling jet is going much faster rearwards than the aircraft is going forwards, leaving a very fast wake. This wake contains kinetic energy that reflects the fuel used to produce it, rather than the fuel used to move the aircraft forwards. A turbofan harvests that wasted velocity and uses it to power a ducted fan that blows air in bypass channels around the rest of the turbine. This reduces the speed of the propelling jet while pushing more air, and thus more mass.
The other penalty is that combustion is less efficient at lower speeds. Any action to reduce the fuel consumption of the engine by increasing its pressure ratio or turbine temperature to achieve better combustion causes a corresponding increase in pressure and temperature in the exhaust duct which in turn cause a higher gas speed from the propelling nozzle (and higher KE and wasted fuel). Although the engine would use less fuel to produce a pound of thrust, more fuel is wasted in the faster propelling jet. In other words, the independence of thermal and propulsive efficiencies, as exists with the piston engine/propeller combination which preceded the turbojet, is lost. In contrast, Roth considers regaining this independence the single most important feature of the turbofan which allows specific thrust to be chosen independently of the gas generator cycle.
The working substance of the thermodynamic cycle is the only mass accelerated to produce thrust in a turbojet which is a serious limitation (high fuel consumption) for aircraft speeds below supersonic. For subsonic flight speeds the speed of the propelling jet has to be reduced because there is a price to be paid in producing the thrust. The energy required to accelerate the gas inside the engine (increase in kinetic energy) is expended in two ways, by producing a change in momentum (i.e. a force), and a wake which is an unavoidable consequence of producing thrust by an airbreathing engine (or propeller). The wake velocity, and fuel burned to produce it, can be reduced and the required thrust still maintained by increasing the mass accelerated. A turbofan does this by transferring energy available inside the engine, from the gas generator, to a ducted fan which produces a second, additional mass of accelerated air.
The transfer of energy from the core to bypass air results in lower pressure and temperature gas entering the core nozzle (lower exhaust velocity) and fan-produced temperature and pressure entering the fan nozzle. The amount of energy transferred depends on how much pressure rise the fan is designed to produce (fan pressure ratio). The best energy exchange (lowest fuel consumption) between the two flows, and how the jet velocities compare, depends on how efficiently the transfer takes place which depends on the losses in the fan-turbine and fan.
The fan flow has lower exhaust velocity, giving much more thrust per unit energy (lower specific thrust). Both airstreams contribute to the gross thrust of the engine. The additional air for the bypass stream increases the ram drag in the air intake stream-tube, but there is still a significant increase in net thrust. The overall effective exhaust velocity of the two exhaust jets can be made closer to a normal subsonic aircraft's flight speed and gets closer to the ideal Froude efficiency. A turbofan accelerates a larger mass of air more slowly, compared to a turbojet which accelerates a smaller amount more quickly, which is a less efficient way to generate the same thrust (see the efficiency section below).
The ratio of the mass-flow of air bypassing the engine core compared to the mass-flow of air passing through the core is referred to as the bypass ratio. Engines with more jet thrust relative to fan thrust are known as low-bypass turbofans, those that have considerably more fan thrust than jet thrust are known as high-bypass. Most commercial aviation jet engines in use today are high-bypass, and most modern fighter engines are low-bypass. Afterburners are used on low-bypass turbofans on combat aircraft.
Bypass ratio
The bypass ratio (BPR) of a turbofan engine is the ratio between the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate entering the core. A bypass ratio of 6, for example, means that 6 times more air passes through the bypass duct than the amount that passes through the combustion chamber.
Turbofan engines are usually described in terms of BPR, which together with overall pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and fan pressure ratio are important design parameters. In addition BPR is quoted for turboprop and unducted fan installations because their high propulsive efficiency gives them the overall efficiency characteristics of very high bypass turbofans. This allows them to be shown together with turbofans on plots which show trends of reducing specific fuel consumption (SFC) with increasing BPR. BPR can also be quoted for lift fan installations where the fan airflow is remote from the engine and doesn't flow past the engine core.
Considering a constant core (i.e. fixed pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature), core and bypass jet velocities equal and a particular flight condition (i.e. Mach number and altitude) the fuel consumption per lb of thrust (sfc) decreases with increase in BPR. At the same time gross and net thrusts increase, but by different amounts. There is considerable potential for reducing fuel consumption for the same core cycle by increasing BPR.This is achieved because of the reduction in pounds of thrust per lb/sec of airflow (specific thrust) and the resultant reduction in lost kinetic energy in the jets (increase in propulsive efficiency).
If all the gas power from a gas turbine is converted to kinetic energy in a propelling nozzle, the aircraft is best suited to high supersonic speeds. If it is all transferred to a separate big mass of air with low kinetic energy, the aircraft is best suited to zero speed (hovering). For speeds in between, the gas power is shared between a separate airstream and the gas turbine's own nozzle flow in a proportion which gives the aircraft performance required. The trade off between mass flow and velocity is also seen with propellers and helicopter rotors by comparing disc loading and power loading. For example, the same helicopter weight can be supported by a high power engine and small diameter rotor or, for less fuel, a lower power engine and bigger rotor with lower velocity through the rotor.
Bypass usually refers to transferring gas power from a gas turbine to a bypass stream of air to reduce fuel consumption and jet noise. Alternatively, there may be a requirement for an afterburning engine where the sole requirement for bypass is to provide cooling air. This sets the lower limit for BPR and these engines have been called "leaky" or continuous bleed turbojets (General Electric YJ-101 BPR 0.25) and low BPR turbojets (Pratt & Whitney PW1120). Low BPR (0.2) has also been used to provide surge margin as well as afterburner cooling for the Pratt & Whitney J58.
Efficiency
Propeller engines are most efficient for low speeds, turbojet engines for high speeds, and turbofan engines between the two. Turbofans are the most efficient engines in the range of speeds from about , the speed at which most commercial aircraft operate.
In a turbojet (zero-bypass) engine, the high temperature and high pressure exhaust gas is accelerated when it undergoes expansion through a propelling nozzle and produces all the thrust. The compressor absorbs the mechanical power produced by the turbine. In a bypass design, extra turbines drive a ducted fan that accelerates air rearward from the front of the engine. In a high-bypass design, the ducted fan and nozzle produce most of the thrust. Turbofans are closely related to turboprops in principle because both transfer some of the gas turbine's gas power, using extra machinery, to a bypass stream leaving less for the hot nozzle to convert to kinetic energy. Turbofans represent an intermediate stage between turbojets, which derive all their thrust from exhaust gases, and turbo-props which derive minimal thrust from exhaust gases (typically 10% or less). Extracting shaft power and transferring it to a bypass stream introduces extra losses which are more than made up by the improved propulsive efficiency. The turboprop at its best flight speed gives significant fuel savings over a turbojet even though an extra turbine, a gearbox and a propeller are added to the turbojet's low-loss propelling nozzle. The turbofan has additional losses from its greater number of compressor stages/blades, fan and bypass duct.
Froude, or propulsive, efficiency can be defined as:
where:
= thrust equivalent jet velocity
= aircraft velocity
Thrust
While a turbojet engine uses all of the engine's output to produce thrust in the form of a hot high-velocity exhaust gas jet, a turbofan's cool low-velocity bypass air yields between 30% and 70% of the total thrust produced by a turbofan system.
The thrust (FN) generated by a turbofan depends on the effective exhaust velocity of the total exhaust, as with any jet engine, but because two exhaust jets are present the thrust equation can be expanded as:
where:
= the mass rate of hot combustion exhaust flow from the core engine
= the mass rate of total air flow entering the turbofan =
= the mass rate of intake air that flows to the core engine
= the mass rate of intake air that bypasses the core engine
= the velocity of the air flow bypassed around the core engine
= the velocity of the hot exhaust gas from the core engine
= the velocity of the total air intake = the true airspeed of the aircraft
= bypass ratio
Nozzles
The cold duct and core duct's nozzle systems are relatively complex due to the use of two separate exhaust flows. In high bypass engines, the fan is situated in a short duct near the front of the engine and typically has a convergent cold nozzle, with the tail of the duct forming a low pressure ratio nozzle that under normal conditions will choke creating supersonic flow patterns around the core. The core nozzle is more conventional, but generates less of the thrust, and depending on design choices, such as noise considerations, may conceivably not choke. In low bypass engines the two flows may combine within the ducts, and share a common nozzle, which can be fitted with afterburner.
Noise
Most of the air flow through a high-bypass turbofan is lower-velocity bypass flow: even when combined with the much-higher-velocity engine exhaust, the average exhaust velocity is considerably lower than in a pure turbojet. Turbojet engine noise is predominately jet noise from the high exhaust velocity. Therefore, turbofan engines are significantly quieter than a pure-jet of the same thrust, and jet noise is no longer the predominant source. Turbofan engine noise propagates both upstream via the inlet and downstream via the primary nozzle and the by-pass duct. Other noise sources are the fan, compressor and turbine.
Fan noise may come from the interaction of the fan-blade wakes with the pressure field of the downstream fan-exit stator vanes. It may be minimized by adequate axial spacing between blade trailing edge and stator entrance.
At high engine speeds, as at takeoff, shock waves from the supersonic fan tips, because of their unequal nature, produce noise of a discordant nature known as "buzz saw" noise.
All modern turbofan engines have acoustic liners in the nacelle to damp their noise. They extend as much as possible to cover the largest surface area. The acoustic performance of the engine can be experimentally evaluated by means of ground tests or in dedicated experimental test rigs.
In the aerospace industry, chevrons are the "saw-tooth" patterns on the trailing edges of some jet engine nozzles that are used for noise reduction. The shaped edges smooth the mixing of hot air from the engine core and cooler air flowing through the engine fan, which reduces noise-creating turbulence. Chevrons were developed by GE under a NASA contract. Some notable examples of such designs are Boeing 787 and Boeing 747-8 on the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 and General Electric GEnx engines.
History
Early turbojet engines were not very fuel-efficient because their overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature were severely limited by the technology and materials available at the time.
The first turbofan engine, which was only run on a test bed, was the German Daimler-Benz DB 670, designated the 109-007 by the German RLM (Ministry of Aviation), with a first run date of 27 May 1943, after the testing of the turbomachinery using an electric motor, which had been undertaken on 1 April 1943. Development of the engine was abandoned with its problems unsolved, as the war situation worsened for Germany.
Later in 1943, the British ground tested the Metrovick F.3 turbofan, which used the Metrovick F.2 turbojet as a gas generator with the exhaust discharging into a close-coupled aft-fan module comprising a contra-rotating LP turbine system driving two co-axial contra-rotating fans.
Improved materials, and the introduction of twin compressors, such as in the Bristol Olympus, and Pratt & Whitney JT3C engines, increased the overall pressure ratio and thus the thermodynamic efficiency of engines. They also had poor propulsive efficiency, because pure turbojets have a high specific thrust/high velocity exhaust, which is better suited to supersonic flight.
The original low-bypass turbofan engines were designed to improve propulsive efficiency by reducing the exhaust velocity to a value closer to that of the aircraft. The Rolls-Royce Conway, the world's first production turbofan, had a bypass ratio of 0.3, similar to the modern General Electric F404 fighter engine. Civilian turbofan engines of the 1960s, such as the Pratt & Whitney JT8D and the Rolls-Royce Spey, had bypass ratios closer to 1 and were similar to their military equivalents.
The first Soviet airliner powered by turbofan engines was the Tupolev Tu-124 introduced in 1962. It used the Soloviev D-20. 164 aircraft were produced between 1960 and 1965 for Aeroflot and other Eastern Bloc airlines, with some operating until the early 1990s.
The first General Electric turbofan was the aft-fan CJ805-23, based on the CJ805-3 turbojet. It was followed by the aft-fan General Electric CF700 engine, with a 2.0 bypass ratio. This was derived from the General Electric J85/CJ610 turbojet to power the larger Rockwell Sabreliner 75/80 model aircraft, as well as the Dassault Falcon 20, with about a 50% increase in thrust to . The CF700 was the first small turbofan to be certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). There were at one time over 400 CF700 aircraft in operation around the world, with an experience base of over 10 million service hours. The CF700 turbofan engine was also used to train Moon-bound astronauts in Project Apollo as the powerplant for the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle.
Common types
Low-bypass turbofan
A high-specific-thrust/low-bypass-ratio turbofan normally has a multi-stage fan behind inlet guide vanes, developing a relatively high pressure ratio and, thus, yielding a high (mixed or cold) exhaust velocity. The core airflow needs to be large enough to ensure there is sufficient core power to drive the fan. A smaller core flow/higher bypass ratio cycle can be achieved by raising the inlet temperature of the high-pressure (HP) turbine rotor.
To illustrate one aspect of how a turbofan differs from a turbojet, comparisons can be made at the same airflow (to keep a common intake for example) and the same net thrust (i.e. same specific thrust). A bypass flow can be added only if the turbine inlet temperature is not too high to compensate for the smaller core flow. Future improvements in turbine cooling/material technology can allow higher turbine inlet temperature, which is necessary because of increased cooling air temperature, resulting from an overall pressure ratio increase.
The resulting turbofan, with reasonable efficiencies and duct loss for the added components, would probably operate at a higher nozzle pressure ratio than the turbojet, but with a lower exhaust temperature to retain net thrust. Since the temperature rise across the whole engine (intake to nozzle) would be lower, the (dry power) fuel flow would also be reduced, resulting in a better specific fuel consumption (SFC).
Some low-bypass ratio military turbofans (e.g. F404, JT8D) have variable inlet guide vanes to direct air onto the first fan rotor stage. This improves the fan surge margin (see compressor map).
Afterburning turbofan
Since the 1970s, most jet fighter engines have been low/medium bypass turbofans with a mixed exhaust, afterburner and variable area exit nozzle. An afterburner is a combustor located downstream of the turbine blades and directly upstream of the nozzle, which burns fuel from afterburner-specific fuel injectors. When lit, large volumes of fuel are burnt in the afterburner, raising the temperature of exhaust gases by a significant degree, resulting in a higher exhaust velocity/engine specific thrust. The variable geometry nozzle must open to a larger throat area to accommodate the extra volume and increased flow rate when the afterburner is lit. Afterburning is often designed to give a significant thrust boost for take off, transonic acceleration and combat maneuvers, but is very fuel intensive. Consequently, afterburning can be used only for short portions of a mission.
Unlike in the main engine, where stoichiometric temperatures in the combustor have to be reduced before they reach the turbine, an afterburner at maximum fuelling is designed to produce stoichiometric temperatures at entry to the nozzle, about . At a fixed total applied fuel:air ratio, the total fuel flow for a given fan airflow will be the same, regardless of the dry specific thrust of the engine. However, a high specific thrust turbofan will, by definition, have a higher nozzle pressure ratio, resulting in a higher afterburning net thrust and, therefore, a lower afterburning specific fuel consumption (SFC). However, high specific thrust engines have a high dry SFC. The situation is reversed for a medium specific thrust afterburning turbofan: i.e., poor afterburning SFC/good dry SFC. The former engine is suitable for a combat aircraft which must remain in afterburning combat for a fairly long period, but has to fight only fairly close to the airfield (e.g. cross border skirmishes). The latter engine is better for an aircraft that has to fly some distance, or loiter for a long time, before going into combat. However, the pilot can afford to stay in afterburning only for a short period, before aircraft fuel reserves become dangerously low.
The first production afterburning turbofan engine was the Pratt & Whitney TF30, which initially powered the F-111 Aardvark and F-14 Tomcat. Current low-bypass military turbofans include the Pratt & Whitney F119, the Eurojet EJ200, the General Electric F110, the Klimov RD-33, and the Saturn AL-31, all of which feature a mixed exhaust, afterburner and variable area propelling nozzle.
High-bypass turbofan
To further improve fuel economy and reduce noise, almost all of today's jet airliners and most military transport aircraft (e.g., the C-17) are powered by low-specific-thrust/high-bypass-ratio turbofans. These engines evolved from the high-specific-thrust/low-bypass-ratio turbofans used in such aircraft in the 1960s. Modern combat aircraft tend to use low-bypass ratio turbofans, and some military transport aircraft use turboprops.
Low specific thrust is achieved by replacing the multi-stage fan with a single-stage unit. Unlike some military engines, modern civil turbofans lack stationary inlet guide vanes in front of the fan rotor. The fan is scaled to achieve the desired net thrust.
The core (or gas generator) of the engine must generate enough power to drive the fan at its rated mass flow and pressure ratio. Improvements in turbine cooling/material technology allow for a higher (HP) turbine rotor inlet temperature, which allows a smaller (and lighter) core, potentially improving the core thermal efficiency. Reducing the core mass flow tends to increase the load on the LP turbine, so this unit may require additional stages to reduce the average stage loading and to maintain LP turbine efficiency. Reducing core flow also increases bypass ratio. Bypass ratios greater than 5:1 are increasingly common; the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G, which entered commercial service in 2016, attains 12.5:1.
Further improvements in core thermal efficiency can be achieved by raising the overall pressure ratio of the core. Improvements in blade aerodynamics can reduce the number of extra compressor stages required, and variable geometry stators enable high-pressure-ratio compressors to work surge-free at all throttle settings.
The first (experimental) high-bypass turbofan engine was the AVCO-Lycoming PLF1A-2, a Honeywell T55 turboshaft-derived engine that was first run in February 1962. The PLF1A-2 had a geared fan stage, produced a static thrust of , and had a bypass ratio of 6:1. The General Electric TF39 became the first production model, designed to power the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy military transport aircraft. The civil General Electric CF6 engine used a derived design. Other high-bypass turbofans are the Pratt & Whitney JT9D, the three-shaft Rolls-Royce RB211 and the CFM International CFM56; also the smaller TF34. More recent large high-bypass turbofans include the Pratt & Whitney PW4000, the three-shaft Rolls-Royce Trent, the General Electric GE90/GEnx and the GP7000, produced jointly by GE and P&W. The Pratt & Whitney JT9D engine was the first high bypass ratio jet engine to power a wide-body airliner.
The lower the specific thrust of a turbofan, the lower the mean jet outlet velocity, which in turn translates into a high thrust lapse rate (i.e. decreasing thrust with increasing flight speed). See technical discussion below, item 2. Consequently, an engine sized to propel an aircraft at high subsonic flight speed (e.g., Mach 0.83) generates a relatively high thrust at low flight speed, thus enhancing runway performance. Low specific thrust engines tend to have a high bypass ratio, but this is also a function of the temperature of the turbine system.
The turbofans on twin-engined transport aircraft produce enough take-off thrust to continue a take-off on one engine if the other engine shuts down after a critical point in the take-off run. From that point on the aircraft has less than half the thrust compared to two operating engines because the non-functioning engine is a source of drag. Modern twin engined airliners normally climb very steeply immediately after take-off. If one engine shuts down, the climb-out is much shallower, but sufficient to clear obstacles in the flightpath.
The Soviet Union's engine technology was less advanced than the West's, and its first wide-body aircraft, the Ilyushin Il-86, was powered by low-bypass engines. The Yakovlev Yak-42, a medium-range, rear-engined aircraft seating up to 120 passengers, introduced in 1980, was the first Soviet aircraft to use high-bypass engines.
Turbofan configurations
Turbofan engines come in a variety of engine configurations. For a given engine cycle (i.e., same airflow, bypass ratio, fan pressure ratio, overall pressure ratio and HP turbine rotor inlet temperature), the choice of turbofan configuration has little impact upon the design point performance (e.g., net thrust, SFC), as long as overall component performance is maintained. Off-design performance and stability is, however, affected by engine configuration.
The basic element of a turbofan is a spool, a single combination of fan/compressor, turbine and shaft rotating at a single speed. For a given pressure ratio, the surge margin can be increased by two different design paths:
Splitting the compressor into two smaller spools rotating at different speeds, as with the Pratt & Whitney J57; or
Making the stator vane pitch adjustable, typically in the front stages, as with the J79.
Most modern western civil turbofans employ a relatively high-pressure-ratio high-pressure (HP) compressor, with many rows of variable stators to control surge margin at low rpm. In the three-spool RB211/Trent the core compression system is split into two, with the IP compressor, which supercharges the HP compressor, being on a different coaxial shaft and driven by a separate (IP) turbine. As the HP compressor has a modest pressure ratio its speed can be reduced surge-free, without employing variable geometry. However, because a shallow IP compressor working line is inevitable, the IPC has one stage of variable geometry on all variants except the −535, which has none.
Single-shaft turbofan
Although far from common, the single-shaft turbofan is probably the simplest configuration, comprising a fan and high-pressure compressor driven by a single turbine unit, all on the same spool. The Snecma M53, which powers Dassault Mirage 2000 fighter aircraft, is an example of a single-shaft turbofan. Despite the simplicity of the turbomachinery configuration, the M53 requires a variable area mixer to facilitate part-throttle operation.
Aft-fan turbofan
One of the earliest turbofans was a derivative of the General Electric J79 turbojet, known as the CJ805-23, which featured an integrated aft fan/low-pressure (LP) turbine unit located in the turbojet exhaust jetpipe. Hot gas from the turbojet turbine exhaust expanded through the LP turbine, the fan blades being a radial extension of the turbine blades. This arrangement introduces an additional gas leakage path compared to a front-fan configuration and was a problem with this engine with higher-pressure turbine gas leaking into the fan airflow. An aft-fan configuration was later used for the General Electric GE36 UDF (propfan) demonstrator of the early 1980s.
In 1971 a concept was put forward by the NASA Lewis Research Center for a supersonic transport engine which operated as an aft-fan turbofan at take-off and subsonic speeds and a turbojet at higher speeds. This would give the low noise and high thrust characteristics of a turbofan at take-off, together with turbofan high propulsive efficiency at subsonic flight speeds. It would have the high propulsive efficiency of a turbojet at supersonic cruise speeds.
Basic two-spool
Many turbofans have at least basic two-spool configuration where the fan is on a separate low pressure (LP) spool, running concentrically with the compressor or high pressure (HP) spool; the LP spool runs at a lower angular velocity, while the HP spool turns faster and its compressor further compresses part of the air for combustion. The BR710 is typical of this configuration. At the smaller thrust sizes, instead of all-axial blading, the HP compressor configuration may be axial-centrifugal (e.g., CFE CFE738), double-centrifugal or even diagonal/centrifugal (e.g. Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600).
Boosted two-spool
Higher overall pressure ratios can be achieved by either raising the HP compressor pressure ratio or adding compressor (non-bypass) stages to the LP spool, between the fan and the HP compressor, to boost the latter. All of the large American turbofans (e.g. General Electric CF6, GE90, GE9X and GEnx plus Pratt & Whitney JT9D and PW4000) use booster stages. The Rolls-Royce BR715 is another example. The high bypass ratios used in modern civil turbofans tend to reduce the relative diameter of the booster stages, reducing their mean tip speed. Consequently, more booster stages are required to develop the necessary pressure rise.
Three-spool
Rolls-Royce chose a three-spool configuration for their large civil turbofans (i.e. the RB211 and Trent families), where the booster stages of a boosted two-spool configuration are separated into an intermediate pressure (IP) spool, driven by its own turbine. The first three-spool engine was the earlier Rolls-Royce RB.203 Trent of 1967.
The Garrett ATF3, powering the Dassault Falcon 20 business jet, has an unusual three spool layout with an aft spool not concentric with the two others.
Ivchenko Design Bureau chose the same configuration as Rolls-Royce for their Lotarev D-36 engine, followed by Lotarev/Progress D-18T and Progress D-436.
The Turbo-Union RB199 military turbofan also has a three-spool configuration, as do the military Kuznetsov NK-25 and NK-321.
Geared fan
As bypass ratio increases, the fan blade tip speed increases relative to the LPT blade speed. This will reduce the LPT blade speed, requiring more turbine stages to extract enough energy to drive the fan. Introducing a (planetary) reduction gearbox, with a suitable gear ratio, between the LP shaft and the fan enables both the fan and LP turbine to operate at their optimum speeds. Examples of this configuration are the long-established Garrett TFE731, the Honeywell ALF 502/507, and the recent Pratt & Whitney PW1000G.
Military turbofans
Most of the configurations discussed above are used in civilian turbofans, while modern military turbofans (e.g., Snecma M88) are usually basic two-spool.
High-pressure turbine
Most civil turbofans use a high-efficiency, 2-stage HP turbine to drive the HP compressor. The CFM International CFM56 uses an alternative approach: a single-stage, high-work unit. While this approach is probably less efficient, there are savings on cooling air, weight and cost.
In the RB211 and Trent 3-spool engine series, the HP compressor pressure ratio is modest so only a single HP turbine stage is required. Modern military turbofans also tend to use a single HP turbine stage and a modest HP compressor.
Low-pressure turbine
Modern civil turbofans have multi-stage LP turbines (anywhere from 3 to 7). The number of stages required depends on the engine cycle bypass ratio and the boost (on boosted two-spools). A geared fan may reduce the number of required LPT stages in some applications. Because of the much lower bypass ratios employed, military turbofans require only one or two LP turbine stages.
Overall performance
Cycle improvements
Consider a mixed turbofan with a fixed bypass ratio and airflow. Increasing the overall pressure ratio of the compression system raises the combustor entry temperature. Therefore, at a fixed fuel flow there is an increase in (HP) turbine rotor inlet temperature. Although the higher temperature rise across the compression system implies a larger temperature drop over the turbine system, the mixed nozzle temperature is unaffected, because the same amount of heat is being added to the system. There is, however, a rise in nozzle pressure, because overall pressure ratio increases faster than the turbine expansion ratio, causing an increase in the hot mixer entry pressure. Consequently, net thrust increases, whilst specific fuel consumption (fuel flow/net thrust) decreases. A similar trend occurs with unmixed turbofans.
Turbofan engines can be made more fuel efficient by raising overall pressure ratio and turbine rotor inlet temperature in unison. However, better turbine materials or improved vane/blade cooling are required to cope with increases in both turbine rotor inlet temperature and compressor delivery temperature. Increasing the latter may require better compressor materials.
The overall pressure ratio can be increased by improving fan (or) LP compressor pressure ratio or HP compressor pressure ratio. If the latter is held constant, the increase in (HP) compressor delivery temperature (from raising overall pressure ratio) implies an increase in HP mechanical speed. However, stressing considerations might limit this parameter, implying, despite an increase in overall pressure ratio, a reduction in HP compressor pressure ratio.
According to simple theory, if the ratio of turbine rotor inlet temperature/(HP) compressor delivery temperature is maintained, the HP turbine throat area can be retained. However, this assumes that cycle improvements are obtained, while retaining the datum (HP) compressor exit flow function (non-dimensional flow). In practice, changes to the non-dimensional speed of the (HP) compressor and cooling bleed extraction would probably make this assumption invalid, making some adjustment to HP turbine throat area unavoidable. This means the HP turbine nozzle guide vanes would have to be different from the original. In all probability, the downstream LP turbine nozzle guide vanes would have to be changed anyway.
Thrust growth
Thrust growth is obtained by increasing core power. There are two basic routes available:
hot route: increase HP turbine rotor inlet temperature
cold route: increase core mass flow
Both routes require an increase in the combustor fuel flow and, therefore, the heat energy added to the core stream.
The hot route may require changes in turbine blade/vane materials or better blade/vane cooling. The cold route can be obtained by one of the following:
adding booster stages to the LP/IP compression
adding a zero-stage to the HP compression
improving the compression process, without adding stages (e.g. higher fan hub pressure ratio)
all of which increase both overall pressure ratio and core airflow.
Alternatively, the core size can be increased, to raise core airflow, without changing overall pressure ratio. This route is expensive, since a new (upflowed) turbine system (and possibly a larger IP compressor) is also required.
Changes must also be made to the fan to absorb the extra core power. On a civil engine, jet noise considerations mean that any significant increase in take-off thrust must be accompanied by a corresponding increase in fan mass flow (to maintain a T/O specific thrust of about 30 lbf/lb/s).
Technical discussion
Specific thrust (net thrust/intake airflow) is an important parameter for turbofans and jet engines in general. Imagine a fan (driven by an appropriately sized electric motor) operating within a pipe, which is connected to a propelling nozzle. It is fairly obvious, the higher the fan pressure ratio (fan discharge pressure/fan inlet pressure), the higher the jet velocity and the corresponding specific thrust. Now imagine we replace this set-up with an equivalent turbofan – same airflow and same fan pressure ratio. Obviously, the core of the turbofan must produce sufficient power to drive the fan via the low-pressure (LP) turbine. If we choose a low (HP) turbine inlet temperature for the gas generator, the core airflow needs to be relatively high to compensate. The corresponding bypass ratio is therefore relatively low. If we raise the turbine inlet temperature, the core airflow can be smaller, thus increasing bypass ratio. Raising turbine inlet temperature tends to increase thermal efficiency and, therefore, improve fuel efficiency.
Naturally, as altitude increases, there is a decrease in air density and, therefore, the net thrust of an engine. There is also a flight speed effect, termed thrust lapse rate. Consider the approximate equation for net thrust again: With a high specific thrust (e.g., fighter) engine, the jet velocity is relatively high, so intuitively one can see that increases in flight velocity have less of an impact upon net thrust than a medium specific thrust (e.g., trainer) engine, where the jet velocity is lower. The impact of thrust lapse rate upon a low specific thrust (e.g., civil) engine is even more severe. At high flight speeds, high-specific-thrust engines can pick up net thrust through the ram rise in the intake, but this effect tends to diminish at supersonic speeds because of shock wave losses.
Thrust growth on civil turbofans is usually obtained by increasing fan airflow, thus preventing the jet noise becoming too high. However, the larger fan airflow requires more power from the core. This can be achieved by raising the overall pressure ratio (combustor inlet pressure/intake delivery pressure) to induce more airflow into the core and by increasing turbine inlet temperature. Together, these parameters tend to increase core thermal efficiency and improve fuel efficiency.
Some high-bypass-ratio civil turbofans use an extremely low area ratio (less than 1.01), convergent-divergent, nozzle on the bypass (or mixed exhaust) stream, to control the fan working line. The nozzle acts as if it has variable geometry. At low flight speeds the nozzle is unchoked (less than a Mach number of unity), so the exhaust gas speeds up as it approaches the throat and then slows down slightly as it reaches the divergent section. Consequently, the nozzle exit area controls the fan match and, being larger than the throat, pulls the fan working line slightly away from surge. At higher flight speeds, the ram rise in the intake increases nozzle pressure ratio to the point where the throat becomes choked (M=1.0). Under these circumstances, the throat area dictates the fan match and, being smaller than the exit, pushes the fan working line slightly towards surge. This is not a problem, since fan surge margin is much better at high flight speeds.
The off-design behaviour of turbofans is illustrated under compressor map and turbine map.
Because modern civil turbofans operate at low specific thrust, they require only a single fan stage to develop the required fan pressure ratio. The desired overall pressure ratio for the engine cycle is usually achieved by multiple axial stages on the core compression. Rolls-Royce tend to split the core compression into two with an intermediate pressure (IP) supercharging the HP compressor, both units being driven by turbines with a single stage, mounted on separate shafts. Consequently, the HP compressor need develop only a modest pressure ratio (e.g., ~4.5:1). US civil engines use much higher HP compressor pressure ratios (e.g., ~23:1 on the General Electric GE90) and tend to be driven by a two-stage HP turbine. Even so, there are usually a few IP axial stages mounted on the LP shaft, behind the fan, to further supercharge the core compression system. Civil engines have multi-stage LP turbines, the number of stages being determined by the bypass ratio, the amount of IP compression on the LP shaft and the LP turbine blade speed.
Because military engines usually have to be able to fly very fast at sea level, the limit on HP compressor delivery temperature is reached at a fairly modest design overall pressure ratio, compared with that of a civil engine. Also the fan pressure ratio is relatively high, to achieve a medium to high specific thrust. Consequently, modern military turbofans usually have only 5 or 6 HP compressor stages and require only a single-stage HP turbine. Low-bypass-ratio military turbofans usually have one LP turbine stage, but higher bypass ratio engines need two stages. In theory, by adding IP compressor stages, a modern military turbofan HP compressor could be used in a civil turbofan derivative, but the core would tend to be too small for high thrust applications.
Improvements
Aerodynamic modelling
Aerodynamics is a mix of subsonic, transonic and supersonic airflow on a single fan/gas compressor blade in a modern turbofan. The airflow past the blades has to be maintained within close angular limits to keep the air flowing against an increasing pressure. Otherwise the air will come back out of the intake.
The Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) needs accurate data for controlling the engine. The critical turbine inlet temperature (TIT) is too harsh an environment, at and , for reliable sensors. Therefore, during development of a new engine type a relation is established between a more easily measured temperature like exhaust gas temperature and the TIT. Monitoring the exhaust gas temperature is then used to make sure the engine does not run too hot.
Blade technology
A turbine blade is subjected to , at and a centrifugal force of , well above the point of plastic deformation and even above the melting point.
Exotic alloys, sophisticated air cooling schemes and special mechanical design are needed to keep the physical stresses within the strength of the material.
Rotating seals must withstand harsh conditions for 10 years, 20,000 missions and rotating at 10 to 20,000 rpm.
Fan blades
Fan blades have been growing as jet engines have been getting bigger: each fan blade carries the equivalent of nine double-decker buses and swallows air the equivalent volume of a squash court every second.
Advances in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling have permitted complex, 3D curved shapes with very wide chord, keeping the fan capabilities while minimizing the blade count to lower costs.
Coincidentally, the bypass ratio grew to achieve higher propulsive efficiency and the fan diameter increased.
Rolls-Royce pioneered the hollow, titanium wide-chord fan blade in the 1980s for aerodynamic efficiency and foreign object damage resistance in the RB211 then for the Trent.
GE Aviation introduced carbon fiber composite fan blades on the GE90 in 1995, manufactured today with a carbon-fiber tape-layer process.
GE partner Safran developed a 3D woven technology with Albany Composites for the CFM56 and CFM LEAP engines.
Future progress
Engine cores are shrinking as they are operating at higher pressure ratios and becoming more efficient, and become smaller compared to the fan as bypass ratios increase.
Blade tip clearances are harder to maintain at the exit of the high-pressure compressor where blades are high or less; backbone bending further affects clearance control as the core is proportionately longer and thinner and the fan to low-pressure turbine driveshaft is in constrained space within the core.
Pratt & Whitney VP technology and environment Alan Epstein argued "Over the history of commercial aviation, we have gone from 20% to 40% [cruise efficiency], and there is a consensus among the engine community that we can probably get to 60%".
Geared turbofans and further fan pressure ratio reductions may continue to improve propulsive efficiency.
The second phase of the FAA's Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions and Noise (CLEEN) program is targeting for the late 2020s reductions of 33% fuel burn, 60% emissions and 32 dB EPNdb noise compared with the 2000s state-of-the-art.
In summer 2017 at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, Pratt has finished testing a very-low-pressure-ratio fan on a PW1000G, resembling an open rotor with fewer blades than the PW1000G's 20.
The weight and size of the nacelle would be reduced by a short duct inlet, imposing higher aerodynamic turning loads on the blades and leaving less space for soundproofing, but a lower-pressure-ratio fan is slower.
UTC Aerospace Systems Aerostructures will have a full-scale ground test in 2019 of its low-drag Integrated Propulsion System with a thrust reverser, improving fuel burn by 1% and with 2.5-3 EPNdB lower noise.
Safran expects to deliver another 10–15% in fuel efficiency through the mid-2020s before reaching an asymptote, and next will have to introduce a breakthrough: to increase the bypass ratio to 35:1 instead of 11:1 for the CFM LEAP, it is demonstrating a counterrotating open rotor unducted fan (propfan) in Istres, France, under the European Clean Sky technology program.
Modeling advances and high specific strength materials may help it succeed where previous attempts failed.
When noise levels will be within current standards and similar to the LEAP engine, 15% lower fuel burn will be available and for that Safran is testing its controls, vibration and operation, while airframe integration is still challenging.
For GE Aviation, the energy density of jet fuel still maximises the Breguet range equation and higher pressure ratio cores; lower pressure ratio fans, low-loss inlets and lighter structures can further improve thermal, transfer and propulsive efficiency.
Under the U.S. Air Force's Adaptive Engine Transition Program, adaptive thermodynamic cycles will be used for the sixth-generation jet fighter, based on a modified Brayton cycle and Constant volume combustion.
Additive manufacturing in the advanced turboprop will reduce weight by 5% and fuel burn by 20%.
Rotating and static ceramic matrix composite (CMC) parts operates hotter than metal and are one-third its weight.
With $21.9 million from the Air Force Research Laboratory, GE is investing $200 million in a CMC facility in Huntsville, Alabama, in addition to its Asheville, North Carolina site, mass-producing silicon carbide matrix with silicon-carbide fibers in 2018.
CMCs will be used ten times more by the mid-2020s: the CFM LEAP requires 18 CMC turbine shrouds per engine and the GE9X will use it in the combustor and for 42 HP turbine nozzles.
Rolls-Royce Plc aim for a 60:1 pressure ratio core for the 2020s Ultrafan and began ground tests of its gear for and 15:1 bypass ratios.
Nearly stoichiometric turbine entry temperature approaches the theoretical limit and its impact on emissions has to be balanced with environmental performance goals.
Open rotors, lower pressure ratio fans and potentially distributed propulsion offer more room for better propulsive efficiency.
Exotic cycles, heat exchangers and pressure gain/constant volume combustion may improve thermodynamic efficiency.
Additive manufacturing could be an enabler for intercooler and recuperators.
Closer airframe integration and hybrid or electric aircraft can be combined with gas turbines.
Current Rolls-Royce engines have a 72–82% propulsive efficiency and 42–49% thermal efficiency for a TSFC at Mach 0.8, and aim for theoretical limits of 95% for open rotor propulsive efficiency and 60% for thermal efficiency with stoichiometric turbine entry temperature and 80:1 overall pressure ratio for a TSFC
As teething troubles may not show up until several thousand hours, the latest turbofans' technical problems disrupt airlines operations and manufacturers deliveries while production rates rise sharply.
Trent 1000 cracked blades grounded almost 50 Boeing 787s and reduced ETOPS to 2.3 hours down from 5.5, costing Rolls-Royce plc almost $950 million.
PW1000G knife-edge seal fractures have caused Pratt & Whitney to fall behind in deliveries, leaving about 100 engineless A320neos waiting for their powerplants.
The CFM LEAP introduction had been smoother but a ceramic composite Turbine coating was prematurely lost, necessitating a new design, causing 60 A320neo engine removals for modification and delaying deliveries by up to six weeks late.
On a widebody, Safran estimates 5–10% of fuel could be saved by reducing power intake for hydraulic systems, while swapping to electrical power could save 30% of weight, as initiated on the Boeing 787, while Rolls-Royce plc hopes for up to 5%.
Manufacturers
The turbofan engine market is dominated by General Electric, Rolls-Royce plc and Pratt & Whitney, in order of market share. General Electric and Safran of France have a joint venture, CFM International. Pratt & Whitney also have a joint venture, International Aero Engines with Japanese Aero Engine Corporation and MTU Aero Engines of Germany, specializing in engines for the Airbus A320 family. Pratt & Whitney and General Electric have a joint venture, Engine Alliance selling a range of engines for aircraft such as the Airbus A380.
For airliners and cargo aircraft, the in-service fleet in 2016 is 60,000 engines and should grow to 103,000 in 2035 with 86,500 deliveries according to Flight Global. A majority will be medium-thrust engines for narrow-body aircraft with 54,000 deliveries, for a fleet growing from 28,500 to 61,000. High-thrust engines for wide-body aircraft, worth 40–45% of the market by value, will grow from 12,700 engines to over 21,000 with 18,500 deliveries. The regional jet engines below 20,000 lb (89 kN) fleet will grow from 7,500 to 9,000 and the fleet of turboprops for airliners will increase from 9,400 to 10,200. The manufacturers market share should be led by CFM with 44% followed by Pratt & Whitney with 29% and then Rolls-Royce and General Electric with 10% each.
Commercial turbofans in production
Extreme bypass jet engines
In the 1970s, Rolls-Royce/SNECMA tested a M45SD-02 turbofan fitted with variable-pitch fan blades to improve handling at ultralow fan pressure ratios and to provide thrust reverse down to zero aircraft speed. The engine was aimed at ultraquiet STOL aircraft operating from city-centre airports.
In a bid for increased efficiency with speed, a development of the turbofan and turboprop known as a propfan engine was created that had an unducted fan. The fan blades are situated outside of the duct, so that it appears like a turboprop with wide scimitar-like blades. Both General Electric and Pratt & Whitney/Allison demonstrated propfan engines in the 1980s. Excessive cabin noise and relatively cheap jet fuel prevented the engines being put into service. The Progress D-27 propfan, developed in the U.S.S.R., was the only propfan engine equipped on a production aircraft.
Terminology
Afterburner jetpipe equipped for afterburning
Augmentor afterburner for turbofan with burning in hot and cold flows
Bypass that part of the engine as distinct from the core in terms of components and airflow, eg that part of fan blading (fan outer) and stators which pass bypass air, bypass duct, bypass nozzle
Bypass ratio bypass air mass flow /core air mass flow
Core that part of the engine as distinct from the bypass in terms of components and airflow, eg core cowl, core nozzle, core airflow and associated machinery, combustor and fuel system
Core power also known as "available energy" or "gas horsepower". It is used to measure the theoretical (isentropic expansion) shaft work available from a gas generator or core by expanding hot, high pressure gas to ambient pressure. Since the power depends on the pressure and temperature of the gas (and the ambient pressure) a related figure of merit for thrust-producing engines is one which measures the thrust-producing potential from hot, high pressure gas and known as "stream thrust". It is obtained by calculating the velocity obtained with isentropic expansion to atmospheric pressure. The significance of the thrust obtained appears when multiplied by the aircraft velocity to give the thrust work. The thrust work which is potentially available is far less than the gas horsepower due to the increasing waste in the exhaust kinetic energy with increasing pressure and temperature before expansion to atmospheric pressure. The two are related by the propulsive efficiency, a measure of the energy wasted as a result of producing a force (ie thrust) in a fluid by increasing the speed (ie momentum) of the fluid.
Dry engine ratings/ throttle lever positions below afterburning selection
EGT exhaust gas temperature
EPR engine pressure ratio
Fan turbofan LP compressor
Fanjet turbofan or aircraft powered by turbofan (colloquial)
Fan pressure ratio fan outlet total pressure/fan inlet total pressure
Flex temp At reduced take-off weights commercial aircraft can use reduced thrust which increases engine life and reduces maintenance costs. Flex temperature is a higher than actual outside air temperature (OAT) which is input to the engine monitoring computer to achieve the required reduced thrust (also known as "assumed temperature thrust reduction").
Gas generator that part of the engine core which provides the hot, high pressure gas for fan-driving turbines (turbofan), for propelling nozzles (turbojet), for propeller- and rotor-driving turbines (turboprop and turboshaft), for industrial and marine power turbines
HP high-pressure
Intake ram drag Loss in momentum of engine stream tube from freestream to intake entrance, ie amount of energy imparted to air required to accelerate air from a stationary atmosphere to aircraft speed.
IEPR integrated engine pressure ratio
IP intermediate pressure
LP low-pressure
Net thrust nozzle thrust in stationary air (gross thrust) – engine stream tube ram drag (loss in momentum from freestream to intake entrance, ie amount of energy imparted to air required to accelerate air from a stationary atmosphere to aircraft speed). This is the thrust acting on the airframe.
Overall pressure ratio combustor inlet total pressure/intake delivery total pressure
Overall efficiency thermal efficiency * propulsive efficiency
Propulsive efficiency propulsive power/rate of production of propulsive kinetic energy (maximum propulsive efficiency occurs when jet velocity equals flight velocity, which implies zero net thrust!)
Specific fuel consumption (SFC) total fuel flow/net thrust (proportional to flight velocity/overall thermal efficiency)
Spooling up increase in RPM (colloquial)
Spooling down decrease in RPM (colloquial)
Stage loading For a turbine, the purpose of which is to produce power, the loading is an indicator of power developed per lb/sec of gas (specific power). A turbine stage turns the gas from an axial direction and speeds it up (in the nozzle guide vanes) to turn the rotor most effectively (rotor blades must produce high lift), the proviso being that this is done efficiently, ie with acceptable losses. For a compressor stage, the purpose of which is to produce a pressure rise, a diffusion process is used. How much diffusion may be allowed (and pressure rise obtained) before unacceptable flow separation occurs (ie losses) may be regarded as a loading limit.
Static pressure pressure of the fluid which is associated not with its motion but with its state or, alternatively, pressure due to the random motion of the fluid molecules that would be felt or measured if moving with the flow
Specific thrust net thrust/intake airflow
Thermal efficiency rate of production of propulsive kinetic energy/fuel power
Total fuel flow combustor (plus any afterburner) fuel flow rate (e.g., lb/s or g/s)
Total pressure static pressure plus kinetic energy term
Turbine rotor inlet temperature maximum cycle temperature, ie temperature at which work transfer takes place
See also
Axial fan design
Gas turbine
Turbine engine failure
Variable cycle engine
References
External links
Wikibooks: Jet propulsion
and previous series
Gas turbines
Jet engines
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74362428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantilla%20cascadae
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Tantilla cascadae
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Tantilla cascadae, the Michoacán centipede snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.
The snake is found in Mexico.
References
Tantilla
Reptiles described in 1981
Endemic reptiles of Mexico
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37542595
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20Parish%2C%20New%20Brunswick
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Harvey Parish, New Brunswick
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Harvey Parish, New Brunswick
Harvey is a geographic parish in southern Albert County, New Brunswick, Canada.
For governance purposes, Harvey is divided between the village of Fundy Albert and the Southeast rural district, both members of the Southeast Regional Service Commission.
Prior to the 2023 governance reform, the parish formed a single local service district, the LSD of the parish of Harvey.
Origin of name
The parish was probably named in honour of Sir John Harvey, Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick 1837-1841.
History
Harvey Parish was erected in 1838 from western Hopewell and southern Salisbury Parishes. It included modern Alma Parish and the southern part of Elgin Parish.
Boundaries
Harvey Parish is bounded:
on the northwest by a line beginning about 2.8 kilometres west and slightly south of the junction of Rice Road with Kent Road, then running north 72º east to a point about 1.35 kilometres north of Lumsden Road, where Elgin, Harvey, Hillsborough and Hopewell Parishes meet;
on the east by a line running south 22º east to Crooked Creek, then down the creek and Shepody River to Shepody Bay;
on the south by Shepody Bay, Haw Haw Bay, Chignecto Bay, and Rocher Bay;
on the west by a line beginning on Rocher Bay about 1.1 kilometres southwest of the mouth of Alcorn Brook, then running northerly along the western line of a grant to James Speer and its prolongation to the starting point;
including Grindstone Island.
Evolution of boundaries
Harvey's northern line was originally an extension of the northern line of Hopewell Parish, running north of Church Hill Road. This put Church Hill, Churches Corner, Ferndale, River View, and Ross Corner in Harvey.
Following the erection of Albert County in 1845 the new county line passed through Salisbury and Harvey Parishes. This was found inconvenient and the county line was moved in 1846, adding the remainder of modern Elgin Parish to Harvey.
The northern part of Harvey was erected as Elgin Parish in 1847 and the western part as Alma Parish in 1855, giving the parish its modern boundaries.
In 1877 Grindstone Island was omitted from the boundary description of Harvey; this was corrected in 1879.
Local service district
The local service district of the parish of Harvey included the entire parish. The LSD was established on 23 November 1966 to assess for fire protection following the abolition of county councils in the new Municipalities Act. First aid & ambulance services were added on 21 January 1976.
In 2020, it assessed for community & recreation services in addition to the basic LSD services of fire protection, police services, land use planning, emergency measures, and dog control. The taxing authority was 617.00 Harvey.
Communities
Communities at least partly within the parish. italics indicate a name no longer in official use
Beaver Brook
Brookville
Cape Enrage
Casey Hill
Derrys Corner
Germantown
Harvey
Harvey Bank
Little Ridge
Midway
New Horton
New Ireland
Upper New Horton
Waterside
West River
Bodies of water
Bodies of water at least partly in the parish.
North River
Petitcodiac River
Shepody River
West River
Canada Creek
Crooked Creek
Northwest Branch Crooked Creek
Fairy Creek
Newfoundland Creek
New Horton Creek
Two Rivers Creek
Chignecto Bay
Haw Haw Bay
Rocher Bay
Salisbury Bay
Shepody Bay
Lockhart Lake
McFadden Lake
New Horton Lake
Islands
Islands at least partly within the parish.
Grindstone Island
Toms Island
Other notable places
Parks, historic sites, and other noteworthy places in the parish.
Caledonia Gorge Protected Natural Area
Cape Enrage Provincial Park
Shepody National Wildlife Area
Demographics
Population
Language
Mother tongue (2016)
Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the parish, including external routes that start or finish at the parish limits:
Highways
Principal Routes
None
Secondary Routes:
External Routes:
None
See also
List of parishes in New Brunswick
Notes
References
Parishes of Albert County, New Brunswick
Local service districts of Albert County, New Brunswick
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1596401
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalostylis%20sapida
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Rhopalostylis sapida
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Rhopalostylis sapida, commonly known as nīkau, is a palm tree endemic to New Zealand, and the only palm native to mainland New Zealand.
Etymology
is a word borrowed from the Māori language; cognates of this word in the closely related Eastern Polynesian languages of the tropical Pacific refer to the fronds or the midrib of the coconut palm.
Distribution
The nīkau palm is the only palm species endemic to mainland New Zealand. Its natural range is coastal and lowland forest on the North Island, and on the South Island as far south as Ōkārito (43°20′S) in the west and Banks Peninsula (43°5′S) in the east. It also occurs on Chatham Island and Pitt Island/Rangiauria to the south-east of New Zealand, where it is the world's southernmost palm at 44° 18'S latitude.
Description
Nīkau grow up to 15 m tall, with a stout, green trunk which bears grey-green leaf scars. The trunk is topped by a smooth, bulging crownshaft up to 1 m long. The fronds are up to 3 m long, and the closely set, sometimes overlapping leaflets are up to 1m long. The inflorescence is multibranched and from 20 to 40 cm long. The tightly packed flowers are unisexual and coloured lilac to pink. Male flowers are borne in pairs, and have six stamens. The female flowers are solitary. The fruit is elliptic or oblong, and generally measures about 10 by 7 mm, and is red when ripe. Nīkau produce flowers between November and April, and fruit ripens from February to November, taking almost a year to fully ripen.
These are a preferred food of the kererū, a native pigeon.
Fungus pathogen Pseudocercospora arecacearum can be found on the fronds of the palm.
Cultivation
Nīkau make an excellent potted plant, and are quite hardy. They tend to be slow-growing. They grow readily from seed if the fruit is soaked in water for a few days and then gently scrubbed to remove the flesh. The seed will then germinate readily if placed in sealed plastic bags in partial shade, after which they can be planted in deep pots. The pots should be tall and narrow to provide room for the taproot and to lessen the likelihood of root damage when transplanting.
Transplanting juveniles is generally successful if the main root is left intact. Nīkau do not have a true tap root. Once the main root has been established to a fairly shallow depth of about 400 mm, roots take on form consistent with other palms. Successful transplanting is possible, but nīkau are very fickle if any trunk is present. It is best done in summer, but a substantial root ball should be preserved, and shade should be provided at the new location – at the very least by tying the outer fronds closer to the centre. Ground watering is recommended because crown watering can induce terminal rot at the very slow-growing new spike. Delays should be avoided in getting nīkau into new ground, and substantial die-back of all but the central spike can be expected.
Nīkau thrive on cool temperatures, but are not commonly subject to freezing weather in their natural habitat. They can survive a few degrees of frost, but are damaged even more severely by sudden large drops in temperature even above freezing. Nīkau grow well in areas with a mild Mediterranean climate.
Variation
The nīkau palm shows considerable variation in the wild. Plants from the South Island and the offshore islands of the North Island have larger, more-gracefully-arching fronds and are popular in cultivation. The Chatham Islands form is particularly different, having a distinct juvenile form and larger fruits, and a thicker covering of fine hairs on the fronds. More research is needed into its precise relationship with the mainland form. The nīkau palm of the New Zealand mainland is very similar to Rhopalostylis baueri of the Kermadecs and Norfolk Island, which can be distinguished by its more rounded or oval fruits, and by its leaflets which are broader than those found in most populations of R. sapida.
Uses
Māori found many uses for nīkau. The bases of the inner leaves and the young flower clusters were eaten raw or cooked. Food was wrapped in the leaves for cooking, and the old fibrous leaves were used for kete, floor mats, and waterproof thatch for buildings. Nīkau were a versatile material to use in weaving, as the fibres could be used raw without any need for processing.
Notes
sapida
Trees of New Zealand
Trees of mild maritime climate
Ornamental trees
Conservation dependent plants
Taxa named by Carl Georg Oscar Drude
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15430677
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-l%C3%A8s-Mouron
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Vaux-lès-Mouron
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Vaux-lès-Mouron (literally Vaux near Mouron) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ardennes department
References
Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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2893772
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D2%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%20%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29
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Червона Ґура (Свентокшиське воєводство)
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Червона Ґура (Свентокшиське воєводство)
Червона Ґура — село в Польщі, у гміні Садове Опатовського повіту Свентокшиського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Тарнобжезького воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура на день 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Опатовського повіту
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16345699
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3%20%28M.%20Pokora%20album%29
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MP3 (M. Pokora album)
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MP3 (M. Pokora album)
MP3 is M. Pokora's third studio album, which was released March 24, 2008 in France and will be available in 27 countries. The album is available in three editions: original, limited, and collector's. The limited edition contains two bonus tracks, and the collector's edition comes with a lanyard, poster and four badges.
Timbaland and Ryan Leslie participated in this album.
Recorded in Los Angeles, most tracks are in English, except two which are in French. The bonus tracks on the limited edition are the English version of the two French songs. During the interview with hitparade.ch, M. Pokora stated that French limited himself and his music from being internationally spread, although the album does not directly aim for his international career.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
2008 albums
M. Pokora albums
Albums produced by Timbaland
Albums produced by Ryan Leslie
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381721
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Рождественський Геннадій Миколайович
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Рождественський Геннадій Миколайович
Геннадій Миколайович Рождественський (4 травня 1931, Москва, РРФСР, СРСР — 16 червня 2018, Москва, Росія) — радянський російський симфонічний і театральний диригент, піаніст, композитор, дослідник, редактор і реставратор музичних творів, музично-громадський діяч, Народний артист СРСР (1976).
Біографія
Ранні роки
Народився у Москві. Син співачки Н. П. Рождественської і диригента Н. П. Аносова. Навчався в Музичній школі ім. Гнесіних у Євгенії Фабіанівної Гнесіної і у Центральній музичній школі як піаніст, потім у Московській консерваторії (клас фортепіано Л. Н. Оборіна, клас диригування Н. П. Аносова). В 1954 р. закінчив Московську консерваторію, в 1957 р. — аспірантуру.
Диригентська діяльність
У 1951 дебютував як диригент у Большому театрі (дебют: балет «Спляча красуня» П. Чайковського), в 1965—1970 р. головний диригент, у сезоні 2000/2001 р. головний диригент і художній керівник Большого театру. Під його керівництвом оркестр театру зіграв близько 40 опер і балетів, у тому числі прем'єри: «Коник-горбунок» Р. Щедріна, «Кармен-сюїта» Ж. Бізе, «Спартак» А. Хачатуряна, «Людський голос» Ф. Пуленка, «Сон у літню ніч» Б. Бріттена, світова прем'єра першої редакції опери С. Прокоф'єва «Гравець» (2001).
З 1961 р. Рождественський — художній керівник і головний диригент Великого симфонічного оркестру Центрального телебачення й радіомовлення, з 1983 по 1991 р. — Симфонічного оркестру Міністерства культури СРСР, об'єднаного з його ініціативи в 1992 р. з Камерним хором В. Полянского в Симфонічну капелу. З 1974 по 1985 р. Рождественський — головний диригент Московського камерного музичного театру Б. Покровський, керував найбільшими симфонічними оркестрами світу — Симфонічного оркестру BBC (1978—1981), Віденського симфонічного оркестру (1981—1982), Стокгольмської філармонії (1991), почесний диригент Токійського оркестру «Іоміурі».
Дискографія Рождественського налічує близько 700 платівок і компакт-дисків, що охоплюють практично всі стилістичні й жанрові шари музичного мистецтва — від класики до авангарду, від найбільших творінь минулого — до новітніх творів. Рождественський переконливий як у чисто симфонічних жанрах, так і в жанрах синтетичних, має особливе гостре почуття театральності — як при виконанні опер і балетів, так і на концертній естраді.
Завдяки Рождественському відновлено й виконано цілу низку творів радянських композиторів — С. Прокоф'єва, Д. Шостаковича, М. Мясковського, ряд творів було завершено і оркестровано Рождественським, зокрема опера «Гравці» Д. Шостаковича, остання симфонія й Перша соната для фортепіано А. Шнітке.
Викладацька та просвітительська діяльність
З 1974 р. Рождественський з перервами викладає на кафедрі оперно-симфонічного диригування Московської консерваторії, з 1976 р. — професор, з 2001 р. — завідувач кафедрою оперно-симфонічного диригування. Під його керівництвом силами студентів були поставлені опери «Євген Онєгін» (відповідно до первісного бажання П. Чайковського), Меси h-moll И. С. Баха (осінь 1982 р.), вечір увертюр (1977 р.). Серед учнів Рождественського — М. Шостакович та В. Полянський.
Рождественський — автор робіт з мистецтва диригування («Диригентська аппликатура», 1974), есе про музику («Думки про музику», 1975, «Преамбули», 1989), аналітичних робіт про оркестровку, книги спогадів. Підготував цикл передач на радіо й телебаченні про видатних диригентів 20 століття.
Помер 16 червня 2018 року на 88-му році життя, після тривалої хвороби у Москві,.
Нагороди і звання
Орден Трудового Червоного Прапора;
Народний артист СРСР (1976);
Ленінська премія (1970);
Герой Соціалістичної праці (1990);
Державна премія Російської Федерації (1995);
орден «За заслуги перед Батьківщиною» III степени (2007)
Орден Вранішнього Сонця (Японія, 2002).
Офіцер ордена Почесного Легіону (Франція, 2003).
Орден Кирила і Мефодія (Болгарія, 1972).
Почесний член Шведської королівської академії (1975), Почесний академік Англійської Королівської академії музики (1984).
Гран-прі фірми «Chant du Mond», диплом Академії Шарля Кро в Парижу (за виконання всіх симфоній Прокоф'єва — Париж, 1969).
Книги Рождественського
«Дирижёрская аппликатура» (Диригентська аплікатура, 1974)
«Мысли о музыке» (Думки про музику, 1975)
«Преамбулы» (Преамбули, 1989)
«Треугольники» (Трикутники, 2001)
Див. також
5360 Рождественський — астероїд, названий на честь диригента.
Література
Гинзбург Л. Дебют молодого дирижера // Советское искусство. 1952. № 49
Светланов Е. Выступление молодого дирижера // Советская музыка. 1953. № 1
Рацер Е. Эскиз портрета // Там же. 1964. № 1
Григорьев Л., Платек Я. Верность музыке // Музыкальная жизнь. 1967. № 12
Щедрин Р. О дирижерском искусстве Геннадия Рождественского // Рождественский Г. Мысли о музыке. М., 1975
Юзефович В. Первооткрыватель музыкальных сокровищ // Советская музыка. 1981. № 8
Светланов Е. Ф. Геннадий Рождественский // Светланов Е. Музыка сегодня. М., 1985
Геннадий Рождественский // Гордость советской музыки: музыканты — Герои Социалистического Труда и лауреаты Ленинской премии. М., 1987
Алфеевская Г. Геннадий Рождественский и его преамбулы // Рождественский Геннадий. Преамбулы. М., 1989
Шнитке А. Я хотел, чтобы это продлилось как можно дольше // Советская культура. 1991. 5 мая
Монсенжон Б. Взыскательный гурман // Культура. 2001. 17-23 мая
Савкина Н. Password: Рождественский // Литературная газета. 2001. 18-24 июля
Примітки
Посилання
Сайт Московської консерваторії
Випускники Центральної музичної школи
Персоналії за алфавітом
Радянські диригенти
Російські диригенти
Члени Шведської королівської академії наук
Члени Шведської королівської академії мистецтв
Кавалери ордена Вранішнього сонця 3 класу
Люди, на честь яких названо астероїд
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21407362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarnat%C3%B3w
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Jarnatów
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Jarnatów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubniewice, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately west of Lubniewice, north-east of Sulęcin, and south of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
References
Villages in Sulęcin County
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3101945
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%20%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C
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Ернст Рітшель
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Ернст Рітшель
Ернст Фрідріх Август Рітшель (15 грудня 1804, Пульсниц — 21 лютого 1861, Дрезден) — німецький скульптор, один з найбільших представників класицизму. Створені ним пам'ятники Гете і Шиллера перед будівлею Міського театру у Веймарі, як і пам'ятник Лессінгу в Брауншвейгу, є всесвітньо відомими творами мистецтва, що уособлюють творчий геній Німеччини.
Життя і творчість
Не закінчивши торговельну освіту, Е. Рітшель в 1820 році вступає в Дрезденську академію мистецтв; навчався у Франца Петриха. У 1826 році він переїжджає в Берлін, де продовжує навчання в майстерні Християна Даніеля Рауха. У 1828 році Рітшель бере участь у Нюрнберзі, від імені своєї майстерні в закладці пам'ятника, присвяченого пам'яті А. Дюрера. На зворотному шляху скульптор відвідує Гете у Веймарі. Повторно він відвідує великого поета, разом з Х. Раухом, в 1829 році.
У 1832 році Ернст Рітшель одружується на Альбертіні Траутшольд, і в тому ж році він стає професором скульптури у дрезденській Академії мистецтв, де серед його відомих учнів був Роберт Дорер. Працюючи спільно з архітектором, творцем дрезденської Земперопери Готфрідом Земпером, Ернст Рітшель прикрашає багато дрезденських будівель своїми скульптурами. У 1836 році його обирають членом берлінської та віденській Академіях мистецтв. У наступні роки скульптор виконує такі значні роботи, як пам'ятник Лессингу у Брауншвейзі (1854), що приносить йому славу одного з найбільших скульпторів-монументалістів свого часу.
Перша дружина Ернста Ритшеля померла в 1835 році, незабаром після народження другої доньки (також незабаром умерла). У 1836 році скульптор одружується вдруге, на Шарлотті Карус, яка народила йому сина. Однак і друга дружина майстра померла — в 1837 році. У травні 1841 року Рітшель одружується в третій раз — на Марії Ханде, яка прожила з ним 7 років, перш ніж вона також померла в 1848 році. Марія народила Ернсту двох синів і дочку (рано померлу). У квітні 1851 року Рітшель одружується в 4-й раз, на Фредерика Опперман, яка народила йому дочку.
Взимку 1851-1852 років скульптор здійснює подорож до Італії і Сицилії. У 1855 році він демонструє на художній виставці в Парижі свою скульптуру Лессінга. У тому ж році Рітшель нагороджується Почесною медаллю і стає офіцером ордена Почесного легіону. У 1856 році обирається почесним членом стокгольмської Академії мистецтв. У 1857 році Рітшель відвідує в Берліні свого вчителя Х. Д. Рауха. У тому ж році, 4 вересня, був відкритий знаменитий нині пам'ятник Гете і Шіллера у Веймарі. У 1858-1859 роках він отримує замовлення на зведення пам'ятника Реформації у Вормсі.
Е. Рітшель був також почесним членом Академій мистецтв Парижа, Риму, Антверпена, Копенгагена і Брюсселя. Значна частина його скульптурних робіт — після смерті майстра, з 1889 року — зберігається в дрезденському Зборах скульптури у палаці Альбертінум.
Галерея
Примітки
Література
Ernst Rietschel, Christian Rietschel (Hrsg.): Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben. 2. Auflage. Evang. Verl.-Anst., Berlin 1963.
Gertraud Bartonietz: Ernst Rietschel. Stadt Pulsnitz, Pulsnitz 1987.
Martin O. Johannes: Ernst Rietschel, der Bildhauer. Heimatwerk Sachsen, Dresden 1938.
Monika Schulte-Arndt: Ernst Rietschel als Zeichner. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, München 1995.
Примітки
Офіцери ордена Почесного легіону
Німецькі скульптори
Поховані в Дрездені
Сторінки з неперевіреними перекладами
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1231374
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/23750%20%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD
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23750 Степсічен
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23750 Степсічен (23750 Stepciechan) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 22 травня 1998 року.
Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,524.
Примітки
Див. також
Список астероїдів (23701-23800)
Посилання
Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net
Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1998
Головний пояс астероїдів
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18627419
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3lka-Przedmie%C5%9Bcie
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Wólka-Przedmieście
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Wólka-Przedmieście is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wasilków, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Wasilków and north of the regional capital Białystok.
References
Villages in Białystok County
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1317404
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%94%20%D1%96%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4
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Кохґілує і Боєрахмед
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Кохґілує і Боєрахмед (Kohgiluyeh o Buyer-Ahmad) — одна з 30 провінцій (останів) Ірану. Розташована на південному заході країни. Столиця — місто Ясудж, інші великі міста — Догонбедан або Гачсаран (83 тис.), Дехдешт (52 тис.), Лікак (13 тис.), Черам (13 тис.), Ланде (11 тис.), Башта (10 тис.). Площа провінції — 15 563 км². Населення на 1996 рік — 544 000 осіб, більшість лури, перси, і кашкайці.
Історія
Раніше провінція Кохґілує і Боєрахмед була частиною провінції Фарс і (до 23 червня 1963 року) провінції Хузестан. Поділ відбувся в результаті заворушень, які сталися 13 червня 1963 року. Остаточне формування в самостійну провінцію завершилося в березні 1974.
У провінції є 132 зареєстрованих місця, що представляють історичну та культурну цінність.
Географія
Територія провінції в основному зайнята Загроськими горами. На хребті Дена знаходиться найвища точка (4409 метрів). Гори в провінції Кохґілує і Боєрахмед покриті дубовими лісами.
Адміністративний поділ
Складається з шахрестанів Кохґілує, Боєрахмед, Бехмеі, Гечсаран, Дена та інших.
Економіка
Основні галузі економіки — нафтопереробна, харчова, текстильна, деревообробна промисловість, виробництво будматеріалів, торгівля, сільське господарство, туризм. У місті Ясуджі розташований нафтопереробний завод «Нешнл Іраніан Ойл Рефайнінг енд Дистрибьюшн Компані».
Навчальні заклади
Університет Ясуджи
Ясуджскій медичний університет
Islamic Azad University of Gachsaran
Туризм
У місті Ясудж розташовані старовинні міст Патавех і цвинтар Пай-е Чоль, пагорб Хосраві з руїнами епохи Ахеменідів. Біля Ясуджа на дорозі в Фарс розташований перевал Танг-е Мейран («Ворота Персії»), де Олександр Македонський розбив війська Ахеменідів.
Також навколо Ясуджа розташовані дубові ліси і водоспади Танг-е Тамораді. Біля міста Сисахт розташовані руїни епохи Сасанідів і Сефевідів, гірський заповідник Дена. У провінції також є лижний курорт Кака, водоспад Камардугх і печера Шах.
Посилання
Офіційний сайт адміністрації Кохгілуйе і Бойерахмед
Примітки
Остани Ірану
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3023960
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D1%8F%D1%80
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Чехів яр
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Чехів яр
Чехів Яр — ботанічний заказник місцевого значення в Україні. Об'єкт розташований на території Великописарівського району Сумської області, на території Дмитрівської сільської ради.
Площа — 34,2 га, статус отриманий у 2018 році.
Ділянка типового балкового ландшафту з популяціями рідкісних видів рослин різного рангу охорони. Серед них — занесені до Червоної книги України: астрагал шерстистоквітковий, горицвіт весняний, ковила волосиста, а також ті, що потребують охорони на території Сумської області: анемона лісова, ломиніс цілолистий, гіацинтик блідий та інші.
Джерела
Рішення Сумської обласної ради від 14.12.2018 «Про зміну в мережі території та об'єктів природно-заповідного фонду області»
Ботанічні заказники Сумської області
Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 2018
засновані в Україні 2018
2018 у Сумській області
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302410
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD
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Спурн
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Спурн
Мис Спурн (або Spurn Head) — вузький піщаний півострів на кінці Східного райдінга Йоркшира, Англія, що видається в Північне море і формує північний берег затоки Хамбер. Близько 5 км завдовжки, біля половини довжини затоки, та 45 м завширшки в найвужчому місці. В найпівденнішій точці розташована морська рятувальна станція і маяк, що більше не використовується. Півострів є частиною приходу Ізінгтон. Площа півострова близько 113 га, протяжність берегової лінії 1,81 км. З 1960 року півострів належить Йоркшірському трасту дикої природи і є Національний природним резервом. Найпівденніша вершина відома як Спарн Хед або Спарн Пойнт і до початку 2023 року була домом для рятувальної шлюпки RNLI та двох занедбаних маяків.
Примітки
Природоохоронні території Великої Британії
Східний Йоркшир
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1238847
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0
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Юзівська площа
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Юзівська площа — перспективне родовище газоносних сланців. Розташована в межах Донецької та Харківської областей України.
Загальна характеристика
У травні 2012 року конкурс на право укладення угоди про розподіл продукції на розробку Юзівської площі, проведений Державною службою геології та надр України, виграла британсько-нідерландська компанія Shell. Участь у конкурсі брали також ExxonMobil і ТНК-BP.
Крім цього, «ДТЕК Нафтогаз» фінансує роботи на прилеглих до Юзівської площах.
Дослідження засвідчили, що родовище здатне щороку давати 10 млрд. куб. м природного газу.
— говорить голова Державної служби геології і надр Едуард Ставицький.
Параметри інвестування відповідно мають становити $200 млн в розробку і $3,5 млрд в освоєння родовища.
За оцінками Міжвідомчої комісії з організації укладення та виконання УРП, промислове видобування сланцевого газу на Юзівській площі повинне стартувати в 2018–2019 роках.
16 січня 2013 року Донецька обласна рада ухвалила рішення №6/18-456 "Про погодження проекту угоди про розподіл вуглеводнів, які видобуватимуться в межах ділянки Юзівська". Цим документом було фактично надано "згоду місцевих громад" Донецької області на видобування сланцевого газу на Юзівській площі. У лютому 2013 року екологічні громадські організації "Донецький екологічний рух" та "МАМА-86" оскаржили це рішення в судовому порядку. Підставою для оскарження було порушення встановленого законом порядку оприлюднення та обговорення проекту рішення.
28 січня 2016 року Вищий адміністративний суд України задовольнив позов зазначених громадських організацій та скасував рішення Донецької облради №6/18-456 від 16.01.2013 р.
Поклади газу
Державна служба геології та надр України оцінює перспективні запаси традиційного та нетрадиційного газу на Олеській та Юзівській газоносних площах в 7 трлн кубометрів. На самій Юзівській площі прогнозні ресурси можуть становити близько 4 трлн м³ газу.
Розробка
Станом на листопад 2014 компанія Shell пробурила лише дві розвідувальні свердловини, і не змогла провести повноцінну розвідку Юзівського родовища через ситуацію на Донбасі. Компанія змогла почати лише певні роботи в межах Харківської області, але продовжує роботу в регіоні. Початковий етап геологічного вивчення передбачає отримання сейсмічних даних та буріння до 15 свердловин. Мова йде про видобуток газу з твердих пісковиків.
У липні 2016 року нідерландська компанія Yuzgaz B.V. стала переможцем конкурсу із залучення інвестора для реалізації УРП з видобутку вуглеводнів в межах Юзівської ділянки. У грудні 2018 року Кабінет міністрів схвалив передачу 90 % прав і обов'язків Надра Юзівська в УРП по Юзівській ділянці на користь компанії Yuzgaz з інвестором-оператором проекту в особі словацької Nafta a.s.
У грудні 2019 року голова Державної служби геології і надр Роман Опімах повідомив, що словацька Nafta a.s., яка належить холдингу EPH Group, відмовилася від участі у проекті.
Кабінет міністрів України 16 грудня 2020 року погодив покупку Нафтогазом 100 % ТОВ Надра Юзівська у НАК Надра України і її «дочки» — Укрнаукагеоцентр.
У свою чергу глава правління Нафтогазу України Андрій Коболєв зазначив, що в разі отримання позитивного рішення Антимонопольного комітету, Нафтогаз готовий почати буріння вже в 2021 році.
На початку 2021 р. повідомлено, що Група Нафтогаз запустила в дослідно-промислову розробку перше родовище газу щільних порід (центрально-басейнового типу) — Святогірське.
Див. також
Олеська площа
Примітки
Посилання
Україна готує до видобутку перше родовище сланцевого газу // Радіо Свобода
Юзівська і Олеська нафтогазоносні площі будуть виставлені на торги // РБК-Україна
Угода про розподіл вуглеводнів, які видобуватимуться в межах ділянки Юзівська між (1) державою Україна та (2) Шелл Експлорейшн енд продакшн Юкрейн Інвестментс (IV) Б. В. та (3) ТОВ «Надра Юзівська». Проект. Частина 1, Частина 2.
Yuzgas B.V. може продовжити роботи на Юзівській площі
Відеоматеріали
Юзовская площадь - курорты Донбасса!
Газові родовища України
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735360
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0
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Велека
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Велека — річка на південному сході Болгарії та у європейській частині Туреччини.
Бере початок у турецькій частині гірського масиву Странджа на висоті 710 м над рівнем моря. Загальна довжина дорівнює 147 км, з яких 25 км на території Туреччини, решта — у Болгарії. Загальна площа басейну — 995 км². Впадає до Чорного моря поблизу села Синеморець.
Екосистема річки відрізняється богатством флори та фауни, зокрема представлені 5 видів, включених до національної Червоної книги Болгарії.
Посилання
Річкова система півдня Болгарії на www.bluelink.net
Річки Туреччини
Річки Болгарії
Міжнародні річки Європи
Річки басейну Чорного моря
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223339
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophanes
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Xenophanes
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Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570 – c. 478 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and critic of Homer from Ionia who travelled throughout the Greek-speaking world in early Classical Antiquity.
As a poet, Xenophanes was known for his critical style, writing poems that are considered among the first satires. He also composed elegiac couplets that criticised his society's traditional values of wealth, excesses, and athletic victories. He also criticised Homer and the other poets in his works for representing the gods as foolish or morally weak. His poems have not survived intact; only fragments of some of his work survive in quotations by later philosophers and literary critics.
Xenophanes is seen as one of the most important pre-Socratic philosophers. A highly original thinker, Xenophanes sought explanations for physical phenomena such as clouds or rainbows without references to divine or mythological explanations, but instead based on first principles. He also distinguished between different forms of knowledge and belief, an early instance of epistemology. Later philosophers such as the Eleatics and the Pyrrhonists also saw Xenophanes as the founder of their doctrines, and interpreted his work in terms of those doctrines, although modern scholarship disputes these claims.
Life
The Ancient biographer Diogenes Laertius reports that Xenophanes was born in Colophon, a city that once existed in Ionia, in present-day Turkey. Laertius says that Xenophanes is said to have flourished during the 60th Olympiad (540–537 BC), and modern scholars generally place his birth some time around 570-560 BC. His surviving work refers to Thales, Epimenides, and Pythagoras, and he himself is mentioned in the writings of Heraclitus and Epicharmus.
By his own surviving account, he was an itinerant poet who left his native land at the age of 25 and then lived 67 years in other Greek lands, dying at or after the age of 92. Although ancient testimony notes that he buried his sons, there is little other biographical information about him or his family that can be reliably ascertained.
It is considered likely Xenophanes' physical theories were influenced by the Milesians. For instance, his theory that the rainbow is clouds is on one interpretation seen as a response to Anaximenes's theory that the rainbow is light reflected off of clouds.
Poems
Knowledge of Xenophanes' views comes from fragments of his poetry that survive as quotations by later Greek writers. Unlike other pre-socratic philosophers such as Heraclitus or Parmenides, who only wrote one work, Xenophanes wrote a variety of poems, and no two of the fragments can positively be identified as belonging to the same text. According to Diogenes Laertius, Xenophanes wrote a poem on the foundation of Colophon and Elea, which ran to approximately 2000 lines. Later testimony also suggests that his collection of satires was assembled in at least five books. Although many later sources attribute a poem titled "On Nature" to Xenophanes, modern scholars doubt this label, as it was likely a name given by scholars at the Library of Alexandria to works written by philosophers that Aristotle had identified as "phusikoi" who studied nature.
Satires
The satires are called Silloi by late writers, and this name may go back to Xenophanes himself, but it may originate in the fact that the Pyrrhonist philosopher Timon of Phlius, the "sillographer" (3rd century BC), put much of his own satire upon other philosophers into the mouth of Xenophanes, one of the few philosophers Timon praises in his work.
Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the fourth century BC. Several of the philosophical fragments are derived from commentators on Homer. He aimed his critique at the polytheistic religious views of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries
To judge from these later accounts, his elegiac and iambic poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas, including Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and the Greeks' veneration of athleticism.
On Nature
There is no good authority that says that Xenophanes specifically wrote a philosophical poem. John Burnet says that "The oldest reference to a poem Περὶ φύσεως is in the Geneva scholium on Iliad xxi. 196, and this goes back to Crates of Mallus. We must remember that such titles are of later date, and Xenophanes had been given a place among philosophers long before the time of Crates. All we can say, therefore, is that the Pergamene librarians gave the title Περὶ φύσεως to some poem of Xenophanes." However, even if Xenophanes never wrote a specific poem title On Nature, many of the surviving fragments deal with topics in natural philosophy such as clouds or rainbows, and it is thus likely that the philosophical remarks of Xenophanes were expressed incidentally in his satires.
Philosophy
Although Xenophanes has traditionally been interpreted in terms of the Eleatics and Skeptics who were influenced by him and saw him as their predecessor and founder, modern scholarship has revealed him to be a highly original and distinct philosopher whose philosophy extends well beyond the influence he had on later philosophical schools. As a social critic, Xenophanes composed poems on proper behavior at a symposium and criticized the cultural glorification of athletes. Xenophanes sought to reform the understanding of divine nature by casting doubt on Greek mythology as relayed by Hesiod and Homer, in order to make it more consistent with notions of piety from Ancient Greek religion. He composed natural explanations for phenomena such as the formation of clouds and rainbows rather than myths, satirizing traditional religious views of his time as human projections. As an early thinker in epistemology, he drew distinctions between the ideas of knowledge and belief as opposed to truth, which he believed was only possible for the gods.
Social criticism
Xenophanes wrote a number of elegiac poems on proper conduct at a symposium, the Ancient Greek drinking parties that were held to commemorate athletic or poetic victories, or to welcome young men into aristocratic society. The surviving fragments stress the importance of piety and honor to the gods, and they discourage drunkenness and intemperance, endorsing moderation and criticism of luxury and excess. Xenophanes also rejected the value of athletic victories, stating that cultivating wisdom was more important.
Divine Nature
Orphism and Pythagorean philosophy introduced into the Greek spirituality the notions of guilt and pureness, causing a dichotomic belief between the divine soul and the mortal body. This doctrine is in contrast with the traditional religions as espoused by Homer and Hesiod. God moves all things, but he is thought to be immobile, characterized by oneness and unicity, eternity, and a spiritual nature which is bodiless and isn't anthropomorphic. He has a free will and is the Highest Good, he embodies the beauty of the moral perfection and of the absence of sin.
Xenophanes espoused a belief that "God is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind." He maintained that there was one greatest God. God is one eternal being, spherical in form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but bears no resemblance to human nature either in body or mind. While Xenophanes rejected Homeric theology, he did not question the presence of a divine entity; rather his philosophy was a critique on Ancient Greek writers and their conception of divinity. Regarding Xenophanes' positive theology five key concepts about God can be formed. God is: beyond human morality, does not resemble human form, cannot die or be born (God is divine thus eternal), no divine hierarchy exists, and God does not intervene in human affairs.
Natural Philosophy
Xenophanes' understanding of divine nature as separate and uninvolved in human affairs motivated him to come up with naturalistic explanations for physical phenomena.
Xenophanes was likely the first philosopher to come up with an explanation for the manifestation of St. Elmo's fire that appears on the masts of ships when they pass through clouds during a thunderstorm. Although the actual phenomenon behind St. Elmo's fire would not be understood until the discovery of static electricity in the modern era, Xenophanes' explanation, which attempted to explain the glow as being caused by agitations of small droplets of clouds was unique in the ancient world.
In Xenophanes' cosmology, there is only one boundary to the universe, the one "seen by our feet". Xenophanes believed that the earth extended infinitely far down, as well as infinitely far in every direction. A consequence of his belief in an infinitely extended earth was that rather than having the sun pass under the earth at sunset, Xenophanes believed that the sun and the moon traveled along a straight line westward, after which point a new sun or moon would be reconstituted after an eclipse. While this potentially infinite series of suns and moons traveling would likely be considered objectionable to modern scientists, this means that Xenophanes understood the sun and moon as a "type" of object that appeared in the sky, rather than a specific individual object that reappeared every new day.
Xenophanes concluded from his examination of fossils of sea creatures that were found above land that water once must have covered all of the Earth's surface. He used this evidence to conclude that the arche or cosmic principle of the universe was a tide flowing in and out between wet and dry, or earth (γῆ) and water (ὕδωρ). These two extreme states would alternate between one another, and with the alternation human life would become extinct, then regenerate (or vice versa depending on the dominant form). The argument can be considered a rebuke to Anaximenes' air theory. The idea of alternating states and human life perishing and coming back suggests he believed in the principle of causation, another distinguishing step that Xenophanes takes away from Ancient philosophical traditions to ones based more on scientific observation. This use of evidence was an important step in advancing from simply stating an idea to backing it up by evidence and observation.
Epistemology
Xenophanes is one of the first philosophers to show interest in epistemological questions as well as metaphysical ones. He held that there actually exists an objective truth in reality, but that as mere mortals, humans are unable to know it. He is also credited with being one of the first philosophers to distinguish between true belief and knowledge, as well as acknowledge the prospect that one can think he knows something but not really know it.
His verses on skepticism are quoted by Sextus Empiricus as follows:
Yet, with regard to the gods and what I declare about all things:
No man has seen what is clear nor will any man ever know it.
Nay, for even should he chance to affirm what is really existent,
He himself knoweth it not; for all is swayed by opining.
Due to the lack of whole works by Xenophanes, his views are difficult to interpret, so that the implication of knowing being something deeper ("a clearer truth") may have special implications, or it may mean that you cannot know something just by looking at it. It is known that the most and widest variety of evidence was considered by Xenophanes to be the surest way to prove a theory.
Legacy and influence
Xenophanes's influence has been interpreted variously as "the founder of epistemology, a poet and rhapsode and not a philosopher at all, the first skeptic, the first empiricist, a rationalist theologian, a reformer of religion, and more besides." Karl Popper read Xenophanes as an early precursor of critical rationalism, saying that it is possible to act only on the basis of working hypotheses—we may act as if we knew the truth, as long as we know that this is extremely unlikely.
Influence on Eleatics
Many later ancient accounts associate Xenophanes with the Greek colony in the Italian city of Elea, either as the author of a poem on the founding of that city, or as the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy, or as the teacher of Parmenides of Elea. Others associate him with Pythagoreanism. However, modern scholars generally believe that there is little historical or philosophical justification for these associations between Pythagoras, Xenophanes, and Parmenides as is oft alleged in succession of the so-called "Italian school". It had similarly been common since antiquity to see Xenophanes as the teacher of Zeno of Elea, the colleague of Parmenides, but common opinion today is likewise that this is false.
Influence on Pyrrhonism
Xenophanes is sometimes considered the first skeptic in Western philosophy. Xenophanes's alleged skepticism can also be seen as a precursor to Pyrrhonism. Sextus quotes Pyrrho's follower Timon as praising Xenophanes and dedicating his satires to him, and giving him as an example of somebody who is not a perfect skeptic (like Pyrrho), but who is forgivably close to it.
Eusebius quoting Aristocles of Messene says that Xenophanes was the founder of a line of philosophy that culminated in Pyrrhonism. This line begins with Xenophanes and goes through Parmenides, Melissus of Samos, Zeno of Elea, Leucippus, Democritus, Protagoras, Nessos of Chios, Metrodorus of Chios, Diogenes of Smyrna, Anaxarchus, and finally Pyrrho.
Pantheism
Because of his development of the concept of a "one god greatest among gods and men," Xenophanes is often seen as one of the first monotheists in Western philosophy of religion. However, the same referenced quotation refers to multiple "gods" who the supreme God is greater than. This god "shakes all things" by the power of his thought alone. Differently from the human creatures, God has the power to give "immediate execution" (in Greek: to phren) and make effective his cognitive faculty (in Greek: nous).
The thought of Xenophanes was summarized as monolatrous and pantheistic by the ancient doxographies of Aristotle, Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, Sextus Empiricus, and Plutarch. More particularly, Aristotle's Metaphysics summarized his view as "the All is God." The pseudo-Aristotlelian treatise On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias also contains a significant testimony of his teachings. Pierre Bayle considered Xenophanes views similar to Spinoza. Physicist and philosopher Max Bernhard Weinstein specifically identified Xenophanes as one of the earliest pandeists.
Xenophanes's view of an impersonal god seemed to influence the pre-socratic Empedocles, who viewed god as an incorporeal mind. However, Empedocles called Xenophanes's view that Earth is flat and extends downward forever to be foolishness.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Ancient Primary Sources
In the Diels-Kranz numbering for testimony and fragments of Pre-Socratic philosophy, Xenophanes is catalogued as number 21.
The most recent edition of this catalogue is .
Biography
A1.
A2.
A3.
A4.
A5.
A6.
A7.
A8.
A9.
A10.
Apothegems
A11.
A12.
A13.
A14.
A15.
A16.
A17.
Descriptions of Poems
A18.
A19.
A20.
A21.
A22.
A23.
A24.
A25.
A26.
A27.
Doctrines
A28.
A29.
A30.
A31.
A32.
A33.
A34.
A35.
A36-46.
A47.
A48.
A49.
A50.
A51.
A52.
Fragments - Elegies
B1.
B2.
B3.
B4.
B5.
B6.
B7.
B8.
B9.
Fragments - Silloi
B10.
B11.
B12.
B13.
B14-15.
B16.
B17.
B18.
B19.
B20.
B21.
B21a.
B22.
Fragments - On Nature
B23.
B24.
B25.
B26.
B27.
B28.
B29.
B30.
B31.
B32.
B33.
B34.
B35.
B36.
B37.
B38.
B39.
B40.
B41.
B42.
B45.
Imitation
C1.
C2
Modern Criticism
Modern Scholarship
Translations of the Fragments with Commentary
Extended Studies and Reviews
Further reading
Classen, C. J. 1989. "Xenophanes and the Tradition of Epic Poetry". In Ionian Philosophy. Edited by K. Boudouris, 91–103. Athens, Greece: International Association for Greek Philosophy.
External links
Xenophanes of Colophon by Giannis Stamatellos
Xenophanes of Colophon - Primary and secondary resources (link broken, June 9, 2019, archived page)
J. Lesher, Presocratic Contributions to the Theory of Knowledge, 1998
U. De Young, "The Homeric Gods and Xenophanes' Opposing Theory of the Divine", 2000
470s BC deaths
570s BC births
6th-century BC Greek philosophers
6th-century BC poets
5th-century BC Greek philosophers
5th-century BC poets
Ancient Colophonians
Ancient Greek elegiac poets
Ancient Greek epistemologists
Ancient Greek metaphysicians
Ancient Greek satirists
Ancient Skeptic philosophers
Iambic poets
Philosophers of ancient Ionia
Philosophers of religion
Presocratic philosophers
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236590
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83
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Геологія Оману
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Геологія Оману
Геологічна будова Оману.
На території Оману виділяють гірську складчасту систему Оман (Хаджар-Ахдар) на північному сході і схили Аравійської плити на південному заході.
Гірська складчаста система, складена інтенсивно дислокованими, прорваними інтрузіями, верхньопротерозойськими, палеозойськими, мезозойськими і кайнозойськими породами.
Південно-західна частина западини Руб-ель-Халі і південні райони Перської затоки утворюють передовий Предоманський прогин. Потужність осадового чохла 1,5-7 км. На кристалічному фундаменті залягає товща палеозою, представлена теригенно-карбонатними і карбонатно-евапоритовими гірськими породами з прошарками конґломератів.
Мезозойські відклади характеризується поширенням карбонатних порід з підлеглими прошарками гіпсу, ангідритів і теригенних порід.
Кайнозойські утворення представлені в основному вапняками, доломітом, ангідритами і гіпсом (мілководно-морські і лагунні фації).
Див. також
Гідрогеологія Оману
Природа Оману
Корисні копалини Оману
Історія освоєння мінеральних ресурсів Оману
Гірнича промисловість Оману
Економіка Оману
Джерела
Геологія Оману
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3488126
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%20%28%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Тогузак (Чесменський район)
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Тогузак (Чесменський район)
Тогузак — селище у Чесменському районі Челябінської області Російської Федерації.
Входить до складу муніципального утворення Світловське сільське поселення. Населення становить 68 осіб (2010). Населений пункт розташований на території українського культурного та етнічного краю Сірий Клин.
Історія
Від 18 січня 1935 року належить до Чесменського району Челябінської області.
Згідно із законом від 12 листопада 2004 року органом місцевого самоврядування є Світловське сільське поселення .
Населення
Примітки
Селища Челябінської області
Населені пункти Чесменського району
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1654130
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Злотий (значення)
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Злотий (значення)
Злотий - грошова одиниця в Польщі
Злотий (станція) - назва ст. та н. п. Злоць (Zloti) часів Російської імперії
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2507748
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYAT1
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KYAT1
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KYAT1 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 9-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 422 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 47 875.
Кодований геном білок за функціями належить до трансфераз, ліаз, амінотрансфераз.
Задіяний у такому біологічному процесі, як альтернативний сплайсинг.
Білок має сайт для зв'язування з піридоксаль-фосфатом.
Локалізований у цитоплазмі.
Література
Примітки
Див. також
Хромосома 9
Амінотрансферази
Ліази
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1400408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recloser
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Recloser
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Recloser
In electric power distribution, automatic circuit reclosers (ACRs) are a class of switchgear designed for use on overhead electricity distribution networks to detect and interrupt transient faults. Also known as reclosers or autoreclosers, ACRs are essentially rated circuit breakers with integrated current and voltage sensors and a protection relay, optimized for use as a protection asset. Commercial ACRs are governed by the IEC 62271-111/IEEE Std C37.60 and IEC 62271-200 standards. The three major classes of operating maximum voltage are 15.5 kV, 27 kV and 38 kV.
For overhead electric power distribution networks, up to 80% of faults are transient, such as lightning strike, surges or foreign objects coming into contact with exposed distribution lines. Consequently, these transient faults can be resolved by a simple reclose operation. Reclosers are designed to handle a brief open-close duty cycle, where electrical engineers can optionally configure the number and timing of attempted close operations prior to transitioning to a lockout stage. The number of reclose attempts is limited to a maximum of four by recloser standards noted above.
At two multiples of the rated current, the recloser's rapid trip curve can cause a trip (off circuit) in as little as 1.5 cycles (or 30 milliseconds). During those 1.5 cycles, other separate circuits can see voltage dips or blinks until the affected circuit opens to stop the fault current. Automatically closing the breaker after it has tripped and stayed open for a brief amount of time, usually after 1 to 5 seconds, is a standard procedure.
Reclosers are often used as a key component in a smart grid, as they are effectively computer controlled switchgear which can be remotely operated and interrogated using supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) or other communications. Interrogation and remote operation capabilities allow utilities to aggregate data about their network performance, and develop automation schemes for power restoration. Automation schemes can either be distributed (executed at the remote recloser level) or centralized (close and open commands issued by a central utility control room to be executed by remotely controlled ACRs).
Description
Autoreclosers are made in single-phase and three-phase versions, using oil, vacuum, or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) interrupters. Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with metering and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 2.4–38 kV for load currents from 10–1200 A and fault currents from 1–16 kA.
On a 3-phase circuit, a recloser is more beneficial than three separate fuse cutouts. For example, on a wye to delta conversion, when cutouts are used on the wye side and only 1 out of 3 of the cutout fuses open, some customers on the delta side have a low voltage condition, due to voltage transfer through the transformer windings. Low voltage can cause severe damage to electronic equipment. But when a recloser is used, all three phases open, thereby eliminating the problem.
History
Reclosers were invented in the mid 1900s in the USA with the earliest reclosers introduced by Kyle Corporation in the early 1940s. Reclosers were originally oil-filled hydraulic devices with rudimentary mechanical-protection-relaying capabilities. Modern automatic circuit reclosers are significantly more advanced than the original hydraulic units. The advent of semiconductor based electronic protective relays in the 1980s resulted in increased recloser sophistication, allowing for differing responses to the various cases of abnormal operation or fault on an electric power distribution network. The high-voltage insulation and interrupting devices in modern reclosers typically consist of solid dielectric insulation with vacuum interrupters for current interruption and arc quenching.
Purposes
Protection during fault conditions
To prevent electric power distribution network damage, each station along the network is protected with circuit breakers or fuse cutouts which turn off power in the event of a short circuit. These protection solutions present a major problem when restoring power immediately following transient events, because repair crews need to manually reset the circuit breakers or replace fuses cutouts.
Alternatively, reclosers are programmed to automate the reset process remotely after a short circuit and allow a more granular approach to service restoration, resulting in increased availability of supply. Using reclosers during a transient fault, for instance, a tree limb blown off a tree during a windstorm that lands on the power line and quickly clear itself as the limb falls to the ground, allows power to be remotely restored.
Remote restoration
Reclosers can save significant operational expenditure when operated remotely, as they can reduce the need of field crews to travel to site to reset devices which have transitioned to lockout.
Division
Reclosers can also address electric power distribution network damage by dividing up the network into smaller sections, possibly at every electric power distribution downstream branch point, which handle much less power than the breakers at the feeder stations, and can be set to trip at much lower power levels. Consequently, a single event on the grid will cut off only the section handled by a single recloser, long before the feeder station would notice a problem and cut power.
Reconfiguration and load flow resolution
Reclosers can resolve load flow issues by reconfiguring the electric power distribution network.
Typical fault conditions and reclosing principles
The basic philosophy of reclosing is to actively consider the fault types and provide an effective response based on probabilities of the detected fault type. Fault currents are sensed by current sensing transformers.
Lightning
The primary class of fault type on an overhead distribution network is lightning strike. Lightning surges increase voltage which can cause localised breakdown of insulation, allow arcing over insulators. Reclosers can detect this as an overcurrent or earth fault (depending on the asymmetry of the fault). Lightning surges pass very quickly (reduce in 50ms), so the first reclose can be configured to both trip and reclose quickly. This first reclose allows for interruption of the arcing caused by lightning, but restores the power quickly.
Vegetation contact or equipment failure
If after the first, swift reclose, the recloser closes onto a fault, it is likely that the fault is a secondary class of fault, vegetation contact or equipment failure. An overcurrent fault would indicate a line to line class fault, which can be confirmed by negative phase sequence overcurrent protection, whereas an earth fault can indicate a Line to Ground or Double Line to Ground fault. Reclosers can then apply a fuse burning policy, where they remain closed for a short period to allow fuses on lateral lines to burn, isolating the fault. If the fault is not cleared, the recloser trips open again. This same policy can be used to deliver energy to fault sites to burn the fault off the line. This could be a branch crossing between multiple lines, or fauna (birds, snakes, etc.) coming into contact with the conductors.
Sensitive ground fault / sensitive earth fault
Sensitive earth fault protection in reclosers is typically set to immediate lockout. This detection of small leakage currents (less than 1 ampere) on a medium voltage line can indicate insulator failure, broken cables or lines coming into contact with trees. There is no merit in applying reclosing to this scenario, and the industry best practice is not to reclose on sensitive earth fault. Reclosers with sensitive earth fault protection capable of detecting 500 mA and below are used as a fire mitigation technique, as they provide an 80% risk reduction in fire starts, however they are never to be used as reclosers in this application, only as single shot distributed circuit breakers which allow for sensitivity to verify the existence of these faults.
Dead time intervals
Applications
Traditional reclosers were designed simply to automate the action of a line crew visiting a remote distribution site to close a tripped circuit breaker and attempt to restore power. With the advanced protection functionality of modern reclosers, these devices are used in a multitude of additional applications
Autoreclosers in action
Residential customers in areas fed by affected overhead power lines can occasionally see the effects of an autorecloser in action. If the fault affects the customer's own distribution circuit, they may see one or several brief, complete outages followed by either normal operation (as the autorecloser succeeds in restoring power after a transient fault has cleared) or a complete outage of service (as the autorecloser exhausts its maximum 4 retries).
If the fault is on an adjacent circuit to the customer, the customer may see several brief "dips" (sags) in voltage as the heavy fault current flows into the adjacent circuit and is interrupted one or more times. A typical manifestation would be the dip, or intermittent black-out, of domestic lighting during an electrical storm. Autorecloser action may result in electronic devices losing time settings, losing data in volatile memory, halting, restarting, or suffering damage due to power interruption. Owners of such equipment may need to protect electronic devices against the consequences of power interruptions and also power surges.
Sectionalizer integration
Reclosers may cooperate with down-stream protective devices called sectionalizers, usually a disconnector or cutouts equipped with a tripping mechanism triggered by a counter or a timer. A sectionalizer is generally not rated to interrupt fault current however it often has a larger Basic Insulation Level, allowing some sectionalizers to be used as a point of isolation. Each sectionalizer detects and counts fault current interruptions by the recloser (or circuit breaker). After a pre-determined number of interruptions, the sectionalizer will open, thereby isolating the faulty section of the circuit, allowing the recloser to restore supply to the other non-fault sections. Some modern recloser controllers can be configured to have reclosers operate in sectionalizer mode. This is used in applications where protection grading margins are too small to provide effective protection co-ordination between electrical assets.
Fire safety and wildfires
Fire risk is an innate risk of an overhead distribution network. Regardless of the choice of distribution protection switchgear, the fire risk is always higher with overhead conductors than with underground transmission.
The Victorian Royal Commission into the 2009 bushfires indicated that reclosing must be disabled on high bushfire risk days, however on low risk days it should be applied for reliability of supply.
Incorrectly configured or old model reclosers have been implicated in the starting or spread of wildfires. Research into the Australian 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires indicated that reclosers operating as single shot circuit breakers with Sensitive Ground Fault protection configured at 500mA would reduce fire start risk by 80%. Any form of reclosing should be removed on high fire risk days, and reclosing in general should not be applied to detected Sensitive Earth Fault faults.
Victorian utilities responded to the Royal Commission by converting some of their overhead network in high risk areas to underground cable, replacing exposed overhead conductors with insulated cables, and replacing old reclosers with modern ACRs with remote communications to ensure that settings can be adjusted on high bushfire risk days.
See also
Smart grid
Circuit breaker
Spot network substation
Electrical engineering
Renewable energy
References
Electric power distribution
Electric power systems components
Safety switches
American inventions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berovo
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Berovo
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Berovo is a small town near the Maleševo Mountains, from Skopje, from Strumica and from Kočani, in North Macedonia. It is the seat of Berovo Municipality.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census, the town had a total of 7,002 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the town include:
History
In the late 19th and early 20th century, Berovo was part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. According to the statistics of Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov from 1900, 2940 inhabitants lived in Berovo, 2300 Bulgarian Exarchists, 600 Bulgarian Muslims and 40 Romani. As a result of the Balkan Wars, the town was included in the area ceded in 1913 to the Kingdom of Serbia, which in 1918 joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929). From 1929 to 1941, Berovo was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. From 1941 to 1944, during the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, Berovo, as most of Vardar Macedonia, was annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
Name
According to the first version, Berovo got its name from a cattle breeder called Bero. An argument for this is the existence of the so-called Berovo meadow, in the area between the villages Mačevo and Robovo, which is considered to belong to this breeder.
According to the second version, which is more probable, the name Berovo came from the fact that people rallied at that place, i.e. got its name from the syllables оf the word rally in Macedonian. The question arises where the population came from. It is believed they came from the old settlements in the area of Turtela, Selca, Ribnica, Razdolo, Klepalo, Dobri Laki and others, and later from other Maleshevo villages. These are located in the eastern part of Macedonia in the area of Maleshevo, i.e. the Maleshevo Valley. A wealth of beech, pine, oak forests was determined by its local name "Malesh - mountain". The municipal center Berovo and the rural settlements are located on the outskirts of the valley.
Climate
Berovo, which is part of the Maleshevo Valley, has a humid continental climate with climate modification in the high mountainous and lowland parts. The city has significantly lower average annual air temperature than the areas at the same altitude in the wider part of the valley. At an altitude of 800 m, the average annual temperature is 11.1 °C, and in Berovo 8.7 °C. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of -10 °C, and the warmest month is July, with an average temperature of + 18 °C. The average annual minimum temperature is 2.8 °C, and the average maximum temperature is 15.3 °C. The most precipitation is in May and June, as well as in November, and the driest months are August and September.
The average annual rainfall is 672 mm / m3. The main maximum falls in May, on average around 76.8 mm / m3, and the secondary in November -64.3 mm / m3. The main minimum is in August, with an average of 37.6 mm / m3, and the secondary in February. The number of rainy days per year is 118. In the average annual amount of precipitation, the snow occupies about 15% and occurs from October to May. On average, there are 42.2 days of snow per year.
The relative humidity decreases from January to August, then increases from December, and the average humidity is 76%. The average annual duration of solar radiation is 2.347 hours or 6.4 hours per day, with a maximum in July of 10.2 hours per day, and a minimum in December of 3 hours per day. In the Berovo Valley fog is rare, only about 8.4 foggy days on average. The appearance of hail is rare, on average 2.9 days occur with hail. Frostbite is less frequent and occurs 70 days a year, from September to May. Winds from all 8 world directions appear in the Berovo Valley, but the northern one prevails, with a frequency of 147% and a speed of 2.4 m / sec., which is most present in January, February and March.
Culture
Berovo Municipality is home to three sites designated as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, all of which are within the town of Berovo. This includes the home at no. 11 Kočo Racin street, the home at no. 127 Maršal Tito street, and the Monastery of Saint Michael the Archangel.
Monastery of the Holy Archangel Michael
The first monastery in Berovo was built between 1815 until it was consecrated in 1818. Enlightener Joachim Krcovski was among those present at the consecration. Historical data concerning the construction of the church and the monastery is inconclusive, but it is known that circumstances were very difficult.
In the early 19th century Berovo was a rural settlement with around two hundred houses and one small church that had fallen into decay. The inhabitants at the time decided to have a new church built at the site known as Mogila. The parish priest, Friar Peco, was assigned to obtain a building permit from the Turkish authorities in Radoviš. The Turkish governor Vali gave a building permit but made sure to set conditions for construction of the church as difficult as possible. The church was to be built low, below the road level and not to be seen, construction was to end in forty days, and Fr Peco was to give his youngest daughter, Sultana, to the harem. The people of the town prevailed and the church building was finished and covered with stone blocks, soot, and lime (so as not to be noticed) in 40 days. Seeing that the church had been completed, Vali immediately ordered the deaths of three church elders in front of the church, and since Sultana had fled to Kyustendil, Friar Peco was imprisoned for three years. When Sultana found out that Vali had been murdered by komitas, she promptly returned to Berovo.
Convent
The first convent, located at the exit from Berovo leading to the dam and the lake, was built in 1940 in a 19th-century architectural opus, twenty years after the construction of the Monastery of the Holy Archangel Michael, and the first nuns were the daughter-in-law and the daughter of Friar Risto, a son-in-law of Friar Peco. They had their monastic tonsure (removal of the hair of the head) with a blessing from the Rila Monastery's abbott. Eugenia I was the first abbess of the convent, the second – Eugenia II, the third – Eugenia III, and the fourth abbess was Eulampia in 1958 by the first Archbishop of Ohrid, Dositheus. At its peak, in the first half of the twentieth century, the convent numbered up to sixty nuns, with a rich and developed economy, a theological seminary, a weaving mill, and the first single-phase hydro-power plant in this area was in the convent.
The three gates of the church face the town, the river and the pine forest. A large porch dominates the convent yard and in the dimness of its interior oil lamps lighten images of saints, painted in a characteristic style that is antonymic to Byzantine canons. Only one icon, that of Noah, painted by George Veljanov from Strumica in 1818. From 1897 to 1920 the painter Gavril Atanasov also worked in the convent. The icon of the Dormition of the Theotokos was painted by Gregory Pecanov from Strumica in 1878. The residential quarters are of a free-style construction. They attract with the warmth of the wood used, shaped in a 19th-century old-urban style.
Four sisters who came from the Veljusa monastery live together with the last nun of the previous lineage. The sisterhood of the convent is active in Byzantine style icon painting. The beginnings of the renewal of fresco painting in Macedonian monasteries was started by the sisterhood.
The Hesychastic (14th century Greek sect of Christianity) monastery typikon functions as a place of prayer, a holy hesychasterion. The upper floor of the church was recently turned into a small chapel dedicated to St. Gregory Palamas.
Local Politics
As of the municipal elections 2017, the new mayor of Berovo is Zvonko Pekevski.
Sports
Local football club FK Maleš play in the Macedonian Third League (Southeast Division).
Twin cities
Brus, Serbia
People from Berovo
Notes
References
External links
Official Berovo Website
Virtual Berovo Website
Towns in North Macedonia
Berovo Municipality
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972825
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%20%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%20%28%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%29
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3 псалми (Скорик)
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3 псалми (Скорик)
3 псалми — цикл для жіночого, чоловічого та мішаного хорів Мирослава Скорика. Написаний для Сьомого хорового фестивалю «Золотоверхий Київ» у 2003 році.
Композитором використано 3 псалми у такій послідовності:
Псалом 12 — «Чи ти мене, Боже милий, навік забуваєш», у віршованому переклад Т. Шевченка, для чоловічого хору
Псалом 53 — «Боже, спаси, суди мене Ти по Своїй волі», у віршованому переклад Т. Шевченка, для мішаного хору
Псалом 38 — «Не карай мене, о Господи», вільна авторська компіляція канонічного тексту, для жіночого хору
Література
Галина Панкевич Духовні композиції Мирослава Скорика
Чекан Ю. Вступна стаття // Духовні твори М. Скорика. Київ, 2005
Кияновська Л. Мирослав Скорик: людина і митець // Незалежний культурологічний журнал «Ї». Львів, 2008
Герасименко Л.Три псалми М. Скорика: до проблеми взаємодії тексту і музики // Музична наука на початку третього тисячоліття. — ОНМА ім. А. В. Нежданової, 2017. — Вип. 4. — Режим доступу: http://musikology.com.ua/upload-files/vip_4/gerasimenko.pdf
Твори Мирослава Скорика
Твори для хору
Твори 2003
Музичні твори 2000-х
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300341
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%20%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Медведеве (Конотопський район)
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Медведеве (Конотопський район)
Медведеве — село в Україні, у Кролевецькій міській громаді Конотопського району Сумської області. Площа — 42,5. Населення становить 21 осіб. До 2020 орган місцевого самоврядування — Білогривська сільська рада.
Після ліквідації Кролевецького району 19 липня 2020 року село увійшло до Конотопського району.
Географія
Село Медведеве знаходиться на лівому березі річки Глистянка, вище за течією на відстані 1,5 км розташоване село Хрещатик, нижче за течією на відстані 3 км розташоване село Губарівщина. До села примикає великий лісовий масив (сосна, береза).
Село розташоване за 18 км від адміністративного центру громади м. Кролевець. Найближча залізнична станція Брюловецький, розташована за 11 км.
Символіка
На гербі зображений ведмідь в азійському стилі та медові стільники, що відсилають до назви як колишньої так і сучасної (герб є подвійнопромовистим, а якщо взяти ще й стару назву то промовистим потрійно). Зелене тло зображає лісові масиви навколо села.
Історія
Після торгів у м. Києві на аукціоні в кінці 60-их років XIX ст. земельні угіддя, які знаходилися у північному напрямку, від села Хрещатик перейшли у володіння єврею Айзіку Карасику. В останній чверті XIX ст. він почав розпродувати свої землі селянам, які бажали придбати земельні ділянки під забудову житла. Так був заснований Айзіків хутір (згодом назва трансформувалась в «хутір Азія»), що в радянські часи отримав офіційну назву Медведеве. В народі досі живе стара назва села — Азія.
Примітки
Посилання
Погода в селі Медведеве
Села Сумської області
Населені пункти Конотопського району
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68380790
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds%20%C4%8Cep%C4%81nis
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Alfrēds Čepānis
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Alfrēds Čepānis (3 August 1943 – 26 April 2024) was a Latvian politician and the Speaker of the Saeima from 1996 to 1998.
Biography
Čepānis was born in a Lithuanian and Belarusian family, where they spoke only Latvian in their household. In 1957, he graduated from Kalsnava Primary School and continued his studies at Jaungulbene Vocational School and Riga. After graduating from primary school, Čepānis worked in agriculture where was an assistant tractor driver, tractor driver and combine harvester. From 1968 to 1974, he worked for the Komsomol and in 1973 graduated in part from the Higher Party School in Moscow.
In 1990, Čepānis was elected as the deputy of the Supreme Council. In 1993 he was elected to the 5th Saeima as a part of the Democratic Center Party of Latvia, and two years later was elected to the 6th Saeima as a part of the Democratic Party "Saimnieks", becoming a member of the Speaker of the Saeima. On 26 September 1996, after Ilga Kreituse resigned from the faction, Čepānis became the 7th Speaker of the Saeima.
In 1999, he was elected to the Council of Trasta Komercbanka and later became its Deputy Chairman in 2006. He was elected to the Riga City Council in 2006 for the Latvian Democratic Party, the successor of "Saimnieka." Following the liquidation of Latvian Democratic Party in 2004, he became a founder of the party New Centre.
Čepānis died on 26 April 2024, at the age of 80.
Honors
:
Commander with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars
References
1943 births
2024 deaths
People from Madona Municipality
Communist Party of Latvia politicians
Democratic Center Party of Latvia politicians
Democratic Party "Saimnieks" politicians
New Centre (Latvia) politicians
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1980–1985
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1985–1990
Deputies of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia
Deputies of the 5th Saeima
Deputies of the 6th Saeima
Speakers of the Saeima
Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
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3258079
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Гончарук Іван Савич
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Гончарук Іван Савич
Іван Савич Гончарук (псевдо: «Лісовий»; року, с. Грудки, Каширський повіт, Поліське воєводство, Польська республіка — року, м. Київ, УРСР) — український військовик, вояк УПА, член ОУН, учасник боротьби за відновлення незалежности України. Іван Гончарук став останнім вояком УПА, страченим радянським режимом.
Родина
Народився в селянській родині, котра мала 4 гектари ріллі, корів, свиней та курей. Батько помер, коли Іванові виповнилось три роки — на руках матері, Марії Федорівни (в дівоцтві — Прус), залишилось четверо дітей: донька й три сини.
Закінчив польську шестирічну школу в Грудках. Після окупації Радянським Союзом, в 1939 році, вступив на курси слюсарів при залізничному депі в Ковелі. Навчання не завершив, бо треба було допомагати матері з господарством, позаяк сестра Домна вступила в шлюб, один з братів — Яків — одружився та мав власне господарство, другого, Ієва, призвали до Червоної армії. Згодом брат Яків воював в УПА, загинув 1945 року, місце поховання — невідоме.
Боївка УПА
Після повернення повторної окупації СРСР 1944 року, Іван переховувався від мобілізації до Червоної Армії на хуторі в сестри. В липні 1944 року долучився до повстанців, двотижневий вишкіл УПА проходив на хуторі Вовки, де отримав псевдо «Лісовий». Основна діяльність загону зводилась до розправи над присланим радянсько-партійним активом та їх опорою з місцевих. Гончарук-«Лісовий» виконував, в основному, господарчі справи. Загін діяв в околиці сіл Грудки, Осівці, Мельники-Мостище та інших навколишніх сіл Камінь-Каширського та Ратнівського районів. В прямі бої із загонами НКВД намагались не вступати через можливі втрати. Перший бій з військами НКВД Іван зустрів біля села Хабарище Ратнівського району.
Перший арешт
Вперше був схоплений співробітниками НКВД, разом з двома побратимами, 21 грудня 1945 року на хуторі біля Грудок; при собі мав гвинтівку та набої. Судили, разом із шістьма іншими вояками УПА, в 1946 році. Звинувачений в ухиленні від служби в Червоній Армії, участі в боївці УПА та збиранні продуктів для неї, бойових діях проти НКВД, вбивстві місцевої жительки. Вирок — смертна кара, однак Воєнна колегія Верховного суду УРСР замінила розстріл на 20 років каторги та 5 років позбавлення громадянських прав. Покарання відбував в таборах Колими.
Звільнення
У 1956 році написав заяву на перегляд справи і 17 серпня 1956 року МВС СРСР вирішило звільнити Гончарука через недоцільність подальшого тримання в ув'язненні. Повернутися додому Іван не мав права, тому оселився в Усть-Омчузі, селищі Тенькінського району Магаданської області, де влаштувався кухарем до військової частини. Там познайомився з дівчиною з Сумщини, що працювала там швачкою, Ганною Проценко, з якою згодом побрались. Родина мала двох дітей — сина та доньку.
Потім працював кухарем торговельної контори, після курсів у Магадані став очільником їдальні на 169-у кілометрі колимської дороги. Рідне село — Грудки — відвідував раз на три роки, згідно з дозволом.
Повернення до України
У 1969 році, за допомогою батьків дружини, купили на Харківщині хату, куди переїхали 1975 року. Іван був вже пенсіонером. Проживав з родиною в селищі Комсомольське.
У жовтні 1986 року управління КДБ Волинської області розпочало проти Івана Гончарука додаткове розслідування за статтею 399 КПК УРСР. Архівно-кримінальна справа № 13017 з обвинувачення Гончарука розпочата 29 червня і завершена 17 вересня 1987 року.
Другий арешт
10 червня 1987 року майор КДБ В. М. Приступа склав постанову про притягнення як обвинуваченого Івана Гончарука.
Головне обвинувачення у цьому документі:
Звинувачення Гончарукові висунули надумані, адже німців на той час (1945 рік) на Волині вже не було і про жодну співпрацю не могло бути й мови. До Івана Савича застосували статті 56 та 64 КК УРСР із застосуванням Указу Президії Верховної Ради СРСР від 4 березня 1965 року, у якому йдеться про покарання нацистських злочинців без терміну давності. Окрім цього, була застосована Постанова Президії Верховної Ради СРСР від 3 вересня 1965 року, що дозволяла смертну кару до осіб, які «проводили активну карательську діяльність, брали особисту участь у вбивствах радянських людей», тобто радянської окупаційної адміністрації та НКВД, хоча пряма участь у вбивствах Гончаруком залишилась недоведеною.
24 червня 1987 року президія Волинського обласного суду скасувала вирок Івану Гончаруку від 28 березня 1946 року і через 5 днів він був заарештований. Допити проводились в Готвальді, Луцьку, по 8 годин на день. Під час слідства було вчинено тиск на родину, зустрітися з членами котрої дозволяли через три дні.
Розстріл
Відкритий судовий процес відбувся в місті Камінь-Каширський і тривав від 12 до 16 жовтня 1987 року. Одночасно КДБ організувало сходи сіл, котрі вимагали засудження та розстрілу «бандита». Вирок суду був передбачуваним — смертна кара. Обвинувачений так і не визнав провини щодо катувань та вбивств, касаційні скарги адвоката та обвинуваченого не досягли бажаного результату.
19 жовтня 1987 року в Луцьку суддя Борис Плахтій, який у 2021 році через суд домігся підвищення пенсії до 202 тис. грн на місяць, та народні засідателі Б.Панчук та Г.Артеменко підписали смертний вирок.
Постанову Президії Верховної Ради Української РСР від 19 квітня 1988 року, з текстом «Відхилити клопотання про помилування І.Гончарука», у Києві підписала голова Президії Верховної ради УРСР Валентина Шевченко.
29 червня 1989 року арештували майно сім'ї Гончаруків: описано будинок площею 77,7 м², арештовані грошові вклади.
Івана Гончарука розстріляли 12 липня 1989 року в Києві. Місце поховання невідоме.
Рішенням Національної комісії з реабілітації від 29 квітня 2021 року був реабілітований.
Див. також
† Мартиролог загиблих діячів ОУН та УПА †
Примітки
Діячі ОУНР
Українські антикомуністи
Українські націоналісти
Українські підпільники
Вояки Української повстанської армії
Розстріляні в Українській РСР
Персоналії:Слобожанське (Зміївський район)
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15916954
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auzouville-sur-Sa%C3%A2ne
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Auzouville-sur-Saâne
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Auzouville-sur-Saâne (literally Auzouville on Saâne) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in Northern France.
Geography
A small farming village surrounded by woodland, in the Pays de Caux, some southwest of Dieppe, at the junction of the D55 and D2 roads and on the banks of the river Saâne.
Population
Places of interest
The nineteenth century church of St. Denis.
A Manorhouse dating from the fifteenth century.
See also
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department
References
Communes of Seine-Maritime
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1322810
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE
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Собіно
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Собіно
Собіно — село, Холмогорський район, Архангельська область
Собіно — присілок, Шарканський район, Удмуртія
Див. також
Собінка
Собінський
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3127127
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C
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Разін-Дуль
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Разін-Дуль — село в Ірані, у дегестані Шандерман, у бахші Шандерман, шагрестані Масал остану Ґілян. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 95 осіб, що проживали у складі 28 сімей.
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 13,96°C, середня максимальна – 27,56°C, а середня мінімальна – -0,78°C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 701 мм.
Примітки
Населені пункти шагрестану Масал
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1214232
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD29479
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HD29479
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HD29479 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу A3, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 5,1.
Вона розташована на відстані близько 151,8 світлових років від Сонця.
Фізичні характеристики
Зоря HD29479 обертається
досить швидко
навколо своєї осі. Проєкція її екваторіальної швидкості на промінь зору становить Vsin(i)= 63км/сек.
Пекулярний хімічний вміст
Див. також
Перелік HgMn-зір
Ртутно-манганова зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (4h-6h)
Хімічно пекулярна зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію
Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію
Перелік Am-зір
Am-зоря
Джерела
Хімічно пекулярні зорі
Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу A3
4
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2453807
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD
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Заршин
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Заршин — лемківське село в Польщі, у гміні Заршин Сяноцького повіту Підкарпатського воєводства. Розташоване в середньому Бескиді. Населення — (2011).
Географія
Розташоване на державній дорозі № 28, у мальовничій долині річки Пельниця, за 15 км на захід від міста Сянок та за 50 км на південь від міста Ряшів.
Історія
Знаходилось у смузі лемківських сіл на межі з Малопольщею і тому піддавалось латинізації та полонізації. З 1340 до 1772 року село входило до складу Сяноцької землі Руського воєводства (Королівства Польського, Речі Посполитої). 30 жовтня 1395 р. в Меденичах король Владислав II Ягайло подарував Яхнику Дзевечку з Сосвошова королівське містечко Заршин з передмістям і село Довге в Сяноцькій землі. В 1500 р. в селі вже був замок. З 1772 до 1918 року село входило до складу Сяніцького повіту Королівства Галичини та Володимирії монархії Габсбургів (з 1867 року Австро-Угорщини).
На початку ХІХ ст. єзуїти-власники Заршина і Довгого насильно провели латинізацію місцевого населення.
У 1876 р. прокладена залізниця і побудована залізнична станція.
У 1895 р. Заршин поділявся на містечко і передмістя, було 193 будинки і 959 мешканців (6 грекокатоликів, 825 римокатоликів і 128 юдеїв).
Під час Першої світової війни Заршин зазнав значних руйнувань, а в 1934 р. позбавлений міських прав. У міжвоєнний час Заршин входив до Сяніцького повіту Львівського воєводства.
Грекокатолики Заршина належали до парафії Новосільці (з 1930 р. — Буківського деканату), метричні книги велися з 1784 р.
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Кросненського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
Джерела
Села Сяноцького повіту
Галичина
Закерзоння
Лемківщина
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