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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE
Штефан Павло
Штефан Павло Павло Штефан (14 вересня 1963, Усть-Каменогорськ, Казахська РСР, СРСР) — радянський хокеїст, нападник. Спортивна кар'єра Виступав за команди «Сокіл» (Київ), «Машинобудівник» (Київ), «Енбек» (Алма-Ата), «Металіст» (Петропавловськ), «Горняк» (Дальнєгорськ, Приморський край). У вищій лізі провів 2 матчі. Син Степан виступав за юніорську і молодіжну збірні Казахстану. Статистика Примітки Посилання радянські хокеїсти Хокеїсти ШВСМ (Київ) Хокеїсти «Сокола» (Київ) уродженці Усть-Каменогорська
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80
Карманов Двор
Карманов Двор — присілок у складі Нюксенського району Вологодської області, Росія. Входить до складу Городищенського сільського поселення. Населення Населення — 32 особи (2010; 38 у 2002). Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік): росіяни — 100 % Джерела Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Нюксенського району Присілки Вологодської області
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE
Тимофіїв Михайло
Тимофіїв Михайло Михайло Тимофіїв (? — ?) — український економіст, публіцист, громадський діяч, товариш (заступник) міністра продовольчих справ УНР. Життєпис Український економіст, історик. Діяч гетьманського руху. Співзасновник Українського союзу хліборобів-державників. У 1919 році займав посаду товариша (заступника) міністра продовольчих справ УНР, перебував у Проскурові. Залишив спогади про той період : У 1920 році проживав в околицях Віденського району Деблінг, у невеликому пансіоні. Досліджував історію єврейської громади України. Юрій Липа у своїй праці «Призначення України» (Частина 3) називає Михайла Тимофіїва Праці Михайло Тимофіїв. «До наших економічних перспектив. Майбутнє нашої грошової системи». // Хліборобська Україна (Відень). - 1920-1921. - Ч. II, III,IV. - С. 65-121. Тимофіїв, Михайло. Жиди і народне господарство [Текст] / Михайло Тимофіїв. - Відень : Іоганбор, 1923. - 65 с. Михайло Тимофіїв. Памяти Вячеслава Липинського / Михайло Тимофіїв / У кн.: Вячеслав Липинський та його доба: Кн. 1. – С. 254 – 257. – С. 256. Примітки Посилання В. Андрієвський. "Від Гетьмана до Директорії". Українські публіцисти
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5
Феррера-Ербоньйоне
Феррера-Ербоньйоне Феррера-Ербоньоне — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Ломбардія, провінція Павія. Феррера-Ербоньоне розташована на відстані близько 470 км на північний захід від Рима, 50 км на південний захід від Мілана, 24 км на захід від Павії. Населення — (2014). Покровитель — San Giovanni. Демографія Сусідні муніципалітети Галліавола Ломелло Меццана-Більї Оттоб'яно П'єве-дель-Каїро Саннаццаро-де'-Бургонді Скальдазоле Валеджо Див. також Список муніципалітетів провінції Павія ТЕС Феррера-Ербоньоне Примітки Муніципалітети провінції Павія
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSC5409-2093
GSC5409-2093
GSC5409-2093 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу A1, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 10,5. Пекулярний хімічний склад Зоряна атмосфера GSC5409-2093 має підвищений вміст Cr . Див. також Перелік HgMn-зір Ртутно-манганова зоря Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (6h-8h) Хімічно пекулярна зоря Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію Перелік Am-зір Am-зоря Джерела Хімічно пекулярні зорі Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу A1 Зорі
4492997
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%20%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9
Ябіку Шохей
Ябіку Шохей Шохей Ябіку — японський борець греко-римського стилю, бронзовий призер Олімпійських ігор 2020. Спортивні результати на міжнародних змаганнях Виступи на Олімпіадах Виступи на Чемпіонатах світу Виступи на Чемпіонатах Азії Виступи на Азійських іграх Виступи на інших змаганнях Виступи на змаганнях молодших вікових груп Примітки Джерела Японські борці греко-римського стилю борці греко-римського стилю на літніх Олімпійських іграх 2020 Японські бронзові олімпійські медалісти Бронзові призери літніх Олімпійських ігор 2020
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0
Романова Галина Федорівна
Романова Галина Федорівна Галина Федорівна Романова (25 жовтня 1918 — 19 серпня 1944) — радянський лікар, учасниця німецько-радянської війни, діячка антифашистської організації «Інтернаціональний союз». Біографія Народилася 25 жовтня 1918 року в селі Романкове (Кам'янське) (нині історичний район міста Кам'янське). Батько — Федір Петрович Романов. Мати — Ірина Павлівна Романова. У 30-й школі навчалася протягом семи років, потім у медичному училищі й Дніпропетровському медичному інституті. Вступила до комсомолу, та незабаром була виключена як донька ворога народу: Її батько, звинувачений у контрреволюційній діяльності, був розстріляний 10 червня 1937. Тільки дивом Галину не виключили з інституту. Медінститут евакуювали в Ставрополь у серпні 1941 року, а Галина вже була на п'ятому курсі навчання. З дозволу генерального комісара округу Дніпропетровська Ніколауса Зельцнера, деякі навчальні заклади Дніпропетровська продовжили працювати (в тому числі Державний університет), і 24 січня 1942 відділ охорони здоров'я обласної управи повідомив декана медичного факультету В. Архангельського про продовження занять на випускному курсі (медичний факультет був найчисленніший в Державному університеті). Галина усвідомлювала, що її обов'язково заберуть до Німеччини на примусові роботи, але продовжувала навчатися. 1 липня 1942 вона вже як володарка диплома лікаря в складі групи медиків з 125 осіб вирушила до Німеччини: протягом місяця вона проходила практику в Єнському університеті. Після закінчення практики призначена табірним лікарем в Берліні, пізніше працювала у Вільдау. Переважно лікувала остарбайтерів, які прибували на примусові роботи. Галина проживала на квартирі в німкені й підтримувала зв'язок з матір'ю, якій німецька влада обіцяла матеріальну допомогу, а донька регулярно відправляла листи на батьківщину. Однак з грудня 1942 року вона почала працювати в Оранієнбурзі, куди відправляли молодь з окупованих європейських країн. Вона допомагала всім постраждалим на виробництві, а також боролася з апатією серед молоді. З кожним днем ​​вона розуміла, що життя в Німеччині видається вже не таким барвистим, як стверджувала німецька адміністрація. У якийсь момент вона вирішила вступити в Рух Опору, не витримавши тягаря життя в Німеччині й постійних знущань над її пацієнтами. Вважається, що ще під час навчання Галина встановила зв'язок з антифашистським підпіллям Дніпропетровської області (в тому числі й із Дніпродзержинським). У травні 1943 року Галина вступила в антифашистський «Інтернаціональний союз», утворений в квітні 1943 року і ведений старостою табору фірми «Шварцкопф», якого звали Микола Романенко. Романенко влаштував їй зустріч з берлінським хіміком Костянтином Задкевічем, який емігрував з Росії, і вони подружилися. Задкевіч попереджав, що війна наближається до кордонів Німеччини, і потрібно зробити все можливе, щоб радянська влада не влаштовувала розправу над остарбайтерами, а визнала їх як героїв Руху Опору. Вже потім Костянтин стверджував, що після зустрічі з антифашистами «знову відчув себе росіянином». Завдяки Костянтину Галина зустрілася з ще одним діячем антифашистського підпілля, доцентом медичного факультету Берлінського університету Георгом Гроскуртом, який входив до складу ще однієї антифашистської організації соціалістичного спрямування. Гроскурт читав лекції в Єнському університеті для лікарів зі Східної Європи і викликав довіру Галини. Пізніше Галина познайомилася з низкою французьких і бельгійських робітників, готових діяти і боротися за перемогу антигітлерівської коаліції. За пропозицією керівництва члени «Міжнародного» і «Європейського союзів» стали складати зашифровані листи: в радянську групу увійшли Микола Романенко, Галина Романова, Олександр Хомля, Петро Зозуля, Іван Лесик і Михайло Занчаровський. Передавати листи повинен був адміністратор готелю «Брістоль» швед Гульбрінг в посольства СРСР і Франції в Швеції: вручав їх особисто Задкевіч. Однак 4 жовтня 1943 Задкевіча заарештувало гестапо, і той видав усіх змовників. Через два дні гестапо заарештувало всіх членів організації. Галину кинули до в'язниці Герден (Бранденбург), а незабаром інспектор з кримінальних справ з Берліна, гестапівець Габекер передав справу до суду — Галину тут же перевели в Пльотцензее. 18 лютого 1944 генеральний прокурор Ернст Лауц оголосив обвинувальний акт, у якому всіх заарештованих звинувачували в антидержавній діяльності та спробі допомоги військово-політичним противникам Третього рейху. Романову назвали головною винуватицею, оскільки вербувала робітників у антифашистське підпілля й зв'язувалася зі своїми земляками. 27 квітня 1944 голова трибуналу суддя Роланд Фрайслер (він пізніше судив Юліуса Фучика і учасників змови 20 липня 1944) засудив до смерті шість чоловік: серед них була й Галина Романова. Перед виконанням вироку Галина Романова попросила передати своїй подрузі Валентині Круподер сімейну фотокартку, на якій написала прощальні слова своїй сім'ї в містечко Кам'янське, тоді вже визволене від німців. 19 серпня 1944 року Галина Федорівна Романова була страчена на гільйотині. Вшанування Її ім'я носила одна з груп Дніпропетровського медичного інституту. У Кам'янському її ім'ям названо вулицю. У травні 1965 року під дворі школи-інтернату № 3 міста Дніпродзержинська ій встановлений пам'ятник (скульптор Геогій Левчук). Указом Президії Верховної Ради СРСР від 28 вересня 1967 року посмертно нагороджена медаллю «За відвагу». Примітки Посилання Галина Романова. «… І бризнула кров її на стіну» Радянські партизани Люди, на честь яких названо вулиці
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F
Віла-Олімпія
Віла-Олімпія — район (bairro) міста Сан-Паулу, розташований в окрузі Ітайм-Бібі. В цьому районі знаходяться представництва великого числа міжнародних та великих бразильських компаній. Особливо багато серед них компаній, що працюють в області високих технологій: Google, Yahoo!, ApontadorMapLink, Buscape, Intel, Symantec, Microsoft та багато інших. Крім того, район відомих своїм нічним життям, тобто барами і нічними клубами, тут проводить дозвілля велике число молоді міста. Також район відомий торговим центром «Villa Daslu», що торгує товарами розкоші. Це найбільший центр такого роду в Латинській Америці та один з найбільших у світі. Крім того, в районі знаходиться E-Tower, одна з найвідоміших та п'ята за висотою будівля міста Сан-Паулу (12 у країні). Райони Сан-Паулу
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
Білецька сільська рада
Білецька сільська рада — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця в Україні Білецька сільська рада — Львівська область, Перемишлянський район Білецька сільська рада — Тернопільська область, Тернопільський район Білецька сільська рада — Хмельницька область, Полонський район
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%20%E2%84%96%207%20%28%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%29
Симфонія № 7 (Шостакович)
Симфонія № 7 (Шостакович) Симфонія № 7 до мажор, тв. 60, «Ленінградська» — симфонія Дмитра Дмитровича Шостаковича, одна з найвідоміших симфонічних творів XX століття. Створювалась композитором в 1941–1942 роках. Перші три частини написані в Ленінграді (закінчені в серпні 1941 року), в жовтні 1941 композитора з сім’єю евакуювали, що очевидно врятувало йому життя. Фінал симфонії, завершений у лютому 1942 року, композитор дописував у Куйбишеві. Уперше виконана в березні 1942 року в місті Куйбишеві, а 9 серпня 1942 року твір прозвучав у блокадному Ленінграді, диригував Карл Ілліч Еліасберг. Пізніше туристи з НДР зізнавались Еліасбергу, що Симфонія складається з 4-х частин загальною тривалістю близько 1 години 15 хвилин. Allegretto Moderato (poco allegretto) Adagio Allegro non troppo Склад оркестру потрійний із включенням 6 труб, 6 тромбонів та 8 валторн (роздріблені на дві секції). Ця симфонія особливо відома так званим «епізодом нашестя» з 1-ї частини, в якому 18-тактова маршова тема, акомпонована повторюваним ритмом малого барабана проходить 12 разів, з кожним разом все більш динамічно. Структурно цей епізод, що триває близько 11 хвилин, заміщає розробку сонатної форми, а за засобами розвитку нагадує «Болеро» М. Равеля. Традиційно цей марш розглядають як образ німецького нашестя, тоді як головна й побічна асоціювались з образом «радянського народу». Водночас пізніші дослідники звернули увагу на схожість головної теми та «теми нашестя», яка починається як ракохід першої теми. Примітки Посилання Завантажити музику Завантажити симфонію Музичні твори 1942
9670427
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Silvestro%20al%20Quirinale
San Silvestro al Quirinale
San Silvestro al Quirinale (or St. Sylvester on Quirinal Hill) is a historic church in central Rome, Italy. It is located near Via XXIV Maggio corner with Via Mazzarino, a few blocks south of the Piazza del Quirinale. History The first mentions of a church on the site are from 1039, when it was called Santo Stefano in Cavallo in recognition of its site on Monte Cavallo, a small hill in the Campo Marzio. In 1507, the church was granted to the Dominicans of the Florentine Congregation of St Mark by Pope Julius II. In 1555, Pope Paul IV gifted it to the Theatine order, and it was rebuilt in 1524–1584. The high altar was consecrated in 1584 by Bishop Thomas Goldwell of St. Asaph's in North Wales, the last Catholic bishop in England under Queen Mary Tudor's reign. In 1801, San Silvestro was granted to the Lazarists, having been abandoned by the Theatines some years before. In the period when conclaves to elect a new Pope were held at the Quirinal Palace, the inaugural procession of the Cardinals started from this church. When the street was widened in 1877, the 16th century façade was replaced. The old façade had been simple, while the present one, by Andrea Busiri Vici, is more decorated. There is a small garden outside the church, with a 16th-century oratory that was used in funerals. The façade, decorated in stucco, is original. Interior decoration The renaissance interior is almost completely covered with paintings. There is a long, vaulted choir behind the altar. In the ceiling is a fresco from the late 16th century by Giovanni and Cherubino Alberti. On the left wall is a fresco by Lazzaro Baldi, depicting St Gaetano and the Blessed Virgin. On the counterfacade of the entrance is the funeral monument of Cardinal Federico Cornaro (1531–1590) attributed to Giacomo della Porta. To the left of the monument to Prospero Farinacci is a painting of Saints Peter and Paul by Stefano Pozzi. The first chapel on the right side has a tile floor by Luca della Robbia (1525), and has the arms of Pope Leo X. On the walls are frescoes depicting scenes from the lives of St Catherine of Siena and St Mary Magdalene attributed to Polidoro da Caravaggio and/or Maturino da Firenze. In the ceiling, Cavaliere d'Arpino has painted scenes from the life of St Stephen the Deacon. In the second chapel on the right side is a painting depicting the Nativity of Mary, painted by Marcello Venusti in the 16th century. On the walls are the Circumcision of Christ and Adoration of the Magi by Jacopo Zucchi and The Dream of St Joseph and The Slaughter of the Innocents by Raffaellino da Reggio. The first chapel on the left side has a fresco by Avanzino Nucci, Pope St Sylvester Baptizing Emperor Constantine. In the ceiling are scenes from the life of St Sylvester, painted in 1868. The altarpiece in the second chapel on the left is by Giacinto Gimignani, and depicts Pope St Pius V and Cardinal Alessandrino in Adoration of the Virgin. In the centre is an icon of the Madonna with Child of the Roman school, 13th century. At the end of the left transept, is the Chapel of the Assumption, also known as the Cappella Bandini. The large, octagonal, domed chapel designed by Ottaviano Mascherino in 1585. The Assumption painting is by Scipione Pulzone. The four painted roundels depicting scenes from the lives of David, Judith, Esther and Solomon (1628) are by Domenichino. There are four stucco statues; Magdalene and St John from 1628, by Alessandro Algardi, and St Joseph and St Martha by Francesco Mochi. In the right arm of the transept is a depiction of The Eternal Appearing to Sts Andrew Avellino and Gaetano Thiene, by Antonio Barbalonga. Notes 11th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Roman Catholic churches completed in 1584 16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Silvestro al Quirinale, San Renaissance architecture in Rome Silvestro Quirinale
21300720
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Ukrainian%20National%20University
East Ukrainian National University
East Ukrainian National University Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University (Ukrainian: Східноукраїнський національний університет імені Володимира Даля) is a public university in Ukraine. It was founded in 1920, and in 1991 it was named after Volodymyr Dahl. It was the first higher educational establishment in which specialists in machine-building were trained. During World War II the institute was evacuated to Omsk (Russia). There it became the basis for the foundation of Omsk State Technical University. Besides branches in Luhansk the university has branches in other Ukrainian cities (Sievierodonetsk, Rubizhne, Krasnodon, Antratsyt, Livadiya in Luhansk Oblast, Feodosiya, Yevpatoriya in Crimea and Skadovsk in Kherson Oblast). Nowadays the university has level IV accreditation, with 24 faculties and nearly 1,083 professors, 742 of them PhD's. The university owns 55 buildings in east and south (Crimea) Ukraine University has about 34,000 Ukrainian (and about 260 foreign) students and offers 124 majors. It used to be the largest machine-building institute in the former USSR. In 2001, the university was named after Vladimir Dal (who is called Volodymyr Dahl in Ukrainian). Since September 2014, two institutions claim to represent this university: one, that remains in Luhansk, and the other that says that university was evacuated from Luhansk to Sievierodonetsk due to the Russo-Ukrainian War. Structure Some of the 24 faculties of the university include: Construction Engineering Automobiles Accounting and Auditing Electromechanics Railway Transport Internal Combustion Engines Computer Sciences Labour Safety and Life Security Archival Studies Journalism Politology Sociology Physical Education Administration Management Foreign-Economic Activity Management Metal Cutting Machine-Tools and Instruments Chair of Electronic Industry Equipment Physics Chemistry Economic Cybernetics Marketing Personnel Management and Economics Theory Foreign Languages Pedagogics Foreign Language Skills Development Human Problems and Philosophy of Health Psychology Religions Banking Taxation World History History of Ukraine References External links Official website Page on VK Universities and colleges established in 1920 1920 establishments in Ukraine National universities in Ukraine Institutions with the title of National in Ukraine
1991707
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%28%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%29
Вакханки (Евріпід)
Вакханки (Евріпід) «Вакханки» — трагедія давньогрецького драматурга Евріпіда. П'єса була вперше поставлена на Діонісіях в 405 до н. е.. Дійові особи Діоніс Хор лідійських вакханок Тіресій Кадм Пентей Слуга Пентея Вісник Другий вісник Агава Сюжет Трагедія «Вакханки» оповідає про фіванського царя Пентея, котрий не хотів визнавати богом свого двоюрідного брата Вакха-Діоніса, що повернувся з Азії в Фіви. Пентей побачив в культі Діоніса лиш брехню і розпусту і почав суворо переслідувати його служниць, вакханок. Діоніс навіяв несамовиту шаленість на всіх фіванских жінок, і вони на чолі з Агавою (мати Пентея) втекли в гори, щоб в оленячих шкурах, з тирсами (обвита плющем та виноградним листям із шишкою на кінці палиця), флейтами і бубнами в руках, брати участь у вакханаліях. Пентею Діоніс навіяв нестримне бажання побачити вакханок під час їхнього служіння. Переодягнувшись в жіночу сукню, він вирушив на Кітерон, де воно проходило. Але Агава та інші вакханки за навіюванням Діоніса прийняли Пентея за лева, і розірвали його на шматки. Агава урочисто принесла закривавлену голову власного сина в палац, вважаючи, що це голова лева. Прийшовши до тями, вона відчула глибоке каяття. Український переклад Українською мовою трагедію переклав Андрій Содомора: Евріпід. Трагедії / Переклади з давньогрецької А. Содомори та Бориса Тена. — К.: Основи, 1993. — 448 с. Вакханки 389-335 с Посилання «Вакханки» в перекладі А. Содомори на www.ae-lib.org.ua П'єси Евріпіда Трагедії Літературні твори за сюжетами давньогрецької міфології
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%20%D0%B7%20%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8
Танці з кістками
Танці з кістками «Танці з кістками» — роман українського лікаря-блогера та популяризатора доказової медицини Андрія Сем'янківа. Виданий у 2022 році видавництвом «Віхола». Сюжет Події роману відбуваються в сучасному Києві. Твір описує життя патологоанатома-невдахи Северина, який незадоволений своїм фінансовим станом та досягненнями в житті. Несподівано Донику випадає можливість заробити на ринку трансплантації органів. Попри нелегальність, герой погоджується на злочини, в надії налагодити власне життя за допомогою грошей. Северин переконує себе, що забирає в мертвих людей те, що їм вже і так не потрібно, що поступово морально змінює героя і він продовжує скоювати злочини. З появою грошей герою здається, що його життя покращується, однак згодом він стикається із шантажем та остаточно морально занепадає. Твір побудований на чорному гуморі. Нагороди Премія Книга року BBC. Історія написання Ідея твору виникла в Андрія Сем'янківа 2015-2016 року, коли справи в державній медицині ішли досить скрутно. Більшість історій засновані на реальності. Продажі Станом на 2023, було продано 27 603 примірників книги. Примітки Посилання Українські романи 2022 Романи-трилери Книги видавництва «Віхола»
1557241
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
Ілово (Мядельський район)
Ілово (Мядельський район) Ілава — село в складі Мядельського району Мінської області, Білорусь. Село підпорядковане Будславській сільській раді, розташоване в північній частині області. Джерела «Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 1. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2010. — 736 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0302-3. «Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 2. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2011. — 464 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0554-6. «Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 3. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2012. — 624 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0636-9. Дані про населення сіл Будславської сільської ради Посилання Інформація про села Мядельського району Каталог сіл Мядельського району Села Мінської області Населені пункти Мядельського району Будславська сільська рада
11628806
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipovac%2C%20Vukovar-Syrmia%20County
Lipovac, Vukovar-Syrmia County
Lipovac, Vukovar-Syrmia County Lipovac is a village in Syrmia in easternmost part of Croatia along the state border with Serbia and the village of Batrovci on the other side of the border. It is administratively part of the Nijemci Municipality, the largest municipality by territory in the county. The population of the village at the time of 2011 census was 814. The village is located near the end point of the highway A3, to the south of the Bosut river. During the Croatian war of Independence, it was occupied and incorporated into the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia. The region was peacefully reintegrated via UNTAES transitional administration after which many local residents returned to their homes. In recent years, and particularly since the 2013 enlargement of the European Union the village and the rest of the region is experiencing significant level of depopulation, population ageing and brain drain which represents socioeconomic and long term sustainability challenge. References Croatia National Tourist Board website: Lipovac Populated places in Vukovar-Syrmia County Croatia–Serbia border crossings Populated places in Syrmia
1514664
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%28%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%20%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97%29
Арма (цар Вірменії)
Арма (цар Вірменії) Арма — легендарний цар Вірменії. Гайкіди XIX століття до н. е.
1808625
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%202008%20%E2%80%94%20%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%28%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%29
Спортивна гімнастика на літніх Олімпійських іграх 2008 — Опорний стрибок (жінки)
Спортивна гімнастика на літніх Олімпійських іграх 2008 — Опорний стрибок (жінки) Змагання в опорному стрибку в рамках турніру зі спортивної гімнастики на літніх Олімпійських іграх 2008 року відбулись 17 серпня 2008 року в Пекінському державному палаці спорту. Призери Фінал *Анна Павлова через фальстарт у другому стрибку була дискваліфікована. Кваліфіковані гімнастки
2121964
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%29
Болотня (притока Гнилої Липи)
Болотня (притока Гнилої Липи) Болотня (Болотнянка) — річка в Україні, в межах Перемишлянського району Львівської області. Ліва притока Гнилої Липи (басейн Дністра). Опис Довжина - 13 км., похил русла - 8,8 м/км, площа басейну - 31 км². Річкова долина вузька і глибока (крім пригирлової частини), є заболочені ділянки. Річище слабозвивисте. Споруджено кілька ставків, є також меліоративні канали (у верхів'ях). Розташування Болотня бере початок неподалік від східної частини села Болотня. Тече серед пагорбів Перемишлянського низькогір'я на захід (частково північний захід), у пониззі виходить у долину Гнилої Липи і тече на південний захід. Впадає до Гнилої Липи на південний захід від села Іванівка. Над річкою розташовані села: Болотня та Іванівка. Джерела Болотня (Болотнянка) Словник гідронімів України — К.: Наукова думка, 1979. — С. 63 «Каталог річок України». — К. : Видавництво АН УРСР, 1957. — С. 39. — (№ 503). Малі річки України Річки Львівської області Річки Перемишлянського району Статті про річки Львівської області без зображення в картці
14761522
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nuclear%20ribonucleoprotein%20polypeptide%20A
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPA gene. Interactions Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A has been shown to interact with CDC5L. References Further reading
1816661
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6tley%20Cr%C3%BCe%20%28album%29
Mötley Crüe (album)
Mötley Crüe (album) Mötley Crüe is the sixth studio album by heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. It was released on March 15, 1994. It was the band's only album released with singer John Corabi, and was the first album of new material released by the band since their 1989 album, Dr. Feelgood. The album, which was recorded under the working title of Til Death Do Us Part, was the first release by the band after signing a $25 million contract with Elektra Records. Background Following the success of the Dr. Feelgood and Decade of Decadence albums and tours, the members of Mötley Crüe were tired and needed to take a break from the non-stop pressures of the road. Instead of being given a break, the band, then consisting of bassist Nikki Sixx, drummer Tommy Lee, guitarist Mick Mars and singer Vince Neil, had returned to the studio to begin work on the follow-up album to their 1989 album Dr. Feelgood on a two-week-on, two-week-off schedule. While working on new material in the studio in early 1992, Sixx, Lee and Mars had a falling out with Neil that led to the singer quitting or being fired from the band, effectively leaving Mötley Crüe without a frontman. Meanwhile, John Corabi was the vocalist of the Los Angeles-based hard rock band the Scream when he read an interview that featured Sixx in an issue of Spin magazine. In the interview, Corabi found out that Sixx was a big fan of the Scream's first record, Let It Scream. Corabi wanted to get in contact with Sixx and thank him for the compliment, as well as possibly opening the door for collaborating with Sixx on material for the next Scream album, so he had his manager get the number to Mötley Crüe's manager, Doug Thaler. After speaking to Thaler's secretary, Corabi was told to leave his phone number so that Sixx could get in contact with him. Not thinking much of it, Corabi left his number and continued with his responsibilities with the Scream. After receiving a phone call from Sixx and Lee, where they informed Corabi that Neil was no longer in the band, he was invited to audition. After a couple of sessions, the band told Corabi that he was their choice for Neil's replacement, but told him to keep quiet about it until they were able to work out some pending legal technicalities, as Elektra Records could have possibly reneged on the band's new contract if the label knew Neil was gone. Recording For the recording of the album, Mötley Crüe reunited with Bob Rock, who had produced Dr. Feelgood, their most commercially successful album. With Corabi now fronting the band, the members took advantage of the fact that he brought more to the table than Neil did: Sixx had never worked with another lyricist before, and Mars had never played with another guitarist. Mars noted that working with a second guitarist gave him "a chance to experiment and have some fun instead of having to focus on just keeping the rhythm." Also, the band had never previously written songs through jamming. One of the first songs Corabi worked with the band on was "Hammered", as well as the acoustic portion of the song that would become "Misunderstood." During the recording of the album, the band committed itself to sobriety, with a strict regimen of no drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, red meat or caffeine. The band worked with a physical trainer each morning, and took vitamin pills to keep their bodies nourished. Although there were occasional slips off the wagon, the members were determined to repeat the success of Dr. Feelgood. The recording sessions proved to be fruitful, with a total of 24 songs written and recorded over the 10-month recording span. Music and lyrics Lyrically, Corabi's influence pushed away from the band's usual themes of sex and rebellion. Sixx enjoyed working with Corabi on the lyrics, feeling Corabi's "normal" lyrics balanced out his own "demented" lyrics. Songs such as "Power to the Music" and "Droppin' Like Flies" were attempts at introspection and commentary on the state of the world, including then current events such as the 1992 Los Angeles riots, and the battle over music censorship. The song "Uncle Jack" was about Corabi's uncle, a convicted child molester, and "Misunderstood" was a song about people who were trying to deal with the fact that life had "passed them by". Some songs still had more familiar themes, including "Smoke the Sky," which was about marijuana use, and "Poison Apples", which was about the decadent Rock 'N Roll lifestyle that the band was famous for living. The single "Hooligan's Holiday" drew influence from contemporary grunge bands such as Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, and is considered alternative metal. The album also had a more aggressive and abrasive sound than the band's previous releases. Artwork There are two different versions of the cover, which features the band's name on a scratched black background. One version features the band name colored red and the other colored yellow (which is shown above). Both versions were released simultaneously. On the inside, the CD tray features a white circle showing a fist with the word "CRUE" on its fingers emerging from a black circle with an open space on the right side. The CD shows the same thing but drawn differently. Some editions have the CD showing the circle and fist drawn the same way as on the inlay. The back of the booklet shows part of the word "Listen" which is either colored red or yellow, depending on the version. The red version of the album is more common, as the yellow version is currently out of print. Release and promotion Mötley Crüe debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200 and was certified Gold by the RIAA on May 3, 1994. However, five years had passed since Mötley had released a full studio album, and much had changed in popular music. Grunge and alternative rock had crossed into the mainstream, and many hard rock and glam metal acts from the 1980s struggled to generate sales. After charting in the Top 10, the album slid down quickly and ultimately failed to sell as well as previous Mötley albums. "I've never heard that album," Neil claimed in 2000. "I just had no interest. It was a direction that I didn't agree with." While there was an expected backlash from fans toward the album after the popular Neil's departure, other factors contributed to the poor sales. Besides the aforementioned shift in popular music, the band fell out with MTV: Sixx threatened to knock the host's teeth out during an interview, as he felt the line of questioning was "stupid". He and the rest of the band walked out mid-interview. Executives from the Elektra and Warner Bros. labels weren't supporting the band either, as many executives prioritised boardroom wars related to the CEO change of Bob Krasnow to Sylvia Rhone. With no support from their label, and no promotion from MTV following the disastrous interview, the subsequent tour was scaled back from stadiums and arenas to theaters to clubs until it was eventually cancelled. Critical reception Mötley Crüe received mixed reviews. In general, critics remarked how the band had adapted their trademark sound to the new trends of grunge and alternative metal. According to Neil Arnold of Metal Forces, this change of style misrepresents the band, which maybe "should have gone under a different name" for this album. New vocalist John Corabi's vocal range and soulful performance are generally praised, as they are more suited to the new sound of the band. For Katherine Turman of The Los Angeles Times his "voice is meatier and more appealing than predecessor Vince Neil's" and may be responsible for the shift in focus towards a less flashy style. However, Arion Berger of Rolling Stone defined the music "samey", while Chuck Eddy in his review for Entertainment Weekly appreciated the ballads, but called the album's heavy tracks "an overbearing plod". Legacy In July 2014, Guitar World ranked Mötley Crüe at number 25 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list. In November 2022, Rolling Stone marked the firing of Neil and making of the album as the 22nd worst decision in music history, stating "by the time they reemerged with a self-titled LP in 1994, grunge was already on its way out. They seemed like visitors from another eon, and their tour to support the album played to oceans of empty seats". Track listing Personnel Mötley Crüe John Corabi – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar, six-string bass Mick Mars – lead guitar, six-string bass, sitar, mandolin, backing vocals Nikki Sixx – bass, piano, backing vocals Tommy Lee – drums, piano, backing vocals Guest musicians Scott Humphrey – programming/synths Glenn Hughes – backing vocals on "Misunderstood" Marc Lafrance, Dave Steele – backing vocals Hook Herrera – harmonica Sammy Sanchez – mandolin members of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra and the Vancouver Opera Orchestra Akira Nagai – concertmaster Production Bob Rock – producer, mixing, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar, mandolin Randy Staub – engineer, mixing Brian Dobbs, Ed Korengo, Darren Grahn, Jim Labinski, Bill Kennedy, Kim Lomas, Roger Monk, Ken Villeneuve, Greg Goldman – additional engineers George Marino – mastering Bob Buckley – orchestral arrangements and conduction Charts Album Singles Certifications References Mötley Crüe albums 1994 albums Elektra Records albums Albums produced by Bob Rock Albums recorded at A&M Studios Grunge albums Alternative metal albums by American artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanayka
Tanayka
Tanayka (Tänäy) is a rural locality (a village) in Bedeyevo-Polyansky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 60 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography Tanayka is located northeast of Blagoveshchensk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pavlovka is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Blagoveshchensky District
162541
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%29
Діброва (Саранчуківська сільська громада)
Діброва (Саранчуківська сільська громада) Діброва — село в Україні, у Саранчуківській сільській громаді Тернопільського району Тернопільської області. Поштове відділення — Шумлянське. До 2020 підпорядковане Слов'ятинській сільській раді. Відповідно до Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 12 червня 2020 року № 724-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Тернопільської області» увійшло до складу Саранчуківської сільської громади. Населення — 78 осіб (2003). Дворів — 24. Є пам'ятник Тарасові Шевченку Географія У селі є 2 вулиці: Миру та Шевченка. Для села характерний помірно континентальний клімат. Діброва розташована у «холодному Поділлі» — найхолоднішому регіоні Тернопільської області. Історія Після ліквідації Бережанського району 19 липня 2020 року село увійшло до Тернопільського району. Політика Від 28 квітня 2012 року село належить до виборчого округу 165. Пам'ятки Поблизу села розташований ботанічний заказник місцевого значення Тростянецький ботанічний заказник місцевого значення. Відомі уродженці Ростислав Сосса — український учений у галузі картографії, доктор географічних наук (2004), професор. Галерея Примітки Джерела Коцій М. Діброва // Села Тернопільської області Населені пункти Тернопільського району
54649848
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Rybchinsky
Dmitri Rybchinsky
Dmitri Rybchinsky Dmitri Dmitriyevich Rybchinsky (born 19 August 1998) is a Russian professional footballer who plays for Orenburg. He is deployed in multiple positions, as wide midfielder (both right and left) and as a right back. Club career He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for Lokomotiv-Kazanka Moscow on 19 July 2017 in a game against Znamya Truda Orekhovo-Zuyevo. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for Lokomotiv Moscow on 15 July 2019 in a game against Rubin Kazan, as an 82nd-minute substitute for Rifat Zhemaletdinov. On 16 June 2022, Rybchinsky was loaned to Pari NN for the 2022–23 season. On 20 February 2024, Rybchinsky transferred to Baltika Kaliningrad. On 16 June 2024, Rybchinsky signed with Orenburg. Honours Club Lokomotiv Moscow Russian Cup: 2020–21 Career statistics References External links 1998 births Footballers from Moscow Living people Russian men's footballers Russia men's youth international footballers Russia men's under-21 international footballers Men's association football midfielders Men's association football defenders FC Lokomotiv Moscow players FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod players FC Baltika Kaliningrad players FC Orenburg players Russian Premier League players Russian Second League players
4151381
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%28%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%29
Магдалина (ім'я)
Магдалина (ім'я) Магдалина, Магдалена — жіноче ім'я, яке походить від назви міста Магдала в Галілеї, на березі Галілейського моря — батьківщині Марії Магдалини. Арамейське слово megdala означає «башта». Слово «Магдалина» спершу було прикладкою до імені Марія (Марія Магдалина), а згодом стало вживатися як самостійне ім'я. Іншомовні аналоги А — Д — Е — І — Н — С — Ф — Ш — Я — Відомі люди з ім'ям Магдалина Марія Магдалина — послідовниця Ісуса Христа, християнська свята. Єлизавета-Магдалина Померанська (1580—1649) — померанська принцеса, представниця німецької шляхетської династії Грифичів. Магдалина Ласло-Куцюк (1928—2010) — одна з лідерок української громади Румунії, літературознавець-україніст, перекладачка, шевченкознавець. Марія Магдалина де Пацці (1566—1607 року) — свята римо-католицької церкви, черниця ордену кармеліток, містик. Марія Магдалина Мазепа (1624—1707) — мати гетьмана України Івана Мазепи, бабця відомих діячів Гетьманщини. Відомі люди з ім'ям Магдалена Маґдалена Абаканович (1930—2017) — польська скульпторка. Магдалена Кожена (1973) — чеська співачка (меццо-сопрано). Магдалена Малеєва (1975) — болгарська тенісистка. Магдалена Тул (1980) — польська поп-співачка. Маґдалена Туллі (1955) — польська письменниця і перекладачка. Маґдалена Форсберґ (1967) — шведська біатлоністка та лижниця, багаторазова володарка Кубка світу з біатлону. Магдалена Целецька (1972) — польська акторка телебачення та кіно. Маґдалена Нойнер (1987) — німецька біатлоністка. Примітки Жіночі імена
1810172
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82
Ксилоліт
Ксилоліт (від — дерево і — камінь) — скам'яніле дерево з мінеральним складом халцедону, яшми, рідше опалу. Це псевдоморфоза халцедону, яшми або опалу по дереву. Утворення ксилоліту доброї якості відбувається за умови того, що деревина після відмирання консервується шляхом перекривання осадовими породами або вулканічним попелом. Циркуляція води сприяє процесам заміни органічних елементів мінеральними речовинами. Зовнішня структура деревини при цьому залишається незмінною. Колір ксилоліту, як правило, сірий або коричневий, іноді також червоний, рожевий, світло-коричневий, жовтий, рідко від синього до фіолетового, в окремих випадках зелений. Шліфування і полірування підсилюють колір. Найбільш відоме родовище — «Скам'янілий ліс» поблизу Холбрука в штаті Аризона (США), де можна побачити скам'янілі стовбури дерев із роду араукарії завдовжки до 65 м і товщиною до 3 м. Дрібні родовища є на всіх континентах. В Україні зустрічається в Донбасі, поблизу міста Дружківка (Дружківські скам'янілі дерева), а також у Придністров'ї, Побужжі, Закарпатті, Криму, околицях Львова та ін. Використовується для виготовлення декоративних виробів, рідше — для виробництва прикрас. Примітки Література Геологічний словник: для студентів вищих навчальних закладів / В. М. Вовк. — Кіровоград: КОД, 2012. — 504 с. |видавництво = НТУ «ХПІ» |рік = 2018 |сторінок = 444 |сторінки = |тираж = |isbn= 978-617-7565-14-6 |ref = Білецький В. С. }} Посилання Виробне каміння Палеоботаніка Скам'янілості Різновиди кварцу
19014372
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%82owierzchy
Gołowierzchy
Gołowierzchy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzebieszów, within Łuków County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Trzebieszów, north-east of Łuków, and north of the regional capital Lublin. References Villages in Łuków County
986969
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar%20North
Rockstar North
Rockstar North — шотландська студія-розробник відеоігор, заснована Девідом Джонсом у Данді в 1988 році, розташована на Лейт-Стріт в Единбурзі, Шотландія. Компанія є частиною Rockstar Games, яка, у свою чергу, належить видавництву Take-Two Interactive. Студія стала популярна завдяки серії відеоігор Grand Theft Auto, яка, починаючи з Grand Theft Auto III, стала однією з найбільш продаваних в індустрії. Також Rockstar North — творець відомої відеогри «». Ігри Menace (1988) (Amiga, ST and PC) Ballistix (1989) (порти MSDOS, C64, TG16) Blood Money (1989) (Amiga, ST і C64) (1990) (Amiga, CDTV, MS-DOS, ST, Spectrum, CD-I, Lynx) Shadow of the Beast (1991) (порти C64, TG16-CDROM) Oh No! More Lemmings (1991) (Amiga, ST, MS-DOS) Walker (1993) (Amiga) Hired Guns (1993) (Amiga, MS-DOS) Holiday Lemmings 1993 (1993) (MS-DOS) Lemmings 2: The Tribes (1993) (Amiga, MS-DOS, SNES) All New World of Lemmings (1994) (Amiga, MS-DOS, 3DO) (видана в США як The Lemmings Chronicles) Holiday Lemmings 1994 (1994) (MS-DOS) Unirally (1994) (SNES) (видана в США як Uniracers) Grand Theft Auto (1997) (PS1, GBC, PC) Body Harvest (1998) (N64) Space Station Silicon Valley (1998) (N64) Grand Theft Auto: London, 1969 (1999) (PS1, PC) Grand Theft Auto: London, 1961 (1999) (PC) Grand Theft Auto 2 (1999) (PS1, Dreamcast, GBC, PC) Tanktics (1999) Wild Metal Country (1999) (PC) Wild Metal (1999) (Dreamcast) Grand Theft Auto III (2001) (PS2) Як Rockstar North Grand Theft Auto III (2001) (PC, Xbox) (c Rockstar Vienna для Xbox) Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (2002) (PS2, PC, Xbox) (c Rockstar Vienna для Xbox) Manhunt (2003) (PS2, Xbox, PC) Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004) (PS2, Xbox, PC) Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2005) (PSP, PS2) (з Rockstar Leeds) Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories (2006) (PSP, PS2) (з Rockstar Leeds) Manhunt 2 (2007) (PS2, PSP, Wii, PC) (з Rockstar London, Rockstar Leeds і Rockstar Toronto) Grand Theft Auto IV (2008) (PS3, Xbox 360, PC) (з Rockstar Toronto для PC) Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned (2009) (PS3, Xbox 360, PC) Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars (2009) (iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, DS, PSP) (з Rockstar Leeds) Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony (2010) (PS3, Xbox 360, PC) Grand Theft Auto: Episodes From Liberty City (2010) (PS3, Xbox 360, PC) Red Dead Redemption (2010) (PS3, Xbox 360) (з Rockstar San Diego) Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare (2010) (PS3, Xbox 360) (з Rockstar San Diego) Max Payne 3 (2012) (PC, PS3, Xbox 360) Grand Theft Auto V (2013) (PC, PS4, Xbox One, PS3, Xbox 360) Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018) (PC, PS4, Xbox One) Agent (TBA) (PS3) Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Rockstar North Розробники відеоігор Великої Британії Grand Theft Auto Rockstar Games Take-Two Interactive Підприємства, засновані 1988 Підприємства, засновані 2002 Підприємства Единбурга Розробники відеоігор Засновані у Великій Британії 1988 Підрозділи та дочірні компанії Take-Two Interactive Переможці Golden Joystick Award Британські підрозділи іноземних компаній
5912422
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle%20%28disambiguation%29
Barnacle (disambiguation)
Barnacle (disambiguation) A barnacle is an arthropod belonging to the infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea. Barnacle(s) may also refer to: Barnacle (surname) Barnacle (comics), a character from Marvel Comics Barnacle (parking), a device that prevents drivers from operating illegally parked vehicles Barnacle (slang), an electronic part manually installed onto a printed circuit board to correct a functional deficiency Barnacle, Warwickshire, a small hamlet in Warwickshire, England Seborrheic keratosis, a non-cancerous benign skin growth, known as the "barnacles of old age" "Barnacle", a 2021 song by Limp Bizkit from Still Sucks "Barnacles", a 2002 song by Ugly Casanova from Sharpen Your Teeth Captain Barnacles, a character from Octonauts See also The Barnacle Historic State Park, a Florida State Park Barnacle goose, a species of bird Barnacle Boy, a SpongeBob SquarePants character
7685424
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport%20Bissau%20e%20Benfica
Sport Bissau e Benfica
Sport Bissau e Benfica, commonly known as Benfica de Bissau, is a football club from Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, that plays in the Campeonato Nacional da Guiné-Bissau, the top flight of Bissau-Guinean football. Benfica Bissau is considered to the top clubs of Guinea-Bissau alongside Sporting Bissau. History The club was founded on 27 May 1944 as the 29th affiliated club of Portuguese club S.L. Benfica. In its early years, the team was the dominant in the colonial competition. One of its first prominent players of the club was the Cape Verdean Alberto Monteiro, better known as Fialho who later moved to Portugal and played for Portuguese clubs such as S.L. Benfica and Lusitano de Évora. After independence, the club was one of the first to win a national championship title, in 1982, they won five championship titles, in 1990, they won three more straight titles totaling eight, 20 years later they won another one, they won their tenth in 2015 and is the recent championship winner in 2017. Also at cup competitions, they won their first cup title in 1980, their second was in 1989, their third was in 1992, 16 years later, they won their fourth one and won three straight in 2010. More recently, the club won the 2015 cup, with a 5–1 victory against Lagartos de Bambadinca. At the continentals, Benfica played after winning their championship title in 1978, they played only in a single round, from the First round up to 1983 and the Preliminaries from 1990. They did not appear at the 1989 edition and recently the 2016 CAF Champions League. At the continental cup competition, they did not play in 1981, they played in 1990 after winning a cup title, they played in the CAF Confederation Cup in 2007, qualified as runner-up, in 2009 and 2010 as cup winner, They missed the 2011 CAF Confederation Cup due to mainly financial concerns. They recently played at the 2018 CAF Champions League after being national First Division champions. As of 2010, in both continental championship and cup competitions, they never won a match. In a home match at the 1986 Winners' Cup with Starlight of Banjul, Gambia, they made a goal draw. Logo Being a Benfica affiliate, the logo owes no relation to the Benfica logo, Benfica Bissau once used the earlier logo. Its logo has an orange shield with the blue seal encircled with the full name of the club and the word futebol (football/soccer) on the right, inside is another shield colored in blue with a crown on top and the two Bs in the middle-bottom. Honours Campeonato Nacional da Guiné-Bissau: 13 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2010, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2022 Taça Nacional da Guiné Bissau: 10 1980, 1989, 1992, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2018, 2021, 2022 Performance in CAF competitions 1 Benfica Bissau withdrew Statistics Best position: First round (continental) Best position at a cup competition: Preliminary Round (continental) References External links Bissau
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81-%D0%B5-%D0%91%D0%B5
Бланшфосс-е-Бе
Бланшфосс-е-Бе — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Гранд-Ест, департамент Арденни. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 175 км на північний схід від Парижа, 95 км на північ від Шалон-ан-Шампань, 35 км на захід від Шарлевіль-Мезьєра. Історія До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Шампань-Арденни. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Гранд-Ест. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році у муніципалітеті числилось 68 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 149,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача. Сусідні муніципалітети Галерея зображень Посилання Бланшфосс-е-Бе на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Арденни Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Арденни
60320332
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuniesaurus
Kuniesaurus
Kuniesaurus albiauris is a species of skink endemic to New Caledonia. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Kuniesaurus. Kuniesaurus albiauris is only known from a small patch of dense coastal forest with limestone substrate on the Isle of Pines. Due to its very small and restricted habitat, it is highly threatened by invasive species such as the little fire ant. It has been proposed that Kuniesaurus be classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Kuniesaurus albiauris is a small-sized species, with adults measuring less than in snout–vent length. References Skinks Monotypic lizard genera Reptiles of New Caledonia Endemic fauna of New Caledonia Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer Taxa named by Matthias Deuss Taxa named by Ross Allen Sadlier
18768188
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittihad%20El%20Shorta%20SC
Ittihad El Shorta SC
Ittihad El Shorta SC Ittihad El Shorta, also known as Police Union, or simply El Shorta, is an Egyptian football club based in the Egyptian capital Cairo. The club was founded in 1980 and competes in Egyptian Third Division, the third-highest league in the Egyptian football league system. Current squad Managers Talaat Youssef (July 1, 2008 – July 11, 2011) Helmy Toulan (July 21, 2011 – June 20, 2012) Mohamed Helmy (June 25, 2012 – July 24, 2013) Khaled El-Kammash Egyptian Premier League clubs Egyptian Third Division 2005 establishments in Egypt Association football clubs established in 2005 Egyptian Second Division B clubs Football clubs in Cairo Egyptian Second Division clubs
4874465
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%96
Скринжі
Скринжі — присілок в Питаловському районі Псковської області Російської Федерації. Населення становить 2 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Гавровська волость. Історія Від 2015 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Гавровська волость. Населення Примітки Населені пункти Питаловського району
2880237
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%20%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29
Томіславиці (Лодзинське воєводство)
Томіславиці (Лодзинське воєводство) Томіславиці — село в Польщі, у гміні Варта Серадзького повіту Лодзинського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Серадзького воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Серадзького повіту
13214124
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Army%20%28Japan%29
Northern Army (Japan)
Northern Army (Japan) The is one of five active Armies of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF). It is headquartered at Camp Sapporo in Sapporo, Hokkaidō and its responsibility is the defense of the island of Hokkaidō. It is the largest Army of the JGSDF as on Hokkaidō population and geographic constraints are less limiting than elsewhere in Japan. Most of JGSDF's modern Type 90 tank squadrons are located within the Northern Army's structure. Organization Northern Army, at Camp Sapporo in Sapporo 2nd Division, at Camp Asahikawa in Asahikawa, responsible for the defense of North Western Hokkaidō 5th Brigade, at Camp Obihiro in Obihiro, responsible for the defense of North Eastern Hokkaidō 7th Division (Armored), at Camp Higashi Chitose in Chitose, responsible for the defense of Southern Hokkaidō 11th Brigade, at Camp Makomanai in Sapporo, responsible for the defense of South Western Hokkaidō 1st Artillery Brigade, at Camp Kita Chitose in Chitose 1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade, at Camp Higashi Chitose 1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Group, at Camp Higashi Chitose (MIM-23 Hawk) 4th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Group, at Camp Nayoro in Nayoro (MIM-23 Hawk) 101st Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Battery, at Camp Shizunai in Shinhidaka 3rd Engineer Brigade, at Camp Eniwa in Eniwa 12th Engineer Group (Construction), at Camp Iwamizawa in Iwamizawa 13th Engineer Group (Construction), at Camp Horobetsu in Noboribetsu 14th Engineer Group (Construction), at Camp Kamifurano in Kamifurano 105th Equipment Company, at Camp Eniwa in Eniwa 303rd Vehicle Company, at Camp Eniwa in Eniwa Northern Army Combined Brigade (Training), at Camp Higashi Chitose 52nd Infantry Regiment, at Camp Makomanai in Sapporo 1st Basic Training Battalion, at Camp Higashi Chitose 120th Training Battalion, at Camp Makomanai in Sapporo Cold Weather Combat Training Unit, at Camp Makomanai in Sapporo 1st Electronic Warfare Unit (3x Electronic Warfare companies), at Higashi Chitose Northern Army Signal Group (2x Signal battalions), at Camp Sapporo Northern Army Aviation Group, at Camp Okadama in Sapporo 1st Anti-tank Helicopter Battalion, at Camp Obihiro in Obihiro Northern Army Helicopter Battalion, in Sapporo Northern Army Meteorological Company, in Sapporo Logistic Support Battalion, in Sapporo Northern Army Logistic Support, at Camp Shimamatsu in Eniwa Northern Army Finance Service, at Camp Sapporo Northern Army Medical Service, at Camp Makomanai Northern Army Band, at Camp Makomanai Northern Army Command Post Training Support, at Camp Higashi Chitose Northern Army Military Intelligence, at Camp Sapporo 301st Coastal Observation Unit, in Wakkanai 302nd Coastal Observation Unit, in Shibetsu Northern Army Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fleet, in Shinhidaka Northern Army Movement Surveillance Team, in Kutchan Northern Army Ground-to-Ship and Anti-Tank Unit, at Camp Kutchan in Kutchan with 3x platoons with Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile Systems Hokkaidō Logistic Depot, at Camp Shimamatsu, overseeing 10 fuel and ammunition depots on Hokkaido Island Note: The Japanese Defense Intelligence Headquarters also has a classified SIGINT unit based at Camp Higashi Chitose. External links Northern Army Homepage (Japanese) Armies of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Military units and formations established in 1952
3719570
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0
Тетеринка
Тетеринка — присілок в Ізмалковському районі Липецької області Російської Федерації. Населення становить 22 особи. Належить до муніципального утворення Домовинська сільрада. Історія З 1934 до 1935 року у складі Воронезької області, у 1935-1937 Курської, а 1937-1954 роках — Орловської області. Відтак входить до складу Липецької області. Згідно із законом від 2 липня 2004 року №114-оз органом місцевого самоврядування є Домовинська сільрада. Населення Примітки Присілки Липецької області Населені пункти Ізмалковського району‎
635886
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8E
Сен-Сільвен-Монтегю
Сен-Сільвен-Монтегю, Сен-Сільвен-Монтеґю — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Крез. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 310 км на південь від Парижа, 55 км на північний схід від Ліможа, 10 км на захід від Гере. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 99 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 181,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Сен-Сільвен-Монтегю на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Сен-Сільвен-Монтегю на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень Сен-Сільвен-Монтегю на сайті Quid (загальні відомості, історія, пам'ятки, фото, адреси) Мапа муніципалітету Сен-Сільвен-Монтегю на сайті Mapquest Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Крез Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Крез
33654748
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams%20in%20W%C3%BCrzburg
Trams in Würzburg
Trams in Würzburg The Würzburg tramway network is a network of tramways forming part of the public transport system in Würzburg, a city in the federal state of Bavaria, Germany. The network presently consists of five lines, with a total track length of (yielding a one-way route length of approximately ). It is currently operated by Würzburger Straßenbahn GmbH, a subsidiary of (WVV), and integrated in the (VVM). History The first horse-drawn tramway opened in Würzburg in 1892. The first electric trams went into operation in Würzburg in 1900. Beginning in the 1990s, a concerted effort was made to move Würzburg's tramlines into their own rights-of-way and convert them more to a light rail (Stadtbahn) type of operation over the traditional tram system operating in regular road traffic. Currently, most of Würzburg tramlines, outside of sections downtown and in the Sanderau district, operate as light rail in their own rights-of-way. In addition, low-floor light rail vehicles were purchased. Lines , the network was made up of the following five lines: * The figure refers to both directions, ie a complete round trip. Rolling stock The Würzburg tram fleet consists of: GTW-D8 (6 trams, built by Düwag in 1968) GT-E (14 trams, built by LHB in 1989) GT-N (20 trams, built by Alstom LHB in 1995) An Artic tram was tested on the network in October 2014. 18 new low-floor trams were ordered from in 2019, with deliveries scheduled to begin in 2022. See also Trams in Germany List of town tramway systems in Germany References Notes Bibliography External links Würzburger Versorgungs- und Verkehrs-GmbH (WVV) – official site Verkehrsunternehmens-Verbund Mainfranken GmbH (VVM) – official site Wurzburg Rail transport in Bavaria Würzburg 750 V DC railway electrification Würzburg
12642883
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Pasternak
Leon Pasternak
Leon Pasternak (1910 – 1969) was a Polish poet and satirist. His Jewish family came to Poland in the 1880s from the town of Tula, Russia, which was outside the Jewish Pale of Settlement, where Jews usually were not allowed to reside. Pasternak was born on 12 August 1910 at Lemberg, Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Tula Pasternaks belonged to a class of "Jewish Landed Gentry" that resided in the manors of the gentile aristocracy, and managed their agricultural estates. In the case of the Pasternaks the estates were in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, Leo Tolstoy's estate. Tolstoy invited Leonid Pasternak, a member of the Odessa branch of the family, to illustrate his books. Leonid's son, Boris Pasternak who became years later a famous poet, wrote the novel "Letters from Tula", maybe in tribute to his relatives. The Tula Pasternaks were very much assimilated - one of Leon's aunts was called Marie, a Christian name that no "proper" Jew would have given a daughter of his. Leon's faith was not religious but a universal humanitarian one. In the 1920s Leon was a young idealist and committed communist. As a result of his political activities — writing satirical verses for socialist revolutionary periodicals, and spreading communist propaganda in any possible way — Leon had to leave Lwow for Warsaw. There his works quickly became popular, but soon the "literary cabaret" which he founded in collaboration with Stanislaw Lec (referred to as the Theater of Boys by some and as the Five Kopeck Theater by others), was closed by the authorities, after only eight performances. In 1934, Leon then a young man of 24, was imprisoned in the Bereza Kartuska prison, the first concentration camp in Poland in which political prisoners were held without trial by the Polish regime. His relatives traveled from Lwow with parcels of warm clothing and food to help him sustain the harsh conditions of jail. Meanwhile across the border in the Soviet Union, Leon's relative Boris Pasternak escaped a similar fate of ideological imprisonment: Boris became disillusioned with communist ideals, and was about to be arrested. Supposedly Stalin himself had crossed Boris's name off an arrest list during the Great Purge. After one year in prison, Leon Pasternak was released. In the beginning of World War II, he fled to the USSR. He joined the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division that fought against the Nazis to liberate Poland. He wrote for the divisional newspaper Żołnierz Wolności and was the director of the divisional theater. The theater subsequently became the First Polish Army theater and became the first theater in the Polish People's Republic. He was the author of the famous marching song Oka. After the war was over, he resumed the satirical weekly "Szpilki" with Stanisław Jerzy Lec and Jerzy Zaruba, which they edited together at first, and became the vice-chairman of the Polish Writers' Union. Pasternak was married to the Polish actress Ryszarda Hanin. "Leon Pasternak was idealistic till the end, faithful till his last breath" said Ryszard Marek Gronski the well known Polish author and poet. He died 14 November 1969 at Warsaw, Poland. References 1910 births 1969 deaths Writers from Lviv 20th-century Polish Jews Jewish socialists Polish communists 20th-century Polish poets Polish prisoners and detainees Inmates of Bereza Kartuska Prison Recipients of the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland
38890119
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Gerhard
Hubert Gerhard
Hubert Gerhards (c. 1540/1550–1620; born 's-Hertogenbosch) was a Dutch sculptor. Like many of his contemporaries, he may have left the Netherlands in order to escape the religious conflicts and iconoclasm of the 1566–1567 era. He trained in Florence in the circle of Giambologna, who heavily influenced his style. Gerhard's dominant subject-matter, characteristic of many Northern Mannerist artists, was the mythological gods of antiquity. Gerhard's early patrons, the Fugger banking family of Augsburg, returned to patronage of the arts around 1580. Their castle at Kirchheim included works by him including a mantelpiece, bronze ornaments for the fountain of Mars and Venus, and a dense bronze on a base bordered by fantastic terms (1590). Gerhard also added bronze sculptures to the Augustus fountain by Adriaen de Vries erected to commemorate the 1600th anniversary of the establishment of Augsburg by Emperor Augustus. The four rivers of the city are represented by the statues of four river gods around the basin of the fountain. These bronze figures are reminiscent of the work of Giambologna. When the Florentine-based artist Friedrich Sustris became the artistic superintendent for Wilhelm V, Duke of Bavaria (1548–1626; r. 1579–97), he lured Gerhard to Munich, where the sculptor resided from 1584 to 1597. Gerhard prepared the monumental bronze of St. Michael Vanquishing Lucifer that adorns the façade of St. Michael's Church, Munich. With Carlo's help, he also made about fifty over-life-size terracotta statues of saints and angels that line the interior of the Jesuit church. With the financial crisis of 1597, which forced Wilhelm V to abdicate, Gerhard and most of the court's artists were suddenly unemployed. Between 1599 and 1613, Gerhard served Archduke Maximilian III of Austria, first in Bad Mergentheim and then in Innsbruck. Maximilian III commissioned small-scale bronzes, including equestrian portraits and mythological statuettes, in addition to his tomb and other large projects. The pathos that characterizes Gerhard's Munich works becomes less pronounced when in Innsbruck. When two bronze statues by Gerhard arrived in Prague in 1602 Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II critically said of them: "the workmanship is subtle and pure, but the positioning of the figures is rather poor. Master Adriaen, as his Imperial Majesty's sculptor is far more accomplished in this." Rudolf's remark highlights the rivalry which existed between two art-loving connoisseurs, as Gerhard at the time of was employed by Rudolf's younger brother, Archduke Maximilian III of Austria. In 1613, Gerhard returned to Munich, where he worked until his death seven years later. Gerhard's works includes sculptures in bronze of Perseus and Medusa, Venus and Mars with Cupid, Mercury, an allegory of Bavaria, Tarquinius attacking Lucretia, St. Michael slaying the Devil, the sea-god Neptune, and in terracotta, a quartet of personifications of the seasons. Important works are located in Augsburg and Munich. References Hubert Gerhards at the RKD External links 1540s births 1620 deaths 16th-century sculptors 17th-century Dutch sculptors Dutch sculptors Dutch male sculptors People from 's-Hertogenbosch Artists from North Brabant
1453893
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE
Лилик Петро
Лилик Петро (26 березня 1950, Парагвай ) — аргентинський нейрохірург-новатор українського походження, засновник і директор Інституту внутрішньосудинної хірургії та інтервенційної радіології «ENERI» м.Буенос-Айрес. Голова Української центральної репрезентації в Аргентинській Республіці, почесний консул України в місті Ла-Плата. Життєпис Народився 26 березня 1950 року в родині українських емігрантів. У 1974 році закінчив медичний факультет Університету м. Буенос-Айреса. Нейрохірург-новатор, відомий не лише в Аргентині, а й поза її межами, зокрема, у США та Канаді. Засновник і директор Інституту внутрішньосудинної хірургії та інтервенційної радіології «ENERI» м. Буенос-Айрес, технології діагностики та лікування якого є унікальними в Латинській Америці. Справи діаспори Володіє українською мовою, виховує дітей в українських традиціях. Активний член ряду українських організацій Аргентини. Тривалий час керував танцювальним ансамблем «Просвіта». Звання та нагороди Член Світової федерації інтервенційної та терапевтичної нейрології, Латиноамериканської федерації нейрохірургії, Першого міжнародного центру нейросудинних хвороб (м. Сан-Франциско, США), член-кореспондент Союзів нейрохірургії Чилі, Мексики, Уругваю та Венесуели. Почесний член Асоціації нейрохірургії Аргентини, засновник та колишній президент Асоціації діагностичної та терапевтичної нейрорадіології Аргентини. Відзнака Президента України — орден «За заслуги» 3-го ступеня. Відзнака Президента України — ювілейна медаль «25 років незалежності України» (22 серпня 2016) — за вагомий особистий внесок у зміцнення міжнародного авторитету Української держави, популяризацію її історичної спадщини і сучасних надбань та з нагоди 25-ї річниці незалежності України Праці Автор понад 120 публікацій з нейрохірургії, професор факультету медицини Університету м. Буенос-Айрес (Аргентина), університетів м. Сан-Франциско та м. Лос-Анджелес (Каліфорнія, США). У мистецтві У 2008 році художниці Л. Воробйова та А. Малиніна намалювали портрет Петра Лилика. Примітки Джерела Петро Лилик // Українці у світі. Посилання Українець за походженням Педро Лилик — найкращий нейрохірург в Аргентині // Гордість України. — 2012. — 10 січня. Сайт клініки Петра Лилика Уродженці Парагваю Нейрохірурги Українці Аргентини Українські дипломати Почесні консули України
112897
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossie%2C%20Iowa
Rossie, Iowa
Rossie, Iowa Rossie is a city in Clay County, Iowa, United States. The population was 49 in the 2020 census, a decrease from 58 in 2000. Geography Rossie's longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal form are 43.013208, -95.189105. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 70 people, 26 households, and 20 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 29 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population. There were 26 households, of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 15.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.1% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 30% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 32.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 4.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.9% male and 47.1% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 58 people, 22 households, and 15 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 26 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. There were 22 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.6% were married couples living together, and 27.3% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 3.4% from 18 to 24, 36.2% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 3.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $30,833, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $29,219 versus $11,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,266. There were 11.1% of families and 9.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64. Education Clay Central–Everly Community School District operates public schools serving the community. References External links City-Data Comprehensive statistical data and more about Rossie Cities in Clay County, Iowa Cities in Iowa
1131088
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta%2C%20Quezon
Infanta, Quezon
Infanta, Quezon Infanta, officially the Municipality of Infanta (Ilocano: Ili ti Infanta), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 76,186 people. Infanta is the largest lambanog manufacturer in the province of Quezon. The town is also known for its bayugo (giant mountain snail) dishes. The town is currently undergoing preparations for establishing a bayugo breeding center that would supply bayugo to townsfolk. The move is intended to stop the decline of bayugo in the wild. Also it is the center of economic activity in the northern part of Quezon. The Infanta town fiesta is celebrated every April 25. Infanta is also known as the "Gateway to the Pacific". Etymology The name "Infanta" may have come from: Spanish term Jesus Infante (Child Jesus), given by Captain Juan Salvador in 1835. Infanta, a title given to the Princess or Heir Apparent of the Spanish Monarchy back in the 13th century. It specifically referred to Isabella Clara Eugenia of Austria, the eldest daughter of King Philip II of Spain, the namesake of the Philippines. Before the Spanish colonization, this place was known as Binangonan by its first peoples, the Dumagats. Binangonan is a Dumagat word pertaining to a sacred place where a bangon ("sacred name") was given by the Sobkal (Bobo a Laki) to an infant. History District of Infanta (Translated from: Fray Felix de Huerta's “Estado, Topográfico, Estadistíco, Histórico—Religioso, de la Santa y Apostólica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno, de Religiosos Menores Descalzos de la Regular y Mas Estrecha Observancia De Nuestro Padre San Francisco, en las Islas Filipinas”. Binondo: 1865, by Dominador N. Marcaida Jr. (Accessed September 21, 2015 @http://bdh-rd.bne.es). By decree of the Superior Government granted in the year of 1856, this district was created, with the territory that belonged to the province of the Laguna before; from 14° 30' up to the 15° 10' north latitude, including the island of Polillo and other small islands surrounding this. It is bordered on the North by the district of the Principe, on the East by the sea, on the South by the province of Tayabas, and on the West by that of the lake. It is flat land for the most part, has abundant pasture for cattle and horses, great hunting, fishing, wax and multitude of root crops, with an abundance of wood which are good for construction and cabinetry. The capital is located in Binangonan, where the politico-military Governor is located. Its natives were converted by our religious, who founded and managed the following towns: Binangonan de Lampon In the year 1578, the venerable and zealous Fray Esteban Ortíz planted the consoling sign of the Cross in this town, who toured the east coast of the island in an expanse of more than sixty leagues, while the shortage of missionaries at that time did not allow the continued assistance of a minister until the year of 1609, with the holy martyr Fray Blas Palomino undertaking anew its conversion, formalized this town and was its first minister. After the years of 1658, the administration of this town was ceded from this apostolic province of St. Gregory to the Augustinian Recollects and they abdicated also in the year 1703, returning it to our charge and numbered then of not more than ninety tributes. It is located in the 14° 49' Í0" latitude in a flat land, on the eastern coast of the island and on the right of the river named Agos, which has its origin from the grand cordillera mountains on the Northern part of Luzon island and which river, running from West to East, empties into the sea in front the island of Polillo. It is bordered on the North by the town of Baler, distant about twenty and seven leguas: on the East by the island and town of Polillo, an eight-hour time of navigation on fair weather; on the South by the town of Mauban, belonging to the province of Tayabas and as about fifteen leguas, and West-Southwest by the town of Siniloan at eight leguas, which crosses the mountains above. It enjoys a temperate and healthy climate in a well-ventilated area.The most common diseases are hot fevers and tuberculosis. It is supplied with waters from the river and several springs, all of good quality. It does not have more roads than the very difficult path through the mount, which leads to the town of Siniloan. To connect with the town of Mauban, it must be done by water, and the navigations are very dangerous, or almost impossible from the months of October up to March, and to connect with the town of Baler, in addition to the aforementioned difficulty in navigation, cannot be taken by land throughout the coast for fear of the many infidels that inhabit the area. The mail is received from the capital of the province when there is opportunity. The Church, dedicated to Saint Mark the Evangelist, was of bamboo cane and nipa until the year 1732, by which time it was burnt down and the existing one was built, which is made of stone, but roofed with nipa, and the same as the parish house, which serves as a tribunal. There is a school of primary education, endowed by the funds of the community; about six hundred wooden houses and many others from bamboo, distributed in its twenty-eight barrios, some of them quite far from the Church. It is currently served by Fray Lucas Martínez, Preacher of 29 years of age. State Of The Parish Spanish era writers said of the town: This village has no limits. In their lengthy and lush forests are all kinds of woods for construction and cabinetry, of the best quality: many and good pastures for cattle and horses; variety of palms, canes and reeds, with plenty of fruit and rootcrops: abundant hunting buffalo, boar, deer and fowl, with much wax and honey. There is also a quarry of granite stone, discovered the year of 1849 by Fray Antonio del Moral. A little distant from the town exists a safe harbor for ships of high board, but its entry is dangerous to the inexperienced, and from October to March is risky to navigate the coast because of the strong northerly winds that blow. The land reduced to cultivation produces abundant crops of rice, maize, sugarcane, cocoa, coffee and sweet potato. The abaca was planted for the first time in the year 1851 by Fray Antonio del Moral, and gave so happy results that today that its increasing cultivation is continued with large activity and benefit. Its natives are engaged in agriculture, the harvest of the abaca, the nipa wine, whose palm abounds in its land; the breeding of cattle, in the hunting and fishing, whose products, with the excess of other agricultural products, is exported in medium-sized boats to the town of Mauban, in the province of Tayabas and to the towns of Paracale and Mambulao, returning gold dust after being brought to the Capital. Below are the Religious Franciscans ministered in Binangonan de Lampon (or Binangonan del Ampon) after Fray Ortíz and Fray Palomino: Franciscan Friars (1617 to 1880s), Binangonan de Lampon Source: Eusebio Gómez Platero's “Catálogo Biográfico de los Religiosos Franciscanos de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno de Filipinas desde 1577 en que Llegaron las Primeros hasta las de nuestras Dias” Manila Press of Royal College of Sto. Tomás, under the charge of Don Geryasio Memije, 1880 (http://bdh-rd.bne.es) translated by Dominador N. Marcaida Jr. Legend According to the legend, the people who established the first settlement in the land that became Infanta were led by an elder named Nunong Karugtong. These settlers crossed the Sierra Madre Mountains from somewhere in what is now Rizal Province in search of better living conditions. After examining multiple sites, they eventually settled on a site near the Bantilan River, where the discovery of a huge Yam root convinced them that the site was ideal for settlement. This eventually became the site of the settlement which European colonizers would call Binangonan de Lampon which in turn would eventually become the Municipality of Infanta. Spanish Colonial Era In 1578, more than half a century after Ferdinand Magellan and his men landed in Cebu and thirteen years after Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first Spanish settlement also in Cebu, a Spanish priest named Esteban Ortíz arrived in Binangonan de Lampon and planted a wooden cross symbolizing the introduction of Spanish colonial rule at the place. In 1696, Don Diego Mangilaya, a native chieftain developed the settlement into a community and built a wooden chapel at the spot where Nunong Karugtong fell asleep. Since its establishment, the area has been attacked by Moro pirates, and visited by typhoons and cholera epidemics as recent as 2004. In 1803, Captain Pedro de León affiliated Binangonan de Lampon to the province of Nueva Ecija and in 1850, Kapitan Rafael Orozco withdrew Infanta from the province of Nueva Ecija and joined it with the province of Laguna to the west. In 1835, Binangonan de Lampon was renamed "Infanta" by Captain Juan Salvador in honor of the saint Jesus Infante (Child Jesus). All the inhabitants of Infanta were given Spanish surnames pursuant to a Royal Decree of November 11, 1848. Philippine Revolution On July 20, 1898, a group of Infanta Katipuneros headed by Colonel Pablo Astilla attacked the Spanish forces holed up at the limestone convent and after several days of siege and fighting, the Spanish soldiers surrendered. American Colonial Era By virtue of the December 10, 1898 Paris Treaty of Peace, American soldiers occupied the town of Infanta and appointed Kapitan Carlos Ruidera Azcárraga as the first "town presidente." He was followed by Rufino Ortíz in 1903 who withdrew Infanta from the province of Laguna and joined it to the province of Tayabas. He also ordered the planting of coconut trees in the barrios (now barangays) of Infanta. During the administration of town "presidente" Gregorio Rutaquio (1911–1916), he constructed the "Gabaldón type" of school house. In 1917-1919, Agustin Pumarada served as the town president, he belonged to the Pumarada Political Clan of Polillo. From 1923 to 1928, Don Florencio Potes became town "presidente". He constructed the concrete municipal building and the first telegraph office of the town. From 1935 to 1939, Mr. Fabián Sollesa served as town "presidente". During his incumbency, the Infanta-Famy Road traversing the Sierra Madre from Infanta to Laguna and Rizal provinces was constructed. Also, piped water from a spring reservoir in barrio (barangay) Gumian was installed. World War II In December 1941 the Japanese Imperial forces occupied the town of Infanta. On May 25, 1945, the liberation by combined Filipino and American soldiers entered in the town was supported by the guerrilla fighters fought the Japanese Imperial forces until the end of World War II. Contemporary history On July 21, 1949, General Nakar was created from the municipality. In 1950, the municipality was made the seat of the Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Infanta. Infanta was partitioned once again as the municipal district of Real became a municipality on June 22, 1963. Geography Infanta has a land area of , representing 1.5% of the area of Quezon. It is located north-east of Manila and north of Lucena. It is accessible to Metro Manila through the Marcos Highway. Barangays Infanta is politically subdivided into 36 barangays: 7 urban and 29 rural. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. Currently, there are 7 barangays which are considered urban (highlighted in bold). Abiawin Agos Agos Alitas Amolongin Anibong Antikin Bacong Balobo Banugao Batican Binonoan Binulasan Boboin Catambungan Cawaynin Comon Dinahican Gumian Ilog Ingas Langgas Libjo Lual Magsaysay Maypulot Miswa Pilaway Pinaglapatan Poblacion 1 Poblacion 38 Poblacion 39 Poblacion Bantilan Pulo Silangan Tongohin Tudturan Climate Demographics Economy Education Infanta is the center of educative learning, with four colleges that attract many students to study from nearby towns of Real, General Nakar, Polillo, Panukulan, Burdeos, Patnanungan and Jomalig. Here are the colleges in Infanta: Northern Quezon College, Inc. Southern Luzon State University-Infanta Campus Rizal Marine Technological College ACTS Computer College Secondary schools: Infanta National High School (largest Public High School in Infanta) Mount Carmel School of Infanta (largest and only Catholic School in Infanta) Binulasan Integrated School Tongohin National High School Langgas National High School Little Friends of Jesus Corner Stone Academy of Infanta Media FM Stations 92.7 Spirit FM (Catholic Media Network) 94.3 Brigada News FM (Brigada Mass Media Corporation) 95.9 DABIG C Radio (Prime Broadcasting Network) 105.3 Radyo Natin (Manila Broadcasting Company/Radyo Natin Network) Cable and Satellite Infanta Cable TV Network Cignal TV Town's Hymn The Hymn of the Town of Infanta is entitled "Mabuhay Ka Infanta" written by the alumni of Mount Carmel School of Infanta. Notable Guillermo Nakar References External links [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code] Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System Municipalities of Quezon Populated places established in 1578 Port cities and towns in the Philippines
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Мюлау (Німеччина)
Мюлау (Німеччина) Мюлау — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Саксонія. Входить до складу району Середня Саксонія. Складова частина об'єднання громад Бургштедт. Площа — 8,09 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ). Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Громади Саксонії
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Трюмії
Трюмії — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні О-де-Франс, департамент Уаза. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 55 км на північний схід від Парижа, 85 км на південний схід від Ам'єна, 60 км на схід від Бове. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 179 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 529,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Трюмії на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Трюмії на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень Трюмії на сайті Quid (загальні відомості, історія, пам'ятки, фото, адреси) Мапа муніципалітету Трюмії на сайті Mapquest Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Уаза Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Уаза
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П'єр Бійон (режисер)
П'єр Бійон (режисер) П'єр Бійон (повне ім'я — П'єр Абель Бійон; 7 лютого 1901, Сен-Іпполіт-дю-Фор, Гар, Франція — 31 серпня 1981, Париж, Франція) — французький кінорежисер та сценарист. Біографія П'єр Бійон починав кінематографічну кар'єру наприкінці 1920-х років як асистент режисера. У 1931 році дебютував як режисер, поставивши в Німеччині спільно з Робертом Віне франкомовний фільм-оперету «Ніч Венеції». Надалі зняв, переважно за власними сценаріями, 33 кінострічки. Серед знятих ним фільмів: «Гроші» (1936) за романом Еміля Золя з П'єром Рішаром-Вільмом у головній ролі; «Рюї Блаз» (1947, сценарій Жана Кокто за п'єсою Віктора Гюго) з Даніель Дар'є та Жаном Маре; «Венеційський купець» (1953) за В. Шекспіром з Мішелем Симоном. У 1952 році П'єр Бійон входив до складу міжнародного журі 5-го Каннського кінофестивалю, очолюваного письменником Морісом Женевуа. Фільмографія {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" |- ! style="text-align: center; background:#BCCEE3;" |Рік ! style="text-align: center; background:#BCCEE3;" | ! style="text-align:center; background:#BCCEE3;" | Назва українською ! style="text-align:center; background:#BCCEE3;" | Оригінальна назва ! style="text-align:center; background:#BCCEE3;" | Режисер ! style="text-align:center; background:#BCCEE3;" | Сценарист |- ||||| Ніч Венеції || Nuits de Venise || || |- ||||| Кажан || La chauve-souris || || |- ||||| Ніч в раю || Une nuit au paradis || || |- ||||| Чи потрібно одружуватися? || Faut-il les marier? || || |- ||||| Кікі || Kiki || || |- ||||| Крихітка || Baby || || |- ||||| Дочка полку || La fille du régiment || || |- ||||| Факір з Гранд-готелю || Le fakir du Grand Hôtel || || |- ||||| Будинок у дюнах || La maison dans la dune || || |- ||||| Другий офіс || Deuxième bureau || || |- ||||| Гроші || L'argent || || |- ||||| На службі у царя || Au service du tsar || || |- ||||| Південний поштовий || Courrier Sud || || |- ||||| Мовчазна битва || La bataille silencieuse || || |- ||||| Слід півдня || La piste du sud || || |- ||||| Сонце завжди праве || Le soleil a toujours raison || || |- ||||| Неминучий мосьє Дюбуа || L'inévitable M. Dubois || || |- ||||| Вотрен || Vautrin || || |- ||||| Мадемуазель X || Mademoiselle X || || |- ||||| Людина в круглому капелюсі || L'homme au chapeau rond || || |- ||||| Рюї Блаз || Ruy Blas || || |- ||||| До побачення, мосьє Грок || Au revoir M. Grock || || |- ||||| Аньєс з чого-небудь || Agnès de rien || || |- ||||| Шері || Chéri || || |- ||||| Мій друг Оскар || Min vän Oscar || || |- ||||| Мій тюлень і вони || Mon phoque et elles || || |- ||||| Венеційський купець || Le marchand de Venise || || |- ||||| Безумство || Delirio || || |- ||||| Підозри || Soupçons || || |- ||||| До останнього || Jusqu'au dernier || || |- |1958-1996|| || За останні п'ять хвилин || Les cinq dernières minutes |||| |- |} Примітки Посилання П'єр Бійон на сайті uniFrance Films'' Французькі кінорежисери Французькі сценаристи
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Jaguar XE
Jaguar XE The Jaguar XE (X760) is a car manufactured by Jaguar Land Rover and marketed under their Jaguar marque since April 2015. A large family car, it has a four-door saloon car body style and is aimed at the compact-executive market segment. It is front engined and sold with both rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive. The successor to the X-Type, it was designed by Ian Callum and launched at the October 2014 Paris Motor Show. The XE is noted for its aluminium suspension componentry as well as its bonded and riveted aluminium unitary structure — the first in its segment. Launch The XE was announced, but not displayed, at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show and debuted globally on 8 September 2014 in London. Sales were expected to begin globally in 2015, followed by the United States in 2016. Production formally commenced on 13 April 2015 at Jaguar Land Rover's Solihull plant. Production The XE was the first Jaguar to be built at the factory in Solihull, which was to be dedicated to the manufacture of aluminium vehicles under both the Jaguar and Land Rover brands, including the second-generation Range Rover Sport. Due to high demand for the vehicle production capacity was increased by adding a line at Castle Bromwich Assembly. Production transferred completely to Castle Bromwich in 2017 as part of a £100m refit. An extended-wheelbase version—exclusively for the Chinese market—called XEL commenced production at the Chery Jaguar Land Rover plant in Changshu in 2015. Engines The XE was the first application of Jaguar Land Rover's new 2.0 L turbocharged Ingenium four-cylinder engine. The Ingenium technology licenses the Multiair/UniAir electrohydraulic variable valve lift system from Schaeffler Group, which Schaeffler in turn licensed from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in 2001. The system, developed by Fiat Powertrain Technologies, is a hydraulically-actuated variable valve lift (VVL) technology enabling "cylinder by cylinder, stroke by stroke" control of intake air directly via a gasoline engine's inlet valves. The four-cylinder is available in both petrol and diesel variants, in a range of different power outputs. The diesel significantly reduced consumption and carbon emission figures, and is capable of fuel consumption less than and producing CO2 emissions of only 99 g/km. The cleanest models in Britain pay no annual Vehicle Excise Duty. From the XE's launch until 2017 the petrol four-cylinders were from Ford's family of "EcoBoost" engines. New Ingenium petrol engines replaced the Ford units beginning in the 2018 model year. From the XE's launch until 2019 the petrol V6 was from Jaguar's family of AJ-V8 engines. After 2019, the V6 engine was no longer offered. Design Exterior Ian Callum designed the XE's exterior. The construction features bonded and riveted aluminium construction, with bolt-on front and rear crash structure and key body panels to simplify repair and decrease insurance costs. In the event of a collision with a pedestrian, the active bonnet pops up to provide additional protection. The exterior design has a drag co-efficient of 0.26. In 2019, the XE was facelifted, bringing updates to the exterior as well as the interior. Interior The interior features a flush rotary gear selector which rises and becomes functional once the engine is started. The central console featured a or optional 10.2 inch touch screen, providing access to in car entertainment, satellite navigation and vehicle settings. The XE features smartphone connectivity and some models allow the owner to pre-heat the interior or unlock the car remotely, using a smartphone application. A laser colour head-up display is an available option. Interior revisions in 2017 include cupholder covers, revised and higher resolution display and standard infotainment interface marketed as InControl Touch Pro reliant on a user-provided data connection SIM card. In 2019, the interior was revised with new door panels, centre tunnel and a revised infotainment system marketed as InControl Touch Pro Duo, shared with other Jaguar Land Rover products. The automatic's rising rotary knob gear selector was replaced with a more conventional type marketed as the Sport Shift Selector. Construction Platform The XE is the first built on the Jaguar Land Rover iQ[Al] (D7a) modular platform, also used for the second generation Jaguar XF (X260) model, the Jaguar F-Pace sports utility vehicle and the Range Rover Velar. The design features double wishbone suspension at the front, with similarities to the system fitted to the XF and F-Type models, the rear features an entirely new subframe mounted multi-link suspension system, marketed as Integral Link. The system is costlier to manufacture but allows for greater tuning. The major suspension components are manufactured from aluminium to reduce the unsprung as well as overall vehicle mass and increase the suspension system stiffness. The suspension system features sacrificial slip-fixings to protect expensive major components from damage. To create the 50:50 weight balance the battery is located in the trunk/boot, consuming space normally accommodating the spare wheel. The rear boot floor and boot lid are steel, contributing to balanced weight distribution. Single-piston brake calipers are provided with one of three different sizes of brake discs fitted, depending on the vehicle's configuration. An electric power steering system is fitted and the XE comes with a choice of four different road wheel sizes. Initially there were eight available alloy wheel designs. Transmission Initially offered with rear-wheel drive, the D7a modular architecture was designed to accommodate all-wheel drive (AWD), which was offered in November 2015, to compete with Audi Quattro, BMW xDrive and Mercedes-Benz 4MATIC models. All XE models are equipped with a ZF 8HP45 or ZF 8HP70 eight-speed automatic transmission, a lighter variant of the gearbox currently fitted to other Jaguar models and the competing BMW 3 Series. The gearbox is older version of the second generation ZF 8HP50 currently fitted to the competing Alfa Romeo Giulia model. A six-speed ZF manual gearbox is available on diesel models. The XE uses a traction control system marketed as All Surface Progress Control, developed from the Terrain Response system fitted to Land Rover's off-road vehicles and allowing better traction in snow and ice. Security and Safety Jaguar expected the XE to obtain a five star Euro NCAP safety rating which was proven in 2015. The design features several safety features now mandatory to be considered for a five star rating, including the Advanced Emergency Braking System (pre-crash system). The XE was tested by Thatcham's New Vehicle Security Ratings (NVSR) organisation and achieved the following ratings: SV Project 8 A special limited-production, high-performance version of the XE called SV Project 8 debuted at the 2017 Goodwood Festival of Speed. The base car was modified by Jaguar Land Rover's Special Vehicle Operations (SVO) team, with carbon fibre body panels and aerodynamic aids including a front splitter and rear wing, carbon fibre and Alcantara interior trim, 400 mm carbon ceramic brake discs in front with six-piston calipers, unique 20-inch wheels with Michelin Sport Cup 2 tires, and a supercharged and intercooled 592 hp version of the 5.0 L Jaguar AJ-V8. In the typical trim the Project 8 has four leather-trimmed bucket seats, with the two front seats mounted on lightweight magnesium frames. A "track package", not available in the United States, features a harness retention hoop in place of the rear seats, and carbon fibre racing seats with four-point competition harnesses installed in the front. Total production is limited to 300 worldwide. Worldwide sales Gallery References External links XE Cars introduced in 2015 Compact executive cars Sports sedans Rear-wheel-drive vehicles All-wheel-drive vehicles Euro NCAP large family cars 2010s cars
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Куарейм (річка)
Куарейм (річка) Річка Куарейм — ліва притока річки Уругвай, протікає на північному сході Уругваю (департамент Артигас) і на крайньому півдні Бразилії (фізіографічний район Де-ла-Кампанха), що включає муніципалітети Сантана-до-Лівраменто, Куарай і Уругваяна, в штаті Ріу-Гранді-ду-Сул). Це третя за величиною притока (351 км) річки Уругвай, після річки Ріо-Негро (750 км) і річки Ібіку (673 км). На берегах річки розташовані міста Артигас (Уругвай) і Куарай (Бразилія). Обидва зв'язані Міжнародним мостом Конкордіа. На двох вони мають приблизно 70 000 жителів, які історично розвивають тісний контакт один з одним та з річкою, яка виступає як елемент союзу, а не як фізичний бар'єр. Поруч з його гирлом розташовані бразильські міста Бара-до-Куарай та Белья Уніон. Етимологія Слово «cuareim» походить від гуаранської мови, що означатиме «річка, що випливає з дірки». Фізичні характеристики Річка тече спочатку на північний захід, потім повертає на захід, потім на південь, утворюючи виступ в сторону Бразилії, потім знову тече на захід до злиття з річкою Уругвайв в районі, який називається «потрійний кордон» між республіками Аргентина, Бразилія і Уругвай. Довжина річки становить 351 км, а її басейн займає площу 14865 км², з яких 8258 (55,6 %) розташовані на уругвайській території, а решта 6607 км (44,4 %) — бразильській. На її берегах ростуть багаті природні густі ліси, що мають на своєму бразильському березі приблизну ширину 2000 м біля гирла річки Каталан. Загальна довжина головного русла становить 351 км, з різницею у висоті між його витоком і гирлом 326 метрів висоти, з середньою висотою менше 200 м і середнім нахилом 0,93 м/км, вираженим в першій чверті її маршруту. Використання певних ресурсів, пов'язаних з річкою, обмежене. Риболовля дуже мізерна, в основному для рекреаційних цілей. На річці видобувається ручним способом валун і пісок — якісні та дефіцитні матеріали. Головні притоки Більшість приток верхнього регіону басейну в обох країнах стікають через кам'янисту місцевість з дощовим режимом живлення. До басейну належать довгі річки, такі як Інвернада, Каталан (відома своїми агатами і аметистами), Гуарупа, Каті (бразильська сторона), Куаро (яку через її розмір і течію можна вважати повноцінною річкою), Трес-Круцес-Гранде і Юкутуя.Інші річки-притоки: Сепультурас, Дель-Тигре, Де-Марія-Лемос, Піедра Пінтада, Гуаюбіра, Пінтадо-Гранде, Пінтадіто, Тамандуя, Чіфлеро, Де-ла-Аруера, Де-Лемос, Гуавію, Де-ла-Рапоза, Якот, Якаре-Гранде, Дель-Кортадо, Каті, Гуарупа, Куарай-Мірім, Моіронес. Примітки Посилання Річки Бразилії Річки Уругваю Притоки Уругваю
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento%20Republic%20FC
Sacramento Republic FC
Sacramento Republic FC is an American professional soccer team based in Sacramento, California, that plays in the Western Conference of the USL Championship, the second level in US soccer. Co-founded by Warren Smith and Joe Wagoner in 2012, the team started play in 2014 at the 20,231-seat Hughes Stadium, before moving midseason to their current home at Heart Health Park. Republic FC won the 2014 USL championship and have made the playoffs eight times. The team submitted an expansion bid for the top level Major League Soccer in January 2017. On May 15, 2017, MLS bid proponent Sac Soccer & Entertainment Holdings, led by Kevin Nagle, officially acquired Sacramento Republic FC from president and co-founder Warren Smith. On October 21, 2019, MLS announced that Sacramento Republic would be the 29th team in MLS, originally slated to start in 2022, and later pushed to 2023. However, on February 26, 2021, the expansion to the MLS was placed on indefinite hiatus. The team is working with the city of Sacramento to build a $226 million stadium in the large Railyards urban infill project. In the interim, St. Louis FC began play in 2023 and that year, San Diego FC was awarded a franchise to begin play in 2025. History On December 3, 2012, USL Pro announced that a Sacramento expansion team would join the league for the 2014 season. On July 15, 2013, Predrag "Preki" Radosavljević was announced as head coach of the new franchise. The official name of the team and team shield were decided by fan vote. On July 18, 2013, the franchise officially announced the team name Sacramento Republic FC during the first annual Sacramento Soccer Day. As of April 2015, the team had sold more than 9,500 season-tickets. 2014: First-year championship Republic FC made their home debut on April 26, 2014, at Hughes Stadium, losing 2–1 to the Harrisburg City Islanders, before a sellout crowd of 20,231. This figure nearly doubled the previous USL regular season single game attendance record of 10,697. The following match, a 2–1 win over Orange County Blues FC, drew a slightly smaller crowd of 17,414. Eventually, all their home games were sellouts except this one. Republic FC inaugurated their new 8,000 seat, soccer-specific stadium, Bonney Field at Cal Expo, on June 20, 2014. They defeated the Colorado Rapids Reserve team 4–3. Mike Fucito scored the winning goal in the 84th minute. On July 27, 2014, the team broke the USL regular season attendance record of 112,748, previously set by Orlando City SC. Their total attendance was 182,107 (158,107 regular season; 24,000 in the playoffs). Republic FC finished the regular season in 2nd place behind Orlando City SC with a 17-win, 4-tie and 7-loss record. They defeated the Wilmington Hammerheads 4–1 in the Quarterfinals. Rodrigo López scored a hat trick, including the game-winner in stoppage time, to defeat LA Galaxy II 3–2 in the Semifinals—a comeback victory dubbed "The Miracle at Bonney" by Republic fans. Sacramento won the USL Championship by defeating the Harrisburg City Islanders 2–0 on goals from Octavio Guzman and Thomas Stewart. López was named the Championship MVP. Preki was named Coach of the Year. Nemanja Vuković was named Defender of the Year. Both López and Vuković were named to the All-League First Team. 2015–2021 Republic FC's second season saw them play in an expanded Bonney Field. 2015 also saw the business arm of the NFL side San Francisco 49ers and also NBA side Sacramento Kings venture into soccer, investing in Sacramento Republic in January 2015 with future plans should the club venture into the MLS as a franchise. Sacramento lost their first game of the season 4–2 away to Seattle Sounders FC 2. They soon picked up form and saw them beat Sonoma County Sol and Chula Vista FC 4–2 and 7–3 respectively in the US Open Cup to reach the Fourth Round two years running. On July 7, the Republic announced that Head-Coach Preki would be leaving and was being replaced by Paul Buckle. Buckle's first game with the Republic was a friendly with Premier League side Sunderland on July 14, which Sacramento won 1–0. Sacramento placed fourth in the USL Western Conference standings after a season-concluding draw with conference champions Orange County Blues. The Republic qualified for playoffs for the second consecutive year, losing to LA Galaxy II 1–0 in the first round. On January 22, 2019, billionaire Ron Burkle, the lead investor in the Pittsburgh Penguins ice hockey team since 1999, was announced as the Sacramento Republic's lead investor to satisfy MLS requirements. On September 19, 2019, Sacramento Republic FC was reported to be entering MLS as its 29th team, sources told CBS Sports. MLS called the report "erroneous" stating that they were still in "advanced discussions". A press conference was held on October 21, 2019, to award an expansion team to Sacramento with Sacramento Republic FC slated to begin play in 2022. Due to delays relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in California. Sacramento Republic and MLS announced that the team would instead play in 2023. On February 26, 2021, MLS then announced that lead investor Ron Burkle "had decided not to acquire an expansion team in Sacramento", and the Republic's bid to join MLS as an expansion team was placed on indefinite hold. Republic's 2021 troubles were not limited to off the pitch; the club missed the playoffs for the first time in its history, finishing 13th in the Western Conference with an 8W-12D-12L record. 2022: Open Cup runners-up With the return of the U.S. Open Cup after a two-year hiatus forced by the pandemic, the Republic made a historic run through the 2022 edition, becoming the first team from outside Major League Soccer to play for the trophy since Charleston Battery in 2008, and only the fourth since MLS began play in 1996. Sacramento defeated teams from four divisions of the United States soccer pyramid—Portland Timbers U23s of Open Division USL League Two, Central Valley Fuego FC of Division III USL League One, fellow Division II USLC side Phoenix Rising FC, and MLS clubs San Jose Earthquakes, LA Galaxy, and Sporting Kansas City—before falling to MLS side Orlando City, 3–0, in the final. The Open Cup run has also inspired hopes of reviving the Republic's MLS expansion bid through a new group of investors. Colors and crest Republic FC's colors are old glory red, maple, and egg shell. The club crest is a classic shield that honors the Bear Flag, taking several colors from the flag itself. The crest also carries an image of a California grizzly bear, which is found on the state's flag and is California's official state animal, along with a nautical star, which is representative of, and in the same color as, the star on the Bear Flag. Below the bear is the motto of the city of Sacramento, "Urbs Indomita", in Latin meaning "Indomitable City". Kit The club released the design of their inaugural home and away shirts on December 5, 2013. The kit manufacturer was Italian sportswear company Lotto, with UC Davis Children's Hospital as the shirt sponsor through the 2016 season. The home kit's dominant color is the club's signature color "Old Glory Red", and the away shirt is primarily white. Both Lotto kits featured a diagonal stripe of dark maroon, with the club crest positioned on the left side of the wearer's chest. The club's motto, "Urbs Indomita", was printed on the right sleeve. The third kit, unveiled before the 2015 season and US Open Cup, featured horizontal eggshell and white stripes and a star over the crest to commemorate the previous season's USL Championship. On November 21, 2015, Republic FC announced a new partnership with Nike and unveiled new home and away kits for the 2016 USL season. The home kit is once again "Old Glory Red," while the away kit is now white and gray. Both designs omit the diagonal stripe in favor of vertical patterns. The new designs feature "Urbs Indomita" written on the back neckline. UC Davis Children's Hospital, the kit sponsor since the club's inception and one of Republic FC's first corporate partners, renewed their sponsorship on July 22, 2016, for USL play beyond the year 2016. Moreover, UC Davis Health Systems announced it would become the shirt sponsor in MLS should Republic receive an expansion bid. Sponsorship Supporters Republic FC draws fans from a large region of Northern California, with many fans traveling from the eastern areas of the bay and as far north as Redding to watch matches. The club's independent supporters' group is called the Tower Bridge Battalion. The group gets their name from the Tower Bridge, a central structure in downtown Sacramento that connects Sacramento proper to West Sacramento. The Tower Bridge Battalion occupies one area of the team's home stadium. Several chants have been coordinated for the Tower Bridge Battalion, which they yell throughout the match. Common instruments used by the Battalion are large drums, megaphones, and other noise-making items. The group has several coordinators that help to keep the crowd in unison during the match. The Tower Bridge Battalion have been central in organizing fan support of a Major League Soccer expansion team in Sacramento. On September 19, 2014, the Battalion led a crowd of thousands through the streets in downtown Sacramento designed to showcase the area's fanbase for MLS officials. Stadiums Heart Health Park When the club was originally proposed, officials had planned on using Hughes Stadium, a 20,311 seater, open, multi-purpose stadium at Sacramento City College. On November 14, 2013, however, it was announced that Republic FC planned to play in a new 8,000 seat soccer-specific stadium being built on the grounds of Cal Expo. The proposed stadium would be funded and owned by Ovations Food Service and, if approved, was expected to be completed in time for the first match of the 2014 USL season. Because the new stadium at Cal Expo was not completed in time for the start of 2014 season matches, the club played its initial 2014 matches at Hughes Stadium. The new stadium was named Bonney Field, following a sponsorship deal for naming rights with Bonney Plumbing, Heating, Air and Rooter Service. On June 20, 2014, the club played its inaugural match at the completed Bonney Field against the Colorado Rapids Reserves, winning the match 4–3. The game drew a sellout crowd of 8,000, significantly lower than the regular crowds at Hughes Stadium due to the smaller size of Bonney, but this number still remains very high for regular-season USL Pro matches. In January 2015, expansion efforts at Bonney Field began to increase the seating at the stadium. Capacity for 2015 was expanded to 11,442, with added seats in the north endline and east sideline. In March 2017, Papa Murphy's Holdings, Inc. acquired the naming rights to the stadium, and Bonney Field was renamed Papa Murphy's Park. On May 5, 2021, the Sacramento Republic FC and Western Health Advantage agreed to a new naming rights deal that would change the name of the stadium to Heart Health Park. Proposed Railyards stadium As part of team owners' efforts for the club to join MLS as an expansion team, Republic FC has announced intentions to build a 20,000 seat soccer-specific stadium in Downtown Sacramento. In August 2015, Republic FC announced the hiring of HNTB Corp as lead architects of the stadium project, which will be on the former site of the Sacramento Railyards. (HNTB previously designed two Northern California venues, Sutter Health Park in Sacramento and Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara.) The concept design of the new stadium, based in part on fan input from a web survey and a series of workshops, was unveiled on December 1, 2015. Though designed with a closed bowl, the stadium will have separate stands on different sides to create a unique character for each one, an homage to classic English stadia like St James' Park. To meet the designer's stated goal of creating MLS's best home field advantage, the seating will feature the steepest grade in the MLS in and an untiered east side reminiscent of Westfalenstadion's Yellow Wall. On December 1, the evening of the design unveil, the Sacramento City Council voted 8–0 to approve a term sheet promoting construction of the 25,000-seat venue, with a target 2018 completion date if the club is accepted into MLS. The stadium is estimated to cost $226 million, and will be privately financed. On April 2, 2019, Sacramento Republic FC released updated renderings of the proposed stadium. Additions to the previous design included a 360-degree concourse/pedestrian walkway, new seating at the canopy level on the west side of the stadium, and additional field-level seating areas, raising the cost to about $252 million. The team stated that if their MLS bid is accepted, they would likely begin construction on the stadium immediately, hoping to complete it by late 2021 or early 2022, in time for the 2022 MLS season. With the team being accepted into MLS on October 21, 2019, they were expected to complete construction for the 2023 season. The plans to build the stadium and join the league are on indefinite hiatus as of February 2021. Players and technical staff First-team roster Technical staff Team records Year-by-year This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by Republic. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Sacramento Republic FC seasons. 1. Avg. attendance include statistics from league matches only. 2. Top goalscorer(s) includes all goals scored in league, league playoffs, U.S. Open Cup, CONCACAF Champions League, FIFA Club World Cup, and other competitive continental matches. Head coaches Includes USL Regular season, USL Play-offs and U.S. Lamar Hunt Open Cup Club captains Honors League USL Championship Champions (1): 2014 USL Championship Western Conference (Regular Season) Champions (1): 2016 USL Playoffs Appearances (9): 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023 Domestic Cup U.S. Open Cup Runners-up (1): 2022 References External links Association football clubs established in 2012 USL Championship teams 2012 establishments in California Soccer clubs in California
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
Федорівка (Перекопський район)
Федорівка (Перекопський район) Федорівка — село Перекопського району Автономної Республіки Крим. Розташоване у центрі району. Відстань від райцентру до населеного пункта становить 22 кілометрів по прямій. Географія Селом протікає річка Самарчик. Примітки Села Перекопського району
2022523
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C
Гаунеталь
Гаунеталь — сільська громада в Німеччині, знаходиться в землі Гессен. Підпорядковується адміністративному округу Кассель. Входить до складу району Герсфельд-Ротенбург. Площа — 54,91 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ). Галерея Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Громади Гессену
38006
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%20%D0%95%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%96
Клемент Еттлі
Клемент Еттлі Клемент Річард Еттлі (3 січня 1883 — 8 жовтня 1967) — англійський політик, лейборист. У коаліційному уряді під час Другої світової війни займав низку важливих посад. Бувши прем'єр-міністром у 1945—1951 роках він увів програму націоналізації й нову систему в соціальній сфері. Перший граф Еттлі, з 1955 року. Біографія Клемент Еттлі народився 3 січня 1883 у Лондоні. Закінчив Університетський коледж Оксфордського університету, у 1905 році здобув право на адвокатську практику. У 1913—1923 роках викладач і лектор з соціальних наук у Лондонській школі економічних та політичних наук. У роки Першої світової війни служив у танковому корпусі, отримав звання майора. У 1919 році був обраний мером Степні. У 1922 році зайняв місце у парламенті як член Лейбористської партії від округу Лаймгаус у Степні, а у 1924 році був призначений заступником військового міністра. У 1927 році Еттлі став членом Комісії щодо статусу Індії під головуванням сера Джона Саймона. У 1929—1931 роках був канцлером герцогства Ланкастерського, у 1931 році став головним поштмейстером країни. Разом із більшістю своїх колег у Лейбористській партії Еттлі розірвав відносини з Рамсеєм Макдональдом, коли той у 1931 році сформував коаліційний уряд. У 1935 році слідом за Джоном Лансбері зайняв місце парламентського лідера Лейбористської партії. Виступав проти політики невтручання до громадянської війни в Іспанії й засудив пакт Хоара-Лаваля. Коли у 1940 році Вінстон Черчилль став прем'єр-міністром, Еттлі увійшов до складу кабінету як лорд-хранитель Малої печатки, а у 1942 році став державним секретарем у справах домініонів та віце-прем'єром. Після перемоги Лейбористської партії на виборах у липні 1945 року став прем'єр-міністром. Потім цей успіх він повторив на виборах 1950 року. 27 травня 1947 року Еттлі заявив від імені партії, що головними задачами британського уряду є перехід до мирної економіки й до соціалізму. У період правління лейбористів були націоналізовані Англійський банк, вугільна промисловість, виробництво заліза та сталі, кошти зв'язку, виробництво газу й електрики. 5 липня 1948 року набрала чинності єдина система соціального страхування, оформлена законами про національне страхування, про безпеку на виробництві, про надання державної допомоги, які замінили колишнє законодавство відносно бідняків. Був ухвалений закон про національну охорону здоров'я, який вводив безкоштовне медичне обслуговування й передавав лікарні, за рідкими виключеннями, у державну власність. Індії, Пакистану та Цейлону була надана незалежність і статус домініонів у Співдружності. Було реорганізовано сільськогосподарське виробництво і підтверджений Закон про трудові суперечки і трейд-юніони 1927 році. Еттлі схвалив угоду між 5 державами: країнами Бенілюксу, Францією і Великою Британією, підписану 17 березня 1948 року, а також укладення Північноатлантичного пакту. На виборах у жовтні 1951 року Лейбористська партія зазнала поразки, й К. Еттлі на посту прем'єр-міністра змінив Вінстон Черчилль. У грудні 1955 році Еттлі отримав графський титул, тоді ж він залишив пост лідера Лейбористської партії, посівши друге місце на парламентських виборах у травні 1955 року. Еттлі — автор книжок «Воля і шлях до соціалізму»; «Лейбористська партія у перспективі» (1949); збірника вибраних робіт «Мета й політика»; автобіографії «Як це відбувалося» (1954). Помер Еттлі в Лондоні 8 жовтня 1967 року. Примітки Література Р. А. Кривонос. Етлі // Українська дипломатична енциклопедія: У 2-х т./Редкол.:Л. В. Губерський (голова) та ін. — К: Знання України, 2004 — Т.1 — 760с. ISBN 966-316-039-X Посилання Енциклопедія «Британіка», стаття Роя Дженкінса (Roy Jenkins). Кавалери ордена Підв'язки Міністри оборони Великої Британії Лейбористи Великої Британії Члени Таємної ради Великої Британії
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhruva%20Dharavarsha
Dhruva Dharavarsha
Dhruva Dharavarsha Dhruva (r. 780 – 793 CE) was one of the most notable rulers of the Rashtrakuta Empire. He ascended the imperial throne after replacing his elder brother Govinda II. Govinda II had become unpopular among his subjects on account of his various misconducts as a monarch, including excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures. This according to the historian Kamath is evident from the Karhad plates of Krishna III. The Dhulia grant of 779 and Garugadahalli inscription of 782 proclaim Dhruva the emperor. Though some historians claim that Dhruva revolted and grabbed the throne, other historians feel the transition of the throne from Govinda II to Dhruva was peaceful and may have happened willingly. He earned titles like Kalivallabha, Srivallabha, Dharavarsha, Maharajadhiraja and Parameshvara. Success in north and east Dhruva Dharavarsha had a high political aspiration and he actively pursued the goal of expanding the frontiers of Rashtrakuta dominion. In Northern India, he subjugated the rulers of Kanyakubja. In central India, he defeated Vatsaraja of the Gurjara Prathihara Empire, and Dharmapala of the Pala Empire (who was eager to rule Kanyakubja) in a battle in the Ganges - Yamuna doab. However, these great victories brought him no permanent land gains but only a lot of material gain and fame. However another historian has claimed that Dhruva's empire stretched from Ayodhya in the north to Rameshvaram in the south. Victories in the Deccan and the South He humbled Vishnuvardhana IV, an Eastern or Vengi Chalukya king in 784 and forged an alliance by marrying his daughter named Silabhattarika as per the Jetvai grant of 786. Thereafter, he defeated Shivamara II, the Western Ganga Dynasty ruler of Gangavadi, and imprisoned him and appointed his own son, the Prince Kambarasa as the governor. He also forced the Pallava monarch Nandivarman II to accept the suzerainty of the Rashtrakutas who paid him handsomely with many elephants. He undertook campaigns to Kanchi in 785 and again against the Western Ganga Dynasty in 788. Pan-Indian power During his reign, the Rashtrakutas emerged as a true pan-Indian power, controlling large regions across the Indian subcontinent. He was succeeded by his third son, Govinda III whose reign was also marked by brilliant military success and exploits. Notes References External links History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje 793 deaths History of Karnataka Hindu monarchs Rashtrakuta emperors 8th-century Indian monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian%20tit
Caspian tit
Caspian tit The Caspian tit (Poecile hyrcanus) is a passerine bird in the tit family. It breeds in the deciduous mountain forests of northern Iran, just extending into Azerbaijan. The long Caspian tit has a dark brown cap and bib, rich brown upperparts and underparts which are pinkish-buff when fresh, but become paler and greyer as the feathers age. The sexes are similar, but juveniles are somewhat duller. The most common call of this generally quiet bird is a thin zsit, but a nasal double note, chev chev, is also given. Both sexes excavate the nesting hole in a live or a rotten tree. Most nests examined are cups of felted material, such as fur, hair and wood chips, but feathers are sometimes used. The number of eggs varies from five to seven, white with faint reddish spots or blotches. It feeds on caterpillars, insects and seeds, much like other tits. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the Caspian tit is sister to the willow tit (Poecile montanus). References Harrap, S., & Quinn, D. (1996). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Christopher Helm. Poecile Birds of Azerbaijan Birds of the Middle East Birds described in 1905
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Повернення маркетингових інвестицій (ROMI)
Повернення маркетингових інвестицій (ROMI) — це внесок маркетингових активностей у прибуток, який відноситься до маркетингу. ROMI дещо відрізняється від інших показників рентабельності інвестицій (ROI), оскільки маркетинг — це окремий, особливий вид інвестицій. Замість грошей, які «прив'язані» до засобів виробництва і запасів (часто вважаються капітальними вкладеннями або CAPEX), витрати (інвестиції) на маркетинг зазвичай списуються на витрати поточного періоду (операційні витрати або OPEX). Ідея вимірювання реакції ринку з точки зору продажів і прибутків не є новою, але такі терміни, як маркетингова ROI та ROMI, зараз використовуються частіше, ніж у минулі періоди. Зазвичай витрати на маркетинг вважаються виправданими, якщо ROMI є позитивним (нижче наведено формулу його розрахунку). Метою ROMI є вимірювання ступеня, того, наскільки витрати на маркетинг сприяють прибутку. Історія терміну Концепція ROMI вперше стала популярною в 1990-х роках. Фраза «повернення маркетингових інвестицій» набула більшого поширення в наступне десятиліття після публікації двох книг «Return on Marketing Investment» Гая Пауелла (2002) та Marketing ROI Джеймса Ленскольда (2003). У книзі «What Sticks: Why Advertising Fails And How To Guarantee Yours Succeeds» Рекс Бріггс запропонував термін ROMO (Return-On-Marketing-Objective) для опису ідеї, що маркетингові кампанії можуть мати низку цілей, та інвестиції можуть повертатись не лише негайними продажами або прибутками. Наприклад, маркетингова кампанія може бути спрямована на те, щоб змінити сприйняття бренду, і це не призводить до негайного доходу й транзакцій з боку клієнтів. Розрахунок ROMI Зазвичай українські маркетологи рахують ROMI за наступною формулою: ROMI = (дохід з маркетингу — витрати на маркетинг) / витрати на маркетинг Також отриманий показних можуть подавати у відсотковому значенні: ROMI = (дохід з маркетингу — витрати на маркетинг) / витрати на маркетинг * 100 % Але в англомовних джерелах знаходимо й дещо складніший варіант формули, який розглянемо надалі. Рентабельність маркетингових інвестицій (ROMI) = [Додатковий дохід від маркетингу ($) * Маржа внеску (%) — маркетингові витрати ($)] / Витрати на маркетинг ($) Необхідним кроком у розрахунку ROMI є вимірювання та кінцева оцінка додаткових продажів, пов'язаних із маркетингом. Методології В бізнес-середовищі виділяють дві методології розрахунку показника рентабельності маркетингових інвестицій (ROMI). Короткострокова Перший, короткостроковий ROMI, також використовується як простий індекс, що вимірює дохід (або частку ринку, маржу внесків чи інші бажані результати) на кожну одиницю грошей, витрачену на маркетинг. Для прикладу візьмемо компанію, яка витратила $1000 на рекламу та отримала додатковий дохід еквівалентний $5000. В цьому випадку здається, що ROMI буде (5000-1000)/1000=4. Але розрахуймо це за більш точною формулою. Якщо додаткова маржа внеску для цих $5000 доходу становить 60 %, тоді маржа ROMI (додаткова маржа для $1000, витрачених на маркетинг) становитиме $3000 (= $5000 x 60 %). З них $1000, витрачених на рекламу, буде віднято, а різниця буде поділена на ті самі $1000. Відповідно, кожен долар, витрачений на пряму поштову рекламу, перетворюється на додаткові 2 долари прибутку компанії. Цінність першого ROMI (який розрахували як 4) полягає в його простоті. У більшості випадків простого визначення доходу на грошову одиницю, витрачену на окрему маркетингову кампанію, може бути достатньо, щоб допомогти прийняти важливі рішення щодо покращення всього комплексу маркетингу. Довгострокова Подібним чином друга концепція, довгострокове ROMI, може бути використане для визначення менш очевидних аспектів ефективності маркетингу. Наприклад, ROMI можна використовувати для визначення додаткової цінності маркетингу, оскільки він стосується підвищення поінформованості про бренд, розгляду чи наміру придбати. Таким чином можна визначити як довгострокову цінність маркетингової діяльності (збільшення впізнаваності бренду тощо), так і короткостроковий дохід і прибуток. Це складна метрика, яка врівноважує маркетинг і бізнес-аналітику, і використовується для вимірювання економічних (тобто отриманих від грошових потоків) вигод, створених маркетинговими інвестиціями. Цей метод пропонує спосіб визначити пріоритетність інвестицій і розподілити маркетингові та інші ресурси на формалізованій основі. Довгострокові моделі ROMI часто спираються на моделі пожиттєвої цінности клієнта (CLV), щоб продемонструвати довгострокову цінність поступового залучення клієнтів, або зниження рівня відтоку клієнтів. Деякі складніші підходи включають багаторічне довгострокове ROMI шляхом включення аналізу типу CLV. CLV використовувався як вхідні дані для розрахунків ROMI в деяких наукових роботах. Довгострокові моделі ROMI іноді використовували методи оцінки бренду, щоб визначити, як створення бренду за допомогою маркетингових витрат може створити балансову вартість для брендів (або принаймні для брендів, з якими були проведені операції, і, отже, відповідно до правил бухгалтерського обліку, вони можуть мати балансову вартість). Стандарт ISO 10668 визначає належний процес оцінки брендів і встановлює кілька ключових вимог: прозорість, валідність, надійність, достатність, об'єктивність. А також фінансові, поведінкові та юридичні параметри. Оцінка бренду відрізняється від вартости бренду за допомогою визначення грошової вартості бренду, і таким чином можна розрахувати ROMI. Застереження Прямі показники короткострокового варіанту ROMI часто критикують за те, що вони враховують лише безпосередній вплив маркетингової діяльності без урахування довгострокових ефектів, створення бренду, будь-якої комунікації та впливу на ринок. Короткостроковий ROMI найкраще використовувати як інструмент для визначення ефективності окремих маркетингових активностей, щоб допомогти спрямувати інвестиції з менш продуктивної діяльності на більш продуктивну. Це простий інструмент для оцінки вимірних маркетингових активностей у порівнянні з різними маркетинговими цілями (наприклад, додатковий дохід, обізнаність про бренд або вартість бренду). З цими даними маркетингові інвестиції можна перенаправити від діяльності, яка є недостатньою, до ефективніших маркетингових медіа. Довгостроковий ROMI часто критикують за певну ізольованість від поточної діяльности («silo-in-the-making»), наче він керується даними та створює труднощі для фірм, які не звикли використовувати бізнес-аналітику в маркетинговій аналітиці. Довгостроковий ROMI, однак, є складним показником, який використовують небагато компаній. ROMI в digital-рекламі Складність вимірювання ROMI залежить серед іншого від середовища. Результати нещодавнього опитування в Північній Америці показують, що рентабельність інвестицій, пов'язану з традиційними медіа (телебаченням і радіо), важче виміряти, ніж цифрові медіа на основі, такі як email-маркетинг або реклама у соціальних мережах. З розвитком цифрового маркетингу маркетологи та власники бізнесу мають можливість розрахувати приблизні ROMI ще до того, як почнуть інвестувати. На основі статистичних досліджень і за інших рівних умов власник бізнесу може розрахувати поточну рентабельність інвестицій у цифровий маркетинг через свій сайт і веб-аналітику, щоб зрозуміти свої : Поточний трафік Коефіцієнт конверсії Середній чек тощо. Додайте легкодоступну інформацію про потенційний трафік із інструмента добору ключових слів Google Ads і досліджені витрати на залучення цього трафіку, власник бізнесу чи маркетолог може оцінити потенційну рентабельність інвестицій, якщо цей трафік буде отримано, і навіть порівняти його з іншими методами маркетингу. У деяких випадках покращення ROMI діджитал-реклами може бути власною метою маркетингових активностей, адже слідом за ними покращуються рентабельність інвестиції в компанію загалом. Див. також Ланцюг попиту Маркетинг Маркетингова стратегія Маркетинговий мікс Управління маркетингом Моделювання комплексу маркетингу Маркетинговий план Стратегічний менеджмент Стратегічне планування Ефективність маркетингу Примітки Джерела Шульц, Дон Е., Вимірювання рентабельності інвестицій бренду (1997) Assn of Natl Advertisers .ISBN 1-56318-053-7 Амблер, Тім. , Маркетинг і результат (2004) FT Press.ISBN 0-273-66194-9 Aspatore Books Staff, Improving Marketing ROI: Leading CMOs on Adding Value, Calculating Return on Investments, and Creating a Financial Impact (2006) Aspatore Books.ISBN 1-59622-434-7 Лілієн, Гері Л., Рангасвамі, Арвінд, Маркетингова інженерія (2004) Trafford Publishing.ISBN 1-4120-2252-5 Бріггс, Рекс, Стюарт, Грег, What Sticks: Чому більшість реклами зазнає невдачі та як гарантувати успіх вашої (2006) Kaplan Publishing Котлер, Філіп. ; Кевін Лейн Келлер (2006). Управління маркетингом, 12 вид. Пірсон Прентіс Холл.ISBN 0-13-145757-8 Сексміт, Джозеф Р. «Новий початок: підвищення ефективності Marcom» (2006) New Paradigm Learning Corporation Пауелл, Гай Р., Маркетинговий калькулятор: вимірюйте та керуйте рентабельністю маркетингових інвестицій (2008) John Wiley and Sons.ISBN 978-0-470-82395-8 Стратегічний маркетинг Аналітика
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Легкий ланцюг міозину 6B
Легкий ланцюг міозину 6B – білок, який кодується геном MYL6B, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 12-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 208 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 22 764. Цей білок за функціями належить до білкових моторів, міозинів, м'язових білків. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 12 Міозини
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA
Дорогинський заказник
Дорогинський заказник — гідрологічний заказник загальнодержавного значення в Україні. Розташований в Ічнянському районі Чернігівської області, неподалік від сіл Дорогинка, Бакаївка, Томашівка та Припутні. Площа 1880 га. Створений у 1980 році. Перебуває у віданні місцевих КСП. Охороняється типове низинне болото у верхів'ї річки Удаю з переважанням купинносокових угруповань осоки омської. По периферії — ценози хвоща, осоки чорної та осоки просоподібної. Угруповання рогозу та очерету займають невеликі площі. Трапляються лепешняк великий, плакун верболистий, рогіз широколистий та інші. Багатий тваринний світ, особливо велика кількість водоплавних птахів. Територія заказника має водорегулююче значення. Джерела Гідрологічні заказники Чернігівської області Природно-заповідний фонд Ічнянського району Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1980
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Санта-Сабіна
Санта-Сабіна — головна церква ордена домініканців. Розташована на вершині Авентіну в Римі на південний захід від Circus Maximus. Побудована в 422–32 роках за часів папи Целестина I. Церква названа в честь святої Сабіни, яка загинула смертю мучениці у 125 році. Побудована за переказами на місці де стояв її будинок. Представляє класичний тип пізньоримських церков. Оздоблення храму підкреслено невибагливе. Дерев'яні двері базиліки збереглися з V століття. Дзвіниця була прибудована у X столітті. Титулярна церква Церква Святої Сабіни є титулярною церквою, кардиналом-священиком з титулом церкви Святої Сабіни з 29 січня 1996 року, є словацький кардинал Йозеф Томко. Галерея Примітки Посилання Санта Сабіна Le Chiese di Roma Churches of Rome , «Санта Сабіна» Архітектура Рима Церкви Рима Титулярні церкви Рима Собори Католицькі храми Італії Ріпа (район) Засновані 432
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Loginov%20%28footballer%29
Vladimir Loginov (footballer)
Vladimir Loginov (footballer) Vladimir Loginov (born 5 January 1974) is a retired football forward from Kazakhstan. He obtained a total number of 23 caps for the Kazakhstan national football team during his career, scoring two goals. Career statistics International goals References External links 1974 births Living people Kazakhstani men's footballers Kazakhstan men's international footballers Men's association football forwards Kazakhstan Premier League players FC Aktobe players Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games Kazakhstani people of Russian descent Asian Games competitors for Kazakhstan Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%29
Ковбаса (прізвище)
Ковбаса (прізвище) Ковбаса — українське прізвище. Відомі носії: Ковбаса Артем Петрович — український футболіст, півзахисник. Ковбаса Олег Вікторович (1976-2015) — український кадровий військовослужбовець, підполковник (посмертно) Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Позивний — «Майор». Ковбаса Яків Федосійович — український архітектор, художник. Див. також Ковбаса Ковбасенко Ковбаснюк Ковбасюк Українські прізвища
230398
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%20%28%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%29
Окулярний міст (Нагасакі)
Окулярний міст (Нагасакі) Окулярний міст (めがねばし, меґане-басі) — кам'яний двоарочний міст над річкою Накасіма в Нагасакі, Японія. Цінна культурна пам'ятка Японії з 1960 року. Короткий опис Назва окулярного моста походить від двох арок цього мосту, які разом із своїм відображенням у річковій воді нагадують окуляри. Довжина цього моста становить 22 м, а ширина — 3,65 м. Висота над рікою дорівнює 5,46 м. Окулярний міст в Нагасакі був зведений у 1634 році китайським монахом Моцзі, другим настоятелем храму Кофукудзі. У 1648 році, через повінь, споруда постраждала, але невдовзі була відновлена. 23 червня 1982 року окулярний міст знову був наполовину зруйнований під час великої повіні, але у 1983 році відремонтований з того ж самого мостового каменю, який був віднесений водами повіні до нижньої течії річки. Посилання Коротка інформація про окулярний міст Нагасакі Споруди, збудовані 1634
4896369
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C
Новий Бурець
Новий Бурець - село в Вятськополянському районі Кіровської області. Є єдиним населеним місцем Новобурецького сільського поселення. Розташоване приблизно за 18 км на північний захід від міста Вятські Поляни. Населення згідно перепису 2010 року становило 337 осіб. Історія Із 1 січня 2006 року відповідно до Закону Кіровської області від 07.12.2004 № 284-ЗО село утворює Новобурецьке сільське поселення. Примітки Посилання Поселення на сайті району
569405
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs
Thaïs
Thaïs or Thais (flourished 4th century BC) was a famous Greek hetaira who accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaigns. Likely from Athens, she is most famous for instigating the burning of Persepolis. At the time, Thaïs was the lover of Ptolemy I Soter, one of Alexander's close companions and generals. It has been suggested that she may also have been Alexander's lover, on the basis of Athenaeus's statement that Alexander liked to "keep Thaïs with him", but this may simply mean he enjoyed her company, as she is said to have been very witty and entertaining. Athenaeus also says that after Alexander's death Ptolemy married Thaïs, who bore three of his children, and may also have become a Queen of Egypt. Burning of Persepolis Thaïs supposedly came from Athens and accompanied Alexander throughout his campaigns in Asia. She came to the attention of history when, in 330 BC, Alexander burned down the palace of Persepolis, the principal residence of the defeated Achaemenid dynasty, after a drinking party. Thaïs was present at the party and gave a speech which convinced Alexander to burn the palace. Cleitarchus claims that the destruction was a whim; Plutarch and Diodorus assert that it was intended as retribution for Xerxes' burning of the old Temple of Athena on the Acropolis in Athens (the site of the extant Parthenon) in 480 BC during the Persian Wars. It has been argued that Thaïs was at this time Alexander's lover. T. D. Ogden suggests that Ptolemy took her over at some later point, though other writers believe she was always Ptolemy's companion. Later life Thaïs's subsequent career is uncertain. According to Athenaeus (who lived more than five centuries later), she married her lover Ptolemy, who became king of Egypt, after Alexander's death. Even if they were not actually married, their relationship seems to have acquired "quasi-legal status". She gave Ptolemy three children, two boys and a girl: Lagus, who is known from a reference to his victory in a chariot race in the Lycaea, an Arcadian festival, in 308/307. Alexander Leontiscus, who appears to have been in Cyprus with his sister, as he recorded there as a prisoner taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes in 307 or 306 after his invasion of the island. He was later sent home to Ptolemy. Eirene, who was given in marriage to Eunostos, king of Soloi in Cyprus. Whatever the legal status of their relationship, Thaïs’ role in Egypt is unclear. Ptolemy had other wives, first Eurydice of Egypt, and later Berenice I of Egypt, who became his principal consort and mother of his heir. The date of Thaïs's death is unknown. Appearances in literature Her larger-than-life persona has resulted in characters named Thaïs appearing in several literary works, the most famous of which are listed below. In the post-classical period she is commonly portrayed in literature and art as Alexander's rather than Ptolemy's lover. Classical In Terence's play Eunuchus, there is a female protagonist who is a courtesan named Thaïs after the historical figure. Thaïs' words from the play are quoted in Cicero's essay De Amicitia. In Ovid's Remedia Amoris (383), Thaïs is contrasted with Andromache, Andromache being the epitome of the loyal wife, while Thaïs is taken to be the epitome of sex. Thaïs, says Ovid, is the subject of his art. Athenaeus's book The Deipnosophists records a number of remarks attributed to Thaïs. She "said once to a boastful lover of hers, who had borrowed some goblets from a great many people, and said that he meant to break them up, and make others of them, 'You will destroy what belongs to each private person'." Another time, when asked who she was visiting she said "To dwell with Aegeus, great Pandion's son," - a witty way of describing an unknown patron as a smelly goat (Aegeus Sea, or Goat Sea, was named after Aegeus the smelly goat son born of Pandion from a bestial relationship). Post-Classical In the Divine Comedy, a character called Thaïs is one of just a few women whom Dante Alighieri sees on his journey through Hell (Inferno, XVIII, 133–136). She is located in the circle of the flatterers, plunged in a trench of excrement, having been consigned there, we are told by Virgil, for having uttered to her lover that she was "marvellously" fond of him. Dante's Thaïs may or may not be intended to represent the historical courtesan, but the words ascribed to her derive from Cicero's quotations from Terence. Thaïs is mentioned as one of the famous historical beauties in François Villon's "Ballade des dames du temps jadis" (1461). Thaïs and Alexander the Great are conjured by Faustus in Christopher Marlowe's play Doctor Faustus for the amusement of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Thaïs appears as Alexander's mistress in John Dryden's poem Alexander's Feast, or the Power of Music (1697), which begins with a description of Alexander enthroned with "the lovely Thaïs by his side" who sat "like a blooming eastern bride". The poem's account of the feast ends by comparing Thaïs to Helen of Troy: "Thaïs led the way/To light him to his prey/And like another Helen, fired another Troy." The poem was later set to music as an oratorio, also called Alexander's Feast, by George Frederick Handel. Robert Herrick (1591–1674) in "What Kind of Mistress He Would Have" concludes, "Let her Lucrece all day be, Thaïs in the night to me, Be she such as neither will, Famish me, nor overfill." Thaïs is a supporting character in two novels by Mary Renault about Alexander the Great: Fire from Heaven and The Persian Boy, as well as in Renault's biography of Alexander, "The Nature of Alexander." She is also a supporting character in Stealing Fire, a novel by Jo Graham about the immediate aftermath of Alexander's death. Thaïs is the heroine of a 1972 novel by the Russian author Ivan Efremov, Thaïs of Athens. It chronicles her life from meeting Alexander the Great through to her time as queen of Memphis in Egypt. Other literary figures named Thaïs are references to Thaïs of Alexandria, a Christian saint of a later period, about whom a French novel and an opera were written. References External links A transcript of Cleitarchus's account of the burning of Persepolis A commentary on the burning of the palace at Persepolis including excerpts from Diodorus and Plutarch biography by Christopher Bennett Hetairai Courtiers of Alexander the Great Mistresses of Alexander the Great Women in Hellenistic warfare 4th-century BC Greek people 4th-century BC Greek women Persepolis Wives of Ptolemy I Soter
22032085
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Directorate%20for%20National%20Roads%20and%20Motorways
General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways
General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways The General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways is the central authority of national administration set up to manage the national roads and implementation of the state budget in Poland. The GDDKiA was established on 1 April 2002 by the Polish Ministry of Transportation. The directorate was formed by a consolidation of the: General Directorate for Public Roads (est. 23 March 1951) Public Agency for Construction and the Operations of Motorways (est. 8 June 1995). The head of administration of the GDDKiA is the Director-General of National Roads and Motorways. The GDDKiA consists of 16 provincial branches and also the Regional Country Roads offices, which manage roads in their territories. In addition the Directorate-General of the History of Roads resides in Szczucin, and is responsible for preserving any road monuments. The GDDKiA is the central government body responsible for national roads and also performs the duties of: Participation in the implementation of road transport policy Collection of data and information about the network of public roads Supervising the preparation of road infrastructure for the defense of the nation Issuing permits for a single journey, within a specified time and for a fixed route, of non-standard vehicles Cooperating with other road administrations and international organizations Cooperation with local governments for the development and maintenance of road infrastructure Management of traffic on the national roads Protection of road monuments Performing the tasks associated with preparing and coordinating the construction and operation of paid motorways Managing payment for transit in accordance with the provisions of paid highways and the National Fund for traffic. References External links Archived official website Current official website Government agencies of Poland Transport organisations based in Poland Road authorities 2002 establishments in Poland Government agencies established in 2002
5096550
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopeltis%20adercae
Monopeltis adercae
Monopeltis adercae — вид плазунів з родини амфісбенових (Amphisbaenidae). Ендемік Демократичної Республіки Конго. Поширення і екологія Monopeltis adercae мешкають в регіоні Катанга на півдні ДР Конго, зокрема в околицях міста . Вони живуть в рідколіссях, на висоті від 600 до 620 м над рівнем моря, в перехідній зоні між високогір'ями і саванами міомбо. Примітки Амфісбенові Тварини, описані 1953 Плазуни Демократичної Республіки Конго Ендемічна фауна Демократичної Республіки Конго
3265957
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29
Вест-Ковіна (Каліфорнія)
Вест-Ковіна (Каліфорнія) Вест-Ковіна — місто в США, в окрузі Лос-Анджелес штату Каліфорнія. Населення — особа (2020). Географія Вест-Ковіна розташований за координатами (34.055941, -117.909937). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 41,67 км², з яких 41,55 км² — суходіл та 0,13 км² — водойми. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі родин. Густота населення становила 2546 осіб/км². Було 32705 помешкань (785/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 4,4 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 53,2 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 24,6 % — особи молодші 18 років, 63,3 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 12,1 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 36,0 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 93,1 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 89,7 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долар . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 10,3 % осіб, у тому числі 14,7 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 7,7 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 22,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 11,6 %, виробництво — 10,8 %. Примітки Джерела Міста Каліфорнії Населені пункти округу Лос-Анджелес (округ)
118462
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losser
Losser
Losser is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. It is at the eastern end of the A1 motorway. Population centres Losser The oldest known reference to Losser dates from the tenth century. Originally, the village consisted of two separate parts. Both were almost completely destroyed when on 21 September 1665, troops from Münster set fire to them. One of the town's oldest buildings is the Martinustoren (St. Martin's Tower), dating from around 1500 and the only remaining part of a church demolished in 1903. Geography A few kilometers west of De Lutte, close to the border with Oldenzaal, lies the Tankenberg, a hill the top of which (85 m) is the highest point in the province. (For myths of the Tankenberg, see Tanfana.) The municipality's most important body of water is the river Dinkel. Sister cities Losser is twinned with: Notable people Pi de Bruijn (born 1942 in Losser) a Dutch architect Kim Kötter (born 1982 in Losser) a Dutch director, model and beauty pageant titleholder Moniek Nijhuis (born 1988 in Overdinkel) a Dutch swimmer, competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics Gallery References External links Official website Municipalities of Overijssel Populated places in Overijssel Twente
1377671
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitives%20and%20Refugees
Fugitives and Refugees
Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon is a travelogue by novelist Chuck Palahniuk. The book alternates between autobiographical chapters, and lists of the author's favorite activities in his home city of Portland, Oregon, in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Palahniuk guides the reader to eviction court for evocative storytelling, a massive Goodwill charity sale for purchasing clothes by the pound, and to clubs and sexual fetish organizations. Reception Entertainment Weekly Noah Robischon gave the book an "A" rating and wrote, "this street atlas of the weird makes for an intoxicating trip to a place you never knew you wanted to visit." See also List of travel books References 2003 non-fiction books American travel books Books by Chuck Palahniuk Culture of Portland, Oregon Books about Oregon
5878266
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehong
Shehong
Shehong is a county-level city in the east of Sichuan province, China, located in the central part of the Sichuan Basin. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Suining. The city seat is the town of Taihe, which itself had a population of in 2006. The Fu River flows through the city seat as well as the towns of Jinhua and Liushu, along which hydropower stations provide electricity for the county and neighboring areas. Administrative divisions Shehong comprises 2 subdistricts and 21 towns: subdistricts Taihe 太和街道 Ping'an 平安街道 towns Wu'an 武安镇 Dayu 大榆镇 Guangxing 广兴镇 Jinhua 金华镇 Tuopai 沱牌镇 Taiyi 太乙镇 Jinjia 金家镇 Fuxing 复兴镇 Tianxian 天仙镇 Renhe 仁和镇 Qinggang 青岗镇 Yangxi 洋溪镇 Xiangshan 香山镇 Mingxing 明星镇 Fuxi 涪西镇 Tongshe 潼射镇 Caobei 曹碑镇 Guansheng 官升镇 Wensheng 文升镇 Dongyue 东岳镇 Quhe 瞿河镇 Climate Education Shehong has one national model secondary school, Shehong Secondary School. And three other provincial model secondary schools, Liushu Secondary School, Taihe Secondary School and Jinhua Secondary School. References External links Official website of the Shehong County Government County-level cities in Sichuan Suining
27683
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite
Satellite
Satellite A satellite or artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body. Satellites have a variety of uses, including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation (GPS), broadcasting, scientific research, and Earth observation. Additional military uses are reconnaissance, early warning, signals intelligence and, potentially, weapon delivery. Other satellites include the final rocket stages that place satellites in orbit and formerly useful satellites that later become defunct. Except for passive satellites, most satellites have an electricity generation system for equipment on board, such as solar panels or radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Most satellites also have a method of communication to ground stations, called transponders. Many satellites use a standardized bus to save cost and work, the most popular of which are small CubeSats. Similar satellites can work together as groups, forming constellations. Because of the high launch cost to space, most satellites are designed to be as lightweight and robust as possible. Most communication satellites are radio relay stations in orbit and carry dozens of transponders, each with a bandwidth of tens of megahertz. Satellites are placed from the surface to the orbit by launch vehicles, high enough to avoid orbital decay by the atmosphere. Satellites can then change or maintain the orbit by propulsion, usually by chemical or ion thrusters. As of 2018, about 90% of the satellites orbiting the Earth are in low Earth orbit or geostationary orbit; geostationary means the satellites stay still in the sky (relative to a fixed point on the ground). Some imaging satellites chose a Sun-synchronous orbit because they can scan the entire globe with similar lighting. As the number of satellites and space debris around Earth increases, the threat of collision has become more severe. A small number of satellites orbit other bodies (such as the Moon, Mars, and the Sun) or many bodies at once (two for a halo orbit, three for a Lissajous orbit). Earth observation satellites gather information for reconnaissance, mapping, monitoring the weather, ocean, forest, etc. Space telescopes take advantage of outer space's near perfect vacuum to observe objects with the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Because satellites can see a large portion of the Earth at once, communications satellites can relay information to remote places. The signal delay from satellites and their orbit's predictability are used in satellite navigation systems, such as GPS. Space probes are satellites designed for robotic space exploration outside of Earth, and space stations are in essence crewed satellites. The first artificial satellite launched into the Earth's orbit was the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in the Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States (3,996 commercial), 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations. History Early proposals The first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite was Newton's cannonball, a thought experiment by Isaac Newton to explain the motion of natural satellites, in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a short story by Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869). The idea surfaced again in Jules Verne's The Begum's Fortune (1879). In 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) published Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, which was the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit, and inferred that a multi-stage rocket fueled by liquid propellants could achieve this. Herman Potočnik explored the idea of using orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of the ground in his 1928 book, The Problem of Space Travel. He described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. The book described geostationary satellites (first put forward by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky) and discussed the communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short with the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays. In a 1945 Wireless World article, English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications. He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet. In May 1946, the United States Air Force's Project RAND released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century." The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy. Project RAND eventually released the report, but considered the satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda, rather than a potential military weapon. In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer proposed an orbiting space telescope. In February 1954, Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle", by R. R. Carhart. This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite", by H. K. Kallmann and W. W. Kellogg. First satellites The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 under the Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War. In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958), the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviet Union announced its intention to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957. Sputnik 2 was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika. In early 1955, after being pressured by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, the Army and Navy worked on Project Orbiter with two competing programs. The army used the Jupiter C rocket, while the civilian–Navy program used the Vanguard rocket to launch a satellite. Explorer 1 became the United States' first artificial satellite, on 31 January 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts. The TIROS-1 spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space. In June 1961, three and a half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the United States Space Surveillance Network cataloged 115 Earth-orbiting satellites. Astérix or A-1 (initially conceptualized as FR.2 or FR-2) is the first French satellite. It was launched on 26 November 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from the CIEES launch site at Hammaguir, Algeria. With Astérix, France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite and the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket France is the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket, the Astérix, on 26 November 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from the CIEES launch site at Hammaguir, Algeria. Early satellites were built to unique designs. With advancements in technology, multiple satellites began to be built on single model platforms called satellite buses. The first standardized satellite bus design was the HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) communication satellite launched in 1972. Beginning in 1997, FreeFlyer is a commercial off-the-shelf software application for satellite mission analysis, design, and operations. Later Satellite Development While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space, it was launched aboard an American rocket from an American spaceport. The same goes for Australia, whose launch of the first satellite involved a donated U.S. Redstone rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom. The first Italian satellite San Marco 1 was launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. Scout rocket from Wallops Island (Virginia, United States) with an Italian launch team trained by NASA. In similar occasions, almost all further first national satellites were launched by foreign rockets. After the late 2010s, and especially after the advent and operational fielding of large satellite internet constellations—where on-orbit active satellites more than doubled over a period of five years—the companies building the constellations began to propose regular planned deorbiting of the older satellites that reached the end of life, as a part of the regulatory process of obtaining a launch license. The largest artificial satellite ever is the International Space Station. By the early 2000s, and particularly after the advent of CubeSats and increased launches of microsats—frequently launched to the lower altitudes of low Earth orbit (LEO)—satellites began to more frequently be designed to get destroyed, or breakup and burnup entirely in the atmosphere. For example, SpaceX Starlink satellites, the first large satellite internet constellation to exceed 1000 active satellites on orbit in 2020, are designed to be 100% demisable and burn up completely on their atmospheric reentry at the end of their life, or in the event of an early satellite failure. In different periods, many countries, such as Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States, had some satellites in orbit. Japan's space agency (JAXA) and NASA plan to send a wooden satellite prototype called LingoSat into orbit in the summer of 2024. They have been working on this project for few years and sent first wood samples to the space in 2021 to test the material's resilience to space conditions. Components Orbit and altitude control Most satellites use chemical or ion propulsion to adjust or maintain their orbit, coupled with reaction wheels to control their three axis of rotation or attitude. Satellites close to Earth are affected the most by variations in the Earth's magnetic, gravitational field and the Sun's radiation pressure; satellites that are further away are affected more by other bodies' gravitational field by the Moon and the Sun. Satellites utilize ultra-white reflective coatings to prevent damage from UV radiation. Without orbit and orientation control, satellites in orbit will not be able to communicate with ground stations on the Earth. Chemical thrusters on satellites usually use monopropellant (one-part) or bipropellant (two-parts) that are hypergolic. Hypergolic means able to combust spontaneously when in contact with each other or to a catalyst. The most commonly used propellant mixtures on satellites are hydrazine-based monopropellants or monomethylhydrazine–dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellants. Ion thrusters on satellites usually are Hall-effect thrusters, which generate thrust by accelerating positive ions through a negatively-charged grid. Ion propulsion is more efficient propellant-wise than chemical propulsion but its thrust is very small (around ), and thus requires a longer burn time. The thrusters usually use xenon because it is inert, can be easily ionized, has a high atomic mass and storable as a high-pressure liquid. Power Most satellites use solar panels to generate power, and a few in deep space with limited sunlight use radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Slip rings attach solar panels to the satellite; the slip rings can rotate to be perpendicular with the sunlight and generate the most power. All satellites with a solar panel must also have batteries, because sunlight is blocked inside the launch vehicle and at night. The most common types of batteries for satellites are lithium-ion, and in the past nickel–hydrogen. Communications Applications Earth observation Earth observation satellites are designed to monitor and survey the Earth, called remote sensing. Most Earth observation satellites are placed in low Earth orbit for a high data resolution, though some are placed in a geostationary orbit for an uninterrupted coverage. Some satellites are placed in a Sun-synchronous orbit to have consistent lighting and obtain a total view of the Earth. Depending on the satellites' functions, they might have a normal camera, radar, lidar, photometer, or atmospheric instruments. Earth observation satellite's data is most used in archaeology, cartography, environmental monitoring, meteorology, and reconnaissance applications. As of 2021, there are over 950 Earth observation satellites, with the largest number of satellites operated with Planet Labs. Weather satellites monitor clouds, city lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc. Environmental monitoring satellites can detect changes in the Earth's vegetation, atmospheric trace gas content, sea state, ocean color, and ice fields. By monitoring vegetation changes over time, droughts can be monitored by comparing the current vegetation state to its long term average. Anthropogenic emissions can be monitored by evaluating data of tropospheric NO2 and SO2. Communication Spy satellites When an Earth observation satellite or a communications satellite is deployed for military or intelligence purposes, it is known as a spy satellite or reconnaissance satellite. Their uses include early missile warning, nuclear explosion detection, electronic reconnaissance, and optical or radar imaging surveillance. Navigation Navigational satellites are satellites that use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time. Telescope Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects. Experimental Tether satellites are satellites that are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether. Recovery satellites are satellites that provide a recovery of reconnaissance, biological, space-production and other payloads from orbit to Earth. Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation. Space-based solar power satellites are proposed satellites that would collect energy from sunlight and transmit it for use on Earth or other places. Weapon Since the mid-2000s, satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks. For testing purposes, satellites in low earth orbit have been destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from the Earth. Russia, United States, China and India have demonstrated the ability to eliminate satellites. In 2007, the Chinese military shot down an aging weather satellite, followed by the US Navy shooting down a defunct spy satellite in February 2008. On 18 November 2015, after two failed attempts, Russia successfully carried out a flight test of an anti-satellite missile known as Nudol. On 27 March 2019, India shot down a live test satellite at 300 km altitude in 3 minutes, becoming the fourth country to have the capability to destroy live satellites. Environmental Impact The environmental impact of satellites is not currently well understood as they were previously assumed to be benign due to the rarity of satellite launches. However, the exponential increase and projected growth of satellite launches are bringing the issue into consideration. The main issues are resource use and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere which can happen at different stages of a satellite's lifetime. Resource use Resource use is difficult to monitor and quantify for satellites and launch vehicles due to their commercially sensitive nature. However, aluminium is a preferred metal in satellite construction due to its lightweight and relative cheapness and typically constitutes around 40% of a satellite's mass. Through mining and refining, aluminium has numerous negative environmental impacts and is one of the most carbon-intensive metals. Satellite manufacturing also requires rare elements such as lithium, gold, and gallium, some of which have significant environmental consequences linked to their mining and processing and/or are in limited supply. Launch vehicles require larger amounts of raw materials to manufacture and the booster stages are usually dropped into the ocean after fuel exhaustion. They are not normally recovered. Two empty boosters used for Ariane 5, which were composed mainly of steel, weighed around 38 tons each, to give an idea of the quantity of materials that are often left in the ocean. Launches Rocket launches release numerous pollutants into every layer of the atmosphere, especially affecting the atmosphere above the tropopause where the byproducts of combustion can reside for extended periods. These pollutants can include black carbon, CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), aluminium and water vapour, but the mix of pollutants is dependent on rocket design and fuel type. The amount of green house gases emitted by rockets is considered trivial as it contributes significantly less, around 0.01%, than the aviation industry yearly which itself accounts for 2-3% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions. Rocket emissions in the stratosphere and their effects are only beginning to be studied and it is likely that the impacts will be more critical than emissions in the troposphere. The stratosphere includes the ozone layer and pollutants emitted from rockets can contribute to ozone depletion in a number of ways. Radicals such as NOx, HOx, and ClOx deplete stratospheric O3 through intermolecular reactions and can have huge impacts in trace amounts. However, it is currently understood that launch rates would need to increase by ten times to match the impact of regulated ozone-depleting substances. Whilst emissions of water vapour are largely deemed as inert, H2O is the source gas for HOx and can also contribute to ozone loss through the formation of ice particles. Black carbon particles emitted by rockets can absorb solar radiation in the stratosphere and cause warming in the surrounding air which can then impact the circulatory dynamics of the stratosphere. Both warming and changes in circulation can then cause depletion of the ozone layer. Operational lifetime leo satellites Several pollutants are released in the upper atmospheric layers during the orbital lifetime of LEO satellites. Orbital decay is caused by atmospheric drag and to keep the satellite in the correct orbit the platform occasionally needs repositioning. To do this nozzle-based systems use a chemical propellant to create thrust. In most cases hydrazine is the chemical propellant used which then releases ammonia, hydrogen and nitrogen as gas into the upper atmosphere. Also, the environment of the outer atmosphere causes the degradation of exterior materials. The atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere oxidises hydrocarbon-based polymers like Kapton, Teflon and Mylar that are used to insulate and protect the satellite which then emits gasses like CO2 and CO into the atmosphere. Night sky Given the current surge in satellites in the sky, soon hundreds of satellites may be clearly visible to the human eye at dark sites. It is estimated that the overall levels of diffuse brightness of the night skies has increased by up to 10% above natural levels. This has the potential to confuse organisms, like insects and night-migrating birds, that use celestial patterns for migration and orientation. The impact this might have is currently unclear. The visibility of man-made objects in the night sky may also impact people's linkages with the world, nature, and culture. Ground-based infrastructure At all points of a satellite's lifetime, its movement and processes are monitored on the ground through a network of facilities. The environmental cost of the infrastructure as well as day-to-day operations is likely to be quite high, but quantification requires further investigation. degeneration When satellites reach the end of life they are intentionally deorbited or moved to a graveyard orbit further away from Earth in order to reduce space debris. Physical collection or removal is not economical or even currently possible. Moving satellites out to a graveyard orbit is also unsustainable because they remain there for hundreds of years. It will lead to the further pollution of space and future issues with space debris. When satellites deorbit much of it is destroyed during re-entry into the atmosphere due to the heat. This introduces more material and pollutants into the atmosphere. There have been concerns expressed about the potential damage to the ozone layer and the possibility of increasing the earth's albedo, reducing warming but also resulting in accidental geoengineering of the earth's climate. After deorbiting 70% of satellites end up in the ocean and are rarely recovered. Pollution and interference Issues like space debris, radio and light pollution are increasing in magnitude and at the same time lack progress in national or international regulation. Space debris pose dangers to the spacecraft (including satellites) in or crossing geocentric orbits and have the potential to drive a Kessler syndrome which could potentially curtail humanity from conducting space endeavors in the future. With increase in the number of satellite constellations, like SpaceX Starlink, the astronomical community, such as the IAU, report that orbital pollution is getting increased significantly. A report from the SATCON1 workshop in 2020 concluded that the effects of large satellite constellations can severely affect some astronomical research efforts and lists six ways to mitigate harm to astronomy. The IAU is establishing a center (CPS) to coordinate or aggregate measures to mitigate such detrimental effects. Some notable satellite failures that polluted and dispersed radioactive materials are Kosmos 954, Kosmos 1402 and the Transit 5-BN-3. Generally liability has been covered by the Liability Convention. Using wood as an alternative material has been posited in order to reduce pollution and debris from satellites that reenter the atmosphere. Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to jamming by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming, but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming. Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring tools and methods that enable them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively. See also High-altitude platform station Solar aircraft Satellite refuelling Notes References External links EO Portal directory Articles containing video clips Spacecraft Soviet inventions
332712
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa
Daraa
Daraa (Levantine Arabic: , also Darʿā, Dara’a, Deraa, Dera'a, Dera, Derʿā and Edrei; means "fortress", compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria, located about north of the border with Jordan. It is the capital of Daraa Governorate, historically part of the ancient Hauran region. The city is located about south of Damascus on the Damascus–Amman highway, and is used as a stopping station for travelers. Nearby localities include Umm al-Mayazen and Nasib to the southeast, Al-Naimah to the east, Ataman to the north, al-Yadudah to the northwest and Ramtha, Jordan, to the southwest. According to the Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics, Daraa had a population of 97,969 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of a nahiyah ("sub-district") which contains eight localities with a collective population of 146,481 in 2004. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims. Daraa became known as the "cradle of the revolution" after protests at the arrest of 15 boys from prominent families for painting graffiti with anti-government slogans sparked the beginning of the 2011 Syrian Revolution. History Ancient history Daraa is an ancient city dating back to the Canaanites. It was mentioned in Egyptian hieroglyphic tablets at the time of the Pharaoh Thutmose III between 1490 and 1436 BC. It was known in those days as the city of Atharaa. It was later referred to in the Hebrew Bible as Edrei or Edre'i (אֶדְרֶעִי), the capital of Bashan, site of a battle where the Israelites defeated the city's king, Og. According to Jewish tradition, Eldad and Medad were buried in Edrei. Classical era In the Greek Seleucid Empire, and later the Roman Empire into which it was incorporated by Trajan in 106, the city was known as Adraa (Ἀδράα), the name used on its coinage. It was incorporated into the province of Arabia Petraea. By the 3rd-century, it gained the status of a polis (self-governed city). Roman historian Eusebius referred to it by Adraa calling it a famous polis of Arabia. The area east of Adraa was a centre of the Ebionites. Adraa itself was a Christian bishopric. Arabio, the first bishop of Adraa whose name is now known, participated in the Council of Seleucia of 359. Uranius was at the First Council of Constantinople in 381; Proclus at the anti-Eutyches synod of Constantinople in 448 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451; and Dorimenius at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553. No longer a residential bishopric, Adraa is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. It was also a centre of monastic and missionary activity in the Syrian Desert. In 614, the Sasanian Persians sacked Adraa during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, but spared the inhabitants. Islamic era According to Ibn Hisham and al-Waqidi, 9th-century biographers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Jewish Banu Nadir and Banu Qaynuqa tribes immigrated to Adhri'at following their expulsion from Medina. However, Historian Moshe Sharon dismisses that assertion citing the absence of their claims in any Jewish sources and earlier Muslim reports. Situated between the major Jewish centres of Palestine and Babylonia, Adhri'at nonetheless had a large Jewish population by the early 7th century and served as a place of Jewish learning. Its residents lit an annual bonfire on Rosh Hashannah in a signal to Babylonia's Jewish communities that the religious new year had begun. Early Muslim historian Ahmad al-Baladuri lists Adhri'at as one of the towns that surrendered to the Muslim army following the Battle of Mu'tah in 629, while Muhammad was alive. Consequently, the inhabitants paid jizya tax. However, Baladhuri's account was believed to have been a mistake. Instead, contemporary sources maintain that Adhri'at was conquered by the Rashidun army during the caliphate of Abu Bakr in 634. Adhri'at's residents reportedly celebrated the arrival of the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab when he visited the city, "dancing with swords and sweet basil." Throughout Rashidun and Umayyad rule, the city served as the capital of the al-Bathaniyya subdistrict, part of the larger Jund Dimashq ("military district of Damascus.") In 906, the population was massacred in a raid by the rebellious Qarmatians. The late 10th-century Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi noted that during the Abbasid period, Adhri'at was a major administrative center on the edge of the desert. He claimed the city was part of the Jund al-Urdunn district and that its territory was "full of villages" and included the region of Jerash to the south of the Yarmouk River. Throughout the Middle Ages, it served as a strategic station on the hajj caravan route between Damascus and Medina and as the gate to central Syria. The Crusaders briefly conquered Adhri'at, then known as Adratum, during the reign of Baldwin II of Jerusalem in 1118. According to Yaqut al-Hamawi, in the early 13th-century during Ayyubid rule, Adhri'ah was "celebrated for the many learned men who were natives of the place." Later, under the Mamluks and the Ottomans, the city maintained its importance. In 1596 Daraa appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as Madinat Idra'a and was part of the nahiya of Butayna in the Qada of Hauran. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 120 households and 45 bachelors. A 40% tax−rate was levied on wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and/or beehives; a total of 26,500 akçe. In 1838, Eli Smith listed Der'a as a Muslim, Catholic and Greek Orthodox village in the Nukrah region, south of Eshmiskin. Modern era By the 20th-century Adhri'at gained its modern name "Daraa." Following the Ottomans' construction of the Hejaz Railway, it became a chief junction of the railroad. In both his book Seven Pillars and a 1919 letter to a military colleague, T. E. Lawrence describes an episode on 20 November 1917 while reconnoitering Deraa in disguise when he was captured by the Ottoman military, heavily beaten, and sexually abused by the local Bey and his guardsmen. During the Battle of Megiddo, Lawrence led the Arab Revolt in cutting the southern rail line at Mafraq, the northern at Tell Arar, and the western by Mezerib. On 27 September 1918, the Arab Northern Army managed to capture Daraa from the retreating Ottoman forces. Daraa is the southernmost city of Syria near the border with Jordan and a major midpoint between Damascus and Amman. After the Syrian Ba'ath Party gained power following the 1963 coup, the new interior minister Amin al-Hafiz appointed Abd al-Rahman al-Khlayfawi as governor of Daraa until 1965. Daraa had recently, before the Syrian Civil War, suffered from reduced water supply in the region and had been straining under the influx of internal refugees who were forced to leave their northeastern lands due to a drought exacerbated by the government's lack of provision. Syrian Civil War The city of Daraa played an important role by the start of the 2011 uprising against the government led by President Bashar al-Assad as part of the Arab Spring protests with hundreds of thousands of people protesting in the city. The uprising was sparked on 6 March 2011, when at least 15 youths were arrested and tortured for scrawling graffiti on their school wall denouncing the Assad regime. The family and friends of the detained youths and tens of thousands of locals marched on the streets on 15 March, demanding their release. According to activists, this protest was faced with Syrian security forces opening fire on the protesters killing four people. Protests continued daily. During this time the local courthouse, the Ba'ath party headquarters in the city, and the Syriatel building owned by Rami Makhlouf, a cousin of President Assad, were set on fire. What followed was a government assault on the city as violence continued and intensified all across Syria. On 25 April 2011, the Syrian military launched a large operation in Daraa in a crackdown on protesters. The operation lasted until 5 May 2011, killing and arresting tens of thousands of locals in the process. On 16 February 2012, the Syrian Army reportedly attacked Daraa, shelling the city heavily. This was apparently because, "Daraa has been regaining its role in the uprising. Demonstrations resumed and the FSA provided security for protests in some parts of the city." The attack was part of a security force push "to regain control of areas they lost in recent weeks", indicating that the FSA in Daraa had taken control of parts of the city. Security forces attacked at least three districts, but FSA fighters fought back, firing at Syrian Army roadblocks and buildings housing security police and militiamen. On 14 March 2012, the FSA controlled at least one main district in the city of Daraa (Al-Balad district) which made the Syrian army attack it by firing anti-aircraft guns into buildings of the FSA-controlled district. In early June 2017, much of the city of Daraa was reported to have been destroyed by protracted fighting. On 12 July 2018, the battle for Daraa ended after several days of intense clashes between the Syrian Army and rebel forces, some of which agreed to terms of reconciliation. The Syrian Army retook the city fully. On 1 March, the 2020 Daraa clashes began. Geography The city also contains a Palestinian refugee camp, known as Daraa camp. Climate Daraa has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). References Bibliography Further reading T.E. Lawrence, (various editions) Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Chapter LXXX External links Official Site of Daraa Governorate s:Encyclopaedia Biblica/Ecclesiasticus-Eglon (king)#EDREI Map of the town, Google Maps Deraa-map; 22L Cities in Syria Populated places in Daraa District
3148082
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisingerite
Hisingerite
Hisingerite is an iron(III) phyllosilicate mineral with formula . A black or dark brown, lustrous secondary mineral, it is formed by the weathering or hydrothermal alteration of other iron silicate and sulfide minerals. It was first described in 1751 by A.F. Cronstedt from Väster Silvberg, Dalarna, Sweden (under the name “kolspeglande järnmalm”), and in 1810 by W. Hisinger from the Gillinge iron mine, Södermanland, Sweden (“svart stenart”, later “gillingit”). In 1828 it was found at an occurrence in Riddarhyttan, Vastmanland, Sweden. It was named after Wilhelm Hisinger (1766–1852), a Swedish chemist. There are also aluminian hisingerite variety in which one of the iron atoms is replaced by aluminium and chrome-alumina-hisingerite variety in which chromium substitutes for iron. References Iron(III) minerals Phyllosilicates
6252881
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikl%C3%B6f%20Holding%20Arena
Wiklöf Holding Arena
Wiklöf Holding Arena (located in Idrottsparken) is a multi-purpose stadium in Mariehamn, Finland. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of IFK Mariehamn and Åland United. The stadium has a capacity of 1,635 seats, with standing places increasing the total capacity up to 4,500. The first stadium was built in 1932. Football venues in Finland Multi-purpose stadiums in Finland Buildings and structures in Åland Sport in Åland 1932 establishments in Finland Sports venues completed in 1932 Åland United IFK Mariehamn
42209085
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Zetteler
Frederick Zetteler
Frederick Zetteler Frederick Tobias Zetteler (February 11, 1812 – August 19, 1896) was an American real estate developer, pioneer, and politician. Born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, Zetteler was the son of a royal tailor. On March 5, 1841 he married Sarah Jacoba (Smith) Fagg, a widow who was a Vlissingen native from a prominent local family of English and Dutch ancestry, who had managed the family business for two years after the death of her husband, Captain John Fagg. After Zetteler's second bankruptcy the family came to the United States, taking passage at Antwerp on a sailing ship that landed them at New York City. They proceeded to Albany, New York and thence by canals and the Great Lakes to Milwaukee, landing July 3, 1848, and there they settled down on a farm. In 1853 Zetteler moved the family to Madison, Wisconsin and opened a general store. The mother and children ran the store and Zetteler worked for official offices of the State, including the Secretary of State of Wisconsin and the State Register of Deeds. He became a notary public in 1855. In 1858, a fire destroyed all of the family's property, and Zetteler returned to Milwaukee and went into the real estate business as a developer. He served as a justice of the peace, a notary public, and was a deputy United States Marshal. In 1863 Zetteler was elected to serve as a Democrat in the 6th Milwaukee County district (the 6th and 9th wards of the City of Milwaukee) of the Wisconsin State Assembly, succeeding fellow Democrat Adam Pœrtner (or Poertner). He was assigned to the standing committee on engrossed bills. He was succeeded in the 1865 term by Jacob Oberman, another Democrat. In 1867, he was elected as a delegate to the convention which revised the city charter of Milwaukee. In 1874, Zetteler was elected to the Assembly (again as a Democrat), this time from the 9th Milwaukee County district (9th and 10th wards), with 922 votes, against 675 for Republican Andrew Keye. In this second term, he served simultaneously with his stepson Peter Fagg, who represented the 2nd Milwaukee County district. He was not a candidate for re-election, and was succeeded by George H. Walther of the Reform Party (to which Peter Fagg belonged). References External links 1812 births 1896 deaths Dutch emigrants to the United States Businesspeople from Rotterdam Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin Politicians from Milwaukee Businesspeople from Milwaukee Democratic Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly 19th-century American legislators Businesspeople from Madison, Wisconsin 19th-century American businesspeople 19th-century Wisconsin politicians
19179592
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea
Archaea
Archaea (: archaeon ) is a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotic. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but this term has fallen out of use. Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from the other two domains, Bacteria and Eukaryota. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because most have not been isolated in a laboratory and have been detected only by their gene sequences in environmental samples. It is unknown if these are able to produce endospores. Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat, square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi. Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably for the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes, including archaeols. Archaea use more diverse energy sources than eukaryotes, ranging from organic compounds such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. The salt-tolerant Haloarchaea use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon (autotrophy), but unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation, or budding; unlike bacteria, no known species of Archaea form endospores. The first observed archaea were extremophiles, living in extreme environments such as hot springs and salt lakes with no other organisms. Improved molecular detection tools led to the discovery of archaea in almost every habitat, including soil, oceans, and marshlands. Archaea are particularly numerous in the oceans, and the archaea in plankton may be one of the most abundant groups of organisms on the planet. Archaea are a major part of Earth's life. They are part of the microbiota of all organisms. In the human microbiome, they are important in the gut, mouth, and on the skin. Their morphological, metabolic, and geographical diversity permits them to play multiple ecological roles: carbon fixation; nitrogen cycling; organic compound turnover; and maintaining microbial symbiotic and syntrophic communities, for example. No clear examples of archaeal pathogens or parasites are known. Instead they are often mutualists or commensals, such as the methanogens (methane-producing strains) that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract in humans and ruminants, where their vast numbers facilitate digestion. Methanogens are also used in biogas production and sewage treatment, and biotechnology exploits enzymes from extremophile archaea that can endure high temperatures and organic solvents. Discovery and classification Early concept For much of the 20th century, prokaryotes were regarded as a single group of organisms and classified based on their biochemistry, morphology and metabolism. Microbiologists tried to classify microorganisms based on the structures of their cell walls, their shapes, and the substances they consume. In 1965, Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling instead proposed using the sequences of the genes in different prokaryotes to work out how they are related to each other. This phylogenetic approach is the main method used today. Archaea were first classified separately from bacteria in 1977 by Carl Woese and George E. Fox, based on their ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. (At that time only the methanogens were known). They called these groups the Urkingdoms of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, though other researchers treated them as kingdoms or subkingdoms. Woese and Fox gave the first evidence for Archaebacteria as a separate "line of descent": 1. lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, 2. two unusual coenzymes, 3. results of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. To emphasize this difference, Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis later proposed reclassifying organisms into three natural domains known as the three-domain system: the Eukarya, the Bacteria and the Archaea, in what is now known as the Woesian Revolution. The word archaea comes from the Ancient Greek , meaning "ancient things", as the first representatives of the domain Archaea were methanogens and it was assumed that their metabolism reflected Earth's primitive atmosphere and the organisms' antiquity, but as new habitats were studied, more organisms were discovered. Extreme halophilic and hyperthermophilic microbes were also included in Archaea. For a long time, archaea were seen as extremophiles that exist only in extreme habitats such as hot springs and salt lakes, but by the end of the 20th century, archaea had been identified in non-extreme environments as well. Today, they are known to be a large and diverse group of organisms abundantly distributed throughout nature. This new appreciation of the importance and ubiquity of archaea came from using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect prokaryotes from environmental samples (such as water or soil) by multiplying their ribosomal genes. This allows the detection and identification of organisms that have not been cultured in the laboratory. Classification The classification of archaea, and of prokaryotes in general, is a rapidly moving and contentious field. Current classification systems aim to organize archaea into groups of organisms that share structural features and common ancestors. These classifications rely heavily on the use of the sequence of ribosomal RNA genes to reveal relationships among organisms (molecular phylogenetics). Most of the culturable and well-investigated species of archaea are members of two main phyla, the "Euryarchaeota" and the Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). Other groups have been tentatively created, like the peculiar species Nanoarchaeum equitans, which was discovered in 2003 and has been given its own phylum, the "Nanoarchaeota". A new phylum "Korarchaeota" has also been proposed. It contains a small group of unusual thermophilic species that shares features of both of the main phyla, but is most closely related to the Thermoproteota. Other detected species of archaea are only distantly related to any of these groups, such as the Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN, comprising Micrarchaeota and Parvarchaeota), which were discovered in 2006 and are some of the smallest organisms known. A superphylum – TACK – which includes the Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota), "Aigarchaeota", Crenarchaeota (now Thermoproteota), and "Korarchaeota" was proposed in 2011 to be related to the origin of eukaryotes. In 2017, the newly discovered and newly named Asgard superphylum was proposed to be more closely related to the original eukaryote and a sister group to TACK. In 2013, the superphylum DPANN was proposed to group "Nanoarchaeota", "Nanohaloarchaeota", Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN, comprising "Micrarchaeota" and "Parvarchaeota"), and other similar archaea. This archaeal superphylum encompasses at least 10 different lineages and includes organisms with extremely small cell and genome sizes and limited metabolic capabilities. Therefore, many members of DPANN may be obligately dependent on symbiotic interactions with other organisms and may even include novel parasites. However, in other phylogenetic analyses it was found that DPANN does not form a monophyletic group and that it is caused by the long branch attraction (LBA), suggesting that all these lineages belong to "Euryarchaeota". Cladogram According to Tom A. Williams et al. 2017, Castelle & Banfield (2018) and GTDB release 08-RS214 (28 April 2023): Concept of species The classification of archaea into species is also controversial. Ernst Mayr defined a species as a group of interbreeding organisms which are reproductively isolated, but this is of no help since archaea only reproduce asexually. Archaea show high levels of horizontal gene transfer between lineages. Some researchers suggest that individuals can be grouped into species-like populations given highly similar genomes and infrequent gene transfer to/from cells with less-related genomes, as in the genus Ferroplasma. On the other hand, studies in Halorubrum found significant genetic transfer to/from less-related populations, limiting the criterion's applicability. Some researchers question whether such species designations have practical meaning. Current knowledge on genetic diversity in archaeans is fragmentary, so the total number of species cannot be estimated with any accuracy. Estimates of the number of phyla range from 18 to 23, of which only 8 have representatives that have been cultured and studied directly. Many of these hypothesized groups are known from a single rRNA sequence, indicating that the diversity among these organisms remains obscure. The Bacteria also include many uncultured microbes with similar implications for characterization. Phyla Valid phyla The following phyla have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code: Methanobacteriota Microcaldota Nanobdellota Thermoproteota (syn. Nitrososphaerota) Provisional phyla The following phyla have been proposed, but have not been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code (including those that have candidatus status): "Candidatus Aenigmarchaeota" "Candidatus Aigarchaeota" "Candidatus Altiarchaeota" "Candidatus Asgardaeota" "Candidatus Bathyarchaeota" "Candidatus Brockarchaeota" "Candidatus Diapherotrites" "Euryarchaeota" "Candidatus Geoarchaeota" "Candidatus Hadarchaeota" "Candidatus Hadesarchaeota" "Candidatus Halobacterota" "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeota" "Candidatus Helarchaeota" "Candidatus Huberarchaeota" "Candidatus Hydrothermarchaeota" "Candidatus Korarchaeota" "Candidatus Lokiarchaeia" "Candidatus Lokiarchaeota" "Candidatus Mamarchaeota" "Candidatus Marsarchaeota" "Candidatus Micrarchaeota" "Candidatus Nanoarchaeota" "Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeota" "Candidatus Nezhaarchaeota" "Candidatus Odinarchaeota" "Candidatus Pacearchaeota" "Candidatus Parvarchaeota" "Candidatus Thermoplasmatota" "Candidatus Thorarchaeota" "Candidatus Undinarchaeota" "Candidatus Verstraetearchaeota" "Candidatus Woesearchaeota" Origin and evolution The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years. Scientific evidence suggests that life began on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. The earliest evidence for life on Earth is graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7-billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48-billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. In 2015, possible remains of biotic matter were found in 4.1-billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. Although probable prokaryotic cell fossils date to almost 3.5 billion years ago, most prokaryotes do not have distinctive morphologies, and fossil shapes cannot be used to identify them as archaea. Instead, chemical fossils of unique lipids are more informative because such compounds do not occur in other organisms. Some publications suggest that archaeal or eukaryotic lipid remains are present in shales dating from 2.7 billion years ago, though such data have since been questioned. These lipids have also been detected in even older rocks from west Greenland. The oldest such traces come from the Isua district, which includes Earth's oldest known sediments, formed 3.8 billion years ago. The archaeal lineage may be the most ancient that exists on Earth. Woese argued that the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes represent separate lines of descent that diverged early on from an ancestral colony of organisms. One possibility is that this occurred before the evolution of cells, when the lack of a typical cell membrane allowed unrestricted lateral gene transfer, and that the common ancestors of the three domains arose by fixation of specific subsets of genes. It is possible that the last common ancestor of bacteria and archaea was a thermophile, which raises the possibility that lower temperatures are "extreme environments" for archaea, and organisms that live in cooler environments appeared only later. Since archaea and bacteria are no more related to each other than they are to eukaryotes, the term prokaryote may suggest a false similarity between them. However, structural and functional similarities between lineages often occur because of shared ancestral traits or evolutionary convergence. These similarities are known as a grade, and prokaryotes are best thought of as a grade of life, characterized by such features as an absence of membrane-bound organelles. Comparison with other domains The following table compares some major characteristics of the three domains, to illustrate their similarities and differences. Archaea were split off as a third domain because of the large differences in their ribosomal RNA structure. The particular molecule 16S rRNA is key to the production of proteins in all organisms. Because this function is so central to life, organisms with mutations in their 16S rRNA are unlikely to survive, leading to great (but not absolute) stability in the structure of this polynucleotide over generations. 16S rRNA is large enough to show organism-specific variations, but still small enough to be compared quickly. In 1977, Carl Woese, a microbiologist studying the genetic sequences of organisms, developed a new comparison method that involved splitting the RNA into fragments that could be sorted and compared with other fragments from other organisms. The more similar the patterns between species, the more closely they are related. Woese used his new rRNA comparison method to categorize and contrast different organisms. He compared a variety of species and happened upon a group of methanogens with rRNA vastly different from any known prokaryotes or eukaryotes. These methanogens were much more similar to each other than to other organisms, leading Woese to propose the new domain of Archaea. His experiments showed that the archaea were genetically more similar to eukaryotes than prokaryotes, even though they were more similar to prokaryotes in structure. This led to the conclusion that Archaea and Eukarya shared a common ancestor more recent than Eukarya and Bacteria. The development of the nucleus occurred after the split between Bacteria and this common ancestor. One property unique to archaea is the abundant use of ether-linked lipids in their cell membranes. Ether linkages are more chemically stable than the ester linkages found in bacteria and eukarya, which may be a contributing factor to the ability of many archaea to survive in extreme environments that place heavy stress on cell membranes, such as extreme heat and salinity. Comparative analysis of archaeal genomes has also identified several molecular conserved signature indels and signature proteins uniquely present in either all archaea or different main groups within archaea. Another unique feature of archaea, found in no other organisms, is methanogenesis (the metabolic production of methane). Methanogenic archaea play a pivotal role in ecosystems with organisms that derive energy from oxidation of methane, many of which are bacteria, as they are often a major source of methane in such environments and can play a role as primary producers. Methanogens also play a critical role in the carbon cycle, breaking down organic carbon into methane, which is also a major greenhouse gas. This difference in the biochemical structure of Bacteria and Archaea has been explained by researchers through evolutionary processes. It is theorized that both domains originated at deep sea alkaline hydrothermal vents. At least twice, microbes evolved lipid biosynthesis and cell wall biochemistry. It has been suggested that the last universal common ancestor was a non-free-living organism. It may have had a permeable membrane composed of bacterial simple chain amphiphiles (fatty acids), including archaeal simple chain amphiphiles (isoprenoids). These stabilize fatty acid membranes in seawater; this property may have driven the divergence of bacterial and archaeal membranes, "with the later biosynthesis of phospholipids giving rise to the unique G1P and G3P headgroups of archaea and bacteria respectively. If so, the properties conferred by membrane isoprenoids place the lipid divide as early as the origin of life". Relationship to bacteria The relationships among the three domains are of central importance for understanding the origin of life. Most of the metabolic pathways, which are the object of the majority of an organism's genes, are common between Archaea and Bacteria, while most genes involved in genome expression are common between Archaea and Eukarya. Within prokaryotes, archaeal cell structure is most similar to that of gram-positive bacteria, largely because both have a single lipid bilayer and usually contain a thick sacculus (exoskeleton) of varying chemical composition. In some phylogenetic trees based upon different gene/protein sequences of prokaryotic homologs, the archaeal homologs are more closely related to those of gram-positive bacteria. Archaea and gram-positive bacteria also share conserved indels in a number of important proteins, such as Hsp70 and glutamine synthetase I; but the phylogeny of these genes was interpreted to reveal interdomain gene transfer, and might not reflect the organismal relationship(s). It has been proposed that the archaea evolved from gram-positive bacteria in response to antibiotic selection pressure. This is suggested by the observation that archaea are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics that are produced primarily by gram-positive bacteria, and that these antibiotics act primarily on the genes that distinguish archaea from bacteria. The proposal is that the selective pressure towards resistance generated by the gram-positive antibiotics was eventually sufficient to cause extensive changes in many of the antibiotics' target genes, and that these strains represented the common ancestors of present-day Archaea. The evolution of Archaea in response to antibiotic selection, or any other competitive selective pressure, could also explain their adaptation to extreme environments (such as high temperature or acidity) as the result of a search for unoccupied niches to escape from antibiotic-producing organisms; Cavalier-Smith has made a similar suggestion. This proposal is also supported by other work investigating protein structural relationships and studies that suggest that gram-positive bacteria may constitute the earliest branching lineages within the prokaryotes. Relation to eukaryotes The evolutionary relationship between archaea and eukaryotes remains unclear. Aside from the similarities in cell structure and function that are discussed below, many genetic trees group the two. Complicating factors include claims that the relationship between eukaryotes and the archaeal phylum Thermoproteota is closer than the relationship between the "Euryarchaeota" and the phylum Thermoproteota and the presence of archaea-like genes in certain bacteria, such as Thermotoga maritima, from horizontal gene transfer. The standard hypothesis states that the ancestor of the eukaryotes diverged early from the Archaea, and that eukaryotes arose through symbiogenesis, the fusion of an archaean and a eubacterium, which formed the mitochondria; this hypothesis explains the genetic similarities between the groups. The eocyte hypothesis instead posits that Eukaryota emerged relatively late from the Archaea. A lineage of archaea discovered in 2015, Lokiarchaeum (of the proposed new phylum "Lokiarchaeota"), named for a hydrothermal vent called Loki's Castle in the Arctic Ocean, was found to be the most closely related to eukaryotes known at that time. It has been called a transitional organism between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Several sister phyla of "Lokiarchaeota" have since been found ("Thorarchaeota", "Odinarchaeota", "Heimdallarchaeota"), all together comprising a newly proposed supergroup Asgard. Details of the relation of Asgard members and eukaryotes are still under consideration, although, in January 2020, scientists reported that Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum, a type of Asgard archaea, may be a possible link between simple prokaryotic and complex eukaryotic microorganisms about two billion years ago. Morphology Individual archaea range from 0.1 micrometers (μm) to over 15 μm in diameter, and occur in various shapes, commonly as spheres, rods, spirals or plates. Other morphologies in the Thermoproteota include irregularly shaped lobed cells in Sulfolobus, needle-like filaments that are less than half a micrometer in diameter in Thermofilum, and almost perfectly rectangular rods in Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum. Archaea in the genus Haloquadratum such as Haloquadratum walsbyi are flat, square specimens that live in hypersaline pools. These unusual shapes are probably maintained by both their cell walls and a prokaryotic cytoskeleton. Proteins related to the cytoskeleton components of other organisms exist in archaea, and filaments form within their cells, but in contrast with other organisms, these cellular structures are poorly understood. In Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma the lack of a cell wall means that the cells have irregular shapes, and can resemble amoebae. Some species form aggregates or filaments of cells up to 200 μm long. These organisms can be prominent in biofilms. Notably, aggregates of Thermococcus coalescens cells fuse together in culture, forming single giant cells. Archaea in the genus Pyrodictium produce an elaborate multicell colony involving arrays of long, thin hollow tubes called cannulae that stick out from the cells' surfaces and connect them into a dense bush-like agglomeration. The function of these cannulae is not settled, but they may allow communication or nutrient exchange with neighbors. Multi-species colonies exist, such as the "string-of-pearls" community that was discovered in 2001 in a German swamp. Round whitish colonies of a novel Euryarchaeota species are spaced along thin filaments that can range up to long; these filaments are made of a particular bacteria species. Structure, composition development, and operation Archaea and bacteria have generally similar cell structure, but cell composition and organization set the archaea apart. Like bacteria, archaea lack interior membranes and organelles. Like bacteria, the cell membranes of archaea are usually bounded by a cell wall and they swim using one or more flagella. Structurally, archaea are most similar to gram-positive bacteria. Most have a single plasma membrane and cell wall, and lack a periplasmic space; the exception to this general rule is Ignicoccus, which possess a particularly large periplasm that contains membrane-bound vesicles and is enclosed by an outer membrane. Cell wall and archaella Most archaea (but not Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma) possess a cell wall. In most archaea the wall is assembled from surface-layer proteins, which form an S-layer. An S-layer is a rigid array of protein molecules that cover the outside of the cell (like chain mail). This layer provides both chemical and physical protection, and can prevent macromolecules from contacting the cell membrane. Unlike bacteria, archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Methanobacteriales do have cell walls containing pseudopeptidoglycan, which resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure, but pseudopeptidoglycan is distinct in chemical structure; it lacks D-amino acids and N-acetylmuramic acid, substituting the latter with N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acid. Archaeal flagella are known as archaella, that operate like bacterial flagella – their long stalks are driven by rotatory motors at the base. These motors are powered by a proton gradient across the membrane, but archaella are notably different in composition and development. The two types of flagella evolved from different ancestors. The bacterial flagellum shares a common ancestor with the type III secretion system, while archaeal flagella appear to have evolved from bacterial type IV pili. In contrast with the bacterial flagellum, which is hollow and assembled by subunits moving up the central pore to the tip of the flagella, archaeal flagella are synthesized by adding subunits at the base. Membranes Archaeal membranes are made of molecules that are distinctly different from those in all other life forms, showing that archaea are related only distantly to bacteria and eukaryotes. In all organisms, cell membranes are made of molecules known as phospholipids. These molecules possess both a polar part that dissolves in water (the phosphate "head"), and a "greasy" non-polar part that does not (the lipid tail). These dissimilar parts are connected by a glycerol moiety. In water, phospholipids cluster, with the heads facing the water and the tails facing away from it. The major structure in cell membranes is a double layer of these phospholipids, which is called a lipid bilayer. The phospholipids of archaea are unusual in four ways: They have membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids, whereas bacteria and eukaryotes have membranes composed mainly of glycerol-ester lipids. The difference is the type of bond that joins the lipids to the glycerol moiety; the two types are shown in yellow in the figure at the right. In ester lipids this is an ester bond, whereas in ether lipids this is an ether bond. The stereochemistry of the archaeal glycerol moiety is the mirror image of that found in other organisms. The glycerol moiety can occur in two forms that are mirror images of one another, called enantiomers. Just as a right hand does not fit easily into a left-handed glove, enantiomers of one type generally cannot be used or made by enzymes adapted for the other. The archaeal phospholipids are built on a backbone of sn-glycerol-1-phosphate, which is an enantiomer of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, the phospholipid backbone found in bacteria and eukaryotes. This suggests that archaea use entirely different enzymes for synthesizing phospholipids as compared to bacteria and eukaryotes. Such enzymes developed very early in life's history, indicating an early split from the other two domains. Archaeal lipid tails differ from those of other organisms in that they are based upon long isoprenoid chains with multiple side-branches, sometimes with cyclopropane or cyclohexane rings. By contrast, the fatty acids in the membranes of other organisms have straight chains without side branches or rings. Although isoprenoids play an important role in the biochemistry of many organisms, only the archaea use them to make phospholipids. These branched chains may help prevent archaeal membranes from leaking at high temperatures. In some archaea, the lipid bilayer is replaced by a monolayer. In effect, the archaea fuse the tails of two phospholipid molecules into a single molecule with two polar heads (a bolaamphiphile); this fusion may make their membranes more rigid and better able to resist harsh environments. For example, the lipids in Ferroplasma are of this type, which is thought to aid this organism's survival in its highly acidic habitat. Metabolism Archaea exhibit a great variety of chemical reactions in their metabolism and use many sources of energy. These reactions are classified into nutritional groups, depending on energy and carbon sources. Some archaea obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as sulfur or ammonia (they are chemotrophs). These include nitrifiers, methanogens and anaerobic methane oxidisers. In these reactions one compound passes electrons to another (in a redox reaction), releasing energy to fuel the cell's activities. One compound acts as an electron donor and one as an electron acceptor. The energy released is used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through chemiosmosis, the same basic process that happens in the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells. Other groups of archaea use sunlight as a source of energy (they are phototrophs), but oxygen–generating photosynthesis does not occur in any of these organisms. Many basic metabolic pathways are shared among all forms of life; for example, archaea use a modified form of glycolysis (the Entner–Doudoroff pathway) and either a complete or partial citric acid cycle. These similarities to other organisms probably reflect both early origins in the history of life and their high level of efficiency. Some Euryarchaeota are methanogens (archaea that produce methane as a result of metabolism) living in anaerobic environments, such as swamps. This form of metabolism evolved early, and it is even possible that the first free-living organism was a methanogen. A common reaction involves the use of carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to oxidize hydrogen. Methanogenesis involves a range of coenzymes that are unique to these archaea, such as coenzyme M and methanofuran. Other organic compounds such as alcohols, acetic acid or formic acid are used as alternative electron acceptors by methanogens. These reactions are common in gut-dwelling archaea. Acetic acid is also broken down into methane and carbon dioxide directly, by acetotrophic archaea. These acetotrophs are archaea in the order Methanosarcinales, and are a major part of the communities of microorganisms that produce biogas. Other archaea use in the atmosphere as a source of carbon, in a process called carbon fixation (they are autotrophs). This process involves either a highly modified form of the Calvin cycle or another metabolic pathway called the 3-hydroxypropionate/ 4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. The Thermoproteota also use the reverse Krebs cycle while the "Euryarchaeota" also use the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. Carbon fixation is powered by inorganic energy sources. No known archaea carry out photosynthesis (Halobacterium is the only known phototroph archeon but it uses an alternative process to photosynthesis). Archaeal energy sources are extremely diverse, and range from the oxidation of ammonia by the Nitrosopumilales to the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide or elemental sulfur by species of Sulfolobus, using either oxygen or metal ions as electron acceptors. Phototrophic archaea use light to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP. In the Halobacteria, light-activated ion pumps like bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin generate ion gradients by pumping ions out of and into the cell across the plasma membrane. The energy stored in these electrochemical gradients is then converted into ATP by ATP synthase. This process is a form of photophosphorylation. The ability of these light-driven pumps to move ions across membranes depends on light-driven changes in the structure of a retinol cofactor buried in the center of the protein. Genetics Archaea usually have a single circular chromosome, but many euryarchaea have been shown to bear multiple copies of this chromosome. The largest known archaeal genome as of 2002 was 5,751,492 base pairs in Methanosarcina acetivorans. The tiny 490,885 base-pair genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans is one-tenth of this size and the smallest archaeal genome known; it is estimated to contain only 537 protein-encoding genes. Smaller independent pieces of DNA, called plasmids, are also found in archaea. Plasmids may be transferred between cells by physical contact, in a process that may be similar to bacterial conjugation. Archaea are genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, with up to 15% of the proteins encoded by any one archaeal genome being unique to the domain, although most of these unique genes have no known function. Of the remainder of the unique proteins that have an identified function, most belong to the Euryarchaeota and are involved in methanogenesis. The proteins that archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes share form a common core of cell function, relating mostly to transcription, translation, and nucleotide metabolism. Other characteristic archaeal features are the organization of genes of related function – such as enzymes that catalyze steps in the same metabolic pathway into novel operons, and large differences in tRNA genes and their aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Transcription in archaea more closely resembles eukaryotic than bacterial transcription, with the archaeal RNA polymerase being very close to its equivalent in eukaryotes, while archaeal translation shows signs of both bacterial and eukaryotic equivalents. Although archaea have only one type of RNA polymerase, its structure and function in transcription seems to be close to that of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II, with similar protein assemblies (the general transcription factors) directing the binding of the RNA polymerase to a gene's promoter, but other archaeal transcription factors are closer to those found in bacteria. Post-transcriptional modification is simpler than in eukaryotes, since most archaeal genes lack introns, although there are many introns in their transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA genes, and introns may occur in a few protein-encoding genes. Gene transfer and genetic exchange Haloferax volcanii, an extreme halophilic archaeon, forms cytoplasmic bridges between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell to another in either direction. When the hyperthermophilic archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius are exposed to DNA-damaging UV irradiation or to the agents bleomycin or mitomycin C, species-specific cellular aggregation is induced. Aggregation in S. solfataricus could not be induced by other physical stressors, such as pH or temperature shift, suggesting that aggregation is induced specifically by DNA damage. Ajon et al. showed that UV-induced cellular aggregation mediates chromosomal marker exchange with high frequency in S. acidocaldarius. Recombination rates exceeded those of uninduced cultures by up to three orders of magnitude. Frols et al. and Ajon et al. hypothesized that cellular aggregation enhances species-specific DNA transfer between Sulfolobus cells in order to provide increased repair of damaged DNA by means of homologous recombination. This response may be a primitive form of sexual interaction similar to the more well-studied bacterial transformation systems that are also associated with species-specific DNA transfer between cells leading to homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage. Archaeal viruses Archaea are the target of a number of viruses in a diverse virosphere distinct from bacterial and eukaryotic viruses. They have been organized into 15–18 DNA-based families so far, but multiple species remain un-isolated and await classification. These families can be informally divided into two groups: archaea-specific and cosmopolitan. Archaeal-specific viruses target only archaean species and currently include 12 families. Numerous unique, previously unidentified viral structures have been observed in this group, including: bottle-shaped, spindle-shaped, coil-shaped, and droplet-shaped viruses. While the reproductive cycles and genomic mechanisms of archaea-specific species may be similar to other viruses, they bear unique characteristics that were specifically developed due to the morphology of host cells they infect. Their virus release mechanisms differ from that of other phages. Bacteriophages generally undergo either lytic pathways, lysogenic pathways, or (rarely) a mix of the two. Most archaea-specific viral strains maintain a stable, somewhat lysogenic, relationship with their hosts – appearing as a chronic infection. This involves the gradual, and continuous, production and release of virions without killing the host cell. Prangishyili (2013) noted that it has been hypothesized that tailed archaeal phages originated from bacteriophages capable of infecting haloarchaeal species. If the hypothesis is correct, it can be concluded that other double-stranded DNA viruses that make up the rest of the archaea-specific group are their own unique group in the global viral community. Krupovic et al. (2018) states that the high levels of horizontal gene transfer, rapid mutation rates in viral genomes, and lack of universal gene sequences have led researchers to perceive the evolutionary pathway of archaeal viruses as a network. The lack of similarities among phylogenetic markers in this network and the global virosphere, as well as external linkages to non-viral elements, may suggest that some species of archaea specific viruses evolved from non-viral mobile genetic elements (MGE). These viruses have been studied in most detail in thermophilics, particularly the orders Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales. Two groups of single-stranded DNA viruses that infect archaea have been recently isolated. One group is exemplified by the Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 1 (Pleolipoviridae) infecting halophilic archaea, and the other one by the Aeropyrum coil-shaped virus (Spiraviridae) infecting a hyperthermophilic (optimal growth at 90–95 °C) host. Notably, the latter virus has the largest currently reported ssDNA genome. Defenses against these viruses may involve RNA interference from repetitive DNA sequences that are related to the genes of the viruses. Reproduction Archaea reproduce asexually by binary or multiple fission, fragmentation, or budding; mitosis and meiosis do not occur, so if a species of archaea exists in more than one form, all have the same genetic material. Cell division is controlled in a cell cycle; after the cell's chromosome is replicated and the two daughter chromosomes separate, the cell divides. In the genus Sulfolobus, the cycle has characteristics that are similar to both bacterial and eukaryotic systems. The chromosomes replicate from multiple starting points (origins of replication) using DNA polymerases that resemble the equivalent eukaryotic enzymes. In Euryarchaeota the cell division protein FtsZ, which forms a contracting ring around the cell, and the components of the septum that is constructed across the center of the cell, are similar to their bacterial equivalents. In cren- and thaumarchaea, the cell division machinery Cdv fulfills a similar role. This machinery is related to the eukaryotic ESCRT-III machinery which, while best known for its role in cell sorting, also has been seen to fulfill a role in separation between divided cell, suggesting an ancestral role in cell division. Both bacteria and eukaryotes, but not archaea, make spores. Some species of Haloarchaea undergo phenotypic switching and grow as several different cell types, including thick-walled structures that are resistant to osmotic shock and allow the archaea to survive in water at low salt concentrations, but these are not reproductive structures and may instead help them reach new habitats. Behavior Communication Quorum sensing was originally thought to not exist in Archaea, but recent studies have shown evidence of some species being able to perform cross-talk through quorum sensing. Other studies have shown syntrophic interactions between archaea and bacteria during biofilm growth. Although research is limited in archaeal quorum sensing, some studies have uncovered LuxR proteins in archaeal species, displaying similarities with bacteria LuxR, and ultimately allowing for the detection of small molecules that are used in high density communication. Similarly to bacteria, Archaea LuxR solos have shown to bind to AHLs (lactones) and non-AHLs ligans, which is a large part in performing intraspecies, interspecies, and interkingdom communication through quorum sensing. Ecology Habitats Archaea exist in a broad range of habitats, and are now recognized as a major part of global ecosystems, and may represent about 20% of microbial cells in the oceans. However, the first-discovered archaeans were extremophiles. Indeed, some archaea survive high temperatures, often above , as found in geysers, black smokers, and oil wells. Other common habitats include very cold habitats and highly saline, acidic, or alkaline water, but archaea include mesophiles that grow in mild conditions, in swamps and marshland, sewage, the oceans, the intestinal tract of animals, and soils. Similar to PGPR, Archaea are now considered as a source of plant growth promotion as well. Extremophile archaea are members of four main physiological groups. These are the halophiles, thermophiles, alkaliphiles, and acidophiles. These groups are not comprehensive or phylum-specific, nor are they mutually exclusive, since some archaea belong to several groups. Nonetheless, they are a useful starting point for classification. Halophiles, including the genus Halobacterium, live in extremely saline environments such as salt lakes and outnumber their bacterial counterparts at salinities greater than 20–25%. Thermophiles grow best at temperatures above , in places such as hot springs; hyperthermophilic archaea grow optimally at temperatures greater than . The archaeal Methanopyrus kandleri Strain 116 can even reproduce at , the highest recorded temperature of any organism. Other archaea exist in very acidic or alkaline conditions. For example, one of the most extreme archaean acidophiles is Picrophilus torridus, which grows at pH 0, which is equivalent to thriving in 1.2 molar sulfuric acid. This resistance to extreme environments has made archaea the focus of speculation about the possible properties of extraterrestrial life. Some extremophile habitats are not dissimilar to those on Mars, leading to the suggestion that viable microbes could be transferred between planets in meteorites. Recently, several studies have shown that archaea exist not only in mesophilic and thermophilic environments but are also present, sometimes in high numbers, at low temperatures as well. For example, archaea are common in cold oceanic environments such as polar seas. Even more significant are the large numbers of archaea found throughout the world's oceans in non-extreme habitats among the plankton community (as part of the picoplankton). Although these archaea can be present in extremely high numbers (up to 40% of the microbial biomass), almost none of these species have been isolated and studied in pure culture. Consequently, our understanding of the role of archaea in ocean ecology is rudimentary, so their full influence on global biogeochemical cycles remains largely unexplored. Some marine Thermoproteota are capable of nitrification, suggesting these organisms may affect the oceanic nitrogen cycle, although these oceanic Thermoproteota may also use other sources of energy. Vast numbers of archaea are also found in the sediments that cover the sea floor, with these organisms making up the majority of living cells at depths over 1 meter below the ocean bottom. It has been demonstrated that in all oceanic surface sediments (from 1000- to 10,000-m water depth), the impact of viral infection is higher on archaea than on bacteria and virus-induced lysis of archaea accounts for up to one-third of the total microbial biomass killed, resulting in the release of ~0.3 to 0.5 gigatons of carbon per year globally. Role in chemical cycling Archaea recycle elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur through their various habitats. Archaea carry out many steps in the nitrogen cycle. This includes both reactions that remove nitrogen from ecosystems (such as nitrate-based respiration and denitrification) as well as processes that introduce nitrogen (such as nitrate assimilation and nitrogen fixation). Researchers recently discovered archaeal involvement in ammonia oxidation reactions. These reactions are particularly important in the oceans. The archaea also appear crucial for ammonia oxidation in soils. They produce nitrite, which other microbes then oxidize to nitrate. Plants and other organisms consume the latter. In the sulfur cycle, archaea that grow by oxidizing sulfur compounds release this element from rocks, making it available to other organisms, but the archaea that do this, such as Sulfolobus, produce sulfuric acid as a waste product, and the growth of these organisms in abandoned mines can contribute to acid mine drainage and other environmental damage. In the carbon cycle, methanogen archaea remove hydrogen and play an important role in the decay of organic matter by the populations of microorganisms that act as decomposers in anaerobic ecosystems, such as sediments, marshes, and sewage-treatment works. Interactions with other organisms The well-characterized interactions between archaea and other organisms are either mutual or commensal. There are no clear examples of known archaeal pathogens or parasites, but some species of methanogens have been suggested to be involved in infections in the mouth, and Nanoarchaeum equitans may be a parasite of another species of archaea, since it only survives and reproduces within the cells of the Crenarchaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis, and appears to offer no benefit to its host. Mutualism Mutualism is an interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of the interacting populations. One well-understood example of mutualism is the interaction between protozoa and methanogenic archaea in the digestive tracts of animals that digest cellulose, such as ruminants and termites. In these anaerobic environments, protozoa break down plant cellulose to obtain energy. This process releases hydrogen as a waste product, but high levels of hydrogen reduce energy production. When methanogens convert hydrogen to methane, protozoa benefit from more energy. In anaerobic protozoa, such as Plagiopyla frontata, Trimyema, Heterometopus and Metopus contortus, archaea reside inside the protozoa and consume hydrogen produced in their hydrogenosomes. Archaea associate with larger organisms, too. For example, the marine archaean Cenarchaeum symbiosum is an endosymbiont of the sponge Axinella mexicana. Commensalism Some archaea are commensals, benefiting from an association without helping or harming the other organism. For example, the methanogen Methanobrevibacter smithii is by far the most common archaean in the human flora, making up about one in ten of the prokaryotes in the human gut. In termites and in humans, these methanogens may in fact be mutualists, interacting with other microbes in the gut to aid digestion. Archaean communities associate with a range of other organisms, such as on the surface of corals, and in the region of soil that surrounds plant roots (the rhizosphere). Parasitism Although Archaea do not have a historical reputation of being pathogens, Archaea are often found with similar genomes to more common pathogen like E. coli, showing metabolic links and evolutionary history with today's pathogens. Archaea have been inconsistently detected in clinical studies because of the lack of categorization of Archaea into more specific species. Significance in technology and industry Extremophile archaea, particularly those resistant either to heat or to extremes of acidity and alkalinity, are a source of enzymes that function under these harsh conditions. These enzymes have found many uses. For example, thermostable DNA polymerases, such as the Pfu DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus, revolutionized molecular biology by allowing the polymerase chain reaction to be used in research as a simple and rapid technique for cloning DNA. In industry, amylases, galactosidases and pullulanases in other species of Pyrococcus that function at over allow food processing at high temperatures, such as the production of low lactose milk and whey. Enzymes from these thermophilic archaea also tend to be very stable in organic solvents, allowing their use in environmentally friendly processes in green chemistry that synthesize organic compounds. This stability makes them easier to use in structural biology. Consequently, the counterparts of bacterial or eukaryotic enzymes from extremophile archaea are often used in structural studies. In contrast with the range of applications of archaean enzymes, the use of the organisms themselves in biotechnology is less developed. Methanogenic archaea are a vital part of sewage treatment, since they are part of the community of microorganisms that carry out anaerobic digestion and produce biogas. In mineral processing, acidophilic archaea display promise for the extraction of metals from ores, including gold, cobalt and copper. Archaea host a new class of potentially useful antibiotics. A few of these archaeocins have been characterized, but hundreds more are believed to exist, especially within Haloarchaea and Sulfolobus. These compounds differ in structure from bacterial antibiotics, so they may have novel modes of action. In addition, they may allow the creation of new selectable markers for use in archaeal molecular biology. See also Aerobic methane production Earliest known life forms List of Archaea genera List of sequenced archaeal genomes Nuclear localization sequence The Surprising Archaea (book) Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea Branching order of bacterial phyla (Genome Taxonomy Database, 2018) References Further reading External links General Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology Oceans of Archaea – E.F. DeLong, ASM News, 2003 Classification NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea Genera of the domain Archaea – list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Shotgun sequencing finds nanoorganisms – discovery of the ARMAN group of archaea Genomics Browse any completed archaeal genome at UCSC Comparative Analysis of Archaeal Genomes (at DOE's IMG system) Extremophiles Domains (biology) Systems of bacterial taxonomy Biology terminology
61992
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%2011
NGC 11
NGC 11 Об'єкти NGC Андромеда (сузір'я) Галактики Жовтень 1881 Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1881
2812614
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B8%D2%91%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5
Пшиґуже
Пшиґуже — село в Польщі, у гміні Нова Руда Клодзького повіту Нижньосілезького воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Валбжиського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Клодзького повіту
3144013
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%20%D0%B7%20%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8E%201936%E2%80%941937
Свенска серієн з хокею 1936—1937
Свенска серієн з хокею 1936—1937 Свенска серієн: 1936—1937 — 2-й сезон у «Свенска серієн», що була на той час найвищою за рівнем клубною лігою у шведському хокеї з шайбою. У чемпіонаті взяли участь 8 клубів. Турнір проходив у два кола. Переможцем змагань став клуб АІК Стокгольм. Турнірна таблиця Посилання 1936-37 Швеція Швеція 1936 1937 1936 у Швеції 1937 у Швеції
1259945
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD113328
HD113328
HD113328 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу A2, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 9,2. Вона розташована на відстані близько 1639,0 світлових років від Сонця. Див. також Перелік HgMn-зір Ртутно-манганова зоря Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (12h-14h) Хімічно пекулярна зоря Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію Перелік Am-зір Am-зоря Джерела Хімічно пекулярні зорі Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу A2 3
18662739
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling%20at%20the%202008%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20BMX
Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's BMX
Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's BMX The women's BMX racing competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 20–22 at the Laoshan BMX Field, the first to be officially featured in the Olympic cycling program. Coming out of retirement from her sporting career to try out for BMX at age thirty, France's Anne-Caroline Chausson escaped from an early race crash that left two riders off the ramp to claim the event's inaugural Olympic gold medal. She thundered home on the final stretch to a spectacular finish with a fastest time in 35.976. Chausson also enjoyed her teammate Laëtitia Le Corguillé taking home the silver in 38.042, as she finished the race behind the leader by nearly seven hundredths of a second (0.07) and also, handed the French squad a straight 1–2 finish on the medal podium. Meanwhile, United States' Jill Kintner came up with a powerful, stalwart ride to earn the bronze in 38.674, edging out New Zealand's Sarah Walker by a short sprint distance. Qualification Sixteen riders representing twelve countries qualified for the event. Qualification was based on UCI ranking by nations, 2008 UCI BMX World Championships results and wild-cards reserved to a Tripartite Commission (IOC, ANOC, UCI). Competition format Each of the 16 women competing performed two runs of the course in individual time trials to determine seeding for the knockout rounds. Then, they were grouped into 2 semifinal groups based on that seeding. Each semifinal consisted of three runs of the course, using a point-for-place system. The top four cyclists in each semifinal (for a total of 8) moved on to the final. Unlike the semifinals, the final consisted of a single race with the first to the finish line claiming the gold medal. Schedule All times are China Standard Time (UTC+8) Results Seeding Semifinals Heat 1 Heat 2 Final References Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics BMX at the Summer Olympics 2000s in women's BMX 2008 in BMX 2008 in women's cycle racing Women's events at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2686367
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeplane
Freeplane
Freeplane є вільною програмою з відкритим початковим кодом для створення інтелект-карт (діаграм зв'язків між ідеями) і електронних контурів. Написаний на мові Java, Freeplane підтримується на Windows, Mac ОС X і Linux, і ліцензується під GNU GPL «версії 2 або пізнішою». У 2007 році Freeplane було відгалужено від проекту FreeMind. Freeplane частково сумісний за форматом файлу з FreeMind: Freeplane повністю підтримує формат файлу FreeMind, але додає функції і теги, які не підтримуються FreeMind і нехтуються при завантаженні. Можливості Реліз 1.1 Нові можливості стабільного релізу Freeplane (червень 2010) включають: Експорт у формати PNG, JPEG, SVG (на додачу до HTML / XHTML і PDF) Пошук і заміна у всіх відкритих картах Вставлення HTML як структури вузлів Режим структури Портативна версія (запускається з флеш-носія) Написання сценаріїв мовою Groovy Перевірка правопису Реліз 1.2.x Перший стабільний випуск Freeplane 1.2.x — 1.2.20 вийшов 20 жовтня 2012 року. Він включає такі нові можливості: Стилі вузлів (як у текстовому процесорі) Умовні стилі вузлів Шаблони нових мап думок Панель форматування Додатки: підтримка встановлення додатків Гіперпосилання на елементи меню Документація сполучень клавіш: до карти документації додано генерування мар і HTML-таблиць Пошук найновішого автоматично збереженого файлу при відкритті мапи Режим одного примірника: відкриття мап у наявному примірнику застосунку замість створення нового Фільтри, що залежать від рівня вузла Покращення функцій пошуку й заміни Різні форми хмарок Нові піктограми для рейтингів Автоматичний колір ребер «Сітка» для переміщування вузлів (Налаштування->Поведінка->Розмір клітинки сітки) Копіювання і вставляння атрибутів Іменовані умови фільтрації Різні форми, типи ліній, ширина і прозорість з'єднувачів Портативна версія Freeplane (завантажити та встановити файл з назвою FreeplanePortable_xxx.paf.exe) Діалогове вікно Файл -> Властивості… показує інформацію про мапу, таку як число вузлів, гілок і листкових вузлів Додано піктограми для зручнішого користування головним і контекстними меню Формули: використання формул як тексту вузла та атрибутів (як у табличному процесорі) Нумерування вузлів і формати/шаблони як атрибути стилів Додано піктограми прогресу з кроком 10 % або 25 % Підсумки: Створення графічних та текстових зведень за допомогою «брекетингу» вузлів. Див. мапу-зразок Структура меню і команд перероблена для того, щоб зробити Freeplane більш інтуїтивним і простим у вивченні Дати і числа: Покращено розбір і форматування Цифрові наклейки: вільно розміщувані і вільно переміщувані вузли. Дати і числа: покращена підтримка розробки сценаріїв Реліз 1.3.x Нові можливості Freeplane 1.3.x включають: Поширення можливостей LaTeX як на формули, так і на текст Інтеграція OpenStreetMap Реліз 1.5.x Нові можливості Freeplane 1.5 включають: Нові параметри для створення мап думок з високою однорідністю і симетрією Клони Початкові сценарії Фонові зображення Реліз 1.6.x Останній стабільний реліз — 1.6.13. Додатки Однією з особливостей Freeplane є підтримка додатків. Додатки — це спосіб розширити і налаштувати Freeplane подібно до того, як плагіни і розширення можуть бути використані для розширення та налаштування популярних застосунків, таких як FireFox або LibreOffice. Додатки Freeplane можуть бути використані для забезпечення однієї функції, пакунка з декількох функцій, пов'язування цих функцій в меню тощо. Серед доступних додатків є такі: Підтримка GTD Планувальник занять Додаткові піктограми Підтримка версій та спільна робота Більше можна дізнатись на сторінці з додатками. Див. також Мапа думок Примітки Посилання FreeMind By Example covers usage of FreeMind and Freeplane Мапи думок Вільне програмне забезпечення Вільне ПЗ для Windows Вільне ПЗ для Linux Проекти SourceForge Java
14654647
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%205300
Nokia 5300
Nokia 5300 XpressMusic is a slider mobile phone by Nokia, part of the XpressMusic range. It was introduced on 26 September 2006 and released at the end of that year. It runs on Nokia Series 40 3rd Edition FP2. Overview The phone has a sleek slider design and features a 240×320 pixels (QVGA) TFT display and a 1.3-megapixel (CMOS) camera which can be used in landscape. It has dedicated music buttons on each side which makes it easy to access tracks in music player mode or tune in different stations in radio mode, with a 2.5 mm. headset jack. It has also a powerful loudspeaker at the back for high quality sound output. It also features a removable MicroSD card with a maximum capacity of 2 GB and powered by an ARM9 CPU running at 237 MHz. Nokia 5300 XpressMusic was launched on T-Mobile's USA network on 1 March 2007. Nokia 5300 can browse and surf the internet via GPRS. The phone can access different web or mobile sites like Friendster, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! Messenger, Google, YouTube, Multiply etc. The phone also features the Active Standby mode which can create shortcuts while on standby mode. It has a dedicated keys on sides let you access to music or just push camera button to start camera or video mode. The best view when you play your video is on panoramic view. These are the Menu options of Nokia 5300: Contacts, Log, Organizer, Gallery, Messaging, Media, Applications, Web, Settings, PTT and the user's SIM network services. Features Frequency and power Operating frequency EGSM 900/1800/1900 MHz and EGSM 850/1800/1900 MHz Power management Nokia Battery BL-5B (820mah) Talk Time up to 3.2 hours Standby Time up to 223 hours Music time up to 12 hours (operation times depending on network and usage) External features Dimensions Volume: 85cc. Weight: 106.5 g. Length: 92.4 mm. Width: 48.2 mm. Thickness (max.): 20.7 mm. Display 262,144 (262K) color true color TFT QVGA 320 × 240 pixels, 2' LCD display User interface S40 user interface Dedicated music keys for play, pause, forward and rewind functions Side volume keys can be used as zoom keys when camera is activated Internal features Imaging features Integrated 1.3-megapixel camera with up to 8x digital zoom Dedicated camera button Landscape camcorder and video player Video recording and playback Download and upload images and video sequences Fun frames and programmable white balance for camera Multimedia features Visual radio, listen to music and interact to favorite radio stations Playback video formats Integrated FM radio New S40 music player Integrated music player for MP3/AAC/eAAC+/AAC+/WMA/AMR/Midi formats Listen, create playlists and manage music Different skins for the music player Memory functions Combo memory with 32 MB flash and 16 MB RAM Hot swappable slot for microSD memory card Options to expand with microSD card Messaging features Multimedia messaging: MMS for creating, receiving, editing and sending videos and pictures with AMR voice clips Email: Supports SMTP, POP3, IMAP4 and APOP protocols Attachments: Supports JPEG, GIF, 3GP, MP3, PowerPoint and Excel files Text messaging: Supports SMS, picture message, SMS distribution list Audio messaging: Records own voice message and send to compatible devices Instant Messaging and Presence-enhanced contacts Applications Java MIDP 2.0 Pre-installed Java applications Over-the-air (OTA) download of Java-based applications and games 3 pre-installed games when it purchased Pre-installed games Music Guess Pro Snowboard Snake III Ringing tones 64-chord/voice polyphonic MIDI ringing tones Supported file formats include MP3, True Tones, AAC, 64-chord/voice polyphonic MIDI tones Video ring-tones Alert and gaming tones Connectivity A2DP to support Bluetooth stereo headset for high quality, wireless audio transfer Infrared (IR) Remote OTA synchronization with SyncML Mini USB interface with USB 2.0 Local/remote synchronization with PC using PC Suite New 2.5 mm. Nokia AV connector Push to talk over cellular network (network dependent) Browsing and data transfer xHTML over TCP/IP Full OMA Digital Rights Management 2.0 for content protection Data transfer: GPRS and EGPRS multislots class 10 HSCSD/CSD for data modem Personal information management (PIM) Advance series 40 PIM features including calendar, contacts, and to-do list Alarm clock Reminders Calculator New and enhanced calendar view Other features Internal antenna Animated color screensaver Changeable color themes, user-defined themes Nokia Sensor Flash lite player 2.0 Plug and Play mobile devices Nokia Audio Manager and Windows Media Player Nokia Catalogs Nokia Widsets, Google Map and Yahoo! Go (free downloads) Covers: Available colors in Grey-White, Lilac-White, Black-White, All Black cover and the famous Red-White Sales package contents Nokia 5300 XpressMusic phone Nokia Battery BL-5B Nokia Standard Charger AC-3 Nokia Stereo Headset HS-47 Nokia MicroSD Card Mini USB cable Universal headphone adapter CD-ROM for PC Suite User Guide manual Differences of 5300 and 5200 The Nokia 5300 is generally comparable with the Nokia 5200. Talk: 3.2 hoursStandby: 233 hours In media The phone is shown in the Fall Out Boy "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race", "Thnks fr th Mmrs" and The Academy Is... "We've Got a Big Mess on Our Hands" music video. Related handsets Nokia 5200 (Slide) Nokia 5610 (Slide) Nokia 5310 (Slim) Nokia 5320 (3G Phone) Nokia 5800 (Touchscreen) Nokia 5220 (Asymmetric) Nokia 5130 (Candybar) Nokia 5700 (Twist) References External links Official Nokia 5300 XpressMusic site Nokia 5300 on Nokia Asia Pacific website 5300 Mobile phones introduced in 2006 Mobile phones with infrared transmitter Slider phones Series 40 devices
19653659
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS%20Is%20Authorized%20to%20Declare...
TASS Is Authorized to Declare...
TASS Is Authorized to Declare... (translit. TASS upolnomochen zayavit...) is a 1984 Soviet spy miniseries directed by Vladimir Fokin. The series is set in Cold War era and portrays the struggle of Soviet and American intelligence agencies. It is based on a novel by the same name by Yulian Semyonov (the author of cult spy series Seventeen Moments of Spring). "17 Moments" star Vyacheslav Tikhonov played KGB General Konstantinov, the protagonist of the "TASS..." series. Original film music score was composed by Eduard Artemyev as a blend of progressive rock and electronic music. Plot Trianon (Boris Klyuyev), a willing mole agent for the Americans, is providing his CIA handlers in Moscow with information on Soviet supplies to the fictional African state of Nagonia which he obtains through his high-positioned expert job. The KGB counterintelligence painstakingly identifies and neutralizes him. Trianon kills his fiancee who raised suspicions on his double life and then attempts to commit suicide when arrested, but the KGB secures his apprehension and interrogation. At the same time in Nagonia, Soviet counterintelligence agent Slavin (Yuri Solomin) risks his life assisting in identification of Trianon and preventing local CIA resident Glabb (Vakhtang Kikabidze) from staging a coup d'etat in the country by pro-American General Ogano against ruling progressive president Grisso. Several foreign whistleblowers providing Slavin with information are killed by Glabb's order. As the result of successful KGB operation, the TASS state news agency issues a sensational news bulletin exposing the CIA plot. Cast Vyacheslav Tikhonov as KGB General Konstantinov Yury Solomin as Slavin Nikolai Zasukhin as Makarov Aleksei Petrenko as Paul Dick, journalist Ivars Kalnins as Minayev Nikolai Mikheyev as Pavel Savelyevich Ozersky Nikolai Skorobogatov as Arkhipkin Mikhail Gluzsky as Fyodorov Irina Alfyorova as Olga Winter Vladlen Davydov as Yeryomin Boris Khimichev as Michael Welsh Georgi Tejkh as Nelson Grin Mikhail Zhigalov as Paramonov Aristarkh Livanov as Welsh's assistant Vladimir Mashchenko as Shargin Zhanna Prokhorenko as Paramonova Vakhtang Kikabidze as John Glabb, CIA resident to Nagonia Eleonora Zubkova as Pilar, Glabb's mistress Bolot Bejshenaliyev as Lao Vladimir Belousov as Tsyzin Vatslav Dvorzhetsky as Professor Winter Konstantin Karelskikh as Luns Aleksandr Karin as KGB officer Vadim Andreev as Dronov, KGB lieutenant Boris Klyuyev as Sergey Dubov (Agent 'Trianon') Erwin Knausmüller as U.S. Ambassador Kalifa Konde as Ogano Ermengeld Konovalov as Stau Leonid Kuravlyov as Zotov Marina Levtova as Olga Vronskaya Pavel Makhotin as Yarantsev Heino Mandri as Lorence, former CIA resident to Nagonia, killed by Glabb Mikk Mikiver as Donald Gee, journalist Aleksandr Pashutin as Gmyrya Tatyana Plotnikova as Niyazmetova Viktor Shulgin as Vogulyov Eduard Martsevich as Dmitry Stepanov, a Soviet journalist Lyudmila Solodenko as Doctor Lembit Ulfsak as Schleyer Valentina Titova as Potapenko Olga Volkova as Emma Schanz, previous Glabb's wife Leonid Yarmolnik as Grechayev Georgi Yumatov as Ivan Belyu Boris Bystrov as Agafonov, a KGB major, the investigator Nadezhda Babkina as cameo Stunts by Oleg Fedulov See also Aleksandr Dmitrievich Ogorodnik References External links 1984 television films 1984 films Soviet television films Cold War spy films 1980s Russian-language films Gorky Film Studio films Soviet television miniseries Films scored by Eduard Artemyev Films set in Moscow Films set in Africa 1980s Soviet television series 1980s spy films 1980s television miniseries Soviet spy television series Russian spy television series
2330626
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
Резанін Олександр Валентинович
Резанін Олександр Валентинович Олександр Валентинович Резанін — прапорщик Збройних сил України. Нагороди За особистий внесок у зміцнення обороноздатності Української держави, мужність, самовідданість і високий професіоналізм, виявлені під час виконання військового обов'язку, та з нагоди Дня Збройних Сил України нагороджений орденом «За мужність» III ступеня (2.12.2016). Джерела Українські військовики
1288603
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
Гряківська сільська рада
Гряківська сільська рада — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця та орган місцевого самоврядування в Чутівському районі Полтавської області. Адміністративний центр — село Грякове. Загальні відомості Населення ради: осіб (станом на 2001 рік) Населені пункти Сільській раді були підпорядковані населені пункти: c. Грякове с. Дондасівка с. Нове Грякове Склад ради Рада складалася з 12 депутатів та голови. Голова ради: Губченко Яніна Олександрівна Секретар ради: Керівний склад попередніх скликань Примітка: таблиця складена за даними сайту Верховної Ради УкраїниСекретарі попередніх скликань ради на сайті Верховної Ради України та ЦВК Депутати VII скликання За результатами місцевих виборів 2015 року депутатами ради стали: За суб'єктами висування За округами Примітки Джерела Адміністративний устрій Чутівського району
25945774
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity%20Cathedral%2C%20Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u
Nativity Cathedral, Chișinău
Nativity Cathedral, Chișinău The Cathedral of Christ's Nativity is the main cathedral of the Moldovan Orthodox Church in Sectorul Centru, Moldova. It was commissioned by the governor of New Russia, Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov, and Metropolitan Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni in 1830. The cathedral was built in the 1830s to a Neoclassical design by Abram Melnikov (who had designed a similar church in Bolhrad). The cathedral was bombed during World War II, and its bell tower was destroyed by the local Communists in 1962. The new bell tower was constructed in 1997. During the Soviet period, worship was prohibited and the cathedral was transformed into an exhibition center. Melnikov's design is Neoclassical. The façade is very simple and clear with six Doric column for the entrance. Because of the numerous destructions which the cathedral suffered throughout time, the building has received several restorations and shifts in its shape. For instance, the current zinc dome and its cross at the top are both an addition from 1997 built over the previous structure. The inside was completely blank during the Soviet period but nowadays it has painted walls in pure Orthodox style. See also Transfiguration Cathedral in Odesa Moldovan Orthodox Church References Centrul istoric al Chișinăului, La începutul secolului al XXI-LEA, Chișinău, Editura ARC, 2009. External links Despre catedrală pe situl Mitropoliei Moldovei Ansamblul Catedrala Nașterea Domnului Religious buildings and structures in Moldova Cathedrals in Moldova Churches completed in 1836 19th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings History of Chișinău Buildings and structures in Chișinău Neoclassical church buildings in Moldova Christianity in Chișinău Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova
4974022
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD
Джон Ван Рин
Джон Ван Рин (30 червня 1906 — 7 серпня 1999) — колишній американський тенісист. Найвищу одиночну позицію світового рейтингу — 8 місце досяг 1929 року (за даними А. Волліса Маєрса). Перемагав на турнірах Великого шолома в парному розряді. Завершив кар'єру 1945 року. Фінали турнірів Великого шолома Парний розряд (6–5) Примітки Посилання Тенісисти США Американці нідерландського походження Спортсмени Ньюпорт-Ньюса Члени Міжнародної тенісної зали слави Народились 1905 Померли 1999 Переможці турнірів Великого шлему в парному розряді
2645421
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0
Грінченко Ганна Олексіївна
Грінченко Ганна Олексіївна Ганна Олексіївна Грінченко (Гринченко) (станція Дебальцеве, тепер місто Донецької області — ?) — українська радянська діячка, новатор виробництва, інженер-конструктор Херсонського суднобудівно-судноремонтного заводу імені Комінтерну Херсонської області. Депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 4—5-го скликань. Біографія Народилася у родині вчителя. У 1931 році закінчила семирічну школу і вступила до Харківського вечірнього технікуму, одночасно працюючи спочатку прибористом на Харківській теплоелектроцентралі, а потім — конструктором Харківського електромеханічного заводу. У 1937 році переїхала до міста Челябінська (РРФСР), де працювала конструктором теплоелектропроекту. У 1939 році вступила до Сталінградського механічного інституту. Під час німецько-радянської війни перевелася на заочне відділення інституту і одночасно працювала на Сталінградському тракторному заводі. У 1942 році була евакуйована в Челябінську область, де до 1944 року працювала конструктором військового заводу. У 1944 році повернулася до Сталінграда і закінчила механічний інститут. У 1944—1948 роках — конструктор Сталінградського тракторного заводу РРФСР. У 1948 році переїхала до Херсона. З 1949 року — інженер-конструктор (технолог) Херсонського суднобудівно-судноремонтного заводу імені Комінтерну Херсонської області. Потім — на пенсії у місті Херсоні. Нагороди орден Леніна (7.03.1960) ордени медалі Джерела газета «Наддніпрянська правда» (Херсон) — 1959 рік — лютий. Персоналії за алфавітом Уродженці Дебальцевого Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 4-го скликання Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 5-го скликання
4856041
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol.%203...%20Life%20and%20Times%20of%20S.%20Carter
Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter
Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter — четвертий студійний альбом американського репера Jay-Z, випущений 28 грудня 1999 року на лейблах Roc-A-Fella Records і Def Jam Recordings. За словами критика USA Today Стіва Джонса, цей альбом ознаменував повернення до вуличного звучання, як на дебютному альбомі Jay-Z 1996 року Reasonable Doubt. Гостьовими виконавцями альбому є Мерая Кері, Memphis Bleek, Beanie Sigel, Amil, Dr. Dre, Juvenile і UGK. Альбом був добре прийнятий критиками та дебютував під номером один у Billboard 200, продавши 462 000 копій за перший тиждень. Відтоді він продав понад три мільйони копій і отримав 3-платиновий сертифікат від Асоціації звукозаписної індустрії Америки. Список композицій Чарти Примітки Альбоми Def Jam Recordings Альбоми Roc-A-Fella Records Музичні альбоми 1999 Хіп-хоп-альбоми Альбоми Jay-Z Альбоми, спродюсовані DJ Premier Альбоми, спродюсовані Swizz Beatz Альбоми, спродюсовані Timbaland Альбоми-сиквели
17290622
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richarno%20Colin
Richarno Colin
Richarno Colin Louis Richarno Colin (born 17 July 1987 in Vacoas-Phoenix, Mauritius) is a Mauritian boxer best known to be All Africa champ 2011. He qualified for the 2008 Olympics at junior welterweight at the 2nd AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament. At Beijing he upset Myke Carvalho but was defeated by Gennady Kovalev from Russia in the round of 16.(Results) He has competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games under the name of Louis Colin. He was the flag carrier for Mauritius in the opening ceremony. He won bronze in the Light Welterweight category in Boxing. At the 2012 African Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament he also qualified for the 2012 London Olympics. At London he beat Abdelhak Aatakni in the first round before losing to Uranchimegiin Mönkh-Erdene in the second round. At the 2020 Summer Olympics, he competed in the men's lightweight event. Commonwealth results 2010 (as Light Welterweight) (as Louis Colin) Defeated Chris Jenkins (Wales) 7–0 Defeated Luke Woods (Australia) 8–3 Defeated Philip Bowes (Jamaica) 6–0 Lost to Bradley Saunders (England) 7–10 References External links Qualifier Richarno Colin's profile at ESPN Sports 2010 Commonwealth Games Bio 1987 births Living people Light-welterweight boxers Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic boxers for Mauritius Boxers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Mauritius Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Mauritius Boxers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Boxers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games Mauritian male boxers Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing African Games gold medalists for Mauritius African Games medalists in boxing Competitors at the 2011 All-Africa Games Competitors at the 2019 African Games People from Plaines Wilhems District Boxers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
1978493
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%28%D0%91%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%94%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
Бакеєво (Бєлорєцький район)
Бакеєво (Бєлорєцький район) Бакеєво — село у складі Бєлорєцького району Башкортостану, Росія. Входить до складу Зігазинської сільської ради. До 17 грудня 2004 року село було центром окремої Бакеєвської сільради. Населення — 73 особи (2010; 125 в 2002). Національний склад: росіяни — 97% Галерея Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Бєлорєцького району Села Башкортостану
12486304
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-headed%20tanager
Orange-headed tanager
Orange-headed tanager The orange-headed tanager (Thlypopsis sordida) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. Native to South America, it is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela, where it inhabits successional vegetation, cerrado, riparian forest, shrub, brush, and open woodland. Males of the species have sandy-gray , cinnamon to buff , white on the center of the lower breast, belly, and tail, and rufous-orange and yellow heads. Females are similar but duller. The orange-headed tanager is omnivorous, feeding on insects, spiders, fruit, and seeds. It forages in an active manner, gleaning prey while hopping or, more infrequently, catching it in flight. Nesting has been recorded in December, and clutches contain two bluish-white eggs with brown markings. The species is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and stable population. Taxonomy and systematics The orange-headed tanager was originally described in 1837 as Nemosia sordida by the French ornithologists Frédéric de Lafresnaye and Alcide d'Orbigny on the basis of specimens from Bolivia. It was then moved to the genus Thlypopsis, of which it is the type species, by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1851. The name of the genus, Thlypopsis, is from the Ancient Greek thlupis, a word for an unknown species of small bird, and opsis, meaning appearance. The specific name sordida is from the Latin sordidus, meaning dirty or shabby. Orange-headed tanager is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union. Subspecies There are three recognized subspecies of the orange-headed tanager: T. s. sordida (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, 1837): The nominate subspecies, it is found from eastern Bolivia to Brazil, south to Paraguay and northern Argentina. T. s. chrysopis (Sclater and Salvin, 1880): Originally described as a separate species, it is found in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru, and western Brazil. It differs from the nominate in having pure gray and light grayish-brown sides and breasts. T. s. orinocensis Friedmann, 1942: It is found in central Venezuela. It has pale gray upperparts tinged grayish-cinnamon. Description The orange-headed tanager is a small, thin-billed tanager that has an average length of and a weight of . Its proportions are similar to those of a New World warbler. Males of the nominate subspecies have rufous-orange and sides of the head, becoming bright yellow on the lores, ocular region (area surrounding eye), and throat. The upperparts are sandy-gray, with dusky and flight feathers, the latter of which are edged with gray. The underparts are buff to cinnamon and turn whitish on the center of the lower breast, belly, and . The bill is dark, the iris is dark brown, and the legs are gray. Females have duller upperparts than males, less extensive yellow on the head, and duller yellow on the face and throat. Immatures are similar to females, but are even duller, with grayish-olive upperparts and paler underparts. Vocalizations The orange-headed tanager's calls include a high-pitched tseet, seet, or sit, often given rapidly multiple times, a quick high-pitched chittering sit-it-t-t-t-t-t-t, and a slower seet-a. The solo song varies geographically: in northern Peru and Ecuador, it is a high-pitched, rising and falling, and spasmodic pits’a, see-a, pits’a, see-ee, while it is a seet, sit, a see-fits-za in northwestern Argentina. In Bolivia and northern Peru, a high-pitched seet seet t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-d-dit has been recorded in flight or while perched, which may be either a duet or chatter. In eastern Brazil, the year-round song has several song types, with the most common one being a thin, high-pitched tsap-tsip, tsip, tsip-tsop-tswit. A high-pitched, trilled tsi . . . . tsrrrri has also been recorded from Brazil. Distribution and habitat The orange-headed tanager is native to South America, where it is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. It is the only member of its genus that is found in the lowlands of the Amazon rainforest. In Venezuela and the western Amazon, it inhabits successional vegetation like tall Gynerium grasses, willows, Tessaria and Cecropia shrubbery, and young secondary growth near rivers and on river islands. In the southern Amazon, it inhabits dry to semi-humid cerrado, open woodland canopies, shrub, parks, and thinner riparian forest (forest next to waterbodies). In northwestern Argentina, it inhabits scrub, brush, and the edges of drier open woodland, and is seldom observed in uninterrupted forest. The orange-headed tanager generally inhabits elevations up to , but is only found up to in Venezuela and in Colombia. Local populations in Bolivia can inhabit elevations as high as . In Brazil and Argentina, the species has been recorded seasonally migrating from the Andes to lowlands during the austral winter. Behavior and ecology The orange-headed tanager is found in pairs or groups of 3–4 individuals, occasionally in mixed-species foraging flocks. Diet The orange-headed tanager is an omnivorous species, having been recorded feeding on orthopterans (grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts), beetles, flies, spiders, fruit, and seeds. It forages in an active, New World warbler-like manner, gleaning insects from foliage with rapid hops, or less commonly hovering or sallying to catch prey in the air. Breeding The orange-headed tanager has been recorded nesting in December, building a cup-shaped nest about above the ground. Eggs are laid in clutches of two, and are bluish-white with brown markings. The shiny cowbird has been recorded as a brood parasite of the orange-headed tanager. Status The orange-headed tanager is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and stable population. It is threatened in parts of its range due to land conversion, but occurs in a number of protected areas and is locally common on river islands and in river floodplains. References orange-headed tanager Birds of Brazil Birds of South America orange-headed tanager Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
2858044
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8
Лялькови
Лялькови — село в Польщі, у гміні Сментово-Ґранічне Староґардського повіту Поморського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Гданського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Староґардського повіту
49495412
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hear%20Them%20Calling
Hear Them Calling
Hear Them Calling "Hear Them Calling" (originally released as "Raddirnar" is a song performed by Icelandic singer Greta Salóme. The song represented Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 held in Stockholm, Sweden after winning Söngvakeppnin 2016, Iceland's national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The song did not qualify for that year's Grand Final, only earning 51 points, managing a 14th place finish in the first semi-final. Composition Greta described the song as a "mixture of indie/contemporary folk pop, mixed with symphonic elements and then a dance beat, which makes it into an exciting fusion." Release The original song was released as "Raddirnar" on 11 December 2015, along with the release of all other songs competing in Söngvakeppnin 2016. An English version of the song was eventually released on 19 February 2016. The Eurovision version of "Hear Them Calling" was released on 18 March 2016, with the music made to feel more dramatic, according to Greta. Violins were also added to the traditional Icelandic folk instruments. Greta would report that the version was recorded with The North Iceland Symphony, with improvised violin parts. Eurovision Song Contest Söngvakeppnin 2016 Söngvakeppnin 2016 was the national final format developed by RÚV in order to select Iceland's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. Twelve songs in total competed in Söngvakeppnin 2016 where the winner was determined after two semi-finals and a final. Six songs competed in each semi-final on 6 and 13 February 2016. The top three songs from each semi-final, as determined by public televoting qualified to the final which took place on 20 February 2016. The winning entry in the final was determined over two rounds of voting: the first to select the top two via 50/50 public televoting and jury voting and the second to determine the winner with 100% televoting. All songs were required to be performed in Icelandic during the semi-final portion of the competition. In the final, the song was required to be performed in the language that the artist intended to perform in at the Eurovision Song Contest in Stockholm. At Eurovision According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 25 January 2016, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Iceland was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2016, and was scheduled to perform in the second half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2016 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Iceland was set to perform in position 16, following the entry from Montenegro and before the entry from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The performance featured Greta in a long, black leather suit interacting with an LED screen behind her, with her controlling images of hands, birds, and people. Greta, in an interview with Wiwibloggs correspondent William Lee Adams, said that the outfit was to represent being strong and powerful, saying that "It's a statement piece, and for me, being a powerful woman, someone who can stand their ground. I want to be a role model, especially for woman who want to write their own music. I think it's an important thing." She also reported that the uniform was made to look like a bird. At the end of the show, Iceland was not announced among the top 10 entries in the first semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Iceland placed fourteenth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 51 points: 24 points from the televoting and 27 points from the juries. Eurovision Again In December 2020 the EurovisionAgain online series, endorsed by the EBU, held a contest for the best song eliminated in the semi-finals, and "Hear Them calling" won the vote. Charts References Eurovision songs of 2016 Eurovision songs of Iceland 2015 songs English-language Icelandic songs
3761419
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius%20Ventidius
Publius Ventidius
Publius Ventidius (89–38 BC) was a Roman general and one of Julius Caesar's protégés. He won key victories against the Parthians which resulted in the deaths of key leaders – victories which redeemed the losses of Crassus and paved the way for Antony's incursions. According to Plutarch in his "Life of Antony", the three military victories of Ventidius over the Parthians singularly resulted in the only award (up to the time of Plutarch's writing) to a Roman general of the triumphal ceremony for victory over Parthians. History Ventidius was from Picenum. He and his mother were captured during the Social War, and both were marched as prisoners in Pompey Strabo's triumph through the streets of Rome. He was forced to work as a muleteer and quickly saw the Roman army as his path to advancement. Ventidius attracted Caesar's notice during the Gallic Wars, and while he does not receive mention in Caesar's commentaries, he did execute Caesar's orders with ability during Caesar's civil war, and became one of Caesar's favorites. Ventidius chose to stand back during the early stages of Mark Antony's struggle with Octavian, eventually throwing his lot in with Antony. After the formation of the Second Triumvirate, Ventidius was appointed suffect consul. During Antony's absence in Egypt in 41 BC, Ventidius did nothing to support Antony's brother Lucius Antonius or Antony's wife Fulvia during their struggle with Octavian. After Antony had come to an agreement with Octavian off of Cape Misenum (probably in August 39), he sent Ventidius with several legions in response to a Parthian invasion launched in 40 BC. Ventidius' first major success came when he defeated Quintus Labienus and Phranipates (the best of King Orodes' military commanders) at the Battle of the Cilician Gates and the Amanus Pass. After hearing of the battles while in Athens, Antony put on a public feast in the town, then proceeded to the Levant to join him. Despite this setback, the Parthians launched another invasion into Syria led by Pacorus, the son of King Orodes. Ventidius met Pacorus' huge army in the Battle of Cyrrhestica where he inflicted an overwhelming defeat which resulted in the death of Pacorus. This victory was the culmination of Ventidius' campaigns, which confined the Parthians within Media (Medes) and Mesopotamia, and psychologically avenged the losses of Crassus, particularly at Carrhae. Ventidius could have pursued the Parthians even further: but, according to Plutarch, Ventidius had concerns regarding the possible jealousy of Antony; and, he preferred to subdue those who had rebelled against Roman authority to pursuing the Parthians with his forces. One such rebel was Antiochus of Commagene, whom he besieged in Samosata. Antiochus tried to make peace with Ventidius, but Ventidius told him to approach Antony directly. Wanting some of the glory for himself, Antony would not allow a treaty and proceeded to take over the siege. Antony's siege proved to be less effective than Ventidius', and Antony made peace. Whereas the treaty Antiochus originally offered Ventidius contained an indemnity of 1,000 talents, the final treaty with Antony had an indemnity of only 300 talents. After peace was concluded, Antony sent Ventidius back to Rome where he celebrated a triumph, the first Roman to triumph over the Parthians. After celebrating his triumph, Ventidius is not mentioned again. In Shakespeare Ventidius appears briefly in Shakespeare's play Antony and Cleopatra, where he is shown leading the Roman forces against Parthia. He muses over whether to risk rousing his superior's jealousy by going further than he has; after which he disappears from the play. Citations References External links Dictionary of Greek and Romans – 1867 1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria 1st-century BC Roman consuls Ancient Roman generals Ventidii Ancient Roman triumphators People of Antony's Parthian War
62741502
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Kazinik
Mikhail Kazinik
Mikhail Kazinik Mikhail Semyonovich Kazinik (born on 13 November 1951 in Leningrad, USSR) is a music lecturer, teacher, television and radio presenter, and a popularizer of classical music. Biography Mikhail Semenovich Kazinik was born in 1951 in Leningrad into a Jewish family. In 1953, the family moved to Vitebsk. From the age of six he began to play the violin and piano. In 1958 he entered the Children's Music School No. 1 in the violin class. In 1968 he continued his studies at the Vitebsk School of Music. In 1970 he entered the Belarusian State Conservatory in Minsk. In 1975 he graduated from the conservatory. In 1975-1990, he was a soloist and lecturer and musicologist at the Belarusian State Philharmonic Society and gave lectures and concerts in various cities of the USSR. After the events of August 1991, he decided to move to Sweden for permanent residence, settled in Stockholm and received Swedish citizenship. He collaborated with director Yuri Lederman and his "Teaterstudio Lederman" theater in Stockholm, took part in the production of the play "Mozart against Salieri". Television and radio broadcasts In the 2000s, Mikhail Kazinik presented the television project "Ad Libitum or in Free Flight" (program manager Igor Shadkhan, director Natalya Kugashova). In this series of musical and journalistic programs, Mikhail Kazinik tells about the work of various composers and proves that classical music can fully exist in modern life. The programs were broadcast on the Russian TV channels TV Center and TVCI. Initially, 12 episodes dedicated to composers were shot: "The Bach Effect", "The Schubert Effect", "The Mozart Effect", "The Chopin Effect", and so on. Then additional issues were made, a total of 56 episodes were released. The shooting took place in Sweden at the cottage of Mikhail Kazinik and in various scenic spots. 12 episodes of this television show were also shown on the Swedish television channel Axess TV. In 2007, Igor Shadkhan’s film "Flight over Vitebsk" was released, dedicated to the city of Vitebsk and Marc Chagall. Mikhail Kazinik appeared in this film as a tour guide in his native city. Since 2007 — author and presenter of the program "Music that has returned" at the Orpheus radio station. The program was created with the support of the Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. For the implementation of this project, the radio station was awarded the Radio Mania 2015 Prize. In 2009 — 2012, 2016 — author and presenter of the program "Secret signs of culture" on the radio "Silver Rain". Since 2011, he has been the host of the author's program, "Musical score that Changed the World" on the "Dozhd" TV channel. Concert activity Mikhail Kazinik periodically gives lectures, concerts and creative evenings in different countries of the world: in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Scandinavian countries, Germany, Netherlands, United States. At his speeches, he talks about the history of art and classical music, seeks to captivate the audience with it. Mikhail Kazinik’s concerts are designed for the widest audience and conducts concerts for children where he tries to rid them of fear of classical music. Since 2011, together with the director and producer Galina Poltorak, he annually holds the international music festival "Days of Kazinik" in Riga. The competition of young instrumentalists and vocalists "Rising Stars" took place at this festival. School education Mikhail Kazinik considers it necessary to carry out the reform of school education both in Russia and in the world. In his opinion, the modern school forms a "clip thinking" in the child, since he receives disparate knowledge in different subjects that is not interconnected. In his opinion, the school "filled their heads like a bag of straw, stuffed with a bunch of information, 90% of which they would never need, and did not give the paradigm of knowledge, thirst for knowledge, craving for knowledge, a way of knowing through culture, through art, through mathematics". Mikhail Kazinik realizes his vision of school education in the Chelyabinsk private school "7 keys", where children learn according to his method of "complex-wave lessons". Classes are held in a game form. Another experiment to create the "School of the Future" he conducts in Vyksa. In October 2017, in Tyumen, according to the methodology of Kazinik, the School of the Future "Culture" opened, which lasted until April next year. Views Mikhail Kazinik is a staunch anti-communist. According to him, the best people of the country were destroyed in the Gulag. At the same time, he admits that under communism there were beautiful ideas and myths. He is critical of the modern model of democracy. True democracy considers the power of thinkers who think about the future. Family Father — Semyon Mikhailovich Kazinik, mining engineer. Originally from the town of Chereya, Chashniksky district of Belarus. Mother - Bella Grigoryevna Levina, worked at the KIM hosiery and knitwear factory in Vitebsk. Originally from the Belarusian city of Chashniki. Wife — Tatyana. Son — Boris Kazinik (born in 1975). Publications Books Magazine Articles Казиник М. Нужны активные поиски (О проблемах лекторской работы) // Советская музыка. — 1985. — № 8. — С. 71—73. Казиник М. Специалисты, отзовитесь! (О проблемах музыкальных жанров) // Советская музыка. — 1985. — № 11. — С. 77. Казиник М. Ребёнок и музыка (О музыкальном воспитании младших школьников) // Музыка в школе. — 1986. — № 1. — С. 36—39. Казиник М. Я — на нашей планете…: [Беседа] / Вела Шлихтина Ю. // Музыкальная академия. — 1996. — № 3—4. — С. 132—136. Королёва Т. П. Музыка для всех: диалог о ключевых проблемах музыкального просвещения и воспитания / Т. П. Королёва, М. С. Казиник // Столичное образование сегодня. — Минск, 2006. — № 5. — С. 16—32. Нашу публику я люблю больше [Текст] / М. Казиник; беседовала О. Русанова // Музыкальная жизнь. — 2015. — № 3. — С. 48—49. — . Педагогика искусства в системе общего образования / Е. Б. Зотова // Искусство в школе. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 8—9 . — . References External links Official website Articles by Mikhail Kazinik in the newspaper "Evening Petersburg" The official page of the program "Music That Returned" on Orpheus Radio Speech by Mikhail Kazinik at a meeting of the Federation Council, 06/14/2017 Mikhail Kazinik: Give me 10 minutes on television in prime time, and I will return to you a strong country // pravmir.ru, November 30, 2017 Mikhail Kazinik: "Tchaikovsky’s music is Ukrainian!" // Liferead.media, 2019 Books by Mikhail Kazinik 1951 births 20th-century classical pianists 20th-century classical violinists 20th-century Russian male musicians 20th-century musicologists 21st-century classical pianists 21st-century classical violinists 21st-century Russian male musicians 21st-century musicologists Belarusian classical musicians Living people Male classical pianists Russian classical pianists Russian classical violinists Russian-language writers Russian musicologists Russian television presenters Male classical violinists
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE
Бекечево
Бекечево — присілок у складі Кугарчинського району Башкортостану, Росія. Входить до складу Тляумбетовської сільської ради. Населення — 299 осіб (2010; 313 в 2002). Національний склад: башкири — 99% Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Кугарчинського району Присілки Башкортостану
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Ukraine%20power%20grid%20hack
2015 Ukraine power grid hack
2015 Ukraine power grid hack On December 23, 2015, the power grid in two western oblasts of Ukraine was hacked, which resulted in power outages for roughly 230,000 consumers in Ukraine for 1-6 hours. The attack took place during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War (2014-present) and is attributed to a Russian advanced persistent threat group known as "Sandworm". It is the first publicly acknowledged successful cyberattack on a power grid. Description On 23 December 2015, hackers using the BlackEnergy 3 malware remotely compromised information systems of three energy distribution companies in Ukraine and temporarily disrupted the electricity supply to consumers. Most affected were consumers of Prykarpattyaoblenergo (servicing Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast): 30 substations (7 110kv substations and 23 35kv substations) were switched off, and about 230,000 people were without electricity for a period from 1 to 6 hours. At the same time, consumers of two other energy distribution companies, Chernivtsioblenergo (servicing Chernivtsi Oblast) and Kyivoblenergo (servicing Kyiv Oblast) were also affected by a cyberattack, but at a smaller scale. According to representatives of one of the companies, attacks were conducted from computers with IP addresses allocated to the Russian Federation. Vulnerability In 2019, it was argued that Ukraine was a special case, comprising unusually dilapidated infrastructure, a high level of corruption, the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, and exceptional possibilities for Russian infiltration due to the historical links between the two countries. The Ukrainian power grid was built when it was part of the Soviet Union, has been upgraded with Russian parts and (as of 2022), still not been fixed. Russian attackers are as familiar with the software as operators. Furthermore, the timing of the attack during the holiday season guaranteed only a skeleton crew of Ukrainian operators were working (as shown in videos). Method The cyberattack was complex and consisted of the following steps: Prior compromise of corporate networks using spear-phishing emails with BlackEnergy malware Seizing SCADA under control, remotely switching substations off Disabling/destroying IT infrastructure components (uninterruptible power supplies, modems, RTUs, commutators) Destruction of files stored on servers and workstations with the KillDisk malware Denial-of-service attack on call-center to deny consumers up-to-date information on the blackout. Emergency power at the utility company’s operations center was switched off. In total, up to 73 MWh of electricity was not supplied (or 0.015% of daily electricity consumption in Ukraine). See also 2016 Kyiv cyberattack, which resulted in another power outage Ukrenergo, electricity transmission system operator in Ukraine 2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Cyberwarfare by Russia Vulkan files leak References Further reading External links Adi Nae Gamliel (2017-10-6) "Securing Smart Grid and Advanced Metering Infrastructure". ICS-CERT, [https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/ICSA-16-336-02) ICS-CERT, Cyber-Attack Against Ukrainian Critical Infrastructure (IR-ALERT-H-16-056-01) Cyberattacks on energy sector 2015 in Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian War Power outages December 2015 crimes in Europe December 2015 events in Ukraine Hacking in the 2010s Russian–Ukrainian cyberwarfare
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0
Ароза
Ароза — власна назва. Топоніми Ароза (Португалія) — парафія. Ароза (Швейцарія) — комуна.