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308823
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
Високе (Богодухівський район)
Високе (Богодухівський район) Високе — село в Золочівській громаді Богодухівського району Харківської області України. Населення становить 120 осіб. До 2016 року село носило назву Жовтневе. Географія Село Високе знаходиться за 3 км від Рогозянського водосховища (лівий берег), на відстані 3 км розташовані село Маяк і залізнична станція Рогозянка. Поруч із селом великий масив садових ділянок. Історія 12 червня 2020 року, розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів України № 725-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Харківської області», увійшло до складу Золочівської селищної громади. 19 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи та ліквідації Золочівського району, село увійшло до складу Богодухівського району. Урбаноніми Примітки Посилання Погода в селі Високе Села Харківської області Села, перейменовані в рамках декомунізації Населені пункти Богодухівського району
225645
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE
Болтове виробництво
Болтове виробництво — масове виготовлення болтів способом гарячого штампування або холодної висадки. Матеріалом для болтового виробництва є вуглецева сталь у вигляді прутків, штаб або дроту. Болти спеціального призначення виготовляють з низьколегованих, жаростійких, нержавіючих сталей або з кольорових металів і сплавів. Найефективнішим способом болтового виробництва (5—6 тисяч болтів за 1 год.) є холодна висадка головок на автоматичних болтокувальних пресах. Послідовність виготовлення болта показано на малюнку. Спочатку відрізують від прутка заготовку і редукують стрижень 2; потім висаджують головку 3, обрізують грані головки і калібрують під накатку різьби частину стрижня 4. Після цього накатують різь 5. 1, 2 і 3-ю операції виконують на автоматичних болтокувальних пресах, 4-у — на обрізних автоматах, 5-у — на різьбонакатних верстатах. Застосовують також висадочнообрізні автомати, які виконують 1—4-у операції, і спеціальні автомати для виконання всіх операцій болтового виробництва. Джерела Машинобудування Металообробка Виробництво
25683148
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Zadelenov
Sergei Zadelenov
Sergei Zadelenov Sergei Aleksandrovich Zadelenov (born 27 February 1976 in Navapolatsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Belarusian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for HC Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League. Zadelenov was selected for the Belarus national men's ice hockey team in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International External links 1976 births Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg players Belarusian ice hockey centres Belarusian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia HC Dinamo Minsk players Khimik-SKA Novopolotsk players HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Living people Olympic ice hockey players for Belarus Sportspeople from Novopolotsk United Arab Emirates men's national ice hockey team coaches
231471
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%20%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
Вербовець (Кременецький район)
Вербовець (Кременецький район) Вербовець — село в Україні, у Лановецькій міській громаді Кременецького району Тернопільської області. До Вербівця належав хутір Діброва (до 1951; нині належить до села Коханівка. До 2020 року центр Вербовецької сільської ради. Населення — 968 осіб (2003). Географія Село Вербовець знаходиться біля витоків річки Жирак, на заході району. Нижче за течією на відстані 1 км розташоване село Мартишківці. Історія Виникнення Село має свою історію, яка сягає у сиву давнину. В «Статистических описаниях церквей Волынской губернии» Н. З. Теодоровича Вербовець (Вербова) як володіння збаразького князя Солтана датується 9 липням 1463 р. Село Солтану було подаровано литовським князем Свидригайлом за вірну службу. Однак, як свідчать археологічні розкопки і легенди, село значно давніше. З переказів відомо, що в давні часи невелике поселення було розташоване дещо в іншому місці. Де зараз Стадниця, були Малі Комаринці, а Великі Комаринці — ліворуч від Рудки, у сторону до Глибокої долини. Там і тепер знаходять уламки глиняного посуду. А на горі, що над Рудкою, був цвинтар, який тягнувся аж до хуторів села Мартишківці. Жителі села Комаринці вимерли від епідемії чуми. Щоб заселити поміщицькі землі, обробляти їх, почали вербувати людей з інших сіл. Назва села пішла від слова «вербувати», але дехто назву пояснював простіше. Завербовані поселились в долині, поблизу річки, біля якої росли верби. Село назвали Вербовець (Вербова). Татарські напади і бої в околиці Вербовець, як і навколишні села, пустошили татарські орди, шляхетське панування, кріпаччина, холера, чума, голод, нальоти сарани, що виїдала все. Село палили загони Куремси та Бурундая. Під Білкою, яка межує з Вербівцем, у 1474 р. литовсько-русько-польські війська розгромили татар. З початку навали Батия до кінця XVII ст. монголо-татари 42 рази нападали на цей край. У хроніці Стрийковського Матвія розповідається, що 28 квітня 1512 р. Острозький Костянтин з 4000 волинян і поляків під Лопушно розгромив 25-тисячну орду перекопських татар і звільнив під Білкою 16 тисяч чоловіків, жінок і дітей з ясиру. Восени 1618 р. знову велика татарська орда дісталась Поділля, спалила Білку і всі навколишні села. Не оминуло це лихо і Вербівця. А Костянтин Острозький, правдоподібно, добирався зі своїм військом з-під Лопушно до Крем'янця Вербовецьким шляхом, що був основним сполученням між містами: Вишгородок-Вишнівець-Крем'янець. Під владою Речі Посполитої і Російської імперії Волинь, яка була під владою і Литви, і Польщі, і Росії, не мала можливості для національного розвитку. У Вербовець, як і в усі села Волині, прийшла кріпаччина. Ще в другій половині XVI ст. внаслідок запровадження фільваркових господарств селяни втратили землю і стали безземельними. Все це зміцнювало матеріальне становище феодалів. Усі землі навкруги належали князям Вишневецьким. Як свідчать архівні джерела, а також опис до карти «Волинське воєводство, 1629 р., поселення і володіння», видані у 1930 р. вченими Київського університету, на той час Вербовець вважався містом. Тут нараховувалось 58 димів, проти старовинного сусіднього Вишгородку, де було 111 димів. Поруч із Вербівцем розташовувались: Шепелівка — 56 димів (нині це вулиця села), Старики — 36 димів. Посесором Вербовця, Стариків і Шепелівки був Жоравницький Ян. До Вербовецької волості входили села Лопушно, Пахинки (зараз — Пахиня) з посесором Людзицькою Доротою, де разом нараховувалось 121 дим, Корначівка, Голубе (ще одне невідоме на сьогодні поселення), Шили, де посесором був Лобос Даміян, Білка у 16 димів, де посесором був Ручицький Албрихт. Таким чином, до Вербовецької волості входило 9 поселень у 380 димів з центром у місті Вербовець. У першій половині XVII ст. село Вербовець належало до Крем'янецького повіту. У селі було 2636 га землі, 1592 морги належало поміщиці Охоцькій, 589,8 га — графу Ржевуському. Решта землі була в користуванні селян, церкви. В селі було дві корчми. Одна — біля шляху, яким їздили купці з Вишгородка в Крем'янець, друга — в центрі села. Неподалік від корчми була пивоварня. Власником її був пан, що мешкав у селі Борсуках, а в корчмі порядкував єврей, присланий паном. Діяло товариство «Просвіта» (від 1932). Незалежна Україна 12 червня 2020 року, відповідно до розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України № 724-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Тернопільської області» увійшло до складу Лановецької міської громади. 17 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи та ліквідації Лановецького району, село увійшло до складу Кременецького району. Символіка Затверджена 21 січня 2005 р. рішенням XV сесії сільської ради IV скликання. Герб є промовистим. Автори — Сергій Ткачов, Валерій Напиткін. Герб В червоному щиті срібна підкова, обернена ріжками догори, всередині якої — срібний лапчастий хрест. Підкова вгорі супроводжується золотою вербовою гілкою в стовп. Щит обрамований декоративним картушем і увінчаний золотою сільською короною. Підкова — частина родового герба Ржевуських «Кривда». Срібний хрест — символ Волині, а вербова гілка означає назву села. Прапор У центрі квадратного червоного полотнища біла перекинута підкова, усередині якої білий розширений хрест, зверху жовта гілка верби. Топоніми Вулиці села: Підляшшя (Підлісся, Підляша) Зайцева гора Зазамська Зажереєва Долини Корея Шепелівка Куток Зарічка Пам'ятки Є церква святого Миколая Чудотворця (1818; мурована), капличка на відзнаку 10-ї річниці незалежності України (2001). Пам'ятники Встановлено: хрест на честь скасування панщини, пам'ятник воїнам-односельцям, полеглим у німецько-радянській війні (1985), погруддя Тараса Шевченка (1989), хрест на могилі вояків Армії УНР, яких вбили більшовики 1920; символічний березовий хрест на могилі вояків УПА Споруджено пам'ятник Борцям за волю України (1995). Соціальна сфера Діють загальноосвітня школа І-III ступенів, Будинок культури, бібліотека, ФАП, відділення зв'язку. Відомі люди Народилися Анатолій Барвінський (нар. 1950) — український вчений у галузі диференціальних рівнянь і математичної фізики; Василь Гаргула (нар. 1941) — український вчений в галузі медицини, доцент Тернопільського державного медичного університету; Олег Дробоцький (1996—2023) — український художник, фотограф, військовослужбовець, учасник російсько-української війни; Леонід Середницький (нар. 1941) — український вчений у галузі нафтогазової промисловості, господарник, громадський діяч; Яків Смолій (нар. 1961) — український банкір, заступник голови Національного банку України (курував готівковий обіг, IT і платіжні системи) Григорій Штонь (нар. 1941) — український поет, прозаїк, драматург, літературознавець, літературний критик, кіносценарист, художник. Зіновій Зажерей (1986-2022) — український військовик, учасник російсько-української війни. Проживали Петро Болехівський-Боян (1910—1995) — український оперний співак (баритон), композитор, громадський діяч, діяч ОУН. Володимир Вихрущ (1934-1999) — поет, доктор економічних наук. Примітки Література Села Тернопільської області Населені пункти Кременецького району
1153730
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20639%20%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%97
20639 Мішельлуї
20639 Мішельлуї (20639 Michellouie) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 4 жовтня 1999 року. Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,362. Примітки Див. також Список астероїдів (20601-20700) Посилання Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1999 Головний пояс астероїдів
37960632
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falke
Falke
Falke is German for hawk. It may refer to: Aircraft Dornier Do H, a German monoplane fighter of the 1920s Focke-Wulf Fw 43, a light utility aircraft developed in 1932 Focke-Wulf Fw 187, a German 1930s twin-engine fighter Scheibe Falke, a motor glider Slingsby Falke, a motor glider Sokopf Falke, an Austrian paramotor design Ships SMS Falke, an Imperial German Navy unprotected cruiser German trawler V 104 Falke, a German cargo ship converted into an auxiliary warship in World War II People Gustav Falke (1853–1916), German writer Johannes Falke (1823–1876), German historian Falké Bacharou, Nigerian politician Other uses T4 model of the G7e torpedo, a German U-boat torpedo of World War II Falke (spacecraft), a German program to fly a subscale model of the Space Shuttle orbiter See also Falkes de Breauté (died 1226), Anglo-Norman soldier and High Sheriff Falke, Falcken, Falken, Falkenreck, an Ancient Noble German family Falk (name) Phalke (surname) Surnames from nicknames
4407417
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97
Зовнішні відносини Швейцарії
Зовнішні відносини Швейцарії в основному базуються на політиці постійного нейтралітету і приділяють увагу неупередженості в міжнародних проблемах і конфліктах.Зовнішньою політикою країни керує Міністерство закордонних справ Швейцарії. Деякі міжнародні відносини контролює Федеральна адміністрація Швейцарії. Історія політики нейтралітету Визнання Швейцарії незалежною державою було здійснено в 1648 р. Мюнстерським договором у рамках Вестфальського миру. З цієї дати в зовнішній політиці Швейцарії можна побачити сліди нейтралітету. Республіка Гельватія, створена після вторгнення Наполеона, не була нейтральною республікою. Однак завдяки політиці перебудови, проведеній у Швейцарії після поразки Наполеона в 1815 р., була здійснена політика нейтралітету. З Паризькою грамотою 1815 року постійний нейтралітет Швейцарії був прийнятий і іншими державами. З іншого боку, Швейцарія також отримала право мати армію для захисту. Швейцарія стала моделлю, в якій вперше в історії нейтралітет держави визнається в правовій базі, тобто вона набуває статусу постійної партійності. Протягом 19 століття Швейцарія дотримується політики, яка відповідає її нейтралітету. Наприклад, він роззброїв французьку армію під командуванням генерала Шарля Бурбакі, який знайшов притулок у своїй країні під час франко-прусської війни. Велике значення для нейтралітету Швейцарії мали Гаазькі конвенції 1907 р., які визначали права та обов'язки нейтральних держав під час війни. Завдяки цій конвенції був прийнятий принцип імунітету нейтральних держав. Коли почалася Перша світова війна, була мобілізована вся швейцарська армія чисельністю 250 тис. чоловік, а найбільші військові частини розмістилися на кордонах Франції та Німеччини. У 1915 році Швейцарія проінформувала всі воюючі держави поважати їх нейтралітет і уникати можливого порушення нейтралітету. Вторгнення Німеччини до Бельгії та Люксембургу шляхом порушення їх нейтралітету показало, що нейтралітет, який був зроблений в Гаазі, потребує суду з великими санкціями. Швейцарія вийшла з Першої світової війни, зберігаючи нейтралітет. Епоха Ліги Націй Ліга Націй, створена за Версальським договором наприкінці Першої світової війни, мала на меті забезпечити мир і стабільність. Швейцарія попросила МС визнати його неупередженість як умову членства в наданому меморандумі. Це прохання, яке спочатку було неохоче, нарешті було прийнято МС. Відповідно, Швейцарія не братиме участі у військових операціях, не дозволить іноземним солдатам проходити через свою територію або навіть готуватися до військової операції на своїй території. Але йому довелося брати участь в економічних заходах, які МС застосував до країн, що протистоять спільноті. 16 травня 1920 р. під час голосування за членство в MC швейцарці проголосували «за» за членство в MC з 414 830 голосами «за» проти 322 937 голосами «проти». У 1935 році, коли Ліга Націй почала вводити економічні санкції проти італійського фашистського режиму під час італо-абіссінської війни, це викликало вагання у Швейцарії, яка мала дружні стосунки з Італією. Хоча Швейцарія була змушена брати участь у цих санкціях через своє членство в МС, вона відмовилася брати участь у бойкоті італійських товарів і покаранні торговельних відносин з Італією з метою дотримання принципу нейтралітету. Він заявив, що діятиме разом з Асоціацією лише щодо недопущення експорту та кредитування озброєнь і техніки. У 1937 році економічні санкції проти Італії були зняті. Почало посилюватися відчуття, що МС не зміг забезпечити достатній захист нейтралітету Швейцарії. Промова члена Федеральної ради Джузеппе Мотти 1 серпня 1937 року, в якій він хотів, щоб Швейцарія негайно повернулася до традиційного нейтралітету, справила вплив на країну. У резолюції Ради Ліги Націй від 14 травня 1938 року «Ліга Націй приймає прохання Швейцарії жодним чином не брати участі у виконанні санкцій, передбачених Пактом, відтепер і не предметом запиту в цьому напрямку відтепер». Колишня позиція Швейцарії щодо нейтралітету була прийнята. Епоха ВВВ У 1939 році, як тільки почалася війна, Федеральна рада Швейцарії призначила генерала Анрі Гізана очолити армію і наказала мобілізувати. На початку війни під командуванням армії перебувало 400 тис. солдатів, 100 тис. з яких на фронті. Ця цифра сягала 850 тис. включно з допоміжними службами, що було вражаючою мобілізацією для чотиримільйонної країни на той час. Однак на самому початку війни вторгнення Німеччини до Польщі та Франції спричинило еміграцію до Швейцарії 50 тис. французько-польських солдатів. Потім, коли Італія вступила у війну на боці Німеччини, Швейцарія опинилася в оточенні держав Осі. Відомо, що спочатку Гітлер мав намір вторгнутися в Швейцарію і обговорював це питання зі своїми експертами. Однак участь США у війні 1941 р. зробила безглуздою окупацію Швейцарії, яка і без того була важким завданням. Організація Об'єднаних Націй і епоха холодної війни Організація Об'єднаних Націй, створена після війни, також була нетерпимою до Ліги Націй щодо нейтралітету. Відповідно, зобов'язання, які мала виконувати держава під егідою ООН, унеможливлювали збереження нейтральної держави. Після війни концепція нейтралітету була дискредитована в міжнародному співтоваристві. Незважаючи на це, Федеральна рада вирішила розширити політику нейтралітету, а не обмежувати її, і встановила двосторонню зовнішню політику. Хоча вона хотіла інтегруватися в частини ООН, які дотримуються нейтралітету, вона не бажала приєднатися до периметра. Федеральна рада намагалася розробити позицію зовнішнього партнера без членства в ООН. Сформульована в 1951 році Рудольфом Біндшелтером, його іноземним радником, директива пізніше отримала назву доктрини Біндшелтера і була прийнята Федеральною радою як офіційна політика. Відповідно, Швейцарія збереже свій нейтралітет, дотримуючись таких чотирьох принципів: не підпише жодних угод про колективну безпеку не тягне за собою економічних санкцій проти інших держав брати участь в організаціях і конференціях політичного характеру лише в тих випадках, коли це є універсальним Постачання товарів і послуг нейтральними державами не може розглядатися як вороже ставлення з боку інших держав. Доктрина виступала проти членства Швейцарії в ООН і стала офіційною післявоєнною зовнішньою політикою Швейцарії. Період холодної війни після Другої світової війни та регулярна підтримка урядом органів ООН із соціально-економічними цілями зробили її нейтралітет проблемою для інших держав. Як партнер поза ООН, Швейцарія створила власну унікальну концепцію співпраці. Він став повноправним членом Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я в 1947 році, спостерігачем при Економічній і соціальній раді в 1948 році, а також повноправним членом Міжнародного суду ООН. Наприкінці 1960-х років змінилися обставини змусили Федеральну раду переоцінити ситуацію і вона почала публічно обговорювати це питання. Членство в ООН, винесене на референдум у 1986 році, було в основному відхилено 75,7 % електорату та всіх 26 кантонів, незважаючи на бажання уряду.. Епоха після холодної війни Нова ера, що почалася з падінням Берлінської стіни в 1989 році, також привела до зміни зовнішньої політики Швейцарії. Швейцарії стало важче залишатися поза ООН. У 1993 р. була розроблена нова зовнішньополітична концепція. У цій концепції підкреслювалося міжнародне співробітництво та інтеграція, а нейтралітет Швейцарії передбачався обмеженим у певних ситуаціях. Швейцарія розглядала ООН як легітимну силу, і було заявлено, що між державами-агресорами та ООН не може бути нейтралітету. У нинішніх міжнародних умовах санкції за статутом ООН вважалися вище традиційного закону про нейтралітет. Цей новий коментар щодо нейтралітету вітали члени ООН. Однак швейцарський уряд не відразу вдався до всенародного голосування, заявивши, що розглядає приєднання до BÖ як процес. Вона брала участь у всіх економічних санкціях ООН до 2002 року. Після опублікованого в 2000 році звіту про політику безпеки та атак 11 вересня питання про членство в ООН було знову винесено на голосування в березні 2002 року і було прийнято з 54,6 % голосів. Відносини Швейцарії з міжнародними організаціями Швейцарія є членом ООН з 2002 року. Після 1993 року вона також покращила свої відносини з НАТО. У 2000 році отримав допомогу від НАТО у підготовці Звіту про політику безпеки. Під час холодної війни вона відігравала важливу роль у Європейській конференції з безпеки та співробітництва (НБСЄ), яка була найважливішим форумом для відносин Схід-Захід, а пізніше в ОБСЄ. Швейцарія — країна, яка уважно стежить за процесом європейської інтеграції. Він став членом-засновником ЄАВТ у 1959 році. Членство в ЄС (тоді Європейська економічна зона — ЄЕЗ) також було включено в його порядок денний у 1992 році, але коли воно не було прийнято на референдумі, воно більше не намагалося зробити це. Незважаючи на це, він продовжував вести переговори щодо наукових досліджень, повітряного та наземного транспорту та політики адміністративних закупівель і намагався гармонізувати його закони із законодавством ЄС. На референдумі 2005 року вона приєдналася до Шенгенської угоди, яка обмежувала поліцейський і митний контроль на прикордонних воротах. Посилання Політика Швейцарії
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%B1/%D0%BD%20%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%29
Джерело б/н (Боронява)
Джерело б/н (Боронява) Джерело б/н — гідрологічна пам'ятка природи місцевого значення. Об'єкт розташований на території Хустського району Закарпатської області, с. Боронява, урочище «Проба». Площа — 0,3 га, статус отриманий у 1984 році. Примітки Джерела Гідрологічні пам'ятки природи Закарпатської області Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1984
467979
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Список прем'єр-міністрів Греції
Список прем'єр-міністрів Греції Детальніші відомості з цієї теми Ви можете знайти в статті Прем'єр-міністр Греції Грецька революція Після здобуття незалежності Грецьке королівство Друга Грецька республіка Реставрація монархії Німецька окупація Післявоєнний період Військова хунта Третя Грецька республіка Посилання Офіційна строінка Прем'єр-міністра Греції Списки:Греція Греція
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesville%2C%20Virginia
Jonesville, Virginia
Jonesville, Virginia Jonesville is a town in and the county seat of Lee County, Virginia, United States. The population was 1,034 at the 2010 census. History Jonesville was a small but thriving center of local commerce in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but like most towns in the central Appalachian region, it fell into gradual economic decline as the coal boom ebbed in the latter half of the twentieth century. By the end of the century much of the commercial real estate in its downtown area was either unoccupied or underutilized. Most of Jonesville's remaining commercial activity is concentrated in the west end. Jonesville Drug, one of the oldest surviving downtown businesses, relocated to the old Chappell's Dairy site on the west end in 2004. Jonesville is the birthplace of Andrew Taylor Still, MD, DO (August 6, 1828 – December 12, 1917). Dr Still was a founder of Baker University in Kansas and the founder of the American School of Osteopathic Medicine (now A. T. Still University) in Kirksville, MO (1892). Dr Still is considered the founder of osteopathic medicine and is the author of four books published in his lifetime. In December 2013 Dr. Still was announced as an inductee to the Hall of Famous Missourians. The Dickinson-Milbourn House and Jonesville Methodist Campground are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Notable people Elbert S. Martin, congressman; born near Jonesville John Preston Martin, congressman, Kentucky state senator; born near Jonesville Andrew Taylor Still, M. D., D.O., father of osteopathic medicine and founder of its first school and infirmary; born in Jonesville in 1828 Steve Rasnic Tem, author; born in Jonesville Glen Morgan Williams, federal judge; born in Jonesville Geography Jonesville is located at (36.688012, -83.116305). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), all land. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 995 people, 497 households, and 261 families living in the town. The population density was 901.1 people per square mile (349.2/km2). There were 565 housing units at an average density of 511.7 per square mile (198.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.30% White, 0.10% African American, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population. There were 497 households, out of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.3% were non-families. 45.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.91 and the average family size was 2.66. In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.1% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 85.6 males. The median income for a household in the town in 2000 was $16,548, and the median income for a family was $27,368. Males had a median income in 2000 of $26,950 versus $19,297 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,347. About 25.4% of families and 32.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 55.6% of those under age 18 and 24.4% of those age 65 or over. Government and infrastructure The Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Penitentiary, Lee is located east of Jonesville. References External links Towns in Lee County, Virginia Towns in Virginia County seats in Virginia Populated places established in 1794 1794 establishments in Virginia
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83
Дітреу
Дітреу — село у повіті Харгіта в Румунії. Адміністративний центр комуни Дітреу. Село розташоване на відстані 267 км на північ від Бухареста, 54 км на північний захід від М'єркуря-Чука, 144 км на схід від Клуж-Напоки, 127 км на північ від Брашова. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали особи. Національний склад населення села: Рідною мовою назвали: Примітки Села повіту Харгіта
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Mulgrew
Charlie Mulgrew
Charlie Mulgrew Charles Patrick Mulgrew (born 6 March 1986) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Doncaster City. Mulgrew began his career at Celtic, during which time he spent time on loan at Dundee United. He then played for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Southend United on loan and Aberdeen. He returned for a second spell with Celtic in 2010, spending six years at the club. In August 2016, Mulgrew left Celtic to join Blackburn Rovers. He played on loan for Wigan Athletic during the 2019–20 season, returning to Blackburn in January 2020, then spending the following season on loan at Fleetwood Town. He signed for Dundee United for a second time in June 2021 before retiring in September 2023. Mulgrew made 44 international appearances for Scotland between 2012 and 2019. Early life Mulgrew grew up in Kirkintilloch and attended Holy Family Trinity Primary School and St Ninian's High School in the East Dunbartonshire town. Club career Celtic Having progressed through Celtic's youth system alongside Aiden McGeady, Mulgrew turned professional in July 2002. Originally playing at centre back, he was soon encouraged to switch to left back due to the shortage of players in that position at the club. He won the Scottish Youth Cup with the club in 2004–05, beating St Mirren 2–0 at Hampden Park. Dundee United In order for him to gain competitive experience, in January 2006 Mulgrew was loaned out to fellow SPL side Dundee United for the remainder of the 2005–06 season. A successful spell at Tannadice saw him feature regularly, scoring twice (both free kicks) in 14 appearances and being named SPL Young Player of the Month for February. He then returned to Celtic hoping to force his way into first team contention, but was transferred to Wolverhampton Wanderers shortly thereafter without ever appearing for the Celtic first team. Wolverhampton Wanderers Mulgrew joined Wolves in part exchange for left back Lee Naylor on 23 August 2006. He made his debut for the club on 10 September in a 1–0 win at Leeds United. However, injury kept him out of most of the campaign and he was unable to force his way back into first team contention afterwards. Southend United Mulgrew was loaned out to English League One side Southend United at the end of the January transfer window for the remainder of the 2007–08 season, which saw the club lose in the play-offs to Doncaster Rovers. He scored his only goal for the club against Carlisle United. Aberdeen Mulgrew was due to join Swindon Town in July 2008 for a fee of approximately £150,000, but pulled out of the move. He eventually left for Aberdeen on 15 July 2008, where he signed a two-year deal, moving for an undisclosed fee. Mulgrew scored the only goal against Motherwell at Fir Park on 16 August 2008 with a left-footed free kick, in his second competitive match for Aberdeen. He scored two goals, a volley and a free kick, against Celtic in a 3–2 defeat on 27 September 2008. On 16 May 2009, during the penultimate league match of the 2008–09 season at Ibrox Stadium against Rangers, Mulgrew and Rangers' Kyle Lafferty were at the centre of controversy. As Mulgrew made a clearance from his own half, Lafferty made a sliding tackle on him. Both players squared up to each other and Lafferty fell to the ground clutching his face as though he had been headbutted. Referee Stuart Dougal sent Mulgrew off for violent conduct, but television pictures clearly showed that Mulgrew had not made clear contact with Lafferty. Lafferty was seen to wink to a teammate after Mulgrew had left the field. Mulgrew later had his red card rescinded and Lafferty was given a two-month suspension. In October 2009, Mulgrew was offered a new contract by Aberdeen, but he rejected the deal and left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season. In 83 games for the Dons, Mulgrew scored ten goals, including a string of free kicks. Return to Celtic On 1 July 2010, Mulgrew returned to Celtic on a three-year deal, becoming new manager Neil Lennon's first signing. On 2 January 2011, having played only a handful of games, he played against Rangers in a 2–0 win at Ibrox on the left wing. On 29 January, he deputised for Daniel Majstorović at centre back against former team Aberdeen in a 4–1 League Cup semi-final win at Hampden Park. He scored his first goal for Celtic in that game, nodding home Kris Commons' corner from close range. Mulgrew became a regular in the centre of defence alongside Majstorović. In the Scottish Cup semi-final on 17 April, he scored his second goal for Celtic from a long-range free kick; like his first goal, it was at Hampden Park and against Aberdeen. On 21 May 2011, Mulgrew kept up the trend of scoring at Hampden by netting in the final against Motherwell. He scored the final goal of Celtic's 3–0 win with a free kick into the top corner, and helped earn him his first medal in football. On 25 August 2011, Mulgrew continued his set piece record by scoring a free kick in Celtic's 1–3 defeat to Sion in their second leg UEFA Europa League qualifier. The following day, Mulgrew signed a contract extension at Celtic to keep him at the club until at least 2015. On 17 September 2011 he was sent off against Rangers for a second bookable offence, a challenge on Steven Davis. Mulgrew scored his first SPL goal for Celtic on 15 October 2011, a headed equaliser at Rugby Park as Celtic came back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 with Kilmarnock. On 7 April 2012, Celtic beat Kilmarnock at Rugby Park to confirm them as Scottish Premier League champions. Mulgrew scored two and set up two in the 6–0 win. On 29 April 2012, he scored Celtic's first goal in a 3–0 victory over Rangers. His performances won him the SPL, Players' and writers' player of the year awards for 2011–12. He also picked up Celtic's Player of the Year and Player's Player of the Year awards. On 21 July 2012 Mulgrew was sent off for a deliberate handball in a pre-season friendly against Ajax at the Amsterdam ArenA. As a result, he missed Celtic's opening 2012–13 SPL game with his former club Aberdeen. On 1 August 2012, Mulgrew scored the winning goal in Celtic's 2–1 victory against HJK Helsinki in the first leg of the Champions League Third Qualifying Round. His contract with Celtic expired at the end of the 2015–16 season. Mulgrew was offered the use of Celtic's training facilities during the early part of the 2016–17 season. Blackburn Rovers 2016–17 On 31 August 2016, Mulgrew signed for Blackburn Rovers on a three-year contract. He scored his first goal for Blackburn in a 1–0 away win against Newcastle United on 26 November 2016 and later scored a free-kick against them in another 1–0 victory in the reverse fixture on 2 January 2017. He made 30 appearances and scored three times in his first season in the club, but they were relegated to League One. Following this, the Lancashire Telegraph reported that Middlesbrough and Hull City were interested in signing him. 2017–18 In July 2017, Blackburn rejected a bid of £200,000 by Sheffield Wednesday. On 24 April 2018, Mulgrew scored the only goal of the game at Doncaster Rovers, which secured promotion back to the Championship. It was his 14th goal of the season, which set a new club record for a defender. 2019–20 On 8 August 2019, Mulgrew signed for Wigan Athletic on a season-long loan deal; The transfer deadline day move almost failed to happen after Mulgrew struggled to find Wigan's Euxton training ground to complete the paperwork in time. During January 2020 Mulgrew opted to end the loan. 2020–21 On 16 October 2020, Mulgrew signed for Fleetwood Town on a season-long loan deal. He scored his first goal for Fleetwood in a 5-1 win against Plymouth Argyle on 21 November 2020. Mulgrew's departure from Rovers was announced at the end of the 2020–21 season. Dundee United On 16 June 2021, Mulgrew agreed a two-year deal to return to former loan club Dundee United. Mulgrew announced his retirement from playing in September 2023. In February 2024, Mulgrew signed for Doncaster City. International career Mulgrew has represented Scotland at all levels up to and including senior international level. In June 2011, Mulgrew stated that he would consider playing for the United States, whom he was qualified to play for due to an American-born grandmother, if he was continually overlooked for Scotland. In February 2012, Scotland manager Craig Levein handed Mulgrew his first call-up to the senior squad, and he made his international debut on 29 February, starting at left back in a 1–1 draw with Slovenia. He also played in a 5–1 defeat to the USA in Florida in May 2012. On 7 September 2014, as Scotland began their Euro 2016 qualification with a 2–1 defeat away to Germany, Mulgrew was sent off in stoppage time. Following the retirement of former club teammate Scott Brown from international football in 2018, Mulgrew was chosen as the new captain of Scotland. Personal life Mulgrew's cousin is Canadian lacrosse player Sean Greenhalgh, who plays for the Buffalo Bandits in the National Lacrosse League. Mulgrew married Alana in 2013, and they have two sons and a daughter. In December 2010, Mulgrew and girlfriend Alana were questioned by Strathclyde Police after businesswoman Michelle Mone alerted them when she saw Mulgrew's child left alone in a car in freezing temperatures. The couple were originally charged with child neglect, although charges were later dropped due to a lack of evidence. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mulgrew goal. Honours Celtic Scottish Premier League/Scottish Premiership: 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16 Scottish Cup: 2010–11, 2012–13 Blackburn Rovers EFL League One runner-up: 2017–18 Individual Scottish Premier League Player of the Month: April 2012 PFA Scotland Team of the Year: 2011–12 Scottish Premier League, 2012–13 Scottish Premier League PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year: 2011–12 SFWA Footballer of the Year: 2011–12 Celtic Players' Player of the Year: 2011–12 Scottish Premier League Player of the Year: 2011–12 EFL Team of the Season: 2017–18 PFA Team of the Year: 2017–18 League One See also List of Scotland national football team captains References External links Charlie Mulgrew Guardian Stats Centre Profile at AFC Heritage Trust 1986 births Aberdeen F.C. players Men's association football defenders Celtic F.C. players Dundee United F.C. players English Football League players Living people People educated at St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch Footballers from Glasgow Sportspeople from Kirkintilloch Footballers from East Dunbartonshire Scotland men's international footballers Scottish men's footballers Scottish Premier League players Scottish Professional Football League players Scotland men's under-21 international footballers Southend United F.C. players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Blackburn Rovers F.C. players Wigan Athletic F.C. players Fleetwood Town F.C. players Doncaster City F.C. players
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GNU screen
GNU screen — повноекранний консольний віконний менеджер, що дозволяє використовувати один фізичний термінал для роботи з декількома застосунками, яким виділяються окремі віртуальні термінали, що залишаються активними між різними сеансами зв'язку користувача. Примітки Посилання Віконні менеджери Screen Програмне забезпечення для Unix
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Юнус Юсупов (військовий)
Юнус Юсупов (військовий) Загальні відомості Юнус Юсупов народився 9 січня 1924 року в кишлаку Обідаран-Чунгак Корешихинського району (в радянські часи Орджонікідзенського району) Таджикистану. Таджицької національності. Брав участь у боях на північному заході російського міста Волоколамськ, під Сичевкою Смоленської та Ржевом Калінінградської областей. Має 22 нагороди, у тому числі орден Червоного Прапора і орден Червоної Зірки. Перша бойова нагорода за ті події — медаль «За бойові заслуги». Роль Юсупова в історії Чернівці було звільнено від фашистів 29 березня 1944 року в ході Проскурівсько-Чернівецької операції 1-го Українського фронту при підтримці 2-го Українського фронту. 26 березня 45-та гвардійська танкова бригада форсувала Дністер, а 28-го — Прут. Юнус Юсупов як командир відділення автоматників 45-ї гвардійської танкової бригади одним з перших переправився на протилежний берег Пруту, вступив у запеклий бій з супротивником, знищив 12 гітлерівців і сприяв успішному форсуванню водяних перешкод. Ранок 29 березня запам'ятався штурмом м. Чернівці, завдяки якому сержант Юнус Юсупов вписав своє ім'я в історію міста. Вступаючи в місто, він дізнався що в міській в'язниці знаходиться група партизан. Знаючи повадки гітлерівців, Юсупов розумів, що в останній момент вони можуть розстріляти полонених, і вирішив негайно атакувати тюрму. Він встиг вчасно, полонених саме готували до страти. Вогнем з автомата він розігнав охорону, зірвавши страту партизан. Вони з радістю приєдналися до загону Юсупова. Юсупов зі звільненим загоном ішов вулицею Івана Франка в напрямку ратуші. Місцеві жителі вручили йому червоне полотнище, червону матерію, прапор, і, несучи його як знамено повів загін до міської ратуші. Юсупов швидко зібрався на фронтон будинку. І скинув прапор зі свастикою, а на його місце встановив Червоний прапор. Так був звільнений центр Буковини, місто Чернівці. Зі спогадів Юнуса Юсупова:...Тот бой запомнился на всю жизнь, мы только что форсировали Прут, как поступил новый приказ идти не Черновцы». «Уже на подступах к городу бойцы узнали, что фашисты собираются расстрелять группу партизан в местной тюрьме. В операции по спасению пленников Юсупов „снял“ охрану тюрьмы и первым ворвался в барак». (А. Л. Гетман). Я тогда крикнул: „Выходите, берите у фашистов оружие и сражайтесь вместе с нами“, а сам пошел водружать красное знамя над ратушей. (Ю. Юсупов)Командування бригади 1-го корпусу подало заяву на присвоєння звання Героя Радянського Союзу, але військова рада 1-ї гвардійської танкової армії нагородила його орденом Червоного Прапора, який був вручений йому під номером 99240. У зв'язку з пораненням в травні 1944 року Юнус Юсупов був звільнений в запас. Він повернувся додому в Таджикистан, закінчив педагогічний інститут, історичний факультет і багато років пропрацював вчителем і директором школи в рідному кишлаку. Після виходу на пенсію займається сільським господарством. Допомагають йому в цьому 10 дітей, 70 внуків та 45 правнуків (на 2005 рік). Сучасність Приїзд до Чернівців У 2005 році з 13 по 17 травня на запрошення міської ради Юнус Юсупов у супроводі свого сина підполковника запасу Джамшеда перебував у Чернівцях, виступав в 15 та 27 середніх школах, 2-й та 3-й гімназіях, в педагогічному коледжі і на зустрічі з ветеранським активом обласного центру. Побував також на екскурсії по Чернівцях. Перше, що Юнус Юсупов попросив йому показати — це будівлю сучасної школи № 5. Коли під час війни, він з групою розвідників ввійшов увечері в місто вони залишились ночувати в цій будівлі. Місцеві жителі розповіли, що тільки біля тюрми залишились німці. Коли Юсупов зі своїм загоном ночував в приміщенні 5-ї школи, німці були фактично за стіною. Юсупов згадує, що це було дуже кумедно. Вранці, коли радянські війська підходили зі сторони Садгори до Чернівців німці почали відступати. Група Юнуса Юсупова знаходилася вже в місті і він перший встановив червоний прапор. Історична несправедливість Юнус Юсупов зіграв важливу роль у визволенні міста Чернівці від фашистсько-румунських загарбників 29 березня 1944 року. Він встановив червоний прапор на будівлі міської ратуші, що стало символом звільнення міста з-під фашистського протекторату. Щобільше, він сам став символом свободи, перемоги над окупантами. Але, попри це, його несправедливо забуто. Йому не встановлено меморіальної дошки, пам'ятника, не названо вулиці на його честь. За даними соціологічного опитування, проведеного в середині березня 2011 року, лише 1,1 % респондентів знали про нього. Без сумніву дану тему потрібно розвивати і доносити до громадськості. У цей час Юнус Юсупов живе в Таджикистані, район Вахдам, кишлак Обідаран-Чунгак. Джерела Газета «Пора» 2005 р., стаття Ю. Боднарюк: «Таджик, який встановив прапор Перемоги на ратуші, відвідав Чернівці». Стаття: «Таджикский ветеран Юнус Юсупов и четверо его земляков примут участие в параде Победы» (05.05.2005) Корр. ИТАР-ТАСС Галина Гриндева, Валерий Жуков. «Чернівецький Кантарія» Ратушу звільняли… зеки [про Юнуса Юсупова]// Ветеран Буковини [головний редактор Ю. С. Гусар]. — 2013. 22 травня (№ 1—2). — С. 4. Уродженці Таджикистану Учасники Другої світової війни Нагородженні медаллю "60 років визволення України від фашистських загарбників" Персоналії:Чернівці
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorla
Gorla
Gorla may refer to: Gorla (district of Milan), refers to a district of Milan, Italy Gorla (Milan Metro), metro station in Milan Gorla (surname) Gorla Maggiore, municipality in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy Gorla Minore, municipality in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy See also
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Вільям Гамільтон, 2-й герцог Гамільтон
Вільям Гамільтон, 2-й герцог Гамільтон Вільям Гамільтон (англ. — William Hamilton) (14 грудня 1616 — 12 вересня 1651) — шотландський аристократ, вождь клану Гамільтон, ІІ герцог Гамільтон, IV маркіз Гамільтон, ІІ маркіз Клайдсдейл, VII граф Арран, ІІІ граф Кембрідж (з 1649), І граф Ланарк (з 1639). Державний діяч Шотландії часів громадянської війни та ковенантського руху XVII століття, безпосередній учасник бурхливих подій того часу. Життєпис Вільям Гамільтон був другим сином Джеймса Гамільтона — ІІ маркіза Гамільтона та леді Анни Каннінгем. Отримав освіту в університеті Глазго, пізніше — у Франції. Починаючи з 1630 року — один з придворних короля Англії та Шотландії Карла І. У 1639 році Вільям Гамільтон отримав від короля в дар титул графа Ланарк. У 1640 році призначений державним секретарем Шотландії. Після початку в 1637 році повстання в Шотландії і утворення Національного ковенанту Шотландії Вільям Гамільтон примкнув до поміркованих роялістів — партії свого старшого брата — Джеймса Гамільтона і виступав за компроміс між ковенанторами та королем. Разом зі своїм братом Вільям Гамільтон у 1643 році був заарештований у 1643 році Карлом І в Оксфорді — був звинувачений у зраді і переходу на бік парламенту Шотландію, але незабаром він втік, повернувся до Шотландії та примкнув до ковенанторів. Більше того, в 1645 році Вільям Гамільтон сформував з людей клану Гамільтон та інших союзних йому кланів армію для боротьби з роялістами. Яких очолив маркіз Монтроз. Вільям Гамільтон особисто брав участь у битві під Кілсайт. У 1646 році Вільям Гамільтон як граф Ланарк брав участь у перемовинах уряду Шотландії з полоненим королем Карлом І у Ньюкаслі і спробував переконати короля піти на компроміс з ковенанторами і погодитись на введення пресвітеріанства в Англії, що навернуло б на його бік багато шотландських кланів. Але король не хотів йти ні на які компроміси. Короля видали військам парламенту Англії. Граф Ланарк став лідером поміркованого крила ковенанторів, що виступало за компроміс з королем та роялістами з метою боротьби з англійськими «індепендентами». 26 грудня в селищі Карісбрук на острові Вайт Вільям Гамільтон підписав військово-політичну угоду уряду Шотландії з королем — так званий «Інгейджмент». Це викликало Другу громадянську війну на Британських островах. Інгейджери пішли походом в Англію рятувати монархія і короля, але були розбиті в битві під Простоном Олівером Кромвелем — новим диктатором Англії та лідером «індепендентів». У Шотландії владу захопили радикальні пресвітеріани. Граф Ланарк змушений був тікати з Шотландії і в 1648 році приєднався до двору вигнанця принца Уельського, що знайшов притулок в Нідерландах. 9 березня 1649 року в Вестмінстері був страчений старший брат Вільяма Гамільтона — Джеймс Гамільтон, що перебував у полоні в англійських республіканців після битви під Престоном. Вільям Гамільтон успадкував від брата титул герцога Гамільтон. При дворі короля у вигнанні Карла ІІ в Нідерландах Вільям Гамільтон став головною політичною фігурою і підтримав переговори короля з урядом Шотландії про умови реставрації монархії. Після підписання 1 травня 1650 року Бредської угоди про умови повернення престолу Шотландії Карлу ІІ, герцог Гамільтон разом з королем прибув до Шотландії. Але Вільям Гамільтон не захотів йти на компроміс з маркізом Аргайл, що очолював уряд Шотландії і був лідером радикальних ковенанторів і відійшов від політичної діяльності. Весною 1651 року Карл ІІ набрав нову армію для захисту Шотландії від Олівера Кромвеля, що почав війну з метою захопити Шотландію. Вільям Гамільтон пішов добровільно в армію короля і взяв участь у його поході в Англію. Він проявив героїзм і звитягу в битві під Вустором 3 вересня 1651 року, але був важко поранений і 12 вересня 1651 року помер від ран. Вільям Гамільтон не лишив нащадків чоловічої статі і титул герцогині Гамільтон, землі, маєтки він заповів не своїм дочкам, а племінниці Анні. Всі інші його титули з його смертю припинили своє існування. Родина Вільям Гамільтон не лишив синів, і після його смерті, герцогство Гамільтон успадкувала його племінниця — згідно його заповіту. Вільям Гамільтон одружився з леді Елізабет Максвелл — дочка Джеймса Максвелла — І графа Дірлетаун. Весілля відбулось 26 травня 1638 року. У них були діти: Джеймс Гамільтон — лорд Полмонт (помер в дитинстві, похований у Вестмінстерському абатстві) Леді Анна Гамільтон — вийшла заміж за Роберта Карнегі — ІІІ граф Саутеск Леді Елізабет Гамільтон — перший раз вийшла заміж за І лорда Кілмаурс Kilmaurs, другий раз одружилась з сером Девідом Каннінгемом Робертлендом Леді Мері Гамільтон — вперше вийшла заміж за Олександра І Лівінгстона — ІІ графа Каллендера, другий раз одружилась з сером Джеймсом Лівінгстоном Весткватером — Джеймсом ІІІ Огілві, ІІІ графом Фіндоатер Леді Маргарет Гамільтон — вийшла заміж за Вільяма Блера Леді Діана Гамільтон — померла в дитинстві Вільям Гамільтон літературі Вільям Гамільтон зображений в трилогії Найджела Трантера «Монтроз». Примітки Джерела Anderson, John, Historical and genealogical memoirs of the House of Hamilton; with genealogical memoirs of the several branches of the family. Edinburgh 1825 Balfour Paul, Sir JamesThe Scots Peerage Vols IX. Edinburgh 1907 Гамільтони Пери Шотландії
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD
Ноттульн
Ноттульн — сільська громада в Німеччині, знаходиться в землі Північний Рейн-Вестфалія. Підпорядковується адміністративному округу Мюнстер. Входить до складу району Кесфельд. Площа — 85,64 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ). Географія Сусідні міста та громади Ноттульн межує з 5 містами / громадами: Біллербек Гафіксбек Зенден Дюльмен Кесфельд Адміністративний поділ Громада складається з 4 районів: Ноттульн Аппельгюльзен Шапдеттен Даруп Галерея Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Громади Північного Рейну-Вестфалії
2739626
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8
Мргани
Мргани — населений пункт у Хорватії, в Істрійській жупанії у складі громади Канфанар. Населення Населення за даними перепису 2011 року становило 36 осіб. Динаміка чисельності населення поселення: Клімат Середня річна температура становить 13,21 °C, середня максимальна – 27,06 °C, а середня мінімальна – -1,40 °C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 894 мм. Примітки Населені пункти Хорватії
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantic%20Studies%20Foundation
Esperantic Studies Foundation
Esperantic Studies Foundation The Esperantic Studies Foundation, abbreviated ESF, is a non-profit organisation initiated in 1968 by Jonathan Pool, E. James Lieberman and Humphrey Tonkin, with the aim to further the understanding and practice of linguistic justice in a multicultural world, with a special focus on the study of interlinguistics and the role of Esperanto. Under the banner "For linguistic justice in a multicultural world," ESF supports education and research programs that promote linguistic justice and equality. ESF aims to create environments in which languages are treated as equal and communication occurs in a non-discriminatory manner and to develop and support excellence in scholarship, education and interlingual communication. Its priorities and values are shaped through engagement with the worldwide community of Esperanto speakers, as well as with researchers, educators and activists in many language-related fields. ESF's current president is Humphrey Tonkin. The interlinguistic support fund Together with the Center for Research and Documentation (CED), Foundation to support Esperanto and interlinguistics, ESF (Esperantic Studies Foundation) invites proposals for research grants to assist scholars and graduate students in conducting and publishing research in such fields as language planning, interlinguistics, transnational language policy, linguistic justice, and 'planned languages' (including Esperanto) ESF has funded hundreds of different projects including the development of the educational websites lernu.net, a website to learn Esperanto and edukado.net, a website for teachers and learners of Esperanto, Tekstaro.com, a text corpus of Esperanto, Summer Esperanto Workshop in Europe (SES), North American Summer Esperanto Institute (NASK) to promote the continued study of Esperanto in the United States. ESF continues to support the Esperanto edition of UNESCO Courier, the Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology (KAEST), as well as the postgraduate studies of interlinguistics and esperantology at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland and the Chair of Esperanto and Interlinguistics at the University of Amsterdam. ESF sponsors also a number of other events, including the Nitobe Symposia, a conference series on world language problems that bring together activists, academics and politicians. as well as a series of symposia on language and development in New York aimed at raising the awareness of the United Nations about the importance of language equality for human development and human rights. ESF also sponsored the creation of the documentary film The Universal Language, and produced the video course Esperanto—Pasporto al la Tuta Mondo (available on YouTube), ESF also helped to establish official Esperanto examinations in accordance with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Esperanto "Access To Language Education" Award Esperantic Studies Foundation, Lernu.net and CALICO (Computer Assisted Language Instruction Consortium), yearly present the Esperanto "Access To Language Education" Award, abbreviated ALE Award for the best non-commercial website offering outstanding resources for language learning. See also Interlinguistics Esperantology References External links Lernu! CALICO Foundations based in Canada Esperanto organizations Esperanto in Canada Esperanto Interlinguistics International auxiliary languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithornis
Lithornis
Lithornis is a genus of extinct paleognathous birds. Although Lithornis was able to fly well, their closest relatives are the extant tinamous (which are poor flyers) and ratites (which are flightless birds). Fossils of Lithornis are known with certainty from the Upper Paleocene through the Middle Eocene, but their fossil record may extend to the late Cretaceous. Lithornis is from ancient Greek for 'stone bird', as it is one of the first fossil birds to become widely discussed. Presumably closely related genera are Paracathartes and Pseudocrypturus. Species Six species have been recognized in modern times; undescribed ones are also likely to exist. The supposed tarsometatarsus piece from which "Lithornis" emuinus was described is actually a humerus fragment of the giant pseudotooth bird Dasornis. Lithornis celetius L. celetius is from the Bangtail Quarry, Sedan Quadrangle, Park County, Montana, and was described by Peter Houde (1988). It is from the Fort Union Formation, which is earliest Tiffanian, Late Paleocene. The type fossil is USNM 290601. L. celetius was of average size for the genus, and the name Celetius is derived from the Greek word keletion a race horse for which the type locality is also named. Lithornis hookeri Harrison and Walker originally labeled the fossil as belonging to the species Pediorallus barbarae in 1977. In 1984, Harrison redescribed the fossil as coming from a new species Pediorallus hookeri, and later that year it was moved to Lithornis hookeri. L. hookeri is the smallest of the Lithornithidae. Lithornis nasi W. George collected the original fossil in the Division A London Clay, North Sea Basin at Walton on the Naze, Essex, England. The fossil was described by Harrison in 1984 as a rail, Pediorallus nasi, but was later moved to Lithornis nasi. L. nasi is larger than L. hookeri and L. plebius. In 2015, L. nasi was proposed to be a junior synonym of L. vulturinus because its differences in shape and size from the latter species were concluded to more likely represent intraspecific variation. Lithornis plebius L. plebius is from the same locality as L. promiscuus and was also described by Peter Houde (1988). The type specimen is USNM 336534. Lithornis promiscuus L. promiscuus has type specimen USNM 336535 and was described by Peter Houde (1988). It is from the Clark Quadrangle, Park County, Wyoming, USA. It is from the Willwood Formation, which is earliest Eocene in age. An egg, USNM 336570, is known for L. celetius as well. Lithornis vulturinus L. vulturinus was described as a vulture by Owen (1840) from the holotype fossil 955 738 - TM 024 717. The fossil was collected from Early Eocene London Clay deposits on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England by J. Hunter before 1793. This fossil was destroyed by bombing in World War II. Numerous isolated fossil bones of Lithornis vulturinus were incorrectly described anew, such as Parvigyps praecox and Promusophaga magnifica - the supposed earliest vulture and turaco, while others were referred to existing families of neognathous birds. A neotype (BMNH A 5204) was erected to replace the holotype in 1988 by Houde, who for the first time diagnosed it as a paleognath based on complete three-dimensional skulls and skeletons of congeners from North America. An exceptionally preserved specimen was collected from Denmark and cataloged as MGUH 26770. Palaeobiology Lithornis wing bones are similar to those of storks and vultures, meaning that unlike modern tinamous it was capable of soaring flight.Gerald Mayr, The Birds from the Paleocene Fissure Filling of Walbeck (Germany), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(2):394–408, June 2007: https://ichthyoconodon.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/flight.png In a study about ratite endocasts, Lithornis ranks among the taxa with well developed olfactory lobes. This is consistent with a nocturnal, forest-dwelling lifestyle, though as much all volant birds it retains large optical lobes. Unlike modern tinamous, Lithornis has toe claws and reversed halluxes that allow for efficient perching. Several egg fossils have been attributed to Lithornis.Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge, MA) 22. Their eggshells are, perhaps unsurprisingly, noted as being "ratite-like". ReferencesFootnotesSources' Fossil taxa described in 1840 Lithornithidae Paleocene birds Eocene birds of Europe Paleogene birds of Europe Bartonian extinctions Paleogene birds of North America
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F
Гедвігія
Гедвігія (Hedwigia) — рід мохів родини Hedwigiaceae. Вперше цей рід був описаний Палісо де Бовуа в 1804 році. Рід має космополітичне поширення. Є дванадцять прийнятних видів, включаючи: Hedwigia ciliata Hedwigia stellata Примітки Роди мохів Листостеблові мохи
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE
Податковий адопенгьо
Податковий адопенгьо (пенгьо) — додаткова грошова одиниця Угорщини в період з 1 січня по 31 липня 1946, яка використовувалася паралельно з пенге. Історія Після закінчення Другої світової війни національна валюта Угорщини (пенгьо) внаслідок гіперінфляції швидко знецінилася. 1 серпня 1945 долар США коштував 1 320 пенгьо, 1 жовтня того ж року - 8 200 пенгьо, 1 грудня - 128 000 пенгьо. Податковий пенгьо введено з 1 січня 1946 з метою стабілізації ситуації. Спочатку він прирівнювався до пенгьо і використовувався тільки банками та урядом як стабільніша одиниця розрахунку. Це допомогло тимчасово. Спочатку був стабільнішою, ніж пенгьо, валютою. Через 3 місяці, наприкінці березня, долар оцінювався в 1 750 000 пенгьо, але приблизно 40 000 податкових пенгьо. Проте у квітні стався обвал обох валют. До 1 травня долар коштував 59 мільярдів пенгьо або 94 мільйони податкових пенгьо. У травні 1946 податковий пенгьо виник у готівковому грошовому обігу, було випущено бони Міністерства фінансів номіналом від 10 000 до 1 мільярда податкових пенгьо. У червні того ж року Поштово-ощадний банк випустив ощадні сертифікати в податкових пенгьо. 1 серпня 1946 запроваджено нову грошову одиницю — форинт. Податкові пенгьо обмінювалися на форинти у відсотковому співвідношенні: 200 мільйонів податкових пенгьо = 1 форинт. Банкноти Примітки Література Посилання на Вікісховище безпосередньо в статті Засновані в Угорщині 1946
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20or%20Take
Love or Take
Love or Take (стилізується як LOVE or TAKE ) — одинадцятий корейський мініальбом південнокорейського чоловічого гурту Pentagon. Він вийшов 15 березня 2021 року CUBE Entertainment і Universal Music. Учасник Хуі брав участь у написанні та запису альбому, але не брав участі в рекламних заходах через проходження строкової військової служби. Фізичний альбом доступний у трьох версіях: «Romantic», «Sporty» та «Mild». Передумови та створення У середині лютого 2021 року повідомлялося, що Pentagon повернеться через три місяці після спеціального синглу «Eternal Flame», що вийшов у грудні 2020 року. Запис альбому та знімання музичного кліпу для головного синглу «Do or Not» відбулися до призову Хуі 18 лютого. 26 лютого Cube опублікували рекламний розклад альбому на своїй офіційній домашній сторінці та в соціальних мережах. З 2 по 5 березня Pentagon опублікували перші тізери та концепт фото до мініальбому. 8 березня гурт випустив попурі з пісень майбутнього альбому. 15 березня гурт провів онлайн-презентацію на честь випуску Love or Take, під час якої вони виконали пісню «Baby I Love You» і головну пісню «Do Or Not», що ознаменувало початок їхнього повномасштабного просування. Ілюстрації та пакування Pentagon випустили три фізичні версії альбому Love or Take. Пакування альбому нагадує манхву з ілюстрованими обкладинками та унікальними буклетами для кожної версії. У версії «Romantic» Pentagon показують вісім кольорів, з вісьмома людьми під рожевим фоном для створення романтичного настрою. У «Sporty» варіанті гурт показує себе в спортивному вбранні на тенісному корті з м’ячиками та ракетками, які використовувалися як реквізит для створення крутого настрою. У версії «Mild» учасники демонструють свої шикарні чари під фоном спокійних блакитних тонів у чорно-білому сучасному образі, щоб створити мрійливу атмосферу. Мініальбом має спеціальну обкладинку, буклет, компакт-диск, CD-пакет, буклет з текстами пісень, мініпостер, спеціальний пластиковий аркуш, фотокартку та постер, які доступні лише за попереднім замовленням. Музика і композиція Альбом складається з семи пісень, включаючи бонус-трек «Boy In Time». Перший трек «10 Seconds Before» — це поп-трек про хвилювання від невдачі в коханні. Друга пісня та головний сингл «Do or Not» були написані та спродюсовані лідером гурту Хуі, учасником Усоком і композитором Нейтаном, тією ж командою, яка створила попередній головний сингл «Daisy» з альбому We:th. Це поп-рок-пісня, що нагадує про початок 2000-х і продовжує традицію Pentagon «фірмових освіжаючих пісень», таких як «Shine», «Naughty Boy», «Spring Snow» і «Daisy», виражаючи ставлення «чи Я роблю це чи ні, мені все одно» з його запам’ятовують мелодією та текстом. Третій трек «1+1» — R&B-пісня про неперевершений трепет моменту розквіту кохання. Четвертий трек, «Baby I Love You», створений учасниками Kino, Nathan і Hoho, — це пісня з м’яким вокалом і м’якою мелодією. «That's Me», п'ята пісня, - це жанровий трек, що поєднує в собі елементи фанку та електронної музики. «Sing-a-song» описується як «сповнений освіжаючих і яскравих кольорів». Заключний трек «Boy In Time» — це «солодша та серйозніша історія кохання» сольна пісня Хуі як подарунок для шанувальників, які сумують за ним після зарахування на військову службу. Критичний прийом Пуа Зівей з NME висловила думку, що гурт «здобув золото завдяки бі-сайдам альбому» від «1+1», захоплюючої, невимушеної пісні про кохання», написаної в співавторстві з Усоком, до «романтичної, але веселої «Baby I Love»» Кіно. Вона заявила, що «дві пісні натякають на стриманіший напрямок для бой-бенду, який відомий своїми піснями-гімнами, які є набагато цікавішими, ніж титульний трек цього альбому». Вона також написала, що трек «That's Me» «вирізняється сумнівним використанням Auto-Tune поряд із дивним поєднанням електро- і фанк-попу 80-х, що збиває з пантелику, як і розчаровує», і зауважила, що заключна пісня «Boy In Time», «потужне та емоційне соло прощання з Хуі». Вона завершила свій огляд словами: «Звуковий успіх «1+1» і «Baby I Love You» – двох пісень, у яких Хуі не брав участі для Love or Take – здається, свідчить про те, що гурт вже визначив широкий відкритий шлях для їхніх майбутніх релізів». Комерційний успіх 17 березня альбом Love or Take досяг продажів у 52 098 копій і посів друге місце в щоденному чарті альбомів Hanteo Chart у перший день релізу. Альбом дебютував під номером 3 у чарті альбомів Gaon, а наступного тижня опустився до номеру 19. На третьому тижні альбом піднявся в топ-10. Перший сингл «Do or Not» увійшов і очолив Genie Music і Melon 24Hits після його випуску. У чарті Bugs усі пісні, включно з головним синглом, успішно потрапили в чарт, що стало їх першим альбомом, який досяг цієї віхи. Альбом також очолив чарт iTunes Top Albums у 14 країнах, включаючи Гватемалу, Тайвань, Малайзію та В’єтнам. Трек-лист Чарти Тижневі чарти Місячні чарти Чарти на кінець року Сертифікація та продаж Історія випуску Примітки Посилання Альбоми південнокорейських виконавців Музичні альбоми корейською мовою Мініальбоми Pentagon
19829705
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celin%C3%B3w%2C%20Garwolin%20County
Celinów, Garwolin County
Celinów, Garwolin County Celinów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łaskarzew, within Garwolin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Łaskarzew, south of Garwolin, and south-east of Warsaw. References Villages in Garwolin County
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%20%D0%9E.%20%D0%9F.%20%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D1%97%D1%97%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8
Музейний центр О. П. Блаватської та її родини
Музейний центр О. П. Блаватської та її родини Музейний центр О. П. Блаватської та її родини — одна з шести філій Дніпропетровського національного історичного музею ім. Д. І. Яворницького, що включає в себе старовинну садибу Фадєєвих, де народилася і жила теософ, письменниця і мандрівниця Олена Петрівна Блаватська. Будинок на вулиці Петербурзькій На початку XIX ст. в Катеринославі, на вулиці Петербурзькій, був побудований будинок. Це була міська садиба з панським будинком, дворовими будівлями і величезним садом, який розташовувався на площі в 2 гектари. У 1815 році він був проданий Андрію Михайловичу Фадєєву. Будинки в провінційному Катеринославі тоді будувалися нещільно: з вікнами на чотири сторони, з великим садом навколо. За принципом міського садибного домоволодіння в ті роки були побудовані і контора опікунства іноземних поселенців, і сусідня з нею будівля поштової контори, і цілий ряд інших будівель, як казенних, так і приватних. Родина Фадєєвих Сім'я Фадєєвих приїхала до Катеринослава з Ржищіва Київської губернії в 1815 році. Її глава Андрій Михайлович Фадєєв (1790—1867) був призначений на службу до Новоросійської контори Піклування іноземних поселенців молодшим товаришем головного судді (сьогодні в будинку Опікунської контори на проспекті Дмитра Яворницького, 64 розташований музей «Літературне Придніпров'я»). До цієї родини належали громадські та політичні діячі, письменники і вчені: Олена Павлівна Фадєєва Олена Андріївна Ган Ростислав Андрійович Фадєєв Надія Андріївна Фадєєва Катерина Андріївна Фадєєва Олена Петрівна Блаватська Віра Петрівна Желіховська Сергій Юлійович Вітте У будинку на Петербурзькій Фадєєви прожили дев'ятнадцять років. Тут у них народилося четверо дітей. З нього пішла під вінець їх старша дочка. Тут в 1831 році народилася і їх перша онука. У 1820 році пережили повінь, у 1821 році народилася і через кілька місяців померла крихітна донька Фадєєвих Анастасія, у 1824 році — улюблена бабуся Олени Павлівни Фадєєвої — Олена Іванівна Бранде-дю-Плессі, яка прожила з сім'єю Фадєєвих більше десяти років. У 1826 році Андрій Михайлович Фадєєв пише: «… я мав нещастя втратити батька мого, переселився до Катеринослава, щоб бути ближче до мене і до мого сімейства. Мати моя залишилася назавжди на проживанні в Катеринославі». Будинок після Фадєєвих За однією з версій істориків, будинок у сім'ї Фадєєвих придбав К. В. Нейман — німець з Аахена, який приїхав до Катеринослава, як і Фадєєва, в 1815 році. Був купцем другої гільдії, а в 1833 році на Петербурзькій відкрив невелику суконну фабрику. За іншою, основною, версії, наступником Фадєєвих, що купив їх будинок, був В. І. Драгневич. Після смерті Драгневича будинок перейшов у володіння його зятя — М. С. Кльовцова. У другій половині XIX століття будинок стає власністю купця Станіславського. А в 1890-х роках будинок був зданий власниками в оренду і тут розмістилося сьоме міське жіноче училище. На початку ХХ століття будинок отримав адресу: вулиця Петербурзька, 11. З 1913 року будинок на Петербурзькій, 11 — власність купця Майданського. Після революції був націоналізований і перетворений в комунальне житло для більш ніж двадцяти сімей. Ймовірно, саме в цей час зазнав серйозні внутрішні перебудови. З кінця 1940-х в ньому розмістилося заводоуправління «Дніпробудмаш» і заводська їдальня. Потім більша частина будівлі (крім їдальні) була передана для розміщення школи робітничої молоді при заводі. У 1960 — 70-х роках в ньому розташовувалася вечірня школа № 4. У 1980-х початку 90-х роках — курси машинопису і стенографії, потім професійно-технічне училище № 51, потім ПТУ № 63. У 1987 році будинок отримав статус пам'ятника історії і культури XIX століття (рішення Дніпропетровського облвиконкому N180 від 16.07.1987 р. Державний обліковий номер 6156). У 1991 році на будівлі встановлена ​​меморіальна дошка, присвячена О. П. Блаватській. У 2004 році рішенням Кабінету Міністрів України і Дніпропетровської обласної ради будинок по вул. Ленінградській, 11 переданий на баланс Дніпропетровського історичного музею ім. Д. І. Яворницького з метою створення в ньому Музейного центру О. П. Блаватської та її родини. У 2018 році постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 25.01.2018 № 32 будинок стає Пам'яткою історії національного значення. Видатні мешканці будинку на Петербурзькій Джерела Центр Е. П. Блаватской и её семьи Офіційна сторінка на Facebook Садиба Фадєєвих в Катеринославі Центр Е. П. Блаватской и её семьи на этапе создания Благотворительный фонд «Центр Е. П. Блаватской» Посилання Олена Блаватська Музеї Дніпра Споруди Половиці Пам'ятки історії України національного значення в Дніпропетровській області Засновані в Україні 1994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Grant
Lee Grant
Lee Grant (born Lyova Haskell Rosenthal; October 31, during the mid-1920s) is an American actress, documentarian, and director. For her film debut in 1951 as a young shoplifter in William Wyler's Detective Story, Grant earned an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress and won the Best Actress Award at the 1952 Cannes Film Festival. Grant won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her role as Warren Beatty's older lover in Shampoo (1975). Grant was one of many entertainment industry professionals blacklisted in the 1950s. Starting in 1952, Grant was largely prevented from finding employment in acting for 12 years, although did occasionally get work onscreen, onstage, and as a teacher during this period. She started appearing more regularly onscreen after 1963. Grant starred in 71 TV episodes of Peyton Place (1965–1966), followed by lead roles in films such as Valley of the Dolls and In the Heat of the Night in 1967. In 1964, she won the Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress for her performance in The Maids. During her career, she won two Emmy Awards and was nominated seven times. Grant later turned her focus to directing. In 1986, she won a Directors Guild of America Award for Nobody's Child. In 1987, the documentary she directed, Down and Out in America, tied for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Early life Lee Grant was born Lyova Haskell Rosenthal in Manhattan, the only child of Witia (née Haskell), a child care worker, and Abraham W. Rosenthal, a realtor and educator. Her father was born in New York City, to Polish Jewish immigrants, and her mother was a Russian Jewish immigrant who, along with her sister Fremo, left Odessa to escape the pogroms. The family resided at 148th Street and Riverside in the Hamilton Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. Her birthday is October 31, but the year is disputed, with all years ranging from 1925 to 1931 having been given as her year of birth at some point; however, census data, travel manifests, and testimony suggest that she was born in 1925 or 1926, while Grant's stated ages at the time of her professional debut and Oscar nomination indicate she was born in 1927. Grant made her stage debut in L'Oracolo at the Metropolitan Opera in 1931 and later joined the American Ballet as an adolescent. She attended Art Students League of New York, Juilliard School of Music, The High School of Music & Art, and George Washington High School, all in New York City. Grant graduated from high school, and won a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, where she studied under Sanford Meisner. Grant undertook further study with Uta Hagen at the HB Studio. She later enrolled in the Actors Studio in New York. Career 1930s–1950s Grant had her first stage ballet performance in 1933 at the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1938, in her early teens, she was made a member of the American Ballet under George Balanchine. As an actress, Grant had her professional stage debut as understudy in Oklahoma! in 1944. In 1948, she had her Broadway acting debut in Joy to the World. Grant established herself as a dramatic method actress on and off Broadway, earning praise for her first major role as a shoplifter in Detective Story in 1949. She made her film debut two years later in the 1951 film version (Detective Story), starring Kirk Douglas, receiving her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination, and winning the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival. She said she enjoyed working under director William Wyler, who helped guide her. In 1951, she gave an impassioned eulogy at the memorial service for actor J. Edward Bromberg, whose early death, she implied, was caused by the stress of being called before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Her name soon after appeared in the publication Red Channels, and as a result, for the next twelve years, her "prime years" as she put it, she was blacklisted and her work in television and movies was limited. Kirk Douglas, who acted with her in Detective Story, recalled that director Edward Dmytryk, a blacklistee, had first named her husband at the HUAC: Grant appeared in a number of plays, two feature films, and in a few small television roles during her blacklisted years. In 1953, she played Rose Peabody in the soap opera Search for Tomorrow, had featured supporting roles in the film dramas Storm Fear in 1955, and Middle of the Night in 1959. On stage, Grant starred in the Broadway production of Two for the Seesaw. In 1959, she succeeded Anne Bancroft in the lead female role. That same year, she had a supporting role in the romantic drama Middle of the Night. 1960s By the time Grant's name was removed from the blacklist in the mid-1960s, she was the divorced mother of a daughter, Dinah. Grant began re-establishing her television and movie career. In her autobiography, she writes: Her experience with the blacklist scarred her to such an extent that as late as 2002, she would freeze and go into a "near trance" when anyone asked her about her experiences during the McCarthy period. Grant's first major achievement, after HUAC officially cleared her, was in the 1960s television series Peyton Place as Stella Chernak, for which she won an Emmy in 1966. In 1963, she won acclaim for her stage performance in the off-Broadway production of Jean Genet's The Maids. In 1967, she played the distraught widow of a murder victim in the Oscar-winning In the Heat of the Night. In 1968, Grant appeared in an episode of Mission Impossible, portraying the wife of a U.S. diplomat who goes undercover to discredit a rogue diplomat. In 1969, she had supporting roles in the crime drama The Big Bounce and science fiction drama Marooned, but they were not successful. 1970s Grant received three Academy Award nominations in the 1970s for The Landlord (1970), Shampoo (1975), and Voyage of the Damned (1976). In Plaza Suite (1971), a successful comedy directed by Arthur Hiller and written by Neil Simon; she played the harried mother of a bride, with Walter Matthau as the father. In March 1971, Grant played the murderer in the Columbo episode "Ransom for a Dead Man", playing opposite Peter Falk's Lieutenant Columbo. For that role, she was nominated for an Emmy as Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie. That same year, she also received a second Emmy nomination in the same category of Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for her performance in the television film The Neon Ceiling, which she won. Grant reunited with Peter Falk on Broadway in the original production of The Prisoner of Second Avenue, written by Neil Simon; the playwright said that his "first and only choice" for the part was Grant, who he said was equally at home with dramatists such as Chekhov or Sidney Kingsley, yet could also be "hilariously funny" when the script called for it, for she was able to portray essential honesty in her acting. Grant won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress playing Warren Beatty's older lover in Shampoo (1975). The film was Columbia's biggest hit in the studio's 50-year history. Shampoo was the second film in which Grant acted under director Hal Ashby. Critic Pauline Kael, comparing her in both films, noted Grant "is such a cool-style comedienne that she's in danger of having people say that she's good, as usual." During the filming, however, she did have some serious disagreements with Beatty, who was also the producer, and nearly quit. During one scene, she wanted to play it in a way she felt was more realistic from a woman's perspective, but Beatty disagreed. After thinking about the scene for a few days, she told director Ashby that she could not do it Beatty's way and was quitting. As she was walking out, Beatty stopped her, and asked what was wrong. "I sat down and told him," she said. "He threw up his hands and said, 'Play it your way. What do I know? I'm a man.'" Despite the success of the film and her career, Grant was feeling less secure in Hollywood, as she was then around 50 years old. She writes: During the 1975-76 television season, she starred in the sitcom Fay, which, to her chagrin, was canceled after eight episodes. In 1977, she starred in the ensemble disaster movie Airport '77 and in 1978, she was the lead actress in the horror film Damien - Omen II, also starring William Holden. Both films drew negative reviews, though they were financially successful. She made a guest appearance in Empty Nest, in which her daughter Dinah Manoff co-starred. In the late 1970s, Grant was asked by the American Film Institute to participate in the first AFI Directing Workshop for Women. During the workshop, Grant successfully moved into directing when she adapted the play The Stronger in 1976, written by August Strindberg. 1980s1990s In 1980, Grant directed her first feature film, Tell Me a Riddle, a story about an aging Jewish couple. That debut narrative film was followed by a widely distributed documentary film titled The Willmar 8, which profiled eight female employees of a bank in Willmar, Minnesota who went on strike to protest pay inequities between male and female bank tellers. Grant went on to direct many documentaries on a variety of social issues: women in prison with When Women Kill (1983), transgender individuals with What Sex Am I? (1985), women experiencing domestic abuse with Battered (1989), and women trying to keep custody of their children in court in Women on Trial (1992). In 1986, Grant directed Down and Out in America (1986) which won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature. The film was about farm workers losing their farms, homelessness, and unemployment in America. The same year, she directed Nobody's Child, a television movie starring Marlo Thomas about a woman confined to a mental institution for 20 years. Grant became the first female director to win the Directors Guild of America Award. She starred in an HBO remake of Plaza Suite in 1982, co-starring with Jerry Orbach, both playing three different characters in three acts. It was filmed before a live audience. Actor Bruce Dern, who acted with her in The Big Town (1987), recalls working with her: "Lee Grant is a fabulous actress. Anytime she works it's a blessing you have her in your movie." In 1988, she was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award for outstanding women who through their endurance and the excellence of their work have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. Admiring her directing and acting skill, actress Sissy Spacek agreed to act in the romantic comedy Hard Promises (1991) "only to work with Grant", although Grant was later replaced as its director. In 1992, Grant played Dora Cohn, the mother of Roy Cohn in the biographical made-for-TV film Citizen Cohn, which garnered her another Primetime Emmy Award nomination. In 1994, she directed the television film Seasons of the Heart, starring Carol Burnett and George Segal. 2000s–present In 2001, Lee Grant portrayed Louise Bonner in David Lynch's critically acclaimed Mulholland Drive. From 2004 to 2007, Carlin Glynn, Stephen Lang, and Grant served as co-artistic directors for the Actors Studio. In the early 2000s, Grant directed a series of Intimate Portrait episodes for Lifetime Television, that celebrated a diverse range of accomplished women. In 2013, Grant briefly returned to the stage, after a nearly forty-year absence, to star in one performance of The Gin Game, part of a benefit for improvement programs at the Island Music Guild, in Bainbridge Island, Washington. Grant played Fonsia Dorsey opposite Frank Buxton as Weller Martin; her daughter Dinah Manoff directed the production. After a fourteen-year hiatus, Lee Grant played a small part in the film Killian & the Comeback Kids (2020), directed by Taylor A. Purdee. Grant's career making documentaries in the 1980s and 1990s was honored with an appearance on the American Film Institute's AFI Docs at its Guggenheim Symposium and with a program, "20th Century Woman: The Documentary Films of Lee Grant", on AFI Silver and other virtual cinemas in mid-2020. This became the first virtual repertory film series in America. As of 2022, she is still the only Academy Award-winning actor to also direct an Academy Award-winning documentary. In January 2024, she attended the New York Film Festival, where the first two films she directed were shown in the revivals program, and talked about her directing career in a panel hosted by Turner Classic Movies. Filmography Actress Director Awards and nominations Notes References Further reading ; excerpts at CBSnews.com CBS Sunday Morning. External links Lee Grant at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 1920s births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Living people American people of Polish-Jewish descent American people of Russian-Jewish descent American women film directors Actresses from Manhattan American women documentary filmmakers American film actresses American soap opera actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television directors Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners Directors Guild of America Award winners Directors of Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners George Washington Educational Campus alumni Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Obie Award recipients Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners American women television directors Hollywood blacklist Jewish American actresses Film directors from New York City Age controversies The High School of Music & Art alumni Year of birth uncertain 21st-century American Jews
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%20%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%29
Кампорредондо (Вальядолід)
Кампорредондо (Вальядолід) Кампорредондо — муніципалітет в Іспанії, у складі автономної спільноти Кастилія-і-Леон, у провінції Вальядолід. Населення — особи (2010). Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 130 км на північний захід від Мадрида, 28 км на південний схід від Вальядоліда. Демографія Галерея зображень Посилання Примітки Муніципалітети провінції Вальядолід
202172
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0
Дзвинячка
Дзвинячка— село в Україні, у Мельнице-Подільській селищній громаді Чортківського району Тернопільської обл. Розташоване над річкою Дзвіна, на південному сході району. Відповідно до Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 12 червня 2020 року № 724-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Тернопільської області» увійшло до складу Мельнице-Подільської селищної громади. Населення— 1059 особа (2001 р.). Географія Село розташоване на відстані 371 км від Києва, 118 км — від обл. центру міста Тернополя та 28 км від міста Борщів. Історія Відоме з 2-ї половини XVI ст. За адмінподілом XVI століття – Кам'янецький повіт Подільського воєводства. З 1 серпня 1934 р. Ґміна Дзвинячка – адміністративна одиниця, що входила до Борщівського повіту Тернопільського воєводства II Речі Посполитої. Утворена внаслідок адміністративної реформи. У 1939 р. з приходом радянської влади, була скасована. У радянський період (з 1964 по 1991 рр.) село звалося Комунарівка і входило разом з навколишніми селами (Дзвенигород, Дністрове, Латківці, Урожайне) до колгоспу зі співзвучною назвою «Комунар», що під час роздержавлення був реорганізований у селянську спілку «Дзвинячка». Рішення про перейменування села Комунарівка на село Дзвинячка прийняла Верховна Рада України 18.03.1991 р. Рішення № 848-XII. Дата опублікування 01.04.1991 р. («Відомості Верховної Ради України» № 15, ст. 185). У XIX ст. в селі діяло Товариство «Просвіта». Збереглась оригінальна печатка товариства, яка передана до районного краєзнавчого музею у м. Борщові. До 2015 адміністративний центр — Дзвиняцької сільської ради. Від вересня 2015 р. входить до складу Мельнице-Подільської об'єднаної територіальної селищної громади. Увійшло до складу Чортківського району після ліквідації Борщівського 17 липня 2020 року. Населення За даними перепису населення 2001 р. мовний склад населення села був таким: Мовні особливості Село розташоване на периферії наддністрянського говору, на його межі з подільським та буковинським. Дзвинячка нанесена на Атлас української мови. Господарство Починаючи з 1996 р. і до 2008 р. сільське господарство в селі є збитковим. Найгірші фінансові результати сільськогосподарські виробники мали у 1998 – 1999 р., що передували реорганізації колективних сільськогосподарських підприємств. Землі сільськогосподарського призначення розпайовані та обробляються агрофірмами та приватними селянськими господарствами. На даний час селяни живуть, в основному, за гастарбайтерські перерахування від родичів, що працюють закордоном та продаж власної сільськогосподарської продукції. Етнографія Попри незначні фінансово-економічні та господарські показники, село славиться своїми фольклорними та релігійними традиціями й щирою українською гостинністю. Під час храмового свята, на Трійцю, та Дня села влаштовуються грандіозні масові гуляння. Під час новорічно-різдвяних свят в селі можна побачити різдвяні дійства та почути колядки й щедрівки від наймолодших, до найстарших жителів села. На храмове свято, що проходить на Зелені свята ворота усіх господ квітчаються зеленню, на танцювальному майданчику організовується концерт і танці. Визначні місця Капличка Побудована на околиці села, біля цілющого джерела на честь святого архиєпископа Зиґмунда Щенсни Фелінського (1822⁣ — ⁣1895 рр.), який з 1883 р. у селі Дзвинячка перебував на засланні й часто приходив до цього джерельця помолитися. Каплицю збудували сестри Згромадження Францисканок Родини Марії, яке заснував блаженний архієпископ. Освячено каплицю 30 вересня 2006 р. Службу Божу відправили Львівський єпископ-помічник Леон Малий разом з Кам'янець-Подільським єпископом Леоном Дубравським. Також були присутні священики та віруючі православного, римо- та греко-католицьких обрядів з навколишніх парафій. Джерельна вода має цілющі властивості. Крипта Належала родині графині Олени Козєбродзької, побудована у 1871 р. (реставрована у 2007 р.). Після смерті, 1895 р., тут був упокоєний Зиґмунд-Щенсни Фелінський. У 1920 р. його останки були перевезені з Дзвинячки до Варшави і складені в сенаторській крипті нижнього костелу Святого Хреста, а через рік, 14 квітня 1921 р., урочисто перенесені та складені в підземеллях варшавської катедри. У серпні 2002 р. під час Пресвятої Літургії на краківських Блонях Папа Римський Іван-Павло II беатифікував архиєпископа до лику Блаженного Слуги Божого. 11 жовтня 2009 р. на площі святого Петра у Ватикані Папа Римський Бенедикт XVI зарахував блаженного архієпископа Зигмунта Фелінського до лику святих. Костел Костел Матері Божої Ангельської, побудований 1894 р. на пожертви графів Козєбродських. Припинив функціонування після ІІ Світової війни. В радянські часи його приміщення використовувалися як складські площі, молокоприймальний пункт та під розміщення чайної «Ромашка», з приходом незалежності, як спортивний зал. Зараз пустує, і потребує реставрації. Церква Діюча церква Пресвятої Трійці, побудована у 1889 р. Належить до греко-католицької єпархії. Пам'ятки природи Ботанічні пам'ятки природи місцевого значення Горіх чорний (ділянка №1), Горіх чорний (ділянка №2), Горіх чорний (ділянка №3). Соціальна сфера Діють загальноосвітня школа І–III ступеня, клуб, бібліотека, стадіон, ФАП, відділення зв'язку, а також на території села є танцювальний майданчик. Відомі люди У Дзвинячці проживав та був похований архієпископ Варшавський Зигмунт Фелинський. Народився і проживав Козебродський Юзеф Саба Марцін (Koziebrodzki Józef Saba Marcin; 1870 – 31.07.1935) — бібліофіл, граф. Навчався в Яґеллонському університеті. Збирав бібліотеку, на яку витрачав усі прибутки. Почесний член Товариств любителів книги у Львові та Кракові. Бібліотеку зберігав у Дзвинячці, Львові, Кракові. Мріяв про її об'єднання та утворення фундації. Після смерті К. вдова подарувала 1850 книг з історії війська Варшавському музею Польського війська. Три роки вирішували долю решти книг. Бібліотека Львівського університету стараннями директора Р. Котулі відстояла права купівлі (1938). Бібліотека К. налічувала 6700 назв, серед яких рукописи ХІ–XVI ст., 104 інкунабули (з них 11 не відомих у книгознавчій літературі), 1300 полоників — видань знаних польських друкарень XVI–XVII ст., 800 стародруків найвідоміших друкарень Європи, 4200 томів художньої літератури, бібліографічних видань, літератури з історії, окультизму. Разом із книгозбіркою надійшли блокноти К. з бібліофільськими записами збирача. Каталог інкунабул бібліотеки К., який не був опублікований через початок Другої світової війни, склали Р. Котуля, А. Єнджейовська: “Каталог інкунабул університетської бібліотеки у Львові. Набутки з 1923–1938 рр.” (Katalog inkunabułów Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej we Lwowie. Przybytki z lat 1923–1938 (зберігається в бібліотеці Львівського університету). Інкунабули з колекції К. разом з іншими стародруками й рукописами бібліотеки Львівського університету (загальна кількість 40 тис. томів) 1943 були вивезені до Силезії. Решту зібрання К. як окрему колекцію інвентаризував бібліотекар Н. Білоцерківська під керівництвом А. Єнджейовської (1945). Зміна інвентарних номерів та запис зібрання К. у загальний фонд бібліотеки проведено у 1960-ті. Зберігається у відділі рукописних, стародрукованих та рідкісних книг ім. Ф. П. Максименка Наукової бібліотеки Львівського Національного Університету ім. І. Франка. Галерея Примітки Література Села Тернопільської області Перейменовані населені пункти Мельнице-Подільська селищна громада Населені пункти Чортківського району
298547
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity%20%28medicine%29
Immunity (medicine)
Immunity (medicine) In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease. Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization. Innate and adaptive The immune system has innate and adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, immune responses: inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. The adaptive component, on the other hand, involves more advanced lymphatic cells that can distinguish between specific "non-self" substances in the presence of "self". The reaction to foreign substances is etymologically described as inflammation while the non-reaction to self substances is described as immunity. The two components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and what is foreign is inflammatorily and immunologically eliminated. "Disease" can arise when what is foreign cannot be eliminated or what is self is not spared. Innate immunity, also known as native immunity, is a semi-specific and widely distributed form of immunity. It is defined as the first line of defense against pathogens, representing a critical systemic response to prevent infection and maintain homeostasis, contributing to the activation of an adaptive immune response. It does not adapt to specific external stimulus or a prior infection, but relies on genetically encoded recognition of particular patterns. Adaptive or acquired immunity is the active component of the host immune response, mediated by antigen-specific lymphocytes. Unlike the innate immunity, the acquired immunity is highly specific to a particular pathogen, including the development of immunological memory. Like the innate system, the acquired system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components. Adaptive immunity can be acquired either 'naturally' (by infection) or 'artificially' (through deliberate actions such as vaccination). Adaptive immunity can also be classified as 'active' or 'passive'. Active immunity is acquired through the exposure to a pathogen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system. Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells derived from an immune host either artificially or through the placenta; it is short-lived, requiring booster doses for continued immunity. The diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. Adaptive immunity recognizes more diverse patterns. Unlike innate immunity it is associated with memory of the pathogen. History of theories For thousands of years mankind has been intrigued with the causes of disease and the concept of immunity. The prehistoric view was that disease was caused by supernatural forces, and that illness was a form of theurgic punishment for "bad deeds" or "evil thoughts" visited upon the soul by the gods or by one's enemies. In Classical Greek times, Hippocrates, who is regarded as the Father of Medicine, diseases were attributed to an alteration or imbalance in one of the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile or black bile). The first written descriptions of the concept of immunity may have been made by the Athenian Thucydides who, in 430 BC, described that when the plague hit Athens: "the sick and the dying were tended by the pitying care of those who had recovered, because they knew the course of the disease and were themselves free from apprehensions. For no one was ever attacked a second time, or not with a fatal result". Active immunotherapy may have begun with Mithridates VI of Pontus (120-63 BC) who, to induce active immunity for snake venom, recommended using a method similar to modern toxoid serum therapy, by drinking the blood of animals which fed on venomous snakes. He is thought to have assumed that those animals acquired some detoxifying property, so that their blood would contain transformed components of the snake venom that could induce resistance to it instead of exerting a toxic effect. Mithridates reasoned that, by drinking the blood of these animals, he could acquire a similar resistance. Fearing assassination by poison, he took daily sub-lethal doses of venom to build tolerance. He is also said to have sought to create a 'universal antidote' to protect him from all poisons. For nearly 2000 years, poisons were thought to be the proximate cause of disease, and a complicated mixture of ingredients, called Mithridate, was used to cure poisoning during the Renaissance. An updated version of this cure, Theriacum Andromachi, was used well into the 19th century. The term "immunes" is also found in the epic poem "Pharsalia" written around 60 BC by the poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus to describe a North African tribe's resistance to snake venom. The first clinical description of immunity which arose from a specific disease-causing organism is probably A Treatise on Smallpox and Measles ("Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah, translated 1848) written by the Islamic physician Al-Razi in the 9th century. In the treatise, Al Razi describes the clinical presentation of smallpox and measles and goes on to indicate that exposure to these specific agents confers lasting immunity (although he does not use this term). Until the 19th century, the miasma theory was also widely accepted. The theory viewed diseases such as cholera or the Black Plague as being caused by a miasma, a noxious form of "bad air". If someone was exposed to the miasma in a swamp, in evening air, or breathing air in a sickroom or hospital ward, they could catch a disease. Since the 19th century, communicable diseases came to be viewed as being caused by germs/microbes. The modern word "immunity" derives from the Latin immunis, meaning exemption from military service, tax payments or other public services. The first scientist who developed a full theory of immunity was Ilya Mechnikov who revealed phagocytosis in 1882. With Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease, the fledgling science of immunology began to explain how bacteria caused disease, and how, following infection, the human body gained the ability to resist further infections. In 1888 Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin, and following the 1890 discovery by Behring and Kitasato of antitoxin based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus, the antitoxin became the first major success of modern therapeutic immunology. In Europe, the induction of active immunity emerged in an attempt to contain smallpox. Immunization has existed in various forms for at least a thousand years, without the terminology. The earliest use of immunization is unknown, but, about 1000 AD, the Chinese began practicing a form of immunization by drying and inhaling powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions. Around the 15th century in India, the Ottoman Empire, and east Africa, the practice of inoculation (poking the skin with powdered material derived from smallpox crusts) was quite common. This practice was first introduced into the west in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu [the phrase "first introduced into the west in 1721 by lady Montagu" is quite not accurate and should be rendered "first promoted in the west, by lady Montague, in 1721". Because, as you can read here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation, the procedure was already known in Wales: "The method was first used in China, India, parts of Africa and the Middle East before it was introduced into England and North America in the 1720s in the face of some opposition. However, inoculation had been reported in Wales since the early 17th century"]. In 1798, Edward Jenner introduced the far safer method of deliberate infection with cowpox virus, (smallpox vaccine), which caused a mild infection that also induced immunity to smallpox. By 1800, the procedure was referred to as vaccination. To avoid confusion, smallpox inoculation was increasingly referred to as variolation, and it became common practice to use this term without regard for chronology. The success and general acceptance of Jenner's procedure would later drive the general nature of vaccination developed by Pasteur and others towards the end of the 19th century. In 1891, Pasteur widened the definition of vaccine in honour of Jenner, and it then became essential to qualify the term by referring to polio vaccine, measles vaccine etc. Passive immunity Passive immunity is the immunity acquired by the transfer of ready-made antibodies from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, such as when maternal antibodies are transferred to the foetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases. Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory, therefore the patient is at risk of being infected by the same pathogen later. Naturally acquired passive immunity A fetus naturally acquires passive immunity from its mother during pregnancy. Maternal passive immunity is antibody-mediated immunity. The mother's antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta to the fetus by an FcRn receptor on placental cells. This occurs around the third month of gestation. IgG is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta. Passive immunity is also provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in breast milk that are transferred to the gut of a nursing infant, protecting against bacterial infections, until the newborn can synthesize its antibodies. Colostrum present in mothers milk is an example of passive immunity. Artificially acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies, which can be administered in several forms; as human or animal blood plasma, as pooled human immunoglobulin for intravenous (IVIG) or intramuscular (IG) use, and in the form of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Passive transfer is used prophylactically in the case of immunodeficiency diseases, such as hypogammaglobulinemia. It is also used in the treatment of several types of acute infection, and to treat poisoning. Immunity derived from passive immunization lasts for only a short period of time, and there is also a potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions, and serum sickness, especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin. The artificial induction of passive immunity has been used for over a century to treat infectious disease, and before the advent of antibiotics, was often the only specific treatment for certain infections. Immunoglobulin therapy continued to be a first line therapy in the treatment of severe respiratory diseases until the 1930s, even after sulfonamide lot antibiotics were introduced. Transfer of activated T-cells Passive or "adoptive transfer" of cell-mediated immunity, is conferred by the transfer of "sensitized" or activated T-cells from one individual into another. It is rarely used in humans because it requires histocompatible (matched) donors, which are often difficult to find. In unmatched donors this type of transfer carries severe risks of graft versus host disease. It has, however, been used to treat certain diseases including some types of cancer and immunodeficiency. This type of transfer differs from a bone marrow transplant, in which (undifferentiated) hematopoietic stem cells are transferred. Active immunity When B cells and T cells are activated by a pathogen, memory B-cells and T- cells develop, and the primary immune response results. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and can mount a strong secondary response if the pathogen is detected again. The primary and secondary responses were first described in 1921 by English immunologist Alexander Glenny although the mechanism involved was not discovered until later. This type of immunity is both active and adaptive because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges. Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system. Naturally acquired Naturally acquired active immunity occurs as the result of an infection. When a person is exposed to a live pathogen and develops a primary immune response, this leads to immunological memory. Many disorders of immune system function can affect the formation of active immunity, such as immunodeficiency (both acquired and congenital forms) and immunosuppression. Artificially acquired Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease. The term vaccination was coined by Richard Dunning, a colleague of Edward Jenner, and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. The method Pasteur used entailed treating the infectious agents for those diseases, so they lost the ability to cause serious disease. Pasteur adopted the name vaccine as a generic term in honor of Jenner's discovery, which Pasteur's work built upon. In 1807, Bavaria became the first group to require their military recruits to be vaccinated against smallpox, as the spread of smallpox was linked to combat. Subsequently, the practice of vaccination would increase with the spread of war. There are four types of traditional vaccines: Inactivated vaccines are composed of micro-organisms that have been killed with chemicals and/or heat and are no longer infectious. Examples are vaccines against flu, cholera, plague, and hepatitis A. Most vaccines of this type are likely to require booster shots. Live, attenuated vaccines are composed of micro-organisms that have been cultivated under conditions which disable their ability to induce disease. These responses are more durable, however, they may require booster shots. Examples include yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps. Toxoids are inactivated toxic compounds from micro-organisms in cases where these (rather than the micro-organism itself) cause illness, used prior to an encounter with the toxin of the micro-organism. Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria. Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines are composed of small fragments or pieces from a pathogenic (disease-causing) organism. A characteristic example is the subunit vaccine against Hepatitis B virus. In addition, there are some newer types of vaccines in use: Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) vaccines contain the outer membrane of a bacterium without any of its internal components or genetic material. Thus, ideally, they stimulate an immune response effective against the original bacteria without the risk of an infection. Genetic vaccines deliver nucleic acid that codes for an antigen into host cells, which then produce that antigen, stimulating an immune response. This category of vaccine includes DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, and viral vector vaccines, which differ in the chemical form of nucleic acid and how it is delivered into host cells. A variety of vaccine types are under development; see Experimental Vaccine Types. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic or intramuscular injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut. Live attenuated polio and some typhoid and cholera vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel. Hybrid immunity Hybrid immunity is the combination of natural immunity and artificial immunity. Studies of hybrid-immune people found that their blood was better able to neutralize the Beta and other variants of SARS-CoV-2 than never-infected, vaccinated people. Moreover, on 29 October 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that "Multiple studies in different settings have consistently shown that infection with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination each result in a low risk of subsequent infection with antigenically similar variants for at least 6 months. Numerous immunologic studies and a growing number of epidemiologic studies have shown that vaccinating previously infected individuals significantly enhances their immune response and effectively reduces the risk of subsequent infection, including in the setting of increased circulation of more infectious variants. ..." See also Antiserum Antivenin Cell-mediated immunity Herd immunity Heterosubtypic immunity Hoskins effect Humoral immunity Immunology Inoculation Premunity Vaccine-naive Virgin soil epidemic References External links The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP) Immunology
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/704%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
704 (значення)
704 (значення) Натуральне число 704 704 рік до нашої ери 704 рік нашої ери
35823197
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20%28website%29
Natalie (website)
Natalie (website) is a Japanese entertainment news website that debuted on February 1, 2007. It is operated by Natasha, Inc. The website is named after the song of the same name by Julio Iglesias. Natalie has been providing news for such leading Japanese portals and social networks as Mobage Town, GREE, Livedoor, Excite, Mixi, and Yahoo! Japan. It has also been successful on Twitter, with 1,510,000 followers as of February 2017, being the third-most-followed Japanese media company, after The Mainichi Shimbun and The Asahi Shimbun. History Natasha, Inc., a content provider, was founded in December 2005, becoming a limited company in February 2006 and being demutualized in January 2007. On February 1, 2007, Natasha, Inc. opened its own news website Natalie, named after the song "Nathalie" by Julio Iglesias. It was dedicated exclusively to music news and created with the idea of updating on a daily basis, something that newspapers could not do. The website also offered optional registration, that would allow commenting on news articles and creating a list of up to 30 artists to receive updates about. Natalie grew fast, opening a manga news sub-site, , on December 25, 2008, and a comedian news sub-site, , on August 5, 2009. It opened a cultural goods shop, , on August 1, 2012, a movie news sub-site, , on March 23, 2015, and a theater news sub-site, , on February 2, 2016. They also opened a snack news sub-site, , on May 18, 2011, but it proved to be short-lived and closed on August 31 of the same year. Management The founder and representative director of Natasha, Inc. is Takuya Ōyama. He is also the editor-in-chief of the music news website. As of 2008, the board director and editor-in-chief of Comic Natalie was Gen Karaki, also a bass player for such artists as Speed, Ram Rider, Haruko Momoi, and Nana Katase. Since 2014, Natasha is a subsidiary of KDDI. Critical response According to the news media outlet IT Media News, while the Natalie music website has much information for hardcore fans, the material is overly detailed and readers only glimpse at its content. References External links Natalie (main website) 2007 establishments in Japan Anime and manga websites Internet properties established in 2007 Japanese comedy websites Japanese music websites Japanese news websites Japanese-language websites KDDI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1%20receptor
Sigma-1 receptor
Sigma-1 receptor The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor. In humans, the σ1 receptor is encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene. The σ1 receptor is a transmembrane protein expressed in many different tissue types. It is particularly concentrated in certain regions of the central nervous system. It has been implicated in several phenomena, including cardiovascular function, schizophrenia, clinical depression, the effects of cocaine abuse, bipolar disorder, and cancer. Much is known about the binding affinity of hundreds of synthetic compounds to the σ1 receptor. An endogenous ligand for the σ1 receptor has yet to be conclusively identified, but tryptaminergic trace amines and neuroactive steroids have been found to activate the receptor. Especially progesterone, but also testosterone, pregnenolone sulfate, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) bind to the σ1 receptor. Characteristics The σ1 receptor is defined by its unique pharmacological profile. In 1976 Martin reported that the effects of N-allylnormetazocine (SKF-10,047) could not be due to activity at the μ and κ receptors (named from the first letter of their selective ligands morphine and ketazocine, respectively) and a new type of opioid receptor was proposed; σ (from the first letter of SKF-10,047). The opioid classification was eventually dropped however resulting from it not possessing the canonical opioid G-protein coupled receptor structure and the receptor was later referred to as simply the σ1 receptor. It was found to have affinity for the (+)-stereoisomers of several benzomorphans (e.g., (+)-pentazocine and (+)-cyclazocine), as well as various structurally and pharmacologically distinct psychoactive chemicals such as haloperidol and cocaine, and neuroactive steroids like progesterone. Pharmacological studies with σ1 agonists often follow a bell-shaped dose-response curve. Thus care should be taken when designing experiments and choosing doses of ligands. Structure The mammalian σ1 receptor is an integral membrane protein with 223 amino acids. It shows no homology to other mammalian proteins but strikingly shares 30% sequence identity and 69% similarity with the ERG2 gene product of yeast, which is a C8-C7 sterol isomerase in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Hydropathy analysis of the σ1 receptor indicates three hydrophobic regions. A crystal structure of the σ1 receptor was published in 2016. Functions A variety of specific physiological functions have been attributed to the σ1 receptor. Chief among these are modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility, and inhibition of voltage gated K+ channels. The reasons for these effects are not well understood, even though σ1 receptors have been linked circumstantially to a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Links between σ1 receptors and G-proteins have been suggested such as σ1 receptor antagonists showing GTP-sensitive high-affinity binding; there is also, however, some evidence against a G-protein coupled hypothesis. The σ1 receptor has been shown to appear in a complex with voltage gated K+ channels (Kv1.4 and Kv1.5), leading to the idea that σ1 receptors are auxiliary subunits. σ1 receptors apparently co-localize with IP3 receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum where they may be involved in preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Also, σ1 receptors have been shown to appear in galactoceramide enriched domains at the endoplasmic reticulum of mature oligodendrocytes. The wide scope and effect of ligand binding on σ1 receptors has led some to believe that σ1 receptors are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. Recently, σ1R has been implicated in autophagosome formation and maturation. Autophagy is a broad homeostatic, metabolic, cytoplasmic quality control, and metabolic process affecting many functions in the cell. σ1R is targeted by the nsp6 protein of SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit autophagosome formation as a process competing with the coronavirus for cellular endomembranes that the virus needs for its own replication. This along with the observed beneficial effects of sigma-1 receptor agonist and SSRI fluvoxamine in patients with SARS-COV-2 infection has led to the hypothesis that the sigma-1 receptor could be a target for the treatment of SARS-COV-2. There has been much interest in the sigma-1 receptor and its role in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. During healthy ageing, the density of sigma-1 receptors has been to increase. However, in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, there appears to be a reduction in sigma-1 receptor expression. It has been suggested that targeting the sigma-1 receptor along with other receptors could increase neuron survival and function in neurodegenerative disease. The activation of autophagy has also been suggested as a downstream mechanism linked to sigma-1 receptor activation. Knockout mice σ1 receptor knockout mice were created in 2003 to study the effects of endogenous DMT. Strangely, the mice demonstrated no overt phenotype. As expected, however, they did lack locomotor response to the σ ligand (+)-SKF-10,047 and displayed reduced response to formalin induced pain. Speculation has focused on the ability of other receptors in the σ family (e.g., σ2, with similar binding properties) to compensate for the lack of σ1 receptor. Clinical significance Mutations in the SIGMAR1 gene have been associated with distal spinal muscular atrophy type 2. Ligands The following ligands have high affinity for the σ1 receptor and possess high binding selectivity over the subtype σ2: Agonists: PRE-084 Blarcamesine Donepezil Fluvoxamine Fluoxetine Methamphetamine Citalopram Amitriptyline Cocaine L-687,384 Cutamesine Dipentylamine and its hydrochloride salt (dipentylammonium chloride) Dextromethorphan Dimethyltryptamine (+)-pentazocine (the "unnatural" enantiomer, which lacks affinity for the μ-opioid and κ-opioid receptors.) Opipramol Fabomotizole Antagonists: Selegiline D-Deprenyl Sertraline S1RA FTC-146 1-benzyl-6′-methoxy-6′,7′-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4′-thieno[3.2-c]pyran]: putative antagonist, selective against 5-HT1A, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, α1A and α2 adrenergic, and NMDA receptors NE-100 Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): Methylphenylpiracetam SOMCL-668 Uncategorized: 4-IPBS PD 144418 Spipethiane RHL-033 3-[[1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4-piperidyl]methyl]-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one: very high affinity and subtype selectivity 1'-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,4'-piperidine] 1'-benzyl-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-spiro[6H-furo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,4'-piperidine] (−)-(S)-4-methyl-1-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-methylethyl]piperidine Agents exist that have high σ1 affinity but either lack subtype selectivity or have high affinity at other binding sites, thus being more or less dirty/multifunctional, like haloperidol. Furthermore, there is a wide range of agents with an at least moderate σ1 involvement in their binding profile. See also Sigma-2 receptor References External links
15432634
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine-M%C3%A2con
Fontaine-Mâcon
Fontaine-Mâcon is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France. Population See also Communes of the Aube department References Communes of Aube Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkia%20speciosa
Parkia speciosa
Parkia speciosa (зустрічаються назви Смердюча квасоля, Петай чи Сато) — вид рослин родини бобові (Fabaceae). Будова Вічнозелене дерево висотою 15-40 метрів. Стовбур 50-100 см в діаметрі. Цибулеподібні квіти з'являються на довгих стеблах. Запилюється кажанами. Плід — напівпрозорий довгий (35-55 см х 3-5 см) закручений стручок, що росте групами по 6-8. Кожен стручок містить по 10-18 великих квасолин. Життєвий цикл Рослина перебуває у симбіозі з нітрогенними бактеріями, що живуть в землі на її корінні. Поширення та середовище існування Росте в тіні у вологих тропіках до 1400 м з температурою 20-28 °C та 1000—2000 мм атмосферних опадів. Поширена рослина у Індії, Південно-Східній Азії, Індокитаї, Китаї. Практичне використання Сато вживають у їжу у багатьох країнах Азії. Високопоживне насіння їдять свіжим чи приготовленим. Воно має сильний запах, дещо схожий на часник, що залишається на кілька днів, через що отримали назву Смердюча квасоля. Молоді стручки їдять у смаженому вигляді. Цибулеподібне суцвіття та листя також вживають у свіжому вигляді. В Таїланді рослину називають «сато» і смажать з м'ясом. Особливо популярна їжа в Індійському штаті Маніпур. Галерея Примітки Джерела Parkia speciosa // Useful Tropical Plants, — URL Цезальпінієві Флора Азії Зернобобові культури Городина Рослини, описані 1842
3557772
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F
Біла Деревня
Біла Деревня Біля Деревня — селище у Павловському районі Воронезької області Російської Федерації. Населення становить 35 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Петровське сільське поселення. Історія Населений пункт розташований у межах суцільної української етнічної території, на теренах Східної Слобожанщини. Від 1928 року належить до Павловського району, спочатку у складі Центрально-Чорноземної області, а від 1934 року — Воронезької області. Згідно із законом від 15 жовтня 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Петровське сільське поселення. Населення Примітки Селища Воронезької області Населені пункти Павловського району Воронезької області
1908249
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8
Лист дев'яноста дев'яти
Лист дев'яноста дев'яти — колективний відкритий лист, підписаний низкою відомих радянських математиків на захист свого колеги Олександра Єсеніна-Вольпіна, примусово поміщеного до психіатричної лікарні у зв'язку з його дисидентською діяльністю. Лист став важливою подією як в історії радянської математики, так і правозахисного руху. Передумови Олександр Єсенін-Вольпін був активним дисидентом. З 1949 року його неодноразово заарештовували органи держбезпеки та проти його волі поміщали до психіатричних лікувальних установ. 5 грудня 1965 в День Конституції Олександр Сергійович організував мітинг на в Москві з вимогою публічного та відкритого суду над письменниками Андрієм Синявським та Юлієм Даніелем, заарештованими за публікацію їхніх книг закордоном. Він постійно перебував під наглядом КДБ. КДБ спеціально наполягав на недопущенні участі Єсеніна-Вольпіна в Міжнародному математичному конгресі, проходив у Москві 16 серпня 1966, побоюючись передачі з його боку неприємної для влади інформації іноземним учасникам конгресу. Примусова госпіталізація 14 лютого 1968 Олександр Єсенін-Вольпін «за розпорядженням головного психіатра м. Москви» був примусово госпіталізований. В Хроніці поточних подій зазначалося, що госпіталізація була незаконною, оскільки такий вид медичної допомоги міг призначатися лише судом. Крім того, була порушена інструкція «Про невідкладну госпіталізацію психічно хворих, що представляють суспільну небезпеку», оскільки згідно з нею рідні госпіталізованого повинні були бути сповіщені, а після прибуття в лікарню протягом 24 годин спрямованого повинна оглянути комісія з трьох осіб. Ні того, ні іншого зроблено не було. Професор вважає, що ізоляція Єсеніна-Вольпіна була приурочена наближенню 15-ї річниці (5 березня). Професор пише, що госпіталізація була відповіддю на вимогу Єсеніна-Вольпіна допустити його на судовий процес над Даніелем та Синявським. Публічний протест Друзі та колеги Єсеніна-Вольпіна до 9 березня зібрали підписи під відкритим листом протесту до влади, яке стало відоме як «Лист дев'яноста дев'яти». Насправді під листом було зібрано близько 130 підписів, але відправлений був варіант з 99-ма. За спогадами , серед організаторів цього листа були та Євген Ландіс, а першими його підписали Ізраїль Гельфанд та Ігор Шафаревич. Дружина дисидента Марія вказує в своїх мемуарах, що «думка про написання такого відкритого листа належить Ірині Крісті, літературно лист оформив . Ірина Крісті та були найактивнішими збирачами підписів» Лист було направлено міністру охорони здоров'я СРСР, генеральному прокурору СРСР, копія — головному психіатру Москви. Воно також було опубліковано на Заході (зокрема, «Нью-Йорк Таймс» та транслювалося радіостанцією «Голос Америки»). Звернення, зокрема, підписали: академік (Єсенін-Вольпін був його аспірантом), члени-кореспонденти АН СРСР Ізраїль Гельфанд, Лазар Люстерник, Андрій Марков, , Сергій Новіков, Ігор Шафаревич, 31 доктор фізико-математичних наук та інші. Уже після збору підписів, у листі була зроблена приписка: «Відповідь просимо надсилати за адресою: Москва-234, Ленінські Гори, Московський державний університет імені Ломоносова, механіко-математичний факультет, на ім'я будь-якого з числа підписавших цей лист». Сергій Новіков вважає, що ця приписка підставляла під удар влади , виводячи з-під нього академічні інститути. Не підписали колективний лист, але направили аналогічні листи від власного імені провідні радянські математики академіки Андрій Колмогоров та Павло Александров. 24 березня заяву з протестом проти дій влади оприлюднили мати і дружина Єсеніна-Вольпіна. При цьому вони відзначили, що після публікації «Листу 99» та інших протестних листів 16 березня Вольпін був переведений у більш спокійне 32-е відділення лікарні імені Кащенко при Інституті психіатрії АМН СРСР. 12 травня Єсенін-Вольпін був виписаний з психіатричної лікарні після трьох місяців примусового лікування. У Росії лист було вперше опубліковано (з низкою неточностей і 96 підписами) у книзі «А. С. Єсенін-Вольпін. Філософія. Логіка. Поезія. Захист прав людини: Вибране» 1999 року. Наслідки Лист став великою віхою у взаєминах радянської влади з математичною громадськістю. Багато з підписантів листа були піддані репресіям. Так, академік Петро Новіков був звільнений з посади завідувача кафедрою в Московському державному педагогічному інституті. Була розігнана лабораторія в . Втратили роботу доктор фізико-математичних наук лауреат Сталінської премії Наум Мейман, доктор фізико-математичних наук Ісаак Яглом, викладач математики на філологічному факультеті Московського університету та багато інших. Наслідком листи стала зміна керівництва в радянській математичній науці та освіті, в першу чергу в МДУ. Володимир Арнольд назвав підписання листа подією, що «перевернула математичну ієрархію в Росії». Цю, та інші події, що мали місце бути, Ільяшенко називає «чорним 20-річчям мехмату МДУ». Олександр Даніель та вважають, що насильницька госпіталізація Єсеніна-Вольпіна та боротьба за його звільнення «стали помітним епізодом у процесі становлення правозахисного руху в СРСР». Думки та оцінки Згодом акція отримала неоднозначні оцінки як від учасників подій, так і від дослідників. Так, професор писав, що, коли лист принесли на підпис академіку Петру Капиці, він запитав: «Ви що хочете? Влаштувати шум чи звільнити Єсеніна-Вольпіна? Якщо звільнити, то я його вам звільню. Якщо влаштувати шум, то я не з вами» — і лист не підписав. Аналогічні слова приписуються . Сергій Новіков стверджує в спогадах, що лист було провокацією КДБ, що стало зрозуміло лише через роки. На думку Новікова, виконавцем цієї провокації була подруга Єсеніна-Вольпіна Ірина Крісті, хоча він не виключає, що її могли використовувати таким чином, що вона сама цього не знала. Див. також Репресивна психіатрія Примітки Посилання Неретін Ю.Золотому віку не бувати! (Москва, 9 березня 1968) . 09.03.2013 Цінман Л. Пригоди рядового підписанта після "листа 99 математиків " . 20.09.2014 листи вчених на сайті (Проект «Соціальна історія вітчизняної науки») Відкриті листи Правозахисний рух Репресивна психіатрія Конфлікти в 1968 1968 у політиці 1968 в СРСР Події 8 березня Березень 1968
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%2C%20%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F
Я, Тоня
Я, Тоня «Я, Тоня» — американська біографічна спортивна драма з елементами комедії, що вийшла 2017 року. Режисер — Крейг Гіллеспі, сценарист — Стівен Роджерс. У головній ролі — Марго Роббі. У фільмі також знімалися Себастіан Стен, Еллісон Дженні, Пол Волтер Гаузер, Джуліанн Ніколсон, Кейтлін Карвер, Бояна Новакович та Боббі Каннавале. Світова прем'єра фільму відбулася 8 вересня 2017 року на Міжнародному кінофестивалі у Торонто. У США фільм з'явився в прокаті 8 грудня, в Україні — 8 лютого 2018 року. Сюжет Тоня Гардінг — уродженка Портленда, дитинство якої проходить із жорстокою та деспотичною матір'ю Лавоною Ґолден. Батько, з яким Тоні мала теплі стосунки, кидає сім'ю. За настановою Лавони, дівчинка починає займатися фігурним катанням під керівництвом тренерки Діани Ровлінсон. Вона бачить у Тоні великий талант. Проте дівчина разом з цим набуває репутації складної та поганої людини, а також використовує нестандартні методи підготовки до виступів — вона сама майструє собі костюми, вигадує макіяж та обирає музику. У 15 років вона починає зустрічатися із 18-річним Джеффом Гілулі. Незабаром вони одружуються, але сімейне життя супроводжується сварками, скандалами та побоями. Тоня швидко стає однією з найкращих фігуристок США. Якось після одного з виступів у Тоні та Діани виникає суперечка, через що Гардінг звільняє її. Дівчина наймає нового тренера Доді Тічман. Тоня стає першою фігуристкою, яка виконала на змаганнях потрійний аксель — надскладний стрибок у фігурному катанні. На Зимових Олімпійських іграх 1992 року Тоні не вдається виконати стрибок, і вона фінішує четвертою. Зазнавши поразки, вона знову переїжджає до Джеффа і влаштовується на роботу офіціанткою, але Діана переконує її повернутися і підготуватися до Олімпійських ігор 1994 року. У листопаді 1993 року Тоня знімається зі змагань регіонального чемпіонату в Портленді через погрози на свою адресу. Джефф доручає своєму другові Шону Екардту вчинити напад на Ненсі Керріган, найближчу суперницю Тоні. Екардт наймає двох головорізів для нападу на Керріган після тренування в Детройті. 6 січня 1994 року поплічники Екардта б'ють Керріган по коліну; у зв'язку з нападом вона вибуває із запланованих змагань. Інцидент викликає громадський резонанс. ФБР починає розслідування та виходить на Екардта. Той у свою чергу звинувачує Джеффа як призвідника злочину. Тоня, яка отримала право на участь в Олімпійських іграх, розуміє, що її вважатимуть співучасницею. Щоб уникнути арешту, вона звертається до ФБР та розповідає про замах на Керріган. Джефф, дізнавшись про це, звинувачує Гардінг у тому, що вона знала про напад і нічого не зробила для його запобігання. Вони остаточно розлучаються. Гардінг стає метою ЗМІ. Тоню відвідує Лавона, проте дівчина розуміє, що мати під приводом примирення з'явилася до неї за інформацією про напад із захованим мікрофоном і проганяє її. Джеффа, Екардта та поплічників обвинувачують, а слухання справи Тоні відкладається до закінчення Олімпійських ігор. Гардінг фінішує восьмою, а Керріган виграє срібну медаль. Тоня уникає в'язниці, проте за ухвалою суду вона довічно відсторонюється від змагань з фігурного катання. Після виходу на волю Джефф змінює ім'я та створює нову родину. Лавона припиняє спілкування з дочкою та переїжджає до штату Вашингтон. Тоня будує кар'єру у професійному боксі, а також втретє виходить заміж та виховує дитину. У ролях Марґо Роббі — Тоня Гардінг, фігуристка Маккенна Грейс — Тоня в дитинстві Мейзі Сміт — Тоня у віці 4-х років Себастіян Стан — Джефф Гілулі, чоловік Тоні Еллісон Дженні — Лавона Фей Ґолден, матір Тоні Джуліанна Ніколсон — Діана Ровлінсон, тренерка Тоні Кейтлін Карвер — Ненсі Керріган, фігуристка, суперниця Тоні Бояна Новакович — Доді Тічман, тренерка Тоні Пол Волтер Гаузер — Шон Еккардт, охоронець Тоні та друг Джеффа Боббі Каннавале — Мартін Меддокс, репортер Ден Тріандіфлу — Боб Ровлінсон, чоловік Діани та адвокат Тоні Рікі Руссерт — Шейн Стент, нанятий Джеффом та Шоном для нападу на Ненсі Керріган Ентоні Рейнолдс — Деррік Сміт, дядько Стента, попередній друг Шона, спочатку найнявся напасти на Ненсі, перш ніж завербувати самого Стента, щоб поранити її Кессіді Балкком — Оксана Баюл, фігуристка (в титрах не вказана) Фі Дітер — Мідорі Іто, фігуристка (в титрах не вказана) Нагороди Примітки Посилання (англ.) Фільми США 2017 Біографічні фільми США Фільми-драми США Спортивні фільми США Фільми англійською мовою Фільми, зняті в Джорджії Фільми про Портленд Фільми про фігурне катання Біографічні фільми про жінок Фільми про домашнє насильство Незалежні фільми 2017
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%28%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
Андрієвське (Бабушкінський район)
Андрієвське (Бабушкінський район) Андрієвське — село у складі Бабушкінського району Вологодської області, Росія. Входить до складу Рослятінського сільського поселення. Населення Населення — 140 осіб (2010; 167 у 2002). Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік): росіяни — 99 % Джерела Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Бабушкінського району (Вологодська область) Села Вологодської області
3076342
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F
Пароніхія
Пароніхія (інколи Параніхій, — «навколо нігтя»; навколонігтьовий панарицій) — гнійне і/або грибкове запалення тканин нігтьового валика. Клінічні прояви Пацієнти скаржаться на біль в ділянці нігтя, важко рухати «хворим» пальцем, інколи важко або неможливо заснути. Інколи перебіг майже без симптомний, пацієнтам лише заважає набряк. Візуально під основою нігтя набряк з почервонінням, часто в ділянці набряку випинання над поверхнею шкіри з зеленуватим чи жовто-зеленим вмістом. Шкіра над випинанням блискуча. Палець на дотик «гарячий» у порівняні з іншими. Примітки Див. також Панарицій Оніхомікоз Джерела Загальна хірургія: Національний підручник / Березницький Я. С., Захараш М. П., Мішалов В. Г., Шідловський В. О. - 2018. - 344 с. (С.244-245) Хірургія: підручник / О. Ю. Усенко, Г. В. Білоус, Г. Й. Путинцева.- 2-е вид., переробл. і допов..-К.: ВСВ «Медицина», 2013.- 416 с. ISBN 978-6017-505-264-8 (С.200, 202) Хірургічні захворювання Гнійні захворювання
19067149
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%20h%C6%A1i
Bia hơi
Bia hơi or Bia tươi (literally "fresh beer"), is a type of draught beer popular in Vietnam. Bia hơi is available primarily in northern Vietnam. It is mostly to be found in small bars and on street corners. The beer is brewed daily, then matured for a short period and once ready each bar gets a fresh batch delivered every day in steel barrels. It is a very light (around 3% alcohol) refreshing lager at a fraction of the cost of draft or bottled beer in the Western-style bars. Bia hơi production is informal and not monitored by any health agency. As of September 2020 a small cup is typically priced between 5,000₫ (US$) and 11,000₫ ($). References Vietnamese alcoholic drinks Beer in Vietnam
31610669
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhpe%C4%8D
Vrhpeč
Vrhpeč is a settlement in the Municipality of Mirna Peč in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The local church is built on a hill north of the settlement on which evidence of a prehistoric Iron Age hillfort has been found. It is dedicated to Saint Anne and belongs to the Parish of Trebnje. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1526 and was restyled in the Baroque in the 18th century. References External links Vrhpeč on Geopedia Populated places in the Municipality of Mirna Peč
69255
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206482
NGC 6482
NGC 6482 Об'єкти NGC Геркулес (сузір'я) Галактики
2538793
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLK
NLK
NLK – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на довгому плечі 17-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 527 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 58 283. Кодований геном білок за функціями належить до трансфераз, кіназ, серин/треонінових протеїнкіназ, фосфопротеїнів. Задіяний у таких біологічних процесах, як транскрипція, регуляція транскрипції, сигнальний шлях Wnt. Білок має сайт для зв'язування з АТФ, нуклеотидами, іонами металів, іоном магнію. Локалізований у цитоплазмі, ядрі. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 17 Протеїнкінази
455122
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96
Деспіна Ванді
Деспіна Ванді Дéспіна Вандí (22 червня 1969) — грецька співачка. 2002 року отримала нагороду World Music Awards як найуспішніша за кількістю проданих альбомів грецька співачка. Біографія Народилась у німецькому місті Тюбінген. Коли Деспіні виповнилось 6 років, вона разом з родиною повернулась на батьківщину до міста Кавала, Греція. У Кавалі вона здобула середню освіту, почала навчання на факультеті педагогіки, психології та філософії Фессалонікійського університету Аристотеля, найбільшому університеті країни. В цей час її помітив уже відомий у Греції співак Васіліс Карас, який запропонував дівчині співати у його нічному клубі. Сильний голос та приваблива зовнішність швидко принесли популярність співачці. 1994 року вона записала свій перший альбом «Γέλα μου» (Посміхнись мені). Щоправда справжня слава прийшла до неї після виконання пісні в дуеті з Яннісом Паріосом «Αδιέξοδο» (Немає виходу). Деспіна одружена із Демісом Ніколаїдісом, колишнім футболістом та президентом афінського футбольного клубу АЕК. Має дочку Меліні та сина Гіоргоса, якого народила в серпні 2007 року. 2008 року співачка потрапила у дорожньо-транспортну пригоду (ДТП), в якій залишилась в живих лише завдяки диву. Її шофер не впорався із керуванням автомобіля в районі Афін Кіфісія і врізався у вантажівку на протилежній смузі. Деспіна отримала лише легкі подряпини та розтягнення, у той час як її Porsche Cayenne був вщент розбитий. 30 серпня 2012 відбулася прем'єра спільної програми Ванді і Антипаса в клубі Posidonio. У програмі бере участь і гурт Vegas. За попередніми даними виступи триватимуть до Великодня 2013 року. Взимку 2014 — 2015 Ванді співає в клубі Fever в Афінах разом з Нікосом Ікономопулосом, Demy та гуртом Boys & Noise. Особисте життя У 17 липня 2003 року Деспіна була одружена з Демісом Ніколаїдісом , колишнім футболістом міжнародного рівня та колишнім президентом футбольного клубу АЕК. але їхній шлюб тривав 18 років, вони оголосили про своє розлучення в 15 липня 2021 року. Має доньку на ім'я Меліна, яка народилася 8 лютого 2004 року, і сина на ім'я Йоргос, який народився 21 серпня 2007 року. З 2021 року у відносинах з актором Васілісом Бісбікісом , який старший її 8 років. Дискографія Студійні альбоми 1994: Γέλα μου 1996: Εσένα περιμένω 1997: Δέκα εντολές (2πλα πλατινένιο) 1999: Προφητείες (3πλα πλατινένιο) 2001: Γειά (4πλα πλατινένιο) 2002: Collector's edition: Γειά + Άντε γειά (7πλα πλατινένιο) 2003: Live (Πλατινένιο) 2004: Στην αυλή του Παραδείσου (2πλά πλατινένιο) 2005: Karaoke CD + G 2005: Special Edition (2πλα πλατινένιο) 2007: 10 χρόνια μαζί (Πλατινένιο στην Ελλάδα) (Πλατινένιο στην Κύπρο) 2008: 10 χ.μ.: It's Destiny Επανέκδοση (Πλατινένιο στην Ελλάδα) (Πλατινένιο στην Κύπρο) Сингли 1998: Σπάνια (Πλατινένιο) 2000: Υποφέρω (6πλα πλατινένιο σε Ελλάδα) (4πλα πλατινένιο στην Κύπρο) 2002: Άντε γειά (3πλα πλατινένιο) 2003: Gia (Χρυσό στην Ελλάδα) 2004: Opa opa 2004: Come along now (Πλατινένιο) 2006: Κάλαντα (2πλα πλατινένιο) DVD 2003: Δέσποινα Βανδή: The Video Collection '97-'03 (Χρυσό DVD) 2004: Δέσποινα Βανδή: Despina Vandi (1994-2000) 2004: Δέσποινα Βανδή Karaoke DVD Vol.1 Нагороди 2010 MAD Video Music Awards: Найкраща виконавиця 2012 MAD Video Music Awards: Найкраща лірика до пісні «Έχει Ο Καιρός Γυρίσματα» (Γυρίσματα) 2014 MAD Video Music Awards: Найкраща виконавиця; Артист року 2015 MAD Video Music Awards: Найкраща виконавиця (Best Female Adult) Примітки Грецькі співачки Випускники університету Аристотеля Уродженці Тюбінгена Дружини та подруги футболістів Переможці MAD Video Music Awards
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Боброво (Куявсько-Поморське воєводство)
Боброво (Куявсько-Поморське воєводство) Боброво — село в Польщі, у гміні Боброво Бродницького повіту Куявсько-Поморського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Торунського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Бродницького повіту
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Скаєнь (Дондушенський район)
Скаєнь (Дондушенський район) Скаєнь — село в Молдові в Дондушенському районі. Утворює окрему комуну. Примітки Села Молдови
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra%20Crvendaki%C4%87
Aleksandra Crvendakić
Aleksandra Crvendakić (born 17 March 1996) is a Serbian professional women's basketball player who plays for LDLC ASVEL Féminin. She also represents the Serbian national basketball team. International career She represented Serbian national basketball team at the 2016 Olympic Games. References External links Aleksandra Crvendakić at eurobasket.com 1996 births Living people Sportspeople from Loznica Power forwards Serbian women's basketball players ŽKK Crvena zvezda players Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic basketball players for Serbia Olympic bronze medalists for Serbia Serbian expatriate basketball people in Hungary Serbian expatriate basketball people in Poland Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in basketball European champions for Serbia Basketball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
75666581
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzhanka
Buzhanka
Buzhanka (Ukrainian: Бужанка) is a village of about 2000 in central Ukraine, located on the Hnylyi Tikych River, 24 kilometers northwest of the district capital Zvenyhorodka and 98 kilometers west of the oblast capital Cherkasy. Population As of the 2001 census, Buzhanka had a population ‌of 1,963. 1,954 of whom indicated Ukrainian as their native language, 6 Russian, 1 Belarusian, and 2 other. History The village was first mentioned in writing at the beginning of the 17th century. References Villages in Zvenyhorodka Raion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF%20Vllaznia%20Shkod%C3%ABr
KF Vllaznia Shkodër
KF Vllaznia Shkodër Klubi I Futbollit Vllaznia Shkodër, commonly known as Vllaznia is an Albanian football club based in the city of Shkodër. It is the association football branch of the Vllaznia Sports Club, which was founded on 16 February 1919. It is also the oldest club in Albania which means it is the first club created in Albania. The club have competed in every edition of Kategoria Superiore since 1930, which is the top tier of football in Albania, besides in the 1956–57, 1961–62 and 2018–19 football seasons. Vllaznia is one of the most successful football clubs in Albania, having won nine Kategoria Superiore titles, eight Albanian Cups and two Albanian Supercups. They have only been relegated from the Kategoria Superiore three times in 1956 due to a disqualification, in 1961, and for the last time in decades in 2018. The club's ground has been the Loro Boriçi Stadium since it was built in 1952, which is named after former Vllaznia and Albania national team captain. In 2016, the stadium was rebuilt into modern all-seater at the cost of €17 million, and it now has a capacity of 16,022, making it the second largest stadium in Albania. History Background Football was introduced to the city of Shkodër in 1908, when a Maltese priest, Father Gut Ruter, brought a football into the city, which is considered to be the first time football was played in the country. The first football club formed in Albania was Indipendenca Shkodër, which began operating in 1912 under the guidance of founder Palokë Nika, who was also the captain of the team. The first football game organised in city took place in October 1913 between Indipendenca Shkodër and the occupying Austro-Hungarian Imperial Navy. It was the first time a football team composed of Albanians had played foreigners, making it the first international game to ever take place involving an Albanian team, as well as being the first 90-minute football game to be played with two 45 minute halves in the country. Indipendenca Shkodër lost the game 2–1, with the captain Palokë Nika scoring the only goal for the home side. Early history Following the rise in popularity of football in the city, this prompted Palokë Nika along with other sportspeople in the city to form a club that would cater for many sports including football and on 16 February 1919 the Vllaznia Sports Society was formed. Vllaznia is a concept in Albanian culture often translated as "brotherhood;" it refers to loyalty to one's fis (clan, tribe). They played games against other Albanian teams, notably playing KF Tirana in their first ever game in October 1920. The club also played international games, the first of which was against the occupying Italian troops on 23 May, who beat Vllaznia 1–0. Later in the year for Albanian Independence Day on 28 November Vllaznia organised another football game against an Italian selection again, this time losing 5–1. The club's first game outside of Albania was played on 31 August 1922 in Montenegro against FK Lovćen Cetinje, a match which they lost 4–0. The club would continue to play domestic friendly games until the creation of the Albanian Football Association in 1930 and the start of the Kategoria e Parë in the same year. Championships of World War II During the peak of World War II, between the years 1939 and 1942, Albanian Football Association organized three championships, in 1939, 1940 and 1942. According to all information gathered in years from Albanian and foreign historians, players and veterans who lived these events, clear evidence proves the existence of these championships at that time, as well as the existence of three trophies given from Albanian Football Association officials themselves. One must not forget that 1942 Albanian Superliga had a nationwide participation – the first and the only one so far involving teams from both countries as Albania and Kosovo. KS Vllaznia won one such championship whilst KF Tirana won the other two championships in 1939 & 1942. This would update the championship trophies won by these clubs to respectively 10 and 26 at the present time. After years of silence, Albanian Football Association have appointed a dedicated commission with 5 members, which is involved in gathering enough evidence in this regard. And finally, after a significant amount of evidence has been produced, it has been given an official date, when Albanian Football Association intend to officially recognize these 3 championships in their next General Assembly, to be held in February 2013. In 1958 the club was renamed "KS Vllaznia". In the European Cup for Champions 1978/79 they beat Austrian team Austria Wien (who went on to the semifinals) 2–0 at home but lost 3–4 on aggregate. In the Cup Winners Cup of 1987/88 they reached the Round of 16 after beating Sliema Wanderes from Malta in both games (aggregate 6–0). In the 2001/2002 UEFA Champions league qualifying they beat KR Reykjavik from Iceland 2–1 in Reykjavik and 1–0 in Tirana with two goals from Klodian Duro. In next round KF Vllaznia were eliminated by the Turkish club Galatasaray 2–0 in Istanbul and 1–4 in Tirana. German Uli Schulze, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winner with 1. FC Magdeburg in 1974, was appointed as new coach in summer 2006. He was later replaced by Mirel Josa who is currently at his third spell coaching the team. 2000s In the 2000s, Vllaznia went through changes. In 2003 the President of Vllaznia, Myftar Cela, was shot in Montenegro. The President was loved by every Vllaznia fan due to his generosity and his love for the team. After Cela died, a group of businessmen gathered to help the team. In 2006, an Albanian businessman, Valter Fushaj, became Vllaznia President. Since then he has been criticized by the fans for corruption and not wanting the best for the team. In the 2009–2010 season Vllaznia went through some rough changes; having to change 3 coaches and also replace players. Vllaznia dropped to the bottom of the table, and having been criticized by the fans, Vllaznia went through some bad times. On 17 April 2010, Vllaznia won 3–2 against Skënderbeu Korçë but the result was changed to a 2–0 loss for Vllaznia. This was because the player Ansi Nika wasn't on the team roster but was picked for the team anyway. This led to protests by the fans, making accusations that the Vllaznia staff and the President Valter Fushaj specifically did it for bribing reasons. GEA Sport Era Roberto Nava, the president of GEA Sport SA, bought 50% of KF Vllaznia and in July, Nava negotiated with Napoli to loan Sebastián Sosa on a one-year term in Shkodër. After successful negotiations with Napoli, Nava went on to buy Sebastián Rodríguez from Almería and Giorginho Aguirre from Corona Brasov. Vllaznia were relegated from the Albanian Superliga in the 2017/18 season, a club that suffered their last demotion almost six decades ago in the early 1960s. However, during the 2018/19 season, the team managed to gain promotion to the Superliga while also being crowned champions of the Albanian First Division (the second tier of Albanian Football), beating second-placed Erzeni to the title by a whopping 12 points. In the 2019/20 season, Vllaznia finished eighth in the Superliga. They were then placed in the relegation play-off final against KF Besëlidhja Lezhë, but won 3–1 to secure their status as a top-flight club for another season. The 2020/21 season saw Vllaznia jump up the table and have a very successful season, finishing on an impressive 66 points and securing a second-place finish that booked them a spot in the Europa Conference League Qualifiers. Teuta, the team that won the league, beat Vllaznia on goal difference. Vllaznia also secured European football in the 2021/22 and 2022/23 seasons. In the 2023/24 Europa Conference League Qualifiers, they played the highly successful Northern Irish club Linfield F.C., but lost 3–2 on aggregate. Stadium The home ground of the club is called "Loro Borici". The name comes from one of the club's and Albania's greatest footballer to ever play, Loro played with some of the biggest teams at that time, with Roma and Lazio. The striker was known for his goalscoring abilities which he displayed in the Serie A after he left Vllaznia in the 1930s. Loro Boriçi stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Shkodër, Albania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Vllaznia Shkodër. The stadium holds about 16,000 spectators and was reconstructed in 2001. It is named in honour of Loro Boriçi, famous player in the 1940s and 1950s. It is also the second largest stadium in Albania behind the Qemal Stafa Stadium in Tirana which seats 19,600. In October 2014, Edi Rama, prime minister of Albania, promised the reconstruction of the stadium, which was last renovated in 2001. He said that the stadium will be with a renewed capacity of about 20,000 spectators. On 3 May 2015, construction works officially started, bringing the stadium to a renewed capacity of 17,500 seats. During the 2015–16 Albanian Superliga season, Loro Boriçi Stadium was under re-construction, therefore Vllaznia used Ismail Xhemali Stadium in Pukë at the beginning of the season and then switched to Reshit Rusi Stadium in Shkodër for much of the season. Fans Vllaznia is one of the most popular and recognised teams amongst Albanian football fans in Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia. The Ultras group of Vllaznia are known as 'Vllaznit Ultras' and were the first official ultras fan base in Albania who were created in 2005. They have strong ties with other Albanian Ultra groups such as the Ultras Guerrils who support KF Partizani Tirana and Armata E Veriut of FK Kukësi. It is known that Vllaznit Ultras meet up with opposition fans to greet each other before and after a game. Vllaznit Ultras are not just present in the football scene, they also attend Vllaznia's basketball matches to show their full support and love for Vllaznia at any sporting level. Fans of Vllaznia have always attended matches in high quantities, but in recent years the number of fans attending games has decreased due to the poor management and loss of confidence in the team. In the last 3 seasons the team has made a good performance in the league pretending for the title and also winning two Albanian Cups. This good performance has risen the passion and confidence among the fans, which has grown the number of fans in the stadium. They have ties with Ultras Beveren, the supporters of Belgian team Waasland-Beveren Despite the low number of fans at Vllaznia's football games, they have recently turned up in strong numbers for the clubs basketball team, BC Vllaznia, due to their outstanding form in the past few years, having won the 3 Albanian Basketball League championships from 2014 to 2016. Rivalries Vllaznia's all time enemies are KF Tirana who are the most successful side in Albanian football. Both teams had been the only two in Albania to not have been relegated from the top tier of Albanian football, until on the final match day of 2017, where both sides fought out who would survive and go down in front of a full crowd (Vllaznia 0–0 Tirana), Tirana were relegated. This rivalry is known as the "All-time Albanian derby". The rivalry is mainly in existence because both sides were the first two football teams to be found in Albania, where Vllaznia was found in 1919, whilst KF Tirana was found in 1920. Another reason why this rivalry potentially exists is due to the historic popularity between these two sides. Vllaznia and Tirana were the only sides in Albania to have never been relegated in the Albanian Superliga, they both hold 78 official seasons and 81 unofficial seasons (including three unofficial championships during World War II) in Albanian top flight football going into the 2016-17 Albanian Superliga season. Both ultra groups, the Vllaznit Ultras and Tirona Fanatics are known for their fierce rivalry in the stands and off the pitch, which was shown in a match played in Loro Boriçi Stadium in Shkodër on 11 September 2014. During this game there was a lot of tension which began in the second half of the game. The game was interrupted when Tirana's fans started throwing bottles and other objects to show their anger towards the referee's decisions. Late on, Tirana grabbed an equaliser through Ervin Bulku to level 1–1, and this sparked a huge brawl between the fans. Tirana fans ran onto the pitch and seemingly started throwing chairs and bottles at Vllaznia fans. From then on Vllaznia fans started attacking Tirana fans inside and outside of the stadium. Vllaznia's fans gave an official statement on Vllaznia's official Facebook page where they stated that what Tirana fans did was seen as an embarrassment and an insult to people of Shkodra and Albanian football, therefore action was needed. Amongst some of the injured people was Tirana's president, Refik Halili who was hit by a fan of Tirana with a stone. Vllaznia fans were given a 10 match ban from attending home games, whilst Tirana were given 15. Vllaznia has a fierce rivalry with Flamurtari Vlorë too. This rivalry dates back to the 70s when the two sides were the best teams in Albania. This is also the rivalry between the main clubs from the north and the south of Albania. This game is one of the most attended matches in Albanian football. The relations between fans of the clubs in and out of field are rude and supporters usually have troubles and violence. Other derbies include the North Albanian derbies against Laçi and Kukësi. Laçi fans insist that the North Albanian derby is between Laçi and Vllaznia, whereas fans of Kukësi believe it is between Kukësi and Vllaznia. However history suggests that Besëlidhja Lezhë and Vllaznia were the most popular Northern Albanian sides decades ago. Honours Kategoria Superiore Winners (9):1940*, 1945, 1946, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1991–92, 1997–98, 2000–01 Runners-up (11): 1932, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1947, 1949, 1974–75, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2008–09, 2020–21 Kategoria e Parë Winners (2): 1957, 1962 Runners-up (1): 2018–19 Albanian Cup Winners (8): 1964–65, 1971–72, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1986–87, 2007–08, 2020–21, 2021–22 Runners-up (8): 1938–39, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1985–86, 1998–99, 2005–06, 2009–10 Albanian Supercup Winners (2): 1998, 2001 Runners-up (4): 1992, 2008, 2021, 2022 KF Vllaznia Shkodër statistics in Kategoria Superiore Since the Kategoria Superiore began in 1930, KF Vllaznia have played 1991 Superliga matches, scored 3181 goals and conceded 2053. The club has collected so far 2638 points, won 911 games, drawn 470 and lost 612. The club's goal difference is -106 and the winning difference is +1128. Recent seasons Records Biggest ever home league victory: Vllaznia Shkodër 8–0 Flamurtari Vlorë – 6 February 1999 Biggest ever home league defeat: Vllaznia Shkodër 0–4 Dinamo Tirana – 25 September 2010 Biggest ever away league victory: KF Laçi 1–7 Vllaznia Shkodër – 18 December 2004 / KF Tirana 0–6 Vllaznia Shkodër - (1947) kf apolonia-KF VLLAZNIA 0-6 18.04.2021 Biggest ever away league defeat: KF Tirana 5–1 Vllaznia Shkodër – 28 February 2004 Biggest ever European home victory: Vllaznia Shkodër 3–0 Široki Brijeg – 15 July 2021 Biggest ever European home defeat: Vllaznia Shkodër 0–4 Trabzonspor – 14 July 2007 Biggest ever European away victory: Sliema Wanderers 0–4 Vllaznia Shkodër – 30 September 1987 Biggest ever European away defeat: Trabzonspor 6–0 Vllaznia Shkodër – 8 July 2007 Albanian records from September 1997 KF Vllaznia in Europe As of 20 July 2023. QR = Qualifying Round 1R = 1st Round 2R = 2nd Round World & European Rankings (As of 3 August 2023) UEFA club coefficient ranking Players Current squad Out on loan Current staff List of managers Palokë Nika (1920s) Ibrahim Dizdari (1945) Ernest Halepiani (1946) Skënder Jareci (1964–1965) Xhevdet Shaqiri (1966–1979) Medin Zhega (1980–1982) Ramazan Rragami (1982–1985) Astrit Hafizi (1985–1988) Ramazan Rragami (1988–1990) Astrit Hafizi (1990–1995) Sabah Bizi (1995) Hysen Dedja (1996–1998) Vasil Bici (1998–1999) Ramazan Rragami (1999–2000) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2000–2001) Astrit Hafizi (2002) Hysen Dedja (2002) Ramadan Shehu (2003) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2003–2004) Vasil Bici (- 6 March 2005) Agim Medja (6 Mar 2005 - Jun 2005) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (Jul 2005 - 5 October 2005) Hysen Dedja (5 Oct 2005 - Jun 2006) Ulrich Schulze (Jul 2006 - 13 November 2006) Mirel Josa (13 Nov 2006 – 8 March 2008) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (8 Mar 2008 – Jun 2008) Agim Canaj (Jul 2008 – 2 March 2009) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2 Mar 2009 – Jun 2009) Hasan Lika (Jul 2009 – 4 October 2009) Roland Luçi (4 Oct 2009 – 22 December 2009) Edi Martini (22 Dec 2009 – Jun 2010) Mojaš Radonjić (Jul 2010 – 26 October 2010) Mirel Josa (26 Oct 2010 – 25 October 2011) Elvis Plori (Oct 2011) Rudi Vata (25 Oct 2011 – 10 April 2012) Armir Grimaj (10 Apr 2012 - Jun 2012) Shpëtim Duro (Jul 2012 - 20 December 2012) Artan Bushati (20 Dec 2012 - Jun 2013) Agim Canaj (Jul 2013 – 9 March 2014) Samuel Nikaj (Mar 2014) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (9 Mar 2014 - Jun 2014) Baldo Raineri (Jul 2014 - 3 March 2015) Luan Zmijani (3 Mar 2015 – 27 September 2015) Armir Grimaj (27 Sep 2015 – 9 January 2016) Armando Cungu (9 Jan 2016 - Oct 2017) Ernest Gjoka (Oct 2017 – May 2018) Ervis Kraja (May 2018 - Jun 2018) Hasan Lika (Aug 2018 - Mar 2019) Agim Canaj (Mar 2019 – Jul 2019) Mirsad Jonuz (Jul 2019 – Jun 2020) Hysen Dedja (Jun 2020 – Aug 2020) Thomas Brdarić (Sep 2020 – Mar 2022) Elvis Plori (Mar 2022 – May 2022) Mirel Josa (May 2022 – Mar 2023) Auron Miloti (Mar 2023 – Apr 2023) Goce Sedloski (Apr 2023 – May 2023) Migen Memelli (Jun 2023 – Oct 2023) Qatip Osmani (Oct 2023 – Apr 2024) Thomas Brdarić (Apr 2024 –) Title winning Managers Notable players Hamdi Salihi Xhevahir Sukaj Vioresin Sinani Armando Vajushi Bekim Balaj Elseid Hysaj Rudi Vata Loro Boriçi Admir Teli Gilman Lika Erjon Vucaj Edon Hasani Dodë Tahiri Armando Cungu Palokë Nika Edi Martini Luan Zmijani Armir Grimaj Ramazan Rragami Elvin Beqiri Paulin Ndoja Amarildo Belisha Suad Lici Medin Zhega Women's team A women's team was created in 2013. When three time Albanian champion KF Ada Velipojë disestablished their women's team, the whole team moved to Vllaznia and formed a new women's section. The team then won the 2013–14 Albanian women's football championship and competed in the 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League. Vllaznia was the first Albanian team draw or win a match when they beat Faroes side KI 2–1. UEFA considers them as a successor team and credits Ada's results to them. References Football clubs in Albania Association football clubs established in 1919 1919 establishments in Albania Sport in Shkodër Football clubs in Shkodër
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3
Гуггісберг
Гуггісберг — громада в Швейцарії в кантоні Берн, адміністративний округ Берн-Міттельланд. Географія Громада розташована на відстані близько 22 км на південний захід від Берна. Гуггісберг має площу 54,9 км², з яких на 3% дозволяється будівництво (житлове та будівництво доріг), 52,5% використовуються в сільськогосподарських цілях, 39,5% зайнято лісами, 5% не є продуктивними (річки, льодовики або гори). Демографія 2019 року в громаді мешкало 1523 особи (-2,6% порівняно з 2010 роком), іноземців було 3,3%. Густота населення становила 28 осіб/км². За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 20,6% — особи молодші 20 років, 57,8% — особи у віці 20—64 років, 21,7% — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Було 650 помешкань (у середньому 2,3 особи в помешканні). Із загальної кількості 579 працюючих 288 було зайнятих в первинному секторі, 64 — в обробній промисловості, 227 — в галузі послуг. Примітки Громади Берну
1282765
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81
Ікітос
Ікітос — місто в Перу, найбільше в перуанській Амазонії. Адміністративний центр регіону Лорето та провінції Майнас. Маючи населення 437 376 чоловік (2015), є найбільшим містом на Землі, що не має зв'язку з іншими містами (не враховуючи дороги завдовжки 100 км у сусіднє місто Наута) суходолом, а лише річкою чи авіацією. В Ікітосі є два університети та міжнародний аеропорт. Географія Знаходиться на річці Амазонка за 150 км вниз за течією від її появи в результаті злиття річок Мараньйон і Укаялі, на висоті 106 м. Клімат Місто знаходиться у зоні екваторіального клімату. Найтепліший місяць — січень з середньою температурою 27.2 °C (81 °F). Найхолодніший місяць — липень, з середньою температурою 25.6 °С (78 °F). Історія Місто було засноване 1757 року як єзуїтська місія Сан-Пабло, але потім перейменований в Ікітос. Ікітос почав рости в XIX столітті після початку каучукового буму. В цей період в місті були побудовані величні помістя, такі, як Залізний будинок, , спроектований Гюставом Ейфелем. Після появи штучного каучуку ріст економіки міста знизився. Економіка Основою економіки міста є сплав лісу. Також розвинені нафтопереробка, виготовлення пива та рому. Пам'ятки Белен — район міста, є типовим індіанським селищем, куди в сезон дощів можливо дістатися тільки водним шляхом. Галерея Сесара Кальво де Араухо, художника-вихідця сусіднього міста Юрімагуас, який зобразив рідні місця та їх жителів. Корабель-музей América - річковий канонерський човен, побудований 1905 року. Цікаві факти В околицях Ікітоса знімався фільм Вернера Херцога «Фіцкарральдо». Примітки Посилання Неофіційний сайт міста Офіційний сайт провінції Майнас Міста Перу Населені пункти, засновані 1757 Регіон Лорето
9885653
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre-de-Bas
Terre-de-Bas
Terre-de-Bas is a commune in the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Terre-de-Bas is made up of Terre-de-Bas Island and several uninhabited islands and islets in the group of Les Saintes islands, to the southwest of Guadeloupe's mainland. Education Public preschools and primary schools: Ecole primaire Petites Anses Ecole maternelle Grande Anse See also Communes of the Guadeloupe department References Communes of Îles des Saintes Communes of Guadeloupe
2417179
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa%20Azoty
Grupa Azoty
Grupa Azoty Група Азоти, раніше Азотний завод у Тарнові-Мосцицях — польське підприємство хімічної промисловості, розміщене в міському районі Тарнова Мосциці. Найбільший хімічний концерн Польщі. Фірма заснована 1927 року, у добу Другої Польської Республіки, як один із найсучасніших заводів у Європі того часу. Нині це найбільший хімічний холдинг Польщі, а також провідна компанія з виробництва хімічних речовин у Європі, де концерн є другим за величиною виробником мінеральних добрив і меламіну, третім за величиною виробником комплексних мінеральних добрив та п'ятим за величиною виробником пластифікаторів і поліаміду 6. «Група Азоти» також присутня в секторі будівельних пластиків і оксо-спиртів. Вона пропонує багатий асортимент виробів, виготовлених на заводах концерну в Тарнові, Пулавах, Кендзежині-Козьле і Полицях, Гданську, Хожуві і Губіні (його німецькій частині) та селі Гжибув (ґміна Сташув). Див. також ЗАКСА Примітки Підприємства Малопольського воєводства Варшавська фондова біржа Полиці Тарнів Засновані в Польщі 1927
2829419
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE
Сіцько
Сіцько — село в Польщі, у гміні Реч Хощенського повіту Західнопоморського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Гожовського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Хощенського повіту
19137
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta
Malta
Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe, located in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago between Italy, Tunisia and Libya. It lies south of Sicily and Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. The two official languages are Maltese, the only Semitic language in Europe and the European Union, and English. The country's capital is Valletta. With a population of about 519,000 over an area of , Malta is the tenth-smallest country by area and the fifth most densely populated sovereign state. Its capital Valletta is the smallest capital city in the European Union by area and population. According to 2021 data by Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island and had a population of 480,134. According to the United Nations, ESPON and EU Commission, "the whole territory of Malta constitutes a single urban region". Malta increasingly is referred to as a city-state. Malta has been inhabited since about 5900 BC. Its location in the centre of the Mediterranean has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, with a succession of powers having contested and ruled the islands, including the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Knights of St. John, French, and British. While Christianity has been present since the time of the early Christians, Malta was predominantly a Muslim country under Arab rule during the early Middle Ages. Muslim rule ended with the Norman invasion of Malta by Roger I in 1091. Malta became a British colony in 1813, serving as the headquarters for the British Mediterranean Fleet. It was besieged by the Axis powers during World War II and was an important Allied base for operations in North Africa and the Mediterranean. The British parliament passed the Malta Independence Act in 1964, giving Malta independence, with Elizabeth II as its queen. The country became a republic in 1974. It has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations since independence, and joined the European Union in 2004; it became part of the eurozone monetary union in 2008. Malta is also closely tied historically and culturally to Italy and especially Sicily, with between 62 and 66 percent of Maltese people speaking or having significant knowledge of the Italian language, which was one of the official languages of Malta until 1934. Catholicism is the state religion but the Constitution of Malta guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship. The economy of Malta is heavily reliant on tourism, and the country promotes itself as a Mediterranean tourist destination with its warmer climate compared to the rest of Europe, numerous recreational areas and architectural and historical monuments, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, Valletta, and seven megalithic temples which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world. Name The English name derives from Italian and Maltese , from medieval Arabic , from classical Latin , from latinised or Doric forms of the ancient Greek of uncertain origin. The name shared by the Croatian island Mljet in antiquityliterally means "place of honey" or "sweetness", derived from the combining form of ("honey" or any similarly sweet thing) and the suffix . The ancient Greeks may have given the island this name after Malta's endemic subspecies of bees. Alternatively, other scholars argue for derivation of the Greek name from an original Phoenician or Punic , meaning "haven" or "port" in reference to the Grand Harbour and its primary settlement at Cospicua following the sea level rise that separated the Maltese islands and flooded its original coastal settlements in the 10th centuryBC. The name was then applied to all of Malta by the Greeks and to its ancient capital at Mdina by the Romans. Malta and its demonym are attested in English from the late 16th century. The Greek name appears in the Book of Acts in the Bible's New Testament. English translations including the 1611 King James Version long used the Vulgate Latin form , although William Tyndale's 1525 translation from Greek sources used the transliteration instead. Malta is widely used in more recent versions. The name is attested earlier in other languages, however, including some medieval manuscripts of the Latin Antonine Itinerary. History Prehistory Malta has been inhabited from circa 5900 BC, since the arrival of settlers originating from European Neolithic agriculturalists. Pottery found by archaeologists at the Skorba Temples resembles that found in Italy, and suggests that the Maltese islands were first settled in 5200 BC by Stone Age hunters or farmers who had arrived from Sicily, possibly the Sicani. The extinction of the dwarf hippos, giant swans and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta. Prehistoric farming settlements dating to the Early Neolithic include Għar Dalam. The population on Malta grew cereals, raised livestock and, in common with other ancient Mediterranean cultures, worshipped a fertility figure. A culture of megalithic temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period. Around 3500 BC, these people built some of the oldest existing free-standing structures in the world in the form of the megalithic Ġgantija temples on Gozo; other early temples include those at Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra. The temples have distinctive architecture, typically a complex trefoil design, and were used from 4000 to 2500 BC. Tentative information suggests that animal sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility, whose statue is now in the National Museum of Archaeology in Valletta. Another archaeological feature of the Maltese Islands often attributed to these ancient builders is equidistant uniform grooves dubbed "cart tracks" or "cart ruts" which can be found in several locations throughout the islands, with the most prominent being those found in Misraħ Għar il-Kbir. These may have been caused by wooden-wheeled carts eroding soft limestone. The culture apparently disappeared from the islands around 2500 BC, possibly due to famine or disease. After 2500 BC, the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until an influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found there. Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans Phoenician traders colonised the islands under the name Ann sometime after as a stop on their trade routes from the eastern Mediterranean to Cornwall. Their seat of government was apparently at Mdina, which shared the island's name; the primary port was at Cospicua on the Grand Harbour, which they called Maleth. After the fall of Phoenicia in 332 BC, the area came under the control of Carthage. During this time, the people on Malta mainly cultivated olives and carob and produced textiles. During the First Punic War, the island was conquered after harsh fighting by Marcus Atilius Regulus. After the failure of his expedition, the island fell back in the hands of Carthage, only to be conquered again during the Second Punic War in by the Roman consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus. After that, Malta became a , a designation that meant it was exempt from paying tribute or the rule of Roman law, and fell within the jurisdiction of the province of Sicily. Its capital at Mdina was renamed Melita after the Greek and Roman name for the island. Punic influence, however, remained vibrant on the islands with the famous Cippi of Melqart, pivotal in deciphering the Punic language, dedicated in the second Local Roman coinage, which ceased in the first indicates the slow pace of the island's Romanisation: the last locally minted coins still bear inscriptions in Ancient Greek and Punic motifs, showing the resistance of the Greek and Punic cultures. In the second century, Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–38) upgraded the status of Malta to a or free town: the island's local affairs were administered by four and a municipal senate, while a Roman procurator living in Mdina represented the proconsul of Sicily. In Paul the Apostle and Luke the Evangelist were shipwrecked on the islands. Paul remained for three months, preaching the Christian faith. The island is mentioned at the Acts of the Apostles as Melitene. In 395, when the Roman Empire was divided for the last time at the death of Theodosius I, Malta, following Sicily, fell under the control of the Western Roman Empire. During the Migration Period as the Western Roman Empire declined, Malta was conquered or occupied a number of times. From 454 to 464 the islands were subdued by the Vandals, and after 464 by the Ostrogoths. In 533, Belisarius, on his way to conquer the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, reunited the islands under Imperial (Eastern) rule. Little is known about the Byzantine rule in Malta: the island depended on the theme of Sicily and had Greek Governors and a small Greek garrison. While the bulk of population continued to be constituted by the old, Latinized dwellers, during this period its religious allegiance oscillated between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Byzantine rule introduced Greek families to the Maltese collective. Malta remained under the Byzantine Empire until 870, when it was conquered by the Arabs. Arab period and the Middle Ages Malta became involved in the Arab–Byzantine wars, and the conquest of Malta is closely linked with that of Sicily that began in 827 after Admiral Euphemius' betrayal of his fellow Byzantines, requesting that the Aghlabids invade the island. The Muslim chronicler and geographer al-Himyari recounts that in 870, following a violent struggle against the defending Byzantines, the Arab invaders, first led by Halaf al-Hadim, and later by Sawada ibn Muhammad, pillaged the island, destroying the most important buildings, and leaving it practically uninhabited until it was recolonised by the Arabs from Sicily in 1048–1049. It is uncertain whether this new settlement resulted from demographic expansion in Sicily, a higher standard of living in Sicily (in which case the recolonisation may have taken place a few decades earlier), or a civil war which broke out among the Arab rulers of Sicily in 1038. The Arab Agricultural Revolution introduced new irrigation, cotton, and some fruits. The Siculo-Arabic language was adopted on the island from Sicily; it would eventually evolve into the Maltese language. Norman conquest The Normans attacked Malta in 1091, as part of their conquest of Sicily. The Norman leader, Roger I of Sicily, was welcomed by Christian captives. The notion that Count Roger I reportedly tore off a portion of his checkered red-and-white banner and presented it to the Maltese in gratitude for having fought on his behalf, forming the basis of the modern flag of Malta, is founded in myth. Malta became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Sicily, which also covered the island of Sicily and the southern half of the Italian Peninsula. The Catholic Church was reinstated as the state religion, with Malta under the See of Palermo, and some Norman architecture sprang up around Malta, especially in its ancient capital Mdina. King Tancred made Malta a fief of the kingdom and installed a Count of Malta in 1192. As the islands were much desired due to their strategic importance, it was during this time that the men of Malta were militarised to fend off attempted conquest; early Counts were skilled Genoese privateers. The kingdom passed on to the Hohenstaufen dynasty from 1194 until 1266. As Emperor Frederick II began to reorganise his Sicilian kingdom, Western culture and religion started to exert their influence more intensely. Malta was declared a county and a marquisate, but its trade was totally ruined. For a long time it remained solely a fortified garrison. A mass expulsion of Arabs occurred in 1224, and the entire Christian male population of Celano in Abruzzo was deported to Malta in the same year. In 1249 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, decreed that all remaining Muslims be expelled from Malta or compelled to convert. For a brief period, the kingdom passed to the Capetian House of Anjou, but high taxes made the dynasty unpopular in Malta, due in part to Charles of Anjou's war against the Republic of Genoa, and the island of Gozo was sacked in 1275. Crown of Aragon the Knights of Malta and Portuguese Rule Malta was ruled by the House of Barcelona, the ruling dynasty of the Crown of Aragon, from 1282 to 1409, with the Aragonese aiding the Maltese insurgents in the Sicilian Vespers in the naval battle in Grand Harbour in 1283. Relatives of the kings of Aragon ruled the island until 1409 when it formally passed to the Crown of Aragon. Early on in the Aragonese ascendancy, the sons of the monarchs received the title Count of Malta. During this time much of the local nobility was created. By 1397, however, the bearing of the comital title reverted to a feudal basis, with two families fighting over the distinction. This led King Martin I of Sicily to abolish the title. The dispute over the title returned when the title was reinstated a few years later and the Maltese, led by the local nobility, rose up against Count Gonsalvo Monroy. Although they opposed the Count, the Maltese voiced their loyalty to the Sicilian Crown, which so impressed King Alfonso that he did not punish the people for their rebellion. Instead, he promised never to grant the title to a third party and incorporated it back into the crown. The city of Mdina was given the title of Città Notabile. On 23 March 1530, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, gave the islands to the Knights Hospitaller under the leadership of Frenchman Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, in perpetual lease for which they had to pay an annual tribute of a single Maltese Falcon. These knights, a military religious order also known as the Order of St John and later as the Knights of Malta, had been driven out of Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire in 1522. The Knights Hospitaller ruled Malta and Gozo between 1530 and 1798. During this period, the strategic and military importance of the island grew greatly as the small yet efficient fleet of the Order of Saint John launched their attacks from this new base targeting the shipping lanes of the Ottoman territories around the Mediterranean Sea. In 1551, the population of the island of Gozo (around 5,000 people) were enslaved by Barbary pirates and taken to the Barbary Coast in North Africa. The knights, led by Frenchman Jean Parisot de Valette, withstood the Great Siege of Malta by the Ottomans in 1565. The knights, with the help of Portuguese, Spanish and Maltese forces, repelled the attack. After the siege they decided to increase Malta's fortifications, particularly in the inner-harbour area, where the new city of Valletta, named in honour of Valette, was built. They also established watchtowers along the coasts – the Wignacourt, Lascaris and De Redin towers – named after the Grand Masters who ordered the work. The Knights' presence on the island saw the completion of many architectural and cultural projects, including the embellishment of Città Vittoriosa (modern Birgu) and the construction of new cities including Città Rohan (modern Ħaż-Żebbuġ). However, by the late 1700s the power of the Knights had declined and the Order had become unpopular. French period and British conquest The Knights' reign ended when Napoleon captured Malta on his way to Egypt during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1798. During 12–18 June 1798, Napoleon resided at the Palazzo Parisio in Valletta. He reformed national administration with the creation of a Government Commission, twelve municipalities, a public finance administration, the abolition of all feudal rights and privileges, the abolition of slavery and the granting of freedom to all Turkish and Jewish slaves. On the judicial level, a family code was framed and twelve judges were nominated. Public education was organised along principles laid down by Bonaparte himself, providing for primary and secondary education. He then sailed for Egypt, leaving a substantial garrison in Malta. The French forces left behind became unpopular with the Maltese, due particularly to the French forces' hostility towards Catholicism and pillaging of local churches to fund war efforts. French financial and religious policies so angered the Maltese that they rebelled, forcing the French to depart. Great Britain, along with the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily, sent ammunition and aid to the Maltese, and Britain also sent its navy, which blockaded the islands. On 28 October 1798, Captain Sir Alexander Ball successfully completed negotiations with the French garrison on Gozo for a surrender and transfer of the island to the British. The British transferred the island to the locals that day, and it was administered by Archpriest Saverio Cassar on behalf of Ferdinand III of Sicily. Gozo remained independent until Cassar was removed by the British in 1801. General Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois surrendered his French forces in 1800. Maltese leaders presented the main island to Sir Alexander Ball, asking that the island become a British Dominion. The Maltese people created a Declaration of Rights in which they agreed to come "under the protection and sovereignty of the King of the free people, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". The Declaration also stated that "his Majesty has no right to cede these Islands to any power...if he chooses to withdraw his protection, and abandon his sovereignty, the right of electing another sovereign, or of the governing of these Islands, belongs to us, the inhabitants and aborigines alone, and without control." British Empire and the Second World War In 1814, as part of the Treaty of Paris, Malta officially became a part of the British Empire and was used as a shipping way-station and fleet headquarters. After the Suez Canal opened in 1869, Malta's position halfway between the Strait of Gibraltar and Egypt proved to be its main asset, and it was considered an important stop on the way to India, a central trade route for the British. A Turkish Military Cemetery was commissioned by Sultan Abdul Aziz and built between 1873 and 1874 for the fallen Ottoman soldiers of the Great Siege of Malta. Between 1915 and 1918, during the First World War, Malta became known as the Nurse of the Mediterranean due to the large number of wounded soldiers who were accommodated there. In 1919, British troops fired into a crowd protesting against new taxes, killing four. The event, known as Sette Giugno ("7 June"), is commemorated every year and is one of five National Days. Until the Second World War, Maltese politics was dominated by the Language Question fought out by Italophone and Anglophone parties. Before the Second World War, Valletta was the location of the Royal Navy's Mediterranean fleet headquarters; however, despite Winston Churchill's objections, the command was moved to Alexandria, Egypt, in 1937 out of fear that it was too susceptible to air attacks from Europe. During the war Malta played an important role for the Allies; being a British colony, situated close to Sicily and the Axis shipping lanes, Malta was bombarded by the Italian and German air forces. Malta was used by the British to launch attacks on the Italian Navy and had a submarine base. It was also used as a listening post, intercepting German radio messages including Enigma traffic. The bravery of the Maltese people during the second siege of Malta moved King George VI to award the George Cross to Malta on a collective basis on 15 April 1942. Some historians argue that the award caused Britain to incur disproportionate losses in defending Malta, as British credibility would have suffered if Malta had surrendered, as British forces in Singapore had done. A depiction of the George Cross now appears on the Flag of Malta and the country's arms. Independence and Republic Malta achieved its independence as the State of Malta on 21 September 1964 (Independence Day). Under its 1964 constitution, Malta initially retained Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta and thus head of state, with a governor-general exercising executive authority on her behalf. In 1971, the Malta Labour Party led by Dom Mintoff won the general elections, resulting in Malta declaring itself a republic on 13 December 1974 (Republic Day) within the Commonwealth. A defence agreement was signed soon after independence, and after being re-negotiated in 1972, expired on 31 March 1979 (Freedom Day). Upon its expiry, the British base closed and lands formerly controlled by the British were given to the Maltese government. In the aftermath of the departure of the remaining British troops in 1979, the country intensified its participation in the Non-Aligned Movement. Malta adopted a policy of neutrality in 1980. In that same year, three of Malta's sites, including the capital Valletta, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 1989, Malta was the venue of a summit between US President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, their first face-to-face encounter, which signalled the end of the Cold War. Malta International Airport was inaugurated and became fully operational on 25 March 1992, boosting the local aircraft and tourism industry. A referendum on joining the European Union was held on 8 March 2003, with 53.65% in favour. Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 and the eurozone on 1 January 2008. Politics Malta is a republic whose parliamentary system and public administration are closely modelled on the Westminster system. The unicameral Parliament is made up of the President of Malta and the House of Representatives. The President of Malta, a largely ceremonial position, is appointed for a five-year term by a resolution of the House of Representatives carried by a simple majority. The House of Representatives has 65 members, elected for a five-year term in 13 five-seat electoral divisions, called , with constitutional amendments that allow for mechanisms to establish strict proportionality amongst seats and votes of political parliamentary groups. Members of the House of Representatives are elected by direct universal suffrage through single transferable vote every five years, unless the House is dissolved earlier by the president either on the advice of the prime minister or through a motion of no confidence. Malta had the second-highest voter turnout in the world (and the highest for nations without mandatory voting), based on election turnout in national lower house elections from 1960 to 1995. Since Malta is a republic, the head of state in Malta is the President of the Republic. The current President of the Republic is George Vella, who was appointed in 2019 after being nominated both by the Labour Party and the Nationalist Party as opposition. The 80th article of the Constitution of Malta provides that the president appoint as prime minister "the member of the House of Representatives who, in his judgment, is best able to command the support of a majority of the members of that House". Maltese politics is a two-party system dominated by the Labour Party, a centre-left social democratic party, and the Nationalist Party, a centre-right Christian democratic party. The Labour Party has been the governing party since 2013 and is currently led by Prime Minister Robert Abela, who has been in office since 13 January 2020. There are a number of small political parties in Malta which have no parliamentary representation. Administrative divisions Malta has had a system of local government since 1993, based on the European Charter of Local Self-Government. The country is divided into six regions (one of them being Gozo), with each region having its own Regional Council, serving as the intermediate level between local government and national government. The regions are divided into local councils, of which there are currently 68 (54 in Malta and 14 in Gozo). The six districts (five on Malta and the sixth being Gozo) serve primarily statistical purposes. Each council is made up of a number of councillors (from 5 to 13, depending on and relative to the population they represent). A mayor and a deputy mayor are elected by and from the councillors. The executive secretary, who is appointed by the council, is the executive, administrative and financial head of the council. Councillors are elected every four years through the single transferable vote. Due to system reforms, no elections were held before 2012. Since then, elections have been held every two years for an alternating half of the councils. Local councils are responsible for the general upkeep and embellishment of the locality (including repairs to non-arterial roads), allocation of local wardens, and refuse collection; they also carry out general administrative duties for the central government such as the collection of government rents and funds and answer government-related public inquiries. Additionally, a number of individual towns and villages in the Republic of Malta have sister cities. Military The objectives of the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM) are to maintain a military organisation with the primary aim of defending the islands' integrity according to the defence roles as set by the government in an efficient and cost-effective manner. This is achieved by emphasising the maintenance of Malta's territorial waters and airspace integrity. The AFM also engages in combating terrorism, fighting against illicit drug trafficking, conducting anti-illegal immigrant operations and patrols, and anti-illegal fishing operations, operating search and rescue (SAR) services, and physical or electronic security and surveillance of sensitive locations. Malta's search-and-rescue area extends from east of Tunisia to west of Crete, an area of around . As a military organisation, the AFM provides backup support to the Malta Police Force (MPF) and other government departments/agencies in situations as required in an organised, disciplined manner in the event of national emergencies (such as natural disasters) or internal security and bomb disposal. In 2020, Malta signed and ratified the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Human rights Malta is regarded as one of the most LGBT-supportive countries in the world, and was the first nation in the European Union to prohibit conversion therapy. Malta also constitutionally bans discrimination based on disability. Maltese legislation recognises both civil and canonical (ecclesiastical) marriages. Annulments by the ecclesiastical and civil courts are unrelated and are not necessarily mutually endorsed. Malta voted in favour of divorce legislation in a referendum held on 28 May 2011. In Malta, life from conception is protected, and as such abortion in Malta is illegal. It is the only European Union member state with a total ban on the procedure. There are no exceptions for rape or incest. On 21 November 2022, the government led by the Labour Party proposed a bill that "introduces a new clause into the country's criminal code allowing for the termination of a pregnancy if the mother's life is at risk or if her health is in serious jeopardy". As of 2023, an exception was added to allow abortion only if the mother's life is at risk. Geography Malta is an archipelago in the central Mediterranean (in its eastern basin), some from southern Italy across the Malta Channel. Only the three largest islands—Malta, Gozo, and Comino—are inhabited. The islands of the archipelago lie on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of a land bridge between Sicily and North Africa that became isolated as sea levels rose after the last ice age. The archipelago is located on the African tectonic plate. Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries. Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low hills with terraced fields. The highest point in Malta is Ta' Dmejrek, at , near Dingli. Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall, there are no permanent rivers or lakes on Malta. However, some watercourses have fresh water running all year round at Baħrija near Ras ir-Raħeb, at l-Imtaħleb and San Martin, and at Lunzjata Valley in Gozo. Phytogeographically, Malta belongs to the Liguro-Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Malta belongs to the terrestrial ecoregion of Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests. The following uninhabited minor islands are part of the archipelago: Barbaġanni Rock (Gozo) Cominotto Dellimara Island (Marsaxlokk) Filfla (Żurrieq)/(Siġġiewi) Fessej Rock Fungus Rock, (Gozo) Għallis Rock (Naxxar) Ħalfa Rock (Gozo) Large Blue Lagoon Rocks (Comino) Islands of St. Paul/Selmunett Island (Mellieħa) Manoel Island, which connects to the town of Gżira, on the mainland via a bridge Mistra Rocks (San Pawl il-Baħar) Taċ-Ċawl Rock (Gozo) Qawra Point/Ta' Fraben Island (San Pawl il-Baħar) Small Blue Lagoon Rocks (Comino) Sala Rock (Żabbar) Xrobb l-Għaġin Rock (Marsaxlokk) Ta' taħt il-Mazz Rock Climate Malta has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa), with mild winters and hot summers, hotter in the inland areas. Rain occurs mainly in autumn and winter, with summer being generally dry. The average yearly temperature is around during the day and at night. In the coldest month – January – the typical maximum temperature ranges from during the day and minimum at night. In the warmest month – August – the typical maximum temperature ranges from during the day and minimum at night. Amongst all capitals in the continent of Europe, Valletta – the capital of Malta has the warmest winters, with average temperatures of around during the day and at night in the period January–February. In March and December average temperatures are around during the day and at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Snow is very rare, although snowfalls have been recorded in the last century, the last one in 2014. The average annual sea temperature is , from in February to in August. In the 6 months – from June to November – the average sea temperature exceeds . The annual average relative humidity is high, averaging 75%, ranging from 65% in July (morning: 78% evening: 53%) to 80% in December (morning: 83% evening: 73%). Sunshine duration hours total around 3,000 per year, from an average 5.2 hours of sunshine duration per day in December to an average above 12 hours in July. This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe, for comparison: London – 1,461; however, in winter it has up to four times more sunshine; for comparison: in December, London has 37 hours of sunshine whereas Malta has above 160. Urbanisation According to Eurostat, Malta is composed of two larger urban zones nominally referred to as "Valletta" (the main island of Malta) and "Gozo". The main urban area covers the entire main island, with a population of around 400,000. The core of the urban area, the greater city of Valletta, has a population of 205,768. According to the data from 2020 by Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island and has a population of 480,134. According to the United Nations, about 95 percent of the area of Malta is urban and the number grows every year. According to ESPON and EU Commission studies, "the whole territory of Malta constitutes a single urban region". Malta, with area of and population of over 0.5 million, is one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. It is in some sources referred to as a city-state. Sometimes Malta is listed in rankings concerning cities or metropolitan areas. Flora The Maltese islands are home to a wide diversity of indigenous, sub-endemic and endemic plants. They feature many traits typical of a Mediterranean climate, such as drought resistance. The most common indigenous trees on the islands are olive (Olea europaea), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), fig (Ficus carica), holm oak (Quericus ilex) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), while the most common non-native trees are eucalyptus, acacia and opuntia. Endemic plants include the national flower (Cheirolophus crassifolius), (Helichrysum panormitanum subsp. melitense), (Hyoseris frutescens) and (Matthiola incana subsp. melitensis) while sub-endemics include (Jacobaea maritima subsp. sicula) and (Micromeria microphylla). The biodiversity of Malta is severely endangered by habitat loss, invasive species and human intervention. Economy Malta is classified as an advanced economy according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Malta's major resources are limestone, a favourable geographic location and a productive labour force. Malta produces only about 20 percent of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies because of the drought in the summer, and has no domestic energy sources, aside from the potential for solar energy from its plentiful sunlight. The economy is dependent on foreign trade (serving as a freight trans-shipment point), manufacturing (especially electronics and textiles), and tourism. Film production has contributed to the Maltese economy. Access to biocapacity in Malta is below the world average. In 2016, Malta had 0.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, contrasted with a global average of 1.6 hectares per person. Additionally, residents of Malta exhibited an ecological footprint of consumption of 5.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person, resulting in a sizable biocapacity deficit. In preparation for Malta's membership in the European Union, which it joined on 1 May 2004, it privatised some state-controlled firms and liberalised markets. Malta has a financial regulator, the Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA), with a strong business development mindset, and the country has been successful in attracting gaming businesses, aircraft and ship registration, credit-card issuing banking licences and also fund administration. Malta has made strong headway in implementing EU Financial Services Directives including UCITs IV and Alternative Investment Fund Managers (AIFMs). As a base for alternative asset managers who must comply with new directives, Malta has attracted a number of key players including IDS, Iconic Funds, Apex Fund Services and TMF/Customs House. As of 2015, Malta did not have a property tax. Its property market, especially around the harbour area, was booming, with the prices of apartments in some towns like St Julian's, Sliema and Gzira skyrocketing. According to Eurostat data, Maltese GDP per capita stood at 88 per cent of the EU average in 2015 with €21,000. The National Development and Social Fund from the Individual Investor Programme, a citizenship by investment programme also known as the "citizenship scheme", became a significant income source for the government of Malta, adding 432,000,000 euro to the budget in 2018. Banking and finance The two largest commercial banks are Bank of Valletta and HSBC Bank Malta. Digital banks such as Revolut have also increased in popularity. The Central Bank of Malta (Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta) has two key areas of responsibility: the formulation and implementation of monetary policy and the promotion of a sound and efficient financial system. The Maltese government entered ERM II on 4 May 2005, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2008. Currency Maltese euro coins feature the Maltese cross on €2 and €1 coins, the coat of arms of Malta on the €0.50, €0.20 and €0.10 coins, and the Mnajdra Temples on the €0.05, €0.02 and €0.01 coins. Malta has produced collectors' coins with face value ranging from 10 to 50 euros. These coins continue an existing national practice of minting of silver and gold commemorative coins. Unlike normal issues, these coins are not accepted in all the eurozone. From its introduction in 1972 until the introduction of the Euro in 2008, the currency was the Maltese lira, which had replaced the Maltese pound. The pound replaced the Maltese scudo in 1825. Tourism Malta is a popular tourist destination, with 1.6 million tourists per year. Three times more tourists visit than there are residents. Tourism infrastructure has increased dramatically over the years and a number of hotels are present on the island, although overdevelopment and the destruction of traditional housing is of growing concern. In 2019, Malta had a record year in tourism, recording over 2.1 million tourists in one single year. In recent years, Malta has advertised itself as a medical tourism destination, and a number of health tourism providers are developing the industry. However, no Maltese hospital has undergone independent international healthcare accreditation. Malta is popular with British medical tourists, pointing Maltese hospitals towards seeking UK-sourced accreditation, such as with the Trent Accreditation Scheme. Tourism in Malta contributes around 11.6 percent of the country's gross domestic product. Science and technology Malta signed a co-operation agreement with the European Space Agency (ESA) for more-intensive co-operation in ESA projects. The Malta Council for Science and Technology (MCST) is the civil body responsible for the development of science and technology on an educational and social level. Most science students in Malta graduate from the University of Malta and are represented by S-Cubed (Science Student's Society), UESA (University Engineering Students Association) and ICTSA (University of Malta ICT Students' Association). Malta was ranked 25th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. Demographics As of the 2021 census, Maltese-born natives make up the majority of the island with 386,280 people out of a total population of 519,562. However, there are minorities, the largest of which by birthplace were: 15,082 from the United Kingdom, Italy (13,361), India (7,946), Philippines (7,784) and Serbia (5,935). Among racial origins for the non-Maltese, 58.1% of all identified as Caucasian, 22.2% Asian, 6.3% Arab, 6.0% African, 4.5% Hispanic or Latino and 2.9% more than one race. , 17 percent were aged 14 and under, 68 percent were within the 15–64 age bracket whilst the remaining 13 percent were 65 years and over. Malta's population density of 1,282 per square km (3,322/sq mi) is by far the highest in the EU and one of the highest in the world. The Maltese-resident population for 2004 was estimated to make up 97.0 per cent of the total resident population. All censuses since 1842 have shown a slight excess of females over males. Population growth has slowed down, from +9.5 per cent between the 1985 and 1995 censuses, to +6.9 per cent between the 1995 and 2005 censuses (a yearly average of +0.7 per cent). The birth rate stood at 3860 (a decrease of 21.8 per cent from the 1995 census) and the death rate stood at 3025. Thus, there was a natural population increase of 835 (compared to +888 for 2004, of which over a hundred were foreign residents). The population's age composition is similar to the age structure prevalent in the EU. Malta's old-age-dependency-ratio rose from 17.2 percent in 1995 to 19.8 percent in 2005, reasonably lower than the EU's 24.9 percent average; 31.5 percent of the Maltese population is aged under 25 (compared to the EU's 29.1 percent); but the 50–64 age group constitutes 20.3 percent of the population, significantly higher than the EU's 17.9 percent. Malta's old-age-dependency-ratio is expected to continue rising steadily in the coming years. In 2021, the population of the Maltese Islands stood at 519,562. The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated at 1.45 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 2012, 25.8 per cent of births were to unmarried women. The life expectancy in 2018 was estimated at 83. Languages The Maltese language is one of the two constitutional languages of Malta and is considered the national language. The second official language is English and hence laws are enacted both in Maltese and English. However, article 74 of the Constitution states that "if there is any conflict between the Maltese and the English texts of any law, the Maltese text shall prevail." Maltese is a Semitic language descended from the now extinct Sicilian-Arabic (Siculo-Arabic) dialect (from southern Italy) that developed during the Emirate of Sicily. The Maltese alphabet consists of 30 letters based on the Latin alphabet. In 2022, Malta National Statistics Office states that 90 percent of the Maltese population has at least a basic knowledge of Maltese, 96 percent of English, 62 percent of Italian, and 20 percent of French. This widespread knowledge of second languages makes Malta one of the most multilingual countries in the European Union. A study collecting public opinion on what language was "preferred" discovered that 86 percent of the population preferred Maltese, 12 percent English, and 2 percent Italian. Italian television channels from Italy-based broadcasters, such as Mediaset and RAI, reach Malta and remain popular. Maltese Sign Language is used by signers in Malta. Religion The predominant religion in Malta is Catholicism. The second article of the Constitution of Malta establishes Catholicism as the state religion and it is also reflected in various elements of Maltese culture, although there are entrenched provisions for the freedom of religion. There are more than 360 churches in Malta, Gozo, and Comino, or one church for every 1,000 residents. The parish church (Maltese: "il-parroċċa", or "il-knisja parrokkjali") is the architectural and geographic focal point of every Maltese town and village. Malta is an Apostolic See; the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 28) tells of how St. Paul was shipwrecked on the island of "Melite", which many Bible scholars identify with Malta, an episode dated around AD 60. The Maltese saint, Saint Publius is said to have been made Malta's first bishop. Further evidence of Christian practices and beliefs during the period of Roman persecution appears in catacombs that lie beneath various sites around Malta, including St. Paul's Catacombs. There are also a number of cave churches, including the grotto at Mellieħa, which is a Shrine of the Nativity of Our Lady where, according to legend, St. Luke painted a picture of the Madonna. It has been a place of pilgrimage since the medieval period. For centuries, the Church in Malta was subordinate to the Diocese of Palermo, except when it was under Charles of Anjou, who appointed bishops for Malta, as did – on rare occasions – the Spanish and later, the Knights. Since 1808 all bishops of Malta have been Maltese. The patron saints of Malta are Saint Paul, Saint Publius, and Saint Agatha. Although not a patron saint, St George Preca (San Ġorġ Preca) is greatly revered as the second canonised Maltese saint after St. Publius. Various Catholic religious orders are present in Malta, including the Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites and Little Sisters of the Poor. Most congregants of the local Protestant churches are not Maltese; their congregations draw on vacationers and British retirees living in the country. There are also a Seventh-day Adventist church in Birkirkara, and a New Apostolic Church congregation founded in 1983 in Gwardamangia. There are approximately 600 Jehovah's Witnesses. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is also represented. The Jewish population of Malta reached its peak in the Middle Ages under Norman rule. In 1479, Malta and Sicily came under Aragonese rule and the Alhambra Decree of 1492 forced all Jews to leave the country. Today, there are two Jewish congregations. In 2019 the Jewish community in Malta gathered around 150 persons, slightly more than the 120 (of which 80 were active) estimated in 2003, and mostly elderly. Many among the newer generations decided to settle abroad, including in England and Israel. Most contemporary Maltese Jews are Sephardi, however, an Ashkenazi prayer book is used. In 2013 the Chabad Jewish Center in Malta was founded. There is one Muslim mosque, the Mariam Al-Batool Mosque. Of the estimated 3,000 Muslims in Malta, approximately 2,250 are foreigners, approximately 600 are naturalised citizens, and approximately 150 are native-born Maltese. Zen Buddhism and the Baháʼí Faith claim some 40 members. In a survey held by Malta Today, the overwhelming majority of the Maltese population adheres to Christianity (95.2%) with Catholicism as the main denomination (93.9%); 4.5% of the population declared themselves either atheist or agnostic, one of the lowest figures in Europe. According to a 2019 Eurobarometer survey, 83% of the population identified as Catholic. The number of atheists has doubled from 2014 to 2018. Non-religious people have a higher risk of suffering from discrimination. In the 2015 edition of the annual Freedom of Thought Report from the International Humanist and Ethical Union, Malta was in the category of "severe discrimination". In 2016, following the abolishment of blasphemy law, Malta was shifted to the category of "systematic discrimination" (same as most EU countries). Migration Historically a land of emigration, since the early 21st century Malta has seen a significant increase in net migration; the foreign-born population has grown nearly eightfold between 2005 and 2020. Most of the foreign community in Malta consists of active or retired British nationals and their dependents, centred on Sliema and surrounding suburbs. Other smaller foreign groups include Italians, Libyans, and Serbians, many of whom have assimilated into the Maltese nation over the decades. Malta is also home to a large number of foreign workers who migrated to the island for economic opportunity. This migration was driven predominantly in the early 21st century, when the Maltese economy was steadily booming yet the cost and quality of living on the island remained relatively stable. In recent years however the local Maltese housing index has doubled pushing property and rental prices to very high and almost unaffordable levels. Consequently, some expats in Malta have seen their relative financial fortunes decline, with others relocating to other European countries altogether. Since the late 20th century, Malta has become a transit country for migration routes from Africa towards Europe. As a member of the European Union and the Schengen Agreement, Malta is bound by the Dublin Regulation to process all claims for asylum by those asylum seekers that enter EU territory for the first time in Malta. However, irregular migrants who land in Malta are subject to a compulsory detention policy, being held in several camps organised by the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM), including those near Ħal Far and Ħal Safi. The compulsory detention policy has been denounced by several NGOs, and in July 2010, the European Court of Human Rights found that Malta's detention of migrants was arbitrary, lacking in adequate procedures to challenge detention, and in breach of its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. On 8 September 2020, Amnesty International criticized Malta for "illegal tactics" in the Mediterranean, against immigrants who were attempting to cross from North Africa. The reports claimed that the government's approach might have led to avoidable deaths. In January 2014, Malta started granting citizenship for a €650,000 contribution plus investments, contingent on residence and criminal background checks. This "golden passport" citizenship scheme has been criticized as a fraudulent act by the Maltese Government. Concerns as to whether the Maltese citizenship scheme is allowing an influx of such individuals into the greater European Union have been raised by both the public as well as the European Council on multiple occasions. In the 19th century, most emigration from Malta was to North Africa and the Middle East, although rates of return migration to Malta were high. In the 20th century, most emigrants went to destinations in the New World, particularly to Australia, Canada, and the United States. Post Second World War, Malta's Emigration Department would assist emigrants with the cost of their travel. Between 1948 and 1967, 30 percent of the population emigrated. Between 1946 and the late-1970s, over 140,000 people left Malta on the assisted passage scheme, with 57.6% migrating to Australia, 22% to the UK, 13% to Canada and 7% to the United States. Emigration dropped dramatically after the mid-1970s and has since ceased to be a social phenomenon of significance. However, since Malta joined the EU in 2004 expatriate communities emerged in a number of European countries, particularly in Belgium and Luxembourg. Education Primary schooling has been compulsory since 1946; secondary education up to the age of sixteen was made compulsory in 1971. The state and the Church provide education free of charge, both running a number of schools in Malta and Gozo. , state schools are organised into networks known as Colleges and incorporate kindergarten schools, primary and secondary schools. A number of private schools are run in Malta. St. Catherine's High School, Pembroke offers an International Foundation Course for students wishing to learn English before entering mainstream education. , there are two international schools, Verdala International School and QSI Malta. The state pays a portion of the teachers' salary in Church schools. Education in Malta is based on the British model. Primary school lasts six years. Pupils sit for SEC O-level examinations at the age of 16, with passes obligatory in mathematics, a minimum of one science subject, English and Maltese. Pupils may opt to continue studying at a sixth form college for two years, at the end of which students sit for the matriculation examination. Subject to their performance, students may then apply for an undergraduate degree or diploma. The adult literacy rate is 99.5 per cent. Maltese and English are both used to teach pupils at the primary and secondary school level, and both languages are also compulsory subjects. Public schools tend to use both Maltese and English in a balanced manner. Private schools prefer to use English for teaching, as is also the case with most departments of the University of Malta; this has a limiting effect on the capacity and development of the Maltese language. Most university courses are in English. The College of Remote and Offshore Medicine based in Malta teaches exclusively in English. Of the total number of pupils studying a first foreign language at secondary level, 51 per cent take Italian whilst 38 per cent take French. Other choices include German, Russian, Spanish, Latin, Chinese and Arabic. Malta is also a popular destination to study the English language, attracting over 83,000 students in 2019. Infrastructure Transport Traffic in Malta drives on the left. Car ownership in Malta is exceedingly high, considering the very small size of the islands; it is the fourth-highest in the European Union. There were 182,254 registered cars in 1990, giving an automobile density of . Malta has of road, (87.5 per cent) of which are paved (as of December 2003). Buses (xarabank or karozza tal-linja) are the primary method of public transport, established in 1905. Malta's vintage buses operated in the Maltese islands up to 2011 and became popular tourist attractions. To this day they are depicted on many Maltese advertisements and merchandise for tourists. The bus service underwent extensive reform in July 2011. The management structure changed from having self-employed drivers driving their own vehicles to a service being offered by a single company through a public tender. The public tender was won by Arriva Malta, which introduced a fleet of brand new buses, built by King Long especially for service by Arriva Malta and including a smaller fleet of articulated buses brought in from Arriva London. It also operated two smaller buses for an intra-Valletta route only and 61 nine-metre buses, which were used to ease congestion on high-density routes. Overall Arriva Malta operated 264 buses. On 1 January 2014 Arriva ceased operations in Malta due to financial difficulties, having been nationalised as Malta Public Transport. The government chose Autobuses Urbanos de León (Alsa subsidiary) as its preferred bus operator for the country in October 2014. From October 2022, the bus system is free of charge for residents of Malta. As of 2021, an underground Malta Metro is being planned, with a projected total cost of €6.2 billion. Malta has three large natural harbours on its main island: The Grand Harbour (or Port il-Kbir), located at the eastern side of the capital city of Valletta, has been a harbour since Roman times. It has several extensive docks and wharves, as well as a cruise liner terminal. A terminal at the Grand Harbour serves ferries that connect Malta to Pozzallo & Catania in Sicily. Marsamxett Harbour, located on the western side of Valletta, accommodates a number of yacht marinas. Marsaxlokk Harbour (Malta Freeport), at Birżebbuġa on the south-eastern side of Malta, is the islands' main cargo terminal. Malta Freeport is the 11th busiest container ports in continent of Europe and 46th in the World with a trade volume of 2.3 million TEU's in 2008. There are also two human-made harbours that serve a passenger and car ferry service that connects Ċirkewwa Harbour on Malta and Mġarr Harbour on Gozo. Malta International Airport (Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Malta) is the only airport serving the Maltese islands. It is built on the land formerly occupied by the RAF Luqa air base. A heliport is also located there. The heliport in Gozo is at Xewkija. A former airfield at Ta' Qali houses a national park, stadium, the Crafts Village visitor attraction and the Malta Aviation Museum. From 1 April 1974 to 30 March 2024, the national airline was Air Malta, which was based at Malta International Airport and operated services to 22 destinations in Europe and North Africa. The owners of Air Malta were the Government of Malta (98 percent) and private investors (2 percent). On 31 March 2024, KM Malta Airlines took over as the national airline of Malta. All former Air Malta Airplanes and other assets were transferred to the new airline, together with the staff. KM Malta Airlines is based at Malta International Airport and operates services to 18 destinations in Europe. In June 2019, Ryanair has invested into a fully-fledged airline subsidiary, called Malta Air, operating a low-cost model. The Government of Malta holds one share in the airline. Communications The mobile penetration rate in Malta exceeded 100% by the end of 2009. Malta uses the GSM900, UMTS(3G) and LTE(4G) mobile phone systems, which are compatible with the rest of the European countries, Australia and New Zealand. In early 2012, the government called for a national Fibre to the Home (FttH) network to be built, with a minimum broadband service being upgraded from 4 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. Healthcare Malta has a long history of providing publicly funded health care. The first hospital recorded in the country was already functioning by 1372. Today, Malta has both a public healthcare system, where healthcare is free at the point of delivery, and a private healthcare system. Malta has a strong general practitioner-delivered primary care base and the public hospitals provide secondary and tertiary care. The Maltese Ministry of Health advises foreign residents to take out private medical insurance. Malta also boasts voluntary organisations such as Alpha Medical (Advanced Care), the Emergency Fire & Rescue Unit (E.F.R.U.), St John Ambulance and Red Cross Malta who provide first aid/nursing services during events involving crowds, Malta's primary hospital, opened in 2007. It has one of the largest medical buildings in Europe. The University of Malta has a medical school and a Faculty of Health Sciences. The Medical Association of Malta represents practitioners of the medical profession. The Foundation Program followed in the UK has been introduced in Malta to stem the 'brain drain' of newly graduated physicians to the British Isles. Culture The culture of Malta reflects the various cultures, that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries. Music While Maltese music today is largely Western, traditional Maltese music includes what is known as għana. This consists of background folk guitar music, while a few people, generally men, take it in turns to argue a point in a sing-song voice. Music plays an important part in Maltese culture as each locality parades its own band club, on various occasions these being multiple per locality, and function to establish the thematic musical background to the various village feasts. The Malta Philharmonic Orchestra is recognized as Malta's foremost musical institution and is notable for being called to participate in important state events. Contemporary music in Malta spans a variety of styles and sports international classical talents such as Miriam Gauci and Joseph Calleja, as well as non-classical music bands such as Winter Moods, and Red Electric, and singers like Ira Losco, Fabrizio Faniello, Glen Vella, Kevin Borg, Kurt Calleja, Chiara Siracusa, and Thea Garrett. Literature Documented Maltese literature is over 200 years old. However, a recently unearthed love ballad testifies to literary activity in the local tongue from the Medieval period. Malta followed a Romantic literary tradition, culminating in the works of Dun Karm Psaila, Malta's national poet. Subsequent writers like Ruzar Briffa and Karmenu Vassallo tried to estrange themselves from the rigidity of formal themes and versification. The next generation of writers, including Karl Schembri and Immanuel Mifsud, widened the tracks further, especially in prose and poetry. Architecture Maltese architecture has been influenced by many different Mediterranean cultures and British architecture over its history. The first settlers on the island constructed Ġgantija, one of the oldest manmade freestanding structures in the world. The Neolithic temple builders (3800–2500 BC) endowed the numerous temples of Malta and Gozo with intricate bas-relief designs. The Roman period introduced highly decorative mosaic floors, marble colonnades, and classical statuary, remnants of which are beautifully preserved and presented in the Roman Domus, a country villa just outside the walls of Mdina. The early Christian frescoes that decorate the catacombs beneath Malta reveal a propensity for eastern, Byzantine tastes. These tastes continued to inform the endeavours of medieval Maltese artists, but they were increasingly influenced by the Romanesque and Southern Gothic movements. Malta is currently undergoing several large-scale building projects, while areas such as the Valletta Waterfront and Tigné Point have been or are being renovated. Art Towards the end of the 15th century, Maltese artists, like their counterparts in Sicily, came under the influence of the School of Antonello da Messina, which introduced Renaissance ideals and concepts to the decorative arts in Malta. The artistic heritage of Malta blossomed under the Knights of St. John, who brought Italian and Flemish Mannerist painters to decorate their palaces and the churches of these islands, most notably, Matteo Perez d'Aleccio, whose works appear in the Magisterial Palace and in the Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta, and Filippo Paladini, who was active in Malta from 1590 to 1595. For many years, Mannerism continued to inform the tastes and ideals of local Maltese artists. The arrival in Malta of Caravaggio, who painted at least seven works during his 15-month stay on these islands, further revolutionised local art. Two of Caravaggio's most notable works, The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist and Saint Jerome Writing, are on display in the Conventual Church of St. John. His legacy is evident in the works of local artists Giulio Cassarino and Stefano Erardi. However, the Baroque movement that followed was destined to have the most enduring impact on Maltese art and architecture. The vault paintings of the Calabrese artist Mattia Preti transformed the Conventual Church St. John into a Baroque masterpiece. Melchior Gafà emerged as one of the top Baroque sculptors of the Roman School. During the 17th and 18th century, Neapolitan and Rococo influences emerged in the works of the Italian painters Luca Giordano and Francesco Solimena, and these developments can be seen in the work of their Maltese contemporaries such as Gio Nicola Buhagiar and Francesco Zahra. The Rococo movement was greatly enhanced by the relocation to Malta of Antoine de Favray, who assumed the position of court painter to Grand Master Pinto in 1744. Neo-classicism made some inroads among local Maltese artists in the late-18th century, but this trend was reversed in the early 19th century, as the local Church authorities – perhaps in an effort to strengthen Catholic resolve against the perceived threat of Protestantism during the early days of British rule in Malta – favoured and avidly promoted the religious themes embraced by the Nazarene movement. Romanticism, tempered by the naturalism introduced to Malta by Giuseppe Calì, informed the "salon" artists of the early 20th century, including Edward and Robert Caruana Dingli. Parliament established the National School of Art in the 1920s. During the reconstruction period that followed the Second World War, the emergence of the "Modern Art Group", whose members included Josef Kalleya, George Preca, Anton Inglott, Emvin Cremona, Frank Portelli, Antoine Camilleri, Gabriel Caruana and Esprit Barthet greatly enhanced the local art scene. This group came together forming an influential pressure group known as the Modern Art Group, which played a leading role in the renewal of Maltese art. Most of Malta's modern artists have in fact studied in Art institutions in England, or on the continent, leading to a diversity of artistic expression that has remained characteristic of contemporary Maltese art. In Valletta, the National Museum of Fine Arts featured work from artists such as H. Craig Hanna. In 2018 the national collection of fine arts was put on display in the new National Museum of Art, MUŻA, at Auberge d'Italie in Valletta. Cuisine Maltese cuisine shows strong Sicilian and Italian influences as well as influences of English, Spanish, Maghrebin and Provençal cuisines. A number of regional variations can be noted as well as seasonal variations associated with the seasonal availability of produce and Christian feasts (such as Lent, Easter and Christmas). Food has been important historically in the development of a national identity in particular the traditional fenkata (i.e., the eating of stewed or fried rabbit). Potatoes are a staple of the Maltese diet as well. A number of grapes are endemic to Malta, including Girgentina and Ġellewża. There is a strong wine industry, with significant production of wines using these native grapes, as well as locally grown grapes of other more common varietals. A number of wines have achieved Protected Designation of Origin, with wines produced from grapes cultivated in Malta and Gozo designated as "DOK" wines, that is Denominazzjoni ta' l-Oriġini Kontrollata. Customs A 2010 Charities Aid Foundation study found that the Maltese were the most generous people in the world, with 83% contributing to charity. Maltese folktales include various stories about mysterious creatures and supernatural events. These were most comprehensively compiled by the scholar (and pioneer in Maltese archaeology) Manwel Magri in his core criticism "Ħrejjef Missirijietna" ("Fables from our Forefathers"). This collection of material inspired subsequent researchers and academics to gather traditional tales, fables and legends from all over the Archipelago. While giants, witches, and dragons feature in many of the stories, some contain entirely Maltese creatures like the Kaw kaw, Il-Belliegħa and L-Imħalla among others. Traditions Traditional Maltese proverbs reveal cultural importance of childbearing and fertility: "iż-żwieġ mingħajr tarbija ma fihx tgawdija" (a childless marriage cannot be a happy one). This is a belief that Malta shares with many other Mediterranean cultures. In Maltese folktales the local variant of the classic closing formula, "and they all lived happily ever after" is "u għammru u tgħammru, u spiċċat" (and they lived together, and they had children together, and the tale is finished). Rural Malta shares in common with the Mediterranean society a number of superstitions regarding fertility, menstruation, and pregnancy, including the avoidance of cemeteries leading up to childbirth, and avoiding the preparation of certain foods during menses. Pregnant women are encouraged to satisfy their food cravings, out of fear that their unborn child will bear a representational birth mark (Maltese: xewqa, literally "desire" or "craving"). Maltese and Sicilian women also share certain traditions that are believed to predict the sex of an unborn child. Traditionally, Maltese newborns were baptised as promptly as possible. Traditional Maltese delicacies served at a baptismal feast include biskuttini tal-magħmudija (almond macaroons), it-torta tal-marmorata (a spicy, heart-shaped tart of chocolate-flavoured almond paste), and a liqueur known as rożolin, made with rose petals, violets, and almonds. On a child's first birthday, in a tradition that still survives today, Maltese parents would organise a game known as il-quċċija, where a variety of symbolic objects would be randomly placed around the seated child. These may include a hard-boiled egg, a Bible, crucifix or rosary beads, a book, and so on. Whichever object the child shows the most interest in is said to reveal the child's path and fortunes in adulthood. Traditional Maltese weddings featured the bridal party walking in procession beneath an ornate canopy, from the home of the bride's family to the parish church, with singers trailing behind (il-ġilwa). New wives would wear the għonnella, a traditional item of Maltese clothing. Today's couples are married in churches or chapels in the village or town of their choice, usually followed by a lavish wedding reception. Occasionally, couples will try to incorporate elements of the traditional Maltese wedding in their celebration. A resurgent interest in the traditional wedding was evident in May 2007, when thousands of Maltese and tourists attended a traditional Maltese wedding in the style of the 16th century, in Żurrieq. Festivals and events Local festivals, similar to those in Southern Italy, are commonplace in Malta and Gozo, celebrating weddings, christenings and, most prominently, saints' days. On saints' days, in the morning, the festa reaches its apex with a High Mass featuring a sermon on the life and achievements of the patron saint. In the evening, a statue of the religious patron is taken around the local streets in solemn procession, with the faithful following in prayer. The atmosphere of religious devotion is preceded by several days of celebration and revelry: band marches, fireworks, and late-night parties.Carnival (Maltese: il-karnival ta' Malta) has had an important place on the cultural calendar after Grand Master It is held during the week leading up to Ash Wednesday, and typically includes masked balls, fancy dress and grotesque mask competitions, lavish late-night parties, a colourful, ticker-tape parade of allegorical floats presided over by King Carnival (Maltese: ir-Re tal-Karnival), marching bands and costumed revellers. Holy Week (Maltese: il-Ġimgħa Mqaddsa) starts on Palm Sunday (Ħadd il-Palm) and ends on Easter Sunday (Ħadd il-Għid). Mnarja, or l-Imnarja (pronounced lim-nar-ya) is one of the most important dates on the Maltese cultural calendar. Officially, it is a national festival dedicated to the feast of Saints Peter and Paul. Its roots can be traced back to the pagan Roman feast of Luminaria (literally, "the illumination"), when torches and bonfires lit up the early summer night of 29 June. The festivities still commence today with the reading of the "bandu", an official governmental announcement, which has been read on this day in Malta since the 16th century. It is said that under the Knights, this was the one day in the year when the Maltese were allowed to hunt and eat wild rabbit, which was otherwise reserved for the hunting pleasures of the Knights. The close connection between Mnarja and rabbit stew (Maltese: "fenkata") remains strong today. Isle of MTV is a one-day music festival produced and broadcast on an annual basis by MTV. The festival has been arranged annually in Malta since 2007, with major pop artists performing each year. 2012 saw the performances of worldwide acclaimed artists Flo Rida, Nelly Furtado and Will.i.am. Over 50,000 people attended, which marked the biggest attendance so far. The Malta International Fireworks Festival has been arranged annually in the Grand Harbour of Valletta since 2003. Media The most widely read and financially the strongest newspapers are published by Allied Newspapers Ltd., mainly The Times of Malta (27 percent) and its Sunday edition The Sunday Times of Malta (51.6 percent). Due to bilingualism half of the newspapers are published in English and the other half in Maltese. The Sunday newspaper It-Torċa ("The Torch") published by a subsidiary of the General Workers' Union, is the widest Maltese language paper. Its sister paper, L-Orizzont ("The Horizon"), is the Maltese daily with the biggest circulation. There is a high number of daily or weekly newspapers—one for every 28,000 people. Advertising, sales, and subsidies are the three main methods of financing. There are nine terrestrial television channels in Malta: TVM, TVMNews+, Parliament TV, One, NET Television, Smash Television, F Living, TVMSport+ and Xejk. The state and political parties subsidise most of the funding of these channels. TVM, TVMNews+, and Parliament TV are operated by Public Broadcasting Services, the national broadcaster, and members of the EBU. Media.link Communications Ltd., the owner of NET Television, and One Productions Ltd., the owner of One, are affiliated with the Nationalist and Labour parties, respectively. The rest are privately owned. The Malta Broadcasting Authority supervises all local broadcasting stations and ensures their compliance with legal and licence obligations as well as the preservation of due impartiality. The Malta Communications Authority reported that there were 147,896 pay TV subscriptions active at the end of 2012. For reference the latest census counts 139,583 households in Malta. Satellite reception is available to receive other European television networks. Sport Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports in Malta. Other popular sports include boċċi, horse racing, gostra, regatta, water polo, clay pigeon shooting, and motorsports. In 2018 Malta hosted its first Esports tournament, 'Supernova CS:GO Malta', a Counter-Strike: Global Offensive tournament. Also since 2018, Malta has become the primary location for hosting ESL Pro League. See also Outline of Malta Index of Malta-related articles Notes References Citations Sources Omertaa, Journal for Applied AnthropologyVolume 2007/1, Thematic Issue on Malta Antonio Lafreri map of Malta, 1565 .. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel Attribution Bibliography Charles Mifsud, The Climatological History of The Maltese Islands, Minerva 1984 . . Further reading Hastings, Max (2021). Operation Pedestal: The Fleet that Battled to Malta, 1942. New York: HarperCollins. External links Gov.mt Maltese Government official site Malta Environment and Planning Authority's GIS Visit Malta – Maltese tourism official site Malta . The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Malta from UCB Libraries GovPubs Collective recipients of the George Cross Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations Countries and territories where English is an official language Island countries Mediterranean islands Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Member states of the European Union Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union Pauline churches Phoenician colonies in Malta States and territories established in 1964 1964 establishments in Malta Countries in Europe Christian states
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%96%20%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9
Даугавпілський краєзнавчий і художній музей
Даугавпілський краєзнавчий і художній музей — головний музей у латвійському місті Даугавпілсі, діючий від 1938 року. Заклад розташований за адресою: вул. Ризька (Рігас), буд. 8, м. Даугавпілс, LV-5401 (Латвія). Історія 30 травня 1938 року відбулось офіційне відкриття Даугавпілського відділення Державного історичного музею, директором якого став О. Калейс. У перші роки експозиція музею знайомила відвідувачів з археологічними знахідками з берегів річки Двієте та озера Лубанс, а також з результатами розкопок Єрсицького та Дигнайського городищ. Також були представлені національні костюми та кераміка. Від 1944 року заклад містився у будівлі по вулиці 5 серпня (нині вулиця Вієнібас, буд. 3). Від 1945 року музей отримав назву Даугавпілський краєзнавчий музей. У 1959 році музей переїхав у будівлю, в якій міститься дотепер — історичний будинок, зведений 1883 року по вулиці Рігас 8. 1967 року Даугавпілському краєзнавчому музею додатково було передано прилеглий 2-поверховий будинок по вулиці Музею 7. Наприкінці 1980-х років з внутрішнього боку музею прибудували нову частину, в якій розміщуються 2 виставкові зали, кабінети й музейні сховища. Таким чином, утворилось своєрідне «Музейне подвір'я». Починаючи від 2007 року щороку в травні до Міжнародного дня музеїв у Даугавпілському краєзнавчому і художньому музеї організується й проводиться акція «Ніч музеїв». За даними інформаційного туристичного центру, в 2007 році Даугавпілський краєзнавчий і художній музей відвідали близько 15 000 осіб. Нині в музеї часто проводяться конкурси серед учнів міських шкіл. У «Музейному подвір'ї» під час проведення заходів встановлюється невелика сцена, лавиці й влаштовуються різноманітні вистави та ярмарки. Експозиції У теперішній час (кінець 2000-х років) фонди Даугавпілського краєзнавчого і художнього музею нараховують близько 90 тисяч музейних предметів. Експозиція «Історія та культура Даугавпілського краю» розповідає про історію краю від IX тисячоліття до н. е. до 1940 року. 1999 року в музеї відкрилась експозиція «Природа нашого краю», в якій представлені тварини (муміфіковані) і велика кількість комах, що населяють навколишні території. Крім того, тут представлені рослини, занесені до Червоної книги. У 2008 році з нагоди святкування 70-ліття музею була відкрита експозиція, присвячена Даугавпілсу в радянський час. У ній також представлені фотографії зруйнованого міста та модель зменшеного паровозу. У одному з залів музею розташований макет Динабурзького замку. У цій залі також є можливість побачити скелет людини, знайдений у 1980-х роках при здійсненні земельних робіт. Посилання Сайт музею Музеї Латвії Даугавпілс Художні музеї Краєзнавчі музеї
137203
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farr%20West%2C%20Utah
Farr West, Utah
Farr West, Utah Farr West is a city on the northern edge of Weber County, Utah. The population was 7,691 at the 2020 census, up from 5,928 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area. As of 2022, the mayor is Ken Phippen. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.8 square miles (15.1 km2), all land. Farr West is bordered by Plain City to the west, Willard to the north, Pleasant View to the northeast, Harrisville to the east, and Marriott-Slaterville to the south. History The city was named after Lorin Farr and Chauncey W. West, who was the son-in-law of Abraham Hoagland. The name echoes "Far West", an important early Mormon settlement in frontier Missouri. The city was led by Mayor Jimmie Papageorge. In 2014, Wahlquist Junior High was rebuilt and moved to another location in Farr West. There is now an elementary in the northern part of Farr West named Silver Ridge Elementary, which was erected in 2020. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 3,094 people, 1,034 households, and 822 families residing in the city. The population density was 530.0 people per square mile (204.6/km2). There were 1,088 housing units at an average density of 186.4 per square mile (71.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.09% White, 0.23% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.87% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.78% of the population. There were 1,034 households, out of which 40.3% had children under 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.5% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99, and the average family size was 3.46. In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.7% under 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,618, and the median income for a family was $48,276. Males had a median income of $43,094 versus $25,871 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,411. About 2.0% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those aged 65 or over. Politics Farr West is located in Utah's 1st congressional district. In the 118th United States Congress, Blake Moore (R-Salt Lake City) represents the district See also List of cities and towns in Utah References Further reading (1994) "Farr West City" article in the Utah History Encyclopedia. The article was written by Brian Taylor and the Encyclopedia was published by the University of Utah Press. ISBN 9780874804256. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 and retrieved on April 21, 2024. External links Cities in Utah Cities in Weber County, Utah Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area Populated places established in 1858 1858 establishments in Utah Territory
202661
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20parallax
Stellar parallax
Stellar parallax is the apparent shift of position (parallax) of any nearby star (or other object) against the background of distant stars. By extension, it is a method for determining the distance to the star through trigonometry, the stellar parallax method. Created by the different orbital positions of Earth, the extremely small observed shift is largest at time intervals of about six months, when Earth arrives at opposite sides of the Sun in its orbit, giving a baseline distance of about two astronomical units between observations. The parallax itself is considered to be half of this maximum, about equivalent to the observational shift that would occur due to the different positions of Earth and the Sun, a baseline of one astronomical unit (AU). Stellar parallax is so difficult to detect that its existence was the subject of much debate in astronomy for hundreds of years. Thomas Henderson, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, and Friedrich Bessel made first successful parallax measurements in 1832–1838, for the stars Alpha Centauri, Vega, and 61 Cygni. Parallax method Principle Throughout the year the position of a star S is noted in relation to other stars in its apparent neighborhood: Stars that did not seem to move in relation to each other are used as reference points to determine the path of S. The observed path is an ellipse: the projection of Earth's orbit around the Sun through S onto the distant background of non-moving stars. The farther S is removed from Earth's orbital axis, the greater the eccentricity of the path of S. The center of the ellipse corresponds to the point where S would be seen from the Sun: The plane of Earth's orbit is at an angle to a line from the Sun through S. The vertices v and v' of the elliptical projection of the path of S are projections of positions of Earth E and such that a line E- intersects the line Sun-S at a right angle; the triangle created by points E, and S is an isosceles triangle with the line Sun-S as its symmetry axis. Any stars that did not move between observations are, for the purpose of the accuracy of the measurement, infinitely far away. This means that the distance of the movement of the Earth compared to the distance to these infinitely far away stars is, within the accuracy of the measurement, 0. Thus a line of sight from Earth's first position E to vertex v will be essentially the same as a line of sight from the Earth's second position to the same vertex v, and will therefore run parallel to it - impossible to depict convincingly in an image of limited size: Since line - is a transversal in the same (approximately Euclidean) plane as parallel lines E-v and -v, it follows that the corresponding angles of intersection of these parallel lines with this transversal are congruent: the angle θ between lines of sight E-v and - is equal to the angle θ between -v and -, which is the angle θ between observed positions of S in relation to its apparently unmoving stellar surroundings. The distance d from the Sun to S now follows from simple trigonometry: tan(θ) = E-Sun / d, so that d = E-Sun / tan(θ), where E-Sun is 1 AU. The more distant an object is, the smaller its parallax. Stellar parallax measures are given in the tiny units of arcseconds, or even in thousandths of arcseconds (milliarcseconds). The distance unit parsec is defined as the length of the leg of a right triangle adjacent to the angle of one arcsecond at one vertex, where the other leg is 1 AU long. Because stellar parallaxes and distances all involve such skinny right triangles, a convenient trigonometric approximation can be used to convert parallaxes (in arcseconds) to distance (in parsecs). The approximate distance is simply the reciprocal of the parallax: For example, Proxima Centauri (the nearest star to Earth other than the Sun), whose parallax is 0.7685, is 1 / 0.7685 parsecs = distant. Variants Stellar parallax is most often measured using annual parallax, defined as the difference in position of a star as seen from Earth and Sun, i.e. the angle subtended at a star by the mean radius of Earth's orbit around the Sun. The parsec (3.26 light-years) is defined as the distance for which the annual parallax is 1 arcsecond. Annual parallax is normally measured by observing the position of a star at different times of the year as Earth moves through its orbit. The angles involved in these calculations are very small and thus difficult to measure. The nearest star to the Sun (and also the star with the largest parallax), Proxima Centauri, has a parallax of 0.7685 ± 0.0002 arcsec. This angle is approximately that subtended by an object 2 centimeters in diameter located 5.3 kilometers away. Derivation For a right triangle, where is the parallax, is approximately the average distance from the Sun to Earth, and is the distance to the star. Using small-angle approximations (valid when the angle is small compared to 1 radian), so the parallax, measured in arcseconds, is If the parallax is 1", then the distance is This defines the parsec, a convenient unit for measuring distance using parallax. Therefore, the distance, measured in parsecs, is simply , when the parallax is given in arcseconds. Error Precise parallax measurements of distance have an associated error. This error in the measured parallax angle does not translate directly into an error for the distance, except for relatively small errors. The reason for this is that an error toward a smaller angle results in a greater error in distance than an error toward a larger angle. However, an approximation of the distance error can be computed by where d is the distance and p is the parallax. The approximation is far more accurate for parallax errors that are small relative to the parallax than for relatively large errors. For meaningful results in stellar astronomy, Dutch astronomer Floor van Leeuwen recommends that the parallax error be no more than 10% of the total parallax when computing this error estimate. History of measurement Early theory and attempts Stellar parallax is so small that it was unobservable until the 19th century, and its apparent absence was used as a scientific argument against heliocentrism during the early modern age. It is clear from Euclid's geometry that the effect would be undetectable if the stars were far enough away, but for various reasons, such gigantic distances involved seemed entirely implausible: it was one of Tycho Brahe's principal objections to Copernican heliocentrism that for it to be compatible with the lack of observable stellar parallax, there would have to be an enormous and unlikely void between the orbit of Saturn and the eighth sphere (the fixed stars). James Bradley first tried to measure stellar parallaxes in 1729. The stellar movement proved too insignificant for his telescope, but he instead discovered the aberration of light and the nutation of Earth's axis, and catalogued 3,222 stars. 19th and 20th centuries Measurement of annual parallax was the first reliable way to determine the distances to the closest stars. In the second quarter of the 19th century, technological progress reached to the level which provided sufficient accuracy and precision for stellar parallax measurements. Giuseppe Calandrelli noted stellar parallax in 1805-6 and came up with a 4-second value for the star Vega which was a gross overestimate. The first successful stellar parallax measurements were done by Thomas Henderson in Cape Town South Africa in 1832–1833, where he measured parallax of one of the closest stars, Alpha Centauri. Between 1835 and 1836, astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve at the Dorpat university observatory measured the distance of Vega, publishing his results in 1837. Friedrich Bessel, a friend of Struve, carried out an intense observational campaign in 1837–1838 at Koenigsberg Observatory for the star 61 Cygni using a heliometer, and published his results in 1838. Henderson published his results in 1839, after returning from South Africa. Those three results, two of which were measured with the best instruments at the time (Fraunhofer great refractor used by Struve and Fraunhofer heliometer by Bessel) were the first ones in history to establish the reliable distance scale to the stars. A large heliometer was installed at Kuffner Observatory (In Vienna) in 1896, and was used for measuring the distance to other stars by trigonometric parallax. By 1910 it had computed 16 parallax distances to other stars, out of only 108 total known to science at that time. Being very difficult to measure, only about 60 stellar parallaxes had been obtained by the end of the 19th century, mostly by use of the filar micrometer. Astrographs using astronomical photographic plates sped the process in the early 20th century. Automated plate-measuring machines and more sophisticated computer technology of the 1960s allowed more efficient compilation of star catalogues. In the 1980s, charge-coupled devices (CCDs) replaced photographic plates and reduced optical uncertainties to one milliarcsecond. Stellar parallax remains the standard for calibrating other measurement methods (see Cosmic distance ladder). Accurate calculations of distance based on stellar parallax require a measurement of the distance from Earth to the Sun, now known to exquisite accuracy based on radar reflection off the surfaces of planets. Space astrometry In 1989, the satellite Hipparcos was launched primarily for obtaining parallaxes and proper motions of nearby stars, increasing the number of stellar parallaxes measured to milliarcsecond accuracy a thousandfold. Even so, Hipparcos is only able to measure parallax angles for stars up to about 1,600 light-years away, a little more than one percent of the diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Hubble telescope WFC3 now has a precision of 20 to 40 microarcseconds, enabling reliable distance measurements up to for a small number of stars. This gives more accuracy to the cosmic distance ladder and improves the knowledge of distances in the Universe, based on the dimensions of the Earth's orbit. As distances between the two points of observation are increased, the visual effect of the parallax is likewise rendered more visible. NASA's New Horizons spacecraft performed the first interstellar parallax measurement on 22 April 2020, taking images of Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 in conjunction with earth-based observatories. The relative proximity of the two stars combined with the 6.5 billion kilometer (about 43 AU) distance of the spacecraft from Earth yielded a discernible parallax of arcminutes, allowing the parallax to be seen visually without instrumentation. The European Space Agency's Gaia mission, launched 19 December 2013, is expected to measure parallax angles to an accuracy of 10 microarcseconds for all moderately bright stars, thus mapping nearby stars (and potentially planets) up to a distance of tens of thousands of light-years from Earth. Data Release 2 in 2018 claims mean errors for the parallaxes of 15th magnitude and brighter stars of 20–40 microarcseconds. Radio astrometry Very long baseline interferometry in the radio band can produce images with angular resolutions of about 1 milliarcsecond, and hence, for bright radio sources, the precision of parallax measurements made in the radio can easily exceed those of optical telescopes like Gaia. These measurements tend to be sensitivity limited, and need to be made one at a time, so the work is generally done only for sources like pulsars and X-ray binaries, where the radio emission is strong relative to the optical emission. See also Apparent place TAU (spacecraft) (an abandoned space mission project that would have used parallax) References . . Further reading Parallax Parallax Parallax
2529808
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMED7-TICAM2
TMED7-TICAM2
TMED7-TICAM2 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на 5-й хромосомі. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 188 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 21 233. Локалізований у мембрані. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 5 Некатегоризовані білки
34751
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973
1973
1973 Events January January 1 – The United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, which later becomes the European Union. January 15 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S. President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam. January 17 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines. January 20 – Richard Nixon is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. Nixon is the only person to have been sworn in twice as President (1969, 1973) and Vice President of the United States (1953, 1957). January 22 "Sunshine Showdown": George Foreman defeats Joe Frazier to win the heavyweight world boxing championship in Kingston, Jamaica. A Royal Jordanian Boeing 707 flight from Jeddah crashes in Kano, Nigeria; 176 people are killed. January 27 – U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War ends with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords. February February 8 – A military insurrection in Uruguay poses an institutional challenge to President Juan María Bordaberry. February 21 – Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (Boeing 727) is shot down by Israeli fighter aircraft over the Sinai Desert, after the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. Only 5 (1 crew member and 4 passengers) of 113 survive. February 28 – The Republic of Ireland general election is held. Liam Cosgrave becomes the new Taoiseach. March March 7 – Comet Kohoutek is discovered. March 8 – The Troubles: A referendum is held in Northern Ireland over whether to reunite with the Republic of Ireland or to stay a part of the UK. The result was 98% remain. The Provisional Irish Republican Army responds to the referendum by planting four car bombs in London on the same day, two of which went off, causing one death and injuring over 200 people. March 10 – Sir Richard Sharples, Governor of Bermuda, is assassinated outside Government House, along with his aide-de-camp. March 20 – A British government White Paper on Northern Ireland proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council. March 21 – The Lofthouse Colliery disaster occurs in Great Britain. Seven miners are trapped underground; none survive. March 27 – At the 45th Academy Awards, The Godfather wins best picture. April April 1 India launches the wildlife conservation program Project Tiger. Value Added Tax (VAT) is introduced in the United Kingdom. April 3 – The first handheld mobile phone call is made by Martin Cooper of Motorola in New York City. April 5 Fahri Korutürk becomes the sixth president of Turkey. Pioneer 11 is launched on a mission to study the Solar System. April 6 – Ron Blomberg of the New York Yankees becomes the first designated hitter in Major League Baseball. April 7 – Tu te reconnaîtras by Anne-Marie David (music by Claude Morgan, text by Vline Buggy) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1973 for Luxembourg. April 10 – Operation Spring of Youth: Israeli commandos raid Beirut, assassinating 3 leaders of the Palestinian Resistance Movement. The Lebanese army's inaction brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister Saeb Salam, a Sunni Muslim. April 10 – The Islamic Republic of Pakistan introduced its new constitution, its supreme law. April 15 – Naim Talu, a former civil servant, forms the new government of Turkey (36th government). April 17 – The German counter-terrorist force GSG 9 is officially formed in response to the Munich massacre. May May 3 – The Sears Tower in Chicago, United States, is topped-out, becoming the world's tallest building at . May 5 – Shambu Tamang becomes the youngest person to climb to the summit of Mount Everest. May 10 – The Polisario Front, a Sahrawi movement dedicated to the independence of Spanish Sahara, is formed. May 11 – The Data Act (Sw. Datalagen) − the world's first national data protection law − is enacted in Sweden. May 14 – Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched. May 18 – Second Cod War: Joseph Godber, British Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, announces that Royal Navy frigates will protect British trawlers fishing in the disputed limit around Iceland. May 25 Skylab 2 (Pete Conrad, Paul Weitz, Joseph Kerwin) is launched on a mission to repair damage to the recently launched Skylab space station. Héctor José Cámpora becomes democratic president of the Argentine Republic ending the 1966 to 1973 Revolución Argentina military dictatorship. May 30 – Gordon Johncock wins the Indianapolis 500 in the Patrick Racing Special Eagle-Offenhauser, after only 133 laps, due to rain. (The race was begun May 28 but called due to rain.) June June 1 – The Greek military junta abolishes the monarchy and proclaims a republic. June 3 – A Tupolev Tu-144 crashes at the Paris air show; 15 are killed. June 10 – Henri Pescarolo and co-driver Gérard Larrousse (both France) win the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the Equipe Matra MS670B. June 20 – The Ezeiza massacre occurs in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Snipers shoot at left-wing Peronists, killing at least 13 and injuring more than 300. June 24 Leonid Brezhnev addresses the American people on television, the first Soviet leader to do so. UpStairs Lounge arson attack, an as-yet unsolved attack on a gay bar in New Orleans, Louisiana, in which 32 patrons are killed. June 25 – Erskine Hamilton Childers is elected the 4th President of Ireland. June 26 – At Plesetsk Cosmodrome, nine people are killed in the explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket. June 27 – Coup d'état in Uruguay: pressed by the military, President Juan María Bordaberry dissolves Parliament; a 12-year-long civic-military dictatorship begins. June 28 – Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time. June 30 – A very long total solar eclipse occurs. During the entire second millennium, only seven total solar eclipses exceeded seven minutes of totality. July July 3 – Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). July 5 – The catastrophic BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) occurs in Kingman, Arizona, United States, following a fire that broke out as propane was being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, killing 11 firefighters. This explosion becomes a classic incident, studied in fire department training programs worldwide. July 10 – The Bahamas gains full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations. July 11 – Varig Flight 820 crashes near Orly, France; 123 people are killed. July 16 – Watergate scandal: Former White House aide Alexander Butterfield informs the United States Senate Watergate Committee that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations. July 17 – King Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is deposed by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy undergoing eye surgery. July 20 – France resumes nuclear bomb tests in Mururoa Atoll, over the protests of Australia and New Zealand. July 21 – Lillehammer affair: Agents of Mossad, the Israeli secret intelligence agency, shoot and kill a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, mistakenly believing him to be a senior member of the Palestinian Black September Organization. July 23 – The Avianca Building in Bogotá, Colombia, suffers a serious fire, in which four people are killed. July 25 – The Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched. July 28 – Skylab 3 (Owen Garriott, Jack Lousma, Alan Bean) is launched, to conduct various medical and scientific experiments aboard Skylab. July 31 – A Delta Air Lines DC-9 aircraft flying as Delta Air Lines Flight 173 lands short of Logan Airport runway at Boston, United States, in poor visibility, striking a sea wall about 165 feet (50 m) to the right of the runway centerline and about 3000 feet (914 m) short. All 6 crew members and 83 passengers are killed; one of the passengers died several months after the accident. August August 1 – Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) is inaugurated. August 2 – A flash fire kills 51 at the Summerland amusement centre at Douglas, Isle of Man. August 5 Black September members open fire at the Athens airport; 3 people are killed, 55 injured. Mars 6, also known as 3MP No.50P, is launched by the Soviet Union to explore Mars. August 8 – South Korean politician Kim Dae-jung is kidnapped in Tokyo by the KCIA. August 15 – The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, officially halting 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia according to the Case–Church Amendment-an act that prohibits military operations in Laos, Cambodia, and North and South Vietnam as a follow-up of the Paris Peace Accords. August 23 – The Norrmalmstorg robbery occurs, famous for the origin of the term Stockholm syndrome. August 25 – Disappearance of Joanne Ratcliffe and Kirste Gordon: Two Australian girls go missing whilst attending an Australian rules football match at the Adelaide Oval, never to be seen again. September September 9 – Scottish racing driver Jackie Stewart becomes World Drivers' Champion when his Tyrrell 003-Cosworth finishes fourth in the 1973 Italian Grand Prix at Monza. September 11 – Chile's democratically elected government is overthrown in a violent military coup after serious political instability. President Salvador Allende allegedly commits suicide during the coup in the presidential palace and General Augusto Pinochet heads a US-backed military junta that governs Chile for the next 17 years. September 15 – Carl XVI Gustaf, becomes King of Sweden following the death of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf. September 18 – The two German Republics, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), are admitted to the United Nations. September 20 Billie Jean King beats Bobby Riggs in a singles tennis match billed as the "Battle of the Sexes". Jim Croce, Maury Muehleisen and four others are killed on takeoff in a plane crash following a concert at Northwestern Louisiana University in Natchitoches. September 27 Soviet space program: Soyuz 12 (Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov), the first Soviet manned flight since the Soyuz 11 tragedy in 1971, is launched. Luís Cabral declares the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau from the Estado Novo regime in Portugal. It is later granted in September 1974. October October 6 – Yom Kippur War begins: The fourth and largest Arab–Israeli conflict begins, as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur. October 14 – Thai popular uprising Students revolt in Bangkok – In the Thammasat student uprising over 100,000 people protest in Thailand against the Thanom military government, 77 are killed and 857 are injured by soldiers. October 15 – Typhoon Ruth crosses Luzon, Philippines, killing 27 people and causing $5 million in damage. October 17 – An OPEC oil embargo against several countries supporting Israel triggers the 1973 energy crisis. October 20 The Saturday Night Massacre: U.S. President Richard Nixon orders Attorney General Elliot Richardson to dismiss Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox. Richardson refuses and resigns, along with Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Solicitor General Robert Bork, third in line at the Department of Justice, then fires Cox. The event prompts calls for Nixon's impeachment. The Sydney Opera House in Australia is opened by Queen Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction work. October 25 – The Yom Kippur War ends. October 26 – The United Nations recognizes the independence of Guinea-Bissau. October 30 – The Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus Strait for the first time in history. November November 3 Pan Am cargo flight 160, a Boeing 707-321C, crashes at Logan International Airport, Boston, killing three people. Mariner program: NASA launches Mariner 10 toward Mercury (on March 29, 1974, it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet). November 7 – The Congress of the United States overrides President Richard Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, which limits presidential power to wage war without congressional approval. November 8 – Millennium '73, a festival hosted by Guru Maharaj Ji at the Astrodome, is called by supporters the "most significant event in human history". November 11 – Egypt and Israel sign a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord. November 16 Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 (Gerald Carr, William Pogue, Edward Gibson) from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on an 84-day mission. U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline. November 17 – The Athens Polytechnic uprising occurs against the military regime in Athens, Greece. November 25 – Greek dictator Georgios Papadopoulos is ousted in a military coup led by Brigadier General Dimitrios Ioannidis. November 27 – The United States Senate votes 92–3 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States. November 29 – 104 people are killed in a Taiyo department store fire in Kumamoto, Kyūshū, Japan. November – Queen Sisowath Kossamak of Cambodia is released from house arrest to Beijing. December December – Chile breaks diplomatic contacts with Sweden. December 1 – Papua New Guinea gains self-government from Australia. December 3 – Pioneer program: Pioneer 10 sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter. December 6 – The United States House of Representatives votes 387–35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States; he is sworn in the same day. December 14 – Rhodesia executes two Blacks at Salisbury Central Prison for murder. December 18 Soviet space program: Soyuz 13 (Pyotr Klimuk, Valentin Lebedev) is launched. The Islamic Development Bank is created as a specialized agency of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) (effective August 12, 1974). December 20 – Spanish prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco is assassinated in Madrid by the separatist organization ETA. December 28 – The Endangered Species Act is passed in the United States. December 30 – Terrorist Carlos fails in his attempt to assassinate British businessman Joseph Sieff. Date unknown A large Song dynasty trade ship of c. 1277 A.D. is dredged up from the waters near the southern coast of China with 12 compartments in its hull. It confirms the descriptions of bulkheaded hull compartments for junks in Zhu Yu's Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119. Births January January 1 – Shelda Bede, Brazilian beach volleyball player January 9 – Sean Paul, Jamaican singer January 11 – Rahul Dravid, Indian cricket player and coach. January 12 – Hande Yener, Turkish singer January 13 – Nikolai Khabibulin, Russian ice hockey player January 14 – Giancarlo Fisichella, Italian racing driver January 15 Essam El Hadary, Egyptian goalkeeper Tomáš Galásek, Czech football player January 17 Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Mexican footballer and politician, Governor of Morelos 2018-2024 Johnny Hajjar, French politician January 19 Ann Kristin Aarønes, Norwegian footballer Wang Junxia, Chinese long-distance runner Yevgeny Sadovyi, Russian swimmer January 20 – Queen Mathilde of Belgium January 22 – Rogério Ceni, Brazilian football player and coach January 26 – Brendan Rodgers, Northern Irish football manager January 27 – Shadmehr Aghili, Iranian pop singer, musician and composer January 29 – Louise Hindsgavl, Danish artist January 30 – Jalen Rose, American basketball player January 31 – Portia de Rossi, Australian-American actress February February 1 Yuri Landman, Dutch artist and musician Óscar Pérez Rojas, Mexican football goalkeeper February 2 – Aleksander Tammert, Estonian discus thrower February 4 – Oscar De La Hoya, American boxer February 5 Trijntje Oosterhuis, Dutch pop singer Deng Yaping, Chinese table tennis player February 7 – Juwan Howard, American basketball player February 9 – Svetlana Boginskaya, Soviet gymnast February 10 – Gunn-Rita Dahle, Norwegian mountain biker February 11 Jeon Do-yeon, South Korean actress Mishal Husain, British news presenter Varg Vikernes, Norwegian rock musician February 12 – Tara Strong, Canadian actress and voice actress February 15 Anna Dogonadze, German trampoline gymnast Amy Van Dyken, American swimmer Sarah Wynter, Australian actress February 16 – Cathy Freeman, Australian athlete February 18 – Claude Makélélé, French footballer February 22 – Shota Arveladze, Georgian football player and coach February 24 Alexei Kovalev, Russian ice hockey player Yordan Yovchev, Bulgarian gymnast February 25 – Julio Iglesias Jr., Spanish singer February 26 ATB, German DJ and music producer Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Norwegian footballer Jenny Thompson, American swimmer February 27 Peter Andre, English singer and television personality Li Bingbing, Chinese actress February 28 – Eric Lindros, Canadian hockey player March March 1 Jack Davenport, English actor Chris Webber, American basketball player March 2 – Vidya Malvade, Indian actress March 3 – Dejan Bodiroga, Serbian basketball player March 4 – Penny Mordaunt, British politician March 9 – Matteo Salvini, Italian politician March 10 – Eva Herzigová, Czech model and actress March 13 Edgar Davids, Dutch footballer David Draiman, American singer and songwriter Ólafur Darri Ólafsson, Icelandic actor March 15 – Lee Jung-jae, South Korean actor and model March 17 – Caroline Corr, Irish musician (The Corrs) March 19 – Magnus Hedman, Swedish footballer March 23 Jerzy Dudek, Polish footballer Jason Kidd, American basketball player March 24 Jacek Bąk, Polish footballer Jim Parsons, American actor and comedian March 25 – Anders Fridén, Swedish musician March 26 – Larry Page, American entrepreneur, founder and CEO of Google (2011-2015) March 28 – Umaga, Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. 2009) March 29 – Marc Overmars, Dutch footballer March 30 – Jan Koller, Czech footballer April April 1 Stephen Fleming, New Zealand cricket captain Rachel Maddow, American political commentator April 2 – Roselyn Sánchez, Puerto Rican-American actress April 3 – Jamie Bamber, English actor April 4 David Blaine, American magician Loris Capirossi, Italian motorcycle racer April 5 Élodie Bouchez, French actress Pharrell Williams, American musician and producer April 6 – Rie Miyazawa, Japanese actress and singer April 8 – Emma Caulfield, American actress April 10 – Roberto Carlos, Brazilian footballer April 11 – Jennifer Esposito, American actress April 12 Juan Caguaripano, Venezuelan military officer and torture victim Christina Moore, American actress Amr Waked, Egyptian film, television and stage actor April 13 – Sergey Shnurov, Russian singer April 14 Roberto Ayala, Argentine footballer Adrien Brody, American actor April 16 – Akon, Senegalese American rapper, R&B singer-songwriter and record producer April 18 – Haile Gebrselassie, Ethiopian long-distance runner April 19 – George Gregan, Australian rugby union footballer April 21 – Katsuyuki Konishi, Japanese voice actor April 23 – Cem Yılmaz, Turkish comedian and actor April 24 Sachin Tendulkar, Indian cricketer Lee Westwood, English golfer April 27 – Sharlee D'Angelo, Swedish guitarist April 28 Jorge Garcia, American actor and comedian Pauleta, Portuguese footballer Elisabeth Röhm, German-American actress April 29 – David Belle, French actor and stunt performer May May 1 Paul Burke, Irish rugby player Diana Hayden, Miss World and Indian actress Oliver Neuville, German footballer May 2 – Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, German director May 3 – Michael Reiziger, Dutch footballer May 4 – Guillermo Barros Schelotto, Argentine footballer May 5 – Johan Hedberg ("Moose"), Swedish hockey goaltender May 7 – Paolo Savoldelli, Italian professional road racing cyclist May 8 – Hiromu Arakawa, Japanese manga artist May 9 – Tegla Loroupe, Kenyan long-distance runner May 10 Keylla Hernández, Puerto Rican television reporter (d. 2018) Rüştü Reçber, Turkish football goalkeeper May 12 – Robert Tinkler, Canadian voice actor May 14 Natalie Appleton, Canadian singer (All Saints) Shanice, African-American singer May 16 Jason Acuña, American skateboarder and actor Tori Spelling, American actress May 17 Sasha Alexander, American actress Josh Homme, American musician May 20 – Elsa Lunghini, French actress and singer May 21 – Noel Fielding, British comedian May 24 Bartolo Colón, Dominican baseball player Ruslana, Ukrainian pop star, activist, Eurovision Song Contest 2004 winner Vladimír Šmicer, Czech footballer May 25 Jean-Pierre Canlis, American glass artist Demetri Martin, American actor and comedian May 27 – Jack McBrayer, American actor and comedian May 31 – Dominique van Roost, Belgian tennis player June June 1 Fred Deburghgraeve, Belgian swimmer Adam Garcia, Australian actor and singer Heidi Klum, German model Derek Lowe, American baseball player June 2 Carlos Acosta, Cuban-born ballet dancer Kevin Feige, American film producer and president of Marvel Studios June 8 – Lexa Doig, Canadian actress June 9 – Tedy Bruschi, American football player June 10 – Faith Evans, American singer June 14 – Ceca, Serbian folk singer June 15 Neil Patrick Harris, American actor, comedian, singer, presenter and host Dean McAmmond, Canadian hockey player Greg Vaughan, American actor June 16 – Federica Mogherini, Italian politician June 17 Aurélie Filippetti, French politician and novelist Leander Paes, Indian tennis player June 19 Yuko Nakazawa, Japanese singer Jorg Widmann, German composer, conductor and clarinetist June 20 – Josh Shapiro, American politician, Governor of Pennsylvania June 21 – Zuzana Čaputová, Slovak politician, President of Slovakia June 22 Carson Daly, American television personality, host of NBC's The Voice and Last Call with Carson Daly Giorgio Pasotti, Italian actor and martial arts athlete June 23 Davies Chisopa, Zambian politician Marija Naumova (Marie N), Latvian singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2002 winner June 24 – Jonathan Lambert, French actor and comedian June 25 – Jamie Redknapp, English footballer June 26 – Paweł Małaszyński, Polish actor June 27 Olve Eikemo, Norwegian musician Gonzalo López-Gallego, Spanish film director June 28 Adrián Annus, Hungarian athlete Frost, Norwegian musician Andre Lange, German Olympic bobsledder July July 1 – Akhilesh Yadav, Indian politician July 3 – Patrick Wilson, American actor July 4 – Gackt, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor July 5 – Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer and coach July 7 – Yoon Kyung-shin, South Korean handball player July 8 – Kathleen Robertson, Canadian actress and producer July 11 – Konstantinos Kenteris, Greek athlete July 12 Inoke Afeaki, Tongan rugby union footballer Christian Vieri, Italian footballer July 13 Roberto Martínez, Spanish football manager Danny Williams, British professional boxer July 14 Halil Mutlu, Bulgaria-born Turkish weightlifter Candela Peña, Spanish actress July 15 – Yasemin Şamdereli, Turkish-German actress, screenwriter and film director July 16 Stefano Garzelli, Italian professional road racing cyclist Sandra Pires, Brazilian beach volleyball player July 17 – Daimaou Kosaka, Japanese comedian July 18 – Chi In-jin, South Korean boxer July 19 Aílton, Brazilian football player Raja Krishnamoorthi, Indian born-American politician and lawyer Saïd Taghmaoui, French-American actor and screenwriter Jorg Widmann, composer and conductor and clarinetist July 20 Omar Epps, American actor Peter Forsberg, Swedish hockey player Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway July 22 Rufus Wainwright, American-Canadian singer-songwriter and composer Jaime Camil, Mexican actor and singer July 23 Fran Healy, Scottish singer-songwriter Monica Lewinsky, American White House intern July 26 – Kate Beckinsale, English actress July 30 Markus Näslund, Swedish ice hockey player Sonu Nigam, Indian singer August August 1 – Edurne Pasaban, Basque Spanish mountaineer August 2 Miguel Mendonca, Anglo-Azorean writer Susie O'Neill, Australian swimmer August 3 – Stephen Graham, English actor August 4 – Marcos, Brazilian footballer August 6 Asia Carrera, American actress Vera Farmiga, American actress, director and producer August 9 Kevin McKidd, Scottish actor Filippo Inzaghi, Italian footballer Oleksandr Ponomariov, Ukrainian singer August 10 Lisa Raymond, American tennis player Javier Zanetti, Argentine football player August 11 – Carolyn Murphy, American model August 14 Jared Borgetti, Mexican footballer Jay-Jay Okocha, Nigerian footballer Kieren Perkins, Australian swimmer August 19 Marco Materazzi, Italian football player HRH Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway August 21 Sergey Brin, Russian-born American entrepreneur, co-founder of Google Steve McKenna, Canadian ice hockey player Nikolai Valuev, Russian heavyweight boxing champion August 22 Howie D., American singer (Backstreet Boys) Kristen Wiig, American actress, comedian and writer August 23 – Joey Cramer, Canadian child actor August 24 Dave Chappelle, African-American actor and comedian Inge de Bruijn, Dutch swimmer Grey DeLisle, American voice actress, comedian and singer-songwriter August 28 – Kirby Morrow, Canadian actor, comedian and writer (d. 2020) August 31 – Scott Niedermayer, Canadian ice hockey player September September 1 – Ram Kapoor, Indian actor September 4 – Diosbelys Hurtado, Cuban boxer September 5 Paddy Considine, British actor, filmmaker and musician Rose McGowan, American actress Rachel Sheherazade, Brazilian journalist September 6 Carlo Cudicini, Italian footballer Greg Rusedski, Canadian-British tennis player September 7 – Shannon Elizabeth, American actress September 11 – Sohrab Bakhtiarizadeh, Iranian footballer September 12 Tarana Burke, American civil rights activist Darren Campbell, British athlete Paul Walker, American actor (d. 2013) September 13 – Fabio Cannavaro, Italian footballer September 14 Andrew Lincoln, English actor Nas, African-American rapper September 15 – Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland, né Olof Daniel Westling, Swedish prince, married to Crown Princess Victoria September 17 – Ada Choi, Hong Kong actress September 18 James Marsden, American actor Ami Onuki, Japanese singer Mark Shuttleworth, South African entrepreneur September 19 José Azevedo, Portuguese cyclist David Zepeda, Mexican actor, model and singer September 20 – Jo Pavey, English distance runner September 21 Driulis González, Cuban judoka Virginia Ruano Pascual, Spanish tennis player Oswaldo Sánchez, Mexican footballer September 25 – Bridgette Wilson-Sampras, American actress September 29 – Alfie Boe, English tenor October October 2 Lene Nystrøm, Norwegian singer (Aqua) Proof, American rapper (D12) (d. 2006) Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian drag queen, comedian and singer, Eurovision Song Contest 2007 runner-up October 3 – Neve Campbell, Canadian actress October 4 – Chris Parks, American professional wrestler October 5 – Cédric Villani, French mathematician and politician October 6 Ioan Gruffudd, Welsh actor Rebecca Lobo, American basketball player October 7 Dida, Brazilian footballer Sami Hyypiä, Finnish football player and coach October 8 – Kari Korhonen, Finnish cartoonist October 10 – Mario Lopez, American actor October 11 – Daisuke Sakaguchi, Japanese voice actor October 13 Matt Hughes, American mixed martial arts fighter Nanako Matsushima, Japanese actress October 14 George Floyd, African-American victim of police brutality (d. 2020) Lasha Zhvania, Georgian politician October 15 – Susy Pryde, New Zealand cyclist October 17 – Deniz Uğur, Turkish actress October 18 – Sergey Bezrukov, Russian screen and stage actor October 21 – Lera Auerbach, Russian composer and pianist October 22 – Andrés Palop, Spanish football player and coach October 26 – Seth MacFarlane, American actor, screenwriter, producer, director and singer October 28 Maryam Nawaz, Pakistani politician Montel Vontavious Porter, American professional wrestler Aleksandar Stanojević, Serbian footballer and manager October 29 – Robert Pires, French football player October 30 Silvia Corzo, Colombian newsreader Edge, Canadian professional wrestler November November 1 Assia, Algerian singer Li Xiaoshuang, Chinese gymnast Aishwarya Rai, Indian actress, Miss World 1994 November 2 – Marisol Nichols, American actress November 3 Kirk Jones, African-American rapper (Onyx) Mick Thomson, American guitarist November 4 – Steven Ogg, Canadian actor November 7 Yunjin Kim, South Korean-American film and theater actress Martín Palermo, Argentine footballer November 9 – Nick Lachey, American actor, singer and television personality and host November 10 – Patrik Berger, Czech footballer November 17 – Alexei Urmanov, Russian figure skater November 26 – Peter Facinelli, American actor November 27 – Sharlto Copley, South African producer, actor and director November 29 – Ryan Giggs, Welsh footballer November 30 Nimród Antal, Hungarian-American film director, screenwriter and actor Christian, Canadian professional wrestler Im Chang-jung, South Korean actor December December 2 Monica Seles, Hungarian-Yugoslavian tennis player Jan Ullrich, German professional road bicycle racer Grant Wahl, American sports journalist (d. 2022) December 3 Holly Marie Combs, American actress Francisco Islas Rueda, Mexican professional wrestler December 4 – Tyra Banks, American supermodel, talk show host December 5 Arik Benado, Israeli footballer Sorin Grindeanu, 65th Prime Minister of Romania December 7 Terrell Owens, American football player Damien Rice, Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer December 8 – Corey Taylor, American rock vocalist (Slipknot, Stone Sour) December 9 – Bárbara Padilla, American operatic soprano December 10 – Gabriela Spanic, Venezuelan-Mexican actress December 11 – Mos Def, African-American rapper and actor December 12 – Paz Lenchantin, Argentine-American musician December 14 Tom S. Englund, Swedish musician Tomasz Radzinski, Canadian soccer player Thuy Trang, Vietnamese-born actress (d. 2001) December 15 – Surya Bonaly, French figure skater December 17 – Paula Radcliffe, British athlete December 18 – Darryl Brown, Trinidad and West Indian cricketer December 20 – Antti Kasvio, Finnish swimmer December 23 – Dmytro Derevytskyy, Ukrainian entrepreneur December 27 – Wilson Cruz, American actor December 28 Seth Meyers, American actor and comedian Ids Postma, Dutch speed skater December 30 – Ato Boldon, Trinidadian athlete December 31 – Nikolay Tsiskaridze, Russian dancer Deaths January January 2 – Eleazar López Contreras, 45th President of Venezuela (b. 1883) January 11 – Isabel Randolph, American actress (b. 1889) January 16 – Nellie Yu Roung Ling, Chinese dancer, lady-in-waiting to Qing Imperial Court (b. 1882) January 22 – Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States (b. 1908) January 23 – Kid Ory, American musician (b. 1886) January 24 – J. Carrol Naish, American actor (b. 1896) January 26 – Edward G. Robinson, American actor (b. 1893) January 28 – John Banner, Austrian-born American actor (b. 1910) January 31 Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1895) Jack MacGowran, Irish film actor (b. 1918) February February 11 – J. Hans D. Jensen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907) February 15 – Wally Cox, American actor (b. 1924) February 16 – Francisco Caamaño, 50th President of the Dominican Republic (executed) (b. 1932) February 18 – Frank Costello, Italian-American Mafia gangster and crime boss (b. 1891) February 19 Ivan T. Sanderson, Scottish-American naturalist, cryptozoologist and writer (b. 1911) Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist (b. 1892) February 22 Elizabeth Bowen, Irish novelist (b. 1899) Katina Paxinou, Greek actress (b. 1900) February 23 – Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895) February 28 – Cecil Kellaway, South African actor (b. 1890) March March 3 – Vera Panova, Soviet-Russian writer (b. 1905) March 6 – Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892) March 8 – Benjamín de Arriba y Castro, Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop and cardinal (b. 1886) March 10 Bull Connor, American politician, civil rights opponent (b. 1897) Sir Richard Sharples, British politician, Governor of Bermuda (b. 1916) (assassinated) Robert Siodmak, German-born American director (b. 1900) March 17 – Giuseppe Ferretto, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1899) March 18 Johannes Aavik, Estonian philologist (b. 1880) Lauritz Melchior, Danish opera singer (b. 1890) March 21 – Âşık Veysel, Turkish poet, songwriter and saz player (b. 1894) March 22 – Hilda Geiringer, Austrian mathematician (b. 1893) March 23 – Ken Maynard, American actor (b. 1895) March 25 – Edward Steichen, Luxembourg-born American photographer (b. 1879) March 26 – Sir Noël Coward, English composer and playwright (b. 1899) April April 8 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist (b. 1881) April 12 – Arthur Freed, American film producer (b. 1894) April 13 Henry Darger, American outsider artist and writer (b. 1892) Dudley Senanayake, 2nd Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. 1911) April 14 – Károly Kerényi, Hungarian philologist and mythologist (b. 1897) April 16 Nino Bravo, Spanish singer (b. 1944) Istvan Kertesz, Hungarian conductor (b. 1929) April 19 – Hans Kelsen, Austrian-born legal theorist (b. 1881) April 21 Merian C. Cooper, American aviator, director and producer (b. 1893) Sir Arthur Fadden, Australian politician, 13th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894) April 25 Fouad Chehab, 8th President of Lebanon (b. 1902) Frank Jack Fletcher, American admiral (b. 1885) April 26 – Irene Ryan, American actress (b. 1902) April 28 – Jacques Maritain, French Catholic philosopher (b. 1882) May May 1 – Asger Jorn, Danish painter (b. 1914) May 6 – Myrna Fahey, American actress (b. 1933) May 8 – Alexander Vandegrift, American general (b. 1887) May 11 – Lex Barker, American actor (b. 1919) May 12 – Frances Marion, American screenwriter (b. 1888). May 16 – Jacques Lipchitz, French-American sculptor (b. 1891) May 18 – Jeannette Rankin, American politician (b. 1880) May 20 – Jarno Saarinen, Finnish motorcycle racer (b. 1945) May 21 Ivan Konev, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1897) Vaughn Monroe, American singer (b. 1911) May 26 – Karl Löwith, German philosopher (b. 1897) May 27 – Constantin Daicoviciu, Romanian historian and archaeologist (b. 1898) June June 8 – Emmy Göring, German actress, second wife of Hermann Göring (b. 1893) June 9 – Erich von Manstein, German field marshal (b. 1887) June 10 – William Inge, American playwright (b. 1913) June 30 Nancy Mitford, English novelist (b. 1904) Vasyl Velychkovsky C.Ss.R, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (b. 1903) July July 2 – Betty Grable, American actress (b. 1916) July 3 – Karel Ančerl, Czechoslovak conductor (b. 1908) July 6 Joe E. Brown, American actor and comedian (b. 1891) Otto Klemperer, German conductor (b. 1885) July 7 Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (b. 1895) Veronica Lake, American actress (b. 1922) July 8 Arthur Calwell, Australian politician (b. 1896) Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-born Israeli educator, historian and politician (b. 1884) Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer (b. 1877) July 11 Alexander Mosolov, Russian composer (b. 1900) Robert Ryan, American actor (b. 1909) July 12 – Lon Chaney Jr., American actor (b. 1906) July 13 – Willy Fritsch, German actor (b. 1901) July 18 – Jack Hawkins, English actor (b. 1910) July 20 Mikhail Isakovsky, Russian poet (b. 1900) Bruce Lee, Chinese-American martial artist and actor (b. 1940) Robert Smithson, American artist (b. 1938) July 23 – Eddie Rickenbacker, American World War I flying ace and race car driver (b. 1890) July 24 – Julián Acuña Galé, Cuban botanist (b. 1900) July 25 Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1875) Louis St. Laurent, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882) July 26 – Konstantinos Georgakopoulos, Greek lawyer and professor, 152nd Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1890) July 29 Henri Charrière, French writer (b. 1906) Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, 34th President of El Salvador (b. 1921) Roger Williamson, British racing driver (b. 1948) July 31 – Annibale Bergonzoli, Italian general (b. 1884) August August 1 Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (b. 1882) Walter Ulbricht, East German politician, leader of the Communist Party and 2nd head of State of the GDR (b. 1893) Nikos Zachariadis, Greek politician, former leader of the Communist Party of Greece (b. 1903) August 2 – Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director (b. 1917) August 6 Fulgencio Batista, 9th and 12th President of Cuba (b. 1901) James Beck, British actor (b. 1929) August 9 – Charles Daniels, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1885) August 10 – Douglas Kennedy, American actor (b. 1915) August 11 – Peggie Castle, American actress (b. 1927) August 12 Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881) Karl Ziegler, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898) August 16 Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1888) August 17 Conrad Aiken, American writer (b. 1889) Jean Barraqué, French composer (b. 1928) Paul Williams, American singer (The Temptations) (b. 1939) August 18 François Bonlieu, French Olympic alpine skier (b. 1937) Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, British politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (b. 1888) August 30 – Michael Dunn, American actor (b. 1934) August 31 – John Ford, American film director (b. 1894) September September 2 – J. R. R. Tolkien, British writer (b. 1892) September 11 – Salvador Allende, 30th President of Chile (b. 1908) September 12 – Marjorie Merriweather Post, American businesswoman (b. 1887) September 13 – Betty Field, American actress (b. 1916) September 15 – King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (b. 1882) September 16 Rafael Franco, 33rd President of Paraguay (b. 1896) Víctor Jara, Chilean political activist and singer-songwriter (b. 1932) Al Sherman, American Tin Pan Alley songwriter (b. 1897) September 18 – Théo Lefèvre, 39th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1914) September 19 – Gram Parsons, American musician (b. 1946) September 20 – Jim Croce, American songwriter (b. 1943) September 22 – Paul van Zeeland, 29th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1893) September 23 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904) September 24 – Josué de Castro, Brazilian writer, physician, geographer and activist against hunger (b. 1908) September 26 – Anna Magnani, Italian actress (b. 1908) September 28 – Norma Crane, American actress (b. 1928) September 29 – W. H. Auden, English poet (b. 1907) October October 2 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish Olympic athlete (b. 1897) October 6 – François Cevert, French racing driver (b. 1944) October 8 – Gabriel Marcel, French Catholic existential thinker (b. 1889) October 9 – Sister Rosetta Tharpe, American singer and guitarist (b. 1915) October 10 – Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist (b. 1881) October 14 – Edmund A. Chester, American broadcaster and journalist (b. 1897) October 16 – Gene Krupa, American jazz drummer (b. 1909) October 17 – Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian poet and author (b. 1926) October 18 Leo Strauss, German-American political philosopher (b. 1899) Walt Kelly, American cartoonist (b. 1913) Crane Wilbur, American actor (b. 1886) October 19 – Margaret C. Anderson, American magazine publisher (b. 1886) October 20 – Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, prime minister of Afghanistan (b. 1921) October 22 – Pablo Casals, Spanish cellist and conductor (b. 1876) October 25 – Abebe Bikila, Ethiopian Olympic athlete (b. 1932) October 26 – Semyon Budyonny, Cossack cavalryman and Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1883) October 27 – Allan Lane, American actor (b. 1909) October 28 Cleo Moore, American actress (b. 1928) Taha Hussein, Egyptian writer (b. 1889) November November 3 Arturo de Córdova, Mexican actor (b. 1908) Marc Allégret, French film director (b. 1900) November 7 – Kiyohide Shima, Japanese admiral (b. 1890) November 10 – Morton Deyo, American admiral (b. 1887) November 11 Hassan al-Hudaybi, Egyptian general (b. 1891) Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1895) November 12 – Wacław Stachiewicz, Polish writer, geologist and general (b. 1894) November 13 B. S. Johnson, English experimental novelist (b. 1933) Lila Lee, American actress (b. 1905) Bruno Maderna, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1920) Elsa Schiaparelli, Italian fashion designer (b. 1890) November 16 – Alan Watts, British philosopher (b. 1915) November 17 – Mirra Alfassa, multi-origined spiritual leader and founder of Auroville, India (b. 1878) November 18 – Alois Hába, Czech composer and musicologist (b. 1893) November 20 – Allan Sherman, American comedy writer, television producer and song parodist (b. 1924) November 23 Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese-born American actor and film director (b. 1886) Constance Talmadge, American actress (b. 1898) November 25 Albert DeSalvo, American criminal, suspect in the Boston Strangler case (b. 1931) Laurence Harvey, English actor (b. 1928) November 28 – John Rostill, English bassist, musician and composer (The Shadows) (b. 1942) December December 1 – David Ben-Gurion, 1st Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1886) December 3 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 47th President of Mexico (b. 1889) December 4 – Lauri Lehtinen, Finnish Olympic athlete (b. 1908) December 5 – Sir Robert Watson-Watt, Scottish engineer, radar pioneer (b. 1892) December 12 Atilio García, Argentine-born Uruguayan football player (b. 1914) Naokuni Nomura, Japanese admiral and Minister of the Navy (b. 1885) December 13 – Giuseppe Beltrami, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1889) December 16 – Sid Barnes, Australian cricketer (b. 1916) December 17 – Charles Greeley Abbot, American astrophysicist (b. 1872) December 20 Luis Carrero Blanco, Spanish admiral and politician, 69th Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1904) Bobby Darin, American singer-songwriter, musician, actor, dancer, impressionist and TV presenter (b. 1936) December 22 – James Anderson, Australian tennis champion (b. 1894) December 23 – Gerard Kuiper, Dutch-born American astronomer (b. 1905) December 24 – Fritz Gause, German historian (b. 1893) December 25 İsmet İnönü, Turkish general and statesman, 3-time Prime Minister of Turkey and 2nd President of Turkey during World War II (b. 1884) Gabriel Voisin, French aviation pioneer (b. 1880) December 26 – Harold B. Lee, American president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1899) December 30 – Marcel-Bruno Gensoul, French admiral (b. 1880) Nobel Prizes Physics – Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson Chemistry – Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson Medicine – Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen Literature – Patrick White Peace – Henry Kissinger, Lê Đức Thọ Economics – Wassily Leontief References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach
Spinach
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and Western Asia. It is of the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed either fresh, or after storage using preservation techniques by canning, freezing, or dehydration. It may be eaten cooked or raw, and the taste differs considerably; the high oxalate content may be reduced by steaming. It is an annual plant (rarely biennial), growing as tall as . Spinach may overwinter in temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable in size: long and broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green, in diameter, and mature into a small, hard, dry, lumpy fruit cluster across containing several seeds. In 2022, world production of spinach was 33 million tonnes, with China alone accounting for 93% of the total. Etymology Originally from Persian aspānāḵ, the name entered European languages from Latin spinagium, which borrowed it from Arabic isbanakh. The English word "spinach" dates to the late 14th century from OF espinache. Taxonomy Common spinach (S. oleracea) was long considered to be in the family Chenopodiaceae, but in 2003 that family was merged into the Amaranthaceae in the order Caryophyllales. Within the family Amaranthaceae sensu lato, Spinach belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae. Description As opposed to the great majority of the flowering plants or plants used as vegetables, spinach is a dioicous plant, meaning different plants can have either female or male flowers. The flowers are small, green and unattractive to pollinators. Rather, pollination occurs via wind anemophily, for which the pollen has evolved to be very small and light so it can be carried large distances, often miles away. History Spinach is thought to have originated about 2,000 years ago in ancient Persia from which it was introduced to India and later to ancient China via Nepal in 647 AD as the "Persian vegetable". In AD 827, the Arabs introduced spinach to Sicily. The first written evidence of spinach in the Mediterranean was recorded in three 10th-century works: a medical work by al-Rāzī (known as Rhazes in the West) and in two agricultural treatises, one by Ibn Waḥshīyah and the other by Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Spinach became a popular vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and arrived in the Iberian Peninsula by the latter part of the 12th century, where Ibn al-ʻAwwām called it , 'the chieftain of leafy greens'. Spinach was also the subject of a special treatise in the 11th century by Ibn Ḥajjāj. Spinach first appeared in England and France in the 14th century, probably via Iberia, and gained common use because it appeared in early spring when fresh local vegetables were not available. Spinach is mentioned in the first known English cookbook, the Forme of Cury (1390), where it is referred to as 'spinnedge' and 'spynoches'. During World War I, wine fortified with spinach juice was given to injured French soldiers with the intent to curtail their bleeding. Culinary use, consumption and nutrition Spinach is eaten both raw, in salads, and cooked in soups, curries, or casseroles. Notable dishes with spinach as a main ingredient include spinach salad, spinach soup, spinach dip, saag paneer, pkhali, and spanakopita. Nutrients Raw spinach is 91% water, 4% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a serving providing only 23 calories, spinach has a high nutritional value, especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, manganese, and folate (31-52% DV), with an especially high content of vitamin K (403% DV) (table). Spinach is a moderate source (10–19% of DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and vitamin B6, vitamin E, potassium, iron, magnesium, and dietary fiber (table). Due to the dense content of vitamin K, individuals taking the anticoagulant warfarin, which acts by inhibiting vitamin K, are instructed to minimize consumption of spinach (and other dark green leafy vegetables) to avoid blunting the effect of warfarin. Although spinach contains moderate amounts of iron and calcium, it also contains oxalates, which may inhibit absorption of calcium and iron in the stomach and small intestine. Cooked spinach has lower levels of oxalates, and its nutrients may be absorbed more completely. Cooking spinach significantly decreases its vitamin C concentration, as vitamin C is degraded by heating. Folate levels may also be decreased, as folate tends to leach into cooking liquid. Spinach is rich in nitrates and nitrites, which may exceed safe levels if spinach is over-consumed. Production In 2022, world production of spinach was 33 million tonnes, with China alone accounting for 93% of the total. Marketing and safety Fresh spinach is sold loose, bunched, or packaged fresh in bags. Fresh spinach loses much of its nutritional value with storage of more than a few days. Fresh spinach is packaged in air, or in nitrogen gas to extend shelf life. While refrigeration slows this effect to about eight days, fresh spinach loses most of its folate and carotenoid content over this period of time. For longer storage, it is canned, or blanched or cooked and frozen. Some packaged spinach is exposed to radiation to kill any harmful bacteria. The Food and Drug Administration approves of irradiation of spinach leaves up to 4.0 kilograys, having no or only a minor effect on nutrient content. Spinach may be high in cadmium contamination depending on the soil and location where the spinach is grown. In popular culture The comics and cartoon character Popeye the Sailor Man is portrayed as gaining strength by consuming canned spinach. The accompanying song lyric is: "I'm strong to the finich , 'cuz I eats me spinach." This is usually attributed to the iron content of spinach, but in a 1932 strip, Popeye states that "spinach is full of vitamin A" and that is what makes people strong and healthy. See also Green leafy vegetable Ipomoea aquatica Kale Mountain spinach Palmer amaranth Spinach in the United States Tetragonia tetragonioides White goosefoot Explanatory notes References External links Amaranthaceae Flora of Nepal Leaf vegetables Plants described in 1753
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%29
Ель-Капітан (Аризона)
Ель-Капітан (Аризона) Ель-Капітан — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в окрузі Гіла штату Аризона. Населення — 48 осіб (2020). Географія Ель-Капітан розташований за координатами (33.238343, -110.783288). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 15,75 км², уся площа — суходіл. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкало 37 осіб у 18 домогосподарствах у складі 12 родин. Густота населення становила 2 особи/км². Було 33 помешкання (2/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 0,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 18,9 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 2,7 % — особи молодші 18 років, 73,0 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 24,3 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 54,5 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 146,7 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 140,0 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 76 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 27,6 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 22,4 %, будівництво — 17,1 %. Джерела Переписні місцевості Аризони Населені пункти округу Гіла (Аризона)
1402146
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globes%20%28newspaper%29
Globes (newspaper)
Globes (newspaper) Globes is a Hebrew-language daily evening financial newspaper in Israel. Globes was founded in the early 1980s and published in Tel Aviv, Israel. It deals with economic issues and news from the Israeli and international business worlds. The paper is printed on salmon-colored paper, inspired by the British Financial Times. Globes was one of the first Israeli dailies to publish its contents on the Internet, dating back to April 1995. Its web version publishes in Hebrew and English. According to TGI 2022 media survey, Globes market share is 4.1% among Israeli financial newspapers. Its main competitors as Israeli financial newspapers in printed media are TheMarker, of the Haaretz group, and Calcalist, published by the Yedioth Ahronoth Group. History The daily paper founded by Haim Bar-On, the publisher of the newspaper, on the basis of a small, Haifa-based financial newspaper, in partnership with businessman Eliezer Fishman. Following the success of Globes, it had a competitor in the form of Telegraph, which had a lower subscription price and was also printed on Saturday. Telegraph was closed after several years. A few years later, the Schocken Media Network published TheMarker economic newspaper as a competitor to Globes. In 1995, Globes was the first economic newspaper in Israel to open an online website to publish its content online. In 2011, Eliezer Fishman held 57.10% of the newspaper stock and Haim Bar On 42.90% of the stock of the newspaper. Staff and contributors The chief editor of Globes is Naama Sikuler. Among the regular contributors to the newspaper are Yoav Karni, Tal Schneider, Eli Tsipori, Matti Golan, Naomi Cohen, Stella Korin-Lieber, and Dror Foer. Sections and inserts Globes is distributed each night Sunday through Thursday, with two major parts: Titles – the main news part Capital markets – stock exchange supplement Among the supplements / inserts: G – Main weekend supplement, including regular columns by contributors such as Yoav Karni (foreign affairs), Dror Feuer and Roy Yerushalmi (culinary, wine critic, food history & recipes). Nadlan – The weekly real-estate insert (Sundays). Lady Globes – A monthly magazine insert devoted to women also sold separately on newsstands. The publishing house is located in Rishon Lezion. See also Calcalist TheMarker List of newspapers in Israel References External links Official website (Hebrew) Official website (English) Business newspapers Daily newspapers published in Israel English-language newspapers published in Asia Evening newspapers Hebrew-language newspapers Israeli brands Mass media in Tel Aviv Non-Hebrew-language newspapers published in Israel
2068105
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
Савчук Петро Васильович
Савчук Петро Васильович Петро Васил́ьович Савчук — солдат Збройних Сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Один із «кіборгів». Життєпис Закінчив червоноградську ЗОШ № 12, по тому — ВПУ № 11. На фронті з серпня 2014-го, стрілець, 81-а окрема аеромобільна бригада — 122-й окремий аеромобільний батальйон. 20 січня 2015-го зник безвісти під час оборони аеропорту Донецька. Через місяць тіло Петра Савчука вдалося вивезти із ДАП разом з тілами Владислава Алексейчука, Олексія Марченка, Дмитра Ґудзика та Миколи Самака. Опізнаний за експертизою ДНК. Вдома лишились батьки. Похований в Червонограді 26 квітня 2015-го, у місті оголошено жалобу. Нагороди та вшанування Указом Президента України № 461/2015 від 31 липня 2015 року, «за особисту мужність і високий професіоналізм, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, вірність військовій присязі», нагороджений орденом «За мужність» III ступеня (посмертно). Нагороджений нагрудним знаком «За оборону Донецького аеропорту» (посмертно). 24 травня 2016 року в червоноградській ЗОШ № 12 відкрито меморіальні дошки пам'яті Михайла Зайця та Петра Савчука. Вшановується в меморіальному комплексі «Зала пам'яті», в щоденному ранковому церемоніалі 20 січня. Примітки Джерела Савчук Петро Васильович // Книга пам'яті полеглих за Україну Сьогодні поховали Героя України Уродженці Червонограда Померли в Донецьку Поховані в Червонограді Кіборги Донецького аеропорту
4864475
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA
Порно для жінок
Порно для жінок, жіноче порно або жіноча порнографія — це порнографія, спрямована спеціально на жіночий ринок. Часто створена жінками. Вона відкидає припущення, що порнографія призначена лише для чоловіків, і ставить собі на меті: зробити порно, яке жінкам буде до вподоби дивитися, замість того, що пропонується у звичайній порнографії, яка орієнтована на чоловіків. Характеристики У 1980-х роках письменниця критикувала «приборкані види „еротики“» і натомість запропонувала назвати тип порнографії, який виробляє , «жіночою порнографією», однак визнаючи, що це «для багатьох людей є суперечливістю, тому вони переконані, що порнографія представляє темнішу, безглузду сторону пожадливості». У 2015 році вчений і режисер Інгрід Райберґ сказала, що феміністична порнографія визначається «менше конкретними змістами чи стилем, а також способами, якими він заснований на політичній критиці та виклику домінуючим уявленням про стать і сексуальність і спрямований на розширення прав і можливостей жінок у сексуальному плані». Головною метою жіночої порнографії є створення порнографії спеціальної для жінок. Як наслідок, акцент робиться на жінках як суб'єктах насолоди, які досягають справжнього оргазму. Аудіо-жіноча-порнографія акцентує на відчуттях; використовує жіночий голос для демонстрації задоволення покращуючи продуктивність оргазму. Знімки камери, наприклад, великим планом обличчя, також підкреслюють задоволення та емоції. Інші кадри камери, які іноді використовуються, включають ракурси, які показують обличчя чоловіків-виконавців, а не тільки їхні пеніси, щоб спробувати більше еротизувати чоловіче тіло. Показ більшої кількості чоловічих тіл чинить опір до об'єктивації жіночого тіла в типовому порно. Жіноча порнографія приділяє особливу увагу турботі про виконавиць, забезпечуючи їх комфорт і що до їхнього виступу та контактом з партнером. Режисерка Еріка Люст каже, що мейнстримове порно є «фальшивим» і «поганим», вона ставить собі на меті показ «справжнього сексу». Однією з цілей створення порнографії для жінок є усунення зображення чоловіків, які знущаються та зневажають жінок під час сексу. Натомість в порно для жінок намагаються передати справжні стосункові зв'язки та взаємне задоволення. Особливість Більшість порнографічних фільмів знімаються чоловіками таким чином, щоб їхні цільові чоловічі аудиторії могли зобразити себе в ролі. Це явище відоме як «чоловічий погляд». У результаті жінки представлені як об'єкти бажання, а не як суб'єкти насолоди. Основне порно не виявляє турботи про комфорт або повагу виконавиці. Попри те, що більшість аудиторії порнографії складають чоловіки, все більше жінок відкрито розповідають про свої інтереси та про те, як вони віддадуть перевагу порно, яке враховує глядачок-жінок, і не є таким незграбним або грубим, як основна порнографія. Багато жінок присвятили себе створенню цієї «альтернативи» масовому порно. Вони дбають про те, щоб знімати стрічки, у яких не буде , або стосунків інцестуальних . Вони також руйнують стереотипи щодо жіночої сексуальності та очікувань щодо форм та розмірів тіла. Ідеологія «основної порнографії» базується на припущені, що сексуальна діяльність у патріархальному суспільстві є чоловічо-центричною і, що чоловіча сексуальність є природно агресивною або деструктивною. Вона припускає, що жінки не можуть мати право вибору бути вільними учасниками індустрії, метою якої є задоволення чоловічого погляду, та сприяння чоловічій агресії. Радикальна феміністка та письменниця Андреа Дворкін у своїй книзі «Порнографія: чоловіки, які володіють жінками» 1981 року назвала чоловічу силу «сенсом існування» порнографії, а також заявила, що порнографія сама по собі є засобом вираження чоловічої влади. Реакції Зірки порнографії мають різні погляди на ідею «жіночої порнографії». Деякі виконавці кажуть, що в галузі є проблеми. Через це вони вирішують самі знімати порнографію. вважає, що більшість популярних фільмів для дорослих позбавлені змісту та надсилають глядачам заплутані та потенційно шкідливі сигнали про секс і образ тіла. У всій своїй роботі вона використовує усну згоду, бодипозитив і інклюзивність. Інші виконавці не бачать потреби в конкретному типі «порно лише для жінок». Порнозірка Джеймс Дін критикує ідею подібного порно, заявою: «Чому існує порно виключно для жінок? Говорячи, що має бути порно для жінок, ви фактично виокремлюєте жінок як стать і говорите: Ось як жінки повинні думати. Ось як їх сексуальність повинна бути. Це контрпродуктивно (наскільки я розумію) для руху за рівність». Виконавиця Саманта Бентлі вважає, що порнографія вже включає рівність для жінок, заявляючи, що жінки необхідні для порноіндустрії, вони представлені та оплачувані однаково, або навіть більше, ніж чоловіки. Див. також Феміністичні секс-війни Шовіністичні свині Секс-позитивний фемінізм Примітки Феміністична порнографія Порнографія за жанром Секс-позитивний фемінізм Жіноча еротика та порнографія
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%20Space%20Agency
Belarus Space Agency
Belarus Space Agency (Bielaruskaje kasmičnaje ahienctva), officially known as National Agency for Space Research is a governmental body that coordinates all Belarus space research programs with scientific and commercial goals. It was established in 2009. It is closely associated with the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, which was responsible for Belarusian space travel until the foundation of the Belarus Space Agency. On May 21, 2015, the agency remained as part of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus but changed its name to National Agency for Space Researches. History of Belarusian space travel The only Belarusians who have travelled to space are Pyotr Klimuk, Vladimir Kovalyonok, Oleg Novitsky, and Marina Vasilevskaya. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union Klimuk, Kovalyonok, and Novitsky have worked in Russia. Belarus together with Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan are making joint efforts to adapt their existing geoinformation systems to particular applications. However, no formal agreements on cooperation in the development of common Geographic information system are in place. Belarus commenced the construction of a mission control station (MCC) as part of its long-term space program aimed at expanding cooperation with Roscosmos. This MCC will enable the country to make fuller use of a prospective group of Russian-Belarusian ERS satellites. Belarus, in partnership with Roscosmos, is developing a new high-resolution ERS satellite, the so-called “flying telescope”, which will be placed into orbit in 2015. Having ample infrastructure and qualified personnel at its disposal, Russia remains the main provider of ERS services to other CIS countries like Belarus. A Belarusian ERS satellite is being designed in partnership with Russian companies. It will be launched by Cosmotrans from Baikonur using Dnepr boosters. Negotiations were held between the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and Roscosmos over Belarus joining GLONASS. In Belarus, space activities were the domain of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. The main space activities of the academy were: development of ERS spacecraft and advanced space technology and equipment; development of ground infrastructure for receiving, processing and distributing satellite data and spacecraft control; development and introduction of space information technology; development of a satellite communications system; development of a single geodetic, navigation and time system based on the national ERS system; space industry personnel training. Space Program Belarus plans to set up own Flight Control Center in the building of the United Institute of Informatics Problems in Minsk. Flight Control Center (CUP) will receive the information from the command-measuring post now constructed in Logoisk district. In August 2012 Belarus invited China to expand the collaboration in space industry. President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko offered closer cooperation in the space industry to China, as he met with President of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) Ma Xingrui on 6. August 2012. The President of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Ma Xingrui also pointed to the high level of cooperation in the space industry between Belarus and China and praised the quality of Belarusian space equipment. On December 16, 2011, during a seminar of government officials, President Alexander Lukashenko instructed the Belarusian scientists to construct the world's best spacecraft. In August 2012 Belarus started its first remote Earth sensing system. The first space images pictured parts of Mozambique and Bahrain. In October 2012 Russia and Belarus declared to start a space satellite group. Additionally both states want to open a center for space services in Minsk. The Director of the Space Strategy and Program Department of Roscosmos Yuri Makarov noted that Belarus and Russia might develop a joint small spacecraft for scientific and educational purposes to be used at universities of the two countries. In August 2014 Piotr Vityaz, who is the Chief of Staff of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and leads the Belarus Space Agency, announced that Belarus is seeking a closer cooperation in space projects with Russia's Roscosmos Space Agency. In August 2018, Belarusian Education Minister Igor Karpenko announced that China has won a tender to insert into orbit a satellite made by students of the Belarusian State University. See also List of government space agencies External links Belarus page of spacegeneration.org References Space agencies Science and technology in Belarus 2009 establishments in Belarus
1127749
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97
Перша війна за незалежність Шотландії
Перша війна за незалежність Шотландії тривала із вторгнення Англійських військ у 1296 до відновлення de jure шотландської незалежності після підписання угоди в Единбурзі-Нортгемптоні у 1328 році. De facto Королівство Шотландія здобуло незалежність 1314 року після битви піри Беннокберні. Ендрю Моррей та Вільям Воллес Сходження Усім Королівством Шотландія відбувались заворушення, проводились акти непокори, спрямовані проти англійської знаті. 1297 року країну охопило відкрите повстання, яке очолили Ендрю де Морей та Вільям Воллес. Ендрю де Морей був сином крупного землевласника, сера Андрю де Морей з Петті. Ендрю з його батьком було взято в полон під час битви під Данбаром у квітні 1296 року. Ендрю молодшого було ув'язнено у замку Честер на англо-валлійському кордоні, проте він утік звідти взимку 1296-97 років. Він повернувся до замку свого батька, де підійняв свій стяг на підтримку короля Джона Балліоля. Морей швидко зібрав групу однодумців та патріотів, й використовуючи тактику партизанської боротьби, почав атакувати англійські гарнізони в замках. Згодом вся провінція Морей повстала проти чиновників короля Едуарда I. Після цього де Морей визволив свого батька та спрямував свої сили на північний схід Королівтсва Шотландія. Воллес набув відомості у травні 1297 року, коли він убив Вільяма Хасельріга, англійського шерифа міста Ланарк, та воїнів його гарнізону за допомоги Джона Грехема. Коли новина про дії Воллеса поширилась країною, більшість шотландців встали на його бік. Це повстання підтримав Роберт Вішар, єпископ Глазго, який відверто жадав поразки англійців. Після благословення Вішара на бік Воллеса перейшло багато дворян, які до цього вважали дії останнього незаконними. На початку червня Воллес, на прохання єпископа Глазго, запланував звільнення Сконе від присутності англійців, насамперед проти юстиціарія Вільяма Ормсбері, який застосовував до шотландців жорстокі англійські закони. Проте, Ормсбері був попереджений про неминучий напад Воллеса і встиг втекти з міста. Дізнавшись про успіхи де Морея та Воллеса, Едуард I, хоч і був зайнятий у Франції, відрядив до Королівства Шотландія піхоту й кінні загони під проводом Генрі Персі та Роберта Кліффорда розв'язати «шотландську проблему». Після отримання звістки про те, що Вільям Дуглас перейшов на бік повстанців, Едуард наказав Роберту Брюсу, графу Каррік, атакувати замок Дугласів у Ланаркширі. Проте Брюс вирішив приєднатись до власного народу й не підкорився волі Едуарда. Брюс усвідомлював, що може втратити все, повернувши проти Едуарда I. До загонів Роберта Брюса приєднались Стюарт і Вільям Дугласи, проте вони не мали ані вмінь, ані досвіду ведення бойових дій. Перші суперечки спалахнули в таборі, коли англійські та шотландські війська зустрілись у липні 1297 року поблизу Ірвіна. Більшість шотландських лордів були невдоволені тим, що командування узяв на себе Брюс, оскільки він був нижчим за рангом, ніж деякі з дворян. Тому Воллесу довелось відсупати на північ країни, уникаючи битв. Персі та Кліффорд вирішили, що проблему усунуто та відійшли на південь Стерлінгський міст і подальші події 11 вересня 1297 року сили шотландців під командуванням де Морея та Воллеса зустріли англійські королівські війська під проводом Джона де Варенна, графа Суррей поблизу Стерлінгського мосту. Англійська кавалерія виявилась неефективною у болотяній та замуленій місцевості, через що багато англійських вершників загинуло у цій битві. Шотландці зазнали відносно невеликих втрат, та, разом з тим, у битві було вбито Ендрю де Морея, що стало тяжким ударом для шотландців. Перемога на Стерлінгському мості стала першим ключовим здобутком шотландців у війні. Невдовзі Воллес повів війська на англійську територію. Шотландська армія перетнула Нортумберленд й переслідувала англійські війська, що у безладі відступали на південь. Упродовж цієї кампанії шотландці спустошили 700 сіл, перш ніж Воллес повернув свою армію назад. Після цього шотландці повернулись додому із багатою здобиччю. Після цього Воллес досягнув піку своєї могутності й авторитету. У березні 1298 року Воллеса було посвячено в лицарі та призначено Хранителем королівства Шотландія від імені короля Джона Балліоля. Хоча після битви на Стерлінгському мості Воллеса підтримала більшість шотландських аристократів, він мало вірив у їхню підтримку і розпочав скасовувати систему феодального васалітету, замінивши її на нову систему, коли знать складала присягу на вірність Королівству Шотландія, а не окремому сюзеренові. У січні 1298 року Філіп IV уклав з Едуардом І перемир'я, залишивши, таким чином, своїх шотландських союзників наодинці з англійцями. Едуард повернувся до Королівства Англія з французької кампанії у березні і скликав нову армію. Він перемістив уряд в Йорк і 3 липня вторгся до Королівства Шотландія, маючи намір розбити Воллеса й усіх прихильників незалежності Шотландії. 22 липня армія Едуарда атакувала невеликі сили Воллеса поблизу Фолкерка. Англійці мали технологічну перевагу — довгі луки, що вражали цілі на визначній відстані. У битві під Фолкерком було вбито багато шотландців, хоча точне число джерела не називають. Хоча Едуарду й не вдалось підкорити Шотландію цілком, військову репутацію Воллеса було знищено. У грудні того ж року він склав свої повноваження. Після Фолкерка У 1299 році дипломатичний тиск з боку Франції та Риму змусив Едуарда звільнити шотландських полонених. Папа римський також засудив вторгнення англійців до Королівства Шотландія. У своїй буллі папа наказав англійському королю припинити свої атаки й розпочати перемовини з шотландцями. Тим не менше, Едуард проігнорував буллу. Вільяма Воллеса було відряджено до Європи, щоб спробувати отримати підтримку від європейських правителів. Воллес поїхав до Франції, де проводив перемовини з Філіпом IV, та, ймовірно, до Риму. Між тим шотландці відбили замок Стерлінг. У травні 1300 року Едуард I розпочав кампанію в Аннандейлі та Гелловеї. Після успіху англійського війська під Фолкерком Едуард жадав повного та постійного контролю над Шотландією. Для цього слід було продовжувати експансію вглиб країни, усуваючи останні осередки опозиції. Англійці узяли під свій контроль замок Карларвок, проте, окрім невеликих сутичок, активних бойових дій на території Королівства Шотландія не було. У серпні папа надіслав Едуарду листа з вимогою залишити Королівство Шотландія. Зважаючи на відсутність успіхів у проведенні кампанії, Едуард уклав перемир'я з шотландцями і 30 жовтня повернувся до Королівства Англія. Того самого року Роберт Брюс пішов у відставку з посту регента, а його замінив Інгрем де Амфравіль. У травні 1301 року де Амфравіль, Джон Комін та Вільям Лембертон також залишили пости співправителів (регентів), а їм на зміну прийшов Джон де Соліс як єдиний регент. Соліса було обрано як альтернативу між Брюсом і Коміном, він також був патріотом і доклав максимум зусиль задля повернення Джона Балліоля на шотландський трон. У липні 1301 року Едуард розпочав свою шосту кампанію у Королівстві Шотландія, прагнучи завоювати країну двома арміями, однією з яких командував син короля Едуард, принц Уельський, другу армію очолив сам Едуард. Принц мав захопити південний захід країни. Проте, у той час, коли принц обережно йшов узбережжям Солвей, шотландці на початку вересня захопили Лохмейбен й почали погрожувати військам короля Едуарда, не випускаючи при цьому з поля зору принца Уельського. Взимку Едуард зустрівся зі своїм сином у містечку Лінлітгоу, практично не спричинивши незручностей військам шотландців. Тому у січні 1302 року Едуард уклав з шотландцями дев'ятимісячне перемир'я. Приблизно у той самий час Едуард I почав підтримувати Роберта Брюса у його претензіях на шотландський престол. Він був найвигіднішою кандидатурою для англійського короля. Крім того, почали поширюватись чутки про те, що Балліоль збирається повернутись до країни з французькою армією, щоб силою повернути собі трон. Для Брюса це б означало крах надій будь-коли посісти на троні. У цей час Едуарду вдалось упевнити шотландських дворян, а також європейських володарів у тому, що він прийшов як друг, а не як ворог. Серйозну загрозу для Королівства Шотландія міг скласти розрив союзу з Францією та, як наслідок, з папою римським. Французький король був надто заклопотаний проблемами всередині власного королівства, щоб перейматись долею шотландців. Він також пішов на конфронтацію з папою, чия підтримка також мала величезне значення для Королівства Шотландія. Здавалось, що Філіп на тлі таких труднощів піде на укладення миру з англійцями, що означало б загибель для шотландців як незалежної держави. Через це до Парижа вирушила потужна делегація на чолі з Солісом. На час його відсутності пост Хранителя посів Комін. У листопаді 1302 року, коли витік термін тимчасового перемир'я, Едуард відклав збір своєї армії до весни. Однак, взимку він відрядив загін під командуванням Джона Сегрейва у розвідку району на захід від Единбурга. Там вони потрапили у засідку. Раптова атака шотландців призвела до тяжкого поранення Сегрейва та, хоча останньому вдалось відступити разом зі своїм загоном, шотландці святкували перемогу. Їхні успіхи, однак, виявились марними, коли у травні 1303 року Філіп офіційно уклав мир з англійцями та при цьому жодним словом не обмовився про долю Королівства Шотландія. Тепер Едуард I звільнився від тиску як з боку англійської знаті, так і з боку європейських правителів. Зробивши останні приготування, англійський король розпочав чергове вторгнення в середині травня 1303 року. Його військо було розділено на дві частини, командування однією з яких узяв на себе принц Уельський, майбутній король Едуард ІІ. Король вирушив у східному напрямку, а його син вступив до Королівства Шотландія з заходу, але просуванню останнього перешкоджали загони Воллеса. Король Едуард дійшов до Единбурга у червні, а потім пройшов через Лінлітгоу та Стерлінг на Перт. Едуард лишався у Перті до липня, а потім продовжив свій рух через Данді, Монтроз та Брекін на Абердин, куди прибув у серпні. Зрештою, армія короля дійшла до Дамфермлайна, де залишилась зимувати. На початку 1304 року загони Едуарда змусили хаотично відступати війська Фрейзера та Воллеса. 9 лютого Джон Комін уклав мирну угоду з Едуардом. Перший відмовився безумовно капітулювати, натомість домовився про звільнення полонених з обох сторін, про відмову Едуарда від репресій стосовно шотландців. Також угода передбачала збереження шотландських вольностей і законів, а внесення змін до них мало узгоджуватись з радою шотландської знаті. Здавалося, що англійський король пробачив усіх очільників боротьби за незалежність, за винятком Вільяма Воллеса, Джоне де Соліса та деяких інших. Втрачені маєтки могли бути повернені власникам за викуп або штраф, розмір яких залежав від ступеню участі такого власника у збройній боротьбі проти Едуарда. Спадкування земель і титулів також не втрачало чинності. Де Соліс залишився за кордоном, відмовившись здатись. Воллес перебував ще на волі у Королівстві Шотландія, та, на відміну від усіх вельмож та духовенства відмовився сплачувати штраф Едуарду. Останньому потрібно було когось показово покарати, тож він зосередив усю свою ненависть на Воллесі. Едуард оголосив, що допоки Воллес буде опиратись волі короля, ані Джеймс Стюарт, ані де Соліс чи Інгрем де Амфревіль не могли повернутись на батьківщину, тому Комін, Олександр Ліндсі, Девід Грехем та Саймон Фрейзер активували свої сили для пошуку Воллеса. У травні, усунувши більшість шотландської опозиції, Едуард звернув свою увагу на замок Стерлінг. Замок капітулював за один день, захисників замку було знищено, близько 50 чоловік здались у полон. Тим часом, поки Роберт Брюс зберігав видиму лояльність до Едуарда, він потай робив кроки для реалізації своїх амбіцій щодо оголення шотландського уряду. 11 червня 1304 року Брюс уклав таємну угоду з Вільямом Ламбертоном, за розірвання якої передбачався штраф у розмірі десяти тисяч фунтів. Хоча обидва діячі вже здались на милість англійців, ця угода передбачала спільні дії щодо набуття шотландцями свободи й незалежності, а тим часом вони мали вичікувати на смерть Едуарда. Урешті-решт Воллеса було схоплено, доправлено до Лондона, де було засуджено за англійськими законами і страчено 23 серпня 1305 року як зрадника. Його було повішено, а потім четвертовано, його голову розмістили на Лондонському мості. Англійський уряд виставляв його кінцівки у Ньюкаслі, Бервіку, Стерлінгу та Перті. Роберт Брюс, король шотландців 15 вересня англійський парламент провів зустріч із представниками Королівства Шотландія з метою вирішення основних проблем між двома країнами. Того часу король Едуард підозрював Роберта Брюса у змові за його спиною. Брюс, як граф Каррік, а нині — 7-й лорд Аннандейл, мав значні володіння як в Королівстві Шотландія, так і в Королівстві Англія, мав усі права на шотландський престол. Проте було цілком зрозуміло, що якщо Брюс займе трон, він кине країну до нової серії війн. Згодом Брюс уклав таємну угоду з Коміном, за якою останній мав надати допомогу Роберту Брюсу щодо здобуття престолу Королівства Шотландія. Невідомо, з яких причин, але Комін доніс про змову королю Едуарду. Сам Брюс у цей час перебував в англійському суді та, дізнавшись про зраду, негайно втік до Королівства Шотландія. Брюс приїхав у Дамфріс, де знайшов Коміна. 6 лютого 1306 року у церкві Грейфраєрз останній зустрівся з Брюсом наодинці. Роберт Брюс почав звинувачувати Коміна у зраді, останній це заперечував. Розлючений Брюс вихопив кинджал та завдав удару, хоч і не смертельного. Коміна добили прибічники Брюса Кіркпатрік та Ліндсі. Після цього Брюс усвідомив, що у нього лишилось два шляхи: або стати королем, або тікати. Брюс обрав перший варіант. Він вирушив до Глазго, де зустрівся з місцевим єпископом, Робертом Вішаром. Останній закликав народ підтримати Брюса як претендента на престол. 25 березня 1306 року Роберт Брюс був коронований королем Шотландії. Посилання Вільям Воллес, Стерлінгський міст, Фолкерк Роберт Брюс, битва під Беннокберном Дапплін Мур, Галідонський пагорб Середньовічна Шотландія Середньовічна Англія Війни XIII століття Війни XIV століття Війни за незалежність Війни Шотландії Війни Англії конфлікти в 1296 конфлікти в 1297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20vein%20thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of venous thrombosis involving the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs or pelvis. A minority of DVTs occur in the arms. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, and enlarged veins in the affected area, but some DVTs have no symptoms. The most common life-threatening concern with DVT is the potential for a clot to embolize (detach from the veins), travel as an embolus through the right side of the heart, and become lodged in a pulmonary artery that supplies blood to the lungs. This is called a pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT and PE comprise the cardiovascular disease of venous thromboembolism (VTE). About two-thirds of VTE manifests as DVT only, with one-third manifesting as PE with or without DVT. The most frequent long-term DVT complication is post-thrombotic syndrome, which can cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, and in severe cases, ulcers. Recurrent VTE occurs in about 30% of those in the ten years following an initial VTE. The mechanism behind DVT formation typically involves some combination of decreased blood flow, increased tendency to clot, changes to the blood vessel wall, and inflammation. Risk factors include recent surgery, older age, active cancer, obesity, infection, inflammatory diseases, antiphospholipid syndrome, personal history and family history of VTE, trauma, injuries, lack of movement, hormonal birth control, pregnancy, and the period following birth. VTE has a strong genetic component, accounting for approximately 50 to 60% of the variability in VTE rates. Genetic factors include non-O blood type, deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S and the mutations of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A. In total, dozens of genetic risk factors have been identified. People suspected of having DVT can be assessed using a prediction rule such as the Wells score. A D-dimer test can also be used to assist with excluding the diagnosis or to signal a need for further testing. Diagnosis is most commonly confirmed by ultrasound of the suspected veins. VTE becomes much more common with age. The condition is rare in children, but occurs in almost 1% of those ≥ age 85 annually. Asian, Asian-American, Native American, and Hispanic individuals have a lower VTE risk than Whites or Blacks. Populations in Asia have VTE rates at 15 to 20% of what is seen in Western countries. Using blood thinners is the standard treatment. Typical medications include rivaroxaban, apixaban, and warfarin. Beginning warfarin treatment requires an additional non-oral anticoagulant, often injections of heparin. Prevention of VTE for the general population includes avoiding obesity and maintaining an active lifestyle. Preventive efforts following low-risk surgery include early and frequent walking. Riskier surgeries generally prevent VTE with a blood thinner or aspirin combined with intermittent pneumatic compression. Signs and symptoms Symptoms classically affect a leg and typically develop over hours or days, though they can develop suddenly or over a matter of weeks. The legs are primarily affected, with 4–10% of DVT occurring in the arms. Despite the signs and symptoms being highly variable, the typical symptoms are pain, swelling, and redness. However, these symptoms might not manifest in the lower limbs of those unable to walk. In those who are able to walk, DVT can reduce one's ability to do so. The pain can be described as throbbing and can worsen with weight-bearing, prompting one to bear more weight with the unaffected leg. Additional signs and symptoms include tenderness, pitting edema (see image), dilation of surface veins, warmth, discoloration, a "pulling sensation", and even cyanosis (a blue or purplish discoloration) with fever. DVT can also exist without causing any symptoms. Signs and symptoms help in determining the likelihood of DVT, but they are not used alone for diagnosis. At times, DVT can cause symptoms in both arms or both legs, as with bilateral DVT. Rarely, a clot in the inferior vena cava can cause both legs to swell. Superficial vein thrombosis, also known as superficial thrombophlebitis, is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a vein close to the skin. It can co-occur with DVT and can be felt as a "palpable cord". Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's syndrome) is a noted finding in those with pancreatic cancer and is associated with DVT. Potential complications A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot from a deep vein (a DVT) detaches from a vein (embolizes), travels through the right side of the heart, and becomes lodged as an embolus in a pulmonary artery that supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Up to one-fourth of PE cases are thought to result in sudden death. When not fatal, PE can cause symptoms such as sudden onset shortness of breath or chest pain, coughing up blood (hemoptysis), and fainting (syncope). The chest pain can be pleuritic (worsened by deep breaths) and can vary based upon where the embolus is lodged in the lungs. An estimated 30–50% of those with PE have detectable DVT by compression ultrasound. A rare and massive DVT that causes significant obstruction and discoloration (including cyanosis) is phlegmasia cerulea dolens. It is life-threatening, limb-threatening, and carries a risk of venous gangrene. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens can occur in the arm but more commonly affects the leg. If found in the setting of acute compartment syndrome, an urgent fasciotomy is warranted to protect the limb. Superior vena cava syndrome is a rare complication of arm DVT. DVT is thought to be able to cause a stroke in the presence of a heart defect. This is called a paradoxical embolism because the clot abnormally travels from the pulmonary circuit to the systemic circuit while inside the heart. The defect of a patent foramen ovale is thought to allow clots to travel through the interatrial septum from the right atrium into the left atrium. Differential diagnosis In most suspected cases, DVT is ruled out after evaluation. Cellulitis is a frequent mimic of DVT, with its triad of pain, swelling, and redness. Symptoms concerning for DVT are more often due to other causes, including cellulitis, ruptured Baker's cyst, hematoma, lymphedema, and chronic venous insufficiency. Other differential diagnoses include tumors, venous or arterial aneurysms, connective tissue disorders, superficial vein thrombosis, muscle vein thrombosis, and varicose veins. Classification DVT and PE are the two manifestations of the cardiovascular disease venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE can occur as DVT only, DVT with PE, or PE only. About two-thirds of VTE manifests as DVT only, with one-third manifesting as PE with or without DVT. VTE, along with superficial vein thrombosis, are common types of venous thrombosis. DVT is classified as acute when the clots are developing or have recently developed, whereas chronic DVT persists more than 28 days. Differences between these two types of DVT can be seen with ultrasound. An episode of VTE after an initial one is classified as recurrent. Bilateral DVT refers to clots in both limbs while unilateral means only a single limb is affected. DVT in a leg above the knee is termed proximal DVT (proximal). DVT in a leg below the knee is termed distal DVT (distal), also called calf DVT when affecting the calf, and has limited clinical significance compared to proximal DVT. Calf DVT makes up about half of DVTs. Iliofemoral DVT is described as involving either the iliac, or common femoral vein; elsewhere, it has been defined as involving at a minimum the common iliac vein, which is near the top of the pelvis. DVT can be classified into provoked and unprovoked categories. For example, DVT that occurs in association with cancer or surgery can be classified as provoked. However, the European Society of Cardiology in 2019 urged for this dichotomy to be abandoned to encourage more personalized risk assessments for recurrent VTE. The distinction between these categories is not always clear. Causes Traditionally, the three factors of Virchow's triad—venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and changes in the endothelial blood vessel lining—contribute to VTE and were used to explain its formation. More recently, inflammation has been identified as playing a clear causal role. Other related causes include activation of immune system components, the state of microparticles in the blood, the concentration of oxygen, and possible platelet activation. Various risk factors contribute to VTE, including genetic and environmental factors, though many with multiple risk factors never develop it. Acquired risk factors include the strong risk factor of older age, which alters blood composition to favor clotting. Previous VTE, particularly unprovoked VTE, is a strong risk factor. A leftover clot from a prior DVT increases the risk of a subsequent DVT. Major surgery and trauma increase risk because of tissue factor from outside the vascular system entering the blood. Minor injuries, lower limb amputation, hip fracture, and long bone fractures are also risks. In orthopedic surgery, venous stasis can be temporarily provoked by a cessation of blood flow as part of the procedure. Inactivity and immobilization contribute to venous stasis, as with orthopedic casts, paralysis, sitting, long-haul travel, bed rest, hospitalization, catatonia, and in survivors of acute stroke. Conditions that involve compromised blood flow in the veins are May–Thurner syndrome, where a vein of the pelvis is compressed, and venous thoracic outlet syndrome, which includes Paget–Schroetter syndrome, where compression occurs near the base of the neck. Infections, including sepsis, COVID-19, HIV, and active tuberculosis, increase risk. Chronic inflammatory diseases and some autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, systemic sclerosis, Behçet's syndrome, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increase risk. SLE itself is frequently associated with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. Cancer can grow in and around veins, causing venous stasis, and can also stimulate increased levels of tissue factor. Cancers of the blood, lung, pancreas, brain, stomach, and bowel are associated with high VTE risk. Solid tumors such as adenocarcinomas can contribute to both VTE and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In severe cases, this can lead to simultaneous clotting and bleeding. Chemotherapy treatment also increases risk. Obesity increases the potential of blood to clot, as does pregnancy. In the postpartum, placental tearing releases substances that favor clotting. Oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the risk through a variety of mechanisms, including altered blood coagulation protein levels and reduced fibrinolysis. Dozens of genetic risk factors have been identified, and they account for approximately 50 to 60% of the variability in VTE rates. As such, family history of VTE is a risk factor for a first VTE. Factor V Leiden, which makes factor V resistant to inactivation by activated protein C, mildly increases VTE risk by about three times. Deficiencies of three proteins that normally prevent blood from clotting—protein C, protein S, and antithrombin—contribute to VTE. These deficiencies in antithrombin, protein C, and protein S are rare but strong, or moderately strong, risk factors. They increase risk by about 10 times. Having a non-O blood type roughly doubles VTE risk. Non-O blood type is common globally, making it an important risk factor. Individuals without O blood type have higher blood levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII than those with O blood type, increasing the likelihood of clotting. Those homozygous for the common fibrinogen gamma gene variant rs2066865 have about a 1.6 times higher risk of VTE. The genetic variant prothrombin G20210A, which increases prothrombin levels, increases risk by about 2.5 times. Additionally, approximately 5% of people have been identified with a background genetic risk comparable to the factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations. Blood alterations including dysfibrinogenemia, low free protein S, activated protein C resistance, homocystinuria, hyperhomocysteinemia, high fibrinogen levels, high factor IX levels, and high factor XI levels are associated with increased risk. Other associated conditions include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, intravenous drug use, and smoking. Some risk factors influence the location of DVT within the body. In isolated distal DVT, the profile of risk factors appears distinct from proximal DVT. Transient factors, such as surgery and immobilization, appear to dominate, whereas thrombophilias and age do not seem to increase risk. Common risk factors for having an upper extremity DVT include having an existing foreign body (such as a central venous catheter, a pacemaker, or a triple-lumen PICC line), cancer, and recent surgery. Pathophysiology Blood has a natural tendency to clot when blood vessels are damaged (hemostasis) to minimize blood loss. Clotting is activated by the coagulation cascade and the clearing of clots that are no longer needed is accomplished by the process of fibrinolysis. Reductions in fibrinolysis or increases in coagulation can increase the risk of DVT. DVT often develops in the calf veins and "grows" in the direction of venous flow, towards the heart. DVT most frequently affects veins in the leg or pelvis including the popliteal vein (behind the knee), femoral vein (of the thigh), and iliac veins of the pelvis. Extensive lower-extremity DVT can even reach into the inferior vena cava (in the abdomen). Upper extremity DVT most commonly affects the subclavian, axillary, and jugular veins. The process of fibrinolysis, where DVT clots can be dissolved back into the blood, acts to temper the process of thrombus growth. This is the preferred process. Aside from the potentially deadly process of embolization, a clot can resolve through organization, which can damage the valves of veins, cause vein fibrosis, and result in non-compliant veins. Organization of a thrombus into the vein can occur at the third stage of its pathological development, in which collagen becomes the characteristic component. The first pathological stage is marked by red blood cells, and the second is characterized by medium-textured fibrin. In arterial thrombosis, blood vessel wall damage is required, as it initiates coagulation, but clotting in the veins mostly occurs without any such mechanical damage. The beginning of venous thrombosis is thought to arise from "activation of endothelial cells, platelets, and leukocytes, with initiation of inflammation and formation of microparticles that trigger the coagulation system" via tissue factor. Vein wall inflammation is likely the inciting event. Importantly, the activated endothelium of veins interacts with circulating white blood cells (leukocytes). While leukocytes normally help prevent blood from clotting (as does normal endothelium), upon stimulation, leukocytes facilitate clotting. Neutrophils are recruited early in the process of venous thrombi formation. They release pro-coagulant granules and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) or their components, which play a role in venous thrombi formation. NET components are pro-thrombotic through both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. NETs provide "a scaffold for adhesion" of platelets, red blood cells, and multiple factors that potentiate platelet activation. In addition to the pro-coagulant activities of neutrophils, multiple stimuli cause monocytes to release tissue factor. Monocytes are also recruited early in the process. Tissue factor, via the tissue factor–factor VIIa complex, activates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation and leads to conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, followed by fibrin deposition. Fresh venous clots are red blood cell and fibrin rich. Platelets and white blood cells are also components. Platelets are not as prominent in venous clots as they are in arterial ones, but they can play a role. In cancer, tissue factor is produced by cancer cells. Cancer also produces unique substances that stimulate factor Xa, cytokines that promote endothelial dysfunction, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which inhibits the breakdown of clots (fibrinolysis). Often, DVT begins in the valves of veins. The blood flow pattern in the valves can cause low oxygen concentrations in the blood (hypoxemia) of a valve sinus. Hypoxemia, which is worsened by venous stasis, activates pathways—ones that include hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and early-growth-response protein 1. Hypoxemia also results in the production of reactive oxygen species, which can activate these pathways, as well as nuclear factor-κB, which regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 transcription. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and early-growth-response protein 1 contribute to monocyte association with endothelial proteins, such as P-selectin, prompting monocytes to release tissue factor-filled microvesicles, which presumably begin clotting after binding to the endothelial surface. D-dimers are a fibrin degradation product, a natural byproduct of fibrinolysis that is typically found in the blood. An elevated level can result from plasmin dissolving a clot—or other conditions. Hospitalized patients often have elevated levels for multiple reasons. Anticoagulation, the standard treatment for DVT, prevents further clot growth and PE, but does not act directly on existing clots. Diagnosis A clinical probability assessment using the Wells score (see column in the table below) to determine if a potential DVT is "likely" or "unlikely" is typically the first step of the diagnostic process. The score is used in suspected first lower extremity DVT (without any PE symptoms) in primary care and outpatient settings, including the emergency department. The numerical result (possible score −2 to 9) is most commonly grouped into either "unlikely" or "likely" categories. A Wells score of two or more means DVT is considered "likely" (about a 28% chance), while those with a lower score are considered "unlikely" to have DVT (about a 6% chance). In those unlikely to have DVT, a diagnosis is excluded by a negative D-dimer blood test. In people with likely DVT, ultrasound is the standard imaging used to confirm or exclude a diagnosis. Imaging is also needed for hospital inpatients with suspected DVT and those initially categorized as unlikely to have DVT but who have a positive D-dimer test. While the Wells score is the predominant and most studied clinical prediction rule for DVT, it does have drawbacks. The Wells score requires a subjective assessment regarding the likelihood of an alternate diagnosis and performs less well in the elderly and those with a prior DVT. The Dutch Primary Care Rule has also been validated for use. It contains only objective criteria but requires obtaining a D-dimer value. With this prediction rule, three points or less means a person is at low risk for DVT. A result of four or more points indicates an ultrasound is needed. Instead of using a prediction rule, experienced physicians can make a DVT pre-test probability assessment using clinical assessment and gestalt, but prediction rules are more reliable. Compression ultrasonography for suspected deep vein thrombosis is the standard diagnostic method, and it is highly sensitive for detecting an initial DVT. A compression ultrasound is considered positive when the vein walls of normally compressible veins do not collapse under gentle pressure. Clot visualization is sometimes possible, but is not required. Three compression ultrasound scanning techniques can be used, with two of the three methods requiring a second ultrasound some days later to rule out the diagnosis. Whole-leg ultrasound is the option that does not require a repeat ultrasound, but proximal compression ultrasound is frequently used because distal DVT is only rarely clinically significant. Ultrasound methods including duplex and color flow Doppler can be used to further characterize the clot and Doppler ultrasound is especially helpful in the non-compressible iliac veins. CT scan venography, MRI venography, or a non-contrast MRI are also diagnostic possibilities. The gold standard for judging imaging methods is contrast venography, which involves injecting a peripheral vein of the affected limb with a contrast agent and taking X-rays, to reveal whether the venous supply has been obstructed. Because of its cost, invasiveness, availability, and other limitations, this test is rarely performed. Management Treatment for DVT is warranted when the clots are either proximal, distal and symptomatic, or upper extremity and symptomatic. Providing anticoagulation, or blood-thinning medicine, is the typical treatment after patients are checked to make sure they are not subject to bleeding. However, treatment varies depending upon the location of DVT. For example, in cases of isolated distal DVT, ultrasound surveillance (a second ultrasound after 2 weeks to check for proximal clots), might be used instead of anticoagulation. Although, those with isolated distal DVT at a high-risk of VTE recurrence are typically anticoagulated as if they had proximal DVT. Those at a low-risk for recurrence might receive a four to six week course of anticoagulation, lower doses, or no anticoagulation at all. In contrast, those with proximal DVT should receive at least 3 months of anticoagulation. Some anticoagulants can be taken by mouth, and these oral medicines include warfarin (a vitamin K antagonist), rivaroxaban (a factor Xa inhibitor), apixaban (a factor Xa inhibitor), dabigatran (a direct thrombin inhibitor), and edoxaban (a factor Xa inhibitor). Other anticoagulants cannot be taken by mouth. These parenteral (non-oral) medicines include low-molecular-weight heparin, fondaparinux, and unfractionated heparin. Some oral medicines are sufficient when taken alone, while others require the use of an additional parenteral blood thinner. Rivaroxaban and apixaban are the typical first-line medicines, and they are sufficient when taken orally. Rivaroxaban is taken once daily, and apixaban is taken twice daily. Warfarin, dabigatran, and edoxaban require the use of a parenteral anticoagulant to initiate oral anticoagulant therapy. When warfarin is initiated for VTE treatment, a 5-day minimum of a parenteral anticoagulant together with warfarin is given, which is followed by warfarin-only therapy. Warfarin is taken to maintain an international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0–3.0, with 2.5 as the target. The benefit of taking warfarin declines as the duration of treatment extends, and the risk of bleeding increases with age. Periodic INR monitoring is not necessary when first-line direct oral anticoagulants are used. Overall, anticoagulation therapy is complex and many circumstances can affect how these therapies are managed. The duration of anticoagulation therapy (whether it will last 4 to 6 weeks, 6 to 12 weeks, 3 to 6 months, or indefinitely) is a key factor in clinical decision making. When proximal DVT is provoked by surgery or trauma a 3-month course of anticoagulation is standard. When a first VTE is proximal DVT that is either unprovoked or associated with transient non-surgical risk factor, low-dose anticoagulation beyond 3 to 6 months might be used. In those with an annual risk of VTE in excess of 9%, as after an unprovoked episode, extended anticoagulation is a possibility. Those who finish warfarin treatment after idiopathic VTE with an elevated D-dimer level show an increased risk of recurrent VTE (about 9% vs about 4% for normal results), and this result might be used in clinical decision making. Thrombophilia test results rarely play a role in the length of treatment. Treatment for acute leg DVT is suggested to continue at home for uncomplicated DVT instead of hospitalization. Factors that favor hospitalization include severe symptoms or additional medical issues. Early walking is suggested over bedrest. Graduated compression stockings—which apply higher pressure at the ankles and a lower pressure around the knees can be trialed for symptomatic management of acute DVT symptoms, but they are not recommended for reducing the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome, as the potential benefit of using them for this goal "may be uncertain". Nor are compression stockings likely to reduce VTE recurrence. They are, however, recommended in those with isolated distal DVT. If someone decides to stop anticoagulation after an unprovoked VTE instead of being on lifelong anticoagulation, aspirin can be used to reduce the risk of recurrence, but it is only about 33% as effective as anticoagulation in preventing recurrent VTE. Statins have also been investigated for their potential to reduce recurrent VTE rates, with some studies suggesting effectiveness. Investigations for cancer An unprovoked VTE might signal the presence of an unknown cancer, as it is an underlying condition in up to 10% of unprovoked cases. A thorough clinical assessment is needed and should include a physical examination, a review of medical history, and universal cancer screening done in people of that age. A review of prior imaging is considered worthwhile, as is "reviewing baseline blood test results including full blood count, renal and hepatic function, PT and APTT." It is not recommended practice to obtain tumor markers or a CT of the abdomen and pelvis in asymptomatic individuals. NICE recommends that further investigations are unwarranted in those without relevant signs or symptoms. Interventions Thrombolysis is the injection of an enzyme into the veins to dissolve blood clots, and while this treatment has been proven effective against the life-threatening emergency clots of stroke and heart attacks, randomized controlled trials have not established a net benefit in those with acute proximal DVT. Drawbacks of catheter-directed thrombolysis (the preferred method of administering the clot-busting enzyme) include a risk of bleeding, complexity, and the cost of the procedure. Although, while anticoagulation is the preferred treatment for DVT, thrombolysis is a treatment option for those with the severe DVT form of phlegmasia cerula dorens (bottom left image) and in some younger patients with DVT affecting the iliac and common femoral veins. Of note, a variety of contraindications to thrombolysis exist. In 2020, NICE kept their 2012 recommendations that catheter-directed thrombolysis should be considered in those with iliofemoral DVT who have "symptoms lasting less than 14 days, good functional status, a life expectancy of 1 year or more, and a low risk of bleeding." A mechanical thrombectomy device can remove DVT clots, particularly in acute iliofemoral DVT (DVT of the major veins in the pelvis), but there is limited data on its efficacy. It is usually combined with thrombolysis, and sometimes temporary IVC filters are placed to protect against PE during the procedure. Catheter-directed thrombolysis with thrombectomy against iliofemoral DVT has been associated with a reduction in the severity of post-thrombotic syndrome at an estimated cost-effectiveness ratio of about $138,000 per gained QALY. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens might be treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis and/or thrombectomy. In DVT in the arm, the first (topmost) rib can be surgically removed as part of the typical treatment when the DVT is due to thoracic outlet syndrome or Paget–Schroetter syndrome. This treatment involves initial anticoagulation followed by thrombolysis of the subclavian vein and staged first rib resection to relieve the thoracic outlet compression and prevent recurrent DVT. The placement of an inferior vena cava filter (IVC filter) is possible when either the standard treatment for acute DVT, anticoagulation, is absolutely contraindicated (not possible), or if someone develops a PE despite being anticoagulated. However, a 2020 NICE review found "little good evidence" for their use. A 2018 study associated IVC filter placement with a 50% reduction in PE, a 70% increase in DVT, and an 18% increase in 30 day mortality when compared to no IVC placement. Other studies including a systematic review and meta-analysis did not find a difference in mortality with IVC placement. If someone develops a PE despite being anticoagulated, care should be given to optimize anticoagulation treatment and address other related concerns before considering IVC filter placement. Field of medicine Patients with a history of DVT might be managed by primary care, general internal medicine, hematology, cardiology, vascular surgery, or vascular medicine. Patients suspected of having an acute DVT are often referred to the emergency department for evaluation. Interventional radiology is the specialty that typically places and retrieves IVC filters, and vascular surgery might do catheter directed thrombosis for some severe DVTs. Prevention For the prevention of blood clots in the general population, incorporating leg exercises while sitting down for long periods, or having breaks from a sitting position and walking around, having an active lifestyle, and maintaining a healthy body weight are recommended. Walking increases blood flow through the leg veins. Excess body weight is modifiable unlike most risk factors, and interventions or lifestyle modifications that help someone who is overweight or obese lose weight reduce DVT risk. Avoiding both smoking and a Western pattern diet are thought to reduce risk. Statins have been investigated for primary prevention (prevention of a first VTE), and the JUPITER trial, which used rosuvastatin, has provided some tentative evidence of effectiveness. Of the statins, rosuvastatin appears to be the only one with the potential to reduce VTE risk. If so, it appears to reduce risk by about 15%. However, the number needed to treat to prevent one initial VTE is about 2000, limiting its applicability. Hospital (non-surgical) patients Acutely ill hospitalized patients are suggested to receive a parenteral anticoagulant, although the potential net benefit is uncertain. Critically ill hospitalized patients are recommended to either receive unfractionated heparin or low-molecular weight heparin instead of foregoing these medicines. After surgery Major orthopedic surgery—total hip replacement, total knee replacement, or hip fracture surgery—has a high risk of causing VTE. If prophylaxis is not used after these surgeries, symptomatic VTE has about a 4% chance of developing within 35 days. Following major orthopedic surgery, a blood thinner or aspirin is typically paired with intermittent pneumatic compression, which is the preferred mechanical prophylaxis over graduated compression stockings. Options for VTE prevention in people following non-orthopedic surgery include early walking, mechanical prophylaxis, and blood thinners (low-molecular-weight heparin and low-dose-unfractionated heparin) depending upon the risk of VTE, risk of major bleeding, and person's preferences. After low-risk surgeries, early and frequent walking is the best preventive measure. Pregnancy The risk of VTE is increased in pregnancy by about four to five times because of a more hypercoagulable state that protects against fatal postpartum hemorrhage. Preventive measures for pregnancy-related VTE were suggested by the American Society of Hematology in 2018. Warfarin, a common vitamin K antagonist, can cause birth defects and is not used for prevention during pregnancy. Travelers Travelling "is an often cited yet relatively uncommon" cause of VTE. Suggestions for at-risk long-haul travelers include calf exercises, frequent walking, and aisle seating in airplanes to ease walking. Graduated compression stockings have sharply reduced the levels of asymptomatic DVT in airline passengers, but the effect on symptomatic DVT, PE, or mortality is unknown, as none of the individuals studied developed these outcomes. However, graduated compression stockings are not suggested for long-haul travelers (>4 hours) without risk factors for VTE. Likewise, neither aspirin nor anticoagulants are suggested in the general population undertaking long-haul travel. Those with significant VTE risk factors undertaking long-haul travel are suggested to use either graduated compression stockings or LMWH for VTE prevention. If neither of these two methods are feasible, then aspirin is suggested. Prognosis DVT is most frequently a disease of older age that occurs in the context of nursing homes, hospitals, and active cancer. It is associated with a 30-day mortality rate of about 6%, with PE being the cause of most of these deaths. Proximal DVT is frequently associated with PE, unlike distal DVT, which is rarely if ever associated with PE. Around 56% of those with proximal DVT also have PE, although a chest CT is not needed simply because of the presence of DVT. If proximal DVT is left untreated, in the following 3 months approximately half of people will experience symptomatic PE. Another frequent complication of proximal DVT, and the most frequent chronic complication, is post-thrombotic syndrome, where individuals have chronic venous symptoms. Symptoms can include pain, itching, swelling, paresthesia, a sensation of heaviness, and in severe cases, leg ulcers. After proximal DVT, an estimated 20–50% of people develop the syndrome, with 5–10% experiencing severe symptoms. Post-thrombotic syndrome can also be a complication of distal DVT, though to a lesser extent than with proximal DVT. In the 10 years following an initial VTE, about 30% of people will have a recurrence. VTE recurrence in those with prior DVT is more likely to recur as DVT than PE. Cancer and unprovoked DVT are strong risk factors for recurrence. After initial proximal unprovoked DVT with and without PE, 16–17% of people will have recurrent VTE in the 2 years after they complete their course of anticoagulants. VTE recurrence is less common in distal DVT than proximal DVT. In upper extremity DVT, annual VTE recurrence is about 2–4%. After surgery, a provoked proximal DVT or PE has an annual recurrence rate of only 0.7%. Epidemiology About 1.5 out of 1000 adults a year have a first VTE in high-income countries. The condition becomes much more common with age. VTE rarely occurs in children, but when it does, it predominantly affects hospitalized children. Children in North America and the Netherlands have VTE rates that range from 0.07 to 0.49 out of 10,000 children annually. Meanwhile, almost 1% of those aged 85 and above experience VTE each year. About 60% of all VTEs occur in those 70 years of age or older. Incidence is about 18% higher in males than in females, though there are ages when VTE is more prevalent in women. VTE occurs in association with hospitalization or nursing home residence about 60% of the time, active cancer about 20% of the time, and a central venous catheter or transvenous pacemaker about 9% of the time. During pregnancy and after childbirth, acute VTE occurs in about 1.2 of 1000 deliveries. Despite it being relatively rare, it is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. After surgery with preventive treatment, VTE develops in about 10 of 1000 people after total or partial knee replacement, and in about 5 of 1000 after total or partial hip replacement. About 400,000 Americans develop an initial VTE each year, with 100,000 deaths or more attributable to PE. Asian, Asian-American, Native American, and Hispanic individuals have a lower VTE risk than Whites or Blacks. Populations in Asia have VTE rates at 15 to 20% of what is seen in Western countries, with an increase in incidence seen over time. In North American and European populations, around 4–8% of people have a thrombophilia, most commonly factor V leiden and prothrombin G20210A. For populations in China, Japan, and Thailand, deficiences in protein S, protein C, and antithrombin predominate. Non-O blood type is present in around 50% of the general population and varies with ethnicity, and it is present in about 70% of those with VTE. DVT occurs in the upper extremities in about 4–10% of cases, with an incidence of 0.4–1.0 people out of 10,000 a year. A minority of upper extremity DVTs are due to Paget–Schroetter syndrome, also called effort thrombosis, which occurs in 1–2 people out of 100,000 a year, usually in athletic males around 30 years of age or in those who do significant amounts of overhead manual labor. Social Being on blood thinners because of DVT can be life-changing because it can prevent lifestyle activities such as contact or winter sports to prevent bleeding after potential injuries. Head injuries prompting brain bleeds are of particular concern. This has caused NASCAR driver Brian Vickers to forego participation in races. Professional basketball players including NBA players Chris Bosh and hall of famer Hakeem Olajuwon have dealt with recurrent blood clots, and Bosh's career was significantly hampered by DVT and PE. Tennis star Serena Williams was hospitalized in 2011 for PE thought to have originated from DVT. Years later, in 2017, due to her knowledge of DVT and PE, Serena accurately advocated for herself to have a PE diagnosed and treated. During this encounter with VTE, she was hospitalized after a C-section surgery and was off of blood thinners. After feeling the sudden onset of a PE symptom, shortness of breath, she told her nurse and requested a CT scan and an IV heparin drip, all while gasping for air. She started to receive an ultrasound to look for DVT in the legs, prompting her to express dissatisfaction to the medical staff that they were not looking for clots where she had symptoms (her lungs), and they were not yet treating her presumed PE. After being diagnosed with PE and not DVT, and after receiving heparin by IV, the coughing from the PE caused her C-section surgical site to open and the heparin contributed to bleeding at the site. Serena later received an IVC filter while in the hospital. Other notable people have been affected by DVT. Former United States (US) President Richard Nixon had recurrent DVT, and so has former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. She was first diagnosed while First Lady in 1998 and again in 2009. Dick Cheney was diagnosed with an episode while Vice President, and TV show host Regis Philbin had DVT after hip-replacement surgery. DVT has also contributed to the deaths of famous people. For example, DVT and PE played a role in rapper Heavy D's death at age 44. NBC journalist David Bloom died at age 39 while covering the Iraq War from a PE that was thought to have progressed from a missed DVT, and actor Jimmy Stewart had DVT that progressed to a PE when he was 89. History The book Sushruta Samhita, an Ayurvedic text published around 600–900 BC, contains what has been cited as the first description of DVT. In 1271, DVT symptoms in the leg of a 20-year-old male were described in a French manuscript, which has been cited as the first case or the first Western reference to DVT. In 1856, German physician and pathologist Rudolf Virchow published his analysis after the insertion of foreign bodies into the jugular veins of dogs, which migrated to the pulmonary arteries. These foreign bodies caused pulmonary emboli, and Virchow was focused on explaining their consequences. He cited three factors, which are now understood as hypercoaguability, stasis, and endothelial injury. It was not until 1950 that this framework was cited as Virchow's triad, but the teaching of Virchow's triad has continued in light of its utility as a theoretical framework and as a recognition of the significant progress Virchow made in expanding the understanding of VTE. Methods to observe DVT by ultrasound were established in the 1960s. Diagnoses were commonly performed by impedance plethysmography in the 1970s and 1980s, but ultrasound, particularly after utility of probe compression was demonstrated in 1986, became the preferred diagnostic method. Yet, in the mid-1990s, contrast venography and impedance plethysmography were still described as common. Multiple pharmacological therapies for DVT were introduced in the 20th century: oral anticoagulants in the 1940s, subcutaneous injections of LDUH in 1962 and subcutaneous injections of LMWH in 1982. 1974 was when vascular inflammation and venous thrombosis were first proposed to be interrelated. For around 50 years, a months-long warfarin (Coumadin) regimen was the mainstay of pharmacological treatment. To avoid the blood monitoring required with warfarin and the injections required by heparin and heparin-like medicines, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were developed. In the late 2000s to early 2010s, DOACs—including rivaroxaban (Xarelto), apixaban (Eliquis), and dabigatran (Pradaxa)—came to the market. The New York Times described a "furious battle" among the three makers of these drugs "for the prescription pads of doctors". Economics VTE costs the US healthcare system about $7 to 10 billion dollars annually. Initial and average DVT costs for a hospitalized US patient is about $10,000 (2015 estimate). In Europe, the costs for an initial VTE hospitalization are significantly less, costing about €2000 to 4000 (2011 estimate). Post-thrombotic syndrome is a significant contributor to DVT follow-up costs. Outpatient treatment significantly reduces costs, and treatment costs for PE exceed those of DVT. Research directions A 2019 study published in Nature Genetics reported more than doubling the known genetic loci associated with VTE. In their updated 2018 clinical practice guidelines, the American Society of Hematology identified 29 separate research priorities, most of which related to patients who are acutely or critically ill. Inhibition of factor XI, P-selectin, E-selectin, and a reduction in formation of neutrophil extracellular traps are potential therapies that might treat VTE without increasing bleeding risk. Notes References Cited literature Coagulopathies Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes Hematology Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
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Ковальчук Євдокія Борисівна
Ковальчук Євдокія Борисівна Євдокія Борисівна Ковальчук, більш відома як Дуся Ковальчук (1881-1919), — учасниця більшовицького підпілля в Новомиколаївську (1918-1919). Біографія Народилася в селянській родині, яка мешкала в Сергацькому повіті Нижегородської губернії. Пізніше разом з батьками переїхала в Новомиколаївськ Томської губернії. Батько, Борис Андрійович Рєпін, працював теслею. У віці 16 років Євдокія Рєпіна вийшла заміж за Федора Ковальчука, який був старший за неї вдвічі. За деякими відомостями, чоловік-перукар мав свій салон на вокзальної площі. Однак є дані, що свідчать про те, що він працював машиністом паровоза. Чоловік був прихильником монархії і не поділяв революційних поглядів подружжя. У цьому шлюбі народилося чотири дитини (два хлопчика і дві дівчинки). Д. Ковальчук була для свого часу емансипованої жінкою: самостійно освоїла читання і письмо, виписувала політичні газети. Добре шила на замовлення на що була вдома швейній машинці «Зінгер». Завдяки чоловікові молодшої сестри Олександри долучилася до нелегальної політичної діяльності . З 1910 року сімейний будинок став місцем зустрічі підпільників. У лютому 1917 року Ковальчук вступила в РСДРП, пізніше була обрана в Ново-Миколаївський Совдеп. З грудня 1917 року в місті встановлюється Радянська влада, яку 26 травня 1918 роки скидає повсталий чехословацький корпус, і встановилася влада Тимчасового уряду автономної Сибіру. В цей час Ковальчук стала одним з керівників підпільної групи РКП (б). Після розстрілу революціонерів-більшовиків організувала похорон соратників — Ф. І. Горбаня, А. І. Петухова, Ф. П. Серебренникова, Д. М. Полковникова і Ф. С. Шмуригіна, Які вилилися в політичну демонстрацію. Збирала для заарештованих і дітей розстріляних гроші, сухарі, одяг, неодноразово виїжджала для зв'язку з ними в інші міста. Брала участь в підготовці пагонів заарештованих, ховала в своєму будинку зв'язкових з інших міст Сибіру. У дні грудневого (1918) і лютневого (1919) повстань в Омську виступала прихильником організації повстань в містах на противагу точки зору ряду більшовицьких організацій Сибіру, які пропонували центр повстань перенести на сільську периферію. Сприяла перекидання патронів та боєприпасів алтайських червоним партизанам. У вересні 1919 року з групою підпільників арештована контррозвідкою, за одними даними чеської , за іншими - польської . Розстріляна. Місце поховання невідоме. пам'ять У 1924 році вулиця Покровська в Новосибірську була перейменована в вулицю Дусі Ковальчук . У 1957 році поет Василь Федоров написав поему-присвята «Дуся Ковальчук». У 1977 році в Сквері героїв революції в Новосибірську було встановлено мармуровий бюст Дусі Ковальчук. Примітки Члени РСДРП Російські революціонери Персоналії за алфавітом
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%87%20%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE
Сич Дмитро
Сич Дмитро Дмитро Сич (8 січня 1890, новий стиль) — український селянин із села Ветлин на Лемківщині, громадсько-політичний діяч. Посол до Галицького крайового сейму від округу Лісько — Балигород — Лютовиська (обраний від IV курії, входив до «Руського клубу»; 1867—1869 роки). Виграв вибори у кандидата Старуха Михайла. Помер на 77 році життя. Примітки Джерела Чорновол І. 199 депутатів Галицького Сейму. — Львів : Тріада плюс, 2010. — 228 с., іл. — С. 180. — (Львівська сотня). — ISBN 978-966-486-089-2. Посли Галицького сейму 2-го скликання Персоналії:Лісько
1325952
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD
Ларрі Маллен
Ларрі Маллен (31 жовтня 1961 року) — музикант, відомий насамперед як ударник гурту U2. Біографія Маллен — середня дитина та єдиний син Ларрі та Маурін Маллен, народився 31 жовтня 1961 року. Виріс в Артейні, північному передмісті Дубліна. Маллен почав грати на ударних інструментах у віці 9 років під керівництвом ірландського барабанщика Джо Бонні, а пізніше його дочки Моніки. В 1971 році Ларрі був представлений одному з давніх друзів батька, барабанщику Веслі Керру, який навчав його аж до смерті молодшої сестри Маллена, Мері, в 1973 році. Мати Маллена загинула в автокатастрофі в листопаді 1978 року, через два роки після заснування U2. До заснування U2 Маллен полягав у дублінському маршовому оркестрі Artane Boys Band, привніс армійські барабанні ритми в його звичайну гру, наприклад, в пісню Sunday Bloody Sunday. Наприкінці 1976 року Маллен заснував U2, помістивши нині відоме повідомлення на дошці оголошень загальноосвітньої школи Mount Temple, що містить щось на кшталт «ударник шукає музикантів для створення групи». Група, початково складається з Ларрі Маллен, Пола Хьюсон (Боно), Девіда Еванса (Еджа) та його брата Діка Еванса, Адама Клейтона та двох друзів Маллена: Айвена Мак-Корміка та Пітера Мартіна, спочатку називалася «Група Ларрі Маллен», але швидко змінила ім'я на Feedback («фідбек», «заведенням»), оскільки це був один з небагатьох відомих їм музичних термінів, і згодом на The Hype. Незабаром після створення, групу покинули Мак-Кормік та Мартін, і вона, до того часу відома під ім'ям The Hype, стала квінтетом. Незадовго до перемоги в Лімерику на ірландському конкурсі талантів, вони знову змінили свою назву, нарешті, на U2, формально зробивши це на прощальному концерті Діка Еванса, ставши групою-квартетом як сьогодні. Зі зростанням популярності U2 Маллен додав закінчення «молодший» до свого імені, щоб його перестали плутати з батьком (теж Ларрі Малленом), які отримували великі податкові рахунки, призначені для сина. Маллен не одружений, але живе зі своєю подругою Енн Ейксона понад 30 років. у них троє дітей: Аарон Елвіс (народився в 1995 році), Ава (народилася в 1998 році) і Езра (народився в 2001). Двоюрідний брат Маллена, Оуен, в 1994 році виграв чемпіонат Ірландії з футболу у складі команди Шемрок Роверс. Ларрі вважається «гальмом групи», і воліє давати іншим учасникам групи бути в центрі уваги на інтерв'ю. Маллен грав на синтезаторі або клавішних у деяких піснях, включаючи United Colors з Original Soundtracks 1, альбому, який ніколи йому не подобався. Маллен обожнює мотоцикли Harley-Davidson та великий шанувальник Елвіса Преслі. Останнім часом він проживає в Хаут, передмісті Дубліна. Стиль і техніка Після створення U2 стиль і техніка гри Маллена почали розвиватися. На перших порах його внесок у справу групи часто обмежувався барабанним дробом та сполучними пасажами, але пізніше він став більш залученим у створення пісень, особливо в союзі з Адамом Клейтоном, його партнером по ритм-секції, з яким співпрацював у сольних проєктах. Коли група вперше за своє існування укладала контракт із лейблом CBS Records, ті відмовлялися підписувати групу, якщо Маллен не піде. Він залишився, і в результаті його гра на ударних стала більш вбудованою у структуру пісень. Підлітковий досвід Ларрі Маллена в Artane Boys Band істотно вплинув на армійські барабанні ритми, характерні для багатьох пісень U2, допомагаючи викликати військові образи. Під час запису альбому Pop в 1996 році Маллен страждав від важкої болі в спині. Запис затримали у зв'язку з хірургічним втручанням. Коли він покинув лікарню та повернувся в студію, то виявив, що інші учасники групи більше, ніж будь-коли експериментують з електронними драм-машинами, багато в чому спонукувані, що так повинно бути, захопленням Еджа танцювальною музикою та хіп-хопом. І, ще слабкий після операції, він, нарешті, поступився Еджу і продовжив використовувати драм-машини, які сильно посприяли електронному відчуттю альбому. Протягом кар'єри Маллен мав проблеми через тендиніт. Як засіб зниження болю і запалення він почав використовувати спеціально розроблені барабанні палички Pro-Mark. Він використовує барабани Yamaha та тарілки Paiste. Журнал Stylus помістив його на 21 місце в списку 50 найвидатніших рок-барабанщиків. Конфігурація ударної установки Тарілки Paiste Signature: 16" Power Crash; 17" Power Crash; 18" Power Crash; 18" Full Crash; 22" Power Ride; 14" хай-хети Heavy та Sound Edge. Барабани Yamaha Birch Custom Absolute Nouveau (починаючи з туру Elevation; раніше він використовував барабани Yamaha Maple Custom тих же розмірів): 14x10" підвісний тому; два 16x16" підлогових томи (один ліворуч від хай-хета і один праворуч від малого барабана в турі Vertigo). У попередніх турах він використовував підлогові томи 18x16" ліворуч від хетов; 14x7" малий барабан Brady Sheoak Block — основний в турі Vertigo. У турах ZooTV та Elevation він використовував малий барабан 12x7" Sheoak Block. В турі Popmart переважно використовувався 14x6" Jarrah Block. На деяких концертах він використовував малий барабан 14x6" Jarrah Ply замість Block; 24x16" бас-барабан. Під час туру ZooTV виключно для малої сцени використовувався 22x16". З того часу він не використав відмінний від основного бас-барабан ні в одному турі. Японські дубові барабанні палички Pro-Mark 5A. Безліч інших ударних інструментів, включаючи ковбелі LP. Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Ірландські музиканти Лауреати премії «Греммі» Учасники U2 Уродженці Дубліна Лауреати премії «Золотий глобус» за найкращу пісню до фільму
453286
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca%20road%20system
Inca road system
Inca road system The Inca road system (also spelled Inka road system and known as Qhapaq Ñan meaning "royal road" in Quechua) was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South America. It was about long. The construction of the roads required a large expenditure of time and effort. The network was composed of formal roads carefully planned, engineered, built, marked and maintained; paved where necessary, with stairways to gain elevation, bridges and accessory constructions such as retaining walls, and water drainage systems. It was based on two north–south roads: one along the coast and the second and most important inland and up the mountains, both with numerous branches. It can be directly compared with the road network built during the Roman Empire, although the Inca road system was built one thousand years later. The road system allowed for the transfer of information, goods, soldiers and persons, without the use of wheels, within the Tawantinsuyu or Inca Empire throughout a territory covering almost and inhabited by about 12 million people. The roads were bordered, at intervals, with buildings to allow the most effective usage: at short distance there were relay stations for chasquis, the running messengers; at a one-day walking interval tambos allowed support to the road users and flocks of llama pack animals. Administrative centers with warehouses, called qullqas, for re-distribution of goods were found along the roads. Towards the boundaries of the Inca Empire and in newly conquered areas pukaras (fortresses) were found. Part of the road network was built by cultures that precede the Inca Empire, notably the Wari culture in the northern central Peru and the Tiwanaku culture in Bolivia. Different organizations such as UNESCO and IUCN have been working to protect the network in collaboration with the governments and communities of the six countries (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) through which the Great Inca Road passes. In modern times some remnant of the roads see heavy use from tourism, such as the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, which is well known by trekkers. A 2021 study found that its effects have lingered for over 500 years, with wages, nutrition and school levels higher in communities living within 20 kilometers of the Inca Road, compared to similar communities farther away. Extent The Tawantinsuyu, which integrated the current territories of Peru, continued towards the north through present-day Ecuador, reaching the northernmost limits of the Andean mountain range in the region of Los Pastos in Colombia; by the South, it penetrated down to the Mendoza and Atacama lands, in the southernmost reaches of the Empire, corresponding currently with Argentine and Chilean territories. On the Chilean side, the road reached the Maipo river. The Inca Road system connected the northern territories with the capital city Cusco and the southern territories. About , out of the more than that the Andean mountains spans, were covered by it. As indicated by Hyslop, "The main route of the sierra (mountains) that passes through Quito, Tumebamba, Huánuco, Cusco, Chucuito, Paria and Chicona to the Mendoza River, has a length of 5,658 km." (3,516 miles) The exact extent of the road network is not known: travelers and scholars proposed various lengths, spanning from to to . Two main routes were defined: the eastern one, inland, runs high in the puna grassland, a large and undulating surface, which extends above ; the second one, the western route, that starts from the region of Tumbes in the current Peru–Ecuador border, follows the coastal plains, but does not include the coastal deserts, where it hugs the foothills. This western road outlines the current Pan-American Highway in its South American pacific extension. Recent investigations carried out under the Proyecto Qhapaq Ñan, sponsored by the Peruvian government and basing also on previous research and surveys, suggest with a high degree of probability that another branch of the road system existed on the east side of the Andean ridge, connecting the administrative centre of Huánuco Pampa with the Amazonian provinces and having a length of about . More than twenty transversal routes ran over the western mountains, while others traversed the eastern cordillera in the mountains and lowlands, connecting the two main routes and populated areas, administrative centres, agricultural and mining zones, as well as ceremonial centres and sacred spaces in different parts of the vast Inca territory. Some of these roads reach altitudes of over above sea level. The four routes During the Inca Empire, the roads officially stemmed from Cusco into the 4 cardinal directions towards the 4 suyus (provinces) into which the Tawantinsuyu was divided. Cusco was the center of Peru: the Inca-Spanish chronicler Inca Garcilaso de la Vega states that "Cozco in the language of the Incas means navel that is the Earth's navel". The four regions were named Chinchaysuyu towards the North, Collasuysu towards the South, Antisuyu towards the East and the lower valleys of the Amazon region and Contisuyu towards the West and the lower valleys along the Pacific coast. The route towards the North was the most important in the Inca Empire, as shown by its constructive characteristics: a width ranging between 3 and 16 m and the size of the archaeological vestiges that mark the way both in its vicinity and in its area of influence. It is not coincidental that this path goes through and organizes the most important administrative centers of the Tawantinsuyu outside Cusco, such as Vilcashuamán, Xauxa, Tarmatambo, Pumpu, Huánuco Pampa, Cajamarca and Huancabamba, in current territories of Peru; and Ingapirca, Tomebamba or Riobamba in Ecuador. This was regarded by the Incas as "the" Qhapaq Ñan, main road or royal road, starting from Cusco and arriving in Quito. From Quito northwards, the Inca presence is perceived in defensive settlements that mark the advance of the Empire by the Ecuadorian provinces of Carchi and Imbabura and the current Nariño Department in Colombia, which in the 16th century was in process of being incorporated into the Inca Empire. The route of Qollasuyu leaves Cusco and points towards the South, splitting into two branches to skirt Lake Titicaca (one on the east and one the west coast) that join again to cross the territory of the Bolivian Altiplano. From there the roads were unfolding to advance towards the southernmost boundaries of the Tawantinsuyu. One branch headed towards the current Mendoza region of Argentina, while the other penetrated the ancient territories of the Diaguita and Atacama people in Chilean lands, who had already developed basic road networks. From there, crossing the driest desert in the world, the Atacama Desert, the Qollasuyu route reached the Maipo river, currently in the Santiago metropolitan region. From there no vestiges of the Inca advance have been found. Contisuyu roads allowed to connect Cusco to coastal territories, in what corresponds to the current regions of Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna, in the extreme Peruvian south. These roads are transversal routes that guaranteed the complementarity of natural resources, since they cross very varied ecological floors, in the varied altitude of the descent from the heights of the cordillera to the coastal spaces. The roads of the Antisuyu are the least known and a lesser number of vestiges were registered. They penetrated into the territories of the Ceja de Jungla or Amazonian Andes leading to the Amazon rainforest, where conditions are more difficult for the conservation of archaeological evidences. The true physical extension of the Inca Empire for this region is not very clear. Purposes of the road The Incas used the road system for a variety of reasons, from transportation for people who were traveling through the Empire to military and religious purposes. The road system allowed for a fast movement of persons from one part of the Empire to the other: both armies and workers used the roads to move and the tambos to rest and be fed. It also allowed for the fast movement of information and valuable small goods which traveled through the chasquis. The Incas gave priority to the straightness of the roads, whenever possible, to shorten the distances. According to Hyslop the roads were the basis for the expansion of the Inca Empire: the most important settlements were located on the main roads, following a provision prefigured by the existence of older roads. The Incas had a predilection for the use of the Altiplano, or puna areas, for displacement, seeking to avoid contact with the populations settled in the valleys, and project, at the same time, a straight route of rapid communication. Other researchers pointed out additional factors that conditioned the location of Inca settlements and roads, such as the establishment of control zones in an intermediate location with respect to the populations and productive lands of the valleys, the requirement of specific goods, and storage needs, which were favored in the high plains of the Altiplano, characterized by low temperatures and dry climates. As an example, the administrative center of Huánuco Pampa includes 497 collcas, which totaled as much as and could support a population of between twelve and fifteen thousand people. Cotapachi (nowadays in the Bolivian region of Cochabamba) included a group of 2,400 collcas far away from any significant village. Collcas were long-term storage houses, primarily for the storage of grains and maize, which had an extremely long expiration date and made them ideal for long-term storage for the army in the event of conflicts. According to Hyslop the use of the Inca road system was reserved to authorities. He states: «soldiers, porters, and llama caravans were prime users, as were the nobility and other individuals on official duty… Other subjects were allowed to walk along the roads only with permission…» Nevertheless, he recognizes that «there was also an undetermined amount of private traffic … about which little is known». Some local structures (called ranchillos) exist alongside the road which may allow to infer that also private trade traffic was present. The use of the Inca roads, in the colonial period, after the Spanish conquest of Peru was mostly discontinued. The Conquistadors used the Inca roads to approach the capital city of Cusco, but they used horses and ox carts, which were not usable on such a road, and soon most of the roads were abandoned. Only about 25 percent of this network is still visible today, the rest having been destroyed by wars (conquest, uprising, independence or between nations), the change in the economic model which involved abandoning large areas of territory, and finally the construction of modern infrastructure, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which led to the superposition of new communication channels in the outline of pre-Hispanic roads. Transportation Transportation was done on foot as in pre-Columbian Americas, the use of wheels for transportation was not known. The Inca had two main uses of transportation on the roads: the chasqui (runners) for relaying information (through the quipus) and lightweight valuables throughout the empire and llamas caravans for transporting goods. Llamas were used as pack animals in large flocks. They are lightweight animals and cannot carry much but are incredibly nimble. To transport large numbers of goods across the empire, it was more efficient for the Incas to use herds of llamas and to have two or three herdsmen. Herdsmen would drive the animals carrying their loads up the steep mountain roads, increasing carrying capacity without risking additional lives. Llamas have soft, padded hoofs, which give them good traction and a negligible impact on the road surface. Llamas of the Q'ara race (short-haired variety), which are used also in contemporary caravans, can carry about for a distance of per day, when necessary they can carry up to for short trips. They forage on natural vegetation. Trade Roads and bridges were essential to the political cohesion of the Inca state and to the redistribution of goods within it. All resources in the Empire were the property of the ruling elite. Commercial exchanges between manufacturers or producers and buyers were not practiced, as the management of all goods came under the control of the central authority. The redistribution of goods was known as the vertical archipelago: this system formed the basis for trade throughout the Inca Empire. As different sections of the Empire had different resources, the roads were used to distribute goods to other parts of the Empire that were in need of them. Roads reinforced the strength of the Inca Empire, as they allowed for the empire's multitude of resources to be distributed through a set system to ensure all parts of the Empire were satisfied. Nevertheless, scholars have noted that there was a possible barter of goods along the roads between caravanners and villagers: a sort of "secondary exchange" and "daily swapping". Military These roads provided easy, reliable and quick routes for the Empire's administrative and military communications, personnel movement, and logistical support. After conquering a territory or convincing the local lord to become an ally, the Inca would employ a military-political strategy including the extension of the road system into the new dominated territories. The Qhapaq Ñan thus became a permanent symbol of the ideological presence of the Inca dominion in the newly conquered place. The road system facilitated the movement of imperial troops and preparations for new conquests as well as the quelling of uprisings and rebellions. However it was also allowed for sharing with the newly incorporated populations the surplus goods that the Inca produced and stored annually for the purpose of redistribution. The army moved frequently, mostly in support of military actions but also to support civil works. The forts or pukaras were located mainly in the border areas, as a spatial indicator of the process of progressing and annexing new territories to the Empire. In fact, the a greater number of pukaras are found towards the north of the Tawantinsuyu, as witnesses to the work of incorporating the northern territories, which were known to be rich in pastures. To the south there are abundant remains, around Mendoza in Argentina and along the Maipo river in Chile, where the presence of forts marks the line of the road at the southernmost point of the Empire. Religious The high altitude shrines were directly related to the cult of Nature and specifically to the mountains, typical of the Inca society, which the Incas formalized by the construction of religious structures on the mountain peaks. Mountains are the apus, or deities, in the universe of Andean beliefs that are still held today; they have a spiritual connotation linked to the future of Nature and human existence. The Incas held many rituals, including the sacrifice of children, goods, and llamas, at the mountain tops as part of this belief. However, not all mountains held the same religious connotation nor on all of them sanctuaries were built. The only way to reach the summits of the mountains for worship was by connecting the road system to high altitude paths in order to reach the sacred places. They were ritual roads that culminated in the peaks, at the point of contact between the earthly and the sacred space. Some of them reached high altitudes above sea level, such as mount Chañi, which had a road that started at the base and went to the summit at an elevation of . In addition to high altitude shrines, there were also many holy shrines or religious sites, called wak’a, that were a part of the Zeq’e system along and near the roads, especially around the capital city, Cusco. These shrines were either natural or modified features of the landscape, as well as buildings, where the Inca would visit for worship. Some important places of worship were directly connected by the main Inca roads. Such is the case of the sanctuary of Pachacamac through which the coastal road passed, just south of present days Lima. History Inca Empire era Much of the system was the result of the Incas claiming exclusive right over numerous traditional routes, some of which had been constructed centuries earlier, mostly by the Wari empire in the central highlands of Peru and the Tiwanaku culture. This latter had developed around Lake Titicaca, in the current territories of Peru and Bolivia, between the 6th and 12th centuries CE, and had set up a complex and advanced civilization. Many new sections of the road were built or upgraded substantially by the Incas: the one through Chile's Atacama desert and the one along the western margin of Lake Titicaca serve as two examples. The reign of the Incas originated during the Late Intermediate period (between 1000 CE and 1450 CE), when this group dominated only the region of Cusco. Inca Pachakutiq began the transformation and expansion of what decades later would become the Tawantinsuyu. The historical stage of the Empire begun around 1438 when, having settled the disputes with local populations around Cusco, the Incas started the conquest of the coastal valleys from Nasca to Pachacamac and the other regions of Chinchaysuyu. Their strategy involved modifying or constructing a road structure that would ensure the connection of the incorporated territory with Cusco and with other administrative centers, allowing the displacement of troops and officials. The Incas' military advance was based mostly on diplomatic deals before the annexation of the new regions and the consolidation of the dominion, considering war as a last resort. The foundation of cities and administrative centers connected by the road system ensured state control of the new incorporated ethnic groups. Topa Inca Yupanqui succeeded to Pachakutiq, and conquered the Chimu reaching the far north region of Quito around 1463; later he extended the conquests to the jungle region of Charcas and, in the south, to Chile. Colonial era During the first years of the Colony, the Qhapaq Ñan suffered a stage of abandonment and destruction caused by the abrupt decrease of the number of natives due to illness and war which reduced the population from more than 12 million people to about 1.1 million in 50 years and destroyed the social structure that provided labor for road maintenance. The use of the Inca roads became partial and was adapted to the new political and economic targets of the Colony and later of the Viceroyalty where the economic structure was based on the extraction of minerals and commercial production. This implied a dramatic change in the use of the territory. The former integration of longitudinal and transversal territories was reduced to a connection of the Andean valleys and the Altiplano with the coast to allow for the export of products, especially gold and silver, which started flowing to the coast and from there to Spain. A key factor in the dismantling of the network at the subcontinental level was the opening of new routes to connect the emerging production centers (estates and mines) with the coastal ports. In this context, only those routes that covered the new needs were used, abandoning the rest, particularly those that connected to the forts built during the advance of the Inca Empire or those that linked the agricultural spaces with the administrative centres. Nevertheless, the ritual roads that allowed access to the sanctuaries continued to be used under the religious syncretism that has been characterizing the Andean historical moments since the conquest. Cieza de Leon in 1553 noted the abandonment of the road and stated that although in many places it is already broken down and undone, it shows the great thing that it was. The admiration of the chroniclers was not enough to convince the Spanish ruler of the need to maintain and consolidate the road system rather than abandoning and destroying it. The reduction of the local population to newly built settlements (known as reducciones, a sort of concentration camps) was among the causes of the abandonment of the Inca roads and the building of new ones to connect the reducciones to the centers of Spanish power. Another important factor was the inadequacy of the road for horses and mules introduced by the conquerors, that became the new pack animals, substituting for the lightweight llamas. Even the new agriculture, derived from Spain, consisting mainly of cereals, changed the appearance of the territory, which was sometimes transformed, cutting and joining several andenes (farming terraces), which in turn reduced the fertile soil due to erosion form rain. The pre-Hispanic agricultural technologies were abandoned or displaced towards marginal spaces, relegated by the colonizers. Part of the network continued to be used, as well as some of its equipment, such as the tambos, which were transformed into stores and shops, adjusting to the tradition of Spain, where peasant production was taken to them for selling. The tambos entered a new stage as meeting spaces for different ways of life that irremediably ended up integrating new social and territorial structures. Post-colonial and modern times After the independence from Spain the American republics, throughout the 19th century, did not provide significant changes to the territory. In the case of Peru, the territorial structure established by the Colony was maintained while the link between the production of the mountains and the coast was consolidated under a logic of extraction and export. The construction of modern roads and railways was adapted to this logic. It gave priority to the communication with the coasts and was complemented by transversal axes of penetration into the inter-Andean valleys for the channeling of production towards the coastal axis and its seaports. At the end of the eighteenth century, large estates were developed for the supply of raw materials to international markets, together with guano, so the maritime ports of Peru took on special relevance and intense activity requiring an adequate accessibility from the production spaces. Some parts of the Inca roads were still in use in the south of the Altiplano giving access to the main centers for the production of alpaca and vicuña wools, which were in high demand in the international markets. The twentieth century organization of roads along the Andes gave priority to the Pan-American highway along the coast, following roughly the traces of the coastal Inca road. This highway was then connected to west–east routes into the valleys while the north–south Inca road up the mountains was mostly reduced to local pedestrian transit. In 2014 the road system became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Architecture and engineering of the Inca roads The Incas built their road system by expanding and reinforcing several pre-existing smaller networks of roads, adapting and improving previous infrastructures, setting up a system of formal roads and providing a maintenance system that would protect the roads and facilitate the displacements and the exchange of people, goods and information. The outcome was a great road network of subcontinental dimensions, which, from Cusco, was directed in the four cardinal directions that marked the territorial division of Tawantinsuyu, which allowed the Inca and his officers to have knowledge of everything that circulated on the roads, however far away they were. The Incas developed techniques to overcome the difficult territory of the Andes: on steep slopes they built stone steps, while in desert areas near the coast they built low walls to keep the sand from drifting over the road. Construction and maintenance The manpower required for both construction and maintenance was obtained through the mita: a sort of tax work, provided to the state by the conquered people, by which the Inca Empire produced the required goods and performed the necessary services, which included the upkeep of roads and their relevant infrastructures (bridges, tambos, warehouses, etc.). The labor was organized by officials who were in charge of the development, control and operation of roads and bridges, as well as communications. The chronicler Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala noted that these authorities were chosen among the noble relatives of the Inca, residents of Cusco. There were three main officials: the manager of the royal roads, the manager of bridges, the manager of chasquis. There were also several amojonadores or builders of landmarks. Architectural components Hyslop noted that there was no road construction standard, because the roads were set in such varied environments and landscapes. Roadway and pavement In the mountains and the high forests, precisely arranged paving stones or cobbles were used for paving, placing them with their flat face towards the top, trying to produce a uniform surface. Nevertheless, not all the roads were paved; in the Andean puna and in the coastal deserts the road was usually made using packed earth, sand, or simply covering grassland with soil or sand. There is also evidence of paving with vegetable fibers such as in the road of Pampa Afuera in Casma (Áncash department, Peru). The width of the roadway varied between , although some could be much wider, such as the road leading to Huánuco Pampa. The Cusco to Quito portion of the Road system, which was the most trafficked one, had a width always exceeding even in agricultural areas where the land had high value. Some portions reached a width of . Near urban and administrative centers there is evidence of two or three roads constructed in parallel. The maximum recorded width on the north coastal road is , while the average width in the south coastal road is . Side walls and stone rows Stones and walls served to mark the width of the road and signal it. On the coast and in the mountains, the availability of construction materials such as stone and mud for preparing adobes allowed to build walls on both sides of the road, to isolate it from agricultural land so that the walkers and caravans traveled without affecting the crops. In the flatlands and in the deserts, these walls most probably prevented sand from covering the road. In the absence of walls, the roads in the more deserted areas also used stone rows and wooden poles driven into the sand as route markers. Stone rows were built with stones of similar sizes and shapes, placed next to each other and located on one or both edges of the road, arranged in a sort of curb. In some cases it has been observed that the sides of these stones were edged. Furrows Although it is not strictly a construction element used to delimit the edges of the road, there are cases in which furrows delimit the road on both sides. Examples of these furrows have been found in the coastal area located south of the Chala district in Arequipa. Retaining walls Retaining walls were made with stones, adobes or mud and were built on the hillsides. These walls contained leveling fillings to form the platform of the road or to support the soil that could otherwise slide down the slope, as is generally seen in the transversal roads that lead to the coast from the mountains. Drainage Drainage by ditches or culverts was more frequent in the mountains and jungle due to the constant rainfall. Along other road sections, the drainage of rain water was carried out through an articulated system based on longitudinal channels and shorter drains, transverse to the axis of the road. Retaining walls were used along the mountain slopes, and are similar to those used to support the terraces. When crossing wetlands, roads were often supported by buttress walls or built on causeways. Road marks At given distances the direction of the road was marked with stone piles (mojones in Spanish) a sort of milestones, generally placed on both sides of the road. They were columns of well piled stones with a surmounting stone and often strategically placed on rises in order to be spotted from long distances. The apachetas (South American cairns) were mounds of stones of different sizes, formed through gradual accumulation by the travelers, who deposited stones as an offering to preserve their travel from setbacks and allow for its successful conclusion. The apachetas were located on the side of the roads in transitional spaces such as passes or "points of interest" for travellers. This practice was condemned for its pagan character during the Colony and the Viceroyalty, when priests were ordered to dismantle them and plant crosses instead. Nevertheless, the tradition of making apachetas was not discontinued and crosses or altars of different sizes were accompanied by mounds of stone. Paintings and mock-ups Some places such as rock shelters or cliffs show rock paintings next to the roads, which can be interpreted as a reinforcement of the signalization. The generally zoomorphic painted representations correspond to stylized camelids, in the typical Inca design and color. Figures directly carved on the stone are also found. Rocks of varying size at the road side can represent the shapes of the mountains or important glaciers of the region, as an expression of the sacralization of geography; they can be made up of one or more rocks. Causeways In damp areas embankments were built to produce causeways, in rocky terrain it was necessary to dig the path in the rock or to drive it through an artificial terrace with retaining walls Some important causeways such as on the coast of Lake Titicaca were built to take into account the periodic variation of the lake level due to alternating rainy and dry seasons. They had stone bridges to allow the free flow of water below them. Stairways In order to overcome the limitations imposed by the roughness of the relief and the adverse environmental conditions, the Inca engineers designed different solutions. On rocky outcrops the road became narrower, adapting to the orography with frequent turns and retaining walls, but on particularly steep slopes flights of stairs or ramps were built or carved in the rock. Bridges There were multiple types of bridges used throughout the road system and they were sometimes built in pairs. Some bridges were made of parallel logs tied together with ropes and covered with earth and vegetal fibers supported by stone abutments, while others were built of stone slabs resting on piled stones. One of the difficulties of creating wooden bridges was obtaining logs. Sometimes, the laborers who were making the bridges had to bring the lumber from very far away. Wooden bridges would be replaced about every eight years. The construction of bridges was accomplished by the help of many workers. It implied first of all the constructions of abutments, normally made of stone both rough and dressed. The masonry could even be extremely well fitted, with no evidence of any mortar being used to keep the stones in place. Incas, having no iron, used a method of stone working which used simple tools, such as hammerstones, to pound the rocks in a way that the contours of the upper rock matched those of the rock below so that the seams fit perfectly without mortar. For simple log bridges, the construction was done by placing a series of logs over projecting canes. Stone bridges could span shorter lengths and needed shallower rivers to be built . Some slabs were placed over the abutments and intermediate stone pillars when necessary. A very special stone bridge was recently discovered in Bolivia consisting of a relatively small opening to allow the stream to flow and a quite imposing stone embankment filling the valley sides in order to allow the road to pass on top of it. To cross rivers flat banks, floating reeds tied together were used, forming of a row of totora boats placed side to side and covered with a board of totora and earth. Inca rope bridges also provided access across narrow valleys. A bridge across the Apurímac River, west of Cusco, spanned a distance of . Rope bridges had to be replaced about every two years: to this end, the communities around the river crossing were commanded into a mita for the construction of the new bridge, while the old bridge was cut and let fall into the river. This type of bridge was built with ropes of vegetable fibers, such as ichu (Stipa ichu) a fiber typical of the Altiplano, which were tied together to form cords and ropes which constituted the bridge floor cables, the two handrails and the necessary connections between them. Ravines were sometimes crossed by large hanging baskets, or oroyas, which could span distances of over . Tunnel To access the famous Apurímac rope bridge it was necessary for the road to reach the narrowest section of the gorge: to this end, the road was cut along a natural fault into the steep rock of the valley and a tunnel was carved to facilitate the way. The tunnel had a series of side openings allowing the light to come in. There is no evidence of other tunnels along the Inca roads. Equipment Garcilaso de la Vega underlines the presence of infrastructure on the Inca road system where all across the Empire lodging posts for state officials and chasqui messengers were ubiquitous, well-spaced and well provisioned. Food, clothes, and weapons were also stored and kept ready for the Inca army marching through the territory. The tambos were the most numerous and perhaps more important buildings in the operation of the road network. They were constructions of varied architecture and size whose function was mainly the lodging of the travellers and the storage of products for their supply. For this reason, they were located at a day's journey interval, although irregularities were identified in their distances, probably linked to various factors such as the presence of water sources, the existence of land with agricultural produce or the presence of pre-Inca centers. The tambos were most probably administered by the local populations since many of them are associated with settlements with additional constructions for different uses, such as canchas (rectangular enclosures bordered by a wall, probably used as accommodation for walkers), and collcas and kallancas. These latter were rectangular buildings of considerable size, which the Conquistadors called barns for their length. They were used for ceremonies and for accommodation of diverse nature: members of the Inca or local elites, mitimaes or other travelers. Tambos were so frequent that many Andean regional place names include the word tambo in them. At the roadside the chasquiwasis, or relay stations for the Inca messenger chasqui, were frequent. In these places the chasquis waited for the messages they had to take to other locations. The fast flow of information was important for an Empire that was in constant expansion. The chasquiwasis were normally quite small and there is little archaeological evidence and research on them. Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Machu Picchu itself was far off the beaten path, and served as a royal estate populated by the ruling Inca and several hundred servants. It required regular infusions of goods and services from Cusco and other parts of the Empire. This is evidenced by the fact that there are no large government storage facilities at the site. A 1997 study concluded that the site's agricultural potential would not have been sufficient to support residents, even on a seasonal basis. See also Inca Empire Inca society Incan agriculture Inca architecture Inca rope bridge Notes References Bibliography Further reading Moseley, Michael 1992. The Incas and their Ancestors: The archaeology of Peru. Thames and Hudson, New York. Hyslop, John, 1984. Inka Road System. Academic Press, New York. Andean World: Indigenous History: Culture and Consciousness by Kenneth Adrien. Footprints Cusco and The Inca Trail Handbook by Peter Frost and Ben Box Jenkins, David. "A Network Analysis of Inka Roads, Administrative Centers and Storage Facilities." Ethnohistory, 48:655–685 (Fall, 2001). External links Trailer: "Qhapaq Ñan, Voices of the Andes" Geographic database of the Inca road system from a French university Article: "Reinventing the Inca roads: Representations and construction of memory in Peru (2001–2011)" UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Main Inca Road – Qhapaq Ñan Inca Archaeological sites in Peru Road transport in South America Medieval roads and tracks History of road transport World Heritage Sites in Argentina World Heritage Sites in Bolivia World Heritage Sites in Chile World Heritage Sites in Colombia World Heritage Sites in Ecuador World Heritage Sites in Peru Pre-Columbian trails and roads
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
Коваль Максим Анатолійович
Коваль Максим Анатолійович Максим Анатолійович Коваль (9 грудня 1992, Запоріжжя, Україна) — український футболіст, воротар грецького клубу «Каламата». Грав за збірну України. Клубна кар'єра У дитинстві займався гімнастикою і плаванням, але незабаром почав грати у футбол. Виступав як нападник, але перший тренер гравця Віктор Трегубов поставив Максима у ворота. З 2004 по 2008 роки виступав у ДЮФЛ за запорізький «Металург». Влітку 2008 року був переведений у «Металург-2». «Металург» 1 листопада 2009 року дебютував за основу «Металурга» в Прем'єр-лізі у матчі проти ужгородського «Закарпаття» (3:0), Коваль показав дуже впевнену гру. 29 листопада цього ж року зіграв «на нуль» проти «Динамо» (Київ), відбивши удар після пенальті Артема Мілевського. «Динамо» Інформація про те, що воротарем цікавиться київське «Динамо», почала з'являтися ще наприкінці 2009 року. 25 липня 2010 року на прес-конференції після виїзної гри проти «Карпат» (поразка 0:1) головний тренер «Металурга» підтвердив, що це був останній матч Максима Коваля в складі запоріжців. Вартість переходу до «Динамо» оцінювалася у 4 млн доларів. 26 липня 2010 року київське «Динамо» офіційно підтвердило інформацію про укладання контракту з гравцем. У сезоні 2012-13 став основним воротарем «Динамо». Перші 8 турів чемпіонату незмінно стояв у рамці воріт. Проявив себе у матчах 3 кваліфікаційного раунду Ліги чемпіонів проти «Феєнорда». Матч у Києві завершився перемогою «Динамо» 2-1. В матчі-відповіді Коваль зробив ряд сейвів, і вже на останніх хвилинах «Динамо» вирвало перемогу 0-1 і пройшло далі. В матчах плей-оф проти менхенгладбахської Борусії також якісно відстояв на воротах. З загальним рахунком двох матчів 4-3 на користь «Динамо», воно пройшло в груповий раунд. Незважаючи на хорошу гру, у збірній тренери надавали перевагу Андрію Пятову. Після закінчення сезону Коваля було визнано найкращим молодим гравцем чемпіонату України за версіями УЄФА та World Soccer, а також найкращим воротарем чемпіонату України. «Говерла» 3 березня 2015-го року Коваль перейшов до ужгородської «Говерли». «Оденсе» 31 серпня 2015 стало відомо, що Максим Коваль уклав угоду з данською командою «Оденсе». «Депортіво» 20 січня 2018 року на правах оренди перейшов до іспанського «Депортіво». «Аль-Фатех» 24 липня 2018 року перейшов на правах оренди на 1 рік до саудівського клубу «Аль-Фатех». у 2019 році уклав з цим клубом вже повноцінний контракт. 29 червня 2022 року залишив «Аль-Фатех» у зв'язку з закінченням терміну дії контракту. Кар'єра в збірній За юнацьку збірну України до 17 років дебютував 10 вересня 2008 року в матчі проти Румунії (4:0). Всього за збірну до 17 років провів 8 матчів. У юнацькій збірній до 19 років дебютував 4 липня 2009 року в матчі проти Росії (0:0). Коваль поступається місцем в основі Ігорю Левченко. 1 червня 2012 року зіграв свій перший матч за головну збірну — в перерві Максим замінив Олександра Горяїнова в товариському матчі зі збірною Австрії. Максим став одним з трьох воротарів (разом з Андрієм П'ятовим та Олександром Горяїновим), котрі були заявлені на Євро-2012. Особисте життя Батько Анатолій Вікторович займався футболом у школі запорізького «Металурга». Родичі його матері займалися легкою атлетикою професійно. Улюблена футбольна команда Максима Коваля — лондонський «Челсі», найкращими воротарями Коваль вважає Ікера Касільяса та Ігоря Акінфєєва. 8 січня 2015 року Максим одружився з Каріною Левінською. Статистика виступів Клубна статистика За збірну Досягнення Володар Кубка України (1): «Динамо» (Київ): 2013-14 Володар Суперкубка України (2): «Динамо» (Київ): 2011, 2016 Чемпіон Молдови (1): «Шериф»: 2022-23 Володар Кубка Молдови (1): «Шериф»: 2022-23 Збірні Чемпіон Європи (U-19): 2009 Індивідуальні Найкращий молодий гравець чемпіонату України за версією УЄФА : 2012–2013 Найкращий молодий гравець чемпіонату України за версією World Soccer : 2012–2013 Найкращий воротар чемпіонату України (1) : 2012–2013 Примітки Посилання Профіль на офіційному сайті «Динамо» (Київ) Українські футболісти Гравці молодіжної збірної України з футболу Гравці збірної України з футболу Футбольні воротарі Футболісти «Металурга» (Запоріжжя) Футболісти «Динамо» (Київ) Футболісти «Говерли» Футболісти «Оденсе» Футболісти «Депортіво» (Ла-Корунья) Футболісти «Аль-Фатеха» Українські футбольні легіонери Футбольні легіонери в Данії Футбольні легіонери в Іспанії Футбольні легіонери в Саудівській Аравії Футбольні легіонери в Молдові Футболісти «Шерифа» (Тирасполь)
32571967
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381%20Nationalliga%20A%20season
1980–81 Nationalliga A season
1980–81 Nationalliga A season The 1980–81 Nationalliga A season was the 43rd season of the Nationalliga A, the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland. Eight teams participated in the league, and EHC Biel won the championship. First round Final round Relegation External links Championnat de Suisse 1980/81 Swiss National League (ice hockey) seasons 1980–81 in Swiss ice hockey
1137076
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/762%20%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0
762 Пулкова
762 Пулкова (762 Pulcova) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 3 вересня 1913 року. Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,158. Примітки Див. також Список астероїдів (701-800) Посилання Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1913 Головний пояс астероїдів Подвійні астероїди
20348
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20River%2C%20Western%20Australia
Margaret River, Western Australia
Margaret River, Western Australia Margaret River is a town in the South West of Western Australia, located in the valley of the eponymous Margaret River, south of Perth, the state capital. Its Local Government Area is the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River. Margaret River's coast to the west of the town is a renowned surfing location with worldwide fame for its surf breaks including, but not limited to, 'Main Break' and 'The Box'. Colloquially, the area is referred to as "Margs". The surrounding area is the Margaret River wine region and is known for its wine production and tourism, attracting an estimated 500,000 visitors annually. History The town is named after the river, which is presumed to be named after Margaret Whicher, cousin of John Garrett Bussell (founder of Busselton) in 1831. The name is first shown on a map of the region published in 1839. Before British settlement the area was inhabited by the Noongar people. The first British settlers arrived as early as 1850, with timber logging commencing in around 1870. By 1910, the town had a hotel which also operated as a post office. That year the Margaret River Progress Association requested that a townsite be declared at "the Upper Margaret Bridge", because "the district is likely to be dotted with public buildings several miles apart in the near future if a townsite is not made available shortly". The inspecting district surveyor had a preference for an area near the lower bridge on Caves Road, but his preferred site was unavailable. Lots were surveyed in 1912 and the townsite was gazetted in 1913. From 1918 to 1927, the name of the townsite was officially "Margaret" but it was changed back to "Margaret River" due to local usage. After World War I, an attempt by the Government of Western Australia to attract migrants to Western Australia (known as the Group Settlement Scheme) and establish farms in the region attracted new settlers to the town. In 1922, over 100 settlers moved into the district. In the early 1920s, the Busselton to Margaret River Railway was built and, in 1925, the Margaret River to Flinders Bay line opened. The Perimeter Road, a bypass to take traffic, including heavy vehicles, from Bussell Highway, to the east of the town, and also connect to a new access road to the nearby airport, was opened in December 2018 and completed in February 2019. Geography and climate Margaret River is located inland from the Indian Ocean at a point about halfway between Cape Naturaliste and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia's South West region. The climate is warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb in the Köppen climate classification), with an average annual rainfall of around . Most rain falls between May and August, when around two days in three record measurable rainfall and around one in ten over . On occasions, as in August 1955, the town has had measurable rain on every day of a month in this period. During the summer, the weather is warm, though there are usually sea breezes, and it is frequently sunny. The dry summers, coupled with strong winds, creates an environment where there is always a high risk of bush fires. Wine region Margaret River is the foremost Geographical Indication wine region in the South West Australia Zone, with nearly under vine and over 138 wineries as at 2008. The region is made up predominantly of boutique-size wine producers, although winery operations range from the smallest, crushing per year, to the largest at around . The region produces just three percent of total Australian grape production, but commands over 20 percent of the Australian premium wine market. Stretching some from north to south and about wide in parts, the region is bounded to the east by the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge, between Cape Naturaliste and Cape Leeuwin, and to the west by the Indian Ocean. A Mediterranean-style climate, lacking extreme summer and winter temperatures, provides ideal growing conditions. The climate is described as similar to that of Bordeaux in a dry vintage. Humidity levels are ideal during the growing period and the combination of climate, soil and viticulture practices leads to consistently high quality fruit of intense flavour. Consequently, annual vintage results continue to exceed expectations and reinforce Margaret River's reputation as one of the premium wine-producing regions of the world. The principal grape varieties in the region are fairly evenly split between red and white; Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Shiraz, Merlot, Chenin blanc and Verdelho. Caves Several hundred caves are located near Margaret River, all of them within Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park. Six of these are open to the public. One of these caves is the multi-chambered Mammoth Cave, which lies south of the town and contains fossils dating back over 35,000 years. The cave was first discovered by European settlers in 1850 and has been open to the public since 1904. The cave can be explored by a self-guided audio tour, and is one of the few caves in Australia offering partial disabled access. The other five caves open to the public in the area are Jewel Cave, Lake Cave, Ngilgi Cave, Calgardup Cave and Giants Cave. Many other caves can be accessed with a permit by experienced cavers. Surfing breaks The Margaret River area has acquired a range of synonyms for the collection of surf breaks nearby, with some 75 breaks along of coastline. Usually significant surfing competitions concentrate their locale to Margarets Main Break (aka Surfers Point) which breaks in the vicinity of Prevelly at the mouth of Margaret River. The actual range of surf breaks range from the eastern side of Cape Naturaliste down to just south of Cape Hamelin, and despite web sites and online sources calling the whole Cape Naturaliste to Cape Leeuwin region the Margaret River surfing area, conditions and break types vary along the coast. The Cowaramup Bombora ("Cow Bombie") big wave surf break offshore produces one of the biggest waves in Australia. Education The town contains four primary schools, Margaret River Primary School, Rapids Landing Primary School, Margaret River Montessori School, and St Thomas More Catholic Primary School, and one high school, Margaret River Senior High School. All schools are located within the town itself except for Rapids Landing Primary School, which is located in the suburb of Rapids Landing. Cultural events The WSL Margaret River Pro is held annually in May attracting professional surfers from across the globe. The CinefestOZ film festival stages several events across the region in late August each year. In the media Arte-TV produced an episode of Nouveaux paradis about Margaret River. The 2008 documentary shows interviews with (amongst others) tourist officials, surfers, and dolphin watchers. Margaret River was also visited in the 1966 documentary film The Endless Summer. In 2013, many locals featured in the film Drift, starring Sam Worthington, as well as many surfing scenes being shot on location at local surf breaks such as Grunters and Main Break. See also West Australian wine Great Southern (wine region) References Notes Bibliography External links Western Australia government tourist information (including map) The Rotary Club of Margaret River Popular guidebook App for the Margaret River Region (works offline) Coastal towns in Western Australia Towns in Western Australia Surfing locations in South West Western Australia Wine regions of Western Australia Shire of Augusta–Margaret River
16036058
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villi%C3%A9-Morgon
Villié-Morgon
Villié-Morgon is a commune in the eastern French department of Rhône. Population Twins cities Sasbachwalden See also Communes of the Rhône department References Communes of Rhône (department) Rhône communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
3467645
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassis
Sparassis
Sparassis — рід грибів родини Sparassidaceae. Назва вперше опублікована 1819 року. Примітки Роди грибів Агарикоміцети 1819 у науці
1198202
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%96%D1%94%D1%83-%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83
Шієу-Сфинту
Шієу-Сфинту — село у повіті Бистриця-Несеуд в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Шинтеряг. Село розташоване на відстані 331 км на північний захід від Бухареста, 14 км на захід від Бистриці, 67 км на північний схід від Клуж-Напоки. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали осіб. Національний склад населення села: Рідною мовою назвали: Примітки Села повіту Бістріца-Несеуд
5657762
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov%20Neeman
Yaakov Neeman
Yaakov Neeman (16 September 1939 – 1 January 2017) was an Israeli lawyer who served as Minister of Justice and Minister of Finance , although he was never a member of the Knesset. Biography Neeman was born to a religious Zionist family in Tel Aviv during the Mandate era. He was educated at the Midrashiat Noam high-school yeshiva and completed his military service in the Golani Brigade. He went on to study law at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, earning a LL.B in 1964. In 1965, he earned a LL.M from New York University, and in 1968, a LL.D. After returning to Israel, in 1972 he founded the law firm Herzog, Fox & Ne'eman, along with future president of Israel Chaim Herzog. Neeman was appointed Director General of the Finance Ministry in 1979, serving until 1981. In June 1996 he was appointed to the Israeli cabinet as Minister of Justice by Prime Minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, despite not being a member of the Knesset. Two months later he resigned from the cabinet, after Attorney General Michael Ben-Yair opened a criminal investigation into allegations that Neeman had tried to suborn a witness in the trial of MK Aryeh Deri. Neeman was eventually cleared of the charges and returned to the cabinet in July 1997 as Minister of Finance until the end of the Netanyahu premiership at the 1999 elections. In late March 2009, following Netanyahu's return to power as Prime Minister of Israel, Neeman was again appointed as Justice Minister. Neeman resided in Jerusalem in the Talbiya section. He is survived by his wife and six children. Committee Membership Neeman has chaired or been a member of numerous national and international committees, including the Executive Committee of Bar-Ilan University, the public committee appointed by the Speaker of the Knesset to determine salaries and other payments to government officials, the public committee appointed by the cabinet for the Drafting of the Constitution, the Public Committee on Educational Centers, the Public Committee on Privatisation Issues of El Al, the board of governors of Bank of Israel, the Committee for the Conversion Law, the National Committee for the Identification of Fallen Soldiers in Times of Emergency, Israel Atomic Energy Committee and the Central Committee of the World Bank. Political views On 8 December 2009, while serving as the Minister of Justice, Ne'eman was reported as saying that he believed that Halakha should gradually be made binding law in Israel, with the ultimate goal of making Israel a Halakhic state. But he later denied this, emphasizing that "the Knesset is the legislator in Israel, and the interpretation of its laws is determined by the [civil] courts." He said that he advocated the use of religious courts only in an auxiliary role, to "resolve financial disputes in accordance with the principles of Jewish law. The court system in Israel is backed up, and therefore, cases should be transferred to an alternative system." References External links Herzog, Fox & Neeman Speech that Yaakov Neeman gave at "Be A Mensch" book launch 1939 births 2017 deaths Politicians from Tel Aviv Orthodox Jews in Mandatory Palestine Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni New York University School of Law alumni Israeli jurists Israeli chief executives Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent Ministers of finance of Israel Ministers of justice of Israel 20th-century Israeli politicians 21st-century Israeli politicians Israeli Orthodox Jews Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
320713
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20fantasy
Sexual fantasy
Sexual fantasy A sexual fantasy or erotic fantasy is an autoerotic mental image or pattern of thought that stirs a person's sexuality and can create or enhance sexual arousal. A sexual fantasy can be created by the person's imagination or memory, and may be triggered autonomously or by external stimulation such as erotic literature or pornography, a physical object, or sexual attraction to another person. Anything that may give rise to a sexual arousal may also produce a sexual fantasy, and sexual arousal may in turn give rise to fantasies. Sexual fantasies are nearly universal, being reported in many societies across the globe. However, because of the nature of some fantasies, the actual putting of such fantasies into action is far less common, due to cultural, social, moral, and religious constraints. In some cases, even a discussion by a person of sexual fantasies is subject to social taboos and inhibitions. Some people find it convenient to act out fantasies through sexual roleplay. A person may find validation of a sexual fantasy by viewing the depiction or discussion of the fantasy in film, usually of a pornographic nature. A fantasy may be a positive or negative experience, or even both. It may be in response to a past experience and can influence future sexual behavior. A person may not wish to enact a sexual fantasy in real life, and since the process is entirely imaginary, they are not limited to acceptable or practical fantasies, which can provide information on the psychological processes behind sexual behavior. Sexual fantasy can also pertain to a genre of literature, film or work of art. Such works may be appreciated for their aesthetics, though many people may feel uncomfortable with such works. For example, women in prison films may be described as sexual fantasies, as are pornographic films. In the case of films, the term may describe a part of the film, such as a fantasy scene or sequence. Besides pornographic films, a number of mainstream films have included sexual fantasy scenes, such as Business Is Business (1971), Amarcord (1973), American Beauty (1999) and others. In many cases, the use of fantasy scenes enables the inclusion of material into a work indicating the sexualized mental state of a character. Methodology It is difficult to objectively identify and measure the nature of sexual fantasies, so that many studies deal with conscious fantasies when a person is awake, using one of three techniques: anonymous respondents are provided with a checklist of fantasies and asking them to indicate which ones they have experienced, how often, and in what context. This method relies on retrospective recall, which may limit its accuracy. A checklist may not be comprehensive, and as a result may be biased towards some fantasies. anonymous respondents are asked to write, in narrative form, their sexual fantasies. This method also relies on retrospective recall. Some studies limit the number of fantasies entered (such as only the most frequent ones), and respondents may not write down all of their fantasies anyway—they may forget infrequent fantasies, not want to write too many down, or be more subject to social desirability bias than with a checklist. respondents record the fantasies they experience over a given period of time using checklists or diaries. This method requires a long period of time to be representative, and may be impractical. To measure the reliability of a person's reporting of fantasies, researchers may compare a person's reported sexual arousal against actual measures of arousal, using techniques such as vaginal photoplethysmography, penile strain gauges, or other tools, such as genital pulse amplitude, genital blood volume, and heart rate. A 1977 study found that males judged arousal based on blood volume far better than females, and that males and females were equal when judging arousal based on pulse amplitude measures. Additionally, females were better at judging low arousal. As with studies of sex in general, samples used in studies may be too small, not be fully random, or not fully representative of a population. This makes similarities between studies especially important. Women may be prone to underreporting the frequency of fantasy because they do not realize that they are becoming aroused, or they will not say that they are; one common problem is that they will imagine romantic imagery and become aroused, but not report the fantasy because it is not sexually explicit. Many studies are modern and are carried out in Western society, which, through factors like gender roles and taboo, are not widely representative, raising the need for more studies in different societies and historical eras. With regards to age, there is very little knowledge of sexual fantasies in children aged 5 to 12, and there is a need for longitudinal studies across a life span. Sex is often a taboo topic, so conducting a truly honest and representative example can be difficult in some areas. For example, a 1997 study on South Asian gay men found that almost 75% were afraid of being "found out", which complicates studies. Purposes The scenarios for sexual fantasies vary greatly between individuals and are influenced by personal desires and experiences, and can range from the mundane to the bizarre. Fantasies are frequently used to escape real-life sexual restraints by imagining dangerous or illegal scenarios, such as rape, castration, or kidnapping. They allow people to imagine themselves in roles they do not normally have, such as power, innocence and guilt. Fantasies have enormous influence over sexual behavior and can be the sole cause of an orgasm. While there are several common themes in fantasies, any object or act can be eroticized. Sexual fantasies are increasingly viewed as a necessary component to a healthy relationship. Accordingly, theorists have argued that fantasies may be used to encourage and promote sexual pleasure between partners. Researchers have additionally found a positive correlation between instances of sexual fantasizing and increased orgasm, arousal, and general contentment. The relative benefits of sexual fantasies are summarized in a statement by Stroller; "sexual fantasies are a private pornography in which we rehearse over and over again needs that are nearly impossible to fulfil in actual sex". Sexual fantasizing therefore allows an individual to fulfil desires that cannot be realistically achieved. In this sense, researchers assert that fantasizing about extra-marital, or multiple-partner sex is positively correlated with long-term partnerships. As such, sexual fantasies are viewed as means to combat sexual dissatisfaction. Sexual fantasising may also be used to settle relational hardships, as opposed to sexual dissatisfaction. For instance, women from disturbed marriages were found to fantasise significantly more often than happily married women. Creating hypothetical scenarios may be used as a coping mechanism, particularly by women, in handling stress and discomfort. As such, fantasies allow individuals to enter a new realm (e.g. experience a position of power, innocence, or guilt) that contrasts the source of anguish, and enhances feelings of self-worth. The purpose and function of sexual fantasies are explained rather differently from an evolutionary perspective. Bowlby's (1969/1982) attachment theory asserts that the absence of adequate attachment figures can devastate self-esteem. It is suggested that more anxiously attached individuals use sex to attain emotional security. Accordingly, they might engage in sex through a longing for sexual intimacy, and increase the frequency of sexual behavior under conditions that challenge the status of their relationship. Contrastingly, the avoidant attachment type is apprehensive about the intimacy posed by sexual relations, and will take active measures to avoid feelings of closeness. Patterns of sexual behavior include emotion free sex with casual partners, engaging in sex to promote oneself, and feelings of detachment during intercourse. Sexual fantasies are likely to follow attachment-related themes. It is noted that anxious attachment individuals report significantly more instances of sexual fantasizing, and portray the self as feeble, dependable and powerless. Avoidant attachment types report fantasies in which relationships are regarded as cold, unfeeling and impersonal. As such, sexual fantasies serve the primary function of fulfilling interpersonal goals through the mode of mental representation. Evolutionary theory provides another interesting explanation as to the purpose and function of gender differences in sexual fantasies. Research literature states that women are more likely to prioritize their own physical and emotional sensations, where men conjure images of sexual partners. Women are also more likely to fantasize about a single individual with whom they have shared history, or those whom they wish to pursue a long-term relationship. Throughout the course of time, it has proved advantageous for the male to copulate with young and fertile females. They evolved an ability to decipher "fresh features" of reproductive partners; clear skin, thick hair, fuller lips, and so forth. By comparison, females are driven to reproduce on the basis of parental investment, and a quality gene pool possessed by the male. From a female perspective, the risks of copulating with multiple male partners far outweigh any potential benefits. It is therefore unsurprising that males visualize specific physical features; its origins and purpose can be found in evolution. It also follows that where males project outwardly, viewing women and a means to obtain sexual pleasure, women have become conditioned to remain passive in this role. They do so under close scrutiny of male sexual attention, to fantasize a specific and special partner. A person may have no desire to carry out a fantasy; people often use fantasies to help plan out future sexual encounters. Fantasies occur in all individuals and at any time of the day, although it has been suggested that they are more common among frequent daydreamers. Sexual fantasy is frequent during masturbation, although this may be truer for men than for women. During sexual contact, some people can use their fantasies to "turn off" undesirable aspects of an act. Conversely, a person may use fantasy to focus and maintain arousal, such as a man receiving fellatio ignoring a distraction. Men tend to be aware of only parts of themselves during sex—they are more likely to focus on the physical stimulation of one area, and as such, do not see themselves as a "whole". Many couples share their fantasies to feel closer and gain more intimacy and trust, or simply to become more aroused or effect a more powerful physical response. Some couples share fantasies as a form of outercourse; this has been offered as an explanation for the rise of BDSM during the 1980s — in order to avoid contracting HIV, people turned to BDSM as a safe outlet for sexual fantasy. Couples may also act out their fantasies through sexual roleplay. Fantasies may also be used as a part of sex therapy. They can enhance insufficiently exciting sexual acts to promote higher levels of sexual arousal and release. A 1986 study that looked at married women indicated that sexual fantasies helped them achieve arousal and orgasm. As a part of therapy, anorgasmic women are commonly encouraged to use fantasy and masturbation. Common fantasies The incidence of sexual fantasies is nearly universal, but vary by gender, age, sexual orientation, and society. However, because of a reliance on retrospective recall, as well as response bias and taboo, there is an inherent difficulty in measuring the frequency of types of fantasies. In general, the most common fantasies for men and women are: reliving an exciting sexual experience, imagining sex with a current partner, and imagining sex with a different partner. There is no consistent difference in the popularity of these three categories of fantasies. The next most common fantasies involve oral sex, sex in a romantic location, sexual power or irresistibility, and rape. According to a 2004 United States survey, the incidence of certain fantasies is higher than the actual performance. Gender differences Origins of sexual fantasies The sexes have been found to contrast with respect to where their fantasies originate from. Men tend to fantasize about past sexual experiences, whereas women are more likely to conjure an imaginary lover or sexual encounter that they have not experienced previously. Male fantasies tend to focus more on visual imagery and explicit anatomic detail, with men being more interested in visual sexual stimulation and fantasies about casual sex encounters, regardless of sexual orientation. On the other hand, women's fantasies tend to be more focused upon mental sexual stimulation and contain more emotion and connection. Thus, women are more likely to report romantic sexual fantasies that are high in intimacy and affection, for instance associating their male partner with heroism and viewing them as chivalric rescuers. Evolutionary theory offers an explanation for this finding, such that women may be likely to show commitment to their male partner in return for his investment of resources to help raise her offspring, thus increasing offspring chance of survival. Types of sexual fantasies Much research has been conducted which has highlighted several gender differences in sexual fantasies. Some of the patterns which have frequently emerged include men's greater tendency to report sexual fantasies falling in the following categories: exploratory, intimate, impersonal, and sadomasochism. Exploratory fantasies include those of homosexual encounters and group sex, whilst fantasies of watching others engage in sexual intercourse and fetishism are classed as impersonal sexual fantasies. Women are also likely to report fantasies involving the same-sex partner, or those with a famous person, although both sexes have been found to prefer intimate fantasies over the other three types outlined, including fantasies of oral sex and sex outdoors. Frequent themes Another way the sexes differ is that men are much more likely to fantasize about having multiple sexual partners (i.e., having threesomes or orgies) compared to women and seek greater partner variation in their sexual fantasies. Evolutionary theory suggests that this may be due to men's capacity to produce many offspring at any one time by impregnating multiple females, and thus predicts that males will be much more open to the concept of multiple partnerships in order to increase reproductive success and continue their genetic line. The sexes also differ in terms of how much they fantasize about dominance and submission. Men fantasize about dominance much more frequently than submission, whereas women fantasize about submission much more frequently than dominance. Despite these differences, most individuals do not conform to these gendered sexual stereotypes, and that male sexuality is not innately aggressive, nor is female sexuality inherently passive, and that these stereotypes may decline with age. Sexual fantasies may instead vary as a result of individual differences, such as personality or learning experiences, and not gender per se. Indeed, it has been suggested that gender differences in sexual fantasies have actually narrowed over time, and may continue to do so, for example with regard to variety of sexual fantasy and the amount of fantasizing reported by each of the sexes. Age The age of first experiencing a sexual fantasy has also been found to differ between the sexes. Males are likely to report this at a younger age, typically between the years of 11 and 13, and describe these as being more explicit in content. Themes that were common to both genders regarding first sexual fantasies included sex with celebrities (such as movie stars), and also teachers. It has been noted that sexual fantasy preferences of the two genders also change as a function of age. For instance, younger men have been found to endorse more fantasies with multiple partners, a trend which declines with age, whilst homosexual fantasies increase slightly. Meanwhile, for women, fantasies with strangers and same-sex partners remain relatively stable across the lifespan. Paraphilic sexual fantasies Sex differences have also been found with regard to paraphilic fantasies (i.e. those which are considered to be atypical). Examples of paraphilic sexual fantasies include incest, voyeurism, transvestic fetishism, sex with animals (see zoophilia), and pedophilia. One study reported that over 60% of men admitted to a sexual fantasy involving intercourse with an underage partner, and 33% of males reported rape fantasies. Along with other sexual fantasies, it is thought that the age of occurrence for paraphilic sexual fantasies is usually before 18 years, although this has been found to vary according to the specific fantasy at hand. Unusual sexual fantasies are more common in men, with fantasies of urinating on their sexual partner and being urinated on being significantly higher among males. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) states that paraphilias are rarely diagnosed in women, with the exception of sexual masochism. Furthermore, sexual arousal has been found to be greater in men than in women when asked to entertain the thought of engaging in paraphilic sexual activity. It may, however, be the case that paraphilias are reported less often in women because they are under-researched in women. Paraphilic sexual fantasies in females include sexual sadism, exhibitionism, and pedophilia. Execution of sexual fantasies Sexual fantasies may be more likely to be executed in contemporary society due to more liberalized attitudes towards the previously taboo topic of sex, and increased awareness of the variety of sexual experiences that now exist. Women are more likely to act upon their sexual fantasies than men since it has been suggested that they fantasize about sexual activities within their range of experience, which therefore makes them more possible to act out. The link between sexual fantasies involving dominance (e.g. rape fantasies) and likelihood of displaying aggressive behavior in real life has been investigated, with connections being found in relation to sexual crimes committed by men and fantasies of sexual coercion. This may be especially more likely if the individual displays high levels of psychopathic traits. Theoretical frameworks Since numerous variables influence sexual fantasy, the differences between gender can be examined through multiple theoretical frameworks. Social constructionism predicts that sexual socialisation is a strong predictor of sexual fantasy and that gender differences are the result of social influences. From this perspective, it is believed that female sexuality is more malleable since it is influenced to a greater extent by cultural views and expectations regarding how women should think and behave. In contrast, evolutionary theory (also known as evolutionary psychology or sociobiology) predicts that sexual fantasy is predisposed to biological factors. For example, some studies have found that women prefer fantasizing about familiar lovers, whereas male sexual fantasies involve anonymous partners. A social constructionist explanation may say that this is because women are raised to be chaste and selective with men, whereas evolutionary theory may state that ancestral women preferred the reproductive security of having one partner, such that being faithful to him will result in a greater likelihood of him investing resources in her and her offspring, an idea which is still ingrained in modern women today. Evolutionary psychology can also help to shed light on the finding that females have a higher proportion of sexual fantasies involving a male celebrity. The theory suggests that this mating strategy may have been advantageous for our female ancestors, such that affiliation with a high status male increases offspring survival rate via protection and provision. Sexual orientation In 1979, Masters and Johnson carried out one of the first studies on sexual fantasy in homosexual men and women, though their data-collection method is unclear. Their sample consisted of 30 gay men and lesbians, and they found that the five most common fantasies for homosexual men were images of sexual anatomy (primarily the penis and buttocks), forced sexual encounters, an idyllic setting for sex, group sex, and sex with women. A 1985 study found that homosexual men preferred unspecified sexual activity with other men, oral sex, and sex with another man not previously involved. In both studies, homosexual and heterosexual men shared similar fantasies, but with genders switched. A 2006 non-representative study looked at homosexual men in India. It found that when compared to heterosexual male fantasies, homosexual males were more focused on exploratory, intimate, and impersonal fantasies. There were no differences in sadomasochistic fantasies. In general, there was little difference in the top fantasies of homosexual versus heterosexual males. At the time of the study, homosexuality was illegal. A 2005 study compared heterosexual and homosexual women in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and found some differences in the content of their fantasies. In gender-specific findings, homosexual women had more fantasies about specific parts of a woman (face, breasts, clitoris, vagina, buttocks, arms or hair), while heterosexual women had more fantasies about specific parts of a man's body (face, penis, buttocks, arms or hair). Homosexual women also had more fantasies of "delighting many women"; there was no significant difference when subjects were asked if they fantasized about delighting many men. There was no significant difference in responses to questions that were not gender-specific. Force Rape or ravishment is a common sexual fantasy among both men and women, either generically or as an ingredient in a particular sexual scenario. The fantasy may involve the fantasist as either the one being forced or coerced into sexual activity or as the perpetrator. Some studies have found that women tend to fantasize about being forced into sex more commonly than men. A 1974 study by Hariton and Singer found that being "overpowered or forced to surrender" was the second most frequent fantasy in their survey; a 1984 study by Knafo and Jaffe ranked being overpowered as their study's most common fantasy during intercourse; and a 1988 study by Pelletier and Herold found that over half of their female respondents had fantasies of forced sex. Other studies have found the theme, but with lower frequency and popularity. However, these female fantasies in no way imply that the subject desires to be raped in reality—the fantasies often contain romantic images where the woman imagines herself being seduced, and the male that she imagines is desirable. Most importantly, the woman remains in full control of her fantasy. The fantasies do not usually involve the woman getting hurt. Conversely, some women who have been sexually victimized in the past report unwanted sexual fantasies, similar to flashbacks of their victimization. They are realistic, and the woman may recall the physical and psychological pain involved. The most frequently cited hypothesis for why women fantasize of being forced into some sexual activity is that the fantasy avoids societally induced guilt—the woman does not have to admit responsibility for her sexual desires and behavior. A 1978 study by Moreault and Follingstad was consistent with this hypothesis, and found that women with high levels of sex guilt were more likely to report fantasy themed around being overpowered, dominated, and helpless. In contrast, Pelletier and Herold used a different measure of guilt and found no correlation. Other research suggests that women who report forced sex fantasies have a more positive attitude towards sexuality, contradicting the guilt hypothesis. A 1998 study by Strassberg and Lockerd found that women who fantasized about force were generally less guilty and more erotophilic, and as a result had more frequent and more varied fantasies. Additionally, it said that force fantasies are clearly not the most common or the most frequent. Social views Social views on sexual fantasy (and sex in general) differ throughout the world. The privacy of a person's fantasy is influenced greatly by social conditions. Because of the taboo status of sexual fantasies in many places around the world, open discussion—or even acknowledgment—is forbidden, forcing fantasies to stay private. In more lax conditions, a person may share their fantasies with close friends, significant others, or a group of people with whom the person is comfortable. The moral acceptance and formal study of sexual fantasy in Western culture is relatively new. Prior to their acceptance, sexual fantasies were seen as evil or sinful, and they were commonly seen as horrid thoughts planted into the minds of people by "agents of the devil". Even when psychologists were willing to accept and study fantasies, they showed little understanding and went so far as to diagnose sexual fantasies in females as a sign of hysteria. Prior to the early twentieth century, many experts viewed sexual fantasy (particularly in females) as abnormal. Sigmund Freud suggested that those who experienced sexual fantasies were sexually deprived or frustrated or that they lacked adequate sexual stimulation and satisfaction. Over several decades, sexual fantasies became more acceptable as notable works and compilations, such as "Morality, Sexual Facts and Fantasies", by Dr Patricia Petersen, Alfred Kinsey's Kinsey Reports, Erotic Fantasies: A Study of the Sexual Imagination by Phyllis and Eberhard Kronhausen, and Nancy Friday's My Secret Garden, were published. Today, they are regarded as natural and positive elements of one's sexuality, and are often used to enhance sexual practices, both in normal settings and in therapy. Many Christians believe that the Bible prohibits sexual fantasies about people other than one's spouse in Matthew 5:28. Others believe that St Paul includes fantasy when he condemns works of the flesh such as "immorality" or "uncleanness". Despite the Western World's relatively lax attitudes towards sexual fantasy, many people elsewhere still feel shame and guilt about their fantasies. This may contribute to personal sexual dysfunction, and regularly leads to a decline in the quality of a couple's sex life. Guilt and jealousy While most people do not feel guilt or disgust about their sexual thoughts or fantasies, a substantial number do. In general, men and women are equally represented in samples of those who felt guilt about their fantasies. The most notable exception was found in a 1991 study that showed that women felt more guilt and disgust about their first sexual fantasies. In women, greater guilt about sex was associated with less frequent and less varied sexual fantasies, and in men, it was associated with less sexual arousal during fantasies. Women also reported more intense guilt than men; both sexes reported greater guilt if their arousal and orgasm depended on a fantasy. Studies have also been carried out to examine the direct connection between guilt and sexual fantasy, as opposed to sex and guilt. One study found that in a sample of 160 conservative Christians, 16% of men and women reported guilt after sexual fantasies, 5% were unhappy with themselves, and 45% felt that their fantasies were "morally flawed or unacceptable". Studies that examined guilt about sexual fantasy by age have unclear results—Knoth et al. (1998) and Ellis and Symons (1990) found that younger people tended to feel less guilt about their fantasies, whereas Mosher and White (1980) found the opposite. A 2006 study examined guilt and jealousy in American heterosexual married couples. It associated guilt with an individual's fantasy ("How guilty do you feel when you fantasize about...") and jealousy with the partner's fantasy ("How jealous do you feel when your partner fantasizes about..."). Higher levels of guilt were found among women, couples in the 21–29 age range, shorter relationships and marriages, Republicans, and Roman Catholics; lower levels in men, couples in the 41–76 range, longer relationships, Democrats, and Jews. Higher levels of jealousy were found in women, couples in the 21–29 range, Roman Catholics and non-Jewish religious affiliations; lower levels were found in men, couples in the 41–76 range, and Jews and the non-religious. Sexual crimes Deviant sexual fantasies Deviant sexual fantasies are sexual fantasies which involve illegal, nonconsensual, and sadistic themes. While people with paraphilia have deviant sexual fantasies, deviant sexual fantasies are not atypical and/or paraphilic. DSM-5 defines paraphilia as intense and persistent atypical preferences for sexual activities or targets like spanking, whipping, binding with erotic targets like children, animals, and/or rubber etc. While DSM-5 recognizes that paraphillias do not have to be pathological, psychiatrists still find it difficult to differentiate between paraphilic interests and paraphilic disorders, because the concept of normal of sexual fantasies is subjective. It is based on factors like history, society, culture and politics. For example, masturbation, oral, anal and homosexual sex were once illegal in some American states and even considered to be paraphilic disorders in earlier DSM revisions. When a study used statistical analysis and the Wilson sex fantasy questionnaire to investigate atypical fantasies, having zoophilllic or pedophillic fantasies were found to be rare and only 7 themes including urination, crossdressing, rape etc. were considered atypical. A lot of studies have also found that "atypical" sexual fantasies are quite common as indulging in greater varieties of sexual fantasies increases sex-life satisfaction. For example, in 2011 study found that over half of the older men in Berlin had "atypical" sexual fantasies with 21.8% of them having sadistic fantasies–a prerequisite for sexual murders. Another study found that dominance and submission themes were extremely popular in pornographic searches. Sexual crimes Most research into sexual crimes involve men. Sexual crimes such as sexual homicides are quite rare because most deviant sexual fantasizers never engaged in deviant sexual behaviors and are not at risk of engaging in sexual crimes. Some have suggested that the frequency of sexual crimes is underestimated due to the narrowness of the legal definition of sexual homicides. The investigations of sexual crimes face several limitations such as the "definitions of sexual crimes, how and where the crimes are committed, incomplete or inaccurate information due to offender's motive to exaggerate, legal restrictions" and researchers' approaches (the essentialist-descriptive approach or phenomenological descriptive approach). Risk factors Deviant and sadistic sexual fantasies are believed to be the underlying risk factors for sexual crimes. 70–85% of sexual offenders extensively engage in deviant sexual fantasies, and certain themes can be attributed to types of sex crimes. For example, serial sexual murderers have more rape fantasies than non-serial sexual murderers and 82% of offenders that use a weapon engage in violent sexual fantasies. Offenders that report deviant sexual fantasies have also been found to be more dangerous than offenders that do not. Other risk factors that contribute to the likelihood of sex crimes include biological, physiological and psychological factors like mental disorders (especially paranoia and psychosis); violent history, arrests, poor academic performance, substance abuse, financial gain, unemployment, and watching pornography. However, it is usually the combination of childhood sexual abuse and deviant fantasies that facilitate the jump from sexual fantasies to sexual crimes and the nature of the crimes. For example, most rapists report both early traumatic experiences and sexually deviant fantasies and sex murderers of children reported a significantly more pre-crime childhood sexual abuse and deviant sexual fantasies than sexual murderers of women. Sadistic sexual fantasies Sadistic themes are consistently present in the sexual fantasies of offenders across various types of sexual crimes and varying risk factors. They typically involve finding victims, causing harm/pain during sexual intercourse and feelings of grandiosity/omnipotence during arousal. They occur in high prevalence alongside other paraphilic fantasies in psychopaths and individuals with dark triad traits. High narcissism correlate strongly with impersonal sexual fantasies and studies suggested that the deviant and sadistic sexual fantasies serve as a coping mechanism for narcissistic vulnerability. Higher levels of psychopathy are associated with, impersonal, unrestricted, deviant, paraphilic and wide ranges of sexual fantasies. However, it has been suggested that this is due to an increased sex drive, which correlates with paraphilic interests. Also, psychopathy increases the effect that porn has on the development of deviant fantasies such its contribution to the likelihood of engaging in rape fantasies. The effects of psychopathy go further to increase likelihood of individuals carrying out their unrestricted deviant fantasies in real life such as engaging in BDSM/sadomasochism or even rape. However, BDSM fantasies have become quite common among the general population, possibly due to its normalization by the popular Fifty Shades trilogy. The capitalization of the Fifty Shades trilogy changed the perception of BDSM from being extreme, marginalized and dangerous to being fun, fashionable, and exciting. Mainstreaming Fifty Shades has increased visibility and acceptability of BDSM and has embedded it in everyday life. Sadistic sexual fantasies and crime Sadistic sexual fantasy is one of the key factors for understanding serial killers. Their sexual crimes are "tryouts" that maintain and develop their fantasies; i.e. they commit crimes according to their fantasies, then incorporate the crimes into their fantasies to increase arousal and subsequently develop its sadistic content. A lot of sexual homicides are well planned due to extensive practice in form of sexual fantasies. The murders involve the infliction of a lot of pain and terror and this serves to satisfy the sadistic fantasy, albeit only temporarily. They start trying to replicate their fantasies more accurately with practice and will continue until they are caught as a fantasy can never be replicated with 100% accuracy. Childhood abuse plays a significant role in determining if sadistic fantasies will be tried out in real life. Most sexual offenders that suffered childhood sexual abuse reveal an early onset of rape fantasies, and sexual concerns like sexual conflict, incompetence, inhibitions, ignorance and social dysfunction. These concerns cause stress and the offender relies on their deviant fantasies as a coping mechanism for their stress. The unsuccessful resolution of the aforementioned issues causes an obsession with their fantasy world, where they feel in control. They become heavily invested in their deviant fantasies and when their fantasies start to lose their effectiveness due to desensitization or repression, they escalate and start actualizing their fantasies to relieve internal stress. They plan their crimes to feel arousal or commit violent compulsive murders. Violent compulsive crimes are impulsive and occur because resistance and restrictions that prevent violent and sadistic fantasies from being acted out, can lead to anxiety or psychosomatic manifestations. These manifestations then cause uncontrollable desires to act out one's fantasy in order to find relief. Researchers found that the sadistic contents in fantasies began appearing about 1–7 years after the start of masturbation. Due to social awkwardness, most offenders lacked the opportunity to practice their sexual skills with a desired partner or gender and this contributes significantly to their reliance on their fantasies. Eventually, their fantasies and "tryouts" become their only source of arousal. Some studies suggest that deviant sexual scripts might be learnt through social learning theory due to an early exposure via sexual molestation and reinforcements by orgasms and masturbation. However, not all sexually molested children grow up to be offenders unable to stop themselves from acting out their fantasies. MacCulloch and colleagues have suggested that the early traumatic experiences cause the early development of sadistic fantasies through sensory preconditioning and this might be the reason offenders find it too difficult to restrain themselves from trying out their sadistic fantasies in real life. While some might argue cognitive distortions as the cause of sexual crimes such as pedophilia, evidence suggests that cognitive distortions are used to justify actions after caught and do not motivate them. See also Notes References Citations Bibliography Journal articles Books Friday, Nancy (1998). Men In Love. New York: Delta Trade Paperbacks. . Theses and dissertations , presented to the Department of Psychology of the University of South Carolina. , presented to the Faculty of the School of Human Service Professions, Widener University. , presented to the Department of Educational Psychology, Administration, and Counseling, California State University. Other Sexual fantasies
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Більський повіт (Гродненська губернія)
Більський повіт (Гродненська губернія) Більський повіт — історична адміністративно-територіальна одиниця Білостоцької області та Гродненської губернії Російської імперії з центром у місті Більськ. Значну частку населення становили українці. Повіт було створено 1808 року у складі Білостоцької області. 1843 року з ліквідацією області повіт підпорядковано Гродненській губернії. У 1921 році під владою Другої Речі Посполитої територія повіту опинилась у Білостоцькому воєводстві з майже повною зміною внутрішнього адміністративно-територіального устрою. Адміністративний поділ На 1913 рік повіт поділявся на 15 волостей: Городиська Дубажинська; Кленицька; Лосинська; Малешівська; Наройська; Новоберезовська; Олександрівська; Олексинська; Орлянська; Павлівська; Пасинківська; Райська; Семятицька; Шкурецька. Населення За статтею Йосипа Ярошевича 1848 року в повіті проживало понад 104 тис. осіб, діяло 35 руських парафій і 24 польські. У містах населення складали представники різної національності — русини, росіяни, поляки, «мінці», євреї, тоді як сільські поселення ділилися на етнічно русинські та польські (мазурські). Розмежування проходило приблизно по середині повіту, в напрямку від південно-західної до північно-східної його межі, з взаємними вкрапленнями поселень обох національностей. Як зазначав автор статті, мова русинів повіту мало відрізнялася від «прозодії мови волинської» й посідала проміжне місце між мовою пинських полішуків і берестян, хоча й не мала «волинського наголосу, який чується у тамтих». У 1879 році в повіті проживав 122 041 мешканець, з них: 60 тис. — православних (до 1875 р. — греко-католики), 49 753 — римокатоликів, 11 616 — юдеїв, 249 — євангелістів. За працею російського військового статистика Олександра Ріттіха «Племенной состав контингентов русской армии и мужского населения Европейской России» 1875 року серед чоловіків призовного віку повіту частка українців становила 63 %, мазурів — 27,2 %, євреїв — 9 %, німців — 0,4 %, татар — 0,03 %. За переписом 1897 року чисельність населення становила 164 441 особа, з них у повітовому місті Більськ — 7464 особи, заштатному Брянську — 4087 осіб. Розподіл населення за рідною мовою згідно з переписом 1897 року: Примітки Джерела Демоскоп Weekly — Додаток. Довідник статистичних показників — S. 214—215. Історична географія Польщі Держави і території, засновані 1808 засновані в Європі 1808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahez
Ahez
Ahez is a French vocal group from Carhaix, Brittany, consisting of Marine Lavigne, Sterenn Diridollou and Sterenn Le Guillou. The trio represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 together with Alvan with the song "Fulenn". History Diridollou, Lavigne and Le Guillou met during their studies at Diwan secondary school in Carhaix, Brittany, where they practised the traditional singing style kan ha diskan. The name "Ahez" comes from , a popular etymology for the Breton name of Carhaix, and Ahes, a Breton mythological figure. The group started performing at fest-noz festivals in 2018, and took part in the 2018 edition of the Inter-Celtic Festival of Lorient with the band Eben. In the summer of 2021, they met singer and producer Alvan in a bar in Rennes. Together, they participated in Eurovision France, c'est vous qui décidez ! 2022 ("Eurovision France, you decide ! 2022"), the French national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, with the song "Fulenn". They went on to win the competition, winning both the jury vote and televote. "Fulenn" was the first Eurovision entry to be sung in Breton since . At the end of 2022, the group collaborated with the traditional Asturian group Algaire on the song in Asturian "Llume", and wrote a verse in the Breton language. A clip was released in January 2023. In August the two groups sing together at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient 2023. Discography Singles References External links Musical groups established in 2018 Vocal trios French musical trios Breton musical groups Breton-language singers Celtic fusion groups Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2022 Eurovision Song Contest entrants for France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonnais
Lyonnais
Lyonnais The Lyonnais is a historical province of France which owes its name to the city of Lyon. The geographical area known as the Lyonnais became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy after the division of the Carolingian Empire. The disintegration of Imperial control, especially after the fall of the Hohenstaufens in 1254, led to French encroachment and eventual acquisition by King Philip IV of France in 1313. Lyonnais now often simply refers to the area around the city of Lyon. The local speech-form known as Lyonnais is a dialect of the Francoprovençal language that is spoken in the region, but its use is marginal. References External links Former provinces of France
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%2C%20%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%29
Кларк (округ, Айова)
Кларк (округ, Айова) Округ Кларк — округ (графство) у штаті Айова, США. Ідентифікатор округу 19039. Історія Округ утворений 1846 року. Демографія За даними перепису 2000 року загальне населення округу становило 9133 осіб, зокрема міського населення було 4264, а сільського — 4869. Серед мешканців округу чоловіків було 4496, а жінок — 4637. В окрузі було 3584 домогосподарства, 2498 родин, які мешкали в 3934 будинках. Середній розмір родини становив 3,01. Віковий розподіл населення поданий у таблиці: Суміжні округи Воррен — північний схід Декатур — південь Лукас — схід Юніон — захід Медісон — північний захід Див. також Список округів штату Айова Виноски Кларк (округ, Айова)
320597
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%20%28%D0%A9%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
Дубове (Щастинський район)
Дубове (Щастинський район) Дубове — село в Україні, у Новоайдарській селищній громаді Щастинського району Луганської області. Населення становить 68 осіб. Населення За даними перепису 2001 року населення села становило 68 осіб, з них 11,76% зазначили рідною українську мову, а 88,24% — російську. Фото Примітки Посилання Погода в селі Дубове Села Щастинського району
4923155
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC
Гоффенгайм
Гоффенгайм — один з районів міста Зінсгайм, Німеччина. До 1972 року Гоффенгайм — село в окрузі Рейн-Неккар землі Баден-Вюртемберг. З 1972 року належить до міста Зінсгайм. Гоффенгайм відомий всій Німеччині завдяки футбольній команді «Гоффенгайм 1899», яка виступає в першій Бундеслізі з 2008 року. На місцевому діалекті назва місця — Гоффе. Примітки Посилання Профіль на сайті міста Зінсгайм Зінсгайм
2545845
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%20%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%20%28%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%29
Урочище Лупені (заказник)
Урочище Лупені (заказник) Урочище «Лупені» — ботанічний заказник місцевого значення. Об'єкт розташований на території Снятинського району Івано-Франківської області, Заболотівське лісництво, квартал 23, виділи 17—19, квартал 24, виділи 1—4. Площа — 8,9000 га, статус отриманий у 1993 році. Джерела Рішення обласної ради від 15.07.93 Ботанічні заказники Івано-Франківської області Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1993
252459
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5
Чорненкове
Чорненкове — село в Україні, в Синельниківському районі Дніпропетровської області. Входить до складу Покровської селищної громади. Населення становить 412 осіб. Орган місцевого самоврядування — Покровська селищна рада. Географія Село Чорненкове знаходиться на правому березі річки Вовча, вище за течією на відстані 2,5 км розташоване селище Покровське, нижче за течією на відстані 1 км розташоване село Левадне, на протилежному березі — село Старокасянівське. Поруч проходить залізниця, станція Мечетна за 3 км. Назва Назва походить від прізвища першого поселенця Я. Чорненка. Історія Засноване у 1807 році. У 1913 р. входило до складу Покровського. Об'єкти соціальної сфери Фельдшерсько-акушерський пункт. Будинок культури. Див. також Перелік населених пунктів, що постраждали від Голодомору 1932—1933 (Дніпропетровська область) Посилання Погода в селі Чорненкове Села Дніпропетровської області
1280601
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%29
Юрій Олефіренко (десантний корабель)
Юрій Олефіренко (десантний корабель) «Юрій Олефіренко» (L401, з 1996 по 2018 р. — U-401, до 1996 р. «СДК-137»; з 1996 по 2016 — «Кіровоград») — середній десантний корабель ВМС України проєкту 773, за класифікацією НАТО — десантний корабель класу Polnocny-C. Корабель названий ім'ям Юрія Олефіренка — капітана I рангу Збройних сил України, командира 73-го морського центру спеціального призначення (2014—2015). Постійне місце базування — військовий порт міста Очаків. Історія У військово-морському флоті СРСР Середній десантний корабель «СДК-137» було збудовано на Гданській Північній корабельні, що у Польщі. Корабель було спущено на воду 31 грудня 1970 року, а 31 травня 1971 «СДК-137» було прийнято до складу 39-ї дивізії морських десантних сил (39-та ДІМДС), яка базувалася на Кримській військово-морській базі (Донузлав). Війна Судного дня Восени 1973 року корабель у складі Середземноморської ескадри, маючи на борту підрозділ морської піхоти, знаходився в зоні збройного конфлікту Ізраїлю та Єгипту. Під час цього бойового походу екіпажем корабля була відбита атака ізраїльського F-4 Phantom. Літак було збито, а один член екіпажу був нагороджений радянським орденом Червоної Зірки. У складі Військово-морських сил України По розділу Чорноморського флоту СДК-137 у квітні 1994 року відійшов до України, де отримав найменування U-401 «Кіровоград». З 10 січня 1996 року — у складі ВМС України. 1998 р. корабель зарахувалии до складу другої бригади десантних кораблів і передислокували для ремонту в Балаклавський судноремонтний завод «Металіст». Брав участь у серії міжнародних навчань. У 2001 році пройшов середній ремонт, наприкінці 2008 року — поточний ремонт. 21 березня 2014-го корабель захопили російські війська, але 19 квітня у результаті успішних переговорів російська сторона повернула його Україні. Буксири перевезли його до Одеси. 3 липня 2016, у День ВМС України, перейменований на честь Юрія Олефіренка, українського військовика і капітана I рангу, який загинув у січні 2015 року від мінометного обстрілу біля Маріуполя під час війни на сході України. 23 травня 2018 року корабель разом із бронекатерами «Аккерман» та «Вишгород» взяв участь у святкуванні сотої річниці морської піхоти України. Одночасно чорні берети на берети кольору морської хвилі змінили морпіхи на бойових позиціях поблизу населених пунктів Широкине, Лебединське, Водяне, Чормалик, на адміністративному кордоні з тимчасово окупованою територією Криму — на Чонгарі, на узбережжях Чорного й Азовського морів, а також на борту середнього десантного корабля «Юрій Олефіренко». Наразі корабель базується в Очакові. 7 червня 2019 року корабель зайшов до акваторії Миколаївського судноремонтного заводу. Планували провести ремонт зовнішньої обшивки та конструкцій корпусу судна, головного двигуна та дизель-генераторів, електромеханічної частини, дейдвудної та гвинто-стернової системи, якірно-швартового пристрою та інших систем. На початок вересня за графіком завершується ремонт системи головного двигуна та дизель-генераторів. Також за планом — ремонт носової артилерійської установки АК-230 й відновлення конструкцій та механізмів десантної апарелі. 16 січня 2020 завершився ремонт корабля, згідно з планом ремонту корабля виконали ремонт системи головного двигуна та дизель-генераторів, носової артилерійської установки АК-230, конструкцій та механізмів десантної апарелі. Запізнення було викликане через додатковий обсяг робіт, що необхідно було провести після виявлення проблем в одній із систем. У 2020 році корабель пройшов доковий ремонт для відновлення корпусу корабля, а також його донно-забірної апаратури. 1 липня 2020 року середній десантний корабель (СДК) «Юрій Олефіренко» (L401) став у док ДП «Миколаївський суднобудівний завод» ДК «Укроборонпром» (МСЗ) для виконання ремонтних робіт. Для ремонту корабель завели у спеціальний плавучий док, що спеціалізується на ремонті такого класу кораблів. Плавучий док Миколаївського суднобудівного заводу має наступні характеристики: Довжина стапель-палуби, м — 139.50. Ширина проміж колонами, м — 24.60. Вантажність, т — 7000 30 листопада 2020 року середній десантний корабель ВМС ЗС України «Юрій Олефіренко» повернувся на службу після докового ремонту. У листопаді 2021 року долучився до міжнародних навчань у Чорному морі за участі флотів США, Румунії та Туреччини. Російсько-українська війна На початку червня 2022 року російська пропаганда поширила відео артилерійського обстрілу гавані в Очакові, де стояли декілька цивільних суден та кораблів ВМС України, зокрема — середній десантний корабель «Юрій Олефіренко». Із цього епізоду видання Defense Express зробило висновок, що в Очакові стоїть залога українських військ, яка заважає російським загарбникам відкрити водне сполучення з окупованим ним Херсоном, адже гавань Очакова є точкою, на якій «замикаються» виходи одразу з чотирьох портів на півдні України — «Миколаїв», «Ніка-Тера», «Ольвія» та «Херсон». 23 червня 2022 року корабель відзначений почесною відзнакою «За мужність та відвагу». 29 жовтня 2022 року було поширено відео (дата зйомки невідома), на якому корабель веде вогонь з БМ-14. Станом на березень 2023 року на кораблі демонтовані 2 установки БМ-14, та замість них установлена одна установка БМ-21. Назва 2 липня 2016 року указом Президента України Петра Порошенка середній десантний корабель «Кіровоград» отримав нову назву — Юрій Олефіренко. Названий на честь Юрія Олефіренка, капітана I рангу Збройних сил України, командира 73-го морського центру спеціального призначення Військово-морських сил ЗС України (2014—2015) «За особисті заслуги перед Батьківщиною». Командири Цим десантним кораблем в складі ВМС України командували: капітан-лейтенант Андрій Білан капітан 3 рангу Ігор Пац капітан 3 рангу Юрій Тараненко капітан-лейтенант Роман Гладкий капітан 3-го рангу Дмитро Коваленко капітан 3-го рангу Василь Огаренко Галерея Див. також Список кораблів і суден Військово-Морських Сил України Костянтин Ольшанський (корабель) Примітки Посилання U-401 Середній десантний корабель «Кіровоград» Десантні кораблі ВМС України Судна за алфавітом Південна військово-морська база Кораблі, побудовані на Північній корабельні
127284
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastport%2C%20New%20York
Eastport, New York
Eastport, New York Eastport is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, on the South Shore of Long Island. The population was 1,831 at the 2010 census. History Eastport town is built on Shinnecock land. The present hamlet dates to 1772, when two men built the dam that formed what has come to be called the West Pond, which created a dividing line between Brookaven and Southampton. They built two mills below the dam, a saw mill and a gristmill. By 1845, the area to the east of the West Pond had come to be known as Waterville. The land to the west was called Seatuck, after a nearby creek. When, in 1860, the United States Postal Department needed to define the town to deliver mail, it combined the two areas. The name Seatuck was dropped for being too similar to Setauket, New York and the combined area was named Eastport. Eastport was long and best known as the center of Long Island's duck industry. The first duck farms were established in the area in the 1880s. In the first half of the 20th century it was the capital of the production of Long Island ducks, producing 6.5 million ducks a year from 29 farms going to market. By 1915, the Long Island Duck Growers' Association was located in Eastport; and, in 1949, Cornell University established the Duck Disease Research Laboratory there. Routine surveillance carried out by the Duck Disease Research Laboratory identified the first case of Duck hepatitis virus (DHV-1) in the United States 1949 and, in 1967, the first case of Duck plague on the American Continent. Practically all duck farms have been phased out and the descendants of the original farmers sold the valuable waterfront property for residential development projects. Geography Eastport straddles the border of the towns of Brookhaven and Southampton. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.41%, is water. Demographics Demographics for the CDP According to the 2020 census, there were 2,219 people, 656 households and 544 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 637 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.48% White, 1.75% Black or African American, 0.48% American Indian, 1.11% Asian, 7.08% from other races, and 7.56% from two or more races. There were 656 households and 767 housing units, with 83.23% as married couples living together. 12% of residents live alone, within which, 10.4% are 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.24. According to the 2021 American Community Survey, the population decreased slightly from the 2020 census, down to 2,095 people. The age distribution was: 19.9% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.6% of the population. The median income was $121,250 and the median family income was $138,333. The per capita income for the CDP was $45,891. 6.01% of the population were below the poverty threshold, with 3.34% of those aged 60 or over. Education Eastport is located within the Eastport-South Manor Central School District. Notable people Scott Disick, American media personality and socialite References External links Eastport, New York: World War I Monument: Globe Strutting Doughboy (Roadside America.com) Brookhaven, New York Southampton (town), New York Hamlets in New York (state) Census-designated places in New York (state) Census-designated places in Suffolk County, New York Hamlets in Suffolk County, New York Populated coastal places in New York (state)
1544777
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%20%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB
Марк Ковелл
Марк Ковелл (7 листопада 1967) — британський яхтсмен, олімпійський медаліст. Виступи на Олімпіадах Зовнішні посилання Досьє на sport.references.com британські яхтсмени Британські срібні олімпійські медалісти Уродженці Глазго Срібні призери літніх Олімпійських ігор 2000
2569865
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9
Стахановський
Стахановський — селище у складі Мурашинського району Кіровської області, Росія. Входить до складу Мурашинського сільського поселення. Населення становить 14 осіб (2010, 29 у 2002). Національний склад станом на 2002 рік — росіяни 86 %. Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Мурашинського району Селища Кіровської області
2669033
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96
Вартіокюлянлахті
Вартіокюлянлахті — довга і вузька затока на сході Гельсінкі, між районами Вартіокюля та Вуосаарі. Складова Фінської затоки Балтійського моря. Через затоку споруджено 417 метровий автомобільний міст Вуосаарі та метроміст. Затока оточена кварталами Мар'яніемі, Пуотіла, Вартіохар'ю, Растіла та Мері-Растіла. По берегах затоки розташовані пляжі та марини. Затоки Вартіокюлянлахті та Порварінлахті, на північ від Вуосаарі, є залишками протоки, яка до XVI століття відокремлювала материка від Вуосаарі. Середня частина протоки була настільки мілководною, що пізніше її осушили. Посилання Vartiokylänlahti ilmakuvassa Lahtipolku - Vartiokylänlahden kiertävä luontopolku Helsingin kaupungin ympäristökeskus: Vartiokylänlahden tila Фінська затока
840050
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meindert%20Hobbema
Meindert Hobbema
Meindert Hobbema Meindert Lubbertszoon Hobbema (bapt. 31 October 1638 – 7 December 1709) was a Dutch Golden Age painter of landscapes, specializing in views of woodland, although his most famous painting, The Avenue at Middelharnis (1689, National Gallery, London), shows a different type of scene. Hobbema was a pupil of Jacob van Ruisdael, the pre-eminent landscape painter of the Dutch Golden Age, and in his mature period produced paintings developing one aspect of his master's more varied output, specializing in "sunny forest scenes opened by roads and glistening ponds, fairly flat landscapes with scattered tree groups, and water mills", including over 30 of the last in paintings. The majority of his mature works come from the 1660s; after he married and took a job as an exciseman in 1668 he painted less, and after 1689 apparently not at all. He was not very well known in his lifetime or for nearly a century after his death, but became steadily more popular from the last decades of the 18th century until the 20th century. Life Hobbema was born and died in Amsterdam. The son of a carpenter named Lubbert Meyndertsz, he adopted his grandmother´s surname Hobbema quite early on, although it is not known why. He spent a period in an orphanage from 1653, but by about two years later he had left, and soon became the only documented pupil of the leading Amsterdam landscapist, Jacob van Ruisdael, whose influence was to dominate his work. Jan van Kessel may also have been a pupil of Ruisdael; he was close to Hobbema, who was godfather to his child in 1675. Hobbema's signed pictures come from 1658 to 1689. For a considerable period it was profitable to pass off Hobbemas as Ruisdaels, and Hobbema's name was probably removed from several of his works. Hobbema seems to have painted the figures on a number of Ruisdael's paintings; they were recognised as a weakness of the master. They may have travelled together a short way across the German border in 1661, via the Veluwe, Deventer and Ootmarsum. Hobbema married at the age of 30, to Eeltje Vinck from Gorcum, a maidservant to the burgomaster Lambert Reynst, at this point an important political figure in the "republican" Dutch States Party as brother-in-law to the De Graeff brothers (but soon to lose office and influence in the Rampjaar of 1672). She was four years older than him. The wedding was in the Oude Kerk (Old Church) at Amsterdam, on 2 November 1668. Witnesses to the marriage were the bride's brother Cornelius Vinck and Jacob van Ruisdael. The couple had five children (Eduart 1669, Eduart 1670, Pieternella 1671, Pieternella 1673 and Neeltje 1676). In 1704 Eeltje died, and was buried in the paupers' section of the Leiden cemetery at Amsterdam. Hobbema himself survived till December 1709, and was buried on the 14th of that month in the paupers' section of the Westerkerk cemetery at Amsterdam. Also in 1668, and presumably through the connection with his wife's ex-employer, he took the well-paid position of "wine-gauger" for the Amsterdam octroi, assessing and collecting local taxes on wine, holding this until his death. It is clear that his painting greatly reduced after this, but it did not end completely, as used to be thought. The quality of his work becomes uneven, though there are very successful late works, including The Avenue at Middelharnis, dated 1689 and one of his last paintings. After 1672 the Dutch art market "virtually collapsed" for the rest of the century, and other artists of his approximate generation produced much less, including Johannes Vermeer, Pieter de Hooch and Nicolaes Berchem. The Hobbema family lived in the Rozengracht in the Jordaan neighbourhood, as had Rembrandt in his later and impoverished days, as well as Adam Pynacker, Jacob van Loo, Cornelis Holsteyn and other artists. Rembrandt, Frans Hals, Jacob Ruisdael, and Hobbema all died in relative poverty, after they had fallen from fashion, and in Hobbema's case after the Dutch art market had largely collapsed. Hobbema and Ruisdael together represent the final development of Golden Age Dutch landscape art; by the end of Hobbema's career, demand had severely declined. Work Despite his apprenticeship with Jacob van Ruisdael, Hobbema's earliest paintings, from the late 1650s, are mostly river scenes more in the style of Cornelis Vroom and Salomon van Ruysdael. From around 1662 the influence of Jacob van Ruisdael becomes much stronger, and Hobbema settled into his speciality of wooded landscapes, very often with ponds, roads, and a building or two. Even within the Dutch painting of his day, where specialization in a particular type of subject-matter had become normal, his concentration on such a specific subject was rather unusual. The remainder of the 1660s, especially up to 1668, produced most of his best works, which increased in size and complexity as he perfected his style. His landscapes are sunnier than the equivalent scenes by Jacob van Ruisdael, with the principal trees typically seen with sky behind. His skill at varying effects of light and colour throughout a work is exceptional. He often makes use of double vanishing points to add interest to the composition. Some of his compositions, as late as 1664, are near-copies of Jacob van Ruysdael, and he often repeats his own compositions with variations; four of the five works in the Wallace Collection have other versions. For some of these he made use of assistants, though little is known about them or their role. His paths or roads normally wind diagonally across his composition through dense trees and vegetation, the trees spreading and varying in size. The water mills and other buildings are generally seen in the near distance, and generally only one or two appear in each picture. His compositions are carefully contrived and presumably imaginary, normally avoiding all symmetry. The Avenue at Middelharnis, a very late work, is a surprising break from most of these somewhat "tired conventions of his earlier work", and a very accurate depiction of a specific spot. In contrast to his usual scenes of rough woodland, in this scene the straight lines, lopped trees, deep drainage ditches on both sides of the road, and regimented young trees in the plot to the right, all emphasize the man-made nature of this landscape. A patch of rough woodland remains in the left foreground, contrasting with the saplings in rows on the right. The man tending to these is unusual in 17th-century Dutch landscapes, which rarely show anyone working the land. The Haarlem Lock, Amsterdam in the National Gallery is his only generally accepted townscape, and still shows a foreground mainly of trees and water. The corner of the street where Hobbema was living by 1668 can be seen at the left. In some cases he delegated the human figures in his paintings to Adriaen van de Velde and perhaps others, a common practice in the period. In others he did the figures but probably sub-contracted birds and animals. He often painted on oak panels, at least to the late 1660s; of the nine paintings in the National Gallery, five are on oak, but not the two dated 1689. No drawings certainly by him survive, and only a few are attributed. Despite this, it is thought that his compositions were mainly assembled and painted in the studio from a number of elements presumably recorded in drawings. Reputation Hobbema is not mentioned by Arnold Houbraken, the Vasari of the Dutch Golden Age, or indeed any literary source during his lifetime at all, and his work rarely appears in early auction catalogues, fetching little when it does. The English, and to some extent the French, were more appreciative of his work than the Dutch in the 18th century, and a large number of his works left Holland. His style had become influential and respected by the Romantic period, and began to climb in value, especially in England. He was loved by John Constable, John Crome and the Norwich School of painters, all of whom he influenced. By the 1820s prices could be over £1,000, and by 1900 over £10,000. A record price of £33,000 (equivalent) was reached in 1933 with a sale to America of a work from the Jan Six collection. The highest recent prices include a painting now in the Mauritshuis, The Hague, sold in December 1995 for £3.74 million (illustrated above), and a larger picture now in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, sold in July 2001 for £6.5 million, both at Sotheby's. Hobbema's modern critical reputation is equivocal, with several critics expressing a degree of boredom with his woodland scenes, while others are more appreciative. The Avenue at Middelharnis remains in near-universal favour, placed in a category by itself: "it is as if the artist had produced only a single picture" according to Christopher Lloyd. The situation is not helped by the surprising lack of art historical scholarship on him; there has not been a monograph since 1938, and that received a savage review from Neil MacLaren, the National Gallery's Dutch specialist. Kenneth Clark thought that "an artist as skillful as Hobbema grows tedious, because the elaboratedly described trees in his woodland scenes are not subordinated to a general principle of light". Other In 1891 a hamlet in Alberta (Canada) was called Hobbema after the painter. On 1 January 2014 the name was changed to Maskwacis (meaning Bear Hills) on request of the native Cree who live in the area. Notes References Ingamells, John, The Wallace Collection, Catalogue of Pictures, Vol IV, Dutch and Flemish, Wallace Collection, 1992, "Getty": Masterpieces of Painting in the J. Paul Getty Museum, ed. Denise Allen, 2003, Getty Publications, , 9780892367108, google books Langmuir, Erica, The National Gallery companion guide, 1997 revised edition, National Gallery, London, Levey, Michael, The National Gallery Collection, 1987, National Gallery Publications, Lloyd, Christopher, Enchanting the Eye, Dutch Paintings of the Golden Age, 2004, Royal Collection Publications, Lörzing, Han, The Nature of Landscape: A Personal Quest, 2001, 010 Publishers, 2001, , 9789064504082, google books Loughman, John, "Hobbema, Meindert" in Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 12 May. 2017. subscription required MacLaren, Neil, revised Christopher Brown, The Dutch School, 1600–1800, Volume I, 1991, National Gallery Catalogues, National Gallery, London, Reitlinger, Gerald; The Economics of Taste, Vol I: The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760–1960, 1961, Barrie and Rockliffe, London Slive, Seymour, Dutch Painting, 1600–1800, Yale UP, 1995, Further reading Masters of 17th-century Dutch Landscape Painting'', (exh. cat., ed. P. C. Sutton; Amsterdam, Rijksmus.; Boston, MA, Mus. F.A.; Philadelphia, PA, Mus. A.; 1987–8) "Hobbema and Heidegger; on Truth and Beauty" by Rivca Gordon and Haim Gordon, 2008. External links Hobbema online (ArtCyclopedia) Web Gallery of Art Dutch Golden Age painters Dutch landscape painters Painters from Amsterdam 1638 births 1709 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelydorp
Lelydorp
Lelydorp (Sranan Tongo: Kofi Djompo) is the capital city of Wanica District, located in Suriname. With a population of 18,663 (2012), it is the second largest city in Suriname, after Paramaribo. History Pad van Wanica For centuries the Pad van Wanica (path of Wanica) has been the only road that leads from Paramaribo to the south. How this road came to be is unknown. It is speculated that the original inhabitants established the path. Be that as it may, a road was built there, and on either side of the road parcels were issued away. The oldest part of this road is the northern part of it, which is closest to Paramaribo. The land issued there date from the early 18th century, with plantation names such as: Hermitage, Zorg en Hoop, Flora, Duisburg, Onverwacht, Goede Verwachting, Ephraimszegen, Nieuw Weergevonden, etc. Around 1790, a new series of land grants followed ending in the south of the path, starting with Braamshoop and ending with Halfhideslust followed by Klein Nieuwzorg. These new grounds were used almost exclusively as timber grounds. Kofi Djompo Lelydorp was originally called Kofi Djompo but was renamed by Cornelis Lely (the Dutch governor of Suriname in 1905) and since then it is known as Lelydorp. Lely was responsible for many large water construction projects in the Netherlands. The original name Kofi Djompo is said to refer to a maroon rebel leader called Kofi, who escaped by jumping over a creek. Kofi means "born on Friday" (Kofi Annan, for example, was born on a Friday). Djompo means "jump". The hamlet started to grow when the Lawa Railway was constructed, but was mainly dependent on agriculture with cassave and asparagus beans as the main crops. Modern day Lelydorp Lelydorp is considered a big village instead of a city. Wanica has a population of about 118,000 and an area of about 440 km2. With a population of this size, Wanica is one of Suriname's most populated and most urbanised districts. Lelydorp is the main resort of the district with many shops, offices, and businesses, but still needs a clear city structure and has many agricultural areas close to the centre and neighbourhoods. Lelydorp is also the most important halfway stopping point between Paramaribo and Zanderij, where the Johan Adolf Pengel Airport is located. Its population consists of a mixture of Javanese, East Indian, Creoles, and Europeans. Between 1890-1939 many people from Java settled into the area. Names of roads and streets in Lelydorp, like Sumatraweg, Celebesweg and Tawangsarieweg, are typical original names from Indonesia. The Saramacca River divides Lelydorp from Saramacca. Lelydorp is home to the "Caribbean Centre", a conference center founded by Bhai. On 16 July 2010, the Neotropical Butterfly Park opened. On 7 February 2020, the Regional Hospital Wanica opened in Lelydorp. Notable people Chan Santokhi (1959), President of Suriname, politician and former chief of police. Twin city Lelydorp maintains international relations with the twin city of Lelystad. See also Santigron, a Maroon village in the Lelydorp resort. References External links Resorts of Suriname Populated places in Wanica District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cherry%20%28athlete%29
Michael Cherry (athlete)
Michael Cherry (athlete) Michael Cherry (born March 23, 1995) is an Olympic Athlete who specializes in the 400 meters. He was a member of the USA team in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, UK, placing second and receiving a silver medal. He represented the United States at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, finishing 4th in the 400 meters and winning gold in the 4 x 400 meters relay, running first for the United States in the event final. Competition record References External links Living people 1995 births American male sprinters African-American track and field athletes American male track and field athletes World Athletics Championships medalists World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States World Athletics Championships winners USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 Pan American Games Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States in athletics (track and field) Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field Diamond League winners 21st-century African-American sportspeople Florida State Seminoles men's track and field athletes LSU Tigers track and field athletes NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornus%20suecica
Cornus suecica
Cornus suecica — вид трав'янистих рослин родини деренові (Cornaceae). Назва Географічний епітет стосується поширення рослини в Швеції. В англійській мові має назву «шведський кизил». Опис Багаторічна трав'яниста рослина, заввишки 10–25(30) см. Кореневища горизонтальні. Утворює щільні килимки. Стебла 4-кутні. Листки супротивні, коротко- або безчерешкові; пластини овально-еліптичні, довжиною 2–4 см і шириною 1–3 см, з паралельними жилками, з цілими краями, знизу блакитно-зелені. Квітка: білі верхні листки (приквітки) 1–1.5 см завдовжки та 10–20 майже чорних квіток бл. 1 мм в діаметрі, тичинок 4. Плоди — сферичні, червоні, блискучі, соковиті, прибл. 5 мм шириною, 2-насінні кістянки, розміщуються в пучках. Плоди не отруйні, але без смаку й борошнисті; поїдаються тваринами. Поширення Поширений в арктичній і субарктичній зон, за винятком континентальної частини Північної Америки і континентального Сибіру — Північна Америка (Гренландія, Аляска (США), Канада); Азія (Японія – Хоккайдо, Далекий Схід Росії); Європа (Естонія, Латвія, Литва, Росія, Німеччина, Нідерланди, Польща, Данія, Фарерські острови, Фінляндія, Ісландія, Норвегія, Швеція, Сполучене Королівство). Населяє морські й озерні береги, береги річок, болота, межі боліт. Галерея Примітки Джерела Euro+Med Plantbase Flora of North America Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) NatureGate suecica Флора Європи Флора Азії Флора Північної Америки Рослини, описані 1753