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7107380
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slan%C4%8D%C3%ADk
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Slančík
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Slančík is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1270 (Terra Zalanch), when it belonged to Slanec Castle. In 1330 it passed to local Lord Wilhelm Drugeth, and after to noble landowners Losonczy and Forgách.
Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 300 metres and covers an area of 3.308 km². The municipality has a population of 225 people.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Košice-okolie District
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12174375
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenasserim%20white-bellied%20rat
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Tenasserim white-bellied rat
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Tenasserim white-bellied rat
The Tenasserim white-bellied rat (Niviventer tenaster) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is named after the Tenasserim Hills and is found above 1,000 m in forested limestone mountainous areas. Its distribution includes India, Myanmar (Arakan Mountains, Dawna Range and the Bilauktaung range of the Tenasserim Hills), Thailand (Thanon Thong Chai Range), Cambodia (southern end of the Cardamom Mountains, Laos and Vietnam (Annamite Range), and China (southern Yunnan and Hainan).
References
Rats of Asia
Niviventer
Rodents of India
Mammals described in 1916
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Tenasserim Hills
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924662
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%20%28%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%29
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Бурлеск (фільм)
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Бурлеск (фільм)
«Бурлеск» — американський музичний фільм 2010 року, знятий режисером Стіва Ентіним, із Шер та Крістіною Агілерою в головних ролях.
Сюжет
Молода амбіційна дівчина Еллі (повне ім'я Аліса) з маленького містечка в Айові з чудовим голосом вирушає до Лос-Анджелеса, де хоче знайти свою любов і успіх. Вона знаходить роботу в нео-бурлеск клубі, де знайомиться з Тесс, колишньою танцівницею, яка бореться за свій клуб і стає свого роду наставником для Еллі. Ніккі, провідна танцівниця клубу, починає війну з Еллі після того, як стає ясно, що талант останньої явно перевищує її власний.
Для Крістіни Агілери цей фільм — дебют. Вперше на екрані і співачка, учасниця американської версії «Танців з зірками» Джуліанн Гаф.
Акторський склад
Сценарій фільму написаний спеціально для акторського дебюту Крістіни Агілери. Президент компанії «Screen Gems» Клінт Калпеппер зумів домовитися із Шер про її участь в картині.
Шер — Тесс
Крістіна Агілера — Еллі Мерилін Роуз
Стенлі Туччі — Шон
Ерік Дейн — Маркус Гербер
Кем Жиґанде — Джек Міллер
Крістен Белл — Ніккі
Алан Каммінг — Алексіс
Джуліанн Гаф — Джорджія
Діанна Агрон — Наталі
Пітер Галлагер — Вінс Скалі
Тіні Стеклейн — Джессі
Джеймс Бролін — Містер Андерсон
Знімальна група
Композитор: Крістоф Бек
Супервайзер з музики: Бек Деймон
Костюми: Майкл Каплан, Лінда Фут
Хореографія: Деніз Фей, Джоуї Піца, Жакель Найт
Оператор: Боян Базеллі
Художник-постановник: Джон Гаррі Стіл
Монтажер: Вірджинія Кац
Саундтрек
Сіе Ферлер, співачка і композитор, записала для Агілери пісню до фільму. Трікі Стюарт оголосив про те, що буде продюсувати саундтрек до фільму. Продюсер Данжа також працював над піснями до фільму. Загалом у фільмі 18 оригінальних композицій, три з яких потрапили до списку можливих номінантів на премію «Оскар» за найкращу оригінальну композицію (Bound to You, Welcome to Burlesque, You Haven't Seen the Last of Me).
Пісня «You Haven't Seen the Last of Me» 2011 року отримала «Золотий глобус» у номінації «Найкраща пісня».
Примітки
Посилання
Бурлеск на сайті Kino-teatr.ua
Український трейлер фільму
Музичні фільми США
Фільми США 2010
Фільми англійською мовою
Фільми про стриптиз
Фільми про сиріт
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480010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduction%20theorem
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Deduction theorem
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Deduction theorem
In mathematical logic, a deduction theorem is a metatheorem that justifies doing conditional proofs from a hypothesis in systems that do not explicitly axiomatize that hypothesis, i.e. to prove an implication A → B, it is sufficient to assume A as a hypothesis and then proceed to derive B. Deduction theorems exist for both propositional logic and first-order logic. The deduction theorem is an important tool in Hilbert-style deduction systems because it permits one to write more comprehensible and usually much shorter proofs than would be possible without it. In certain other formal proof systems the same conveniency is provided by an explicit inference rule; for example natural deduction calls it implication introduction.
In more detail, the propositional logic deduction theorem states that if a formula is deducible from a set of assumptions then the implication is deducible from ; in symbols, implies . In the special case where is the empty set, the deduction theorem claim can be more compactly written as: implies . The deduction theorem for predicate logic is similar, but comes with some extra constraints (that would for example be satisfied if is a closed formula). In general a deduction theorem needs to take into account all logical details of the theory under consideration, so each logical system technically needs its own deduction theorem, although the differences are usually minor.
The deduction theorem holds for all first-order theories with the usual deductive systems for first-order logic. However, there are first-order systems in which new inference rules are added for which the deduction theorem fails. Most notably, the deduction theorem fails to hold in Birkhoff–von Neumann quantum logic, because the linear subspaces of a Hilbert space form a non-distributive lattice.
Examples of deduction
"Prove" axiom 1: P→(Q→P) {{efn|See explanation of Notation § below.}}P 1. hypothesisQ 2. hypothesisP 3. reiteration of 1Q→P 4. deduction from 2 to 3P→(Q→P) 5. deduction from 1 to 4 QED
"Prove" axiom 2:P→(Q→R) 1. hypothesisP→Q 2. hypothesisP 3. hypothesisQ 4. modus ponens 3,2Q→R 5. modus ponens 3,1R 6. modus ponens 4,5P→R 7. deduction from 3 to 6
(P→Q)→(P→R) 8. deduction from 2 to 7
(P→(Q→R))→((P→Q)→(P→R)) 9. deduction from 1 to 8 QED
Using axiom 1 to show ((P→(Q→P))→R)→R:
(P→(Q→P))→R 1. hypothesisP→(Q→P) 2. axiom 1R 3. modus ponens 2,1
((P→(Q→P))→R)→R 4. deduction from 1 to 3 QED
Virtual rules of inference
From the examples, you can see that we have added three virtual (or extra and temporary) rules of inference to our normal axiomatic logic. These are "hypothesis", "reiteration", and "deduction". The normal rules of inference (i.e. "modus ponens" and the various axioms) remain available.
1. Hypothesis is a step where one adds an additional premise to those already available. So, if your previous step S was deduced as:
then one adds another premise H and gets:
This is symbolized by moving from the n-th level of indentation to the n+1-th level and saying S previous stepH hypothesis
2. Reiteration is a step where one re-uses a previous step. In practice, this is only necessary when one wants to take a hypothesis that is not the most recent hypothesis and use it as the final step before a deduction step.
3. Deduction is a step where one removes the most recent hypothesis (still available) and prefixes it to the previous step. This is shown by unindenting one level as follows:H hypothesis
......... (other steps)C (conclusion drawn from H)H→C deduction
Conversion from proof using the deduction meta-theorem to axiomatic proof
In axiomatic versions of propositional logic, one usually has among the axiom schemas (where P, Q, and R are replaced by any propositions):
Axiom 1 is: P→(Q→P)
Axiom 2 is: (P→(Q→R))→((P→Q)→(P→R))
Modus ponens is: from P and P→Q infer QThese axiom schemas are chosen to enable one to derive the deduction theorem from them easily. So it might seem that we are begging the question. However, they can be justified by checking that they are tautologies using truth tables and that modus ponens preserves truth.
From these axiom schemas one can quickly deduce the theorem schema P→P (reflexivity of implication), which is used below:
(P→((Q→P)→P))→((P→(Q→P))→(P→P)) from axiom schema 2 with P, (Q→P), P P→((Q→P)→P) from axiom schema 1 with P, (Q→P)
(P→(Q→P))→(P→P) from modus ponens applied to step 2 and step 1
P→(Q→P) from axiom schema 1 with P, Q P→P from modus ponens applied to step 4 and step 3
Suppose that we have that Γ and H together prove C, and we wish to show that Γ proves H→C. For each step S in the deduction that is a premise in Γ (a reiteration step) or an axiom, we can apply modus ponens to the axiom 1, S→(H→S), to get H→S. If the step is H itself (a hypothesis step), we apply the theorem schema to get H→H. If the step is the result of applying modus ponens to A and A→S, we first make sure that these have been converted to H→A and H→(A→S) and then we take the axiom 2, (H→(A→S))→((H→A)→(H→S)), and apply modus ponens to get (H→A)→(H→S) and then again to get H→S. At the end of the proof we will have H→C as required, except that now it only depends on Γ, not on H. So the deduction step will disappear, consolidated into the previous step which was the conclusion derived from H.
To minimize the complexity of the resulting proof, some preprocessing should be done before the conversion. Any steps (other than the conclusion) that do not actually depend on H should be moved up before the hypothesis step and unindented one level. And any other unnecessary steps (which are not used to get the conclusion or can be bypassed), such as reiterations that are not the conclusion, should be eliminated.
During the conversion, it may be useful to put all the applications of modus ponens to axiom 1 at the beginning of the deduction (right after the H→H step).
When converting a modus ponens, if A is outside the scope of H, then it will be necessary to apply axiom 1, A→(H→A), and modus ponens to get H→A. Similarly, if A→S is outside the scope of H, apply axiom 1, (A→S)→(H→(A→S)), and modus ponens to get H→(A→S). It should not be necessary to do both of these, unless the modus ponens step is the conclusion, because if both are outside the scope, then the modus ponens should have been moved up before H and thus be outside the scope also.
Under the Curry–Howard correspondence, the above conversion process for the deduction meta-theorem is analogous to the conversion process from lambda calculus terms to terms of combinatory logic, where axiom 1 corresponds to the K combinator, and axiom 2 corresponds to the S combinator. Note that the I combinator corresponds to the theorem schema P→P.
Helpful theorems
If one intends to convert a complicated proof using the deduction theorem to a straight-line proof not using the deduction theorem, then it would probably be useful to prove these theorems once and for all at the beginning and then use them to help with the conversion:
helps convert the hypothesis steps.
helps convert modus ponens when the major premise is not dependent on the hypothesis, replaces axiom 2 while avoiding a use of axiom 1.
helps convert modus ponens when the minor premise is not dependent on the hypothesis, replaces axiom 2 while avoiding a use of axiom 1.
These two theorems jointly can be used in lieu of axiom 2, although the converted proof would be more complicated:
Peirce's law is not a consequence of the deduction theorem, but it can be used with the deduction theorem to prove things that one might not otherwise be able to prove.
It can also be used to get the second of the two theorems, which can be used in lieu of axiom 2.
Proof of the deduction theorem
We prove the deduction theorem in a Hilbert-style deductive system of propositional calculus.
Let be a set of formulas and and formulas, such that . We want to prove that .
Since , there is a proof of from . We prove the theorem by induction on the proof length n; thus the induction hypothesis is that for any , and such that there is a proof of from of length up to n, holds.
If n = 1 then is member of the set of formulas . Thus either , in which case is simply , which is derivable by substitution from p → p, which is derivable from the axioms, and hence also , or is in , in which case ; it follows from axiom p → (q → p) with substitution that and hence by modus ponens that .
Now let us assume the induction hypothesis for proofs of length up to n, and let be a formula provable from with a proof of length n+1. Then there are two possibilities:
is member of the set of formulas ; in this case we proceed as for n=1.
is arrived at by using modus ponens. Then there is a formula C such that proves and , and modus ponens is then used to prove . The proofs of and are with at most n steps, and by the induction hypothesis we have and . By the axiom (p → (q → r)) → ((p → q) → (p → r)) with substitution it follows that , and by using modus ponens twice we have .
Thus in all cases the theorem holds also for n+1, and by induction the deduction theorem is proven.
The deduction theorem in predicate logic
The deduction theorem is also valid in first-order logic in the following form:
If T is a theory and F, G are formulas with F closed, and , then .
Here, the symbol means "is a syntactical consequence of." We indicate below how the proof of this deduction theorem differs from that of the deduction theorem in propositional calculus.
In the most common versions of the notion of formal proof, there are, in addition to the axiom schemes
of propositional calculus (or the understanding that all tautologies of propositional calculus are to
be taken as axiom schemes in their own right), quantifier axioms, and in addition to modus ponens, one additional rule of inference, known as the rule of generalization: "From K, infer ∀vK."
In order to convert a proof of G from T∪{F} to one of F→G from T, one deals
with steps of the proof of G that are axioms or result from application of modus ponens in the
same way as for proofs in propositional logic. Steps that result from application of the rule of
generalization are dealt with via the following quantifier axiom (valid whenever the variablev is not free in formula H):
(∀v(H→K))→(H→∀vK).
Since in our case F is assumed to be closed, we can take H to be F. This axiom allows
one to deduce F→∀vK from F→K and generalization, which is just what is needed whenever
the rule of generalization is applied to some K in the proof of G.
In first-order logic, the restriction of that F be a closed formula can be relaxed given that the free variables in F has not been varied in the deduction of G from . In the case that a free variable v in F has been varied in the deduction, we write (the superscript in the turnstile indicating that v has been varied) and the corresponding form of the deduction theorem is .
Example of conversion
To illustrate how one can convert a natural deduction to the axiomatic form of proof, we apply it to the tautology Q→((Q→R)→R). In practice, it is usually enough to know that we could do this. We normally use the natural-deductive form in place of the much longer axiomatic proof.
First, we write a proof using a natural-deduction like method:Q 1. hypothesisQ→R 2. hypothesisR 3. modus ponens 1,2
(Q→R)→R 4. deduction from 2 to 3Q→((Q→R)→R) 5. deduction from 1 to 4 QED
Second, we convert the inner deduction to an axiomatic proof:
(Q→R)→(Q→R) 1. theorem schema (A→A)
((Q→R)→(Q→R))→(((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R)) 2. axiom 2
((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R) 3. modus ponens 1,2Q→((Q→R)→Q) 4. axiom 1Q 5. hypothesis
(Q→R)→Q 6. modus ponens 5,4
(Q→R)→R 7. modus ponens 6,3Q→((Q→R)→R) 8. deduction from 5 to 7 QED
Third, we convert the outer deduction to an axiomatic proof:
(Q→R)→(Q→R) 1. theorem schema (A→A)
((Q→R)→(Q→R))→(((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R)) 2. axiom 2
((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R) 3. modus ponens 1,2Q→((Q→R)→Q) 4. axiom 1
[((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R)]→[Q→(((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R))] 5. axiom 1Q→(((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R)) 6. modus ponens 3,5
[Q→(((Q→R)→Q)→((Q→R)→R))]→([Q→((Q→R)→Q)]→[Q→((Q→R)→R))]) 7. axiom 2
[Q→((Q→R)→Q)]→[Q→((Q→R)→R))] 8. modus ponens 6,7Q→((Q→R)→R)) 9. modus ponens 4,8 QED
These three steps can be stated succinctly using the Curry–Howard correspondence:
first, in lambda calculus, the function f = λa. λb. b a has type q → (q → r) → r''
second, by lambda elimination on b, f = λa. s i (k a)
third, by lambda elimination on a, f = s (k (s i)) k
See also
Cut-elimination theorem
Conditional proof
Currying
Propositional calculus
Peirce's law
Notes
References
September/October 2008
.
External links
Introduction to Mathematical Logic by Vilnis Detlovs and Karlis Podnieks is a comprehensive tutorial. See Section 1.5.
"Deduction Theorem"
Theorem
Metatheorems
Proof theory
Theorems in the foundations of mathematics
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3504609
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%28%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29
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Большевик (Воронезька область)
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Большевик (Воронезька область)
Большевик — селище у Новохоперському районі Воронезької області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 171 особу (2010). Входить до складу муніципального утворення міське поселення місто Новохоперськ.
Історія
Населений пункт розташований у історичному регіоні Чорнозем'я. Від 1928 року належить до Новохоперського району, спочатку в складі Центрально-Чорноземної області, а від 1934 року — Воронезької області.
Згідно із законом від 15 жовтня 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення міське поселення місто Новохоперськ.
Населення
Примітки
Селища Воронезької області
Населені пункти Новохоперського району
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939908
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%20%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85
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Освіта в Нідерландах
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Освіта в Нідерландах
Загальний огляд
Освітня політика координується міністерством освіти, культури і науки разом з муніципальними органами влади.
Шкільна освіта (leerplicht) в Нідерландах починається у віці до п'яти років, хоча на практиці, в більшості шкіл приймають дітей з чотирирічного віку. З шістнадцяти років відбувається часткове дифернціювання шкільної освіти (partiële leerplicht), тобто учень повинен брати участь у певних заняттях принаймні два дні на тиждень. Обов'язкова (шкільна) освіта для учнів закінчується у віці двадцяти трьох і вище, або коли вони отримують ступінь.
Є громадські, спеціальні (релігійні), і приватні школи. Перші два типи фінансуються урядом і є офіційно безкоштовними, хоча школи можуть попросити батьківського вкладу (ouderbijdrage). Державні школи знаходяться під контролем місцевих органів влади. Спеціальні школи знаходяться під контролем ради з шкільної освіті, і, як правило, на основі зокрема Релігія. Як результат, є католицькі, протестантські, єврейські і мусульманські початкові школи, середні школи та університети. Спеціальна школа може відхиляти заяви учнів, чиї батьки або опікуни не згодні з освітньою політикою школи. Це рідкісні випадоки. На практиці, існує невелика різниця між спеціальними і державних школах, за винятком традиційно релігійних областей, як Зеландія і Гелдерланд (близько Апелдорну). Приватні і державні школи і одержувати рівну фінансову підтримку від уряду, якщо відповідають певним критеріям. Школи всіх типів (державні, спеціальні і приватні), знаходяться під юрисдикцією уряду орган під назвою Inspectie van het Onderwijs (інспекційної освіти, також відомий як Onderwijsinspectie), що може вимагати від школи змінити свою освітню політику і якість на ризик закриття.
Університети Нідерландів стягують плату за навчання з усіх студентів. Для студентів з Нідерландів, ЄС, ЄЕЗ та Суринаму всі університети стягують встановлену плату за навчання або близько 2200 євро на рік.
Для іноземних студентів з-за меж Європи плата може відрізнятися залежно від програми та університету та зазвичай коливається від 6 000 до 20 000 євро на рік.
Вища освіта
Здобуття докторського ступеня
Загальний огляд
Здобуття докторського ступеня у Нідерландах відбувається через написання та публічний захист дисертації, під керівництовом професора, що виступає як науковий керівник. Кандидат на докторський ступінь називається promovendus (в Нідерландах) або doctorandus (у Фландрії).
Церемонія
Захист дисертації відбувається згідно з встановленим звичаєм, що може відрізнятися залежно від міста та університету.
Примітки
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139475
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassian%2C%20Wisconsin
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Cassian, Wisconsin
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Cassian, Wisconsin
Cassian is a town in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 962 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Goodnow and Harshaw are located in the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 68.3 square miles (177.0 km2), of which, 65.0 square miles (168.3 km2) of it is land and 3.4 square miles (8.7 km2) of it (4.92%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 962 people, 402 households, and 322 families residing in the town. The population density was 14.8 people per square mile (5.7/km2). There were 1,011 housing units at an average density of 15.6 per square mile (6.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.27% White, 0.10% Native American, 0.31% from other races, and 0.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.21% of the population.
There were 402 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.4% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 15.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.65.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.4% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 32.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $39,844, and the median income for a family was $47,000. Males had a median income of $35,208 versus $23,906 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,794. About 4.1% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
The Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport (KRHI) serves Cassian, the county and surrounding communities with both scheduled commercial jet service and general aviation services.
References
Towns in Oneida County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%20%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%85%20%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85
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Пратап Сінґх Шах
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Пратап Сінґх Шах
Пратап Сінґх (16 квітня 1751 — 17 листопада 1777) — 2-й король Непал у 1775—1777 роках.
Життєпис
Похоодив з династії Шах. Старший син Прітхві Нараяна, князя Горкха, і Лакшмідеві (доньки раджпутського вождя Абгімана Сінґха). Народився 1751 року в князівстві Горкха. До 1768 року батько підкорив ключові князівства держав Катманду, Патан і Бактапур, утворивши королівство Непал, ставши його першим володарем.
1775 року після смерті Прітхві Нараяна став новим королем. Невдовзі залагодив конфлікт з Тибетом щодо постачання нових монет-мохарів, уклавши відповідний договір з Демо-хутухтою, регентом при Далай-ламі VIII.
Загалом намагався зосередитися на внутрішній політиці, завершити реформи з об'єднання Непалу. Помер від віспи у 1777 році. Трон перейшов до його малолітнього сина Рани Багадура при регентстві брата Багадура Шаха.
Примітки
Джерела
Khetsun Sangpo Rinpoche. (1982). «Life and times of the Eighth to Twelfth Dalai Lamas.» The Tibet Journal. Vol. VII Nos. 1 & 2. Spring/Summer 1982, pp. 47–48.
Марков Д. Є. Тибето-непальська війна 1788—1792 рр. та її соціально-політичні наслідки для обох країн / Д. Є. Марков // Сходознавство. — 2011. — № 55-56. — С. 105—138.
королі Непалу
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364690
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku%20and%20Pori%20Province
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Turku and Pori Province
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Turku and Pori Province was a province of independent Finland from 1917 to 1997. The province was however founded as a county in 1634 when today's Finland was an integrated part of Sweden. It is named after the cities of Turku and Pori.
Åland was split into a separate province in 1918. In 1997 Turku and Pori Province was merged with the northern part of the Häme Province, the provinces of Vaasa and Central Finland into the new Western Finland Province.
Maps
Municipalities in 1997 (cities in bold)
Alastaro
Askainen
Aura
Dragsfjärd
Eura
Eurajoki
Halikko
Harjavalta
Honkajoki
Houtskär
Huittinen
Iniö
Jämijärvi
Kaarina
Kankaanpää
Karinainen
Karvia
Kimito
Kiikala
Kiikoinen
Kisko
Kiukainen
Kodisjoki
Kokemäki
Korpo
Koski Tl
Kullaa
Kustavi
Kuusjoki
Köyliö
Laitila
Lappi
Lavia
Lemu
Lieto
Loimaa
Loimaan kunta
Luvia
Marttila
Masku
Mellilä
Merikarvia
Merimasku
Mietoinen
Muurla
Mynämäki
Naantali
Nakkila
Nagu
Noormarkku
Nousiainen
Oripää
Pargas
Paimio
Perniö
Pertteli
Piikkiö
Pomarkku
Pori
Punkalaidun
Pyhäranta
Pöytyä
Raisio
Rauma
Rusko
Rymättylä
Salo
Sauvo
Siikainen
Somero
Suodenniemi
Suomusjärvi
Säkylä
Särkisalo
Taivassalo
Tarvasjoki
Turku
Ulvila
Uusikaupunki
Vahto
Vammala
Vampula
Vehmaa
Velkua
Västanfjärd
Yläne
Äetsä
Former municipalities (disestablished before 1997)
Ahlainen
Angelniemi
Hinnerjoki
Hitis
Honkilahti
Kakskerta
Kalanti
Karjala
Karkku
Karuna
Kauvatsa
Keikyä
Kiikka
Kuusisto
Lokalahti
Maaria
Metsämaa
Naantalin mlk
Paattinen
Paraisten mlk
Porin mlk
Pyhämaa
Rauman mlk
Suoniemi
Tyrvää
Uskela
Uudenkaupungin mlk
Governors
Broder Rålamb 1634–1637
Melkior von Falkenberg 1637–1641
Melkior von Falkenberg 1641–1642 (County of Turku/Åbo)
Knut Lilliehöök 1642–1646 (County of Turku/Åbo)
No governor 1641–1646 (County of Pori/Björneborg)
Knut Lillienhöök 1647–1648
Lorentz Creutz the Elder 1649–1655
Erik von der Linde 1655–1666
Ernst Johan Creutz the Elder 1666
Harald Oxe 1666–1682
Lorenz Creutz (younger) 1682–1698
Jakob Bure 1698–1706
Justus von Palmberg 1706–1714
Johan Stiernstedt 1711–1713 (acting) and 1714–1722
Otto Reinhold Yxkull 1722–1746
Lars Johan Ehrenmalm 1744–1747 (acting) and 1747–1749
Johan Georg Lillienberg 1749–1757
Jeremias Wallén 1757–1768
Kristoffer Johan Rappe 1769–1776
Fredrik Ulrik von Rosen 1776–1781
Nils Fredenskiöld 1780 (acting)
Magnus Wilhelm Armfelt 1782–1790
Joakim von Glan 1790–1791 (acting)
Ernst Gustaf von Willebrand 1790–1806
Olof Wibelius 1801–1802 (acting)
Knut von Troil 1806–1816
Otto Herman Lode 1811–1813 (acting)
Carl Erik Mannerheim 1816–1826
Lars Gabriel von Haartman 1820–1822 (acting)
Eric Wallenius 1822–1826 (acting) and 1826–1828
Adolf Broberg 1828–1831
Lars Gabriel von Haartman 1831–1842
Gabriel Anton Cronstedt 1840–1842 (acting) and 1842–1856
Samuel Werner von Troil 1856 (acting)
Carl Fabian Langenskiöld 1856–1858
Selim Mohamed Ekbom 1857–1858 (acting)
Johan Axel Cedercreutz 1858–1863 (acting) and 1863
Carl Magnus Creutz 1864–1866 (acting) and 1866–1889
Axel Gustaf Samuel von Troil 1889–1891
Wilhelm Theodor von Kraemer 1891–1903
Theodor Hjalmar Lang 1903–1905
Knut Gustaf Nikolai Borgenström 1905–1911
Eliel Ilmari Wuorinen 1911–1917
Albert Alexander von Hellens 1917 (acting)
Kaarlo Collan 1917–1922
Ilmari Helenius 1922–1932
Wilho Kyttä 1932–1949
Erkki Härmä 1949–1957
Esko Kulovaara 1957–1971
Sylvi Siltanen 1972–1977
Paavo Aitio 1977–1985
Pirkko Työläjärvi 1985–1997
References
Provinces of Finland (1917–1997)
1634 establishments in Sweden
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4346950
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%B7%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%202021
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Чемпіонат України з регбіліг 2021
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Чемпіонат України з регбіліг 2021
Чемпіонат України 2021 року з регбіліг.
Тринадцятий чемпіонат України з регбіліг серед чоловіків розіграли 2021 року 6 команд Суперліги, які на першому етапі з 27 березня по 17 жовтня провели турнір в одне коло. Планувалося, що 23-24 жовтня перші чотири команди у стикових матчах визначать володарів 1-2 та 3-4 місць, але оскільки само вони зустрічалися між собою в рамках останнього туру 16-17 жовтня, тому додаткові матчі було скасовано.
Учасники
У сезоні 2021 року в UKRAINE SUPER LEAGUE взяли участь 6 регіональних франшиз:
Збірна Харківської області «Kharkiv Legion XIII»
Збірна міста Львів «КІВС – Lviv Tigers»
Збірна міста Київ «Kyiv Rhinos»
Збірна Рівненської області «Rivne Giants»
Збірна Хмельницької області «Khmelnytskyi Eagles»
Збірна Івано-Франківської та Закарпатської областей «Carpathian Trinity»
Суперліга
Турнірна таблиця
Матч за 3-є місце (матч останнього туру)
17 жовтня 2021 р. Хмельницький, стадіон ХПК
«Khmelnytskyi Eagles» — «Carpathian Trinity» 30:22 (8:10)
Фінал (матч останнього туру)
16 жовтня 2021 р. Харків, стадіон «Динамо»
«Kharkiv Legion XIII» — «КІВС – Lviv Tigers» 66:10 (32:0)
Посилання
Суперліга-2021
Спортивні події 2021
2021 в українському спорті
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4000842
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on%20reset
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Power-on reset
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Power-on reset
A power-on reset (PoR, POR) generator is a microcontroller or microprocessor peripheral that generates a reset signal when power is applied to the device. It ensures that the device starts operating in a known state.
PoR generator
In VLSI devices, the power-on reset (PoR) is an electronic device incorporated into the integrated circuit that detects the power applied to the chip and generates a reset impulse that goes to the entire circuit placing it into a known state.
A simple PoR uses the charging of a capacitor, in series with a resistor, to measure a time period during which the rest of the circuit is held in a reset state. A Schmitt trigger may be used to deassert the reset signal cleanly, once the rising voltage of the RC network passes the threshold voltage of the Schmitt trigger. The resistor and capacitor values should be determined so that the charging of the RC network takes long enough that the supply voltage will have stabilised by the time the threshold is reached.
One of the issues with using RC network to generate PoR pulse is the sensitivity of the R and C values to the power-supply ramp characteristics. When the power supply ramp is rapid, the R and C values can be calculated so that the time to reach the switching threshold of the schmitt trigger is enough to apply a long enough reset pulse. When the power supply ramp itself is slow, the RC network tends to get charged up along with the power-supply ramp up. So when the input schmitt stage is all powered up and ready, the input voltage from the RC network would already have crossed the schmitt trigger point. This means that there might not be a reset pulse supplied to the core of the VLSI.
Power-on reset on IBM mainframes
On an IBM mainframe, a power-on reset (POR) is a sequence of actions that the processor performs either due to a POR request from the operator or as part of turning on power. The operator requests a POR for configuration changes that cannot be recognized by a simple System Reset.
See also
Low-voltage detect
Oscillator start-up timer
Power-up timer (PWRT), similar to a watchdog timer
References
Embedded systems
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1050551
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%BE
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Район Ісоґо
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Район Ісоґо («Ісоґоський район») — район міста Йокогама префектури Канаґава в Японії. Станом на площа району становила км². Станом на населення району становило осіб.
Примітки
Джерела та література
Посилання
Офіційна сторінка Район Ісоґо
Міські райони Йокогами
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1819229
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Славоросов Харитон Никанорович
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Славоросов Харитон Никанорович
Харитон Никанорович Славоросов (Семененко) (Домашлин — , концтабір ГУЛАГ СССР у Каргумякі) — український авіаінженер, спортсмен. Один з перших авіаторів Російської імперії, учасник Першої світової війни.
Жертва сталінського терору.
Біографія
Харитон Никанорович Семененко народився 11(23) жовтня 1886 року в селі Домашлин Чернігівської губернії Російської імперії (нині — Корюківський район Чернігівської області) в селянській родині.
Дитячі та юнацькі роки
У 1892 році разом з родиною переїздить до Одеси, де батько влаштовується двірником. Харитон допомагав у господарстві, співав у церковному хорі.
Харитон з відзнакою закінчує народну школу, ремісниче училище, а потім — школу корабельних машиністів-механіків. Після нетривалої машиністом на суднах РОПиТа Харитон влаштовується слюсарем у велоремонтну майстерню. Через деякий час самотужки з бракованих деталей і брухту збирає власного велосипеда й починає активні заняття велоспортом, тренується на одеському «Циклодромі», бере участь у змаганнях. У цей час він бере собі спортивний псевдонім «Славоросов». Знайомиться і змагається проти найкращих російських велосипедистів того часу Михайла Єфимова та Сергія Уточкіна.
Початок авіаторської кар'єри
У 1910 році Семененко приїхав на авіаційні змагання в Петербург до Єфімова і став працювати у нього механіком безкоштовно. Так він освоїв техніку і увійшов в авіаційні кола. Льотчик Генріх Сегно запропонував Харитону місце механіка і обіцяв вивчити літати, так як отримав запрошення від товариства «Авіата» князя Любомирського у Варшаві. Славоросов був там єдиним механіком. Ночами він лагодив розбитий літак, а вранці потайки вчився на ньому літати.
У 1911 році Харитон Славоросов-Семененко блискуче здав іспит на пілота-авіатора і отримав «Бреве» № 40. Харитона призначили першим пілотом «Авиаты» та інструктором. Улюбленим його учнем став поет-футурист Василь Каменський, соратник Маяковського та Хлєбнікова. Свій новаторський вірш «Танго з коровами» він присвятив Славоросову: «З олов'яної радістю дивимося ми на долю. Ми — Піонери Країн — Завойовники Повітря…». В автобіографічному романі «Шлях ентузіаста» він писав: «Серед авіаторів — Славоросов — самий чудовий… найталановитіший рекордист… Славоросова я обрав своїм учителем-інструктором… В очах — злітають апарати. У вухах — музика моторів. В носі — запах бензину і відпрацьованого масла, в кишенях — ізолювальні стрічки. У мріях — майбутні польоти».
Василь під керівництвом досвідченого інструктора успішно здав іспит на звання пілота («Бреве» № 66):
«Я розцілував свого вчителя Славоросова, як готовий був розцілувати весь світ. <…>
Славоросов збирався… на закордонні змагання й тому влітку тренувався, як диявол, забираючись під хмари… Навесні „на прощання“ ми з Славоросовим влаштували „відкриття весняного авіаційного сезону“, зібравши масу глядачів.
Наступного дня телеграми всіх газет Росії сповіщали про „чудові за красою і сміливістю“ наші польоти.
Так, це були справді, виняткової майстерності польоти Славоросова, ну, а я тягнувся за ним, як хлопчик за татом»
У 1912 році Харитон Славоросов викуповує свій аероплан і готується взяти участь у великих міжнародних авіаційних змаганнях у Відні. Бере участь у демонстраційних польотах. Під час одного з них, у містечку Мокотове поблизу Варшави, на аероплані «Блеріо» здійснив проліт під мостом через Віслу. На змаганнях у Відні (1912) Славоросов виграє кілька великих призів і посідає третє місце в загальному заліку.
Аугсбурзька газета «Фольксвіллє» від 22 липня 1912 року:
Показові польоти в Карлсбаді. Відомий авіатор Харитон Славоросов у п'ятницю ввечері (19 липня) злетів на своєму «Блеріо» з іподрому, пролетів над містом, до гірського готелю «Імперіал» і негайно полетів назад на іподром. Перші показові польоти були продемонстровані в неділю. Перед кожним польотом Славоросов хрестився й молився коротко, що викликало глибокі емоції у глядачів. Авіатор сміливо і швидко піднявся до хмар так, що було видно глядачам як маленька крапка. Потім кинувся вниз, як яструб, щоб, не зачепивши землі, знову злетіти до хмар. Потім він спокійно й велично пролетів над самими трибунами, і далі ми побачили володаря повітря, що здійснює сміливі повороти. Він робив у повітрі різні фігури, вимикав двигун, щоб спланувати до річки Егер, в останній момент знову увімкнув мотор і піднімався на висоту, щоб врешті-решт після третього польоту зробити справді відважний етюд — здійснити посадку на самій маленькій ділянці іподрому. <…>
В очах всіх глядачів можна було прочитати якнайглибше хвилювання, бо перед ними блискучим чином був продемонстрований найбільший тріумф людського духу…
Після цього отримав запрошення працювати випробувачем в Італії на фірмі «Капроні». Російський льотчик побив всі італійські рекорди і встановив кілька світових.
23 січня 1913 року Славоросов встановив світовий рекорд швидкості з пасажиром. Судді зафіксували проліт 200 км за 1 годину 56 хвилин 30 секунд і 250 км за 2 години 24 хвилини 30 секунд.
У цей же день він встановив такі світові рекорди:
за 2 години 206,250 км;
за 2 години в середньому 265,779 км;
італійський рекорд
5 км за 3 хвилини;
10 км за 6 хвилин;
20 км за 11 хвилин 55 секунд;
30 км за 17 хвилин 49 секунд;
100 км за 57 хвилин 45 секунд;
150 км 1 годину 27 хвилин 35 секунд;
рекорд висоти:
за 9 хвилин набрав 1,060 м.
Виграв дальній переліт Мілан-Турин й складний переліт Мілан -Генуя-Рим.
Газета «Новое время», 27 (14) лютого 1913 року:
«Переліт Мілан — Рим. РИМ. Російський авіатор Славоросов на італійському аероплані Капроні вилетів сьогодні о 7 год. 10 хв. ранку з Мілана до Риму і о 10 год. ранку спустився в Пізі для поповнення запасів бензину. (Аг. Стефані). <…>
РИМ. Авіатор Славоросов поблизу Піомбіно спустився на землю. Під час спуску апарат отримав пошкодження. (Аг. Стефані)».
Про нього писали всі європейські газети, його називали «сміливим поетом швидкості». У той час Славоросов був першим серед прославлених льотчиків світу і першим російським авіатором, який мав світові досягнення.
Він писав творцеві «мертвої петлі» Петру Нестерову в Київ:
«Милостивий государю пане Нестеров!
З газет я знаю, що Ви перший авіатор який зробив петлю в повітрі. Я хотів би знати, чи не знайдете Ви за можливе здійснити разом зі мною кілька публічних польотів такого роду в столицях Європи. …
Готовий до послуг авіатор Х. Славоросов».
Лист зберігається в Нижньогородському обласному музеї. Цей проект не здійснився, бо Нестеров був військовим льотчиком. А Славоросов, захопившись вищим пілотажем, став одним з перших льотчиків-«петлістів» світу.
Славоросов жив при заводі братів Капроні в селі Віцола-Тичат під Міланом. Італійці полюбили його за мужність і почуття гумору. Одного разу, зламавши шасі літака, він послав патрону телеграму: «При посадці зламав собі ноги, полагодив в кузні. Вилітаю.» Він не міг і припускати, що жарт виявиться пророчим. Завдяки чудовому пілотові, справи фірми пішли в гору. Але це викликало заздрість і злість конкурентів. У квітні 1913 року Славоросов демонстрував новий літак на міжнародному військовому конкурсі в Турині. Він виграв сім турів з дев'яти. А на восьмому сталася жахлива катастрофа. Газета «Биржевые ведомости» повідомляла:
«6 квітня о 6 годині вечора на військовому аеродромі Мірафіорі під час польоту російського авіатора Славоросова з пасажиром Гало раптово стався вибух мотора. Пасажир згорів, вмираючий авіатор в шпиталі».
Льотчик був завалений палаючими уламками літака і йому придавило ногу. Але він знайшов у собі силу волі, щоб відламати частину обвугленої ступні і вибратися з-під машини. Газети писали:
«Якийсь злий рок переслідує всіх найкращих російських льотчиків… Славоросов при падінні отримав перелом лівої ноги та п'яти ребер, права нога вся обгоріла, шкіра з обличчя зірвана і констатовано загальний важкий струс мозку та всього організму. 36 годин льотчик перебував у безсвідомому стані»
Пілот протягом 6 місяців перебував у шпиталі. Після одужання Славоросов не міг більше залишатись в Італії, оскільки був упевнений, що катастрофа була влаштована навмисне.
У січні 1914 року він опинився у Франції без грошей, без зв'язків і майже без знання мови. Але льотчики спільну мову знаходять швидко.
У Парижі він зустрівся з французькими авіаторами: Жюлем Ведрином, Роланом Гарросом, Жоржем Леганьє та Адольфом Пегу.
Ведрін та Гаррос допомогли йому влаштуватися «гастролюючим пілотом» у фірми «Кодрон» та «Моран-Солньє». У Франції його стали називати Славо.
Він знову поїхав виступати до Австрії. Там з льотчиком сталася ще одна аварія:
22 (09) червня 1914 року. «Новое время».
Воздухоплаваніе. ВІДЕНЬ.
«Сьогодні на Аспернському аеродромі розпочалися міжнародні авіаційні змагання на призи, що сягають сукупно 131 тис. крон. Вранці під час пробного польоту російський авіатор Славоросов впав. Апарат абсолютно розбитий. Льотчик неушкоджений.»
Перша світова війна
З початком Першої світової війни Славоросову, як іноземцю, загрожувало інтернування. Вибратися Харитону допомогла віддана кохана. Вона вивезла його до Франції за паспортом чоловіка. При перевірці документів прикордонним контролем заявила, що у її чоловіка нестерпний зубний біль. Харитон, обв'язаний шарфом, лише стогнав. Ризикована втеча вдалася.
3 серпня 1914 року Німеччина оголосила війну Франції. Після оголошення війни російські льотчики вступили добровольцями у французьку армію. Славо призначили в 1-ю авіаційну групу в Діжоні, пізніше перевели в авіаційну школу в Аворе (фр. l'école d Avord), де він 3 вересня 1914 року отримав патент військового льотчика № 585. Він став сержантом. Службу продовжив у Бюке під Парижем. Займався відповідальними розвідувальними польотами.
У лютому 1915 року він демобілізувався по інвалідності в госпіталі у Версалі. Повернувшись до Петрограда, влітку почав працювати на авіаційному заводі В. А. Лебедєва, де став завідувати здачею літаків типу «Моріс Фарман». Відновив авіашколу Всеросійського аероклубу, де нелегально вчив літати матросів і солдатів. Потім вступив в автомобільно-авіаційну дружину, отримав звання зауряд-поручика. Незабаром був обраний начальником дружини.
Після Жовтневого перевороту
Після жовтневого державного перевороту 1917 року та встановлення влади більшовиків, разом з родиною переїздить до Томська. Влада Верховного правителя Росії адмірала О. В. Колчака відмовилася мобілізовувати Харитона до армії через його хирляве тоді здоров'я.
Після взяття Томська частинами Червоної армії, його все ж таки мобілізували до війська, проте незабаром відпустили на навчання.
Протягом 1918–1920 років навчався на механіко-математичному факультеті Томського технологічного інституту. Там його товаришем став Микола Камов, майбутній відомий конструктор вертольотів.
Потім Славоросов отримав направлення на навчання в Інституті інженерів Червоного Повітряного Флоту (з вересня 1922 р. — Академія Повітряного флоту імені М. Є. Жуковського), який закінчив у першому випуску і отримав диплом військового інженера-механіка повітряного флоту № 17. Дипломний проект його називався «Повітряна лінія Москва-Стамбул».
Авіаінженер був направлений на роботу в Російське товариство добровільного повітряного флоту (Добролет).
Займався пошуками нових ліній для цивільних літаків, будівництвом аеродромів, брав участь у підготовці авіаперельоту Москва — Пекін. Потім три роки він працював технічним директором Середньоазіатського відділення Добролету, де з'явилася міжнародна лінія Ташкент-Кабул.
У нього проходив практику студент транспортного інституту Йосип Берлін.
Сім'я
Дружина — Тетяна Олександрівна Славоросова (Грацианова) (1898–1982), дочка відомого лікаря та громадського діяча Олександра Олексійовича Грацианова.
Син — Олексій Харитонович Славоросов (1916–1995), гірничий інженер, головний редактор журналу «Основи, фундаменти і механіка ґрунтів».
Онука — Євгенія Олексіївна Славоросова (Славороссова), поет, перекладач, журналіст.
Онук — Аркадій Олексійович Славоросов (1957–2005), прозаїк, поет, сценарист.
Спогади сучасників
За словами російського поета і авіатора Василя Каменського, який був учнем Харитона Славоросова, його наставник
Французький авіатор Жюль Ведрін про Славоросова говорив так:
«Якщо я знав людей, зазначених вогненної пристрастю до повітрю, Славо був серед них одним з перших. Майже всі його польоти на фронті (а він здійснив їх чимало) відзначені цією пристрастю і небувалою, винятковою хоробрістю. Неспокійний, вічно неспокійний, шукаючий дух Славо весь віддався повітроплавання…»
Пам'ять
Фільми
Крила Вітчизни. Фільм 1. Час літати. — Режисер Бутков В. М. — Документальний — ТО Екран, 1988 рік — 57 хв. — Час літати
Крила Вітчизни. Фільм 2. Лицарі неба. — Режисер Бутков В. М. — Документальний — ТО Екран, 1989 рік — 56 хв. — Лицарі неба
Крила Вітчизни. Фільм 3. Забуті імена. — Режисер Бутков В. М. — Документальний — ТВО Союзтелефільм, 1990 рік — 57 хв. — Забуті імена
Література
Берлин И. А. Рейс по воздушной целине, «Крылья Родины», № 6, 1985.
Берлин И. А. «10 июня — шестьдесят лет со дня начала первого советского большого перелёта Москва-Пекин (1925г.)» в сб. «Из истории авиации и космонавтики» вып.51,— М. : АН СССР, Советское национальное объединение историков естествознания и техники, 1985.
Король В. Из племени пионеров авиации. «Крылья Родины», № 10, 1986
Трунов К. И, Голышев М. И. Пётр Нестеров. — М. : Советская Россия, 1971
. ст. 9.
ISO — 8859-1Перевидання книги 1913 року.
Науково-художня література
Беляков А. И. «Воздушные путешествия», Санкт-Петербург, Политехника, 1993.
с. 427–428.
Гальперин, Ю. М. Нас объединяют столетия. — «Вечерняя Москва», 11 октября, 1985.
Гальперин Ю. М. «Воздушный казак Вердена: Повесть-хроника». — М: «Молодая гвардия», 1981 г.
Меос Э. Русские казаки в небе Франции. «Неделя», № 25, 17-23, июнь 1962
Меос Э. Харитон Славороссов. «Крылья Украины» № 65-66, VIII, 1960
Художня література
Каменский, В. В. Степан Разин. Пушкин и Дантес. Кафе поэтов. «Путь энтузиаста» — М. : Правда, 1991.
Каменский, В. В. «Стихи». — М. : Художественная литература, 1977.
Славороссова Е. А. Кафе «Ротонда». Стихи в книге «Alma mater». — М. : Зебра Е, 2010.
Примітки
Посилання
Енциклопедія на сайті Міністерства оборони РФ
Інформація в Енциклопедії з сайту Міністерства оборони РФ містить серйозні фактичні помилки!
''газета «L'express du midi»". 27 лютого 1913 року № 7392.
''«NOUVELISTE valaisan". № 64, 22 квітня 1913 року.
''газета «L'express du midi»" 4 березня 1913 року № 7397
''Довідка про реабілітацію Славороссова Х. Н." 1963 рік
''Посвідчення Берліна А. В." 1926 рік
Уродженці Корюківського району
Уродженці Чернігівської губернії
Спортсмени Одеси
Піонери авіації
Російські льотчики Першої світової війни
Репресовані в СРСР
В'язні ГУЛАГу
Посмертно реабілітовані
Померли в Карелії
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4772739
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%28%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Шарапово (Старицький район)
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Шарапово (Старицький район)
Шарапово — присілок в Старицькому районі Тверської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 42 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Архангельське сільське поселення.
Історія
Від 2005 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Архангельське сільське поселення. Раніше населений пункт належав до Юр'євського сільського округу.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Старицького району
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1190581
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П'єтроаса (Вилча)
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П'єтроаса (Вилча)
П'єтроаса — село у повіті Вилча в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Валя-Маре.
Село розташоване на відстані 168 км на захід від Бухареста, 59 км на південний захід від Римніку-Вилчі, 37 км на північ від Крайови.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали особи, усі — румуни. Рідною мовою 242 особи (99,6%) назвали румунську.
Примітки
Села повіту Вилча
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59475211
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khotynets%2C%20Khotynetsky%20District%2C%20Oryol%20Oblast
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Khotynets, Khotynetsky District, Oryol Oblast
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Khotynets, Khotynetsky District, Oryol Oblast
Khotynets is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Khotynetsky District of Oryol Oblast, Russia. Population:
References
Urban-type settlements in Oryol Oblast
Karachevsky Uyezd
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3308903
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Ріо-Люсіо (Нью-Мексико)
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Ріо-Люсіо (Нью-Мексико)
Ріо-Люсіо — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в окрузі Таос штату Нью-Мексико. Населення — 303 особи (2020).
Географія
Ріо-Люсіо розташоване за координатами (36.192177, -105.720033). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 2,72 км², уся площа — суходіл.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкало 389 осіб у 158 домогосподарствах у складі 113 родин. Густота населення становила 143 особи/км². Було 192 помешкання (70/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 6,7 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 94,6 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 22,4 % — особи молодші 18 років, 56,3 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 21,3 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 44,3 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 92,6 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 94,8 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . За межею бідності перебувало 13,8 % осіб, у тому числі 8,6 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 17,4 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 147 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 23,1 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 19,7 %, публічна адміністрація — 19,0 %.
Джерела
Переписні місцевості Нью-Мексико
Населені пункти округу Таос (Нью-Мексико)
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2984036
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85
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Польща на Паралімпійських іграх
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Польща на Паралімпійських іграх
Польща вперше брала участь у Паралімпійських іграх у 1972.
Польські спортсмени мають в цілому 632 медалі. До ігор 2012 року Польща була дев'ятою за кількістю медалей за весь час.
Медалі
На літніх Паралімпійських іграх
На зимових Паралімпійських іграх
Див. також
Польща на Олімпійських іграх
Примітки
Польща на Паралімпійських іграх
Країни на Паралімпійських іграх
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Совденевичі
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Совденевичі —, село (веска) в складі Логойського району розташоване в Мінській області Білорусі, підпорядковане Янушковицькій сільській раді.
Село Совденевичі розташоване в центральних районах Білорусі, в північній частині Мінської області - орієнтовне розташування.
Джерела
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 1. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2010. — 736 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0302-3.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 2. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2011. — 464 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0554-6.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 3. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2012. — 624 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0636-9.
Див. також
Адміністративний поділ Білорусі
Список міст Білорусі
Селища міського типу Білорусі
Райони Білорусі
Посилання
Інформація про Логойський район
Каталог сіл Логойського району
Села Мінської області
Населені пункти Логойського району
Янушковицька сільська рада
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Kozo Yuki
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Kozo Yuki
is a former Japanese football player.
Club career
Kozo began his career with Yokohama Flügels and played later for the Waseda University. In 2002, he left Waseda University. He was now scouted by J1 League club JEF United Ichihara (later JEF United Chiba). He debuted in 2003 and played many matches as center back from 2004. JEF United won the champions in 2005 and 2006 J.League Cup. However he could hardly play in the match from 2007. After seven years for JEF United, he moved to J2 League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima in June 2008. He played many matches as substitute defender and Sanfrecce won the champions in 2008 J2 League. However he resigned end of 2008 season. After half-year blank, On 20 July 2009, the 2. Bundesliga club Fortuna Düsseldorf signed the Japanese defender until the end of the year.
Club statistics
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Waseda University alumni
Association football people from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Japanese expatriate men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
2. Bundesliga players
JEF United Chiba players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Fortuna Düsseldorf players
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Men's association football defenders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasep%C3%A4%C3%A4%20Parish
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Kasepää Parish
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Kasepää Parish
Kasepää was a rural municipality of Estonia, in Jõgeva County. It had a population of 1,381 (2003) and an area of .
Villages
Kaasiku, Kasepää, Kükita, Metsaküla, Nõmme, Omedu, Raja and Tiheda.
References
External links
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4864591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABduva%20Stadium
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Sūduva Stadium
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Sūduva Stadium
Marijampolė Football Arena, also referred to as Hikvision Arena or Sūduva Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Marijampolė, Lithuania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Sūduva.
History
The stadium was built using funds from the European Union and opened on July 6, 2008.
In May–June 2009, the stadium's original seating capacity of 4,200 was increased to hold 6,500 people. This was achieved via additionally constructing a Southern stand, while the Eastern stand's footprint was lengthened left and right alongside the sideline by constructing extensions to the existing tribune that had held only 280 seats before; It was also refurbished and had the seats replaced. With the works completed, the stadium hosted an international match between Lithuania national team and Romania in its new configuration.
The stadium was selected to host the final of the 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship as Lithuania won the bid in 2010.
Between the 2011 and 2019 seasons the stadium was named ARVI Football Arena after the sponsoring rights were bought by ARVI Enterprises Group.
On 11 December 2019, reports were published that ARVI Group will no longer support Sūduva club. There were notes and signboards bearing the name of a former sponsor. The ARVI Arena has been renamed the Marijampolė Football Arena. On 14 January 2020 FK Sūduva announced about new general sponsor Hikvision and renaming the stadium into Hikvision arena.
Also
Marijampolė Football Indoor Arena
FK Sūduva Marijampolė
References
External links
Official website (Sūduva Stadium)
alyga.lt official page
Stadiums in Lithuania. Worldstadiums.com.
Football venues in Lithuania
Multi-purpose stadiums in Lithuania
Sports venues completed in 2008
Buildings and structures in Marijampolė
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Льодовикова ера Карру
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Льодовикова ера Карру (360–260 мільйонів років тому) була другою великою льодовиковою ерою фанерозойського еону. Назву вона отримала за валунну глину (група Двика), яку знаходять у регіоні Карру ПАР (і навколишніх територіях), де свідчення існування цієї льодовикової ери були вперше чітко ідентифіковані у 19-му сторіччі.
Тектонічне зіткнення континентів Лавруссії (пізніше, з Уральським орогенезом, Лавразії) та Гондвани у Пангею, в період Герцинсько-аллеганського орогенезу, створило величезну континентальну масу в антарктичному регіоні, а закриття океанів Реїкум та Япету призвело до порушень у теплих течіях океанів Панталасса та Палеотетіс, що призвело до прогресивного охолодження літніх періодів та накопичення снігових полів в зимові періоди. Це в свою чергу сприяло зростанню гірських льодовиків та їх поступовому об'єднанню у льодовикові поля, які поступово покрили майже всю Гондвану.
Знайдені свідчення принаймні двох великих періодів зледеніння:
перший період зледеніння пов'язують з Місісіпієм (359,2-318,1 млн років тому): льодовикові поля поширювались з центру у сучасних південній Африці та Південній Америці;
другий період зледеніння пов'язують з Пенсильванієм (318,1-299 млн років тому);льодовикові поля поширювались з центру у сучасних Австралії та Індії.
Межа зледеніння в Антарктиді відома погано, оскільки сучасні льодовикові поля приховують свідчення.
Причини
Розвиток наземних рослин з початком девонського періоду розпочав довготривале зростання рівня кисню в атмосфері планети. Великі деревоподібні папороті, що мали висоту до 20 метрів, були другими після вугільних лісів великих деревоподібних плауновидних (30-40 метрів у висоту) кам'яновугільного періоду, які панували у екваторіальних болотах, що тягнулися від Appalachia до Польщі, та пізніше на схилах Уралу. Рівень кисню досягав 35%, а загальний вміст двоокису вуглецю впав нижче 300 часток на мільйон, яке за сучасними уявленнями асоціюється з льодовиковими періодами. Це зменшення парникового ефекту поєдналось з накопиченням лігніну та целюлози (як стовбурів дерев та інших залишків вегетації) та їх похованням у товстих вугленосних шарах кам'яновугільного періоду. Зниження рівнів двоокису вуглецю в атмосфері вважається достатнім для початку процесу зміни кліматів на полюсах, що веде до прохолоднішого літа, яке недостатнє для танення снігу, який випав за попередню зиму. Зростання снігових полів вище 6 метрів створює достатній тиск для перетворення нижніх шарів у кригу.
Зростання планетарного альбедо Землі за рахунок льодовикових полів, які розширювались, призвело до спіралі позитивного зворотного зв'язку, далі збільшуючи льодовикові поля, аж доки процес не досяг межі. Падіння глобальних температур урешті-решт обмежило розвиток рослин, а зростання рівня кисню призвело до збільшення частоти великих пожеж. Це два фактори спричинили зростання рівня двоокису вуглецю в атмосфері, зупиняючи ефект «сніжка» та збільшуючи парниковий ефект, і рівні CO2 досягли 300 часток на мільйон у наступний пермський період. У подальшому еволюція термітів, чиї шлунки містили безкисневе середовище для метаногенних бактерій, які харчувалися лігніном, перешкодила подальшому зв'язуванню вуглецю, повертаючи його в атмосферу у вигляді парникового газу метану.
Після того, як ці фактори зупинили та сприяли початку відступу льодовикових шапок, нижче планетарне альбедо спричинило тепліше літо та зиму, що обмежило накопичення снігу у центрі шапок. Зростання рівня моря через потепління скоротило площу низовинну суходолу, де раніше безкисневі болота зв'язували і накопичували вуглець (у формі вугілля). З меншою територією зв'язування вуглецю, до атмосфери поверталось більше оксиду вуглецю, що сприяло розігріву планети. Десь 250 мільйонів років тому Земля повернулася до рівнів кисню, притаманних сьогоденню.
Наслідки льодовикової ери Карру
Зростання рівнів кисню в атмосфері за часів ери Карру мало в значний вплив на еволюцію рослин та тварин. Вища концентрація кисню (і супутній вищий атмосферний тиск) дозволили розвиток енергозатратних метаболічних процесів, що сприяли еволюції великих наземних хребетних та польоту, наприклад схожої на бабку Meganeura, летючого хижака, який мав розмах крил 60-75 см.
Нешкідлива кремезна і броньована, схожа на багатоніжку, Артроплевра була 1,8 метрів у довжину; земноводні евриптериди Hibbertopteroidea були схожого розміру, а деякі скорпіони досягали 50-70 см.
Серед рослин зростання рівнів кисню призвело до еволюцію більшого спротиву пожежам та підштовхнуло розвиток квітучих рослин. За деякими генетичними дослідженнями, саме в цей період покритонасінні відділились від голонасінних.
Льодовикова ера Карру також спричинила появу унікальної послідовності осадів — циклотермів, які утворились через послідовну зміну середовища між морським та суходолом.
Див. також
Історія Землі
Четвертинне зледеніння
Примітки
Гляціологія
Заледеніння
Кам'яновугільний період
Девонський період
Пермський період
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Королівська академія нідерландської мови та літератури
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Королівська академія нідерландської мови та літератури (або KANTL) — установа, яка займається вивченням та просуванням нідерландської мови у Фландрії. Це нідерландськомовний аналог «Академії королівської мови» та одна з багатьох академій Бельгії.
Історія
Королівська академія нідерландської мови та літератури (скорочено KANTL) — урядова організація, яка була створена 1886 року королівським указом як Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde (Королівська фламандська академія мови та літератури).
1972 року назва Королівської фламандської академії для мови та літератури була змінена на Королівську академію нідерландської мови та літератури, а 1981 року існування Академії було підтверджено указом Ради з питань культури для голландців культурної спільноти (попередник фламандського парламенту) (указ від 13 лютого 1980 р.). Зараз KANTL є установою фламандського уряду.
Академія була першою офіційною установою Бельгії, де нідерландську мову досліджували науково та стимулювали координацію між науковими галузями, що використовують нідерландську мову. 1938 року була створена Королівська фламандська академія науки та мистецтв Бельгії та Королівська академія медицини Бельгії. Відтоді компетенція Академії обмежувалась нідерландською мовою та її літературою. Водночас академія виконує дорадчу функцію для фламандського уряду. Фламандська академія відіграла важливу роль у емансипації фламандців й підняла фламандський рух у культурному та інтелектуальному середовищі на вищий рівень. Однак у політичному плані Академія зберігала нейтралітет.
З 1939 року Академія складається з 30 членів та 25 іноземних почесних членів.
Королівська академія нідерландської мови та літератури розміщується в Будинку Омбергена на Конінгштрааті в Генті. 2012 року будівлю було відреставровано.
Премія Королівської академії голландської мови та літератури
З часу заснування Королівська академія видавала щорічну премію за видатні досягнення у вивченні нідерландської мови. Проте з 2005 року мета премії стала ширшою, тепер нею відзначають визначних діячів, які мають стосунок до нідерландської мови та літератури. Таким чином, премію присуджували за есеїстику, за дослідження давньої нідерландської мови, за літературу, поезію, прозу та досягнення у сфері культури.
Лауреати премії 2003—2012
2012 Том Ланой (письменник)
2011 Арнон Грюнберг (письменник)
2010 Лео Вроман (поет)
2009 Гельмут Тервоорен
2008 Стефан Гертманс (письменник)
2007 Девід Ван Рейбрук
2006 Стефан Брейс
2005 Герріт Кувенаар (поет)
2004 Пітер Луї Сейз
2003
Див. також
Спілка голландських мов
Примітки
Список літератури
Вебсайт Королівської академії голландської мови та літератури.
Мовознавчі наукові установи
Національні академії
Нідерландська мова
Засновані в Бельгії 1886
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Гапеєв Степан Антонович
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Гапеєв Степан Антонович
Степан Антонович Гапеєв (10 травня 1890 — 8 квітня 1950) — чернігівський історик-краєзнавець. Репресований комуністичним режимом СРСР.
Біографія
Народився 10 травня 1890 р. в Одесі. Після закінчення гімназії здобув вищу художню освіту. Перший завідувач Новгород-Сіверського музею, відкритого у 1920 р. в приміщенні семирічної школи за ініціативою повітового відділу народної освіти. Музей успадкував частину зібрання старожитностей відомого мецената і колекціонера середини XIX ст. Н. Судієнка і складався з трьох відділів: археологічного, художнього та церковної старовини. В останньому з них привертали увагу численні вироби золотарів (оклади богослужбових книг, напрестольні хрести та інші предмети церковного обладунку), а також ікони XVII—XVIII ст., врятовані від загибелі під час закриття місцевих храмів і монастирів.
Але, як згадував згодом сам С. Гапеєв, «за перших часів існування музей терпів крайню нужду; становище було неміцне; установа здавалася нежиттєвою». Завдяки зусиллям завідувача і підтримці з боку місцевої інтелігенції музей витримав ці випробування і перетворився у помітний краєзнавчий осередок. Щоб згуртувати довкола музею громадський актив, С. Гапеєв створив краєзнавчий гурток, члени якого брали участь у обстеженні та виявленні пам'яток історії й культури, археологічних розкопках і розвідках, етнографічних експедиціях на терені Новгород-Сіверщини. С. Гапеєв проводив активну культурно-освітню роботу, виступав з лекціями перед мешканцями краю; влаштовував виставки музейних експонатів.
У 1929 р. С. Гапеєв очолив Новгород-Сіверський державний історико-культурний заповідник, створений згідно з рішенням Раднаркому УРСР на території колишнього Спасо-Преображенського монастиря. Це дозволило значною мірою активізувати науково-дослідну роботу в галузі місцевої історії, з'явилися бодай невеликі кошти для реставрації занедбаних пам'яток старовини. «Через те, що на Новгород-Сіверщині мало наукових установ, — підкреслював С. Гапеєв, — заповідник бере на себе й ширші завдання. Перше — правити за культурний і краєзнавчий осередок на Новгород-Сіверщині. Це особливу вагу має за доби реконструкції народного господарства та культурної революції. Друге — організувати і здійснювати охорону пам'ятників культури та природи в межах Новгород-Сіверщини». Перу С. Гапеєва належить ґрунтовний нарис історії Спасо-Преображенського монастиря — «Новгород-Сіверський заповідник: Провідник» (1931), кілька статей з музеєзнавства і низка публікацій у місцевій пресі.
Однак, реалізувати свої плани та наміри С. Гапеєву не судилося. У лютому 1934 р. він був знятий з посади як «соціально ворожий елемент, що припустив вихолощення класової суті в музеї», а в березні 1938 р. — заарештований по вигаданому звинуваченню у зв'язках з «членами есерівської та білогвардійської організації, що проводить активну антирадянську агітацію».
Майже рік С. Гапеєв відсидів за ґратами, поки не був звільнений у зв'язку з відсутністю достатніх доказів «злочинної діяльності», але залишився фактично без засобів до існування. Під час німецької окупації він пішов працювати завідувачем відділу освіти народної управи, а коли в серпні 1943 р. до Новгород-Сіверського наблизились частини Радянської армії, виїхав за межі краю. Згодом С. Гапеєву вдалося влаштуватися на посаду інженера лісового господарства в місті Турка, що на Львівщині. Водночас за сумісництвом він викладав у тамтешній школі.
6 березня 1949 р. С. Гапеєв був заарештований і невдовзі засуджений Чернігівським обласним судом до 25 років виправно-трудових таборів. 8 квітня 1950 р. він помер від розриву серця у місцях ув'язнення.
Джерела
Ткаченко В. В. Історичне краєзнавство: Чернігово-Сіверщина у перше пожовтневе двадцятиріччя: Навч. посіб. — К.: Знання, 2007. — 215 с.-С.126-128.
Українські краєзнавці
Українські історики
Репресовані в СРСР
Уродженці Одеси
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3312771
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%20%28%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%29
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Локленд (Огайо)
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Локленд (Огайо)
Локленд — селище в США, в окрузі Гамільтон штату Огайо. Населення — 3514 особи (2020).
Географія
Локленд розташований за координатами (39.227738, -84.456353). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році селище мало площу 3,19 км², уся площа — суходіл.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі 797 родин. Густота населення становила 1082 особи/км². Було 1738 помешкань (545/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 3,4 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 4,2 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 23,8 % — особи молодші 18 років, 65,8 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 10,4 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 35,7 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 105,5 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 106,1 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долар США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долар . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 27,0 % осіб, у тому числі 46,0 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 10,3 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: виробництво — 28,0 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 15,0 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 12,3 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Селища Огайо
Населені пункти округу Гамільтон (Огайо)
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1195989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20Order%20of%20Aviz
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Military Order of Aviz
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Military Order of Aviz
The Military Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz, previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz, previously to 1789 Knights (of the Order) of Saint Benedict of Aviz or Friars of Santa Maria of Évora, is a Portuguese order of chivalry, founded in Portugal in 1146. It gave its name and coat of arms to the Aviz Dynasty that ruled Portugal between 1385 and 1580.
Early history
The order, as a monastic military order, was founded in emulation of such military orders as the Knights Templar, which existed in Portugal as early as 1128, and received a grant from Theresa, Countess of Portugal in the year of the Council of Troyes, which confirmed their early statutes. A native order of this kind sprang up in Portugal about 1146. Afonso, the first king, gave to it the town of Évora, captured from the Moors in 1166, and the Knights were first called "Friars of Santa Maria of Évora". Gonçalo Viegas, was the first grand master.
After the conquest of Aviz a castle erected there became the motherhouse of the order, and they were then called "Knights of St. Benedict of Aviz", since they adopted the Benedictine rule in 1162, as modified by John Ziritu, one of the earliest Cistercian abbots of Portugal. Like the Knights of Calatrava in Castile, the Knights of Portugal were indebted to the Cistercians for their rule and their habit—a white mantle with a green fleur-de-lysed cross. The Knights of Calatrava also surrendered some of their places in Portugal to them on condition that the Knights of Aviz should be subject to the visitation of their grand master. Hence the Knights of Aviz were sometimes regarded as a branch of the Calatravan Order, although they never ceased to have a Portuguese grand master, dependent for temporalities on the Portuguese King.
At the death of King Ferdinand (1383) war broke out between Castile and Portugal. When João I, who had been grand master of the Knights of Aviz, ascended the throne of Portugal, he forbade the knights to submit to Castilian authority, and consequently, when Gonsalvo de Guzman came to Aviz as Visitor, the knights, while according him hospitality, refused to recognise him as a superior. Guzman protested, and the point remained a subject of contention until the Council of Basle (1431), when Portugal was declared to be in the wrong. But the right of the Calatravans was never exercised, and the next grand master of the Knights of Aviz, Fernando Rodrigues de Sequeira, continued to assert supreme authority over them.
The mission of the military orders in Portugal seemed to end after the overthrow of Muslim domination, but the Portuguese expeditions across the sea opened up a new field for them. The conquest of Ceuta by King João I (1415), the attacks upon Tangier under João's son Duarte (1437) were also crusades, inspired by a religious spirit and sanctioned by similar Papal Bulls. The Knights of Aviz and the Knights of Christ from Order of Christ, scions of the Knights Templars, achieved deeds of valour, the former under the Prince Fernando, the latter under Henrique, brother of King Duarte. Fernando displayed a no less heroic forbearance during his six years of captivity among the Muslims, a long martyrdom which after his death placed him among the Blessed (Acta SS.,5 June).
This enthusiasm did not last, and the Crusade in Africa continued as a mercantile enterprise. After the grand mastership of the order had been vested in the King in perpetuity (1551), he availed himself of its income to reward any kind of service in the army or the fleet. If the wealth of the Knights of Aviz was not as great as that of the Knights of Christ, it was still quite large, drawn as it was from some forty-three commanderies. The religious spirit of the knights vanished, and they withdrew from their clerical brothers who continued alone the conventual life. They were dispensed from their vow of celibacy by Alexander VI (1502), who tolerated their marriage to prevent scandalous concubinage; Julius III (1551) allowed them to dispose freely of their personal properties. Nobility of birth remained the chief requirement of aspirants to the mantle, a requirement confirmed by a decree of 1604.
Secularization of the order
Pope Pius VI (1789) and Queen Mary I reformed the order into a secular institution. In 1834, when the civil government of Portugal abolished religious orders and monasteries, after the defeat of King Miguel in the Civil War, under the constitutional monarchy the order lost its properties. The ancient military orders were transformed by the liberal constitution and subsequent legislation into mere orders of merit. The privileges which once had been an essential part of the membership of the old military orders also ceased.
In 1910, when the Portuguese monarchy ended, the Republic of Portugal abolished all the orders except the Order of the Tower and Sword. However, in 1917, at the end of the Great War, some of these orders were re-established as mere orders of merit to reward outstanding services to the state, the office of grand master belonging to the head of state, the President of the Republic. The Military Order of Aviz, together with the other Portuguese Orders of Merit, had its statutes revised on several occasions, during the First Republic (1910–1926), then in 1962, and again in 1986.
The Military Order of Aviz, together with the Military Orders of Christ and of St. James of the Sword form the group of the "Ancient Military Orders", governed by a chancellor and a council of eight members, appointed by the President of the Republic, to assist him as grand master in all matters concerning the administration of the order. The order can only be conferred on military personnel, both Portuguese and foreign, for outstanding service. For Portuguese nationals, a minimum of seven years of service in the armed forces is required as well as an outstanding and exemplary service record. The regulations of the order suggest classes to be conferred according to military rank thus:
Army Captains and Navy Lieutenants: Knight
Majors and Lieutenant-Commanders: Officer
Lieutenant Colonels and Commanders: Commander
Colonels, Brigadiers, Navy Captains and Rear Admirals (US RADM, Commodore/US RDML being a virtually non-existing rank in the Portuguese Navy): Grand Officer
Major Generals, Lieutenant Generals, Generals, Vice-Admirals and Admirals: Grand Cross.
However, a number of further provisions in the regulations of the order allow for exceptions to this general rule.
Grades
The Order of Aviz, as awarded by the Portuguese government today, comes in five classes:
Grand Cross (GCA), which wears the badge of the Order on a sash on the right shoulder, and the star of the Order in gold on the left chest;
Grand Officer (GOA), which wears the badge of the Order on a necklet, and the star of the Order in gold on the left chest;
Commander (ComA), which wears the badge of the Order on a necklet, and the star of the Order in silver on the left chest;
Officer (OA), which wears the badge of the Order on a ribbon with rosette on the left chest;
Knight (CvA) or Dame (DmA), which wears the badge of the Order on a plain ribbon on the left chest.
A sixth class, Grand Collar (GColA), outranking all previous, was introduced in 2021.
Insignia
The badge of the Order is a gilt cross with green enamel, similar to the Order's emblem illustrated here, but with a longer lower arm. During the monarchy the badge was topped by the Sacred Heart of Christ.
The star of the Order is an eight-pointed, faceted star, in gilt for Grand Cross and Grand Officer, and in silver for Commander. The central disc is in white enamel, with a miniature of the modern badge in it. During the monarchy the Sacred Heart of Christ was placed at the top of the star.
The ribbon of the Order is plain green.
Selected recipients
Captain James Yeo, Royal Navy 1809
Roberto Ivens, 1895.
David Legge Brainard, American arctic explorer and Army officer
Richard E. Byrd, American polar explorer and aviator
1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Charles, Prince of Wales (then Charles III)
Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard, British Army Officer
James L Jones, 2006
Lieutenant General Baron Albert du Roy de Blicquy.
See also
Honorific orders of Portugal
Notes
References
For Documents:
Noronha, Constitucoes de S. Bento de Aviz (Lisbon. 1631).
For history:
Jos. Da Purificao, Catalogo dos Mestres de Aviz, 1722 (Acad real de Historia);
Burro, Chronica de Cister, onde, etc.. (Lisbon. 1602); cf Almeida in Mem. Acad. Scient. Lisboa (1837);
Helyot, Dictionnaire des ordes religieux (1847), 1, 348-350;
Schefer, Gesch. Von Portugal (Gotha 1834-54);
Herculano, History of Portugal (Lisbon, 1554–73)
Olival, The Military Orders and the Portuguese Expansion (15th to 17th Centuries), Portuguese Studies Review Monograph Series, Vol. 3 (Peterborough, 2018).
Christian religious orders established in the 12th century
Aviz, Order of
1146 establishments in Europe
12th-century establishments in Portugal
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818673
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA
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Норруа-ле-Сек
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Норруа-ле-Сек — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Гранд-Ест, департамент Мерт і Мозель. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 260 км на схід від Парижа, 32 км на північний захід від Меца, 75 км на північний захід від Нансі.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Лотарингія. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Гранд-Ест.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 157 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 404,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Норруа-ле-Сек на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Мерт і Мозель
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Мерт і Мозель
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4007261
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Пайвіно (Маслянинський район)
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Пайвіно (Маслянинський район)
Пайвіно — село у Маслянинському районі Новосибірської області Російської Федерації.
Входить до складу муніципального утворення Пеньковська сільрада. Населення становить 536 осіб (2010).
Історія
Згідно із законом від 2 червня 2004 року органом місцевого самоврядування є Пеньковська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Села Новосибірської області
Населені пункти Маслянинського району
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3358195
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triainomyces%20hollowayanus
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Triainomyces hollowayanus
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Triainomyces hollowayanus — вид грибів, що належить до монотипового роду Triainomyces.
Примітки
Джерела
Rossi, W.; Weir, A. 1998. Triainomyces, a new genus of Laboulbeniales on the pill-milliped Procyliosoma tuberculatum from New Zealand. Mycologia. 90:282-289 - P.282
Роди грибів
1998 у науці
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572895
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA
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Акціонерний банк
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Акціонерний банк — кредитна установа, що є об'єднанням на підставі угоди коштів фізичних і юридичних осіб (у тому числі іноземних) з метою спільної господарської діяльності та одержання прибутку.
Посилання
О. А. Костюченко. Акціонерний банк //
Банки
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56556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone%20bodies
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Ketone bodies
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Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules or compounds that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids by the liver (ketogenesis). Ketone bodies are readily transported into tissues outside the liver, where they are converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl-Coenzyme A)—which then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and is oxidized for energy. These liver-derived ketone groups include acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate), beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, a spontaneous breakdown product of acetoacetate (see graphic).
Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during periods of caloric restriction of various scenarios: low food intake (fasting), carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism, or during untreated (or inadequately treated) type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ketone bodies are produced in liver cells by the breakdown of fatty acids. They are released into the blood after glycogen stores in the liver have been depleted. (Glycogen stores typically are depleted within the first 24 hours of fasting.)
Ketone bodies are also produced in glial cells under periods of food restriction to sustain memory formation
When two acetyl-CoA molecules lose their -CoAs (or coenzyme A groups), they can form a (covalent) dimer called acetoacetate. β-hydroxybutyrate is a reduced form of acetoacetate, in which the ketone group is converted into an alcohol (or hydroxyl) group (see illustration on the right). Both are 4-carbon molecules that can readily be converted back into acetyl-CoA by most tissues of the body, with the notable exception of the liver. Acetone is the decarboxylated form of acetoacetate which cannot be converted back into acetyl-CoA except via detoxification in the liver where it is converted into lactic acid, which can, in turn, be oxidized into pyruvic acid, and only then into acetyl-CoA.
Ketone bodies have a characteristic smell, which can easily be detected in the breath of persons in ketosis and ketoacidosis. It is often described as fruity or like nail polish remover (which usually contains acetone or ethyl acetate).
Apart from the three endogenous ketone bodies, other ketone bodies like β-ketopentanoate and β-hydroxypentanoate may be created as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides, such as triheptanoin.
Production
Fats stored in adipose tissue are released from the fat cells into the blood as free fatty acids and glycerol when insulin levels are low and glucagon and epinephrine levels in the blood are high. This occurs between meals, during fasting, starvation and strenuous exercise, when blood glucose levels are likely to fall. Fatty acids are very high energy fuels and are taken up by all metabolizing cells that have mitochondria. This is because fatty acids can only be metabolized in the mitochondria. Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria and are therefore entirely dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for their energy requirements. In all other tissues, the fatty acids that enter the metabolizing cells are combined with coenzyme A to form acyl-CoA chains. These are transferred into the mitochondria of the cells, where they are broken down into acetyl-CoA units by a sequence of reactions known as β-oxidation.
The acetyl-CoA produced by β-oxidation enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion by combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate. This results in the complete combustion of the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA (see diagram above, on the right) to CO2 and water. The energy released in this process is captured in the form of 1 GTP and 9 ATP molecules per acetyl group (or acetic acid molecule) oxidized. This is the fate of acetyl-CoA wherever β-oxidation of fatty acids occurs, except under certain circumstances in the liver. In the liver oxaloacetate is wholly or partially diverted into the gluconeogenic pathway during fasting, starvation, a low carbohydrate diet, prolonged strenuous exercise, and in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus. Under these circumstances oxaloacetate is hydrogenated to malate which is then removed from the mitochondrion to be converted into glucose in the cytoplasm of the liver cells, from where the glucose is released into the blood. In the liver, therefore, oxaloacetate is unavailable for condensation with acetyl-CoA when significant gluconeogenesis has been stimulated by low (or absent) insulin and high glucagon concentrations in the blood. Under these circumstances, acetyl-CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product, acetone, are known as ketone bodies. The ketone bodies are released by the liver into the blood. All cells with mitochondria can take ketone bodies up from the blood and reconvert them into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as fuel in their citric acid cycles, as no other tissue can divert its oxaloacetate into the gluconeogenic pathway in the way that the liver does this. Unlike free fatty acids, ketone bodies can cross the blood–brain barrier and are therefore available as fuel for the cells of the central nervous system, acting as a substitute for glucose, on which these cells normally survive. The occurrence of high levels of ketone bodies in the blood during starvation, a low carbohydrate diet and prolonged heavy exercise can lead to ketosis, and in its extreme form in out-of-control type 1 diabetes mellitus, as ketoacidosis.
Acetoacetate has a highly characteristic smell, for the people who can detect this smell, which occurs in the breath and urine during ketosis. On the other hand, most people can smell acetone, whose "sweet & fruity" odor also characterizes the breath of persons in ketosis or, especially, ketoacidosis.
Fuel utilization across different organs
Ketone bodies can be used as fuel in the heart, brain and muscle, but not the liver. They yield 2 guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and 22 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules per acetoacetate molecule when oxidized in the mitochondria. Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2), via the citric acid cycle. Though it is the source of ketone bodies, the liver cannot use them for energy because it lacks the enzyme thiophorase (β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase). Acetone is taken up by the liver in low concentrations and undergoes detoxification through the methylglyoxal pathway which ends with lactate. Acetone in high concentrations, as can occur with prolonged fasting or a ketogenic diet, is absorbed by cells outside the liver and metabolized through a different pathway via propylene glycol. Though the pathway follows a different series of steps requiring ATP, propylene glycol can eventually be turned into pyruvate.
Heart
The heart preferentially uses fatty acids as fuel under normal physiologic conditions. However, under ketotic conditions, the heart can effectively use ketone bodies for this purpose.
Brain
For several decades the liver has been considered as the main supplier of ketone bodies to fuel brain energy metabolism. However, recent evidence has demonstrated that glial cells can fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory formation upon food restriction.
The brain gets a portion of its fuel requirements from ketone bodies when glucose is less available than normal. In the event of low glucose concentration in the blood, most other tissues have alternative fuel sources besides ketone bodies and glucose (such as fatty acids), but studies have indicated that the brain has an obligatory requirement for some glucose. After strict fasting for 3 days, the brain gets 25% of its energy from ketone bodies. After about 24 days, ketone bodies become the major fuel of the brain, making up to two-thirds of brain fuel consumption. Many studies suggest that human brain cells can survive with little or no glucose, but proving the point is ethically questionable. During the initial stages of ketosis, the brain does not burn ketones, since they are an important substrate for lipid synthesis in the brain. Furthermore, ketones produced from omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cognitive deterioration in old age.
Ketogenesis helped fuel the enlargement of the human brain during its evolution. It was previously proposed that ketogenesis is key to the evolution and viability of bigger brains in general. However, the loss of HMGCS2 (and consequently this ability) in three large-brained mammalian lineages (cetaceans, elephants–mastodons, Old World fruit bats) shows otherwise. Out of the three lineages, only fruit bats have the expected sensitivity to starvation; the other two have found alternative ways to fuel the body during starvation.
Ketosis and ketoacidosis
In normal individuals, there is a constant production of ketone bodies by the liver and their utilization by extrahepatic tissues. The concentration of ketone bodies in blood is maintained around . Their excretion in urine is very low and undetectable by routine urine tests (Rothera's test).
When the rate of synthesis of ketone bodies exceeds the rate of utilization, their concentration in blood increases; this is known as ketonemia. This is followed by ketonuria – excretion of ketone bodies in urine. The overall picture of ketonemia and ketonuria is commonly referred to as ketosis. The smell of acetoacetate and/or acetone in breath is a common feature in ketosis.
When a type 1 diabetic suffers acute biological stress (infection, heart attack, or physical trauma) or fails to administer enough insulin, they may enter the pathological state of diabetic ketoacidosis. Under these circumstances, the low or absent insulin levels in the blood, combined with the inappropriately high glucagon concentrations, induce the liver to produce glucose at an inappropriately increased rate, causing acetyl-CoA resulting from the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, to be converted into ketone bodies. The resulting very high levels of ketone bodies lower the pH of the blood plasma, which reflexively triggers the kidneys to excrete urine with very high acid levels. The high levels of glucose and ketones in the blood also spill passively into the urine (due to the inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose and ketones from the tubular fluid, being overwhelmed by the high volumes of these substances being filtered into the tubular fluid). The resulting osmotic diuresis of glucose causes the removal of water and electrolytes from the blood resulting in potentially fatal dehydration.
Individuals who follow a low-carbohydrate diet will also develop ketosis. This induced ketosis is sometimes called nutritional ketosis, but the level of ketone body concentrations are on the order of whereas the pathological ketoacidosis is .
The process of ketosis has been studied for its effects in improving the cognitive symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Clinical trials have also looked to ketosis in children for Angelman syndrome.
See also
Fatty acid metabolism
References
External links
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Fat metabolism at unisanet.unisa.edu.au
Antidepressants
Histone deacetylase inhibitors
Metabolism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ankabut
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Al-Ankabut
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Al-Ankabut
The Spider is the 29th chapter (surah) of the Quran with 69 verses (āyāt).
It is an earlier "Meccan surah", whose believed revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl) was in Mecca as opposed to Medina.
The surah states that Nuh, Ibrahim, Lut, Shuaib, Hud, Saleh, Musa and Muhammad all were prophets of God. All of them endured hardships. For example, Noah was ridiculed often and Abraham was thrown into the fire. But God destroyed their people who transgressed. Verse 40 says So each We punished for his sin; of them was he on whom We sent down a violent storm, and of them was he whom the rumbling overtook, and of them was he whom We made to be swallowed up by the earth, and of them was he whom We drowned; and it did not beseem Allah that He should be unjust to them, but they were unjust to their own souls.
Summary
1-2 Religious faith is proved by trials
3 Evil deeds will surely be punished
4-7 The righteous shall be rewarded for their good deeds
8 Parents not to be obeyed when they oppose God's law
9 Salvation by faith and good works
10-11 Hypocrites exposed and rebuked
12-13 Unbelievers shall be punished for deceiving others by false promises
14-15 The enemies of Noah drowned for their unbelief
16 Abraham preached against idolatry
17 Abraham accused of being an impostor
18-19 He shows the idolaters how God's power is manifested in nature
20-22 He declares that none shall escape the judgment of God
23 His people attempt to burn him, but God saves him
24 He discourses against the idolatry of his people
25 Lot believes in Abraham, who determines to fly his country
26 God gives Abraham descendants who possess the gift of prophecy and the Scriptures
27-34 The story of Lot and his ministry in Sodom
35-36 Shuaib's ministry to the unbelieving Madianites
37 ʽAd and Thamúd destroyed in unbelief
38 Qárún, Pharaoh, and Hámán destroyed in unbelief
39 Various means by which God destroyed infidels
40 Idolatry likened to a spider's web
41 God knoweth the idols worshipped by men
42, 43 God's works and signs only understood by true believers
44 Muhammad is commanded to recite the Quran and to give himself to prayer
45 Muslims not to fight against Jews and Christians except in self-defence
45, 46 The Quran and the former Scriptures one revelation
47 The miracle of Muhammad's reading and writing a proof of the inspiration of the Quran
48 Unbelievers only reject the Quran
49 Muhammad challenged to work a miracle
50 The Quran itself a sufficient miracle
51, 52 God will judge between Muhammad and the infidels
53-55 The infidels call for judgment, and it will find them unprepared
56 Believers exhorted to fly from persecution
57-59 The reward of the righteous dead
60-63 God's works in creation and providence witness his being
64 The present life a vain show
65, 66 Unbelievers are ungrateful
67, 68 The ingratitude of the Arab idolaters
69 God will reward the faithful
Parable of the spider's house
Mustafa Khattab, author of the Clear Quran, notes that "Externally, the web is too flimsy to protect the spider against rain and strong wind. Internally, the spider’s family structure is fragile, since some species are cannibalistic, with the female preying on the male and the young eating their own mother."
From Tafsir Ibn Kathir:
"This is how Allah described the idolators in their reverence of gods besides Him, hoping that they would help them and provide for them, and turning to them in times of difficulties. In this regard, they were like the house of a spider, which is so weak and frail, because by clinging to these gods they were like a person who holds on to a spider's web, who does not gain any benefit from that. If they knew this, they would not take any protectors besides Allah. This is unlike the Muslim believer, whose heart is devoted to Allah, yet he still does righteous deeds and follows the Laws of Allah, for he has grasped the most trustworthy handle that will never break because it is so strong and firm."
References
External links
Quran 29 Clear Quran translation
Q29:2, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
Parables in the Quran
Ankabut
Spiders in popular culture
Ankabut
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Пенья Енкарнада
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Пенья Енкарнада
«Пенья Енкарнада» — професіональний андоррський футбольний клуб із міста Андорра-ла-Велья, заснований 2009 року.
Історія
Ассосіасао Клуб Пенья Енкарнада д'Андорра було засновано в 2009 році як спортивне товариство, яке популяризує футбол та спорт в цілому в Андоррі-ла-Велья під патронажем Будинку Бенфіки. Команда вперше потрапила до Прімера Дівісіо після того, як в сезоні 2014/15 років виграла Сегона Дівісіо. Тим не менше, клуб покинув елітний дивізіон по завершенню сезону.
Досягнення
Сегона Дівісіо
Чемпіон (1): 2014/15
Клубні кольори та логотип
«Пенья Енкарнада д'Андорра» має португальську символіку. Оскільки клубні форма та логотип пов'язані з португальським клубом Бенфіка. Традиційними клубним кольорами є червоний та чорний, а логотип клубу являє собою незначні зміни логотипу спортивного клубу Бенфіка.
Статистика виступів у національних турнірах
Примітки
Джерела
Офіційний сайт клубу
Офіційна сторінка клубу в соціальній мережі Facebook
Офіційна сторінка клубу в соціальній мережі Twitter
Профіль клубу на офіційному сайті Федерації футболу Андорри
Профіль клубу на сайті soccerway.com
Профіль клубу на сайті uefa.com
Профіль клубу на сайті futbol24.com
Футбольні клуби Андорри
Футбольні клуби, засновані 2009
Засновані в Європі 2009
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0
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Контроверза
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Контроверза — суперечка, розбіжність, спірне питання;
Контроверза — контроверсія — версія, прямо протилежна припущенню слідства або суду про наявність чи відсутність подій та фактів, що мають значення для правильною вирішення справи;
Контроверза — у риториці курс виступів по фіктивній судовій справі.
Примітки
Посилання
Контроверсія //
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
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Плющицино
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Плющицино — присілок в Варнавинському районі Нижньогородської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 15 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Богородська сільрада.
Історія
Від 2009 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Богородська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Варнавинського району
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi%20Savall
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Jordi Savall
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Jordi Savall i Bernadet (born 1 August 1941) is a Spanish conductor, composer and viol player. He has been one of the major figures in the field of Western early music since the 1970s, largely responsible for popularizing the viol family of instruments (notably the viola da gamba) in contemporary performance and recording. As a historian of early music his repertoire features everything from medieval, Renaissance and Baroque through to the Classical and Romantic periods. He has incorporated non-western musical traditions in his work; including African vernacular music for a documentary on slavery.
Musical education
His musical training started at age six in the school choir of his native Igualada (1947–55). After graduating from the Barcelona's Conservatory of Music (where he studied from 1959 to 1965) he specialized in early music, collaborating with Ars Musicae de Barcelona under Enric Gispert, studying with August Wenzinger at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in Basel, Switzerland (1968–70) and eventually succeeding Wenzinger in 1974 as professor of viola da gamba at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis.
Ensembles
In 1974 he formed the ensemble Hespèrion XX (known since 2000 as Hespèrion XXI), together with his wife soprano Montserrat Figueras, Lorenzo Alpert and Hopkinson Smith. Hespèrion XX favored a style of interpretation characterized simultaneously by great musical vitality and maximum historical accuracy.
In 1987 he returned to Barcelona to found La Capella Reial de Catalunya, a vocal ensemble devoted to pre-eighteenth-century music. In 1989 he founded Le Concert des Nations, an orchestra generally emphasizing Baroque period, but sometimes also Classical and even Romantic music such as, for example, Sinfonía [por] Grande Orquesta by Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga) (1806–1826).
More recently Savall has performed with family members. The family ensemble has included his wife Montserrat Figueras (who died in 2011) and their two children, Arianna and Ferran. Arianna plays the harp and sings, like her mother; Ferran plays the theorbo (bass lute) and sings, not only with his family, but also in Barcelona jazz clubs.
In several of his recordings and concerts, Savall and his ensembles have incorporated non-western musical traditions, including African vernacular music played by musicians of the ensemble 3MA (Driss el Maloumi, Ballake Sissoko, Rajery) in Les Routes de l’Esclavage or The Routes of Slavery (2017). In their performances and albums titled Orient-Occident, Savall and musicians from the Middle East have presented traditional Arabic, Christian and Sephardic music, originating from medieval Al-Andalus, Syria, Morocco and Turkey.
Additionally, Savall has created music festivals, such as the Festival musique et histoire in the Fontfroide Abbey in southern France and the Jordi Savall Festival, set in historic monasteries of Catalonia.
Personal life
Savall was married to Montserrat Figueras from 1968 to her death in 2011. They had a daughter, Arianna Savall, and a son, Ferran Savall. In 2017, Jordi Savall married the Spanish philosopher Maria Bartels.
Recordings
Savall's discography includes more than 200 recordings. Originally recording with EMI Classics, and then from 1975 on Michel Bernstein's Astrée label, since 1998 he has recorded on his own label, Alia Vox.
Honours and awards
2000 – for service to Catalan culture or for scientific, cultural or civic works in the Catalan language
2006 – Honorary doctorate from the University of Barcelona
2008 – Appointed European Union ambassador for intercultural dialogue
2008 – Savall and his wife, Montserrat Figueras, were named "Artists for Peace" by UNESCO.
2009 – Handel Prize from the city of Halle, Germany
2009 – National Music Prize from the National Council of Music and Arts of Catalonia
2010 – Praetorius Musikpreis Niedersachsen
2010 – MIDEM Classical Award for his album "Jerusalem – la ville des deux Paix: La paix céleste et la paix terrestre"
2011 – Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance for Dinastia Borja. Església i poder al Renaixement
2012 – Léonie Sonning Music Prize
2013 – Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France)
2013 – Honorary doctorate from the University of Basel
2014 – Gold Medal of the Generalitat of Catalonia
In 2014 he refused the Premio Nacional de Música awarded by the Spanish government, in protest at the government's artistic policies, accusing them of "grave incompetence" and "dramatic disinterest".
2016 – Honorary doctorate from Utrecht University
2022 – Honorary membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Discography with Alia Vox
Full discography as published on Alia Vox website:
1998 – Joan Cabanilles (AV9801)
1998 – José Marín (AVSA9802)
1998 – Les Voix Humaines (AV9803)
1998 – Elizabethan Consort Music 1558 – 1603 (AV9804)
1998 – La Folia 1490- 1701 (AVSA9805)
1999 – El Cant de la Sibil·la (AVSA9806)
1999 – Jean-Baptiste Lully (AVSA9807)
1999 – Missa Bruxellensis – Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber (AV9808)
1999 – Diaspora Sefardi (AV9809)
2000 – La Barcha d'Amore (AV9811)
2000 – Die Sonaten für Viola da Gamba und Cembalo (with Ton Koopman) – J.S. Bach (AV9812)
2000 – The Teares of the Muses. Anthony Holborne (AV9813)
2000 – Carlos V. La Canción del Emperador (AVSA9814)
2000 – Battaglie & Lamenti (1396–1458) (AV9815)
2001 – Alfons V El Magnànim (AV9816)
2001 – Harmonie Universelle (AV9810
2001 – Johann Sebastian Bach (AV9817)
2001 – Musikalisches Opfer – J.S. Bach (AVSA9818)
2001 – Die Kunst der Fuge- J.S. Bach (AV9819)
2001 – Ostinato (AV9820)
2001 – Tous les Matins du Monde (AVSA9821)
2002 – Farnace. Antonio Vivaldi AV9822)
2002 – William Lawes (AV9823)
2002 – L'Orchestre de Louis XIII (1601- 1643) (AV9824)
2002 – Henrich Ignaz Franz Biber (AV9825)
2002 – Ninna Nanna (AV9826)
2003 – Monsieur de Sainte Colombe le Fils (AV9827)
2003 – Le Parnasse de la viole (AV9829)
2003 – Pièces de Viole du Second Livre. Marin Marais (AV9828)
2003 – Bella Terra (AV9833)
2003 – Entremeses del siglo de oro (1550- 1650) (AVSA9831)
2003 – Alfonso Ferrabosco The Younger (AV9832)
2003 – Villancicos y Danzas Criollas (AV9834)
2003 – La Viola da Gama in Concerto – Antonio Vivaldi (AV9835)
2004 – Homenatge al Misteri d'Elx. La Vespra (AV9836)
2004 – Musicall Humors. Tobias Hume (AV9837)
2004 – Isabel I. Reina de Castilla (AVSA9838)2004 – Harmonie Universelle II (AV9839)
2005 – Les Concerts Royaux. François Couperin (AVSA9840)
2005 – Du temps & de l'instant (AVSA9841)
2005 – Les Grandes Eaux Musicales de Versailles (AV9842)
2005 – Don Quijote de la Mancha (AVSA9843)
2005 – Altre Follie (AVSA9844)
2005 – La Musica notturna delle strade di Madrid. Luigi Boccherini (AVSA9845)
2006 – Eine Kleine Nachtmusik. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (AVSA9846)
2006 – Lux Feminæ (AVSA9847)
2006 – Orient – Occident (AVSA9848)
2006 – Metamorphoses Fidei (AV9849)
2006 – Marin Marais Suitte d’un Goût Etranger (AVSA9851)
2006 – Christophorus Columbus (AVSA9850)
2007 – Lachrimae Caravaggio (AVSA9852)
2007 – Ludi Musici (AV9853)
2007 – Septem Verba Christi in Cruce. Joseph Haydn (AVSA9854)2007 – Claudio Monteverdi (AVSA9855)
2007 – Francisco Javier – The Route to the Orient (AVSA9856)
2008 – Estampies & Danses Royales (AVSA9857)
2008 – Fantasias for the Viols. Henry Purcell (AVSA9859)
2008 – Water Music. Georg Friederich Haendel (AVSA9860)
2008 – Invocation a la nuit (AV9861)
2008 – Su la Cetra Amorosa. Tarquinio Merula (AVSA9862)
2008 – Mireu el nostre mar (AV9858)
2008 – Jérusalem (AVSA9863)
2009 – Ministriles Royales. Ménestrels royales – Royal Minstrels (AVSA9864A+B)
2009 – The Celtic Viol – La Viole Celtique (AVSA9865)
2009 – The Fairy Queen. The Prophetess. Henry Purcell (1659- 1695) (AVSA9866)
2009 – Maestros del Siglo de Oro (AVSA9867)
2009 – Peiwoh (AV9869)
2009 – Istanbul. Dimitrie Cantemir (AVSA9870)
2009 – Septem Verba Christ in Cruce. Joseph Haydn (CD/DVD) (AVDVD9868)
2009 – Le Royaumé Oublié (AVSA9873)
2010 – The Brandenbourgh Concertos – JS. Bach (AVSA9871)
2010 – El Nuevo Mundo (AVSA9876)
2010 – Le Concert Spirituel. Corelli. Telemann. Rameau (AVSA9877)
2010 – The Celtic Viol II. Treble Viol & Lyra Viol (AVSA9878)
2010 – Dinastia Borgia (AVSA9875)
2010 – Pièces de Viole des Cinq Livres. Marin Marais (AVSA9872)
2011 – Requiem. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (AVSA9880)
2011 – El Cant de la Sibil·la a Catalunya (AVSA9879)
2011 – Cançons de la Catalunya Mil·lenària. Planys & Llegendes (AVSA9881)
2011 – L'orquestre de Louis XV. Jean-Philippe Rameau (AVSA9882)
2011 – Hispania & Japan (AVSA9883)
2011 – Aria e Lamenti. Madrigali. Claudio Monteverdi (AVSA9884)
2011 – Concerts à Deux Violes Esgales. Sieur de Sainte-Colombe (AVSA9885)
2011 – La Sublime Porte (AVSA9887)
2011 – Mare Nostrum (AVSA9888)
2012 – La Voix de l'Emotion. Montserrat Figueras (AVSA9889)
2012 – Les Quatre Ouvertures. J.S Bach (AVSA9890)
2012 – Jeanne D'Arc (AVSA9891)
2012 – Ésprit D'Arménie. Armenian Spirit (AVSA9892)
2012 – Pièces de Violes 1728. François Couperin (AVSA9893)
2012 – Pro·Pacem AVSA9894)
2013 – Messe en Si Mineur . J.S. Bach (AVDVD9896A)
2013 – Erasmus (AVSA9895)
2013 – 25 anys Capella Reial de Catalunya. 25 años La Capella Reial de Catalunya. (AVSA9897)
2013 – Esprit des Balkans/Balkan Spirit (AVSA9898)
2013 – Recercadas del Tratado de Golsas. Diego de Ortiz (AVSA9899)
2013 – Orient- Occident II (AVSA9900)
2013 – Lachrimae or Seven Teares. John Dowland (AVSA9901)
2013 – Bal·Kan: Miel & Sang (AVSA9902)
2014 – Alcyone. Marin Marais (AVSA9903)
2014 – The Voice of Emotion II. Montserrat Figueras (AVDVD9904)
2014 – Marc-Antoine Charpentier à la Chapelle Royale de Versailles (AVDVD9905)
2014 – La Lira d'Esperia II. Galicia (AVSA9907)
2014 – Magnificat and Concerti. Antonio Vivaldi. Johann Sebastian Bach (AVSA9909D)
2015 – War and Peace. 1614- 1714 (AVSA9908)
2015 – Euskel Antiqva (AV9910)
2015 – L'Orfeo. Claudio Monteverdi (AVSA9911)
2015 – Baroque Splendor. Henrich Ignaz Franz Biber (AVSA9912)
2015 – Les Éléments (AVSA9914)
2016 – Simfonía Eroica. Ludwig van Beethoven. AVSA9916)
2016 – Marquise (AV9701)
2016 – Ramon Llull 1232 · 1316 (AVSA9917)
2016 – Granada 1013- 1502 (AVSA9915)
2016 – Dixit Dominus. (AVSA9918)
2016 – Llibre Vermell de Montserrat (AVSA9919)
2017 – Les Routes de l’Esclavage (AVSA9920)
2017 – Henricus Isaac (AVSA9922)
2017 – Cantigas de Santa Maria (AVSA9923)
2017 – In Excelsis Deo (AVSA9924)
2017 – Venezia Millenaria (AVSA9925)
2018 – Musica Nova (AVSA9926)
2018 – Bailar Cantando (AVSA9927)
2018 – Les Nations – François Couperin (AVSA9928)
2018 – Terpsichore (AVSA9929)
2018 – Ibn Battuta – Le Voyageur de l’Islam 1304–1377 (AVSA9930)
2019 – J.S. Bach – Markus Passion (AVSA9931)
2019 – W.A. Mozart – Le Testament Symphonique (AVSA9934)
2019 – A. Vivaldi – Juditha Triumphans (AVSA9935)
2019 – Handel – Messiah (AVSA9936)
2020 – Beethoven – Révolution Symphonies 1 à 5 (AVSA9937)
2020 – Marin Marais Alcione. Tragédie lyrique (AVSA9939)
2020 – J.S. Bach – Weihnachts-Oratorium (AVSA9940)
2021 – Tomás Luis de Victoria – Passion Officium Hebdomadæ Sanctæ (AVSA9943)
2021 – Couperin – Apothéoses (AVSA9944)
2021 – Joseph Haydn – La Création (AVSA9945)
2022 – Beethoven – Révolution Symphonies 6 à 9 (AVSA9946)
2024 – Mirrors of Time (AVSA9957)
Filmography
Savall adapted and performed music for the 1991 Alain Corneau film Tous les matins du monde about composers Sainte-Colombe and Marin Marais. His work on this film earned him a César award from the French film industry in 1992. The soundtrack has sold more than a million copies worldwide.
He has composed music for the following films:
(1991) Tous les matins du monde (All the Mornings of the World) by Alain Corneau
(1993) The Bird of Happiness (El pajaro de la felicidad) by Pilar Miró
(1994) Joan the Maiden (Part 1: The Battles; Part 2: The Prisons) by Jacques Rivette
(1997) Long Twilight (Hosszú alkony) by
(1997) Marquise by Véra Belmont
(1998) Secret Defense (Top Secret) by Jacques Rivette
In popular culture
Savall and his wife Montserrat Figueras are characters in a 2009 novel Sır (Secret), by Turkish writer Enis Batur. The plot includes a surprise birthday party for Savall.
References
External links
Alia-vox.com, Jordi Savall's official website.
Complete discography at Medieval.org
The private website Classic @ la carte is devoted primarily to Jordi Savall's works.
Misteria Paschalia Festival
Zachary Woolfe, Interview, "Jordi Savall's Never-ending Repertory", The New York Times, 27 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015
Conductors (music) from Catalonia
Spanish male conductors (music)
Classical musicians from Catalonia
Composers from Catalonia
Spanish performers of early music
Viol players
1941 births
Living people
People from Igualada
Performers of medieval music
Schola Cantorum Basiliensis alumni
Academic staff of Schola Cantorum Basiliensis
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Founders of early music ensembles
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
Handel Prize winners
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century male musicians
Spanish expatriates in Switzerland
Spanish male musicians
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19858270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C5%82ody%20%C5%9Arednie
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Skłody Średnie
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Skłody Średnie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zaręby Kościelne, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Zaręby Kościelne, east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and north-east of Warsaw.
References
Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County
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15900276
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ougny
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Ougny
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Ougny is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.
Demographics
On 1 January 2019, the estimated population was 24.
See also
Communes of the Nièvre department
References
Communes of Nièvre
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4482887
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0
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Березовська
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Березовська Іванна Богданівна (* 1991) — українська спортсменка-сумоїстка. Заслужений майстер спорту України.
Березовська Марина Георгіївна — українська класична танцівниця, хореограф, учитель танку;
Авсюкевич-Березовська Марфа Ничипорівна — українська акторка, дружина Григорія Березовського;
Мая Березовська — польська художниця;
Березовська Олена Петрівна — українська лікарка-гінеколог;
Березовська Павлина Леонідівна — українська журналістка, підпільниця;
Березовська Параска Олексіївна (1900—1986) — українська вишивальниця, заслужений майстер народної творчості УРСР.
Березовська Фаїна Ізраїлівна — українська хімік.
Див. також
Березовський
Примітки
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1814577
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
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Уманська міська рада
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Уманська міська рада — орган місцевого самоврядування в Черкаській області. Адміністративний центр — місто обласного значення Умань.
Загальні відомості
Уманська міська рада утворена в 1795 році.
Територія ради: 41,08 км²
Населення ради: 86 621 особа (станом на 1 січня 2014 року)
Територією ради протікають річки Уманка, Кам'янка.
Населені пункти
Міській раді підпорядковані населені пункти:
м. Умань
Склад ради
Рада складається з 38 депутатів та голови.
Голова ради: Плетньова Ірина Григорівна
Секретар ради: Терещенко Катерина Вікторівна
Керівний склад попередніх скликань
Примітка: таблиця складена за даними джерела
Депутати
За результатами місцевих виборів 2010 року депутатами ради стали:
За суб'єктами висування
За округами
Примітки
Джерела
Умань
Міські ради Черкаської області
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106691
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddito%2C%20Arizona
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Jeddito, Arizona
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Jeddito, Arizona
Jeddito is a census-designated place (CDP) in Navajo County, Arizona, United States. The population was 293 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Jeddito is located at (35.772023, -110.127016).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.
Jeddito lies within a exclave of the Navajo Nation. This exclave is surrounded by territory of the Hopi Indian Reservation, which is itself surrounded by the Navajo Nation. There was a population of 1,065 living on the exclave in the 2000 census.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 390 people, 99 households, and 79 families living in the CDP. The population density was . There were 126 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 6% White, 93% Native American, 0% Asian, 0% from other races, and 1% from two or more races. 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 99 households, out of which 60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46% were married couples living together, 30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20% were non-families. 17% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.9 and the average family size was 4.5.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 49% under the age of 18, 8% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 14% from 45 to 64, and 3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 19 years. For every 100 females, there were 77 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $20,417, and the median income for a family was $12,778. Males had a median income of $35,375 versus $30,469 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $5,347. About 42% of families and 46% of the population were below the poverty line, including 56% of those under age 18 and 25% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Jeddito is a part of the Cedar Unified School District.
The Navajo name of Jádító (Antelope Water) was derived from nearby watering points, which were frequently used by antelopes. Most families living within the Jeddito "island" are members of the extended families who were forcefully evicted from the old Hopi Reservation (District 6) in September and October 1944. This marked the first mass relocation of Navajos determined to be living on the wrong side of the Navajo-Hopi boundary. The portion referred to as Jeddito "island" is totally surrounded by the Hopi Partitioned Land. Another segment of the chapter's land base is part of the main Navajo reservation on the Apache County side. The "island" part is situated exclusively in Navajo County.
White Cone High School served Jeddito until the closure of the school in 2012.
References
Jeddito, Census Tract 9448, Navajo County, Arizona United States Census Bureau
Census-designated places in Navajo County, Arizona
Census-designated places in Arizona
Populated places on the Navajo Nation
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46199
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F
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Запорізька агломерація
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Запорізька агломерація — агломерація з центром у місті Запоріжжя.
Розташування
Простягається вздовж річки Дніпро 70 км на правому березі і 110 км — на лівому. Головні чинники створення і існування агломерації: річка Дніпро, перепуття головних транспортних шляхів, металургійна і машинобудівна промисловість. Центр розвиненого сільськогосподарського району. Запорізький міжнародний аеропорт.
Склад агломерації
Складається:
з міст: Запоріжжя.
з районів: Запорізький район, Вільнянський район, Оріхівський район, Новомиколаївський район, Василівський район, Михайлівський район.
Основні статистичні дані
Чисельність населення — 1 100,9 тис. осіб. (2001 рік)
Площа — 8 200 км².
Густота населення — 134,3 осіб/км².
Панорами
Агломерації України
Географія Запоріжжя
Географія Запорізької області
Запорізький район
Вільнянський район
Оріхівський район
Новомиколаївський район
Василівський район
Михайлівський район
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61681018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen%202020
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Melodifestivalen 2020
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Melodifestivalen 2020 was the 60th edition of the Swedish music competition Melodifestivalen. The competition was organised by Sveriges Television (SVT) and took place over a six-week period between 1 February and 7 March 2020. The winner of the competition was The Mamas with the song "Move", who would have represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The Mamas were the first band to win since 2007 and the first female act to win since 2014; this is the fourth time in the history of Melodifestivalen that Sweden was unable to send a song to the Eurovision Song Contest (and the first such occurrence since 1976), as the contest itself was cancelled on 18 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The format of the competition consisted of 6 shows: 4 heat rounds, a second chance round and a final. An initial 28 entries were selected for the competition through three methods: an open call for song submissions, direct invitations to specific artists and songwriters, and a wildcard given to one of the artists that participated in the P4 Nästa competition organised by Sveriges Radio P4. The 28 competing entries were divided into four heats, with seven compositions in each. From each heat, the songs that earn first and second place qualify directly to the final, while the songs that place third and fourth proceed to the Second Chance round. The bottom three songs in each heat were eliminated from the competition. An additional four entries qualified from the Second Chance round to the final, bringing the total number of competing entries in the final to 12. All 6 shows were hosted by Lina Hedlund, Linnea Henriksson and David Sundin.
Format
Melodifestivalen 2020, organised by Sveriges Television (SVT), was the nineteenth consecutive edition of the contest in which the competition took place in different cities across Sweden; this was the last time that the event was held in this format. The four heats were held in the Saab Arena in Linköping (1 February), the Scandinavium in Gothenburg (8 February), the Coop Norrbotten Arena in Luleå (15 February) and the Malmö Arena in Malmö (22 February). The Second Chance round took place in the Stiga Sports Arena in Eskilstuna on 29 February, while the final was held in the Friends Arena in Stockholm on 7 March. A total of 28 entries competed in the heats, with seven entries taking part in each show. The top two entries from each heat advanced directly to the final, while the third and fourth placed entries advanced to the Second Chance round. The bottom three entries in each heat were eliminated. An additional four entries qualified for the final from the Second Chance round, bringing the total number of competing entries in the final to 12.
Presenters
On 3 September 2019, Lina Hedlund, Linnea Henriksson and David Sundin were announced as the presenters of the 60th edition of Melodifestivalen.
Competing entries
The twenty-eight competing entries were announced to the public during a press conference on 26 November 2019. On 2 February 2020, it was announced that Thorsten Flinck would be disqualified from the competition due to the fact that criminal charges of unlawful threat and vandalism had been filed against him. One day later, Jan Johansen was announced as his replacement.
Heats
Heat 1
The first heat took place on 1 February 2020 in the Saab Arena in Linköping. More than 454,000 SEK was collected for Radiohjälpen.
Heat 2
The second heat took place on 8 February 2020 in the Scandinavium arena in Gothenburg.
Heat 3
The third heat took place on 15 February 2020 in the Coop Norrbotten Arena in Luleå.
Heat 4
The fourth heat took place on 22 February 2020 in the Malmö Arena in Malmö.
Second Chance
The Second Chance round took place on 29 February 2020 in the Stiga Sports Arena in Eskilstuna. This was the first time in the history of the competition that Eskilstuna hosted a Melodifestivalen round.
Final
The final took place on 7 March 2020 in the Friends Arena in Stockholm.
COVID-19 considerations
SVT issued a Q&A section on its official website to address concerns regarding the spread of COVID-19. On 3 March, four days before the Melodifestivalen final, Swedish radio station Sveriges Radio (SR) reported over 200 confirmed cases within Sweden.
The questions and answers are related to safety measures and the number of participants. 27,000 audience members, including international audience members, were anticipated. This number did not include the audience for the two dress rehearsals or any personnel. SVT stated on the Q&A page that it did not plan to establish checkpoints or other containment measures.
Gallery
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
References
External links
Melodifestivalen Official Site
2020 song contests
February 2020 events in Sweden
Eurovision Song Contest 2020
March 2020 events in Sweden
2020
2020s in Gothenburg
2020s in Malmö
2020s in Stockholm
Events in Eskilstuna
Events in Gothenburg
Events in Linköping
Events in Luleå
Events at Malmö Arena
Events in Solna
2020 in Swedish music
2020 Swedish television seasons
2020 in Swedish television
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18205213
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcinkowo%2C%20Inowroc%C5%82aw%20County
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Marcinkowo, Inowrocław County
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Marcinkowo, Inowrocław County
Marcinkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Inowrocław, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Inowrocław, south-west of Toruń, and south-east of Bydgoszcz.
References
Villages in Inowrocław County
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2670540
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%95%20IV
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САНАЕ IV
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САНАЕ IV — південноафриканська науково-дослідна станція в Антарктиці, заснована у 1997 році. Розташована на вершині нунатака висотою 856 м над р. м. на околиці гірського хребта Альман на Землі Королеви Мод. Населення становить 60 осіб влітку, 10 — взимку.
До структури станції входять три пов'язаних модулі та дві технічні споруди, обладнані системою навігації.
Посилання
Encyclopaedia: SANAE IV
Antarctica SANAE IV
Дослідні станції в Антарктиці
Засновані 1997
1997 в Антарктиці
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2761321
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD
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Ілля Меддісон
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Ілля Меддісон
Ілля Медісон (справжнє ім'я — Давидов Ілля Сергійович) — російський відеоблогер і стример. У 2008—2011 роки вів відеоблог на Rutube, в 2011—2015 i 2018 на YouTube і в 2013-наст. час — трансляції на Twitch. Одним з перших в Росії робив гумористичні відеоогляди роликів, фільмів і комп'ютерних ігор. Став відомий завдяки оглядам на відеоігри. Серед користувачів інтернету має прізвиська «король рунету», «король ігрових оглядів».
Біографія
Навчався на факультеті журналістики Російського державного соціального університету, звідки був відрахований на третьому курсі через малу відвідуваність. Крім ігор захоплюється футболом. Вболіває за московський футбольний клуб «Динамо». У своїй творчості орієнтувався на американського оглядача AVGN.
Став широко відомий в рунеті з 2008 року. Здобув популярність завдяки оглядам ігор, які почали виходити в 2008 році. Свої відео він почав викладати в 2009 році на сайті Rutube, пізніше був редактором ігрового розділу на цьому сервісі. У 2010 році вів на Rutube шоу «Відеоогляди Іллі Меддісона» і «Брейнфакерс». Одним з перших в Росії робив відеоогляди фільмів і комп'ютерних ігор, і викладав їх на YouTube. Вів програму «Ігри на винос» на регіональному відділенні ТНТ, брав участь в програмі «Ще» на цьому ж каналі, в програмі «Небезпечна зона» на ТВЦ, в програмі «Віртуаліті» на MTV та інших програмах на каналах «Перший ігровий», «Муз-ТВ» і «Столиця». У 2011 році вів шоу «Аристократичний кінематограф» з оглядами на кіно на сайті Kanobu.ru. Коментував вірусні ролики під псевдонімом «Степан Арвеладзе». Співпрацював з My Duck's Vision і «Спасибі, Єво!». Вів стендап-шоу. 19 серпня 2010 року запустив інтернет-радіо Maddyson.fm, на якому працювали такі блогери як Snailkick, Юрій Хованський, Кузьма Грідін. З 2014 року радіо називається MAD.FM, провідними були такі блогери як UberMarginal, Михайло Закіров, Дмитро Ларін. У 2012 році знявся в серіалі «Поліцейські будні». У 2016 році був спеціальним гостем The Boston Major по Dota 2. У тому ж році за ідеєю і сценарієм Іллі Меддісона вийшла гра The Underground Man. Переможець інтернет-премії «Герой Рунету» у 2009 році. За підтримки Меддісона в YouTube отримали популярність такі блогери, як Юрій Хованський, kamikadze_d і інші.
Жарт про Коран
18 січня 2017 року чеченський користувач Умар Саїдов опублікував в Facebook відеоролик з стендап-виступу Іллі Меддісона 2012 року, в якому Меддісон розповів жарт про Коран. Він назвав жарт Медісона неприпустимим і закликав усіх чоловіків-мусульман покарати його. Після цього проти Медісона розгорнулася цькування в соціальних мережах. До цькування приєднався дагестанський громадський діяч, віце-президент Федерації боксу Дагестану, Булач Чанкалаєв. Він в Facebook відкрито погрожував блогеру і закликав інших знайти і покарати його. Російський конгрес народів Кавказу зажадав від правоохоронних органів дати оцінку його висловлюванням. У мусульманських групах в соціальних мережах з'явилися заклики знайти і покарати Іллю Медісона, в тому числі від прихильників ІДІЛ. Голова Кизилюртівського району Дагестану Магомед Шабанов написав:
У соц. мережах також опублікували телефон відеоблогера і його можливу адресу. Після цього Меддісон видалив свої сторінки з соціальних мереж і 21 січня виїхав з Росії. Він не став звертатися в поліцію, оскільки побоювався, що на нього заведуть справу через образи почуттів віруючих.
13 лютого 2017 року прокуратура Чеченської республіки опублікувала на своєму сайті повідомлення про порушення кримінальної справи стосовно відеоблогера Іллі Меддісона по ч. 1 ст. 282 КК РФ (дії, спрямовані на приниження гідності людини або групи осіб за ознаками ставлення до релігії, скоєні публічно). У повідомленні на сайті прокуратури говорилося, що психолінгвістична експертиза визнала висловлювання блогера спрямованими на приниження людей, які сповідують іслам і християнство, і зажадала визнати його дії екстремістськими. Пізніше повідомлення було видалено з сайту. 22 лютого 2017 року Заводський районний суд Грозного визнав ролик екстремістським. 16 липня 2018 року Ілля Меддісон був засуджений судом до 1,5 років умовного терміну за екстремізм.
Громадянська позиція
19 липня 2018 року Ілля Давидов був внесений до бази сайту «Миротворець». Повідомляється, що відеоблогер неодноразово був відмічений в українофобстві та в поширенні антиукраїнської пропаганди. У своїх заявах він називав Україну «неіснуючою нацією», злісно висловлювався в адресу Євромайдану та називав українців «маньяками» та «збоченцями». Стверджує, що все це було частиною його специфічного гумору.
Примітки
Посилання
Відеоблогери
Російські телеведучі
Псевдоніми артистів
Відмічені в українофобії
Фігуранти бази «Миротворець»
Члени ЛДПР
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170572
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0
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Камерна рама
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Камерна рама — кріпильна рама посиленої конструкції, що встановлюється в місці сполучення двох підземних виробок, закріплених рамним кріпленням.
К. р. бувають дерев'яні, металеві та змішані. При слабких нестійких бічних породах опори для металіч. верхняка К.р. — бетонні стовпи.
Література
(С.?)
Гірниче кріплення
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925291
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD
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Плугумелан
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Плугумелан або Плуґумелен — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Бретань, департамент Морбіан. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 420 км на захід від Парижа, 110 км на південний захід від Ренна, 12 км на захід від Ванна.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 923 оподатковані домогосподарства, у яких проживали 2447,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Морбіан
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт муніципалітету
Плугумелан на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Муніципалітети департаменту Морбіан
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%20%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%20%28%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%29
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Селище Жовтневе (Львів)
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Селище Жовтневе (Львів)
Селище Жовтневе — селище садибної забудови (нинішній житловий масив Левандівка) у Львові. Побудоване наприкінці 1950-х — на початку 1960-х років. Архітектори: М. Вендзилович, Л. Тимченко, Г. Шведський-Вінецький.
Архітектура
Генплан будівництва селища Жовтневого розроблений у 1958 році. Для забудови району використані кращі конкурсні проєкти одноповерхових з мансардами і двоповерхових блокових будинків на дві квартири. Будинки мали плоскі дахи, кутові закруглені балкони, поєднання в узгодженні балконів масиву цегляної кладки та металевих решіток.
Прототипом для стилізації стали архітектурні форми «буржуазної Польщі». Але це було розкритиковано та засуджено мистецтвознавцями М. Цапенком і М. Іванченком.
Розташування
Північна межа — вул. Кузнярівка;
Південна межа — вул. Левандівська;
Західна межа — Левандівський парк;
Східна межа — Левандівське озеро.
Транспорт
Поблизу колишнього селища курсує тролейбусний маршрут № 32.
Галерея
Джерела
Мистецтво оновленого краю: науково-популярний нарис / Я. П. Запаско та ін. — К.: Мистецтво, 1979. — С. 19.
Праці Комісії архітектури та містобудування. — Львів, 2008. — т. 255. — С. 348.
Залізничний район (Львів)
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1116115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Leibniz%20rule
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General Leibniz rule
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General Leibniz rule
In calculus, the general Leibniz rule, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, generalizes the product rule (which is also known as "Leibniz's rule"). It states that if and are -times differentiable functions, then the product is also -times differentiable and its -th derivative is given by
where is the binomial coefficient and denotes the jth derivative of f (and in particular ).
The rule can be proven by using the product rule and mathematical induction.
Second derivative
If, for example, , the rule gives an expression for the second derivative of a product of two functions:
More than two factors
The formula can be generalized to the product of m differentiable functions f1,...,fm.
where the sum extends over all m-tuples (k1,...,km) of non-negative integers with and
are the multinomial coefficients. This is akin to the multinomial formula from algebra.
Proof
The proof of the general Leibniz rule proceeds by induction. Let and be -times differentiable functions. The base case when claims that:
which is the usual product rule and is known to be true. Next, assume that the statement holds for a fixed that is, that
Then,
And so the statement holds for and the proof is complete.
Multivariable calculus
With the multi-index notation for partial derivatives of functions of several variables, the Leibniz rule states more generally:
This formula can be used to derive a formula that computes the symbol of the composition of differential operators. In fact, let P and Q be differential operators (with coefficients that are differentiable sufficiently many times) and Since R is also a differential operator, the symbol of R is given by:
A direct computation now gives:
This formula is usually known as the Leibniz formula. It is used to define the composition in the space of symbols, thereby inducing the ring structure.
See also
References
Articles containing proofs
Differentiation rules
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Mathematical identities
Theorems in analysis
Theorems in calculus
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD
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Вейнемейнен
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Вейнемейнен — головний герой карело-фінського епосу Калевала.
Згідно з епосом «Калевала», Вейнемейнен народився відразу після створення світу і став першою людиною. Він — богатир, віщий руноспівець, сіяч і мудрець. Вейнемейнена можна віднести до найбільш архаїчному типу епічних героїв: він має явні риси шамана і діє частіше чаклунством, ніж мечем або списом (на відміну від «типових» богатирів Леммікейнена і Юкагайнена, яких «віковічному віщуну» часто вдається присоромити). Крім того, Вейнемейнен має божественне походження: «він від Ільматари народився», дочки повітряного простору. Небесне походження першої людини підкреслено відсутністю батька: На початку біографії Вейнемейнена присутній епічний мотив «дивовижного народження» — незвичайно довга вагітність Ільматар (пор. з Ростемом «Шахнаме») і те, що герой з'явився на світ тридцятирічним чоловіком. Відповідно до «шаманської» сутності героя його основні подвиги пов'язані з багаторазовим катабасісом — сходженням в царство мертвих (в карельському епосі це завжди подорож на північ в Похйолу — «країну мороку й туману»). Типовий шаманський подвиг Вейнемейнена — пробудження з могили мертвого велетня-мудреця Антеро Віпунена з метою отримати магічне знання (стор. з Одіном, що отримує знання від голови мертвого велетня Міміра). Цікаво, що Вейнемейнен не просто перемагає мертвого велетня — спершу той його ковтає — найбільш архаїчний варіант ініціації героя (пор. з Гаявата, проковтнута осетром; Іона в утробі кита; міфи Австралії та Океанії). Вейнемейнен не просто заклинатель, тобто чаклун, він заклинатель (шаман)-поет, як біблійний Давид (що заспокоює за допомогою пісень злого духа царя Саула), Орфей, здатний заворожити тварин, рослини і навіть скелі, гусляр Садко, тюркський Коркут, кельтський Огма. Як першолюдина Вейнемейнен виконує ряд функцій культурного героя — будує перший човен, створює музичний інструмент (кантеле), знайомиться з залізом. Разом з Ільмаріненом і Леммікейненом Вейнемейнен відбирає у господині Похйоли старої Льовхі млин Сампо, символ щастя і достатку.
Після опублікування Калевали Еліасом Ленротом в 1849 році Вейнемейнен стає частим героєм художніх творів скульпторів і художників.
В 1873 році у виборзькому парку Монрепо було встановлено статую Вейнемейнена роботи Йоганнеса Таканена, втрачена під час Другої світової війни і відновлена в 2007 році. Крім того, в місті Сортавала існує площа Вейнемейнена.
Лідер карельських повстанців під час Карельського повстання Василь Левонен взяв собі псевдонім «Дідусь Вейнемейнен» («Уккі Вейнемейнен») на честь персонажа «Калевали».
Примітки
Посилання
«Калевала» (пер. Євгена Тимченка)
Фінська міфологія
Персонажі Калевали
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%20%28%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96%29
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Полянці (Оприсавці)
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Полянці (Оприсавці)
Полянці — населений пункт у Хорватії, у Бродсько-Посавській жупанії у складі громади Оприсавці.
Населення
Населення за даними перепису 2011 року становило 255 осіб.
Динаміка чисельності населення поселення:
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 11,12 °C, середня максимальна – 25,68 °C, а середня мінімальна – -6,25 °C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 752 мм.
Примітки
Населені пункти Хорватії
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15881433
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmirail%2C%20Marne
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Montmirail, Marne
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Montmirail, Marne
Montmirail is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
Jean François Paul de Gondi, cardinal de Retz (1613-1679), a French churchman, writer of memoirs, and agitator in the Fronde was born in Montmirail.
Population
See also
Communes of the Marne department
References
Communes of Marne (department)
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1375834
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD
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Абран
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Абран — район (фрегезія) в Португалії, входить в округ Сантарен. Є складовою частиною муніципалітету Сантарен. Входить в економіко-статистичний субрегіон Лезірія-ду-Тежу, який входить в Рібатежу. Населення становить 1221 людина на 2001 рік. Займає площу 22,42 км².
Покровителем району вважається Свята Маргарита.
Історія
Район заснований 1621 року
Посилання
Офіційна сторінка
Населені пункти Португалії
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59214935
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta%20Thunberg
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Greta Thunberg
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Greta Thunberg
Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg (born 3 January 2003) is a Swedish environmental activist known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action to mitigate the effects of human-caused climate change.
Thunberg's climate activism began when she persuaded her parents to adopt lifestyle choices that reduced her family's carbon footprint. On 20 August 2018, at age 15, Thunberg began skipping school, vowing to remain out of school until after the national Swedish election in an attempt to influence the outcome. She protested outside the Swedish parliament where she called for stronger action on climate change by holding up a (School Strike for Climate) sign and handing out informational flyers. After the election, Thunberg spoke in front of her supporters, telling them to use their phones to film her. She then said that she would be continuing school striking for the climate every Friday until Sweden was in compliance with the 2015 Paris climate agreement. Thunberg's youth and blunt speaking manner fueled her rise to the status of a global icon.
Shortly after Thunberg's first school strike for the climate protest, other students engaged in similar protests in their communities. They then united and organized the school strike for climate movement under the banner of Fridays for Future. After Thunberg addressed the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference, weekly student climate strike protests took place on Fridays around the world. In 2019, multiple coordinated multi-city protests involved over a million students each. To avoid carbon-intensive flying, Thunberg sailed on a carbon-free yacht from Plymouth, England, to New York City where she attended and addressed the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit. In her speech, Thunberg scolded the world's leaders by exclaiming "How dare you" in reference to their perceived indifference and inaction to the climate crisis. Her admonishment made worldwide headlines.
Thunberg's rise to world fame made her an ad hoc leader in the climate activist community. She also faced heavy criticism, much of it mocking her as a naïve teenager. Thunberg's influence on the world stage has been described by The Guardian and other media outlets as the "Greta effect". She has received numerous honours and awards, including an honorary Fellowship of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, inclusion in Time 100 most influential people, named the youngest Time Person of the Year in 2019, inclusion in the Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women (2019), and multiple nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.
After Thunberg graduated from high school in June 2023, her protest tactics began to escalate. As an adult, her protests have included defying lawful orders to disperse—defiant but peaceful confrontations with police—which have led to arrests, convictions, and one acquittal. Thunberg's activism has also evolved to include causes other than climate change, most notably taking a pro-Palestinian position triggered by the Israel–Hamas war.
Early life
Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg was born on 3 January 2003, in Stockholm, Sweden, to opera singer Malena Ernman and actor Svante Thunberg. Her paternal grandfather was actor and director Olof Thunberg. As explained by The Week, "with a thespian father" and singer mother, "it is perhaps unsurprising that [Thunberg] has a slightly unusual name.... Thunberg shares her second name with the adventuring creation of Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, better known as Hergé." She has a younger sister, Beata.
Thunberg says she first heard about climate change in 2011, when she was eight years old, and could not understand why so little was being done about it. The situation depressed her, and as a result, at the age of 11, she stopped talking and eating much and lost in two months. Eventually, she was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and selective mutism. In one of her first speeches demanding climate action, Thunberg described her selective mutism as meaning she "only speaks when necessary".
Thunberg struggled with depression for almost four years before she began her school strike campaign. When she started protesting, her parents did not support her activism. Her father said he did not like her missing school but added: "[We] respect that she wants to make a stand. She can either sit at home and be really unhappy, or protest and be happy." Her diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome was made public nationwide in Sweden by her mother in May 2015, in order to help families in similar situations. While acknowledging that her diagnosis "has limited [her] before", Thunberg does not view her Asperger's as an illness, and has instead called it her "superpower". She was later described as not only the best-known climate change activist, but also the best-known autism activist. In 2021, Thunberg said that many people in the Fridays for Future movement are autistic, and very inclusive and welcoming. She thinks that the reason so many autistic people become climate activists is that they cannot look away, and have to tell the truth as they see it: "I know lots of people who have been depressed, and then they have joined the climate movement or Fridays for Future and have found a purpose in life and found friendship and a community that they are welcome in." She considers the best things that have resulted from her activism to be friendships and happiness.
For about two years, Thunberg challenged her parents to lower the family's carbon footprint and overall impact on the environment by becoming vegan, upcycling, and giving up flying. She has said she showed them graphs and data, but when that did not work, she warned her family that they were stealing her future. Giving up flying in part meant her mother had to abandon international ventures in her opera career. Interviewed in December 2019 by the BBC, her father said: "To be honest, [her mother] didn't do it to save the climate. She did it to save her child, because she saw how much it meant to her, and then, when she did that, she saw how much [Greta] grew from that, how much energy she got from it." Thunberg credits her parents' eventual response and lifestyle changes with giving her hope and belief that she could make a difference. Asked in September 2021 whether she felt guilty about ending her mother's international career, she was surprised by the question: "It was her choice. I didn't make her do anything. I just provided her with the information to base her decision on." The family's story is recounted in the 2018 book Scenes from the Heart, updated in 2020 as Our House Is on Fire: Scenes of a Family and a Planet in Crisis, with contributions from the girls, and the whole family credited as authors.
Activism
Strike at the Riksdag
In August 2018, Thunberg began the school climate strikes and public speeches for which she has become an internationally recognized climate activist. In an interview with Amy Goodman of Democracy Now!, she said she got the idea of a climate strike after school shootings in the United States in February 2018 led several youths to refuse to return to school. These teen activists at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, went on to organize the March for Our Lives in support of greater gun control. In May 2018, Thunberg won a climate change essay competition held by Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. In part, she wrote: "I want to feel safe. How can I feel safe when I know we are in the greatest crisis in human history?"
After the paper published her article, Thunberg was contacted by Bo Thorén from Fossil Free Dalsland, a group interested in doing something about climate change. Thunberg attended a few of their meetings. At one of them, Thorén suggested that school children could strike for climate change. Thunberg tried to persuade other young people to get involved but "no one was really interested", so eventually she decided to go ahead with the strike by herself.
On 20 August 2018, Thunberg, who had just started ninth grade, decided not to attend school until the 2018 Swedish general election on 9 September; her protest began after the heat waves and wildfires during Sweden's hottest summer in at least 262 years. Her demands were that the Swedish government reduce carbon emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement, and she protested by sitting outside the Riksdag every day for three weeks during school hours with the sign Skolstrejk för klimatet ("School strike for climate").
Thunberg said her teachers were divided about her missing class to make her point. She says: "As people, they think what I am doing is good, but as teachers, they say I should stop."
Social media activism
After Thunberg posted a photo of her first strike day on Instagram and Twitter, other social media accounts quickly took up her cause. High-profile youth activists amplified her Instagram post, and on the second day, other activists joined her. A representative of the Finnish bank Nordea quoted one of Thunberg's tweets to more than 200,000 followers. Thunberg's social media profile attracted local reporters, whose stories earned international coverage in little more than a week.
One Swedish climate-focused social media company was We Don't Have Time (WDHT), founded by Ingmar Rentzhog. He said her strike began attracting public attention only after he turned up with a freelance photographer and posted Thunberg's photograph on his Facebook page and Instagram account, and a video in English that he posted on the company's YouTube channel. Rentzhog subsequently asked Thunberg to become an unpaid youth advisor to WDHT. He then used her name and image without her knowledge or permission to raise millions for a WDHT for-profit subsidiary, We Don't Have Time AB, of which he is the chief executive officer. Thunberg stated that she received no money from the company and terminated her volunteer advisor role with WDHT once she realized they were making money from her name.
Throughout the autumn of 2018, Thunberg's activism evolved from a solitary protest to taking part in demonstrations throughout Europe, making several high-profile public speeches, and mobilizing her followers on social media platforms. In December, after Sweden's 2018 general election, Thunberg continued to school strike—but only on Fridays. She inspired school students across the globe to take part in her Friday school strikes. In December alone, more than 20,000 students held strikes in at least 270 cities.
Thunberg spoke out against the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate) 2020 and Joint Entrance Examination 2020 entrance exams, which were conducted in India in September. She said it was unfair for students to have to appear for exams during a global pandemic. She also said that India's students had been deeply impacted by the floods that hit states such as Bihar and Assam, which caused mass destruction.
On 3 February 2021, Thunberg tweeted her support of the ongoing 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest. Effigies of Thunberg were burned in Delhi by nationalists who opposed the farmers' protests. Thunberg's tweet was criticized by the BJP-led Indian government, which said that it was an internal matter. In her initial tweet, Thunberg linked to a document that provided a campaigning toolkit for those who wanted to support the farmers' protest. It contained advice on hashtags and how to sign petitions, and it also included suggested actions beyond those directly linked to the farmers' protest. She soon deleted the tweet, saying the document was "outdated", and linked to a different one "to enable anyone unfamiliar with the ongoing farmers protests in India to better understand the situation and make decisions on how to support the farmers based on their own analysis." The Indian climate activist who edited the toolkit, Disha Ravi, was arrested under the charges of sedition and criminal conspiracy on 16 February 2021.
Protests and speeches in Europe
Thunberg's speech during the plenary session of the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24) went viral. She said that the world leaders present were "not mature enough to tell it like it is". In the first half of 2019, she joined various student protests around Europe, and was invited to speak at various forums and parliaments. At the January 2019 World Economic Forum, Thunberg gave a speech in which she declared: "Our house is on fire." She addressed the British, European and French parliaments; in the latter case several right-wing politicians boycotted her. In a short meeting with Thunberg, Pope Francis thanked her and encouraged her to continue her activism.
By March 2019, Thunberg was still staging her regular protests outside the Swedish parliament every Friday, where other students occasionally joined her. According to her father, her activism did not interfere with her schoolwork, but she had less spare time. She finished lower secondary school with excellent grades: 14 As and three Bs. In July 2019, Time magazine reported Thunberg was taking a "sabbatical year" from school, intending to travel in the Americas while meeting people from the climate movement on her way to attend and address COP25.
Sabbatical year
In August 2019, Thunberg sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Plymouth, England, to New York City, in the racing yacht Malizia II, equipped with solar panels and underwater turbines. The trip was announced as a carbon-neutral transatlantic crossing serving as a demonstration of Thunberg's declared beliefs of the importance of reducing emissions. The voyage took 15 days, from 14 to 28 August 2019. France 24 reported that several crew members would fly to New York to sail the Malizia II yacht back to Europe. On Thunberg's return voyage aboard the La Vagabonde catamaran, she was quoted that she chose sailing as a way to send a message to the world that there is no real sustainable option to travel across the oceans. While in New York, Thunberg was invited to give testimony in the US House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis on 18 September. Instead of testifying, she gave an eight-sentence statement and submitted the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C as evidence.
UN Climate Action Summit
On 23 September 2019, Thunberg attended the UN Climate Action Summit in New York City. That day the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) hosted a press conference where Thunberg joined 15 other children, including Ayakha Melithafa, Alexandria Villaseñor, Catarina Lorenzo, and Carl Smith.
Together, the group announced they had made an official complaint against five nations that were not on track to meet the emission reduction targets they committed to in their Paris Agreement pledges: Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, and Turkey. The complaint challenged these countries under the Third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Protocol is a quasi-judicial mechanism that allows children or their representatives, who believe their rights have been violated, to bring a complaint before the relevant "treaty body", the Committee on the Rights of the Child. If the complaint succeeds, the countries will be asked to respond, but any suggestions are not legally binding.
Autumn global climate strikes
In late September 2019 Thunberg entered Canada where she participated in climate protests in the cities of Montreal, Edmonton and Vancouver, including leading a climate rally as part of the 27 September 2019 Global Climate Strike in Montreal. The school strikes for climate on 20 and 27 September 2019 were attended by over four million people, according to one of the co-organisers. Hundreds of thousands took part in the protest, described as the largest in the city's history. The mayor of Montreal gave her the Freedom of the City. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was in attendance, and Thunberg spoke briefly with him. While in the United States, Thunberg participated in climate protests in New York City with Alexandria Villaseñor and Xiye Bastida, in Washington, D.C., with Jerome Foster II, Iowa City, Los Angeles, Charlotte, Denver with Haven Coleman, and the Standing Rock Indian Reservation with Tokata Iron Eyes. In various cities, Thunberg's keynote speech began by acknowledging that she was standing on land that originally belonged to Indigenous peoples, saying: "In acknowledging the enormous injustices inflicted upon these people, we must also mention the many enslaved and indentured servants whose labour the world still profits from today."
Participation at COP25
Thunberg had intended to remain in the Americas to travel overland to attend the 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25) originally planned in Santiago, Chile, in December. However, it was announced on short notice that COP25 was to be moved to Madrid, Spain, because of serious public unrest in Chile. Thunberg has refused to fly because of the carbon emissions from air travel, so she posted on social media that she needed a ride across the Atlantic Ocean. Riley Whitelum and his wife, Elayna Carausu, two Australians who had been sailing around the world aboard their catamaran La Vagabonde, offered to take her. So on 13 November 2019, Thunberg set sail from Hampton, Virginia, for Lisbon, Portugal. Her departing message was the same as it has been since she began her activism: "My message to the Americans is the same as to everyone—that is to unite behind the science and to act on the science."
Thunberg arrived in the Port of Lisbon on 3 December 2019, then travelled on to Madrid to speak at COP25 and to participate with the local Fridays for Future climate strikers. During a press conference before the march, she called for more "concrete action", arguing that the global wave of school strikes over the previous year had "achieved nothing" because greenhouse gas emissions were still rising—by 4% since 2015.
Further activism in Europe and end of sabbatical year
On 30 December 2019, Thunberg was guest editor of the BBC Radio's flagship current affairs programme, the Today Programme. Thunberg's edition of the programme featured interviews on climate change with Sir David Attenborough, Bank of England chief Mark Carney, Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja, and Shell Oil executive Maarten Wetselaar. The BBC subsequently released a podcast containing these interviews and other highlights. On 11 January 2020, Thunberg called on German company Siemens to stop the delivery of railway equipment to the controversial Carmichael coal mine, operated by a subsidiary of Indian company Adani Group in Australia, but on 13 January, Siemens said that it would continue to honour its contract with Adani.
On 21 January 2020, Thunberg returned to the World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland, delivered two speeches, and participated in panel discussions hosted by The New York Times and the World Economic Forum. Thunberg used many of the themes contained in her previous speeches, but focused on one in particular: "Our house is still on fire." Thunberg joked that she cannot complain about not being heard, saying: "I am being heard all the time."
In February 2020, Thunberg travelled to Oxford University to meet Malala Yousafzai, a Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pakistani activist for female education who had been shot in the head by the Taliban as a schoolgirl. Thunberg was later to join a school strike in Bristol.
On 4 March 2020, Thunberg attended an extraordinary meeting of the European Parliament's Environment Committee to talk about the European Climate Law. There she declared that she considered the new proposal for a climate law published by the European Commission to be a surrender.
On 24 August 2020, Thunberg ended her "gap year" from school when she returned to the classroom. The COVID-19 pandemic severely restricted travel and meetings in 2020 and 2021.
Activism during the COVID-19 pandemic
In early 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused worldwide implementation of mitigation measures, including social distancing, quarantine, and face coverings. On 13 March 2020, Thunberg stated that "In a crisis we change our behavior and adapt to the new circumstances for the greater good of society." Thunberg and School Strike for Climate subsequently moved their activities online. On 20 August 2020, the second anniversary of Thunberg's first strike, Thunberg and fellow climate activists Luisa Neubauer, Anuna de Wever van der Heyden and Adélaïde Charlier met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin. They subsequently announced plans for another global climate strike on 25 September 2020. Neubauer said that whether the strike in September is virtual in nature or in the streets would be determined by the pandemic situation. At a joint press conference with fellow activists echoing her sentiment, Neubauer said: "The climate crisis doesn't pause."
On 14 December 2020, Thunberg used Twitter to criticize the New Zealand Labour Government's recent climate change emergency declaration as "virtue signalling", tweeting that New Zealand's Labour Government had only committed to reducing less than one percent of New Zealand's carbon emissions by 2025. In response, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and climate change Minister James Shaw defended New Zealand's climate change declaration as only the start of the country's climate change mitigation goals. On 29 December 2020, during a BBC interview, Thunberg said that climate experts are not being listened to despite the COVID-19 pandemic highlighting the importance of using science to address such issues. She added that the COVID-19 crisis had "shone a light" on how "we cannot make it without science".
Thunberg and other climate activists launched the annual Climate Live concert to highlight climate change. Their first concert was held in April 2021. In May 2021, she addressed the COVID-19 crisis again, when she urged a change in the food production system and the protection of animals and their habitats. Thunberg's comments, which came amidst calls for meat-free alternatives, also addressed health concerns regarding animal welfare and the environment. Thunberg said that the way humans are destroying habitats are the perfect conditions for the spread of diseases and noted zoonotic illnesses such as COVID-19, Zika, Ebola, West Nile fever, SARS, MERS, among others. In July 2021, Thunberg received her COVID vaccine, saying: "I am extremely grateful and privileged to be able to live in a part of the world where I can already get vaccinated. The vaccine distribution around the world is extremely unequal. No one is safe until everyone is safe. But when you get offered a vaccine, don't hesitate. It saves lives."
The inaugural edition of Vogue Scandinavia (August–September 2021) had a cover photograph of Thunberg shot by Swedish photography and conservationist duo Iris and Mattias Alexandrov Klum and an interview with her. The cover shows Thunberg wearing a trench coat while sitting with an Icelandic horse in a woodland outside Stockholm. In the interview, Thunberg criticized the promotional campaigns the fashion industry uses to appear sustainable without "actually doing anything to protect the environment" and called the campaigns "greenwashing". On the same day, she used Twitter to criticize the fashion industry as "a huge contributor" to the climate and ecological "emergency" and "not to mention its impact on the countless workers and communities who are being exploited around the world in order for some to enjoy fast fashion that many treat as disposables." Thunberg's wearing of wool during the photoshoot garnered criticism from other vegans, who said it promoted animal cruelty. According to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), she was unaware that the clothing was made of real animal-derived wool.
On 28 September 2021, Thunberg criticized U.S. president Joe Biden, British prime minister Boris Johnson, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi and other world leaders over their promises to address the climate crisis in a speech at the Youth4Climate Summit in Milan. Thunberg also criticized and doubted organizers of climate conferences, saying, "They invite cherry-picked young people to meetings like this to pretend they are listening to us. But they are not." A month later, Thunberg took part in a protest in London, demanding that the financial system stop funding companies and projects that use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. The protest in London is part of a series taking place at the financial centres around the world, including New York City, San Francisco and Nairobi. She told the BBC journalist Andrew Marr that banks should "stop funding our destruction", ahead of the UN COP26 climate summit. At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, Thunberg attended a panel on climate change hosted by British actress Emma Watson.
In November 2021, Thunberg, along with other climate activists, filed a petition to the United Nations, calling it to declare a level 3 global climate emergency, with the aim of creating a special team that will coordinate the response to the climate crisis at an international level. In December 2021, Thunberg reiterated her criticism of U.S. president Joe Biden, saying, "If you call him a leader – I mean, it's strange that people think of Joe Biden as a leader for the climate when you see what his administration is doing," alluding to the U.S. expansions on use of fossil fuels during the Biden administration. Thunberg further lamented that activists and teenagers are needed in order to bring awareness about climate change.
Post-COVID-19 pandemic
On 6 February 2022, Thunberg condemned the British firm Beowulf and its mining of iron on Sámi land. She said, "We believe that the climate, the environment, clean air, water, reindeer herding, indigenous rights and the future of humanity should be prioritized above the short-term profit of a company. The Swedish government needs to stop the colonization of Sami."
On Friday, 25 February 2022, Thunberg combined her usual Friday climate protests to include opposing the invasion of Ukraine by Russian military forces. She stood outside the Russian embassy in Stockholm holding a sign that read "Stand With Ukraine." On 29 June 2023, Thunberg met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and other prominent European figures to form a working group to address ecological damage from the 16-month-old Russian invasion.
On 6 July 2022, Thunberg criticized the European Parliament for voting to label fossil gas and nuclear energy as "green" energy. She called that decision "hypocrisy," and stated that "This will delay a desperately needed real sustainable transition and deepen our dependency on Russian fuels. The hypocrisy is striking, but unfortunately not surprising."
In November 2022, Thunberg, along with over 600 young people from a youth-led Swedish activist group called Auroramålet (translation "the aurora target") that refers to itself as "Aurora" in English, filed a lawsuit in a Stockholm district court against the Swedish government for climate inaction within Sweden. On 21 March 2023, the Nacka District Court allowed the class action lawsuit that posits Sweden has an "insufficient climate policy" to proceed.
In late 2022, Thunberg's The Climate Book was released. It is a compilation in which she brought together over one hundred expertsgeophysicists, oceanographers and meteorologists; engineers, economists and mathematicians; historians, philosophers and indigenous leaderswho wrote essays focusing on changes to the Earth's climate. Thunberg also contributed writings to the book and is credited as its author. She donated her copyright and all royalties generated by the book to her foundation and will not personally profit from sales or other commercial uses. While on her 2022 midterm Autumn break from school, Thunberg embarked on a publicity campaign for the book's initial release, which occurred in the UK on 27 October 2022 and in Australia on 1 November 2022; it is published under Penguin's Allen Lane Imprint books. On 14 February 2023, the Climate Book was released in the United States and elsewhere. An extract from The Climate Book and reviews are available.
On 14 January 2023, Thunberg spoke during a protest in Lützerath, calling on the German authorities to stop the expansion of a nearby coal mine. She was detained along with other activists by German police while demonstrating at the opencast coal mine of Garzweiler 2, around 9 km from the village on 17 January, after police warned the group that they would be detained unless they moved away from the edge of the mine. The mine's owner RWE had earlier agreed with the government on demolishing Lützerath in exchange for a faster exit from coal and the saving of five villages originally slated for destruction. She was released the same day after an identity check.
Post-high school graduation
On 9 June 2023, Thunberg graduated high school and marked the day by attending what would technically be her last school strike for climate protest before receiving her diploma. She wore the Swedish traditional graduation white dress and white studentmössa (cap) to the protest. She vowed to continue, saying that her "fight has only just begun." In Thunberg's subsequent protest pictures that she posts to her social media accounts, some of the group photos have featured "School Strike for Climate" signage.
On 19 June 2023, Thunberg took part in a Reclaim the Future protest in Malmö, Sweden, and was charged with disobeying a police order. On 24 July 2023, a trial was held at Malmö District Court where the prosecution presented its case against Thunberg for disobedience to authority after having disrupted traffic and refusing to follow police orders. While she acknowledged that the facts of the case against her were accurate, Thunberg said that due to the existential and global threat to the climate caused by the fossil fuel industry, her protest was a form of self-defence. She was sentenced by the court to pay fines totaling 2,500 SEK (approximately US$240). Within hours after the court convicted her, Thunberg attended a similar protest where Reclaim the Future again blocked oil tankers on a road in Malmö. She was again forcibly removed by police and later criminally charged. On 11 October 2023, Thunberg's second Swedish trial for disobedience (disobeying a police order to disperse) occurred. She was found guilty for the 24 July 2023 incident and ordered to pay fines totaling 4,500 Swedish crowns ($414).
On 4 August 2023, Thunberg cancelled a prearranged appearance that was to occur the following Friday, 11 August, at the Edinburgh International Book Festival to promote her book: The Climate Book. She said that as a climate activist she cannot attend an event sponsored by Baillie Gifford—an investment management firm—due to its connections with the fossil fuel industry. In making the announcement, Edinburgh International Book Festival's Nick Barley said that he was disappointed but respected Thunberg's decision. "I share Greta's view that in all areas of society the rate of progress is not enough." He went on to say: "The book festival exists to give a platform for debate and discussion around key issues affecting humanity today – including the climate emergency . . . We strongly believe that Baillie Gifford are part of the solution to the climate emergency." In its response, Baillie Gifford said that it was not a significant fossil fuel investor, with 2% of its clients' money being invested in companies with some business related to fossil fuels while the market average was 11%.
On 18 October 2023, Thunberg was arrested in London, England, for her part in protesting against the Energy Intelligence Forum, described as the "Oscars of oil". She was charged with failure to comply with a lawful order to disperse, a "condition imposed under Section 14 of the Public Order Act." On 15 November 2023 Thunberg appeared at Westminster Magistrates' Court and entered a plea of "not guilty." On 2 February 2024 the case against Thunberg, et al., was dismissed by the presiding judge after the prosecution rested its case. The judge agreed with the defence that "the crown had failed to present enough evidence to prove their case".
On 20 October 2023, Thunberg posted a photo during her usual Friday climate protests, showing her and three other protesters holding signs. One sign read "climate justice now" and the other three displayed support for Palestinians in the Gaza Strip amidst the Israel–Hamas war. Her post on X (formerly Twitter) and Instagram also included fourteen links to "Palestine solidarity" social media accounts where, she suggested, "you can find information on how you can help." Thunberg was immediately criticized for not condemning Hamas's attack on Israel. The following day Thunberg posted "It goes without saying – or so I thought – that I'm against the horrific attacks by hamas [sic]. As I said, 'the world needs to speak up and call for an immediate ceasefire, justice and freedom for Palestinians and all civilians affected.'" The Israeli Ministry of Education responded to Thunberg's initial "statements in support of Gaza without condemning Hamas" by removing "various references in the educational curriculum that present Thunberg as a role model and a source of inspiration for youth."
On 5 December 2023, Thunberg and three researcher/activists affiliated with Fridays for Future Sweden published an opinion piece in The Guardian titled "We won't stop speaking out about Gaza's suffering – there is no climate justice without human rights." The piece clarified her and FFF Sweden's support for Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip amidst the Israel–Hamas war. The article stated that "All Fridays for Future groups are autonomous, and this article represents the views of nobody but FFF Sweden." They also addressed the criticism that Fridays for Future has been radicalized and is engaging in politics by stating that the organisation has always been political because it is a movement for justice. FFF Sweden believes that "means speaking up when people suffer, are forced to flee their homes or are killed – regardless of the cause."
On 6 April 2024 Thunberg participated in an Extinction Rebellion-lead protest in The Hague, Netherlands, where law enforcement forcibly removed her from blocking a road. She then joined another group of Extinction Rebellion protesters who were blocking a different road and was again removed. The BBC, et al., reported that Thunberg was arrested while other media outlets only mention that she was detained. It is unclear whether criminal charges were—or will be—filed.
On 23 April 2024 Thunberg was charged with civil disobedience for allegedly ignoring police orders to leave two climate demonstrations which law enforcement claim were blocking Sweden's parliament building on 12 and 14 March. Her refusal to comply with police orders caused her to be forcibly removed. Thunberg entered a plea of not guilty. A Swedish court convicted her on 8 May 2024 and she was fined 6,000 Swedish Kronor (550 USD). Thunberg was also ordered to pay an additional 1,000 Swedish Kronor (92 USD) in damages. Three days later, she was detained by Swedish police for taking part in a pro-Palestinian protest outside the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 venue and subsequently released a statement saying "we think it is outrageous and inexcusable for Eurovision to let Israel participate while committing a genocide".
Position on climate change
Thunberg asserts that humanity is facing an existential crisis because of global warming and holds the baby boomers, and each subsequent generation, responsible for creating and perpetuating detrimental changes to the Earth's climate. She uses graphic analogies (such as "our house is on fire") to highlight her concerns and often speaks bluntly to business and political leaders about their failure to take concerted action.
Thunberg has said that climate change will have a disproportionate effect on young people, whose futures will be profoundly affected. She argues that her generation may not have a future any more because "that future was sold so that a small number of people could make unimaginable amounts of money." She also has said that people in the Global South will suffer most from climate change, even though they have contributed least in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. Thunberg has voiced support for other young activists from developing countries who are already facing the damaging effects of climate change. Speaking in Madrid in December 2019, she said: "We talk about our future, they talk about their present."
Speaking at international forums, she berates world leaders because she believes that too little action is being taken to reduce global emissions. She says that lowering emissions is not enough, that emissions need to be reduced to zero if the world is to keep global warming to less than 1.5 °C. Speaking to the British Parliament in April 2019, she said: "The fact that we are speaking of 'lowering' instead of 'stopping' emissions is perhaps the greatest force behind the continuing business as usual." In order to take the necessary action, she added that politicians should not listen to her, they should listen to what the scientists are saying about how to address the crisis. According to political scientists Mattia Zulianello and Diego Ceccobelli, Thunberg's ideas can be defined as technocratic ecocentrism, which is grounded on "the exaltation of the vox scientifica".
More specifically, Thunberg has argued that commitments made at the Paris Agreement are insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees, and that the greenhouse gas emissions curve needs to start declining steeply no later than 2020—as detailed in the IPCC's Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C published in 2018. In February 2019, at a conference of the European Economic and Social Committee, she said that the EU's current intention to cut emissions by 40% by 2030 is "not sufficient to protect the future for children growing up today" and that the EU must reduce their emissions by 80%, double the 40% goal.
Thunberg reiterated her views on political inaction in a November 2020 interview where she stated that "leaders are happy to set targets for decades ahead, but flinch when immediate action is needed." She criticized the European Green Deal, which aims to make the EU climate neutral by 2050, saying that it "sends a strong signal that real and sufficient action is being taken when in fact it's not. Nature doesn't bargain, and you cannot make deals with physics."
In July 2020, Greta Thunberg, Luisa Neubauer, Anuna De Wever and Adélaïde Carlier wrote an open letter to all EU leaders and heads of state stating they must "advocate to make ecocide an international crime at the International Criminal Court." In June 2023, Greta called the destruction of the Kakhovka dam in Ukraine by Russia an ecocide and called for prosecution, stating "Russia needs to be held accountable for their action and for their crimes. The eyes of the world are on them now".
In an interview shortly before the 2021 COP26 conference in Glasgow, Thunberg, asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded, "Nothing has changed from previous years, really. The leaders will say, 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it." She called Chinese president Xi Jinping "a leader of a dictatorship" and said that "democracy is the only solution to the climate crisis, since the only thing that could get us out of this situation is ... massive public pressure."
On 30 October 2021, she arrived at Glasgow Central station for the COP26. She spoke at some protests during the COP and marched in a Fridays for Future Scotland climate strike on Friday 5 November; she said in an earlier interview that the public needed to "uproot the system". She delivered a speech to protesters in which she described COP26 as a failure, speaking of "blah blah blah" and greenwashing.
Public response and impact
Academics
In February 2019, 224 academics signed an open letter of support stating they were inspired by Thunberg's actions and the striking school children in making their voices heard.
Politicians
Thunberg has met with many politicians and world leaders but said she could not think of a single politician who has impressed her. Asked about New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern, who described the climate crisis as a matter of life or death, Thunberg commented, "It's funny that people believe Jacinda Ardern and people like that are climate leaders. That just tells you how little people know about the climate crisis." Thunberg says that she ignores words and sentiments: "Obviously the emissions haven't fallen. It goes without saying that these people are not doing anything." In fact, New Zealand's greenhouse-gas emissions had increased by 2% in 2019.
United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres endorsed the school strikes initiated by Thunberg, admitting: "My generation has failed to respond properly to the dramatic challenge of climate change. This is deeply felt by young people. No wonder they are angry." Speaking at an event in New Zealand in May 2019, Guterres said his generation was "not winning the battle against climate change" and that it was up to the youth to "rescue the planet".
Democratic candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election such as Kamala Harris, Beto O'Rourke, and Bernie Sanders expressed support after her speech at the September 2019 action summit in New York. German Chancellor Angela Merkel indicated that young activists such as Thunberg had driven her government to act faster on climate change.
Thunberg and her campaign have been criticized by politicians as well, ranging from personal attacks to statements that she oversimplifies the complex issues involved. Among them are the Australian prime minister Scott Morrison, German chancellor Angela Merkel, French president Emmanuel Macron, Russian president Vladimir Putin, OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and, repeatedly by U.S. president Donald Trump.
In September 2019, Trump shared a video of Thunberg angrily addressing world leaders, along with her quote that "people are dying, entire ecosystems are collapsing. We are in the beginning of a mass extinction." Trump wrote about Thunberg, tweeting: "She seems like a very happy young girl looking forward to a bright and wonderful future. So nice to see!" Thunberg reacted by changing her Twitter bio to match his description, and stating that she could not "understand why grown-ups would choose to mock children and teenagers for just communicating and acting on the science when they could do something good instead." In December 2019, Trump again mocked Thunberg after she was named Person of the Year for 2019 by Time, tweeting: "So ridiculous. Greta must work on her Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie with a friend! Chill Greta, Chill!" Thunberg responded by changing her Twitter biography to: "A teenager working on her anger management problem. Currently chilling and watching a good old fashioned movie with a friend." During the 2020 United States presidential election, Thunberg commented on Trump tweeting "Stop the count!" with the text: "So ridiculous. Donald must work on his Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie with a friend! Chill Donald, Chill!"
In October 2019, Putin described Thunberg as a "kind girl and very sincere", while suggesting she was being manipulated to serve others' interests. Putin criticized her as "poorly informed", adding, "No one has explained to Greta that the modern world is complex and different and people in Africa or in many Asian countries want to live at the same wealth level as in Sweden." Similar to her reaction to Trump, Thunberg updated her Twitter bio to reflect Putin's description of her. In December 2019, Thunberg tweeted: "Indigenous people are literally being murdered for trying to protect the forest from illegal deforestation. Over and over again. It is shameful that the world remains silent about this." When asked about this subject two days later, Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro responded, "Greta said that the Indians were dying because they were trying to protect the Amazon. It is impressive how the press gives voice to such a brat." On the same day, Thunberg changed her Twitter description to pirralha, the Portuguese word for "brat" used by Bolsonaro.
In a Time story published in May 2019, Thunberg addressed the criticism she has received online, saying, "It's quite hilarious when the only thing people can do is mock you, or talk about your appearance or personality, as it means they have no argument or nothing else to say." Former U.S. vice-president and Trump's eventual successor Joe Biden responded to Trump's tweet mocking Thunberg after she was named the Times Person of the Year 2019 by tweeting at Trump: "What kind of president bullies a teenager? @realDonaldTrump, you could learn a few things from Greta on what it means to be a leader."
On 30 March 2021, European Commissioner for Climate Action Frans Timmermans said in a tweet after talking to Thunberg that "The Commission remains committed" to making the Common Agricultural Policy "fulfill the objectives" of the European Green Deal.
Press
In August 2019, Scott Walsman wrote in Scientific American that Thunberg's detractors have "launched personal attacks", "bash [her] autism", and "increasingly rely on ad hominem attacks to blunt her influence". Writing in The Guardian, Aditya Chakrabortty said that columnists including Brendan O'Neill, Toby Young, the blog Guido Fawkes, as well as Helen Dale and Rod Liddle at The Spectator and The Sunday Times, had been making "ugly personal attacks" on Thunberg. British TV presenter Piers Morgan also mocked Thunberg. As part of its climate change denial, Germany's right-wing populist party Alternative for Germany (AfD) has attacked Thunberg "in fairly vicious ways", according to Jakob Guhl, a researcher for the Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
Arron Banks' Twitter post saying that "freak yachting accidents do happen in August" in reference to Thunberg, outraged a number of British MPs (Member of Parliament), celebrities, and academics. Tanja Bueltmann, founder of EU Citizens' Champion, said Banks had "invoked the drowning of a child" for his own amusement and said that most of those attacking Thunberg "are white middle-aged men from the right of the political spectrum". Writing in The Guardian, Gaby Hinsliff said Thunberg has become "the new front in the Brexit culture war," arguing that the outrage generated by personal attacks on Thunberg by Brexiteers "gives them the welcome oxygen of publicity."
In September 2019, Nick Gillespie wrote in Reason that "Greta Thunberg's histrionics are likely heartfelt but neither they nor the deplorable responses they conjure are a guide forward to good environmental policy in a world that is getting richer every day." In August 2021, Yasmeen Serhan wrote in The Atlantic that Thunberg had become "the target of a barrage of disinformation and conspiracies" from the far-right and populist right, "including depictions of her as a spoiled child, a leftist pawn, and even a Nazi".
"The Greta effect"
In summarizing Thunberg's global impact on the climate debate, the BBC encapsulated her influence: "she is credited with raising public awareness of climate change across the world, especially amongst young people. Many commentators call this 'the Greta effect'".
In response to her outspoken stance, various politicians have also acknowledged the need to focus on climate change. Britain's secretary for the environment, Michael Gove, said, "When I listened to you, I felt great admiration, but also responsibility and guilt. I am of your parents' generation, and I recognise that we haven't done nearly enough to address climate change and the broader environmental crisis that we helped to create." Labour politician Ed Miliband, who was responsible for introducing the Climate Change Act 2008, said, "You have woken us up. Thank you. All the young people who have gone on strike have held up a mirror to our society ... you have taught us all a really important lesson. You have stood out from the crowd."
In February 2019, Thunberg shared a stage with the then President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, where he outlined: "In the next financial period from 2021 to 2027, every fourth euro spent within the EU budget will go towards action to mitigate climate change." Climate issues also played a significant role in European Parliament election in May 2019, as Green parties recorded their best ever results, boosting their MEP seat numbers from 52 to 72. Many of the gains came from northern European countries where young people have taken to the streets inspired by Thunberg.
In June 2019, a YouGov poll in Britain found that public concern about the environment had soared to record levels in the UK since Thunberg and Extinction Rebellion had "pierced the bubble of denial". In August 2019, publication and sales of children's books about the climate crisis reportedly doubled compared to the previous year. Publishers attribute this to the "Greta effect".
Inspired by Thunberg, wealthy philanthropists and investors from the United States have donated about $600,000 to support Extinction Rebellion and school strike groups to establish the Climate Emergency Fund. Trevor Neilson, one of the philanthropists, said the three founders would be contacting friends among the global mega-rich to donate "a hundred times" more in the weeks and months ahead. In December 2019, the New Scientist described the impact made by Thunberg and Extinction Rebellion with the headline: "The year the world woke up to climate change."
According to a 2021 study, "those who are more familiar with Greta Thunberg have higher intentions of taking collective actions to reduce global warming and that stronger collective efficacy beliefs mediate this relationship. This association between familiarity with Greta Thunberg, collective efficacy beliefs, and collective action intentions is present even after accounting for respondents' overall support for climate activism."
Flight shame
Thunberg has spearheaded the anti-flying movement, promoting rail travel over flying on environmental grounds. The buzzword associated with this movement is flygskam or "flight shame". It is a phenomenon in which people feel social pressure not to fly because of the rising greenhouse gas emissions of the airline industry. It was originally championed by Swedish Olympic athlete Björn Ferry, but has gained significant momentum after Thunberg's refusal to fly on environmental grounds. Thunberg backed the campaign to fly less and made it part of her 2019 "awareness tour" in Europe.
Sweden reported a 4% drop in domestic air travel for 2019 and an increase in rail use. The BBC says that the movement could halve the growth of global air travel, but Airbus and Boeing say that they still expect to grow at around 4% until 2035. In June 2019, Swedish Railways (SJ) reported that the number of Swedes taking the train for domestic journeys had risen by 8% from the previous year, reflecting growing public concern (reflected in a survey published by Swedish Railways) about the impact of flying on emissions.
X-Site sticker
In February 2020, X-Site Energy Services of Alberta, Canada, distributed a sticker with the company's name and an image of a man grabbing the braids of a girl while raping her from behind; the word "Greta" on the image. Then 17-year-old Greta Thunberg posted about it on Twitter: "They are starting to get more and more desperate. This shows that we're winning." Although the general manager of X-Site initially said that neither X-Site nor any X-Site employee was involved in making the sticker, X-Site Energy later apologized, admitting that they had distributed it and assumed full responsibility. The letter asserted that they were destroying known extant copies and making organizational changes to prevent future incidents.
Public image and controversies
According to ABC news, in December 2019 Thunberg was attacked by a sitting US president, Donald Trump, after she was named Time's youngest Person of the Year. Trump tweeted that "[Thunberg] must work on her Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie. Chill Greta, Chill!" In response, Thunberg changed her Twitter (now X) profile description to read: a "teenager working on her anger management problem. Currently chilling and watching a good old fashioned movie with a friend."
Also in December 2019, Thunberg was criticized by the German rail firm Deutsche Bahn (DB), after she tweeted a photo of herself on an overcrowded train in Germany, stating she was "finally on my way home" from the COP25 UN climate conference in Madrid. DB initially apologized for the inconvenience but later deleted the tweet and chided Greta for not acknowledging their efforts to provide her with a seat in first class. Greta clarified that she only obtained a seat after four hours into her journey and emphasized that overcrowded trains indicate high demand for train travel. Despite the controversy, fellow passengers reported that DB staff treated Greta kindly, even offering her chocolates typically reserved for first-class passengers.
In popular culture and art
Thunberg has been depicted in popular culture and art. Greta and the Giants, a book by Zoë Tucker and Zoe Persico, published by Frances Lincoln Children's Books, was inspired by the life of Thunberg. Argentinian artist Andrés Iglesias unveiled an 18-meter mural of Thunberg above Mason street, near Union Square in San Francisco. American painter Elizabeth Peyton chose her 2019 portrait Greta Thunberg as the leading image of one of her shows. She has been depicted in multiple murals. In Bristol, a mural of Thunberg by artist Jody Thomas, portrays the bottom half of her face as if under rising sea water since May 2019. Thunberg was featured on the Time magazine cover in May 2019 issue, where she was described as a role model and one of the "Next Generation Leaders". She and fifteen others were featured on the cover of the fashion magazine Vogue created by guest editor Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, in September 2019.
Some of Thunberg's speeches have been incorporated into music. In 2019, Thunberg contributed a voiceover for a release of "The 1975", a song by the English band by the same name. Thunberg finishes the song by urging: "So, everyone out there, it is now time for civil disobedience. It is time to rebel." Proceeds will go to Extinction Rebellion at Thunberg's request. In September 2019, John Meredith set her UN Action Summit speech to death metal. The Australian musician Megan Washington and composer Robert Davidson used the same 'how dare you' speech, for a performance at an event exploring the future of music. DJ Fatboy Slim created a mashup of this speech with his dance hit "Right Here, Right Now".
In 2019, Thunberg collaborated with the climate charity Project Pressure on an art piece projected onto the UN building in New York in the lead up to the UN Climate Action Summit featuring the voices of six young activists, including Thunberg herself. Vizualised by Joseph Michael, authored by Klaus Thymann and music by Brian Eno, their commentary was on the climate crisis and the urgent actions that need to be taken to minimize its consequences.
In May 2020, Thunberg was featured in Pearl Jam's music video "Retrograde". She appears as a fortune teller, with images in her crystal ball depicting startling effects of climate change in numerous countries.
On 3 September 2020, the Hulu cinéma vérité-esque documentary I Am Greta had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival. The film was directed by Nathan Grossman, who single-handedly operated the camera and sound equipment while memorializing Thunberg's climate activism "from the first solitary days of her school strike in August 2018, all the way through to her two-week sea voyage across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to New York City to attend the United Nations Climate Summit in September 2019." Following its Venice premiere, the film had its North American premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2020, and opened in cinemas across Europe, North America and Australia in October.
In March 2021, the University of Winchester installed a life-sized sculpture of Thunberg on its campus. BBC Studios made a three-part series Greta Thunberg: A Year to Change the World, with planned visits to various countries omitted due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Honours and awards
Thunberg has received honours and awards over the course of her activism. In May 2018, before the start of her school strike, she was one of the winners of a climate change essay competition by Svenska Dagbladet (The Swedish Daily News) for young people. Thunberg has refused to attend ceremonies or accept prizes if it requires her to fly, such as for the International Children's Peace Prize. She has received prizes from various NGOs but also from scientific institutions that lauded her success in raising awareness.
Time 25 most influential teens of 2018, December 2018, an annual list compiled by Time magazine of the most influential teenagers in the world that year.
Fryshuset scholarship, 2018, for Young Role Model of the Year.
Nobel Peace Prize nomination, 2019, by three deputies of the Norwegian parliament. Again in 2020 by two Swedish lawmakers. Nominated in 2021, 2022 and 2023.
Swedish Woman of the Year (Årets Svenska Kvinna), March 2019, awarded by the Swedish Women's Educational Association to "a Swedish woman who, through her accomplishments, has represented and brought attention to the Sweden of today in the greater world."
Rachel Carson Prize, March 2019, awarded to a woman who has distinguished herself in outstanding work for the environment in Norway or internationally.
Goldene Kamera film and television awards, March 2019, special Climate Action Award. Thunberg dedicated the prize to the activists protesting against the destruction of the Hambach Forest, which is threatened by lignite mining.
Fritt Ord Award, April 2019, shared with Natur og Ungdom, which "celebrates freedom of speech". Thunberg donated her share of the prize money to a lawsuit seeking to halt Norwegian oil exploration in the Arctic.
Time 100, April 2019, by Time magazine, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world for that year.
Laudato si' Prize, April 2019, awarded by the Milarepa Foundation of Chile and selected by the International Laudato Si' Group members under the second encyclical of Pope Francis, "on care for our common home".
Honorary degree of Doctor honoris causa (dr.h.c.), May 2019, conferred by the Belgian University of Mons (Mons, Belgium) for "contribution ... to raising awareness on sustainable development".
Ambassador of Conscience Award, June 2019, Amnesty International's most prestigious award, for her leadership in the climate movement, shared with Fridays for Future.
The Geddes Environment Medal, July 2019, by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, for "an outstanding practical, research or communications contribution to conservation and protection of the natural environment and the development of sustainability."
Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, July 2019, automatically conferred with the Geddes award.
Right Livelihood Award, September 2019, from the Right Livelihood Foundation and known as Sweden's alternative Nobel Prize, one of four 2019 winners, "for inspiring and amplifying political demands for urgent climate action reflecting scientific facts."
Keys to the City of Montréal, September 2019, by Mayor of Montréal Valérie Plante.
International Children's Peace Prize, October 2019, shared with 14-year-old Divina Maloum from Cameroon, awarded by the KidsRights Foundation.
Maphiyata echiyatan hin win (Woman Who Came from the Heavens), Lakota tribal name conferred, October 2019, at Standing Rock Indian Reservation, following support for the Dakota Access pipeline opposition, after being invited by Tokata Iron Eyes, a 16-year-old Lakota climate activist.
Nordic Council Environment Prize, October 2019. Thunberg declined to accept the award or the prize money of DKK 350,000 (€47,000 as of October 2019) stating that Nordic countries were not doing enough to cut emissions.
Time Person of the Year, December 2019, by Time magazine, the first recipient born in the 21st century and the youngest ever. For succeeding in "creating a global attitudinal shift, transforming millions of vague, middle-of-the-night anxieties into a worldwide movement calling for urgent change."< And: "For sounding the alarm about humanity's predatory relationship with the only home we have, for bringing to a fragmented world a voice that transcends backgrounds and borders, for showing us all what it might look like when a new generation leads."
Glamour Woman of the Year Award 2019, 12 November 2019, by Glamour magazine. Accepted by Jane Fonda, quoting Greta as saying "If a Swedish, teenage, science nerd who has shopstop, refuses to fly and has never worn makeup or been to a hairdresser can be chosen a Woman of the Year by one of the biggest fashion magazines in the world then I think almost nothing is impossible."
She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2019.
Natures 10, 2019, December 2019, an annual list of ten "people who mattered" in science, produced by the scientific journal Nature, specifically, for being a "climate catalyst: A Swedish teenager [who] brought climate science to the fore as she channeled her generation's rage."
Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, 2019
Forbes 30 under 30 Europe 2020 – Social Entrepreneurs
Human Act Award, on Earth Day, 22 April 2020, by the Human Act Foundation, for "her fearless and determined efforts to mobilize millions of people around the world to fight climate change." The USD100,000 prize money was donated to UNICEF and doubled by the Foundation.
Best in Activism (from Tech & Innovation category) at the 12th Shorty Awards, on 3 May 2020.
Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity, in July 2020, the first recipient of this prize. Through her foundation, Thunberg donated the €1 million prize money "to charitable projects combatting the climate and ecological crisis and to support people facing the worst impacts, particularly in the Global South."
Women in Youth Activism Award at the 2021 Women of Europe Awards on 2 December 2021, for "courageous leadership in support for climate justice, social change and youth community organising".
Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD), 31 May 2021, conferred by the University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, for "her international recognitions for challenging world leaders to take immediate action against climate change."
Honorary Doctor of Theology conferred by Helsinki University. The doctorate was scheduled to be granted in June 2023.
Species named in Thunberg's honour
The following species have been described and named after Greta Thunberg:
Nelloptodes gretae, by Michael Darby, Natural History Museum, UK, December 2019, a new species of beetle from Kenya in the family Ptiliidae. Its long antennae bear a passing resemblance to her braided pigtails.
Craspedotropis gretathunbergae, by Schilthuizen et al., 2020, a new species of land snail from Borneo in the family Cyclophoridae.
Thunberga greta, in a new genus Thunberga gen nov, both by Peter Jäger, June 2020, a new species of huntsman spider in the family Sparassidae. By 2021 the new Thunberga genus contained twenty-five newly described spiders, all from Madagascar and Mayotte, many in honour of other inspirational young people.
Opacuincola gretathunbergae, by Verhaege & Haase, 2021, a new freshwater snail from New Zealand in the family Tateidae.
Pristimantis gretathunbergae, by Mebert et al., 2022, a species of frog native to Panama.
Works
Scenes from the Heart (2018), with her sister, father and mother.
96 pages. A collection of Thunberg's climate action speeches, with the earnings being donated to charity.
An archived compilation of Thunberg's speeches and interviews, and IPCC Reports, up to March 2020
288 pages
Thunberg, Greta; Calderón, Adriana; Jhumu, Farzana Faruk; Njuguna, Eric (2021-08-19). "Opinion | This Is the World Being Left to Us by Adults". The New York Times. ISSN 0362–4331. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
Hardback.
See also
Severn Cullis-Suzuki – as a minor was also a notable environmental activist in 1992
Juliana v. United States, a lawsuit by 21 youths against the United States for significantly harming their right to life and liberty. It sought to force the government to adopt methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Licypriya Kangujam – Indian child environmental activist
List of most-liked tweets, which lists two tweets by Thunberg
References
Further reading
Mini-documentary portraying Thunberg by Great Big Story (via YouTube)
Make the World Greta Again—A Vice documentary that follows Thunberg and the organisers of the school strikes for climate as they are cementing a worldwide movement ahead of their first global protest that took place on 15 March 2019.
External links
Greta Thunberg at Mastodon
The Greta Thunberg Foundation
2003 births
Living people
21st-century Swedish people
21st-century Swedish women
Activists with disabilities
Articles containing video clips
Autism activists
Fellows of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
Peace award winners
People from Stockholm
People with Asperger syndrome
People with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Sommar (radio program) hosts
Swedish climate activists
Swedish environmentalists
Swedish people with disabilities
Swedish women environmentalists
Time Person of the Year
Veganism activists
Youth climate activists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380%20Eredivisie
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1979–80 Eredivisie
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1979–80 Eredivisie
The Dutch Eredivisie in the 1979–80 season was contested by 18 teams. Ajax won the championship.
League standings
Results
See also
1979–80 Eerste Divisie
1979–80 KNVB Cup
References
Eredivisie official website - info on all seasons
RSSSF
Eredivisie seasons
Netherlands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaoksky%20%28urban-type%20settlement%29
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Zaoksky (urban-type settlement)
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Zaoksky (urban-type settlement)
Zaoksky is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Zaoksky District of Tula Oblast, Russia. Population:
References
Urban-type settlements in Tula Oblast
Aleksinsky Uyezd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphronios
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Euphronios
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Euphronios (c. 535 – after 470 BC) was an ancient Greek vase painter and potter, active in Athens in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. As part of the so-called "Pioneer Group," (a modern name given to a group of vase painters who were instrumental in effecting the change from black-figure to red-figure pottery), Euphronios was one of the most important artists of the red-figure technique. His works place him at the transition from Late Archaic to Early Classical art, and he is one of the first known artists in history to have signed his work.
General considerations
The discovery of Greek vase painters
In contrast to other artists, such as sculptors, no Ancient Greek literature sources refer specifically to vase painters. The copious literary tradition on the arts hardly mention pottery. Thus, reconstruction of Euphronios's life and artistic development—like that of all Greek vase painters—can only be derived from his works.
Modern scientific study of Greek pottery began near the end of the 18th century. Initially, interest focused on iconography. The discovery of the first signature of Euphronios in 1838 revealed that individual painters could be identified and named, so that their works might be ascribed to them. This led to an intensive study of painters' signatures, and by the late 19th century, scholars began to compile stylistic compendia.
The archaeologist John D. Beazley used these compendia as a starting point for his own work. He systematically described and catalogued thousands of Attic black-figure and red-figure vases and sherds, using the methods of the art historian Giovanni Morelli for the study of paintings. In three key volumes on Attic painters, Beazley achieved a taxonomy that remains mostly valid to this day. He listed all known painters (named or unnamed) who produced individual works of art which can always be unmistakably ascribed. Today, most painters are identified, though their names often remain unknown.
The situation in Athens at the end of the 6th century BC
Euphronios must have been born around 535 BC, when Athenian art and culture bloomed during the tyranny of Peisistratos. Most Attic pottery was then painted in the black-figure style. Much of the Athenian pottery production of that time was exported to Etruria. Most of the extant Attic pottery has been recovered as grave goods (excavated or looted) from Etruscan tombs.
At the time, vase painting received major new impulses from potters such as Nikosthenes and Andokides. The Andokides workshop began the production of red-figure pottery around 530 BC. Gradually, the new red-figure technique began to replace the older black-figure style. Euphronios was to become one of the most important representatives of early red-figure vase painting in Athens. Together with a few other contemporary young painters, modern scholarship counts him as part of the "Pioneer Group" of red-figure painting.
Apprenticeship in the workshop of Kachrylion
Euphronios appears to have started painting vases around 520 BC, probably under the tutelage of Psiax. Later, Euphronios himself was to have a major influence on the work of his erstwhile master, as well as on that of several other older painters. Later he worked in the workshop of the potter Kachrylion, under supervision of the painter Oltos.
His works from this early phase already show several of Euphronios' artistic characteristics: his tendency to paint mythological scenes, his preference for monumental compositions, but also for scenes from everyday life, and his careful rendering of muscles and movement. The latter aspects particularly indicate a close link with Psiax, who painted in a similar style. Apart from a few fragments, a bowl in London (E 41) and one in Malibu (77.AE.20) can be ascribed to this phase of his work.
The most important early vase, however, is a signed specimen depicting Sarpedon. It was only through the appearance of this vase on the international market that Euphronios' early works could be recognised and distinguished from the paintings of Oltos, who had previously been credited with some works by Euphronios. Although it later became common for painters to sign their best works, signatures were rarely used in black-figure and early red-figure painting.
Even Euphronios's earliest known works show a total control of the technical abilities necessary for red-figure vase painting. Similarly, a number of technical advances which were adopted as part of the standard red-figure technique can be first seen in his work. To render the depictions of human anatomy more plastic and realistic, he introduced the relief line and the use of diluted clay slip. Depending on how it is applied, the slip can acquire a range of colours between light yellow and dark brown during firing, thus multiplying the stylistic possibilities available to the artist. Euphronios's technical and artistic innovations were apparently quickly influential; pieces produced during his early period by other painters working for Kachrylion, and even by his former teachers Psiax and Oltos, show stylistic and technical aspects first seen in Euphronios's own work.
Although Kachylion's workshop only produced drinking bowls, and Euphronios continued to work for him into his maturity, simple bowls soon failed to satisfy his artistic impulse. He began to paint other vase types, probably working with different potters. The Villa Giulia holds two very early pelikes by him. Such medium-size vases offered more space for his figural paintings. A psykter now in Boston is also counted among his early work, as it strongly resembles the work of Oltos: stiff garment folds, almond-shaped eyes, a small protruding chin and ill-differentiated hands and feet. Alternatively, it could be a relatively careless work from a later phase.
Such problems in assigning Euphronios' works to the different periods of his activity recur for several of his vases. Although the general chronology and development of his work is well known, some of his works remain difficult to place precisely. For example, a chalice krater in the Antikensammlung Berlin, depicting young men exercising in the palaistra is often counted among his later works due to the vase shape. Nonetheless, it seems that in spite of the occurrence of some advanced methods (careful representation of musculature, the use of the relief line), the krater must be dated to an earlier phase, since it borrows some stylistic motifs from black-figure vase painting. These motifs include an ivy garland below the mouth, the fairly small image format and the stylistic similarity to the work of Oltos.
Euphronios and Euxitheos: Mature phase, years of mastery
Innovation and competition
Around 510 BC, probably seeking new media for his compositions, Euphronios entered the workshop of Euxitheos, a potter who was similarly engaged in experimenting with form and decor in his own work. The stylistic development of Euphronios's work during this period, during which both painter and potter attempted bold and influential experiments, permits a reconstruction of its chronological sequence with some certainty.
A partially preserved chalice krater from this period (Louvre G 110) is indicative of the degree to which Euphronios was aware of the influence of his artistic innovations. The front of the chalice shows a classic scene that he had already painted on a bowl around 520 BC : the fight between Heracles and the Nemean Lion. The back, however, depicts a bold and innovative double composition : above, a komos scene, with the participants of the dance drawn in extreme physical postures, and below, a figure viewed from behind, arms leaning backwards. The striking scene has been thought to be the reason that Euphronios signed the work. The signature is unique, as the artist uses the formula Euphronios egraphsen tade - "Euphronios has painted these things". The piece is a characteristic example of the Pioneer Group's work and shows how a single vase could make an individual contribution to the development of the form.
This drive for innovation led to a spirit of competition even within individual workshops. On an amphora in Munich, Euthymides, another Pioneer Group Painter, claims that he has painted a picture "as Euphronios never could have done". This phrase implies respect for the colleague's and rival's skill, as well as a contest with him. Similarly, a somewhat younger painter, Smikros, probably a pupil of Euphronios, created some very successful early works that directly plagiarised his master. The Getty Museum has a signed psykter by Smikros that depicts Euphronios wooing an ephebe named as Leagros. The name Leagros occurs frequently in kalos inscriptions by Euphronios.
Herakles, Antaios and Sarpedon – the two masterpieces
A chalice krater with a depiction of Heracles and Antaios in combat is often considered one of Euphronios's masterpieces. The contrast between the barbarian Libyan giant Antaios and the civilised, well-groomed Greek hero is a striking reflection of the developing Greek self-image, and the anatomical precision of the struggling characters' bodies lends grace and power to the piece. The intensity of the work is increased by the presence of two female figures, whose statuesque appearance closes the image. During the restoration of the vase, an original outline sketch was found, showing that Euphronios initially had difficulties in depicting the dying giant's outstretched arm, but managed to overcome them while painting the scene.
The Sarpedon Krater or Euphronios Krater, created around 515 BC, is normally considered to be the apex of Euphronios' work. As on the well-known vase from his early phase, Euphronios sets Sarpedon at the centre of the composition. Following an order by Zeus, Thanatos and Hypnos carry Sarpedon's dead body from the battlefield. In the centre background is Hermes, here depicted in his role of accompanying the dead on their last voyage. The ensemble is flanked by two Trojan warriors staring straight ahead, apparently oblivious of the action that takes place between them. The figures are not only labelled with their names, but also with explanatory texts. The use of thin slip allowed Euphronios to deliberately use different shades of colour, rendering the scene especially lively. But the krater marks the peak of the artist's abilities not only in pictorial terms; the vase also represents a new achievement in the development of the red-figure style. The shape of the chalice krater had already been developed during the black-figure phase by the potter and painter Exekias, but Euxitheos's vase displays further innovations created specifically for the red-figure technique. By painting the handles, foot and lower body of the vase black, the space available for red-figure depictions is strictly limited. As is usual for Euphronios, the pictorial scene is framed by twisting curlicues. The painting itself is a classic example of the painter's work: strong, dynamic, detailed, anatomically accurate and with a strong hint of pathos. Both artists appear to have been aware of the quality of their work, as both painter and potter signed it. The krater is the only work by Euphronios to have survived in its entirety.
The back of the Sarpedon Krater shows a simple arming scene, executed more hastily as the massive krater's clay dried and rendered it less workable. This explicitly contemporary scene, depicting a group of anonymous youths arming themselves for war, is emblematic of the new realism in content as well as form which Euphronios brought to the red-figure technique. These scenes from everyday life, and the artistic conceit of pairing them with a mythological scene on the same piece, distinguish many of the pieces painted by Euphronios and those who followed him.
In addition to its unique archaeological and artistic status, the Sarpedon Krater played a pivotal role in the exposure and dismantling of a major antiquities smuggling network that traded in looted archaeological treasures and sold them on to major museums and collectors, including the Metropolitan Museum, the J. Paul Getty Museum in California, and Texan oil billionaire Nelson Bunker Hunt. The krater was one of a number of grave goods that were illegally unearthed in late 1971 when a gang of tombaroli (tomb robbers) led by Italian antiquities dealer Giacomo Medici looted a previously-undiscovered Etruscan tomb complex near Cerveteri, Italy. Medici subsequently sold the krater to American dealer Robert E. Hecht, who in turn negotiated its sale for US$1 million to the Metropolitan Museum, New York City, where it went on display from 1972. Over the next thirty years, a series of press investigations and a lengthy and extensive trans-national criminal investigation led by Italian authorities eventually smashed the smuggling ring, resulting in numerous prosecutions (including Medici, Hecht and Getty Museum curator Marion True), and the return to Italy of scores of looted antiquities illegally obtained by the Metropolitan, the Getty and other institutions. After lengthy negotiations, the Euphronios krater was formally returned to Italian ownership in February 2006, but remained on display as a loan to the Metropolitan Museum until its highly publicised repatriation to Italy in January 2008.
Scenes from everyday life
Apart from mythological motifs, Euphronios also produced many pots incorporating scenes from everyday life. A chalice krater in the Staatliche Antikensammlungen at Munich depicts a symposium. Four men are lying on couches (klinai) and drinking wine. A hetaira, named "Syko" by the accompanying inscription, is playing the flute, while the host, named as Ekphantides, is chanting a song to honour Apollo. The words flood from his mouth in a composition resembling the speech bubbles of modern comics. Such scenes are relatively common. This is probably mostly because the vases were made to be used at comparable occasions, but perhaps also because painters like Euphronios belonged to the depicted circles of Athenian citizenry - or at least aspired to do so, as it is not clear to modern researchers what the social status of a vase painter was.
A signed psykter at the Hermitage (St. Petersburg) is also very well known. It depicts four hetairai feasting. One of them is labelled with the name Smikra, probably a humorous allusion to the young painter Smikros.
Apart from the feasting images, there are also some palaistra scenes, which permitted the artist to indulge his delight in movement, dynamics and musculature. One example is the only surviving piece by Euphronios in black-figure technique, fragments of which were found on the Athenian Acropolis. It was a Panathenaic amphora. Part of the head of Athena is recognisable. It is likely that the reverse, as was the norm for this vase shape, depicted an athletic competition in one of the sports that formed part of the Panathenaic Games.
Late phase
Euphronios's later works are partially beset by difficulties of attribution. In many cases, this is due to direct imitation or echoes of his own artistic style in the work of other painters working during his lifetime.
Well known is an unsigned volute krater, found in the 18th century near Arezzo. The main scene on the belly of the vase can easily be attributed to Euphronios. The krater shows a combat scene, with Heracles and Telamon at the center, fighting amazons. Telamon delivers the deathblow to a wounded amazon in Scythian clothing. Heracles is fighting the amazon Teisipyle, who is aiming an arrow at him. This late work is another example of Euphronios's search for new forms of expression. The scene is characterized by an impressive dynamic, which seems to have taken control of the artist, as he painted Telamon's leg in a very twisted position. The small frieze of komastes around the neck of the vase is problematic in terms of attribution. It may be by one of the master's assistants, perhaps by Smikros.
That particular krater appears to have been a central work, influencing and inspiring many others. For example, a neck amphora (Louvre G 107) shows a nearly identical scene, but in a style quite different from that of Euphronios. On it, Heracles is accompanied by a mysterious inscription: He appears to belong to Smikros. Perhaps it is a cooperation by both artists. A different situation applies to an amphora (Leningrad 610) that also shows a similar scene to the krater described above, but depicts Heracles as an archer. As the piece is similar to Euphronios's work not only in terms of motif but also of artistic style, Beazley hesitantly ascribed it to the master. The problem is that at this point, the style and skills of Smikros had grown very similar to those of his teacher, making it difficult to distinguish their works.
Euphronios's final works (Louvre G 33, Louvre G 43) are characterised by strong simplification. The motifs are less carefully composed than earlier works, probably because Euphronios concentrated on a different occupation from 500 BC onwards.
Euphronios as potter
Euphronios seems to have taken over a pottery workshop around 500 BC. It is not unusual in the history of Greek pottery and vase painting for artists to be active in both fields; several other painters from the Pioneer Group, such as Phintias and Euthymides are also known to have been potters. Nonetheless, the situation of Euphronios is unique insofar that he was initially active exclusively as a painter and later only as a potter.
In the following years, the Euphronios workshop mainly produced bowls. It is understandable that he should have made such a choice, as the potters (kerameis) probably were independent entrepreneurs, whereas the painters were employees. Thus, a potter had a higher chance to reach affluence. Some other hypotheses have been suggested, e.g. that Euphronios developed a true passion for the potter's craft. This is quite possible, as he turned out to be a highly skilled potter; in fact, his signature as potter survives on more vases than that as a painter. A further theory proposes that a deterioration of eyesight forced him to concentrate on a different activity. This view may be supported by the discovery of the base of a votive offering on the Acropolis. A fragmentary inscription contains the name Euphronios and the word hygieia (health). In modern scholarships, material considerations are, however, more generally accepted as relevant.
It is interesting that he chose bowls as the main product of his workshop. Heretofore, bowls had usually been painted by less skilled painters, and were probably in lower regards than other vases. His choice of painters indicates that he placed major emphasis on employing first class talents, such as Onesimos, Douris, the Antiphon Painter, the Triptolemos Painter and the Pistoxenos Painter, in his workshop.
Bibliography
Euphronios, der Maler: eine Ausstellung in der Sonderausstellungshalle der Staatlichen Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz Berlin-Dahlem, 20. März–26. Mai 1991. Fabbri, Milan 1991.
Euphronios und seine Zeit: Kolloquium in Berlin 19./10. April 1991 anlässlich der Ausstellung Euphronios, der Maler. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin 1992, .
Ingeborg Scheibler: Griechische Töpferkunst. 2nd ed. Beck, Munich 1995, .
Biography of Euphronios at the Getty Museum
References
External links
Works by Euphronios in the Louvre
Works by Euphronios in the Getty Museum
Links to works by Euphronios online
6th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek vase painters
Ancient Greek potters
6th-century BC Athenians
5th-century BC Athenians
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%29
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Йота (літера)
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Йота (літера)
Йота (велика Ι, мала ι; ) — дев'ята літера грецької абетки, в системі грецьких чисел, має значення 10.
Походження
Нащадки
Похідними від «йоти» символами є латинська літера «i», а також старослов'янська кирилична («і», «і десяткове»), від якої походить і сучасна кирилична «і».
Посилання
Йота //
Грецька абетка
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6930020
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo%20L%C3%B3pez
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Leopoldo López
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Leopoldo López
Leopoldo Eduardo López Mendoza (born 29 April 1971) is a Venezuelan opposition leader. He co-founded the political party Primero Justicia in 2000 with Julio Borges. López was elected mayor of the Chacao Municipality of Caracas in the regional elections held in July 2000. He is the National Coordinator of another political party, Voluntad Popular, which he founded in 2009.
Administrative sanctions were imposed on López by Venezuela's Comptroller's Office in 2004, disqualifying him from holding public office for six years (beginning in 2008, at the completion of his term as mayor, until 2014), following allegations of nepotism and misappropriation of funds. Opposition groups in Venezuela criticized these charges as fabricated. López supporters say he was never charged with a crime, tried, or allowed to rebut the allegations; he sued Venezuela and his case was reviewed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which issued a unanimous ruling in his favor. The ruling was ignored by Venezuelan officials.
During the crisis in Venezuela, he called for protests in February 2014. He was arrested on 18 February 2014 and charged with arson and conspiracy; murder and terrorism charges were dropped. Human rights groups expressed concern that the charges were politically motivated. His imprisonment in Ramo Verde was controversial; the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights called for the release of those arrested in connection with the protests. Opinion polls in late 2014 showed that López had become one of the most popular politicians in Venezuela following his arrest. In September 2015, he was found guilty of public incitement to violence through supposed subliminal messages, being involved with criminal association, and was sentenced to 13 years and 9 months in prison.
The European Union, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and several human rights organizations have condemned the arrest and defined it as politically motivated. Several figures involved with his trial later declared that they were pressured by the Venezuelan government to detain López. , the prosecutor that accused him, called the judicial process a "farce" and said that Nicolás Maduro pressured him and Public Ministry superiors to defend "false evidence" against López. Ralenis Tovar, the judge that signed the arrest warrant against Leopoldo, declared that she signed the warrant because she felt scared after being threatened with becoming a "second Lourdes Afiuni judge". Chief Prosecutor Luisa Ortega Díaz said that she was pressured by Diosdado Cabello to accuse López of the deaths of Bassil Da Costa and Juan Montoya.
He was later transferred to house arrest on 8 July 2017 after being imprisoned for over three years. On 1 August 2017 he was taken from his home by SEBIN agents and was briefly imprisoned once again in Ramo Verde. Since then, López returned home and remained under house arrest from 5 August 2017 until it was reported that López had been released on 30 April 2019, in the wake of the 2019 Venezuelan uprising. As the former attempt to overthrow Maduro's government fell apart, López took refuge as a guest in the Spanish Embassy in Caracas. He fled Venezuela in October 2020.
Personal life and early career
López Mendoza was born on 29 April 1971 in Caracas; his mother Antonieta Mendoza de López was vice president of corporate affairs at the media conglomerate, Cisneros Group, while his father, Leopoldo López Gil, held an executive editorial position at El Nacional and became a Member of the European Parliament in 2019. He has two sisters, Diana and Adriana López.
López is descended from prominent Venezuelans, including a former president. His mother is the daughter of Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa, who was Secretary of Agriculture for two years during the first presidency of Rómulo Betancourt (1945 to 1948). Through her, López is the great-great-great-grandson of the country's first president, Cristóbal Mendoza. He is also the great-great-grand nephew of Simón Bolívar. Bolivar's sister, Juana Bolivar, is López's great-great-great-great-grandmother, making him one of Bolívar's few living relatives. His great-uncle Rafael Ernesto López Ortega was Minister of Education during the presidency of López Contreras. His grandfather Leopoldo López Ortega and great-uncle Rafael Ernesto López Ortega were both doctors, founders of the Centro Medico of San Bernardino in Caracas. López's cousin is Thor Halvorssen, president of the Human Rights Foundation.
López studied at Colegio Los Arcos and Colegio Santiago de León de Caracas and graduated from boarding school in the US at the Hun School of Princeton, where he was captain of the crew and swim teams, and vice president of the student council. In 1989, López told the student newspaper at the Hun School, The Mall, that "Being away from home created an awakening of the responsibility I have towards the people of my country. I belong to one percent of the privileged people, and achieving a good education will hopefully enable me to do something to help my country." A fellow student described him as being "very good at getting people psyched" on the swimming and crew teams.
In 1993, López graduated from Kenyon College where he received degrees in Economics and Sociology. A college friend said in 2014 that during their student days López had founded a student group called Active Students Helping the Earth Survive. He attended Harvard Kennedy School, where he obtained a Master of Public Policy in 1996.
In 2007, he received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Kenyon.
On 19 April 2007 he married Lilian Tintori. They have three children: Manuela Rafaela, born in 2009; Leopoldo Santiago, born in 2013; and Federica Antonieta, born in 2018. In an interview with Spanish newspaper La Voz de Galicia, the couple said that they conceived Federica Antonieta in jail during a conjugal visit, in a bathroom, where cockroaches crawled around them.
López worked as an analyst and consultant for the chief economist to the Planning Vice-President of Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) between 1996 and 1999; he was a professor of Institutional Economy in the Economics Department at Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.
Political life
López cofounded the political party Primero Justicia (Justice First) with Julio Borges in 1992. He later moved away from Justice First, having a more leftist-leaning political philosophy and created the Voluntad Popular party, a member of Socialist International.
According to a 2006 article in the Los Angeles Times, the Venezuelan government seemed to have "a full-out campaign" against López starting from 1998. Described by Kenyon College as "hardworking and unpretentious", with "movie-star good looks and a gentle way with people that has made him extremely popular in Chacao, the most affluent of Caracas's five municipalities", he said, "I was born with a lot of privilege in a country with a lot of inequality."
Mayor of Chacao (2000–2008)
López was elected mayor of Chacao Municipality in 2000 with 51% of the vote and re-elected in 2004 with 81%. He was praised by constituents "for revamping the public health system and building new public spaces". His term of office saw the opening of the Juan de Dios Guanche school and the Centro Deportivo Eugenio Mendoza, a sports center. Under López, work began on several major construction projects, including the Palos Grandes plaza, the new seat of the Mercado Libre, a new headquarters for the Andrés Bello Education Unit, and a massive underground parking facility. According to a 2010 article in Businessweek magazine, Lopez tried to reorganize the Chacao police force around a new CompStat policing model, implemented with apparent success in a neighboring city of Catia, Caracas, but says that, although "we could do the police management [and] get accurate measurements" in his district, he lacked the support of the attorney general to implement these reforms. The Atlantic described him as having "earned a reputation among local voters and Venezuelans ... for transparent, effective governance".
As mayor, López won first-prize awards from Transparency International in 2007 and 2008 for running the country's most honest and efficient municipal administration. In 2008, he won third place in the World Mayors contest which nominates the "world's most outstanding mayors". The City Mayors Foundation, which sponsors the contest, wrote that "It would be easy to caricature him as the scion of the country’s wealthy elite, standing in the way of Chávez' social justice crusade. But López' record on activism has shown a commitment to promoting legal equality and his constituents speak passionately about a mayor who has delivered on public services and funding new infrastructure."
During events surrounding the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, NPR said Lopez "orchestrated the public protests against President Hugo Chávez and played a central role in the citizen's arrest of Chavez's interior minister", Ramón Rodríguez Chacín. Lopez later tried to distance himself from that event, maintaining his actions were meant to protect Chacín from an angry mob. López did not sign the Carmona Decree drawn up on the day after the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt, which established a transitional government and dissolved government entities.
Target of violence
López was affected by violent confrontations multiple times in his political career, including incidents involving gunfire targeting him. In one attack, López's car was fired upon and was left full of bullet holes. In February 2006, a group of armed individuals stormed a university auditorium where López was speaking and took him hostage for six hours. A month later in March 2006, López's bodyguard who was sitting in López's regular seat was shot several times and was killed. In June 2008, after López returned from a visit to Washington, D.C., he was allegedly detained and assaulted by the state intelligence service; the Venezuelan government disputed this account, stating that a member of the Venezuelan National Guard reported López as being responsible for the aggression and presented a video as evidence.
2008 election controversy
In an April 2008 ruling announced by Venezuela's chief prosecutor and then upheld by court decision, López and several hundred other Venezuelans were barred from running in the November 2008 elections, for reasons of alleged corruption. Eighty percent of those barred belonged to the opposition. The Venezuelan government's ruling found that in 1998, López, while working for Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) and his mother, who was the company's manager of public affairs, awarded a state-funded grant to the Primero Justicia Civil Association, an organization of which López was a member. As the best-known banned politician, López contested the sanction, arguing that the right to hold elected office could only be rescinded in the wake of a civil or criminal trial. He said the government had banned opposition candidates ahead of the November 2008 regional elections because it knew they could win.
In June 2008, López brought his case to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in Washington, D.C., challenging the claims by stating that none of those punished had been charged, prosecuted and found guilty through due process of law, in direct violation of treatises signed by the Venezuelan government and the Venezuelan constitution. In July, the Commission agreed to hear his case and commented that the two years that had elapsed since López had filed a motion asking the Court to annul the ban constituted an "undue delay".
The IACHR ruled unanimously that Lopez "should be allowed to run for office". Venezuela's Supreme Court (TSJ) declared the ruling "unenforceable", stating that the disqualification from holding public office was a legal sanction, not a political one, and that Lopez was still able to register as a candidate for office and participate in elections. This ruling barred López from running against Chavez for the following election, which polls indicated López would have won.
Although López and others accused of corruption were never tried or convicted, the Venezuelan government maintained that the administrative disqualification from holding public office was grounded in Article 289 of the Venezuelan Constitution—which grants the comptroller general authority to oversee and regulate public offices, investigate irregularities and apply administrative penalties to persons holding those offices—and Article 105 of the Organic Law of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. The Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal ruled in August 2008 that the sanction against López and others was constitutional.
Following the decision by the Venezuelan government, multiple organizations criticized the government's ruling as a symptom of its judicial system's lack of independence. The Wall Street Journal stated that six of the seven Supreme Court justices were "sympathetic to the president". The Wall Street Journal also said that the ban "has elicited comparisons to moves by Iran's government preventing opposition politicians from running in elections in that country" and singled López out as "a popular opposition politician who polls say would have a good chance at becoming the mayor of Caracas, one of the most important posts in the country". BBC News called the list of individuals barred from office a "blacklist," noting that there was "little that Mr López and others" could do to participate in the November 2008 elections. The Economist stated that López was the "main apparent target" of the "decision by the auditor-general to ban hundreds of candidates from standing in the state and municipal elections for alleged corruption, even though none has been convicted by the courts". The Carter Center expressed regret that the Venezuelan Supreme Court did not find it feasible to comply with the IACHR's decision. The Human Rights Watch "described political discrimination as a defining feature of Mr. Chávez's presidency," singling out López and the "measure that disqualifies candidates from running for public office because of legal claims against them". The Organization of American States cited the case against López as one of the "factors that contribute to the weakening of the rule of law and democracy in Venezuela." The Associated Press reported that the use of the charges to disqualify López "is a tactic critics say Chavez uses to put his opponents' political ambitions on indefinite hold".
The next day, López and others protested the ruling in a demonstration, until they were blocked in front of a government building.
López again filed a complaint, this time with the Human Rights Commission of the international Mercosur Parliament, on which Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay are represented, and on which Venezuela has observer status. Two members of the commission traveled to Caracas to investigate, but were unable to come to any conclusion because Venezuelan officials refused to meet with them. Three years after the controversy began, López was cleared of all of the charges of corruption.
Voluntad Popular
On 5 December 2009, López launched the political party Voluntad Popular, saying "What we want is to build a new majority from the bottom up - not just through negotiations and agreements between elites. It's a longer road, but for us, it's the only road that gives us possibilities of winning." López described Voluntad Popular as "a social and political, pluralistic and democratic movement" that stood for "the rights of all Venezuelans." An analyst close to López said that he would create political groups and leave them when they grew beyond his control. The party did not have a solid policy platform and mainly served as a vehicle of anti-Chavismo. According to The Guardian, US diplomatic cables at the time (one titled "The López Problem") stated: "He is often described as arrogant, vindictive, and power-hungry – but party officials also concede his popularity, charisma and talent as an organiser".
The same year, regarding education in Venezuela, he called for the creation of grassroots groups, similar to a PTA, in every school to ensure the quality of schools and the education received by children and youth – "A people's network in every school."
2014 protests in Venezuela
The Economist reported in February 2014 that while Henrique Capriles headed the moderate wing of Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) – the alliance of Venezuelan opposition parties – López headed "the more confrontational wing". Both advocated nonviolence, while López, unlike Capriles, "believe[d] that demonstrations can prompt a change of government". On 12 February 2014, López called on Venezuelans to peacefully protest against the Venezuelan government. The same day, Venezuelan prosecutors, after likening López and protesters to "Nazis", issued an arrest warrant for López on charges including instigation of delinquency, public intimidation, arson of a public building, damage to public property, severe injury, "incitement to riot", homicide, and terrorism.
The day after the warrant was issued, López used Twitter to address Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro: "Don't you have the guts to arrest me? Or are you waiting for orders from Havana? I tell you, the truth is on our side." In a late-night nationally televised broadcast on 16 February, according to Reuters, "Maduro told López to hand himself in 'without a show,' and said he had rejected pressure from Washington to drop the case against him." Maduro "said he had ordered three U.S. consular officials to leave the country for conspiring against his government", and declared: "Venezuela doesn't take orders from anyone!"
On 18 February, López turned himself in to the National Guard in the presence of thousands of cheering supporters, who, like him, wore white as a symbol of nonviolence. He gave a short speech in which he said that he hoped his arrest would awaken Venezuela to the corruption and economic disaster caused by socialist rule. The only alternative to accepting arrest, he said, standing on a statue of Jose Marti, was to "leave the country, and I will never leave Venezuela!" Hours after the arrest, Maduro addressed a cheering crowd of supporters in red, saying that he would not tolerate "psychological warfare" by his opponents and that López must be held responsible for his "treasonous acts". López's wife told CNN that night "that López was in good spirits behind bars" and added: "The last thing he told me was don't forget why this is happening, don't forget why he's going to jail. He's asking for the liberation of political prisoners and students and an end to repression and violence."
On 20 February, Supervisory Judge Ralenis Tovar Guillén issued a pre-trial detention order against López in response to formal charges of conspiracy, incitement to commit crimes, arson, and damage to public property with the charges ordered by public prosecutor Franklin Nieves. López was formally charged at an arraignment that took place inside a military bus parked outside the prison, a process described by Gutierrez as "very unorthodox".
Imprisonment
López was serving a 13-year sentence for crimes including instigation of delinquency, arson, damage to public property, "incitement to riot", and terrorism. The charges have been labeled by organizations or legislative bodies outside of Venezuela as politically motivated. Human rights groups around the globe have called for López' release due to the government's negligent handling of the trial. Since out of nearly 700 total hours of court testimonies the defense spoke for less than three, the trial has been called a farce.
Initial detention
López was denied bail and imprisoned at the Ramo Verde military prison outside of Caracas. While in prison, his family visited him every week, only being allowed to stay for a few hours and deliver lunch. They had to undergo strict searches by guards. López grew a beard and began learning how to play the cuatro. López, a devout Catholic, was not allowed to attend mass or have a priest visit but has been allowed to have an hour of exercise outside each day.
In July 2014, his wife stated that his visitation rights had been revoked and that he was subjected to psychological torture, including isolation. This was also stated by the Venezuelan government in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. It was also reported that prison guards would throw feces against López's jail cell. Chilean lawyer and secretary of a mission of Socialist International, José Antonio Viera-Gallo, stated that in the case of López, Socialist International "confirmed human rights violations against a political leader" giving examples of when López and others trying to communicate with their families, authorities sound loud sirens preventing communication.
On 13 February 2015, armed masked men believed to be military used blowtorches to cut through the bars of Lopez and former mayor ' prison cells. In May 2015 López announced he was beginning a hunger strike to protest his detention and the mismanagement of the Maduro government. He has urged other jailed opposition to join, with Daniel Ceballos also participating in the hunger strike. Both López and Ceballos ceased the hunger strike after one of their demands, a date set for the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections, were set to take place on 6 December 2015.
Trial
López was set to be tried alongside four students, Marco Coello, Christian Holdack, Ángel González, and Demian Martin. He petitioned the court to release these students, who had been arrested in February. Judge Susana Barreiros ordered the release of all but Christian Holdack. At the beginning of his trial, Lopez's defence was barred from entering the court to present evidence and witnesses. For López's defense, only 1 of 63 witnesses were allowed to be presented in court while over 100 witnesses were allowed to presented for the prosecution. Since López was detained on 18 February 2014, he was held in Ramo Verde Prison while he was tried. López's court dates were on 23 July, 6 August, 13 August and 28 August. At each of those trials, the prosecution presented evidence against López, yet his defense was allegedly not able to present any information or evidence supporting him. After the court session of 28 August, the case was deferred for a third time to 10 September. The 28 August court session was also under the presence of a delegate of the European Union, allegedly due to concerns about the trial's process. In November 2014, the Venezuelan court rejected the United Nations' Working Group on Arbitrary Detentions request to release López from prison. The United Nations, along with several other organizations and institutions, have criticized the trial due to a lack of due process in the court's handling of the case, as well as a lack of fair hearing for the defense, who had under three hours to defend themselves to the government's 600 hours. The government's use of delays to silence witnesses for the defense, as well as their direct barring of 58 of 60 witnesses, was also condemned.
On 4 January 2015, in response to US requests to free López, Maduro offered to exchange López "man to man" for Oscar López Rivera, a former FALN member imprisoned in the U.S. for seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms, and conspiracy to transport explosives with intent to destroy government property. The Obama administration commuted López Rivera's sentence, with his release in May 2017.
In March 2015, former socialist Prime Minister of Spain Felipe González agreed to take over the defense of López in his trial after his family requested his assistance. In the roughly 700 hours of court testimonies, López's defense was given less than three hours and was not allotted many resources or due process.
Sentence
On 10 September 2015, after spending over a year and a half imprisoned in Ramo Verde, López's trial was set to conclude. According to López's lawyers, Judge Susana Barreiros suddenly finished proceedings the preceding week, with López only permitted to use a few witnesses while the prosecution was granted the use of hundreds of witnesses.
At the courthouse, about 200 supporters of López gathered while government supporters grouped together with a band singing folk songs supporting a guilty verdict against López. The gatherings grew violent after government supporters attacked López supporters and left them with multiple injuries and one death. Before the conclusion of the trial, López addressed the courtroom with a three-hour speech. Judge Susana Barreiros found López guilty and gave him the maximum sentence of 13 years, 9 months, 7 days, and 12 hours in Ramo Verde military prison for public incitement of violence; student movement co-defendants received sentences ranging from 4 and 10 years. López was then allowed to spend moments with his family before he was sent back to his isolation cell in Ramo Verde. López's supporters then moved to another part of the city to demonstrate while the banging of pots by other Venezuelans could be heard from their homes.
Controversy and international reaction
The European Union, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and several human rights organizations have condemned the arrest and defined it as politically motivated. Several figures involved with his trial later declared that they were pressured by the Venezuelan government to detain López.
On 23 October 2015, Franklin Nieves, a prosecutor in López's trial who fled to the United States, stated that the trial was a "farce" and that he was pressured by high officials in the Venezuelan government. Nieves said that Brigadier General Manuel Gregorio Bernal Martinez, then head of SEBIN, was directly ordered by President Maduro to arrest López and others. When Nieves asked for documentation of any crimes, Bernal did not have any but a SEBIN officer created the documents needed to persecute López, with Nieves stating, "They made up those facts in the moment." Nieves also accused Diosdado Cabello, leader of the National Assembly, of directing the López trial as well. Luisa Ortega Díaz, the Chief Prosecutor of Venezuela who reportedly asked prosecutors to build evidence against López, denied Nieves' allegations, saying that "If he was pressured, it was undoubtedly by foreign elements." Luisa Ortega would later say that she was pressured by Diosdado Cabello to accuse López of the deaths of Bassil Da Costa and Juan Montoya. Ralenis Tovar, the judge that signed the arrest warrant against Leopoldo, declared that she signed the warrant because she felt scared after being threatened with becoming a "second Lourdes Afiuni judge".
Human rights groups consider López as "Latin America's most prominent political prisoner". Multiple organizations denounced López's detention and published discussions about it in order to bring attention to his arrest. Human Rights Watch said: "The Venezuelan government has openly embraced the classic tactics of an authoritarian regime, jailing its opponents, muzzling the media, and intimidating civil society." HRW further accused the Maduro government of blaming opposition leaders, including López, for violence. The Human Rights Foundation, founded and run by López's first cousin, Thor Halvorssen Mendoza, declared López a prisoner of conscience and joined other international organizations in calling for his immediate release. "With López’s imprisonment and the brutally repressive tactics that police, armed forces, and paramilitary groups are using against his supporters, the Venezuelan state has lost any democratic façade it may have had", said HRF chairman Garry Kasparov. Former students from Kenyon College put forth an effort to support López since he was detained and helped create freeleopoldo.com. Editorial columns from The New York Times and The Washington Post have also called for his release.
At the 2014 Clinton Global Initiative meeting, U.S. President Barack Obama called for the release of López saying, "We stand in solidarity with those who are detained at this very moment." The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention ruled in 2014 that López was detained arbitrarily and that the Venezuelan government "violated several of their civil, political and constitutional rights" while demanding his immediate release. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, called for the immediate release of López and all Venezuelans arrested during the 2014 protests. In November 2014, Socialist International agreed with the UN's ruling, calling López's arrest arbitrary. On 19 December 2014, the chief diplomat of the European Union, Federica Mogherini, said that she was "seriously concerned" about "continuous arbitrary arrests" in Venezuela, with the EU resolution noting that Leopoldo Lopez "suffered physical and psychological torture" and also denounced the situations of opposition mayors Daniel Ceballos and Vicencio Scarano.
The Venezuelan government condemned the statements by the United States and the United Nations demanding them to not interfere in Venezuelan affairs. The Venezuelan government replied to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights with a letter directed to him stating that it was "senseless" to release López and claimed that Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad's statements were "undoubtedly part of the international media manipulation that has been denounced by the top leadership of the Bolivarian Government".
In 2016, the Dalai Lama supported López, with human rights attorney Tamara Sujú sharing a picture on Twitter of the Dalai Lama stating that he continued to pray for López.
Amnesty International said, "The charges brought against Venezuelan opposition leader Leopoldo López smack of a politically motivated attempt to silence dissent in the country." Guadalupe Marengo, Amnesty International Americas Programme Deputy Director, called on Venezuelan authorities to "either present solid evidence to substantiate the charges against López or release him immediately and unconditionally ... Amnesty International has not seen evidence to substantiate these charges. This is an affront to justice and free assembly". After López was sentenced to 13 years in prison, Amnesty International declared that, "Leopoldo López is a prisoner of conscience and should be immediately released without conditions".
Post-trial activity
Days after López was formally sentenced and imprisoned, he wrote an op-ed for The New York Times titled Even in Jail, I Will Fight for a Free Venezuela in which he called for international attention on the state of Venezuela's economy, corruption and crime.
On 26 March 2014, The New York Times published an op-ed by López under the headline "Venezuela's Failing State". Writing from prison, López lamented that for the past fifteen years, "the definition of 'intolerable' in this country has declined". Addressing his incarceration, López wrote that on 12 February, he had "urged Venezuelans to exercise their legal rights to protest and free speech – but to do so peacefully and without violence". López called for "an investigation into fraud committed through our commission for currency exchange", and for "real engagement from the international community, particularly in Latin America". He charged that while international human- rights organizations had been outspoken in condemning Maduro, many of Venezuela's neighbors had responded to his actions with "shameful silence", as had the Organization of American States, which represents nations in the Western Hemisphere.
House arrest
According to López's wife, Lilian Tintori, in early June 2017 he rejected an offer from officials of the Venezuelan government, made during the 2017 Venezuelan protests, which would allow him to serve the remainder of his prison term under house arrest. Tintori reported that he said other political prisoners should be released before him and that he "had to be last to leave ... [that it was about] liberty for all of Venezuela".
On 24 June 2017, Leopoldo López shouted from his prison cell that he was being tortured, asking people to denounce it. Tintori shared the video through social media. On 8 July, López left Ramo Verde and was taken home in the company of two Bolivarian officials, Delcy Rodriguez and her brother Jorge Rodriguez, at 3:00am VST. He was placed under house arrest by Venezuela's Supreme Tribunal of Justice, which cited case "irregularities" and health reasons for López's release; Reuters reports that the Bolivarian government "seems to be calculating that his return home may ease domestic protests".
Following the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election which granted the Bolivarian government much more authority over Venezuela, SEBIN agents arrived at López's home in the early hours of 1 August 2017, and took him back to prison. But on 5 August 2017, Venezuelan authorities again released López to house arrest. Since then, López has remained under house arrest. According to López, SEBIN agents have been taking a picture of him with a copy of the day's newspaper every day since his return to house arrest. In October 2017, the head of a private security team guarding López and his home was arrested; he has not been seen since. On 17 November 2017, SEBIN officials reinforced the surveillance of López's house, after the former mayor of Caracas, who was in the same situation, fled on the same day to Colombia.
Release
López was released from house arrest on the morning of 30 April during the 2019 Venezuela uprising, with the assistance of defecting armed forces supportive of Juan Guaidó. Later in the day, López and his immediate family entered the Chilean Embassy in Caracas, but moved to the Spanish Embassy in the early hours of 1 May 2019. According to Roberto Ampuero of the Chilean Foreign Ministry, López and his family moved to the Spanish Embassy after a "personal decision", noting that López and his wife both have Spanish ancestry. On 2 May 2019, the Supreme Tribunal issued an arrest warrant for López, who exited the gates of the Spanish Embassy, with his wife Lilian Tintori, to speak with reporters, saying that Maduro's days were numbered. The Spanish government announced that Lopez would not be handed over to Venezuelan authorities.
Escape from Spanish Embassy
On 24 October 2020, top Venezuelan opposition officials said López had fled Venezuela. López, who is a political mentor to opposition leader Juan Guaidó, had taken refuge in the Spanish ambassador's residence in Caracas since fleeing house arrest after the failure of a military uprising to overthrow Maduro in April 2019.
His political allies and his father said López made his way across the border into Colombia, after spending more than a year inside the Spanish Embassy. López’s escape was first reported by the Spanish newspaper El Mundo. A Spanish government source said his arrival in Spain, where his wife now lives, was "imminent." The Spanish foreign ministry said on Twitter that Lopez's decision to leave was "voluntary and personal." López arrived in Madrid on 25 October, and had a meeting with the Spanish prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, on 27 October.
Exile
While living in exile, during a press conference in the Círculo de Bellas Artes, in Madrid, in October 2020 López expressed that his goal now was to have "free and transparent" elections in Venezuela, saying that "we want for Venezuela the same as in Bolivia", referring to the 2020 Bolivian elections, where the Movement for Socialism (MAS) candidate Luis Arce was elected president. In exile, López has also declared that "for a transition to be viable" support from the "Maduro regime" was needed, citing as examples South Africa, Eastern Europe and Spain, but saying that those who have committed human right abuses or crimes against humanity should not be included.
On 9 December 2020, Leopoldo López started a tour in Latin America, travelling to Colombia and seeking to "strengthen" an "international front" against Nicolás Maduro, after the Venezuelan parliamentary election that year, which he considered fradulent. The following day López met with Colombian President Iván Duque, and on 11 December he travelled to Cúcuta to meet Venezuelan migrants living in the border and learn about their problems. On 22 May 2021, having travelled to Ecuador, López met with the mayor of Guayaquil, Cynthia Viteri, to discuss about the regularization of the Venezuelan diaspora and to recognize both expired Venezuelan passports and other documents. The following day López met with the president of the National Assembly of Ecuador, Guadalupe Llori, who on 24 May would be in charge of inaugurating president elect Guillermo Lasso. He travelled later to Peru, during the Peruvian general election, and on 29 May participated in a political panel with politicians and businesspeople related to right-wing presidential candidate Keiko Fujimori, daughter of Alberto Fujimori, saying that Fujimori represented "freedom" and "democracy" while he characterized her opponent Pedro Castillo as supporting "dictatorship" and "communism". López criticized Castillo for openly declaring that Venezuela was a full democracy and said that he opined about the Peruvian elections because there were a million Venezuelans living in the country, and that their results would affect the region, including Venezuela. On 23 June, after travelling to the United States and meeting with Republican senator Rick Scott, López declared that the United States would not lift sanctions "without significant advances". In December, during the 2021 Chilean presidential election, López met with far-right candidate José Antonio Kast, endorsing him.
Awards and honors
2007 – Kenyon College Honoris Causa Doctorate Law.
2007, 2008 – Premio Transparencia Award, to the most transparent city mayor of Venezuela, granted by the Venezuela branch of Transparency International.
2008 – Third place, World Mayor Project, for being a "hands-on mayor as well as a national politician fighting for democratic openness and fairness in Venezuela".
2009 – The Most Innovative People Award for Resiliency from the Future Capitals World Summit.
2014 – Harvard University Alumni Achievement Award for the support of democracy and transparency in Venezuela.
2014 – Foreign Policy listed López in its Leading Global Thinkers of 2014 publication.
2015 – National Endowment for Democracy awarded López its Democracy Award in May 2015.
2015 – Cádiz Cortes Ibero-American Freedom Prize was awarded "given the unblemished defense of freedom in your community and minimum requirements of the realization of human rights in the same, which has led them to be subject to public rebuke of their government, including the flagrant situation of imprisonment or the cutting of your minimal civil rights".
2015 – One of Spain ABC's Ten Faces in the World in 2015.
2016 – Courage Award, Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy, shared with Antonio Ledezma, "for inspiring the world with their extraordinary courage in the defense of liberty and universal human rights".
2017 – Florida Medal of Freedom awarded by Governor of Florida, Rick Scott.
2017 - Sakharov Prize, along with the Venezuelan opposition.
2018 – Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
Publications
See also
Political prisoners in Venezuela
Notes
External links
New York Times: Leopoldo Lopez interview (February 2018)
1971 births
Living people
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Venezuela
Politicians from Caracas
Kenyon College alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Venezuelan people of Spanish descent
Venezuelan people of Basque descent
Justice First politicians
Mayors of places in Venezuela
A New Era politicians
Popular Will politicians
Venezuelan democracy activists
Venezuelan escapees
Venezuelan politicians convicted of crimes
Venezuelan dissidents
People of the Crisis in Venezuela
Venezuelan Roman Catholics
Exiled Venezuelan politicians
Escapees from Venezuelan detention
2014 Venezuelan protests
Political prisoners during the Bolivarian Revolution
Sakharov Prize laureates
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6430470
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus%20glauca
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Citrus glauca
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Citrus glauca, commonly known as the desert lime, is a thorny shrub or small tree native to Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia. The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records common names native kumquat and desert lemon.
Taxonomy
Under the Swingle system, the desert lime was classified in the genus Eremocitrus, a close relative of the genus Citrus. More recent taxonomy considers all the Australian limes to be included in the genus Citrus, and most authorities treat the desert lime this way. Citrus glauca is one of the most resilient Citrus species, and is comparatively heat, drought, and cold tolerant. Hence the species is potentially important for Citrus breeding programs, and readily hybridises with many common Citrus species.
Description
A shrub or small tree to , it has several unusual characteristics. It is cold, heat, drought and salinity tolerant and thought evergreen. If the rains should fail it will shed its leaves and live off the green bark on the plant branches. It will set fruit almost immediately after flowering and is the earliest citrus to do so. Fruit is small and variable and depends on current climatic conditions and genetic make-up. Thorns appear on low-growing branches to prevent grazing by rabbits, kangaroos, cattle etc. but cease on branches above the grazing level. The fruit is globular, and about half-an-inch in diameter. The limes have an intense piquant flavour, and good rainfall years produce an abundance of fruit.
Economic uses
The desert lime fruit is a highly prized bushfood. Traditionally, it is wild-harvested from surviving bushland areas, where it is relatively common. However, C. glauca has also been extensively cleared from some areas due to the ongoing conversion of the wild bush into agricultural fields. The fruit are used in a range of products, including marmalades, beverages, and succade. It has a strong lime-like flavour.
The fruit is beginning to be domesticated. Commercial cultivation of this fruit is beginning to reduce the reliance on wild-harvested product.
Taxonomy, cultivars, and hybrids
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=Australian limes
|1={{clade
|label1=former Eremocitrus
|1=Citrus glauca
|label2=former Microcitrus
|2={{clade
|1=Citrus warburgiana
|2={{clade
|1= |2=
|3=Citrus australis}} }} }} }}
Australian outback lime
The Australian Outback lime was selected by CSIRO scientists from the regular desert lime. It is characterised by its upright habit, relatively large, flavoursome fruit, high yield, uniform ripening time, lack of thorns, and suitability for mechanical harvesting. The Australian Outback lime was cultivated at the former CSIRO Plant Industry site at Merbein, Victoria by Steve Sykes.
Hybrids
The eremolemon is thought to be a natural true-breeding hybrid between Citrus glauca and Citrus meyeri.Citrus plants hybridise readily, other hybrids include eremoranges, eremoradias (hybrid with a sour orange) and citrangeremos (hybrid with a citrange).
Notes
References
Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, Tukka, Real Australian Food, .
Cherikoff, Vic, The Dining Downunder Cookbook'', .
External links
Australian cuisine
Bushfood
glauca
Crops originating from Australia
Desert fruits
Drought-tolerant trees
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Flora of South Australia
Sapindales of Australia
Trees of Australia
glauca
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3512490
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0
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Аґара
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Аґара — даба (містечко) у Карельському муніципалітеті, мхаре Шида-Картлі, Грузія.
Географія
Аґара розташоване у межиріччі Мткварі та її притоки річки Пца, у передгір'ї Тріалетського хребета, за 6,5 км від адміністративного центру муніципалітету міста Карелі, за 21 км на схід від міста Ґорі, та за 90 км на північний захід від Тбілісі, на висоті 640 м. над рівнем моря.
Клімат
У містечку Аґара теплий вологий континентальний клімат, з помірно холодною зимою та довгим теплим літом.
Середньорічна температура — 9,9 °C. Найтеплішим місяцем є липень, з середньою температурою 20.7 °C, найпрохолоднішим — січень, з середньою температурою -1.6 °C.
Середньорічна норма опадів — 697 мм. Найменше опадів випадає у січні — 42 мм, найбільше в травні, у середньому 81 мм.
Історія
Містечко виникло у 1931 році, коли почалось будівництво цукрового заводу. Вже у 1934 році Аґара отримало статус селища міського типу.
Демографія
Чисельність населення містечка Аґара, станом на 2014 рік, налічує 3, 364 особи, з яких 85,9% — грузини.
Етнічний склад
Грузини становлять 85,9% населення даби, азербайджанці — 8,4%, осетини — 1,9%.
Економіка
У Аґарі працює цукровий завод «Agara Sugar» (колишня назва: «Картулі Шакарі») — єдиний в Грузії завод з виробництва цукру.
Транспорт
У містечка Аґара розташована однойменна залізнична станція Грузинської залізниці, на лінії Хашурі — Ґорі.
Примітки
Міста Грузії
Міста Шида-Картлі
Населені пункти Карельського муніципалітету
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43506008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87
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Nikola Vlašić
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Nikola Vlašić (born 4 October 1997) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Serie A club Torino and the Croatia national team.
Born into a prominent Croatian sports family, Nikola is a youth product of Hajduk Split academy. He made his senior debut in summer 2014, making The Guardian's Next Generation list later that year. In 2017, his performances earned him a move to Everton; however, after an unsuccessful season, he was loaned out to CSKA Moscow who made the move permanent upon the end of the season.
Vlašić made his international debut in 2017, before becoming a regular international after Croatia's 2018 FIFA World Cup campaign. He represented his country at the UEFA Euro 2020, 2022 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2024.
Club career
Hajduk Split
Vlašić joined the Omladinac Vranjic academy, before he was brought to Hajduk Split, aged 12. He excelled at youth club level, and in the 2013–14 season he formed a potent midfield partnership for the Hajduk U17 team with Andrija Balić, which resulted in the team finishing the first half of the season in first place, without a single loss. The two then received and signed professional contracts, and were moved to the U19 team, where he played regularly.
He made his first team debut in the UEFA Europa League qualifying match on 17 July 2014, playing in the away match against Dundalk. Scoring on his debut, he became Hajduk Split's youngest scorer in international competitions, aged 16 years and 9 months, 2 months less than the previous record holder Mario Tičinović. That season, Vlašić went on to make 37 appearances in all competitions, scoring four goals.
On 30 June 2016, Hajduk announced that Vlašić had been appointed vice-captain of the club, with Lovre Kalinić continuing to be the captain. As Kalinić was on extended holidays as a result of being part of the Croatian squad for the UEFA Euro 2016, Vlašić captained Hajduk for the first time on 14 July, the season opening fixture; a 2–2 away draw against CSM Politehnica Iași in the second round of the 2016–17 Europa League qualifying phase. Despite his tender age, Vlašić would captain the side four more times that season.
Everton
On 31 August 2017, Vlašić signed a five-year contract with Premier League club Everton for a fee of around £10 million, which is the Hajduk Split record transfer. Vlašić impressed Everton manager Ronald Koeman and director of football Steve Walsh when Everton and Hajduk faced each other in the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League play-off round. Vlašić scored his first goal for Everton on his debut at Goodison Park on 28 September in a 2–2 draw with Apollon Limassol in the Europa League. He scored in the return leg on 7 December, as Everton won 3–0. After making only 19 appearances in all competitions, Vlašić was told at end of the season that he was not part of the future plans of new coach Marco Silva.
CSKA Moscow
On 15 August 2018, Russian club CSKA Moscow announced that Vlašić joined them on loan for the 2018–19 season. Three days later, he made his league debut in a 3–0 victory over Arsenal Tula. In his Champions League debut on 19 September, he scored both goals for CSKA Moscow in a 2–2 draw with Viktoria Plzeň. On 2 October Vlašić scored the only goal in a 1–0 home victory against the ruling champions Real Madrid in the Champions League. In the return leg on 12 December, he provided Arnór Sigurðsson with an assist for the third goal in a 3–0 victory, which is Madrid's highest ever European home defeat. Despite this, the Muscovites ended last in their group crashing out of the tournament. On 28 April 2019, he was sent off in a 2–0 defeat to Krasnodar. Vlašić finished the season with eight goals and seven assists.
Satisfied with his performances, CSKA announced the signing of Vlašić on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 19 June from Everton. On 22 September, he won and successfully converted a penalty, provided Fyodor Chalov with an assist and scored in a 3–2 victory over Krasnodar. On 24 November, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Krylia Sovetov Samara. On 12 December, Vlašić scored the only goal in a 1–0 away victory over Espanyol in the Europa League. Nevertheless, CSKA ended last in their group crashing out of the tournament. On 30 June 2020, Vlašić scored both goals in a 2–0 derby win over Spartak Moscow. He finished his second season at the club with 13 goals and seven assists, as CSKA finished fourth in the league.
At the beginning of the 2020–21 season, Vlašić sparked interest from Napoli, Atalanta and Zenit Saint Petersburg; however, CSKA refused to sell the player. In his first game of the season, against ruling champions Zenit on 19 August, he scored CSKA's only goal in the 2–1 defeat. On 13 September, he scored in another Main Moscow derby as CSKA defeated Spartak 3–1. On 21 December, Vlašić was named Russian Premier League, Russian Football Union and Sport Express Footballer of the Year. He won 251 points, 138 ahead of second-placed Aleksei Miranchuk.
At the beginning of the 2021–22 season, Vlašić's relationship with CSKA deteriorated due to the club's hesitance to sell him.
West Ham United
On 31 August 2021, Vlašić joined Premier League club West Ham United on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Some Croatian media outlets reported it to be €30 million with add-ons, which would make it the fourth most expensive transfer of a Croatian player in history.
He made his West Ham debut on 11 September in a goalless draw with Southampton. His first goal contribution for West Ham occurred on 25 November in a 2–0 victory over Rapid Vienna in the Europa League, when he provided Andriy Yarmolenko with an assist for the first goal. On 28 December, Vlašić scored his debut and only goal for West Ham, in a 4–1 victory over Watford. By the end of the season, he had played 552 minutes in league games, the least in his senior career. The aforementioned assist and goal were his only goal contributions.
Torino
On 11 August 2022, Vlašić joined Torino on-loan for the remainder of the 2022–23 season with an option to buy the player at the end of the loan.
The move was made permanent in August 2023 when he signed for Torino for an undisclosed fee. He had made 31 appearances for West Ham scoring one goal.
International career
Vlašić made his debut for Croatia U16 at the age of 14, playing regularly with older teammates at U17 and U18 levels as well. On 28 May 2017, he made his debut for the senior team in a friendly match against Mexico after being named in the starting line-up. On 18 November 2018, he provided Andrej Kramarić with an assist in a UEFA Nations League match against England for a 0–1 lead, which Croatia eventually lost 2–1.
Vlašić was named in Croatia's squad for UEFA Under-21 Euro 2019. He scored in a 4–1 defeat to Romania and a 3–3 draw with England, on 18 and 24 June respectively.
On 6 September 2019, he scored his first goal for the senior squad in a Euro 2020 qualifying match against Slovakia for a 0–1 lead. Croatia won the game 0–4. On 13 October, Vlašić scored yet another opening goal in a 1–1 draw with Wales. On 16 November, he scored the equalizer against Slovakia at home, leading to Croatia's 3–1 victory and qualification for the tournament. However, in March 2020, the tournament was postponed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
On 11 October 2020, Vlašić scored the opener in a 2–1 UEFA Nations League victory over Sweden at Stadion Maksimir and followed it up three days later with a goal in a 2–1 loss to reigning world champions France at the same location.
On 17 May 2021, Vlašić was selected in Zlatko Dalić's 26-man squad for the UEFA Euro 2020, marking Vlašić's first major tournament appearance. He started off the bench in Croatia's first two matches against England and the Czech Republic, but on 22 June, he was named the Star of the Match in the 3–1 victory over Scotland―which qualified Croatia for the Round of 16―after scoring the opening goal.
On 9 November 2022, Vlašić was named in Dalić's 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In the round of 16 and quarter-final matches against Japan and Brazil on 5 and 9 December, respectively—both of which led to a penalty shootout—Vlašić was the first to shoot for Croatia, scoring both times as Croatia progressed to the semi-final.
Personal life
Vlašić was born in Split to the family of former cross-country skier Venera Milin and athletics coach Joško Vlašić. His older sister is the world champion high jumper Blanka Vlašić. His father hails from Dubrava near Tisno. His mother was born and raised in Delnice, but her roots are from Jezera on the island of Murter. Vlašić's future football career was viewed as his father's "project", who started training him personally ever since he was four years old.
On 22 May 2021, Vlašić married his long-time girlfriend Ana in St. Lawrence's Church in Split. In late June of the same year, they became parents of a baby boy whom they named Noa.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Croatia's goal tally first.
Honours
Croatia
FIFA World Cup third place: 2022
UEFA Nations League runner-up: 2022–23
Individual
Russian Premier League Player of the Month: September 2018, December 2018, July 2020
Sport-Express, Russian Football Union and Russian Premier League Footballer of the Year: 2020
References
External links
Nikola Vlašić at HNK Hajduk Split (archived)
Nikola Vlašić at West Ham United F.C. (archived)
1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Split, Croatia
Men's association football midfielders
Croatian men's footballers
Croatia men's youth international footballers
Croatia men's under-21 international footballers
Croatia men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2020 players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2024 players
HNK Hajduk Split players
Everton F.C. players
PFC CSKA Moscow players
West Ham United F.C. players
Torino FC players
Croatian Football League players
Premier League players
Russian Premier League players
Serie A players
Croatian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in England
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
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45084143
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfs%3A%20The%20Lost%20Village
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Smurfs: The Lost Village
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Smurfs: The Lost Village is a 2017 American animated fantasy adventure comedy film based on The Smurfs comic series by Peyo, produced by Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Animation, The Kerner Entertainment Company, and Wanda Pictures, in association with LStar Capital, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. A reboot to Sony's previous live-action/animated hybrid films and the third and final installment in Sony's Smurfs film series, the film was directed by Kelly Asbury from a screenplay written by Stacey Harman and Pamela Ribon, and stars the voices of Demi Lovato, Rainn Wilson, Joe Manganiello, Mandy Patinkin, Jack McBrayer, Danny Pudi, Michelle Rodriguez, Ellie Kemper, Jake Johnson, Ariel Winter, Meghan Trainor, and Julia Roberts. In the film, a mysterious map prompts Smurfette, Brainy, Clumsy, and Hefty to find a lost village before Gargamel does. The film introduced the female Smurfs, who appeared in the franchise the following year.
Smurfs: The Lost Village premiered on April 2, 2017 and was released in the United States on April 7, 2017. The film received mixed reviews from critics (although some considered it an improvement over the previous two films), and was not as successful as its two predecessors, grossing over $197 million worldwide against a $60 million budget, but still a commercial success. The movie is dedicated to Jonathan Winters, the voice actor of both Grandpa Smurf from the 1980s animated series and Papa Smurf from the original movie series who died in 2013, Anton Yelchin, the voice actor of Clumsy Smurf in the live-action movies, and Nine Culliford, the wife of Peyo, who both died in 2016.
This is the last Smurfs movie to be distributed by Sony Pictures, as Paramount Pictures would later acquire the film rights to the franchise in 2021 to produce an upcoming Smurfs musical film, set for release on February 14, 2025.
Plot
The Smurfs live peacefully in Smurf Village. Smurfette was created by the evil wizard Gargamel but was redeemed by Papa Smurf and became part of the village. She feels that she does not fit in as she tries to find her purpose in life, which the other Smurfs have. Gargamel makes it his mission to capture the Smurfs, steal all of their essence, and become the most powerful wizard.
During a smurfboarding trip, Smurfette discovers a possible Smurf creature, is captured by Gargamel, and is taken to his castle. There, she accidentally reveals a hat the creature dropped, enabling Gargamel to create a brew that causes him to locate the village on a map. Hefty, Brainy, and Clumsy help Smurfette escape, and they return to Smurf Village. Papa Smurf confines them to their houses as punishment for almost disobeying his orders, dismissing their claims of the existence of another Smurf village. That night, Smurfette sneaks out to look for the lost village, with Brainy, Clumsy, and Hefty volunteering to join her. Gargamel discovers them trying to find the village, and heads out with his pet cat Azrael and his pet vulture Monty to stop them.
The four follow the map and have various adventures and encounter bizarre creatures, including a colony of fire-breathing dragonflies, which Gargamel provokes into attacking the Smurfs. They escape a cavern maze with the help a stampede of glowing green rabbits. Eventually, the four Smurfs reach a river, where they sail on a handmade raft. Following a brief chase, Gargamel is thrown out of his own raft, and the Smurfs save him. Instead of thanking them, he pushes them out of their own raft, and they plunge down a waterfall.
The four are captured by leaf-covered creatures, who reveal themselves to be female Smurfs. They are taken to Smurfy Grove, and meet Smurf Blossom, Smurf Storm, Smurf Lily, Smurf Melody, and their leader, Smurf Willow, who all welcome the Smurfs to their home. Smurf Storm and Clumsy head away from the village to locate Gargamel and alert the others. During the trip, Clumsy accidentally reveals that Smurfette was created by Gargamel, which causes Smurf Storm to distrust Smurfette. Gargamel, who was led into the Swamp of No Return, a piranha-infested swamp, and Azrael spots Clumsy and Smurf Storm. Monty attacks them, but they fly away to return to the village.
Following a village tour, Smurfette grows accustomed to life in Smurfy Grove, to the dismay of Hefty and Brainy. Smurf Storm and Clumsy return, revealing that Smurfette was created by Gargamel. The female Smurfs prepare an attack that night. Papa Smurf, having discovered the quartet's absence, arrives to bring them home, and the female Smurfs accept him into their home. Gargamel, Azrael, and Monty suddenly invade and destroy Smurfy Grove, capturing every Smurf. Smurfette is spared because she is not a real Smurf, and thus, is of use to Gargamel no longer, and they leave. Feeling heartbroken, Smurfette is shown a picture of herself with her friends, and after realizing what not being a real Smurf truly means, she heads back to Gargamel's lair to save her fellow Smurfs.
At Gargamel's lair, Papa Smurf and Smurf Willow accept Brainy's escape plan. Hefty, Brainy, Clumsy, Smurf Blossom, Smurf Storm, Smurf Lily, Smurf Melody, Smurf Jade, and Smurf Petal succeed at the plan until Gargamel and Azrael spot them and put Clumsy, Smurf Blossom, Smurf Storm, Smurf Lily, Smurf Melody, Smurf Jade, and Smurf Petal into his Smurfilator, a machine capable of extracting their essence. Smurfette arrives and deceives Gargamel into believing she wants to be an evil Smurf again. Gargamel tries to turn Smurfette evil again, but realizes that she is absorbing his magical powers instead. The lair explodes, sending him, Azrael, and Monty flying back into the Swamp of No Return. The Smurfs are freed, but Smurfette has been reverted to a lifeless lump of clay.
Back at Smurf Village, the Smurfs make a memorial for Smurfette and silently mourn her loss. Papa Smurf refers to her as the truest Smurf of them all. Their energy and love for Smurfette brings her back to life, and everybody celebrates. Smurfette finds her purpose: to be anything she wants to be.
In a mid-credits scene, Gargamel, Azrael, and Monty walk back to their lair, and Gargamel wrongfully blames Azrael for ruining his plans and reveals Azrael's adoption.
Voice cast
Demi Lovato as Smurfette, a girl Smurf who was created by the wizard Gargamel and the main protagonist of the film. Surrounded by male Smurfs who each have a clear role in the village, she becomes curious about her own purpose, and betrays Gargamel to join with them.
Rainn Wilson as Gargamel, an evil wizard and the film's main antagonist who seeks to find the Smurfs and steal their magic in order to become the greatest evil wizard in the world.
Mandy Patinkin as Papa Smurf, the fatherly Smurf chief leader of Smurf Village and narrator, who does not want his children entering the Forbidden Forest.
Joe Manganiello as Hefty Smurf, a strong Smurf who tends to annoy Brainy and has a crush on Smurfette.
Jack McBrayer as Clumsy Smurf, an accident-prone and good-natured Smurf who tends to panic.
Danny Pudi as Brainy Smurf, a book-smart Smurf who butts heads with Hefty and gets annoyed by his antics.
Julia Roberts as Smurf Willow, the motherly Smurf leader of Smurfy Grove and Papa Smurf's love interest.
Ellie Kemper as Smurf Blossom, an energetic and friendly girl Smurf who quickly befriends Smurfette.
Michelle Rodriguez as Smurf Storm, a tough, tomboyish girl Smurf who sometimes does not trust Smurfette because she was created by the wizard Gargamel to undermine the Smurfs. However, Smurfette betrayed Gargamel to join the Smurfs.
Ariel Winter as Smurf Lily, a smart and gentle girl Smurf.
Meghan Trainor as Smurf Melody, a musical girl Smurf.
Jake Johnson as Grouchy Smurf, a Smurf who is always grouchy and ill-tempered.
Gordon Ramsay as Baker Smurf, a Smurf who bakes cakes.
Tituss Burgess as Vanity Smurf, a Smurf who is obsessed with his looks.
Gabriel Iglesias as Jokey Smurf, a Smurf that plays pranks on others, usually in the form of "gifts".
Jeff Dunham as Farmer Smurf, a Smurf who is a farmer.
Kelly Asbury as Nosey Smurf, a Smurf who peeks in on private activities.
Alan Mechem as Passerby Smurf
Danik Thomas as Karate Smurf
Patrick Ballin as Patient Smurf and Frank the Caterpillar.
Bret Marnell as:
Handy Smurf, a Smurf who builds stuff and makes inventions.
Snappy Bug, Brainy's ladybug assistant.
Frank Welker as Azrael, Gargamel's sardonic pet cat. Welker reprises his role from the live-action movies and The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow.
Dee Bradley Baker as Monty, Gargamel's dimwitted but ruthless pet vulture.
Melissa Sturm as Smurf Jade. Sturm previously voiced Smurfette in The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol and The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow.
Ernest Guillart as Baby Smurf
Production
On May 10, 2012, two weeks after they announced production of The Smurfs 2, Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation were already developing a script for The Smurfs 3, with writers Karey Kirkpatrick and Chris Poche. Hank Azaria, who played Gargamel in the first two films, revealed that the third film "might actually deal with the genuine origin of how all these characters ran into each other way back when." Plans for a second sequel were later scrapped, with a completely computer-animated reboot to be produced instead.
Kelly Asbury was confirmed as director in March 2014. It was revealed that the film would explore the origins of the Smurfs, and feature a new take on the characters, with designs and environments more closely following the artwork created by Peyo, the creator of the Smurfs franchise.
Jordan Kerner served as producer, with Mary Ellen Bauder co-producing. On June 14, 2015, Sony Pictures Animation confirmed the original title of Get Smurfy, along with a first look at the film. On February 12, 2016, it was confirmed that the film had been retitled to Smurfs: The Lost Village. LStar Capital and Wanda Pictures co-financed the film.
Asbury cited classic films like Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and The Goonies (1985) as his main inspirations. The Forbidden Forest is inspired by the Land of Oz, Pandora and Wonderland, filled with dangerous and magical creatures.
On January 16, 2015, Mandy Patinkin was added to the cast of the animated adventure film to voice Papa Smurf, who was previously voiced by Jonathan Winters in the live-action/CGI films. On June 14, 2015, Demi Lovato was revealed as the voice of Smurfette, and Rainn Wilson as Gargamel. Since the release of The Smurfs 2 in 2013, two of the Smurfs voice actors from the previous franchise had died, Jonathan Winters who voiced Papa Smurf, and Anton Yelchin, who voiced Clumsy Smurf. The film was dedicated to Winters' and Yelchin's memory. Frank Welker, who voices Gargamel's pet cat Azrael, is the only voice actor to reprise his role from the live-action films.
Music
In October 2016, it was confirmed that Christopher Lennertz would be composing the score for the film. In December 2016, it was reported that singer Meghan Trainor had recorded a song for the film titled "I'm a Lady", which was released as a single. Shaley Scott is featured in two songs, "You Will Always Find Me in Your Heart" and "The Truest Smurf of All".
Release
Theatrical
The film was initially set for release on August 14, 2015, but on May 1, 2014, the release date was pushed back to August 5, 2016. In March 2015, the release date was pushed back again to March 31, 2017. In March 2016, the release date was pushed back one final time to April 7, 2017.
Home media
Smurfs: The Lost Village was released on Blu-ray, Ultra HD Blu-ray, and DVD on July 11, 2017 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The film debuted in second place on the Top 20 NPD VideoScan First Alert chart, behind The Fate of the Furious.
Reception
Box office
Smurfs: The Lost Village grossed $45 million in North America and $152.2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $197.2 million, against a production budget of $60 million.
In United States and Canada, Smurfs: The Lost Village opened alongside Going in Style and The Case for Christ and was projected to gross around $16–20 million in its opening weekend from 3,602 theaters. It ended up opening to $13.2 million, marking the lowest debut of the Smurfs franchise by a wide margin and finishing 3rd at the box office. Smurfs: The Lost Village completed its theatrical run in the United States and Canada on August 3, 2017.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 40% based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Smurfs: The Lost Village may satisfy very young viewers and hardcore Smurfaholics, but its predictable story and bland animation continue the franchise's recent mediocre streak." On Metacritic, the film has a score 40 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, an improvement over the "A−" score earned by both previous Smurfs films. In 2018, the film was awarded The ReFrame Stamp in the 2017 Narrative & Animated Feature Recipients category.
Alonzo Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "It's significant that two female writers have taken a character who's mainly just existed to be cute and seductive and turned her into a full-fledged member of this universe." Owen Glieberman of Variety said, "It's a pure digital fantasy, with elegant and tactile animation, so it's more true to the Smurf spirit, and should perform solidly."
Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Smurfs: The Lost Village is a mediocre effort that nonetheless succeeds in its main goal of keeping its blue characters alive for future merchandising purposes."
Television series
References
External links
Production Blog
2017 films
2017 3D films
2017 computer-animated films
2010s American animated films
2010s children's comedy films
2010s fantasy comedy films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated comedy films
American children's animated fantasy films
American computer-animated films
American fantasy comedy films
Animated films based on Belgian comics
2010s children's fantasy films
Reboot films
The Smurfs in film
Columbia Pictures films
Columbia Pictures animated films
Sony Pictures Animation films
Films scored by Christopher Lennertz
Films directed by Kelly Asbury
3D animated films
2017 comedy films
2010s English-language films
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Мацусака (Міє)
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Мацусака (Міє)
Уродженці
Мотоорі Норінаґа
Примітки
Джерела та література
Посилання
http://www.city.matsusaka.mie.jp/
Міста префектури Міє
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2412705
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed%20bribery%20scandals
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Lockheed bribery scandals
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Lockheed bribery scandals
The Lockheed bribery scandals encompassed a series of bribes and contributions made by officials of U.S. aerospace company Lockheed from the late 1950s to the 1970s in the process of negotiating the sale of aircraft.
The scandal caused considerable political controversy in West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan. In the U.S., the scandal nearly led to Lockheed's downfall, as it was already struggling due to the commercial failure of the L-1011 TriStar airliner.
Background
Through the Emergency Loan Guarantee Act of 1971, the Emergency Loan Guarantee Board was created to manage federally guaranteed private loans up to $250 million to Lockheed Corporation. The guarantee program would have the U.S government assume the private debt of Lockheed if it defaulted on its debts. In August 1975 the board investigated whether Lockheed violated its obligations by failing to tell the board about foreign payments made to Lockheed. On October 14, 1977, Lockheed and its 24 lending banks entered into a credit agreement, providing for a $100 million revolving line of credit, to replace the government guarantee commitment; this was used to retire $60 million worth of Lockheed debt. The Emergency Loan Guarantee Board approved the new credit agreement on October 14, 1977 through a termination agreement that closed the Government Emergency Loan Guarantee Board after issuance of its final report on September 30, 1977. Fees paid by Lockheed and its banks to the Board for administering the program loan netted around $30 million, which was sent to the U.S. Treasury.
In late 1975 and early 1976, a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate led by Senator Frank Church concluded that members of the Lockheed board had paid members of friendly governments to guarantee contracts for military aircraft. In 1976, it was publicly revealed that Lockheed had paid $22 million in bribes to foreign officials in the process of negotiating the sale of aircraft, including the F-104 Starfighter, the so-called "Deal of the Century".
West Germany
Former Lockheed lobbyist Ernest Hauser told Senate investigators that West German Minister of Defence Franz Josef Strauss and his party had received at least $10 million for the purchase of 900 F-104G Starfighters in 1961. The party and its leader denied the allegations, and Strauss filed a slander suit against Hauser. As the allegations were not corroborated, the issue was dropped.
In September 1976, in the final phase of the West German federal election, the controversy was re-opened when questions were asked about the whereabouts of the "Lockheed documents" within the Federal Ministry of Defence. Anonymous sources also distributed several, possibly falsified, documents to the media. According to one of these documents, member of the German Bundestag and its defense council Manfred Wörner accepted an invitation by Lockheed to visit their aircraft plants in the U.S. with the entire trip being paid by Lockheed. In the course of the investigations, it emerged that most of the documents related to the Starfighter purchase had been destroyed in 1962. The whereabouts of the documents were again discussed in a committee of inquiry meeting of the Bundestag between January 1978 and May 1979. An investigation of Lockheed documents by the U.S. revealed that Wörner's trip had been financed by the German Bundestag, and was related to a test flight with the Lockheed S-3 Viking. Only part of the travel costs of Wörner's secretary, and Wörner's flight back from the US to Germany was paid by Lockheed:
Wörner was accompanied by his secretary and a portion of her expenses were paid by Lockheed. Further, Wörner "lost" his government paid ticket back to Germany and Lockheed "accommodated" him by giving him another ticket.
Italy
The Italian branch of the Lockheed scandal involved the bribery of Christian Democrat and Socialist politicians to favor the purchase by the Italian Air Force of C-130 Hercules transport planes. The allegations of bribery were supported by political magazine L'Espresso, and targeted former Cabinet ministers Luigi Gui and Mario Tanassi, the former Prime Minister Mariano Rumor and then-President Giovanni Leone, forcing him to resign his post on June 15, 1978.
Japan
The scandal involved the Marubeni Corporation and several high-ranking members of Japanese political, business, and underworld circles, including Finance Minister Eisaku Satō and the JASDF Chief of Staff Minoru Genda. In 1957, the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force wished to buy the Grumman F11F-1F Super Tiger to replace the F-86 Sabre then in service, but heavy lobbying by Lockheed of key Liberal Democratic Party figures led to the adoption of the F-104 instead.
Later, Lockheed hired underworld figure Yoshio Kodama as a consultant in order to influence Japanese parastatal airlines, including All Nippon Airways (ANA), to buy the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar instead of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. On February 6, 1976, the vice-chairman of Lockheed told the Senate subcommittee that Lockheed had paid approximately $3 million (equivalent to $ in ) in bribes to the office of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka for aid in the matter.
Lockheed paid ¥2.4 billion (equivalent to $ in ) to earn the contract from ANA. ¥500 million ($ in ) of the total was received by the Prime Minister. ¥160 million ($ in ) was received by ANA officials. ¥1.7 billion ($ in ) was received by Kodama. On October 30, 1972, ANA announced its decision to purchase 21 Lockheed L-1011 Tristars, which cost approximately $5 million each, totaling $105 mi ($ in ), even though it had previously announced options to purchase the DC-10. The 1986 US President's Commission on Organized Crime revealed that from 1969 to 1975 Lockheed used Deak & Company, a large foreign exchange operator owned by Nicholas Deak, as the conduit to transfer money intended by Lockheed to bribe Japanese officials. It was disclosed that US$8.3 million ($ in ) was moved to Deak's offices in Hong Kong, where a Spanish-born priest representing Lockheed took the cash and carried it to Japan.
In March 1976, in protest of the scandal, actor Mitsuyasu Maeno made a suicide attack on Kodama's Tokyo home by crashing a light aircraft onto it. Maeno died and two servants were injured. Kodama himself was unharmed.
Tanaka was arrested on July 27, 1976, and was released in August on a ¥200 million ($690,000) bond. He was found guilty by a Tokyo court on October 12, 1983, for violations of foreign exchange control laws but not on bribery. He was sentenced to four years in prison, but remained free on appeal until his death in 1993.
The Netherlands
In December 1975, it surfaced that Prince Bernhard received a $1.1 million bribe in the early 1960s from Lockheed to ensure the Lockheed F-104 would win out over the Dassault Mirage 5 for the purchase contract. He had served on more than 300 corporate boards or committees worldwide and had been praised in the Netherlands for his efforts to promote the economic well-being of the country.
Prime Minister Joop den Uyl ordered an inquiry into the affair, while Prince Bernhard refused to answer reporters' questions, stating: "I am above such things". The results of the inquiry led to a constitutional crisis in which Queen Juliana threatened to abdicate if Bernhard was prosecuted. Bernhard was spared, but had to step down from several public positions and was forbidden to wear his military uniforms again.
Prince Bernhard always denied the charges, but after his death on December 1, 2004, interviews were published showing that he admitted taking the money. He said: "I have accepted that the word Lockheed will be carved on my tombstone."
Declassified correspondences between U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands Kingdon Gould Jr. and Henry Kissinger showed that Kissinger was informed of the bribes in 1975.
Saudi Arabia
Between 1970 and 1975, Lockheed paid Saudi arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi $106 million in commissions. His commissions started at 2.5% + and eventually rose to as much as 15%. Khashoggi "became for all practical purposes a marketing arm of Lockheed. Adnan would provide not only an entrée but strategy, constant advice, and analysis," according to Max Helzel, then vice president of Lockheed's international marketing.
Aftermath
Lockheed chairman of the board Daniel Haughton and vice chairman and president Carl Kotchian resigned from their posts on February 13, 1976. The scandal also played a part in the formulation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act which President Jimmy Carter signed into law on December 19, 1977, which made it illegal for American persons and entities to bribe foreign government officials.
According to Ben Rich, director of Lockheed's Skunk Works:
See also
Al-Yamamah arms deal
Captain Lockheed and the Starfighters
Military-industrial complex
References
Further reading
Solomon, L. & Linville, L. (1976) Transnational Conduct of American Multinational Corporations: Questionable Payments Abroad, 17 B.C.L. Rev. 303, Transnational Conduct of American Multinational Corporations: Questionable Payments Abroad
Sampson, A. (1977) The Arms Bazaar: From Lebanon to Lockheed, Viking,
Sampson, A. (1976) Lockheed's Foreign Policy: Who, in the End, Corrupted Whom? New York Magazine, March 15, 1976, pp. 53–59 New York Magazine
Boulton, D. (1978) The Grease Machine: The inside Story of Lockheed's Dollar Diplomacy, New York: Harper and Row.
Hunziker, S. & Kamimura, I. (1996) Kakuei Tanaka, A political biography of modern Japan, Singapore: Times Edition Kakuei Tanaka – a political biography of modern Japan: Introduction
Mitchell, R. (1996) Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Hartung, W. (2010) Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex, Nation Books,
Corporate scandals
Corruption in Germany
Japan–United States relations
Bribery scandals
Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
Political controversies
Royal scandals in the Netherlands
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Заєзеже (Західнопоморське воєводство)
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Заєзеже (Західнопоморське воєводство)
Заєзеже — село в Польщі, у гміні Лобез Лобезького повіту Західнопоморського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Щецинського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Лобезького повіту
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2702856
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%28%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Косколь (Астраханський район)
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Косколь (Астраханський район)
Косколь — село у складі Астраханського району Акмолинської області Казахстану. Входить до складу Староколутонського сільського округу.
Населення — 88 осіб (2021; 172 у 2009, 245 у 1999, 326 у 1989).
Національний склад станом на 1989 рік:
казахи — 72 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Астраханського району
Села Акмолинської області
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563052
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulonocranus%20dewindti
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Aulonocranus dewindti
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Aulonocranus dewindti
Рід Aulonocranus складається з єдиного виду риб родини цихлові — Aulonocranus dewindti (Boulenger 1899)
Джерела
Pseudocrenilabrinae
Тварини, описані 1920
Монотипові роди риб
Риби Замбії
Риби Демократичної Республіки Конго
Риби Танзанії
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3358034
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83-%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%29
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Канту-Еддішен (Техас)
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Канту-Еддішен (Техас)
Канту-Еддішен — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в окрузі Брукс штату Техас. Населення — 191 особа (2020).
Географія
Канту-Еддішен розташований за координатами (27.201993, -98.155678). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 0,78 км², уся площа — суходіл.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкало 188 осіб у 69 домогосподарствах у складі 40 родин. Густота населення становила 241 особа/км². Було 76 помешкань (97/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,5 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 95,7 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 33,5 % — особи молодші 18 років, 53,7 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 12,8 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 35,0 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 106,6 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 111,9 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . За межею бідності перебувало 10,0 % осіб, у тому числі 20,7 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 24,3 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 88 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 60,2 %, транспорт — 10,2 %, інформація — 10,2 %.
Джерела
Переписні місцевості Техасу
Населені пункти округу Брукс (Техас)
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%28%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%29
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Фотометрія (астрономія)
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Фотометрія (астрономія)
Фотометрія (родовий відмінок — світло і — вимірюю) в астрономії — це техніка, що застосовується в астрономії для вимірювання потоку або інтенсивності електромагнітного випромінювання астрономічного об'єкта. Як правило, методом фотометрії можливо проводити вимірювання у великих діапазонах довжин хвиль електромагнітного випромінювання. У разі, коли вимірюється не тільки кількість випромінювання, але і проводиться його розподіл за довжинами хвиль використовується термін спектрофотометрія.
Методика
Методи, використовувані для виконання фотометрії залежать від діапазону довжин хвиль, в якій проводиться дослідження. У найпростішому варіанті фотометрія проводиться шляхом збору випромінювання в телескоп. Крім того, можливо пропустити отримане електромагнітне випромінювання через спеціалізовані оптичні фільтри, із захопленням і записом світлової енергії за допомогою світлочутливих інструментів. Набір смуг (фільтри) входять у поняття системи виміру.
Історично, фотометрію в ближній інфрачервоній і довгохвильової ультрафіолетової частини спектру здійснювали за допомогою фотометра — фотоелектричного приладу, розробленого для вимірювання інтенсивності світла від одного і того ж об'єкта, спрямовуючи його промінь на фоточуттєвий елемент. Ці фотометри згодом у більшості своїй були замінені на прилади, створені на базі ПЗЗ-камер, які можуть одночасно фіксувати зображення декількох об'єктів. Тим не менш, фотоелектричні фотометри як і раніше використовуються в деяких випадках, наприклад, коли не потрібно високої роздільної здатності.
Сучасні методи зоряної фотометрії можна поділити на дві групи:
Апертурна фотометрія.
Фотометрія на основі профіля яскравості зображения зорі (PSF-фотометрія).
Апертурна фотометрія
Принцип апертурної ПЗЗ-фотометрії полягає в інтегруванні значень інтенсивності по пікселях в межах певної області. Зазвичай використовують коло певного радіуса, хоча іноді беруть і кільця, і еліпси (насправді, через дискретність зображення, це будуть вписані багатокутники). Інструментальна зоряна величина обчислюється за формулою:
,
де — сумарна яскравість зорі і фону за пікселями всередині заданої апертури; — яскравість фону, оцінена за пікселями.
У апертурній фотометрії розмір апертури вибирають з міркувань оптимальності: з одного боку, зменшити вплив сусідніх деталей зображення, та, з іншого боку, якомога більш точно виміряти яскравість зорі, для чого, звісно, потрібно, щоби якнайбільше засвічених нею пікселів «провалилось» у апертуру. Оскільки профілі інтенсивності зорі на матриці мають профілі з протяжними крилами, не все світло від зорі потрапить в апертуру. Тому необхідно оцінити вклад обрізаної частини профілю в реальну яскравість. Врахування цієї похибки називається поправкою за апертуру. Для її оцінки будують залежність яскравості зорі від радіуса апертури — апертурну залежність чи криву зростання. Величина поправки залежить від якості зображення. Так, на довгофокусних телескопах з оптикою гарної якості, розмитість зображення визначається головним чином спотвореннями хвильового фронту атмосферною турбулентністю. Тому вона може сильно мінятись від одного зображення до іншого і необхідно визначати апертурну поправку для кожного кадру окремо. Апертурну криву будують, як правило, за декількома яскравими та достатньо ізольованими зорями (потрібно щоб поблизу не було об'єктів). Крива апертурної залежності прямує при збільшенні радіусу до певної асимптоти, яка і дає оцінку повної яскравості зорі. Фундаментальний принцип, що лежить в основі застосування апертурної поправки до всіх інших зір зображення (не тих, за якими будувалась крива зростання) полягає в припущенні, що для лінійного по чутливості приймача типу ПЗЗ-матриці за відсутності дисторсії, функція розсіяння точки (тобто, двовимірний профіль яскравості зорі) однакова для всіх зір незалежно від їх яскравості та положення на зображенні. Таким чином, зображення слабких і яскравих зір різнитимуться лише масштабом. Звісно, в житті це припущення не зовсім справджується, проте, як показує досвід, помилки для апертурної поправки воно дає незначні.
PSF-фотометрія
В основі PSF-фотометрії лежить описане вище припущення про якісну незмінність профілю зоряного зображення в залежності від яскравості об'єкта, враховується тільки можлива зміна PSF-профілю в залежності від положення на зображенні. Профіль зорі зазвичай представити певною емпіричною чи фіксованою модельною функцією (чи, іноді, і тим, і тим). Наприклад: Функція Гауса:
Модифікована функція Лоренца:
Функція Моффата: ,
де a — ширина профілю; b — деякий дійсний коефіцієнт.
Для визначення функції розсіяння точки (PSF — Point Spread Function) потрібно декілька достатньо ізольованих «стандартних» зір (так званих PSF-зір), які б знаходились по можливості в областях з найбільш рівномірним оточуючим фоном. За цими обраними PSF-зорями отримують усереднені та нормовані на одиничне значення параметри наближення профілів зір. Далі, маячи ці параметри, вписують обчислене наближення в профілі інших зір, і за зміною нормувального множника оцінюють їх яскравість
Застосування
Інші фізичні властивості об'єкта, такі як температура або хімічний склад, можуть бути визначені за допомогою спектрофотометрії. Як правило, спектрофотометрические вимірювання декількох об'єктів, отримують з допомогою двох фільтрів і побудовою діаграми «колір-величина».
Фотометрія також використовується для дослідження варіації світла об'єктів, наприклад, змінних зірок, малих планет, активних ядер галактик і наднових, або виявлення планет, розташованих за межами сонячної системи. Вимірювання цих відхилень можуть бути використані, наприклад, для визначення періоду обігу і радіусів членів затменной подвійної зоряної системи, періодів звернення малих планет або зірок або сукупної спалахи енергії наднової зірки.
Див. також
Прилад із зарядовим зв'язком
Примітки
Література
Многоцветная астрофотометрия : учеб. пособие для студентов физ. фак. специальности "Астрономия" / В. Г. Каретников ; Одес. нац. ун-т им. И. И. Мечникова, Физ. фак., Каф. астрономии. - О. : Астропринт, 2013. - 223 с. : рис., табл. - Бібліогр.: с. 223. - ISBN 978-966-190-696-8
Теоретична та прикладна фотометрія : навч. посіб. / уклад.: К. Ю. Зенкова, А. О. Карачевцев; Чернів. нац. ун-т ім. Ю.Федьковича. - Чернівці, 2009. - 74 c.
Посилання
Фотометрія
Галузі астрономії
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2005151
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC
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Екзотичний атом
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Екзотичний атом — електромагнітно зв'язана атомоподібна квантовомеханічна система, в якій виконується хоча б одна з наступних умов:
роль позитивно зарядженого ядра виконує не протон-нейтронний нуклон, як у всіх елементах періодичної системи, а інша частинка (частинки);
електронна оболонка містить відмінну від електрона частинку.
Екзотичні атоми, як правило, є короткоживучими, однак для них іноді вдається зареєструвати та вивчити хімічні властивості.
Приклади
Позитроній (пара електрон—позитрон)
Мюоній (ядром є позитивно заряджений мюон)
Мезоатом
Посилання
«Экзотические атомы. С. Дж. Бетти».
Экзотические атомы. Конспект лекции с демонстрацией
Екзотичні атоми
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1000360
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%20%28%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F%29
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Акадія (парафія)
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Акадія (парафія)
Округ Акадія — округ (парафія) у штаті Луїзіана, США. Ідентифікатор округу 22001.
Історія
Парафія утворена 1886 року.
Демографія
За даними перепису
2000 року
загальне населення округу становило 58861 осіб, зокрема міського населення було 29962, а сільського — 28899.
Серед мешканців округу чоловіків було 28448, а жінок — 30413. В окрузі було 21142 домогосподарства, 15676 родин, які мешкали в 23209 будинках.
Середній розмір родини становив 3,22.
Віковий розподіл населення поданий у таблиці:
Суміжні округи
Еванджелін — північ
Сент-Ландрі — північний схід
Лафаєтт — схід
Вермільйон — південь
Джефферсон-Девіс — захід
Див. також
Список округів штату Луїзіана
Виноски
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3301394
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%20%28%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%29
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Еджвотер (Нью-Джерсі)
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Еджвотер (Нью-Джерсі)
Еджвотер — місто в США, в окрузі Берген штату Нью-Джерсі. Населення — осіб (2020).
Географія
Еджвотер розташований за координатами (40.823800, -73.974237). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 6,27 км², з яких 2,42 км² — суходіл та 3,85 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі родин. Було 6282 помешкання
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 2,7 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 11,1 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 17,7 % — особи молодші 18 років, 70,7 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 11,6 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 37,2 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 90,2 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 87,0 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . За межею бідності перебувало 9,8 % осіб, у тому числі 17,9 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 15,7 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 22,8 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 20,2 %, фінанси, страхування та нерухомість — 17,5 %.
Джерела
Містечка Нью-Джерсі
Населені пункти округу Берген (Нью-Джерсі)
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9991084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Flat%2C%20California
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Dutch Flat, California
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Dutch Flat, California
Dutch Flat (also, Dutchman's Flat, Dutch Charlie's Flat, and Charley's Flat) is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Placer County, California, United States, about northeast of Auburn along Interstate 80. It was founded by German immigrants in 1851 and was once one of the richest gold mining locations in California. Dutch Flat is now registered as a California Historical Landmark.
The community's ZIP code is 95714 and its area code 530.
History
Dutch Flat was founded by two German brothers, Joseph and Charles Dornbach who settled there in 1851 during the California Gold Rush.
To the south of their settlement was the busy mining camp of Green Valley, where 2,000 men were at work when the Dornbachs arrived. Across the Bear River in Nevada County was another camp, Little York, and just west, a trading post at Cold Springs (later known as Gold Run). All these camps were supplied by mule train from Illinoistown, near today's Colfax. Mules drivers referred to the Dornbach's camp as 'Dutch Charlie's Flat,' and thus the town was named. During this period many Germans were referred as 'Dutch' as a shorthand for Deutschland. In the 1870s an attempt was made to change the name to 'German Level'.
The Dutch Flat post office opened in 1856.
Stagecoach stop
While Dutch Flat was originally settled by miners, it first gained prominence as an important stagecoach stop, making it one of the largest and most important towns in Placer County from about 1864 to 1866. In the fall of 1866, however, the railroad had reached Cisco, further up the ridge, and Dutch Flat lost most of its importance as a stage stop.
In 1859 Dr. Daniel Strong of Dutch Flat invited railroad surveyor (later, chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad) Theodore Judah to come and evaluate a possible route across the Sierra Nevada mountains. One of the first large mining ditches to reach Dutch Flat had, in effect, demonstrated the existence of easy grades up to Emigrant Gap; from there, the line of the old Donner Trail across the Sierra Nevada was also such that a railroad could be built. Judah argued vociferously for the Central Pacific's financial backers—including California's "Big Four": Leland Stanford, Collis P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker—to employ the route for a trans-Sierra route that would link up to existing Union Pacific service in Utah or Nevada, instead of Huntington's less-ambitious plan to cater to the lucrative stage and wagon-hauled freight between Sacramento and the Comstock mining boom by building a well-surfaced toll road from Dutch Flat to Donner Lake, and then onward to the Carson Valley.
Judah may have been the most vocal critic of the Dutch Flat-Donner Pass Wagon Road, but he wasn't the only opponent. San Francisco investors, Sierra miners, and even the general public believed that the Central Pacific Railroad was focused only on getting their line built to Dutch Flat. Other Californians believed the whole railroad construction project a scam and that no one, not even "Crazy Judah," had ever really figured out a practicable route through the Sierra range.
The perception of greed and avarice raised the ire of many. San Francisco newspapers boldly accused the Central Pacific of planning only to lay track up to Dutch Flat and no further. Numerous articles and pamphlets arguing against the "Great Dutch Flat Swindle!" flooded the press. San Francisco's Alta California editorialized, "The Sacramentans Big Four are determined to have no railroad but Dutch Flat. The Capital City has aided in the raid upon this county for $80,000, upon Placer County for $25,000, and upon the state for millions. There will never be a railroad via Dutch Flat to Nevada Territory. There are obstacles which cannot be overcome. The Pacific Railroad will follow another route, not through Sacramento or anywhere else in the vicinity."
Despite the intense backlash, there was never any foundation to the stories spread by detractors of the Central Pacific Railroad. Judah's successor as chief engineer, Samuel S. Montague, was immediately ordered to continue surveying the future route as far as the "Big Bend of the Truckee River" (where it turns north toward Pyramid Lake), more than east of the California border. Obviously, there was no doubt among the Big Four that the Central Pacific line would eventually connect with the Union Pacific somewhere in Utah or the Nevada territory.
Mining
Mining operations at Dutch Flat reached their peak during the 1870s, with thousands of miners working the surrounding area. Prior to the 1870s, gold mining was often a solitary and small-scale pursuit. In 1872, however, the Cedar Creek Company of London purchased over 30 claims in the area and began working them in a more aggressive and industrial fashion, employing hydraulic mining to reach hitherto unreachable deposits of gold by literally blasting it out of alluvial deposits with high-pressure water cannons known as “monitors.” The many dozens of mining claims dividing the old channel gravels beside Dutch Flat and Gold Run made for a thriving economy. In January 1884, however, in a historic verdict, a United States District Court banned the flushing of debris into streams. Implementing the decision was difficult, as many miners refused to accept the court decision. Court challenges were filed, injunctions were disobeyed, inspectors were threatened with violence, but eventually hydraulic operations were brought to an end.
Lumber
Lumber was a prominent industry in Dutch Flat's history. From 1861 to 1907, the Towle Brothers Lumber Company was among the largest in the state, owning over of land, with a private narrow-gauge railroad long, and employing a workforce of around 200 men, including fifty Chinese workers.
Chinatown
Dutch Flat's Chinatown began in the 1850s, and by the late 1860s, when the transcontinental railroad was under construction, it was one of the largest Chinese settlements outside of San Francisco. In 1853, Dutch Flat had a population of 6,000 including 3,500 Chinese. In 1877 Old Chinatown burned down, and the settlement relocated south of town, near the Dutch Flat Depot on the Central Pacific Railroad. Adjoining the pioneer American cemetery just above the town is the Chinese burial grounds.
Culture
In the 19th century, Dutch Flat was referred to by residents as "the Athens of the Foothills." It had a thriving amateur dramatical society and debating society, and Mark Twain lectured at its Opera House. Dutch Flat was also frequently mentioned in works by Bret Harte, including "Muck-A-Muck: A Modern Indian Novel After Cooper."
Present
As of October 2009, Dutch Flat had 333 residents. The town is designated "semi-ghost" and while tourism makes up much of the local economy, many of its current residents are retirees, families and professionals who commute to nearby jobs.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 0.6 square miles (1.5 km2), all of it land.
Climate
Dutch Flat has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) that is characterized by cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. (Köppen climate classification Csa)
Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Dutch Flat had a population of 160. The population density was . The racial makeup of Dutch Flat was 155 (96.9%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 3 (1.9%) Native American, 1 (0.6%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 0 (0.0%) from other races, and 1 (0.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4 persons (2.5%).
The Census reported that 160 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 85 households, out of which 13 (15.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 36 (42.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 5 (5.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (2.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 5 (5.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 37 households (43.5%) were made up of individuals, and 17 (20.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.88. There were 43 families (50.6% of all households); the average family size was 2.60.
The population was spread out, with 19 people (11.9%) under the age of 18, 7 people (4.4%) aged 18 to 24, 25 people (15.6%) aged 25 to 44, 66 people (41.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 43 people (26.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 122.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.9 males.
There were 138 housing units at an average density of , of which 65 (76.5%) were owner-occupied, and 20 (23.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 12.5%. 124 people (77.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 36 people (22.5%) lived in rental housing units.
Tourism
Recently, residents of Dutch Flat have sought to increase tourism by asking the state Department of Transportation for a sign on I-80 saying Dutch Flat is a national historic landmark. The Golden Drift Museum on Main Street is open in summer. Historic buildings of note include the Dutch Flat Hotel (1853), Methodist Church (1861), old Dutch Flat Elementary School (1898), Odd Fellows Building and the Masonic Hall (both pre-1856), and the Dutch Flat Cemetery. Dutch Flat is near all mountain recreation areas and only a short distance from snow and water skiing, fishing, biking, kayaking, gold panning and hiking the abundant mountain trails. The town hosts a parade on the 4th of July.
Literature
Dutch Flat has been mentioned or used as a setting by the following authors:
Mark Twain, who derided Dutch Flat poetry as "smooth and blubbery" in a small piece for the 1864 Californian. He also noted Dutch Flat as the death place of "George," the subject of his essay "General Washington's Negro Body Servant: A Biographical Sketch."
Bret Harte used Dutch Flat as a location for "Muck-A-Muck: A Modern Indian Novel After Cooper" and for "Wan Lee the Pagan."
References
External links
The Golden Drift Museum
Dutch Flat Community Center
Dutch Flat Chamber of Commerce
Census-designated places in Placer County, California
Mining communities of the California Gold Rush
Populated places established in 1851
1851 establishments in California
Census-designated places in California
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%28%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Роздольне (Могочинський район)
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Роздольне (Могочинський район)
Роздольне — селище у складі Могочинського району Забайкальського краю, Росія. Входить до складу Могочинського міського поселення.
Населення
Населення — 7 осіб (2010; 25 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 100 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Могочинського району
Селища Забайкальського краю
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2328621
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury%20Kazakov
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Yury Kazakov
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Yury Kazakov
Yuri Pavlovich Kazakov (August 8, 1927 – November 29, 1982) was a Russian author of short stories, often compared to Anton Chekhov and Ivan Bunin. Born in Moscow, he started out as a jazz musician, but turned to publishing his stories in 1952. He attended the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute, graduating in 1958.
Biography
Reportedly, Yuri Kazakov was born to a worker's family in Moscow and grew up in the old Arbat area, which has today been turned into a tourist attraction but in the mid-1900s was the focal point of Russian culture. "The year when Yuri was born, 1927, was a time when the relative freedom of the 1920s was being replaced by the Red Terror of the 1930s [and] Yuri's father was arrested when the future writer was six [because] he had failed to inform on a man who described the horrors of collectivization in a conversation." "Kazakov went to a typical Soviet school in the center of Moscow." "When his father disappeared in the Gulag, the family lived in dire need, [but] Kazakov [continued to] stud[y] at an elite vocational school and the Gnesins music school where he played classical music on the double bass." "For a while he performed in orchestras, but eventually abandoned music."
"In 1958 Kazakov graduated from the Maxim Gorky Literary Institute." "By this time he had already written and published several stories, which were appreciated by such established writers as Konstantin Paustovsky, Viktor Shklovsky, and Ilya Ehrenburg." It's been said that "the writer's early works displayed the influence of Russian classical literature, in particular the writer Ivan Bunin, who had emigrated following the revolution and began to be published in Russia widely again only following Stalin's death."
At the end of the 1950s Kazakov traveled to the north of Russia, and the trip became the subject of several new stories. On the strength of a collection of these stories he joined the Writers' Union in 1958. The North remained one of the most important themes in his work, one to which he returned in more difficult times." However, the authorities adopted a critical attitude to the new writer and the central literary journals stopped publishing him in 1959.
Kazakov emerged as a writer only thanks to the short period in recent Russian history known as the Thaw, but in the mid-1960s, this period gave way to stagnation in culture and public life." "For many years Kazakov worked on a translation into Russian of a Kazakh novel devoted to World War I and the Civil War on the Aral Sea [and] some of his own works were published in Kazakhstan."
In defiance of the situation in the country, Kazakov produced some of his best stories in the 1970s, which dealt with the merging of two souls, the soul of the newborn and the soul of the poet at the end of his life. "The writer considered simple but important problems of birth and death, suicide and suffering. "Kazakov penetrated the mind of the child and presented his view of the world."
The writer's formative years passed under the influence of two major factors: Russian classical literature (in addition to Bunin, Kazakov's early prose bore the imprint of the works of Chekhov and Turgenev) and the Thaw." Kazakov slowly but surely overcame the influence of the classics and developed his own style and voice in his stories as to the Thaw, it petered out gradually, but Kazakov did not take the road of the dissidents or many of the other "men of the sixties", who vacillated between collaboration with the Soviet regime and fawning on the West."
Kazakov died on November 29, 1982, and was buried in Vagankovo Cemetery in Moscow. It has been reported that Kazakov was modest and avoided cheap public relations. In one interview Kazakov summed up his life and world outlook: "We are not great writers, but if we have a serious attitude to our work, then our word will perhaps prompt someone to stop and ponder for at least an hour, for at least a day, the meaning of life. For at least a day! That is so much!"
Career
Kazakov lived in Moscow but spent a good deal of time traveling along the shores of the White Sea, among the provincial towns along the Oka, and in Central Russian Upland and the wooded areas around them. He also spent periods of time with the fishermen of the Russian North. Several of his stories are set in these regions and enhanced by his experiences of life and nature in them.
George Gibian has said that "Kazakov is worthy of note not because of any 'disaffection' or 'dissidence,' but because what he says about his haunting characters set against an impressively captured nature is penetrating, true and beautiful." According to Gibian, Kazakov is distinctive among Russian authors. His work has an intrinsic, intangible quality which makes it unmistakably his. His characters are charged with emotion and tend to have a keen sense of an aspect of nature. Some enjoy the beauty of the visual world, some the scents of the forest, some the sounds of music but all intensely and with heightened senses experience the world around them.
English translations
The Hound (story), from Such a Simple Thing and Other Stories, FLPH, Moscow, 1959. from Archive.org
Selected Short Stories, Pergamon Press, 1963.
Going To Town and Other Stories, Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
Arcturus the Hunting Hound: And Other Stories, Doubleday, 1968.
Autumn in the Oak Woods: Short Stories, Moscow: Progress, 1970.
Adam and Eve (story), from The Portable Twentieth Century Russian Reader, Penguin Classics, 2003.
References
1927 births
1982 deaths
Russian male short story writers
Soviet short story writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
20th-century Russian male writers
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idastrandia%20orientalis
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Idastrandia orientalis
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Idastrandia orientalis — вид павуків-скакунів з підродини Amycinae, що виділяється в монотипний рід Idastrandia. Зустрічається в Малайзії. Довжина тіла самців — 5 мм. Вид був описаний в 1915 році за єдиною особиною угорським арахнологом Калманом Сомбаті. У зв'язку з незвичайною будовою зубців на хеліцерах, таксономічне положення виду досі нез'ясоване.
Примітки
Література
Szombathy, K. (1915). Attides nouveaux appartenant aux collections du Musee national hongrois. Annales Historico-natureles Musei Nationalis Hungarica 13: 474–475.
Prószyński, J. (1983). Redescriptions of types of Oriental and Australian Salticidae (Aranea) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. Folia entomologica hungarica 44: 283–297.
Посилання
МалюнкиSelimus venustus , зроблені Калманом Сомбаті і Єжи Прушиньскі на сайті salticidae.org
Тварини, описані 1915
Павуки-скакуни
Павукоподібні Азії
Ендемічна фауна Малайзії
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%20%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Липа Юрій Іванович
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Липа Юрій Іванович
Юрій Іванович Липа (Одеса (або Старі Санжари, Полтавська губернія) — , с. Шутова, Яворівський район, Львівська область) — український громадський діяч, письменник, поет, публіцист, лікар, автор української геополітичної концепції. Один з ідеологів українського націоналізму. Вважається одним з провідних українських філософів першої половини ХХ століття.
Відповідно до українського законодавства може бути зарахований до борців за незалежність України у ХХ сторіччі.
Біографія
Молоді роки. Родина
Батьком Юрія був видатний український письменник, лікар і борець за самостійність України Іван Липа — комісар Одеси від Центральної Ради, міністр культів і віросповідань Директорії УНР та автор проєкту її першої Конституції, міністр здоров'я уряду УНР в екзилі.
За іншою версією його прізвище й ім'я — Григорій Андрійович Геращенко, а народився на Полтавщині (Старі Санжари) в сім'ї священника Геращенка Андрія Андрійовича та Єлизавети Іванівни. В лютому 1910 року у Старих Санжарах був всиновлений своїми хрещеними батьками, доктором Іваном Львовичем Липою та дружиною священника Григорія Прихожого — Євлампією Іванівною. Після цього йому змінили прізвище, ім'я та по батькові. Існує припущення, що Григорій Геращенко насправді був рідним сином Івана Липи від Єлизавети Геращенко, але народженим в сім'ї Андрія Геращенка.
Початкову освіту майбутній письменник здобув у гімназії № 4 м. Одеси. Тут же вступив до Новоросійського університету.
Перші визвольні змагання
У 1917 р. юнак робить свої перші кроки на літературній ниві — він є редактором часопису «Вісник Одеси», пише свої перші брошури: «Союз визволення України», «Королівство Київське за проєктом Бісмарка», «Носіть свої відзнаки», «Гетьман Іван Мазепа», які побачили світ у заснованому батьком видавництві «Народний стяг». Тоді ж, з огляду на загрозу більшовицького перевороту в м. Одесі, вступає до лав організованої полковником І. Луценком та підполковником В. Змієнком Гайдамацької дивізії, у перший курінь. Пізніше вступив до куреня Морської піхоти Збройних сил УНР, бере участь у січневих боях з більшовиками на вулицях Одеси. Після вступу у місто союзних німецько-австрійських та українських частин Юрій Липа стає заступником командира одеської «Січі» Т. Яніва. В той час він редагує українську щоденну газету, видає останню, написану в Одесі, книжку «Табори полонених українців».
Активна творча діяльність
Вступивши 1922 року до Познанського університету на медичний факультет, він не полишає громадсько-політичної діяльності. Зі студентів, колишніх вояків армій УНР і ЗУНР, за почином хлопця утворюється таємне товариство, корпорація «Чорноморе», де Юрій Іванович обіймає посаду ідеологічного референта. В умовах бездержав'я українські емігранти, очолені Юрієм Липою, намагалися не лише зберегти своє національне обличчя, але й думали про майбуття України.
Разом з Юрієм Івановичем плідно працює на літературній ниві, здебільшого з суспільно-політичної тематики. В численних виданнях з'являється друком перша поетична збірка Юрія Липи — «Світлість», одразу помічена критиками, які пророкували авторові велике майбутнє.
По закінченні університету у 1929 році разом з Є. Маланюком Юрій стає натхненником і організатором літературної групи «Танк». Друкувався в альманасі «Сонцецвіт».
Велика віра у вищу ідею України, її традиції, духовні сили, орієнтація на Європу, праця над власним стилем, боротьба з провінційністю, малоросійським шароварництвом і сльозливою ліричністю — ось основні гасла і принципи, за якими творили молоді письменники. Пройнята цими ідеями, переповнена духом боротьби за українську ідею, з'являється 1931 року друга збірка поезій Юрія Івановича з такою характерною назвою — «Суворість».
На шпальтах «Вісника» друкуються його літературознавчі статті: «Розмова з порожнечею», «Розмова з минулим», «Совіцькі фільми», «Розмова з наукою», «Організація почуття», «Боротьба з янголом», «Розмова з Заходом», «Селянський король», «Сатриз Мапіпз», «Провідництво письменства», «Батько дефетистів», «Сіре, жовте і червоне», в яких він дає оцінку українській літературі та визначає головні напрямки її розвитку в майбутньому.
У Варшаві у 1934 році вийшов друком роман письменника: «Козаки в Московії». Наступного року він познайомив читача зі збіркою літературознавчих есе під назвою «Бій за українську літературу». Юрію вдалося досягти дивовижної цілісності у виявленні цінностей української культури та накреслити у глобальному плані проблеми і завдання, які стоять перед нею у майбутньому як перед культурою незалежної України — перлини світової цивілізації.
1936 року Юрій Липа видав три томи новел «Нотатник» на тему національно-визвольних змагань 1917—1921 років. Героїчний характер інтелігента масштабно й глибоко виписано, зокрема, в новелах «Кам'янець столичний» та «Гринів». Письменнику вдалося створити образ героя нового типу — інтелігента, безмежно відданого ідеї, цілеспрямованого й діяльного. Персонажі письменника — люди витонченої душевної організації, високого інтелекту, природні провідники, герої європейські, а водночас — типові представники свого народу. До того ж, у тому ж році письменник видав дві політичні праці — «Українська доба» й «Українська раса», в яких проаналізував політичні доктрини Європи XX століття.
Найповніше ідейно-філософські погляди Липи розкриті в його «всеукраїнській трилогії» — «Призначення України» (1938), «Чорноморська доктрина» (1940) та «Розподіл Росії» (1941). В цих працях Юрій Липа виступає як теоретик сучасної української геополітики.
Друга світова війна і смерть
У вкрай несприятливий час воєнного лихоліття Юрій Липа разом із Левом Биковським та Іваном Шовгенівим у 1940 році утворюють у Варшаві Український Чорноморський інститут — науково-дослідну установу вивчення політичних і економічних проблем, що постануть перед Україною після здобуття незалежності. Протягом 1940—1942 років ними було видано 40 актуальних праць. Мрією вчених було після відновлення Української держави перенести Український Чорноморський інститут до Одеси, щоб він став потужним центром наукових досліджень у багатьох галузях. 3 цією метою Юрій Липа 1942 року приїздив до Одеси, навіть зумів організувати видання декількох наукових збірок. Проте війна не дала змоги довершити задумане.
Після переїзду влітку 1943 року до Яворова (тепер Львівська область) став одним з активних учасників українського руху Опору. Працюючи як лікар, Липа організував підпільні курси з підготовки медичних кадрів для Української Повстанської Армії, готував тексти листівок та відозв до населення і німецьких солдатів. Постать Юрія Липи була настільки значущою, що 1943 року його діяльність помітили у вищому державному проводі націонал-соціалістичної Німеччини. За наказом Гітлера Юрія було перепроваджено до Берліна, тому що, на думку правителів Німеччини, він був найбільшим українським ідеологом-державником. Йому було запропоновано очолити маріонетковий уряд України. Однак Юрій з гідністю відкинув цю ганебну пропозицію. І, на диво, залишився живим…
З липня 1944 року — курінний лікар в повстанському шпиталі в селі Іваники на Яворівщині. Помітили його і радянці, з лабетів яких вирватись мислителю не поталанило. 19 серпня 1944 року Юрій Іванович був захоплений підрозділом НКВС в селі Іваники, Яворівського району, а на світанку 20 серпня 1944 року Юрія Липу було по-звірячому замордовано в с. Шутова Яворівського району, що на Львівщині.
Похований в с. Бунів, Яворівського району.
Наказом ГВШ УПА ч. 3/45 від 10 жовтня 1945 Юрію Липі присвоєно ступінь полковника УПА з датою старшинства 21.08.1944
Творчість
Філософсько-ідеологічні праці
«Українська доба»
«Українська раса»
Геополітичні орієнтири нової України
«Великі заповіти» ,
«Призначення України» (1938)
«Чорноморська доктрина» (1940),
Літературні твори
У цілому написав бл. 200 різноманітних творів: книг, статей, рецензій, перекладів, зокрема:
Роман «Козаки в Московії» (1934)
Три томи новел «Нотатник» (1936):
Липа Ю. Нотатник. Т. 1 . Детройт : Україна, 1955. 112 с.
Липа Ю. Нотатник. Т. 3 . Детройт : Україна, 1955. 125 с.
Збірник літературознавчих есеїв «Бій за українську літературу» (1935)
Лікарська праця «Фітотерапія» (1933)
Лікарська праця «Ліки під ногами» (1943).
Липа Ю. Бій за українську літературу. — Варшава, 1935. — 216 с.
Липа Ю. З Київських легенд //Український студент, Прага, 1930.
Липа Ю. Вірую. — Львів: Каменяр, 2000. — 102 с.
Липа Ю. Козаки в Московії. — Львів: Червона калина, 1995. — 454 с.
Липа Ю. Нотатник. — К.: Укр. світ, 2000. — 296 с.
Липа Ю. Поезія. — Торонто, 1967. — 292 с.
Поема «Цар-Дівиця» (ЛНВ. Річник XXI. Т.LXXVII. Кн.VI. За жовтень. Львів, 1922. — с.193—197).
Публіцистика
Юрій Липа. «Українська жінка»
Огляд і аналіз праць Ю. Липи
Ідея «розподілу Росії» Юрія Липи
Де вони — кордони української душі?
Місце України у формуванні Балто-Чорноморського регіону
Р. Ю. Казанков, Проблема формування чорноморського геополітичного простору в першій половині XX ст.: Український варіант
Вшанування пам'яті
В Одесі існує вулиця Івана та Юрія Лип.
У Києві, Львові, Кропивницькому, Конотопі, Сумах існують вулиці Юрія Липи.
У Торонто функціонує суботня школа імені Юрія Липи заснована доктором Богданом Стебельським у 1956 році як Курси Українознавства.
9 жовтня 2020 року в селі Мачухи Полтавської області було встановлено меморіальну дошку на честь Івана та Юрія Лип.
19 квітня 2023 року у місті Краматорськ вулицю Майї Булгакової перейменували на вулицю Юрія Липа.
У місті Дніпро вулицю Усенка перейменували на вулицю Юрія Липи.
У місті Новояворівськ вулиця поблизу лікарні також названа на честь Юрія Липи
Див. також
Мартиролог загиблих діячів ОУН та УПА
Примітки
Посилання
ЮРІЙ ЛИПА | Програма «Велич особистості» | 2016 (ВІДЕО)
Липа Юрій Іванович Тофтул М. Г. Сучасний словник з етики. — Житомир: Вид-во ЖДУ ім. І. Франка, 2014. — 416с. ISBN 978-966-485-156-2
Біографія Юрія Липи на сайті РУН
Призначення України
Цивілізаційний аспект геополітичної концепції Юрія Липи
Липа Ю. Призначення України : з 1 мапою і 12 схемами в тексті / Юрій Липа. — Львів : Накладом вид. кооперативи ”Хортиця”, 1938. — 305, 2 с. : мапи, схем.
Липа, Юрій. Київ – вічне місто / Юрій Липа // Пам’ятки України. — 1997. — № 3. — С. 12–22.
Липа Ю. Суворість : патріот. поезії / Ю. Липа. — Харків : Фоліо, 2015. — 30, [1 с. — (Патріотична бібліотека).]
Липа Ю. Кіннотчик та інші оповідання . — Авгсбург : б. в., 1946. — 57, 2 с.
Мачухи – відкриття меморіальної дошки громадським діячам – Івану та Юрію Липам | 2020 (ВІДЕО)
Олексій Сергійчук: Юрій Липа. Шляхи творчості
Олесь Янчук: Пороги вічності Юрія Липи
«Празька школа»: Хрестоматія прозових творів / Упоряд., передм. і приміт. В. А. Просалової. — Донецьк: Східний видавничий дім, 2004. — 236, 280 с.
Юрій Липа
Ю. І. Липа — великий Українець з Одеси
Екранізація оповідання Ю. І. Липи «Закон», реж. Віталій Потрух. © Державна служба кінематографії України, 2008
Джерела та література
В. І. Прилуцький. Липа Юрій Іванович //
М. М. Комариця. Липа Юрій Іванович //
Біографія Юрія Липи // Збірник статей і матеріалів, приурочених 100-літньому ювілею з дня народження Юрія Липи, Івано-Франківськ 2000.- С.151-172.
Доленга Святослав. Рецензія на працю: Юрій Липа. Українська доба // Ми.- 1936, зима.- С.191-201.
Доленга С. Рецензія на кн.: Бій за українську літературу // Ми.-1935, весна.- С.172-175.
Збірник статей і матеріалів, приурочених 100-літньому ювілею з дня народження Юрія Липи, Івано-Франківськ 2000, 248с.; Юрій Липа: голос доби і чину.-Львів 2001; Творчість Юрія Липи в культурно-історичному контексті XX століття. Матеріали всеукраїнської наукової конференції, Одеса, 27-28 квітня 2000. — Одеса, 2000; Барабаш Юрій. Гоголівський трикутник // Барабаш Юрій. Гоголь у літературній свідомості українського зарубіжжя (Нариси сприйняття та інтерпретацій). Нові гоголезнавчі студії. Випуск 1 (12).- Сімферополь, 2004.- С.17-28.
В. Мороз. Горіти надзвичайним світлом // Юрій Липа. Збірник статей і матеріалів, приурочених 100-літньому ювілею з дня народження Юрія Липи, Івано-Франківськ, 2000. — С. 56-65.
Юрій Липа: голос доби і приклад чину: Зб. наук. пр. / ред.: Т. Салига; Львів. нац. ун-т ім. І.Франка. — Л., 2001. — 407 c.
Апостол новітнього українства: Спогади про Юрія Липу / Упоряд. П. і Ю. Кіндратовичі. — Львів: Каменяр, 2000. — 239 с.
Биковський Лев. Апостол новітнього українства (Юрій Липа). -Женева: Укр. Морський Інститут, 1946. — 8 с.
Васьків М. Еміграційний історичний роман: загальне й індивідуальне // Український еміграційний роман 1930-50-х років. — Кам'янець-Подільський: ПП «Медобори-2006», 2011. — С. 34-111.
Качкан В. А., Качкан О. В. Із жнивя українського духу: погляд на Юрія Липу // Нев'януча галузка калини: Українські літератори, вчені, громадські діячі — в діаспорі.- К., 2011. — С. 225—243.
Киричук С. Основні мотиви поетичного доробку Юрія Липи та Леоніда Мосендза // XX століття: від модерності до традицій: зб. наук. праць. — Вип. 1. Естетика і поетика творчості Леоніда Мосендза / Ред.. колегія: І. Руснак та ін. — Вінниця: ТОВ фірма «Планер», 2010. — С. 168—173.
Липа-Гуменецька Марта. Про мого батька й діда // Українське слово: Хрестоматія української літератури та літературної критики XX століття. — К.: Аконіт, 2001. — Кн. Друга. — С. 673—675.
Лівицька-Холодна Н. Юрій Липа, якого я знала // Сучасність. — 1987. — Ч. 1 (309) . — С.45-55.
Марочкін В. П. Липа Юрій Іванович // Українська літературна енциклопедія: У 5 т. — К.: Українська енциклопедія ім. М. П. Бажана, 1995. — Т. 3. — С. 174.
Марочкін В. Селянський король // Слово і Час. — 1990. — № 5. — С. 49-51.
Мейзерська Т. «Призначення України» Ю. Липи: проблема державності і міфологізація історії // Творчість Юрія Липи в культурно-історичному контексті XX століття. — Одеса: Астропринт, 2000. -С.16-21.
Миронець Н. Листи Юрія Липи до Марії Донцової // Творчість Юрія Липи в культурно-історичному контексті XX століття. — Одеса: Астропринт, 2000. — 152 с.
Рахманний Р. Поезія міжвоєнного покоління // Україна атомного віку. Есеї і статті. 1945—1986. -Торонто: Гомін України, 1988. -С. 446—464.
Руснак І. Повість Юрія Липи «Рубан» // Липа Ю. Твори: В 10 т. – Т. 2. Проза: Нотатник: Новели / Худож. оформл. І. Шутурми. – Львів: Каменяр, 2006. – С. 346–355.
Руснак І. Художній світ новели «Ганнуся» Юрія Липи // Наукові праці Кам’янець-Подільського національного університету імені Івана Огієнка: Філологічні науки. – Випуск 21. – Кам’янець-Подільський: ПП Потапов, 2010. – С. 90–94. https://scholar.google.com.ua/scholar?as_q=&as_epq=Художній+світ+новели+Ганнуся+Юрія+Липи&hl=uk
Руснак І. Художній світ новели «На варті» Юрія Липи // Шості Липівські читання: Пам’яті Івана та Юрія Лип. Матеріали Всеукраїнської наукової конференції. – К.: Українська видавнича спілка ім. Ю. Липи, 2012. – С. 59–62.
Руснак І. Художній світ новели «Закон» Юрія Липи // Сьомі Липівські читання: Пам’яті Івана та Юрія Лип. – К.: Українська видавнича спілка ім. Юрія Липи, 2015. – С. 128–140.
Руснак І. Художній світ оповідання «Гаркавий» Юрія Липи // Дев’яті Липівські читання: Матеріали Всеукраїнської науково-практичної конференції (11–12 травня 2018 р.) / Упоряд. С. Кучеренко. – Полтава: ПУЕТ, 2018. – С. 182–200. http://elibrary.kubg.edu.ua/id/eprint/24830/1/I_Rusnak_HSOG.pdf
Слабошпицький М. Яснозбройний. Юрій Липа // 25 поетів української діаспори. — К.: Ярославів Вал, 2006. — С. 168—197.
Череватенко Л. «…І тим мечем нашим гострим утвердимось» //Липа Ю. Козаки в Московії. — К.: Видавництво імені Олени Теліги; журнал «Дніпро», 2000. — С. 3-10.
Шишкова А. Релігійність як духовна домінанта українського народу в художній інтерпретації Юрія Липи // Література. Фольклор. Проблеми поетики: Зб. наук. праць. — Вип. 18. — К.: акцент, 2004. — С. 556—568.
Юрій Липа: голос доби і приклад чину: Збірник наукових праць. — Львів, 2001. — 408 с.
Янчук О. Бібліографія Юрія Липи: Бібліогр. покажчик. — Одеса: Астропринт, 2000. — 80 с.
Янчук О. Юрій Липа в листах і спогадах сучасників. — Одеса, 1998. — 42 с.
Yurii Lypa // Ukraine a concide encyclopedia. 988—1988 / Edited by Halyna Petrenko [ S. l. : s.n.]. — P. 154.
Ф. Медвідь. Липа Юрій Іванович // Політична енциклопедія. Редкол.: Ю. Левенець (голова), Ю. Шаповал (заст. голови) та ін. — К.: Парламентське видавництво, 2011. — с. 399 ISBN 978-966-611-818-2
Повернуті імена : реком. бібліогр. покажч. Вип. 3 / М-во культури України, Нац. парлам. б-ка України ; авт.-складачі: Булгак О. В. та ін. ; відп. ред. Кононенко В. О. – Київ : Нац. парлам. б-ка України, 1994. -84 с.
Уродженці Одеси
Персоналії:Одеський університет
Прозаїки Російської імперії XX століття
Редактори Російської імперії XX століття
Письменники Одеси
Журналісти Одеси
Випускники Познанського університету
Поети Польщі XX століття
Прозаїки Польщі XX століття
Ідеологи українського націоналізму
Прихильники Балто-Чорноморського союзу
Члени ОУН
Діячі УПА
Військові лікарі Другої світової війни
Страчені письменники
Люди, на честь яких названо вулиці
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15931346
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglieu
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Manglieu
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Manglieu is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
See also
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
References
Communes of Puy-de-Dôme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceli%20Harasimowicz
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Marceli Harasimowicz
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Marceli Harasimowicz (1859 in Warsaw – 1935 in Lwów) was a Polish landscape painter and museum curator.
Life and work
As a child he followed his mother on her travels abroad. In 1867, he took his first art lessons in Zürich and continued in Paris. Upon returning home, he studied at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts from 1873 to 1879, then at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, for a year under Carl Wurzinger and finally at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, under Wilhelm Lindenschmit the Younger.
From 1885, he lived and worked in Lwów, was the curator of the Municipal Art Gallery from 1907 to 1931 and was a member of the Polish Association of Artists. In 1888, he established a school of painting for women.
He initially specialized in portraits and genre scenes but, after 1890, focused almost entirely on landscapes. Atmospheric representations of sunsets and the wetlands of Kashubia were among his most popular subjects, but he also painted extensively in Podhale, the Pieniny mountains and the Hutsul region. He exhibited under the aegis of the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts, in Vienna and Munich as well as Poland. He also illustrated books and magazines and executed murals in the cathedral at Przemyśl. Paintings in the foyer of the Municipal Theater of Lwów are based on his sketches.
Selected paintings
References
Further reading
Holeczko-Kiehl, Andrzej: Wizerunek artysty polskiego: między romantyzmem a modernizmem, Muzeum Śląskie, Katowice (2006)
External links
ArtNet: More paintings by Harasimowicz
Arcadja: More paintings by Harasimowicz
1859 births
1935 deaths
19th-century Polish painters
Polish landscape painters
19th-century Polish male artists
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
Polish male painters
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB
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Майкл Сендел
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Майкл Сендел (5 березня 1953, Міннеаполіс) — американський політичний теоретик, професор Гарвардського університету, спеціалізується в галузі політичної філософії і політології. Його курс «Справедливість» — курс Гарвардського університету, який став вперше доступним в Інтернеті та на телебаченні. Його було переглянуто десятками мільйонів людей у всьому світі, зокрема в Китаї, де Сендела названо «найвпливовішим іноземним діячем року» (China Newsweek). Він також відомий своєю критикою Джона Роулза «Теорія правосуддя» у своїй першій книзі «Лібералізм і межі правосуддя» (1982). Був обраний членом Американської академії мистецтв і наук 2002 року.
Див. також
Комунітаризм
Примітки
Посилання
Політологи США
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18891851
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornisi
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Kornisi
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Kornisi (Q'ornisi) is a rural locality in South Caucasus, claimed by the Republic of Georgia. Georgian government recognizes Kornisi as daba in Kareli Municipality of Shida Kartli region.
In Kornisi, the woodworking and food industries are developed, and the following infrastructure facilities are present and operating: a library, hospital, pharmacy, preschool and school education.
References
Populated places in Znaur District
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
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Дружинино
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Дружинино — селище міського типу у складі Нижньосергинського району Свердловської області. Адміністративний центр Дружининського міського поселення.
Населення — 3793 особи (2010, 2945 у 2002).
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Нижньосергинського району
Селища міського типу Свердловської області
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66295291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87%20%28mythology%29
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Božić (mythology)
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Božić (mythology)
Bozić in Slavic paganism is a creature symbolizing the New Year, spring and youth. It appears in Christmas customs accompanied by a golden-horned deer and a pig, as opposed to Badnjak. In the languages of the South Slavs, the word was transferred to the modern name of Christmas, e.g. Serbian Божић, Croatian Božić. The figure of Bozić is probably an echo of the cult of Svarog. Bozić is the personification of the sun, which allegedly dies and is born every year (similar to the ancient Roman oriental cult of Sol Invictus). Features of the cult of Christmas are transferred to the Christian religion: the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes call the holiday "Christmas" Christ "Christmas", the Bulgarians - "Christmas".
References
Slavic mythology
Slavic Christmas traditions
Slavic legendary creatures
Slavic paganism
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%20%28%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Нову-Оризонті (мікрорегіон)
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Нову-Оризонті (мікрорегіон)
Нову-Оризонті — админістративно-статистичний мікрорегіон в Бразилії, розташований на півночі штату Сан-Паулу. Належить до мезорегіону Сан-Жозе-ду-Ріу-Прету. Мікрорегіон Нову-Оризонті має населення 79 222 жителів на площі 2435,1 км², і складається з 6 муніципалітетів. Центром мікрорегіону є муніципалітет Нову-Оризонті.
Примітки
Посилання
TODO
Мікрорегіони штату Сан-Паулу
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B7%20%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80
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До-дієз мінор
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До-дієз мінор (С-sharp minor, cis-Moll) — мінорна тональність, тонікою якої є звук до-дієз. Гама до-дієз мінор містить звуки:
до♯ - ре♯ - мі - фа♯ - соль♯ - ля - сі C♯ - D♯ - E - F♯ - G♯ - A - B.
Паралельна тональність — мі мажор, однойменний мажор — до-дієз мажор. До-дієз мінор має чотири дієзи біля ключа (фа-, до-, соль-, ре-).
Найвідоміші твори, написані в цій тональності
Й. С. Бах — прелюдія і фуга з 1-го та 2-го зошитів ДТК
Л. ван Бетховен — Соната № 14 для фортепіано («Місячна»)
Г. Малер — Симфонія № 5
C. Рахманінов — Прелюдія op.3 № 2
С. С. Прокоф'єв — Симфонія № 7
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595129
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4
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Пасивний дохід
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Пасивний дохід (резидуальний дохід) — це дохід, який не залежить від щоденної діяльності. Це дохід, наприклад, що отримується від фінансових активів. Пасивний дохід є складовою та органічною частиною такого поняття як фінансова незалежність.
Основні категорії пасивного доходу
Від володіння:
Цінними паперами (паперовий дохід)
Нерухомістю (здача в оренду)
Бізнесом
Авторськими правами
Коштами на банківському депозиті
Див. також
Фінансова незалежність
Мережевий маркетинг
Електронний маркетинг
Економічна термінологія
Фінанси
Дохід
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779893
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Шабадабада
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Шабадабада — студійний альбом українського рок-гурту Мертвий півень. Виданий 1998 року. Деякі пісні цього альбому були випущені гуртом раніше, зокрема «Поцілунок» та «Міський бог Ерос» (однойменний альбом), «Пісня 551» (альбом «Il Testamento»), «Б'ютіфул Карпати» (альбом «Ето»). Останній трек альбому — «Старенький трамвай» — є реміксом пісні гурту «Пікардійська терція» на слова О.Шевченка. В основу пісні «Реветастогне» покладений текст відомого віршу Т.Шевченка «Реве та стогне Дніпр широкий».
Список пісень
Шабадабада
Над морем
Пісня 551
Поцілунок
Карколомні перевтілення
Гобелен
Холодно
Б'ютіфул Карпати ’98
Квазіамор
Птахорізка
Літо буде ’98
Ластівки
Садок вишневий
Вона
Реветастогне
Міський бог Ерос
Старенький трамвай (харлей мікс)
Визнання
2016 року київський журнал «Музика» (№4, с. 46) визнав альбом найкращим у літописі українського рок-н-ролу (спецпроєкт «Укротека»).
Посилання
Дискографія на офіційному сайті гурту
Інформація на сайті «Наше все»
20 найкращих альбомів національної рок-сцени (1965—2015)
Альбоми гурту Мертвий півень
Рок-альбоми
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2387461
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Diaw
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Boris Diaw
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Boris Diaw
Boris Babacar Diaw-Riffiod (born 16 April 1982), better known as Boris Diaw, is a French basketball executive and former player who is the president of Metropolitans 92 of LNB Pro A. Diaw began his playing career in Pro A and returned to that league after 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played mostly at the power forward position. In 2006, Diaw was named the NBA's Most Improved Player as a member of the Phoenix Suns. He won an NBA championship with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014.
Diaw was a member and captain of the senior French national team. He won a FIBA World Cup bronze medal in 2014, a EuroBasket title in 2013, a silver medal in EuroBasket 2011, and two bronze in EuroBasket 2005 and EuroBasket 2015. He earned an All-EuroBasket Team selection in 2005.
Since July 2019, Diaw has served as president of Metropolitans 92.
Professional basketball career
Pau-Orthez (2001–2003)
From 2001 to 2003, Diaw played for Pau-Orthez of the LNB Pro A, a French professional basketball league. In 2002, he competed in the league's All-Star game and the Slam Dunk contest.
Atlanta Hawks (2003–2005)
Diaw was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the 21st overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft. On July 10, 2003, he signed a multi-year deal with the Hawks.
Phoenix Suns (2005–2008)
In August 2005, he was traded with two future first-round picks to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for future teammate Joe Johnson.
In Phoenix, Diaw blossomed into an all-round player, playing any position from center to point guard and garnered the nickname "3D" because of his multidimensional play (his motto being "drive, dish, defend") and the combination of his number (3) and surname. Diaw averaged 13.3 points, 6.9 rebounds, 6.2 assists and 1.0 blocks per game on 52.6% field goal shooting and 73.1% from the free throw line in the 2005–06 season where he played both forward positions and then center after injuries to Amar'e Stoudemire and Kurt Thomas.
During the 2006 NBA playoffs, as the Suns' starting center, Diaw averaged 18.7 points, 6.7 rebounds, 5.2 assists and 1.1 blocks per game. In Game 1 of the 2006 Western Conference Finals against the Dallas Mavericks, Diaw scored a career-high 34 points, including the game-winner with 0.5 seconds remaining in regulation, to help the Suns to a 121–118 victory, although Phoenix would go on the lose the series in six games.
Charlotte Bobcats (2008–2012)
On December 10, 2008, Diaw, along with Raja Bell and Sean Singletary, was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats in exchange for Jason Richardson and Jared Dudley.
On September 28, 2011, Diaw signed with JSA Bordeaux of France for the duration the 2011 NBA lockout. In December 2011, he returned to the Charlotte Bobcats.
On March 21, 2012, Diaw was waived by the Bobcats.
San Antonio Spurs (2012–2016)
Two days later, he signed with the San Antonio Spurs for the rest of the season.
On July 12, 2012, Diaw re-signed with the Spurs to a reported two-year, $9.2 million deal. Diaw helped the Spurs reach the 2013 NBA Finals where they faced the Miami Heat. San Antonio lost the series in seven games.
On June 15, 2014, Diaw won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4–1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. He was inserted into the starting lineup beginning with Game 3, and he led all players in the series in total assists (29) and was second in total rebounds (43) behind teammate Tim Duncan (50). Diaw averaged 35 minutes per game in the Finals, an increase of over 10 minutes from the regular season.
On July 15, 2014, Diaw re-signed with the Spurs to a reported three-year, $22 million contract.
On August 1, 2015, Diaw played for Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game.
Utah Jazz (2016–2017)
On July 8, 2016, Diaw was traded, along with a 2022 second-round pick and cash considerations, to the Utah Jazz in exchange for the rights to Olivier Hanlan. In early November 2016, Diaw missed eight games with a right leg contusion. On July 13, 2017, he was waived by the Jazz.
Levallois Metropolitans (2017–2018)
On September 17, 2017, Diaw signed with the Levallois Metropolitans, a French team, for the 2017–18 season. With Levallois, he played in the LNB Pro A and EuroCup. He averaged 11.1 points, 6.4 rebounds in 31.2 minutes per game in 31 Pro A games.
Retirement
Diaw announced his retirement via his Twitter account on September 6, 2018.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Atlanta
| 76 || 37 || 25.3 || .447 || .231 || .602 || 4.5 || 2.4 || .8 || .5 || 4.5
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Atlanta
| 66 || 25 || 18.2 || .422 || .180 || .740 || 2.6 || 2.3 || .6 || .3 || 4.8
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 81 || 70 || 35.5 || .526 || .267 || .731 || 6.9 || 6.2 || .7 || 1.0 || 13.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 73 || 59 || 31.1 || .538 || .333 || .683 || 4.3 || 4.8 || .4 || .5 || 9.7
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Phoenix
| style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 19 || 28.1 || .477 || .317 || .744 || 4.6 || 3.9 || .7 || .5 || 8.8
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 22 || 0 || 24.5 || .567 || .357 || .692 || 3.8 || 2.1 || .5 || .4 || 8.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 59 || 59 || 37.6 || .495 || .419 || .686 || 5.9 || 4.9 || .8 || .7 || 15.1
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 35.4 || .483 || .320 || .769 || 5.2 || 4.0 || .7 || .7 || 11.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 33.9 || .492 || .345 || .683 || 5.0 || 4.1 || .9 || .6 || 11.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 37 || 28 || 27.5 || .410 || .267 || .630 || 5.3 || 4.3 || .5 || .5 || 7.4
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 20 || 7 || 20.3 || .588 || .615 || .625 || 4.3 || 2.4 || .7 || .3 || 4.7
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 75 || 20 || 22.8 || .539 || .385 || .723 || 3.4 || 2.4 || .7 || .4 || 5.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 79 || 24 || 25.0 || .521 || .402 || .739 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .6 || .4 || 9.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | San Antonio
| 81 || 15 || 24.5 || .460 || .320 || .774 || 4.3 || 2.9 || .4 || .3 || 8.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 76 || 4 || 18.2 || .527 || .362 || .737 || 3.1 || 2.3 || .3 || .3 || 6.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Utah
| 73 || 33 || 17.6 || .446 || .247 || .743 || 2.2 || 2.3 || .2 || .1 || 4.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | Career
| 1064 || 564 || 27.0 || .493 || .336 || .717 || 4.4 || 3.5 || .6 || .5 || 8.6
Playoffs
|-
| align="left" | 2006
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 20 || 20 || 39.8 || .526 || .429 || .761 || 6.7 || 5.2 || .9 || 1.1 || 18.7
|-
| align="left" | 2007
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 10 || 0 || 23.5 || .475 || .000 || .667 || 3.2 || 3.0 || .7 || .2 || 6.6
|-
| align="left" | 2008
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 5 || 2 || 35.6 || .547 || .000 || .500 || 5.6 || 4.6 || .6 || .8 || 14.6
|-
| align="left" | 2010
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 4 || 4 || 38.0 || .500 || .111 || .500 || 5.0 || 4.0 || .3 || .8 || 7.5
|-
| align="left" | 2012
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 14 || 14 || 24.7 || .514 || .500 || .750 || 5.2 || 2.5 || .8 || .3 || 6.2
|-
| align="left" | 2013
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 16 || 1 || 17.1 || .444 || .385 || .857 || 2.5 || 1.8 || .3 || .2 || 4.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2014†
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 23 || 3 || 26.3 || .500 || .400 || .688 || 4.9 || 3.4 || .6 || .1 || 9.2
|-
| align="left" | 2015
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 7 || 0 || 28.3 || .479 || .222 || .692 || 6.1 || 3.6 || .7 || .4 || 11.6
|-
| align="left" | 2016
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 9 || 0 || 17.7 || .457 || .333 || .750 || 2.1 || 2.3 || .2 || .4 || 5.2
|-
| align="left" | 2017
| align="left" | Utah
| 11 || 9 || 18.4 || .500 || .429 || .900 || 1.9 || 2.0 || .6 || .4 || 5.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | Career
| 119 || 53 || 26.4 || .504 || .336 || .736 || 4.4 || 3.2 || .6 || .4 || 9.2
National team career
In 2000, Diaw won the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship with the French junior national team. In July 2006, Diaw was named the captain of the senior men's French national basketball team. He won the bronze medal at the EuroBasket 2005.
Diaw led the French team at the 2006 FIBA World Championship, with 107 points and 22 assists, in 9 games. In 2013, Diaw and the French team won the gold medal at the EuroBasket tournament. The following year, he led the national team without its star Tony Parker to the bronze medal in the 2014 FIBA World Cup.
International statistics
Player profile
At and , Diaw was a natural forward. However, his passing skills and ability to score inside earned him a reputation for being capable of playing all positions well. Diaw began the 2005–06 season as a reserve, substituted at point guard when starting point guard Steve Nash was injured, started at small forward, and was finally moved to center when all three Suns centers were injured. Diaw's breakout season (13.3 points, 6.9 rebounds and 6.2 assists per game) was recognized with the Most Improved Player Award. Diaw was lauded for his unselfish but assertive play.,
While somewhat overshadowed by the Spurs 'Big Three' of Duncan, Parker and Ginobili, Diaw played a crucial role in the team's success. His excellent passing and playmaking abilities made him a prototype of what came to be known as the point forward position, exhibited by players such as Luka Doncic and to a lesser degree by LeBron James and Nikola Jokić. Diaw was also an efficient post scorer and athletic scorer, capable of going coast-to-coast before either finding a teammate or finishing at the rim. In addition, his ability to play multiple positions made him a precursor to the current era of small ball teams and positionless basketball.
Executive career
In 2009, Diaw became vice-president and shareholder of the JSA Bordeaux basketball club in his native France and took over as president one year later. In 2017, he stepped down as president of the club.
In 2010, he founded UKIND, an eco-responsible clothing brand.
On July 4, 2019, Diaw was announced as the new president of Metropolitans 92, succeeding Jean-Pierre Aubry.
Personal life
Diaw's mother, Élisabeth Riffiod, is regarded as one of the best centers in French women's basketball history. She is a member of the French Basketball Hall of Fame. Diaw's father, Issa Diaw, is a former Senegalese high jump champion. Diaw has a half-brother, Paco Diaw, who was a guard at Georgia Tech, but transferred to Lee University, a small NAIA school in the Southern States Athletic Conference. His other brother, Martin Diaw, played basketball for Division II's California University of Pennsylvania.
Diaw and fellow French NBA star and Spurs teammate Tony Parker are long-time friends and former roommates. Diaw was the best man at Parker's wedding to actress Eva Longoria.
In 2005, Diaw established a non-profit foundation, Babac'Ards, to organize sports activities for Senegalese youth and aid "developmental education".
Diaw is known to have a passion for photography, sailing, and wine tasting.
See also
List of European basketball players in the United States
References
External links
Boris Diaw at interbasket.net
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople of Senegalese descent
Atlanta Hawks draft picks
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Black French sportspeople
Centers (basketball)
Centre Fédéral de Basket-ball players
Charlotte Bobcats players
Élan Béarnais players
FIBA EuroBasket-winning players
French expatriate basketball people in the United States
French men's basketball players
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent
JSA Bordeaux Basket players
NBA players from France
Olympic basketball players for France
Metropolitans 92 players
People from Cormeilles-en-Parisis
Phoenix Suns players
Power forwards
San Antonio Spurs players
Utah Jazz players
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
2010 FIBA World Championship players
2006 FIBA World Championship players
Sportspeople from Val-d'Oise
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Звягіно (Ком'янське сільське поселення)
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Звягіно (Ком'янське сільське поселення)
Звягіно — присілок у складі Грязовецького району Вологодської області, Росія. Входить до складу Ком'янського сільського поселення.
Населення
Населення — 8 осіб (2010; 11 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 91 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Грязовецького району
Присілки Вологодської області
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4298119
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%29
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Грузька (ліва притока Інгулу)
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Грузька (ліва притока Інгулу)
Грузька — річка в Україні у Долинському районі Кіровоградської області. Ліва притока річки Інгулу (басейн Південного Бугу).
Опис
Довжина балки річки 10,32 км, найкоротша відстань між витоком і гирлом — 8,54 км, коефіцієнт звивистості річки — 1,21. Формується декількома струмками та загатами. На деяких ділянках річка пересихає.
Розташування
Бере початок на південній стороні від села Спільне. Тече переважно на південний захід через село Новосавицьке і у селі Лаврівка впадає в річку Інгул, ліву притоку річки Південного Бугу.
Цікаві факти
У XX столітті на річці існували скотні двори, газгольдер та газові свердловини, а у XIX столітті — 1 скотний двір.
Примітки
Джерела
Словник гідронімів України — К.: Наукова думка, 1979. — С. 157 (Грузька № 19).
Малі річки України
Річки Кіровоградської області
Статті про річки Кіровоградської області без зображення в картці
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1109401
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD
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Стеарин
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Стеарин (< — «жир», «сало») — тригліцерид, органічний продукт, формула C57H11006. Це може бути інтерпретовано як потрійний естер, в якому три OH-групи гліцерину пов'язані з трьома молекулами стеаринової кислоти.
Залежно від контексту, стеарином також називають суміш пальмітинової (C15H31COOH) і стеаринової (C17H35COOH) кислот або естергліцериновий ефір цих кислот.
Стеарин безбарвний, без запаху і смаку. Температура плавлення стеарину, залежно від складу, коливається в діапазоні від 60 до 70 °C. Стеарин присутній у багатьох рослинних і тваринних жирах. Це основний компонент яловичого жиру, жиру в горбах верблюдів і масла з какао. Під дією каустичної соди, тристеарин дає стеарат натрію. Він використовується у виробництві мила, свічок і текстилю.
При виготовленні мила тристеариновий естер змішується в воді з гідроксидом натрію. У цій реакції утворюється гліцерин і мило.
Примітки
Посилання
«tristearin » на ChemIDplus
Естери
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1861895
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%BE%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96
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Палаццо Капріні
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Палаццо Капріні — невеликий римський палац доби відродження, проект котрого створив архітектор Донато Браманте. Палаццо Капріні ретельно вивчав архітектор наступної доби Андреа Палладіо, що згодом породило низку варіантів ідеї Браманте і мало вплив на архітектуру палладіанства до початку 20 ст.
Історія палацу
Донато Браманте оселився в папському Римі літнім фахівцем, що мав помітний проектний і будівельний досвід в князівствах Північної Італії. Власними проектами і дивовижними спорудами він звернув на себе увагу багатих і впливових замовників з оточення феодального папського двору.
Хронологічно він працював в папському Римі близько чотирнадцяти років (1599—1614 рр.), але встиг запроектувати низку важливих для католицької столиці споруд, що стануть хрестоматійними як в сакральній, так і в світській архітектурі. Праця по замовах впливових представників папського оточення сприяла появі декількох палаців, серед котрих був і палац Капріні.
Замовником був Вітербо Адріано де Капріні, протонотарій папи римського. Ранній римський період Браманте відстежується погано, а помер архітектор 1514 року. Проект головного фасаду палацу відносять до 1510 року або трохи раніше. Палац вибудували в Борго, житловому районі, що межував з базилікою Сан П'єтро. 1517 року (вже по смерті Браманте) колишній палац Капріні придбав впливовий ватиканський художник і архітектор з обслуги папи римського Рафаель Санті. Останній мешкав у палаці до власної смерті, а споруду почали іменувати як палац Рафаеля. Наприкінці 16 ст. палац Рафаеля став частиною більшого палацу Конвертенді. В 17 ст. палац остаточно поруйнували.
Опис фасаду
На тлі середньовічних і мало узгоджених між собою споруд тодішнього Риму палац Капріні виділявся симетрією. Його фасад мав дзеркальну симетрію, що йшла повз середнє вікно і головний портал. Перший поверх мав руст і двері для невеличких крамниць. Крамнички освітлювали самі отвори дверей та вікна другого ярусу, де створили чергування квадратних і колоподібних форм.
Споруда мала підмурки, а другий поверх віддали під житло. Фасад другого поверху мав вікна-двері (перфенетр) з балюстрадами. Міжвіконні проміжки прикрасили подвоєними напівколонами, притуленими до стін. Напівколони нібито підтримували антаблемент із тригліфами, запозиченими з античної архітектури.
Браманте стояв у витоків створення римських ансамблів в архітектрурі. Палаццо Капріні був поки що лише поодинокою спорудою на вулиці Скоссакаваллі.
Ансамбль був вже у проекті для двору відомої римської церкви Сан П'єтро ін Монторіо. Але церковна громада спромоглася вибудувати лише невеликий храм у дворі, відомий як Темп'єтто. За життя Браманте встиг розпочати новий ансамбль у дворі між ватиканським палацом папи та Бельведером. Добудовувати ансамбль випало вже творчим нащадкам його ідей і проектів.
Впливи архітектурного образу
Архітектурний образ палаццо Капріні справив на римських архітекторів потужне враження. Перші і вишукані варіанти проекту Браманте створив Рафаель Санті, міняючи деталі і декор в проектах палацу Бранконія Аквіла в Римі та в палаці Кафареллі Відоні. Архітектурна ідея була підхоплена і менш обдарованими будівничими, бо обіцяла нові замови і гроші (палаццо Пандольфо Пандольфіні та палаццо Угуччоні у Флоренції).
В Рим прибув архітектор з Віченци Андреа Палладіо. Відома його замальовка головного фасаду палац Капріні. Вона повністю була перенесена у проект фасаду палаццо Тьєне у місті Віченца, де скопійовані навіть двері для майбутніх крамниць і той же тип русту першого поверху (пізніше перебудовані в реальному палаці). У фасаді присутня та ж дзеркальна симетрія, але не на п'ять (як в палаці Капріні), а на сім осей. По іншому, солідно і на маньєристичний зразок, вирішено і декор другого поверху, звичні в архітекурній практиці випадки відступів від проекту Браманте заради демонстрації власної ерудиції нового архітектора.
Рустовані камені першого поверху були згодом замінені Палладіо та його послідовниками на цегляні мури, декоровані імітацією русту з будівельних розчинів. Ця імітація доживе в будівельних технологіях до зламу 19-20 ст. Саме ця технологія використана при побудові низки палладіанських палаців у 18 ст. (Палац Розумовського (Батурин) роботи Чарльза Камерона) та в низці міських споруд доби історичних стилів у 19 столітті.
Див. також
Мистецтво Італії
Темп'єтто
Рафаель Санті
Андреа Палладіо
Палладіанство
Примітки
Джерела
A.Bruschi, Bramante architetto, 1969
A.Bruschi, Edifici privati di Bramante a Roma, in «Palladio», a.II n.4, 1989
Gianfranco Spagnesi, Roma: la Basilica di San Pietro, il borgo e la città, 2003
Guido Beltramini, Palladio privato, Marsilio, Venezia 2008.
Corrado Buscemi, Il sigillo del Palladio, Cierre Grafica, Caselle di Sommacampagna, Verona 2008.
Палаци Італії
Римські палаци
Архітектура Відродження
засновані в Європі 1510
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133693
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida%2C%20Pennsylvania
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Oneida, Pennsylvania
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Oneida, Pennsylvania
Oneida is a census-designated place (CDP) in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. The population was 219 at the 2000 census.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oneida has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 219 people, 112 households, and 57 families living in the CDP. The population density was . There were 135 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 100.00% White.
Of the 112 households 16.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 42.9% of households were one person and 25.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.96 and the average family size was 2.70.
The age distribution was 14.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 30.6% 65 or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.5 males.
The median household income was $25,250 and the median family income was $28,250. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $20,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,756. About 3.8% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 6.5% of those sixty five or over.
Notable person
Jim Honochick, former Major League Baseball umpire
References
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
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1984270
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Проколієнко Людмила Микитівна
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Проколієнко Людмила Микитівна
Людмила Микитівна Проколієнко (29 вересня 1927 — 3 серпня 1989, Київ) — українська науковиця-психолог, доктор психологічних наук, член-кореспондент АПН СРСР, директор НДІ психології Міністерства освіти Української РСР (1983—1989), голова Українського відділення Товариства психологів СРСР.
Біографія
Народилася 29 вересня 1927 року. У 1955 р. закінчила філологічний факультет Київського педагогічного інституту ім. О. М. Горького, у 1954 — аспірантуру цього Інституту за спеціальністю «психологія».
У 1955—1965 рр. працювала в НДІ психології Міністерства освіти України.
Протягом 1965—1983 рр. — у Київському педагогічному інституті ім. О. М. Горького викладачем, а після захисту докторської дисертації («Психологія засвоєння граматичних знань учнями середнього шкільного віку», 1976 р.) — професором, проректором з наукової роботи.
У 1983 році повертається до НДІ психології Міністерства освіти України, щоб стати директором цього закладу. Пропрацювала на цій посаді до кінця свого життя.
Померла на 62-му році життя 3 серпня 1989 року. Похована на Звіринецькому кладовищі разом з чоловіком.
Наукова діяльність
Наукові праці Л. М. Проколієнко присвячені проблемам вікової та педагогічної психології. Серед них — психологічні аспекти програмування, алгоритмізації та комп'ютеризації навчання, формування моральних якостей у процесі шкільного та сімейного виховання, дослідження психологічний умов становлення гармонійної особистості.
У дослідницькій, педагогічній та організаторській діяльності Л. М. Проколієнко продовжила справу свого вчителя — дійсного члена АПН СРСР, першого директора Інституту психології — Г. С. Костюка. Під керівництвом Л. Н. Проколієнко здійснено видання вибраних наукових праць Г. С. Костюка російською та українською мовами. У низці статей, написаних нею або за її участі, здійснено аналіз його наукової спадщини.
Особливу увагу Л. М. Проколієнко приділяла підготовці науково-педагогічних кадрів вищої кваліфікації. Під її керівництвом виконано цикл дисертаційних досліджень з проблем педагогічної діяльності та педагогічного спілкування. Л. М. Проколієнко була головою спеціалізованої ради із захисту дисертацій у НДІ психології Міністерства освіти УРСР, заступником голови республіканського координаційної ради з педагогічних і психологічних наук. Здійснювала редагування республіканського збірника наукових праць «Псіхологія», була членом редакційних колегій журналів «Питання психології», «Радянська школа», «Радянська жінка».
Л. М. Проколієнко та під її керівництвом створено цілий ряд навчальних посібників, видано (перший в Україні) підручник «Педагогічна психологія».
Наукові праці
Проколієнко Л. М. Психологія засвоєння граматичних знань підлітками (1973)
Проколієнко Л. М. Формування допитливості у дітей дошкільного віку (1979)
Проколиенко Л. Н. Проблема активности развивающейся личности в исследованиях Г. С. Костюка (К 85-летию со дня рождения) // Вопросы психологии
Проколиенко Л. Н. Некоторые итоги развития психологической науки в Украинской ССР // Вопросы психологии
Джерела
Проколиенко Людмила Никитична
Людмила Никитична Проколиенко. Некролог
Доктори психологічних наук СРСР
Члени-кореспонденти АПН СРСР
Українські психологи
Науковці Інституту психології імені Григорія Костюка НАПН України
Випускники Київського педагогічного інституту
Померли в Києві
Поховані на Звіринецькому кладовищі
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30863215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng%20Jie
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Zheng Jie
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Zheng Jie (born 5 July 1983) is a Chinese former professional tennis player. In May 2009, she achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 15.
Zheng is one of China's most successful tennis players. She won four singles titles on the WTA Tour – Hobart in 2005, Estoril, Stockholm in 2006, and Auckland in 2012. She also won 15 career doubles titles, eleven of them with Yan Zi, including Wimbledon and the Australian Open in 2006. She won the bronze medal in doubles with Yan Zi at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Her career-high doubles ranking is world No. 3. Zheng reached the singles semifinals at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, where she defeated world No. 1, Ana Ivanovic, in the process, becoming the first Chinese player to advance to the semifinals at a major tournament. She also reached the semifinals of the 2010 Australian Open.
Personal life
Zheng graduated from the Sichuan Sports Academy in June 2000.
At Wimbledon in 2008, she gained recognition when she became the first Chinese player ever to reach the semifinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament, defeating then-world No. 1, Ana Ivanovic, en route. She donated her winnings to the victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in her native province.
Zheng was coached by Jiang Hong Wei, China's national women's team head coach, but she was later coached by her husband Zhang Yu who was also her hitting partner. They became close during the period after her severe ankle injury. Zheng is on the advisory staff of Yonex and uses their rackets. She was wearing clothing by Anta and appeared in their advertising campaigns, and she is a Rolex testimonee together with Roger Federer and Ana Ivanovic.
Zheng started playing tennis when she was ten, after she had seen her older sister play and thought tennis would be good exercise. At first, it was just for exercise. Zheng was rather small (at 5', 4.5"), and she and her parents were afraid that she would not have a career in the tennis world. (In fact, she was called "xiao bu dier" by her parents, which translates into something along the lines of "small kid." Her stature was no surprise though, for both her parents were short.) They considered her focusing more on her studies, so that if she did not make it in tennis she would be able to get a different job. However, her foreign coach saw potential in her, and told her parents and her something along the lines of, "There are many people in China who read books, but there are few who are national heroes." After that, her parents agreed to allow her to pursue tennis as a profession.
Nearly a year after the Sichuan earthquake that shook her home province, she visited there and brought with her tennis balls and rackets to distribute to the children there.
Zheng keeps in a small vial pieces of her ankle bone that were removed during the ankle surgery of 2007. She says, she keeps it because it is a part of her, and that it makes her cherish being able to play tennis again and life in general. She says that although it made her world ranking plunge, it also made her grow up a lot.
In 2009, Zheng separated from the Chinese Tennis Association (CTA). She talked about how it protected her in times of injury and when she was not playing well, for the CTA would back her completely and give her medical support. Now she manages her own money, which puts her at risk but also means that successes will be more profitable.
In April 2016, Zheng announced on social media that she had given birth to her first child.
Playing style
Zheng's game is characterised by consistency, intellect, quick reflexes and fighting spirit. She is not the strongest player, but makes up for this with her careful thinking of where to place her shots and willingness to change game plans if a strategy is not working. Her shots are of a lot of pace and very well placed, making Zheng an excellent defensive counterpuncher. She has one of the best footwork and court coverage on the tour, which allows her to keep shots in play that would normally be winners; so few shots get by her that after the final match of Hobart International in 2005, the finalist Gisela Dulko described her game as 'The Great Wall of China' because 'she didn't miss one ball'. Also an accomplished doubles player, she is very comfortable when playing at the net. Zheng's best shot is her backhand. Her main weakness is her serve; however she is sometimes able to neutralize her weak serve with her quickness or by serving to the body or to the opponent's weaker groundstroke.
Singles career
2002
In May 2002, she won two successive $25k ITF singles tournaments, at Shanghai and Tianjin, right after reaching her first $50k tournament quarterfinal, at Fukuoka, Japan. That September, she gained direct entry into a WTA tournament at Shanghai, and reached round two before losing to Anna Kournikova. She ended the year as world No. 183.
2003
In 2003, she qualified for Hyderabad and took a love set against Mary Pierce in the main-draw first round, only to lose the match in three sets. She also qualified for Doha, but then lost to Lina Krasnoroutskaya.
Later in the year, she defeated Nuria Llagostera Vives in the first round of a $25k tournament, Alona Bondarenko in the first round of qualifying for Palermo, and Maria Elena Camerin at another $50k event in July, where she reached the quarterfinal; but it was in August at the Bronx that she won her first $50k title, beating Shenay Perry, Jamea Jackson, Akiko Morigami, Adriana Serra Zanetti and (in the final) Maria Kirilenko to this end.
Although Kirilenko avenged this defeat in qualifying at the US Open, Zheng proceeded to qualify for Bali in September with victories over Yan Zi and Yuka Yoshida. She then defeated Flavia Pennetta in the first round of the main draw ,before bowing out to Tamarine Tanasugarn.
However, the very next month she defeated Tanasugarn at the Japan Open, where she reached her first WTA semifinal before losing to Maria Sharapova.
At the end of October, she reached another WTA quarterfinal at Quebec City with a second-round win over Antonella Serra Zanetti before losing in three sets to Laura Granville.
In December, she was a losing finalist at two successive $50k tournaments, falling in three sets to countrywoman Peng Shuai at Changsha (after victories over Sesil Karatantcheva, Camille Pin and Aiko Nakamura) and, also in three sets, to the same Sesil Karatantcheva (after beating Sun Tiantian in the semifinal) at Shenzhen. Consequently, Zheng broke into the world top 100, with a year-end ranking of 93.
2004
The following year brought further improvements in her singles results. She reached the quarterfinals at Hyderabad and Doha
(where she comfortably beat Jelena Dokić in round 2), and the second round at Miami and Vienna (where she beat Lisa Raymond). Then at the French Open, playing only her second Grand Slam singles main draw (after gaining direct entry to the Australian Open but losing in the first round), she defeated Dally Randriantefy, Émilie Loit, and Tathiana Garbin in succession to reach the fourth round, where she lost to Paola Suárez. She was the first Chinese woman to reach the fourth round of a major event.
At the Summer Olympics in Athens, she lost her first-round match to Ai Sugiyama. In September, she won a $25k tournament at Beijing, defeating Yan Zi in the semifinal and Li Na in the final. She later made it to the finals in a $50k tournament in Shenzhen, before losing to countrywoman Peng Shuai. Zheng ended the year world-ranked 67.
2005
Zheng started 2005 by capturing her first WTA Tour singles title at Hobart, after wins over Mariana Díaz Oliva, Shinobu Asagoe, Klára Koukalová, Li Na and Gisela Dulko.
She qualified for Dubai with wins over Sandra Kleinová, Maria Elena Camerin and Virginia Ruano Pascual, and went on to defeat Anabel Medina Garrigues in the main draw, before succumbing to Lindsay Davenport. Dulko gained her revenge in the quarterfinal at Estoril in April.
But Zheng remained in fine form, and reached her second WTA Tour final at Rabat, Morocco in May, losing to Nuria Llagostera Vives after wins over Catalina Castaño, Maureen Drake and Tathiana Garbin, followed by a walkover against Na Li who had to retire at 3–3 from an ankle sprain.
A three-set loss to Francesca Schiavone in the first round of the French Open prevented Zheng from defending her ranking points accrued there the previous year. In August, she reached the second round at Los Angeles by again beating Shinobu Asagoe, the Canadian Open quarterfinal (with wins over María Emilia Salerni and Ai Sugiyama), and another quarterfinal at New Haven (after defeating Katarina Srebotnik and Émilie Loit in qualifying, and Jamea Jackson in the main draw, though she was assisted by entering the tournament with a first-round bye and as a lucky loser in the final round of qualifying to Jelena Kostanić).
At the end of the month, she advanced to the second round at the US Open by defeating Iveta Benešová. Further first-round wins in September over María Vento-Kabchi (at Bali) and Jelena Janković (at Beijing) could not be consolidated on in subsequent rounds of the respective tournaments; but at Guangzhou, the last tournament she would play all year, she reached the semifinal with wins over Carly Gullickson, Jamea Jackson and Maria Kirilenko, before suffering her second loss of the year to Nuria Llagostera Vives. This string of results lifted her to a career-high world ranking of 42 in early October 2005.
2006: Two Grand Slam titles in doubles
2006 started poorly for Zheng in singles, with a string of six successive first-round losses dipping her ranking to world No. 56 by the end of February. However, after a first-round loss in Indian Wells, her 2006 singles breakthrough came at Key Biscayne where she reached the quarterfinals with wins over Nathalie Dechy and Anna-Lena Grönefeld before falling to Tatiana Golovin.
Zheng's newfound confidence earned a title at her next tournament in Estoril, where she defeated top-seeded Flavia Pennetta en route to the final before a victory over compatriot Li Na who was forced to retire at one set each. In Strasbourg, Zheng displayed yet reached the quarterfinals where she lost to second-seeded Nicole Vaidišová.
In August, Zheng won the tournament in Stockholm without dropping a set. In the final, she defeated the top-seed and former world No. 2, Anastasia Myskina. A knee injury hampered Zheng's singles progress towards the end of 2006. Her US Open ended in a second round defeat by Anastasia Rodionova and her last competitive match of the season saw her worst loss in terms of rankings, where she fell in the second round of Zurich qualifying to world No. 139, Joanna Sacowicz of Poland.
However, in December, Zheng took part in the Asian Games in Doha. After a surprising first-round loss in the team event, she went into the singles competition as the second seed. She ended up winning the gold medal, with victories over Shikha Uberoi, Chan Yung-jan, Aiko Nakamura, and Sania Mirza. She also took gold in doubles with partner Yan Zi, defeating Chan Yung-jan and Chuang Chia-jung of Taiwan. To end 2006, Zheng won the Chinese National Championships, with a three-set victory over her doubles partner in the final.
2007
Season started well when Zheng reached a second Hobart quarterfinal, before losing to eventual champion Anna Chakvetadze.
At the Australian Open, Zheng put in an extremely disappointing performance, losing to then 97th ranked Julia Schruff of Germany, after holding match point on more than one occasion. In doubles, her title defense with Yan Zi ended in the semifinals with a defeat by Chan Yung-jan and Chuang Chia-jung – the same partnership which they managed to defeat in the final of the Doha Asian Games just one month previously.
Zheng competed in both the singles and doubles (with Yan Zi) of the French Open. At the beginning of the tournament, she sustained an ankle injury, hampering her performance. She was knocked out in the first round of the singles competition by Timea Bacsinszky, and also lost in the first round in the doubles portion.
The ankle injury sustained at the French Open ruled her out of Wimbledon Championships to defend her doubles title. She withdrew from all events for the rest of the year because of the ankle injury. Her ranking suffered as a result, ending the year ranked world No. 163.
2008: Wimbledon semifinal
Zheng's return to the tour was successful; in singles, she won two qualifying matches in Gold Coast before losing to Alisa Kleybanova. In doubles, she and Yan Zi reached the final, only to lose to the third seeds, Safina and Szávay. However, in Sydney, the duo won the title, beating second seeds Sugiyama and Srebotnik and reigning US Open champions Dechy and Safina along the way. At the Australian Open, the duo made it to the seminfinals, beating the Williams sisters along the way, before losing to the 12th seeds Peer and Azarenka.
Zheng qualified for the main draw of the French Open, and then reached the third round before losing to Dinara Safina.
Her breakthrough in women's tennis occurred at Wimbledon. Despite only being ranked world No. 133, Zheng was given a wildcard into the main draw. In the third round, she defeated the first seed and world No. 1, Ana Ivanovic. This was her first victory against a top-10 player. Zheng then beat Ágnes Szávay of Hungary, the 15th seed, in the fourth round, and 18th-seeded Nicole Vaidišová in the quarterfinals. This made Zheng the first Chinese women's tennis player ever to reach the semifinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament. She also became the first wildcard to reach the semifinals of the women's singles at Wimbledon. In the semifinals, Zheng lost to two-time Wimbledon champion and former world No. 1, Serena Williams. Zheng's strong Wimbledon performance elevated her ranking from world No. 133 to No. 40.
She donated her prize money from the tournament and spent time helping the victims and post-reconstruction effort of the 12 May earthquake that killed nearly 70,000 people and left five to ten million homeless in her home province Sichuan. She did the same with her French Open prize money earlier in the year.
In August 2008, Zheng competed for China in both singles and doubles at the Beijing Olympics. In the singles portion, Zheng made it to the third round before losing to sixth-seeded Dinara Safina of Russia, who eventually won the singles silver medal. Zheng had better results in doubles with her partner Yan Zi, where they were seeded eighth. After losing in the semifinals to the fourth-seeded Spanish team of Medina Garrigues and Ruano Pascual for a spot in the gold medal final, they won the bronze medal match against the Ukrainian sisters team of Alona and Kateryna Bondarenko. This was the second Olympics tennis medal ever won by China.
After the Olympics, Zheng entered the US Open. She advanced to the third round, before losing a tight match to second-seeded Jelena Janković.
She then was seeded third in the Tier III Guangzhou International held in September and made it to the semifinals, before losing to top-seeded Vera Zvonareva.
Ranked world No. 30, Zheng returned in September to Beijing for the China Open Tier-II tournament. She advanced to the semifinals, before losing to world No. 7 and fourth-seeded Svetlana Kuznetsova. Based on her strong China Open performance, Zheng became Asia's highest ranked women's singles player at world No. 26, her highest to-date career WTA singles ranking. Later, on 20 October, she reached world No. 23.
In March 2009, Zheng was awarded the WTA Tour "Comeback of the Year" award for 2008, as she rebounded from an injury-marred 2007.
2009
In January at the Australian Open, Zheng was seeded 22nd in women's singles. She advanced to the round of 16 and faced eighth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. Zheng trailed 1–4 in the opening set, but was forced to retire with a left wrist injury after hitting the court while reaching for a ball. This was the furthest that she progressed at women's singles at this tournament in her career.
In the doubles event, she and her partner Yan Zi were eliminated in the third round, by Nuria Llagostera Vives and María José Martínez Sánchez.
Zheng returned to at the Dubai Championships, and made it to the third round before losing to world No. 1, Serena Williams. She and her partner, Yan Zi, lost in the first round in doubles to the Bondarenko sisters. Seeded fourth at the Monterrey Open, she made it to the semifinals before losing to No. 2 seed Marion Bartoli. After this result, she created her highest world ranking of No. 17 at that time. Zheng was seeded 17th at the Sony Ericsson Open. She advanced to the round of 16 before losing to Serena Williams in three sets. Zheng's strong performance helped her to reach world No. 16, the highest ranking ever by a Chinese tennis player (Li Na had also reached world No. 16 in 2007).
At the Italian Open, Zheng lost to world No. 1, Dinara Safina, in three sets. At the Madrid Open, Zheng fell to Amélie Mauresmo in the second round. Despite the loss, on 18 May, Zheng became the highest-ranked Chinese player in history, at No. 15. At the French Open, Zheng (seeded 15th) progressed to the second round before losing Michelle Larcher de Brito in straight sets. At the Birmingham Classic, the first tournament on grass, Zheng was the top seed but lost to the eventual champion Magdaléna Rybáriková in the third round. Next at the Eastbourne International, Zheng advanced to the second round, before losing to Canadian Aleksandra Wozniak.
Seeded 16th at Wimbledon, Zheng was upset in the second round by Daniela Hantuchová, in straight sets. As she was a semifinalist the previous year, her ranking fell to world No. 24. Zheng's next tournament was the LA Championships as part of her US Open Series campaign. She advanced to the fourth round, before losing to 13th seeded Samantha Stosur in three sets. At the Toronto, Zheng advanced to the third round before losing to Lucie Šafářová. At the US Open, Zheng, who was seeded 21, reached the third round, before losing in straight sets to the No. 13 seed, Nadia Petrova. Zheng ended the year with a 28–22 singles record and she finished the year ranked world No. 36.
2010: Australian Open semifinal
Zheng began her season at the Hobart International, where she made it to the quarterfinals, before losing to the eventual tournament champion Alona Bondarenko. Zheng was unseeded at the Australian Open. After three-set wins over Peng Shuai, María José Martínez Sánchez and Marion Bartoli, as well as a straight sets fourth-round win over Alona Bondarenko, Zheng made Australian open history by becoming the first Chinese player to reach an Australian Open semifinal when she took out unseeded Maria Kirilenko in the quarterfinals. In the semifinal match, she lost to former world No. 1 and 2004 champion, Justine Henin. Zheng next competed at Dubai as the 16th seed, but was upset in the first round by Alicia Molik in three sets. Competing at the first-ever Malaysian Open, Zheng reached the second round as the third seed, where she was defeated by Chang Kai-chen. However, Zheng won the doubles title at the event with Chan Yung-jan, defeating Anastasia and Arina Rodionova in a championship tie-break.
Zheng next competed at the Indian Wells Open, where she was seeded 18th. She advanced to the quarterfinals, before losing to No. 2 seed Caroline Wozniacki. In doubles, Zheng and Chan reached the semifinalst. At the Miami Open, Zheng lost in her second-round match to Virginie Razzano. She and doubles partner Chan reached the semifinals. Zheng was seeded fifth at the Warsaw Open, where she reached the final losing to the defending champion, Alexandra Dulgheru. She also advanced to the semifinals of the doubles event of the tournament.
At the French Open, Zheng was seeded 26th and reached the second round before losing to Anastasia Pivovarova. Zheng began her grass-court season at Eastbourne, where she was unseeded. She lost in the second round to British wildcard Elena Baltacha. At Wimbledon, she was the 23rd seed and lost in the second round to Petra Kvitová, who herself made it to the semifinals.
At the Stanford Classic, Zheng she was defeated by Maria Sharapova in the first round. In doubles, she reached the final and lost in close three sets to Liezel Huber and Lindsay Davenport. At her next tournament in San Diego, Zheng reached the second round before losing to Daniela Hantuchová. In consolation, Zheng partnered with Maria Kirilenko to win her second doubles title of the year, defeating second seeded Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs in the final. Her next singles tournament was the Western & Southern Open, where Zheng lost to the 11th-seed Flavia Pennetta in the first round. In doubles, Jie teamed with Chan Yung-jan and made it to the quarterfinals. Next playing at the Rogers Cup, Zheng reached the quarterfinals before losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova, in straight sets.
She next competed at the US Open in singles and doubles. In singles, Zheng was the 21st seed. However, she was upset in the second round by a resurgent Ana Ivanovic. In doubles, she and Chan reached the semifinals before losing to Nadia Petrova and Liezel Huber. Following the tournament, Zheng withdrew from all scheduled tournaments citing a wrist injury, which kept her off of the tour until February 2011.
2011
Zheng was scheduled to compete at the Hong Kong Classic exhibition tournament in Team Asia-Pacific alongside Li Na and Mark Philippoussis, as well as competing as the third seed at the Hobart International. Zheng hadn't rehabilitated from her wrist injury sufficiently, and withdrew from both tournaments, as well as the Australian Open, where she was a semifinalist in 2010.
Jie made a return to the tour at the Pattaya Open in Thailand. She was seeded seventh but was defeated by Akgul Amanmuradova in the first round, in two sets.
Zheng next competed at the Dubai Championships. In the first round, she defeated Kristina Barrois in three sets. In the second, she was defeated by Patty Schnyder. At the Qatar Ladies Open, Zheng lost to Flavia Pennetta in straight sets. Zheng next played at the Indian Wells Open, where she was a quarterfinalist in 2010. She continued her string of losses, falling 3–6, 2–6 to Sofia Arvidsson.
At Miami, she won a tough three-setter over Sorana Cîrstea. She lost to her next opponent, the fourth seed and world No. 4, Samantha Stosur, 2–6, 1–6. Her next event was the Family Circle Cup in Charleston. In the first round, Zheng defeated qualifier Monica Puig in a match lasting over three hours. In the next round, she faced seeded Yanina Wickmayer for the first time, losing 4–6, 0–6.
Zheng then competed at the Estoril Open as the seventh seed. Her first-round opponent was Italian Romina Oprandi, who won the match in straight sets.
Zheng then played in a qualification tournament for the first time since 2008 at the Italian Open, as the second seed. She lost in the second round of qualifying to Anastasia Rodionova 6–3, 2–6, 5–7. However, she reached the main draw as a lucky loser, but lost to the wildcard Alberta Brianti in two sets. Next playing in Brussels, Zheng lost to Ayumi Morita in the first round in three sets; after losing her points from reaching the finals of Warsaw from the previous year, Zheng dropped from world No. 47 to No. 80, her lowest ranking since 2008.
At French Open, she defeated Sandra Záhlavová in the first round. In the second round, Zheng lost to ninth-seeded Petra Kvitová. She partnered Peng Shuai in doubles, losing in the second round.
Zheng then participated in three grass-court tournaments. Firstly at Birmingham, she lost to Yaroslava Shvedova in a tight first round contest. Zheng then played at Eastbourne, qualifying for the main draw by beating Ayumi Morita, Edina Gallovits-Hall, and finally Melanie Oudin. She lost in the first round of the main draw, 4–6, 4–6, to Daniela Hantuchová. At Wimbledon, Zheng reached the second round for the third consecutive year, beating Zuzana Ondrášková, before losing in disappointing fashion to Japanese qualifier Misaki Doi, 3–6, 1–6. In doubles, Zheng and Peng reached the quarterfinals, losing a tight three-set match to eventual champions Květa Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik.
Zheng began her campaign at the US Open Series at the Washington Open, however she was beaten in the first round by Jill Craybas in three sets. Zheng next made the third round of the San Diego Open, beating Mirjana Lučić in three sets in the first round, and seeded Roberta Vinci 6–4, 6–2 in the second. In the third, she lost to Daniela Hantuchová. Zheng next entered the qualification tournament for the Rogers Cup. In the first qualification round, she defeated Stéphanie Foretz Gacon in a close three-setter. In the next qualification round, Zheng faced Japanese veteran Kimiko Date-Krumm for the first time, and by winning that match in three sets, she qualified for the main draw. In the first round of the main draw, Zheng waltzed past fellow qualifier Alberta Brianti 6–2, 6–1, setting up a second-round match with second seed Kim Clijsters. In the second round, she lost the first set 3–6, however, she proceeded to the third round because Clijsters retired at 2–1 down in the second set due to an abdominal injury. In the third round, Zheng contested a close match with Serena Williams, but eventually lost in three sets. After a strong performance, Zheng leaped from world No. 82 to No. 65.
Following on from Toronto, she entered the qualification tournament for the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati; as the 24th seed, Zheng overcame CoCo Vandeweghe in the first qualification round, setting up a match with twelfth seed Johanna Larsson, who she overwhelmed 6–1, 6–2 to qualify for the main draw. In the first round she faced Julia Görges, and won that match 6–2, 1–6, 6–4. In the second round, she lost to Jelena Janković in three sets. At the US Open, Zheng overcame Vitalia Diatchenko in the first round before losing in three sets to Andrea Petkovic.
Zheng played a tournament in her native China for the first time in two years at the Guangzhou International Open, where she was unseeded. She defeated sixth seeded Alberta Brianti, Noppawan Lertcheewakarn and fourth seeded Petra Martić before losing to Magdaléna Rybáriková in the semifinals. She played next at the Pan Pacific Open in Japan, where she fell to qualifier CoCo Vandeweghe after a tough three-setter in the first round.
Zheng received a wildcard into the China Open. In the first round she beat Alberta Brianti, although Brianti was leading 4–0 in the deciding set. In the second round she lost to Agnieszka Radwańska 1–6, 4–6.
Zheng played her final event of the season at the Osaka Open. She amazingly won her first match versus Zuzana Kučová 6–1, 6–1 and after that she beat fifth-seeded Australian Jarmila Gajdošová to reach the quarterfinals, which had to be postponed because of rain. After a one-day delay, Zheng beat Petra Cetkovská 0–6, 7–5, 6–3. Zheng later lost to top-seeded Samantha Stosur in the semifinals, in three sets. By virtue of this performance, Zheng entered the top 50, ending the season ranked world No. 48.
Zheng then played an ITF tournament in Taipei as the top seed, but lost in the second round to Yaraslava Shvedova, 2–6, 2–6.
2012
At the beginning of the 2012 season, Zheng switched her racquet to the new Yonex EZONE Xi 98 model.
She began the season by winning the Auckland Open, her first WTA singles title since 2006. The unseeded Zheng defeated Ayumi Morita in the first round before upsetting eighth seed Monica Niculescu in the second, 6–0, 6–2. In the quarterfinals, Zheng beat Lucie Hradecká 6–2, 6–3, and third seed Svetlana Kuznetsova 2–6, 6–3, 6–3 in the semifinals. In the final, Zheng defeated fourth seed Flavia Pennetta as the Italian retired due to injury in the third set.
She was scheduled to play at the Hobart International but withdrew due to a right thigh injury. At the Australian Open, Zheng reached the fourth round, where she was beaten by Sara Errani, with straight sets wins over Madison Keys, Roberta Vinci and top-10 ranked Marion Bartoli.
She had a disappointing run of results following the Australian Open, failing to win a match until the Indian Wells Open where she handily defeated Michaëlla Krajicek having received a first-round bye. In the third round, Zheng lost to Li Na, 1–6, 3–6. Zheng then reached the third round at the Miami Open, beating Hradecká and Angelique Kerber in straight sets, before losing to Dominika Cibulková, 2–6, 0–6.
The clay-court season she began as the fifth seed in Estoril. In the first round, she defeated Ekaterina Makarova 6–3, 6–1, but lost in the second to Galina Voskoboeva. Zheng then lost in the first round of Madrid, Rome and Brussels to Maria Kirilenko, Anabel Medina Garrigues and Arantxa Rus, respectively. At the French Open, Zheng was seeded 31st, and lost in the second round to Aleksandra Wozniak.
She chose to begin the grass-court season in Birmingham, however as she registered late she was forced to qualify for the main draw, which she did by beating both Natalie Grandin and Sandra Zaniewska. Zheng won three matches to reach the quarter-finals, where she defeated fourth-seeded Roberta Vinci in a three set match hampered by multiple rain delays. In the semifinals Zheng lost to Jelena Janković in three sets.
At Wimbledon, Zheng entered both ladies' singles (seeded 25th) and ladies' doubles, partnering with compatriot Peng Shuai (unseeded). In the first round singles, she defeated unseeded Canadian Stéphanie Dubois. In round two, Zheng avenged her French Open defeat by Wozniak, another unseeded Canadian, in straight sets. In the third round, Zheng lost 7–6, 2–6, 7–9 to Serena Williams who hit a Wimbledon record of 23 aces. In the first-round doubles, Zheng and Peng lost to Marina Erakovic and Tamarine Tanasugarn, 2–6, 2–6.
At the US Open, Zheng lost in the third round to world No. 1, Victoria Azarenka, 0–6, 1–6. In doubles, Zheng decided to partner with Katarina Srebotnik, however they lost in the first round.
Following the US Open, Zheng competed in the Asian swing. Zheng was the second seed in Guangzhou, but lost in the second round to Laura Robson. In Tokyo, Zheng was crushed by Dominika Cibulková 6–0, 6–3 in the second round, while in Beijing Zheng was upset in the first round by Lara Arruabarrena Vecino. In Osaka Zheng was seeded second, but lost to Pauline Parmentier in the second round.
Zheng qualified for the Tournament of Champions as a result of the withdrawal of Venus Williams. In the round-robin section of the tournament, Zheng was grouped with Nadia Petrova, Maria Kirilenko and Tsvetana Pironkova. Zheng lost her matches to Petrova and Pironkova, and retired while down in the first set against Sofia Arvidsson, Kirilenko's replacement. Zheng ended the year ranked No. 26.
2013
Her year began in Auckland in a bid to defend her title at Auckland. Despite being seeded fourth, Zheng lost in the first round in straight sets to Jamie Hampton. Zheng rebounded in Sydney by defeating sixth-seeded Sam Stosur in the first round, 6–3, 6–7, 6–4. In the second round, she lost to Madison Keys, a qualifier ranked 135, 0–6, 4–6. At the Australian Open, Zheng reached the third round after another win over Stosur, but she then lost in three sets to Germany's Julia Görges.
Following the Australian Open, Zheng struggled with poor results, losing early in Doha, Indian Wells and Miami, resulting in her falling from the top 50. Zheng began the clay-court season with early losses in Madrid and Rome, to Svetlana Kuznetsova and Li Na respectively. Zheng's fortunes changed at the Brussels Open, where she defeated Caroline Wozniacki before losing in the quarterfinals to Romina Oprandi. At the French Open, Zheng reached the third round for the first time since 2008, but lost to Maria Sharapova in straight sets.
Zheng did not play any warm-up events during the grass-court season, instead electing to play her first match on the surface at Wimbledon, where she lost in the first round to Caroline Garcia. This was Zheng's first loss in the first round of a Grand Slam tournament since 2007.
At the US Open, in the second round, Zheng played in what would become one of the longest US Open women's matches in history lasting more than three hours. She wore down Venus Williams with powerful returns and impressive endurance, eventually winning a third-set tiebreaker to take the match, but she then lost to Carla Suárez Navarro in the third round.
2014
Zheng started the year by losing early in Shenzhen and Hobart. However, she reached the third round at the Australian Open, defeating 12th-seeded Roberta Vinci and Madison Keys before losing to Casey Dellacqua. This was then followed by a string of poor results, culminating in a first-round loss to Anna Karolina Schmiedlova at the French Open.
Zheng's fortunes improved during the grass-court season. Despite losing in the first round at Birmingham, Zheng then reached of the final of the Rosmalen Open where she was defeated by CoCo Vandeweghe. Zheng defeated Annika Beck in the first round of the Wimbledon Championships but was then beaten by 11th seed Ana Ivanovic.
She played just five tournaments after Wimbledon, highlighted by a first-round loss to Peng Shuai at the US Open and a quarterfinal run in Hong Kong.
2015: Australian Open doubles final and retirement
Zheng played just one singles match in 2015, a first-round loss at the Australian Open to Chang Kai-chen. However, at the same tournament, she and her partner Chan Yung-jan reached the finals of the women's doubles event, where they were defeated by Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová in straight sets. Zheng played six further doubles events in 2015, losing in the third round of the French Open, the final at Eastbourne and the first round at Wimbledon.
Zheng has not participated in any professional tennis matches since the 2015 Wimbledon Championships and, as a result, no longer holds a professional ranking in singles or doubles.
Career statistics
Grand Slam performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
Mixed doubles
Grand Slam tournaments
Doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Other significant finals
Premier Mandatory/Premier 5 tournaments
Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)
Olympic medal matches
Doubles: 1 (bronze medal)
See also
Chinese tennis players
Tennis in China
References
External links
Zheng Jie's blog
China's Aspiring Aces article from Time Magazine
1983 births
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in tennis
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Chinese female tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Olympic bronze medalists for China
Olympic medalists in tennis
Olympic tennis players for China
Sportspeople from Chengdu
Tennis players from Sichuan
Tennis players at the 2002 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games
Wimbledon champions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condat-sur-Ganaveix
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Condat-sur-Ganaveix
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Condat-sur-Ganaveix is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
References
Communes of Corrèze
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26238206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley%20Air%20Force%20Base
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Langley Air Force Base
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Langley Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located in Hampton, Virginia, adjacent to Newport News. It was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917.
On 1 October 2010, Langley Air Force Base was joined with Fort Eustis to become Joint Base Langley–Eustis. The base was established in accordance with congressional legislation implementing the recommendations of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The legislation ordered the consolidation of the two facilities which were nearby, but separate military installations, into a single joint base, one of 12 formed in the United States as a result of the law.
On February 4, 2023, an F-22 Raptor took off from the base and shot down a Chinese balloon, marking the jet's first-ever combat air kill.
Overview
The Air Force mission at Langley is to sustain the ability for fast global deployment and air superiority for the United States or allied armed forces. The base is one of the oldest facilities of the Air Force, having been established on 30 December 1916, prior to America's entry to World War I by the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, named for aviation pioneer Samuel Pierpont Langley.
It was used during World War I as a flying field, balloon station, observers’ school, photography school, experimental engineering department, and for aerial coast defense. It is situated on 3,152 acres of land between the cities of Hampton (south), NASA LaRC (west), and the northwest and southwest branches of the Back River.
"AirPower over Hampton Roads" is a recurring airshow held at Langley in the spring. Many demonstrations take place, including the F-22 Raptor Demonstration, Aerobatics, and parachute demos.
Because of the possibility of crashes of the F-22s and other aircraft stationed at the base, the City of Hampton has partnered with the Commonwealth of Virginia and United States Air Force to purchase privately owned property within the Clear Zone and Accident Potential Zones, without using eminent domain, to create a safety buffer zone around the base.
History
Langley Air Force Base, originally known as Langley Field, is named after Samuel Pierpont Langley, an aerodynamic pioneer and a former Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Langley began aerodynamic experiments in 1887 and formed a basis for practical pioneer aviation. He built and saw the first steam model airplane in 1896 and the first gasoline model in 1903. Both planes were believed to be capable of flight. He also built the first man-carrying gasoline airplane in 1903, which failed to fly on its first attempt and broke apart and crashed on its second. It was, after major modification eleven years later, flown successfully by Glenn Curtiss for a little over three seconds, traveling 150 feet through the air in 1914. Langley Field was the first Air Service base built especially for air power, is the oldest continually active air force base in the world, and is the oldest airfield in Virginia.
Origins
In 1916, the National Advisory Council for Aeronautics (NACA), predecessor to NASA, established the need for a joint airfield and proving ground for Army, Navy and NACA aircraft. NACA determined that the site must be near water for over-water flying, be flat and relatively clear for expansion and the landing and take-off of aircraft, and near an Army post. The Army appointed a board of officers who searched for a location. The officers sometimes posed as hunters and fishermen to avoid potential land speculation which would arise if the government's interest in purchasing land was revealed. Fifteen locations were scouted before a site near Hampton in Elizabeth City County was selected.
In 1917, the new proving ground was designated Langley Field for one of America's early air pioneers, Samuel Pierpont Langley. Langley had first made tests with his manned heavier-than-air craft, launched from a houseboat catapult, in 1903. His first attempts failed and he died in 1906, shortly before a rebuilt version of his craft soared into the sky.
Training units assigned to Langley Field:
5th Aviation School Squadron, June 1917
Re-designated as 119th Aero Squadron, September 1917; Detachment No. 11, Air Service, Aircraft Production, July 1918 – May 1919
83d Aero Squadron (II), March 1918
Re-designated as Squadron "A", July–November 1918
126th Aero Squadron (II) (Service), April 1918
Re-designated as Squadron "B", July–November 1918
127th Aero Squadron (II) (Service), April 1918
Re-designated as Squadron "C", July–November 1918
Flying School Detachment (Consolidation of Squadrons A-C), November 1918-November 1919
Several buildings had been constructed on the field by late 1918. Aircraft on the ramp at that time included the Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny", used by Langley's School of Aerial Photography, and the de Havilland DH.4 bomber, both used during World War I. Although short-lived, hydrogen-filled dirigibles played an important role in Langley's early history and a portion of the base is still referred to as the LTA (lighter-than-air) area.
Inter-war years
In the early 1920s, Langley became the site where a new air power concept was tried and proven. Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell led bombing runs from Langley by the 1st Provisional Air Brigade over captured German warships anchored off the coast of Virginia and North Carolina. These first successful tests set the precedent for the airplane's new role of strategic bombardment.
Throughout the 1930s Langley Field occupied a principal position in the Army's efforts to strengthen the offensive and defensive posture of its air arm. The small grassy field became a major airfield of the United States Army Air Corps, and many of the brick buildings of today were constructed at that time.
World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, Langley took on a new mission, to develop special detector equipment used in antisubmarine warfare. Langley units played a vital role in the sinking of enemy submarines off the United States coast during the war. The field was also used for training purposes.
Cold War
On 25 May 1946, during the beginning of the Cold War, the headquarters of the newly formed Tactical Air Command were established at Langley. The command's mission was to organize, train, equip and maintain combat-ready forces capable of rapid deployment to meet the challenges of peacetime air sovereignty and wartime air defense. The arrival of Tactical Air Command and jet aircraft marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the field, and in January 1948 Langley Field officially became Langley Air Force Base.
In January 1976, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing was transferred to Langley from MacDill Air Force Base in Florida with the mission of maintaining combat capability for rapid global deployment to conduct air superiority operations. To accomplish this mission, the 1st TFW was the first USAF operational wing to be equipped with the F-15 Eagle.
Post Cold War
On 1 June 1992, Langley became the headquarters of the newly formed Air Combat Command, as Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force's restructuring.
On 15 December 2005, the 1st Fighter Wing's 27th Fighter Squadron became the Air Force's first operational F-22 fighter squadron. The wing's complement of 40 F-22s, in the 27th and 94th FS reached Full Operational Capability on 12 December 2007.
Langley Air Force Base was severely damaged by flooding due to the storm surge from Hurricane Isabel in September 2003 and again during the November 2009 Mid-Atlantic nor'easter. Hurricane Isabel damages to Langley Air Force Base were approximately $147 million. The damages associated with the 2009 nor'easter were approximately $43 million. Resilience measures taken since 2003 include raising low-lying critical infrastructure, mandating a minimum elevation for new construction, construction of a 6 mile long sea wall and a groundwater pumping station. The site of Langley Air Force base, with an average elevation of 3 feet, has seen 14 inches of sea level rise since 1930.
Reorganisation
On 1 October 2010, Langley Air Force Base was joined with Fort Eustis to become Joint Base Langley–Eustis.
Major units
To accomplish their mission, the support unit men and women of the 633d Air Base Wing at Langley are housed in the Mission Support Groups and Medical Group and support several tenant units:
The 1st Fighter Wing is composed of the 1st Operations Group and the 1st Maintenance Group, which work together to maintain Joint Base Langley–Eustis's F-22 Raptors.
Operational squadrons of the 1st Operations Group are: (Tail Code: FF)
27th Fighter Squadron (F-22 Raptor)
94th Fighter Squadron (F-22 Raptor)
71st Fighter Training Squadron (T-38A Talon)
480th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing
The 480th ISR Wing operates and maintains the Air Force Distributed Common Ground System, or DCGS, also known as the "Sentinel" weapon system, conducting imagery, cryptologic, and measurement and signatures intelligence activities.
The Wing is composed of the following units worldwide:
480th ISR Group, Fort Eisenhower, Ga.
497th ISR Group, Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Va.
548th ISR Group, Beale Air Force Base, Calif.
692d ISR Group, Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii
693d ISR Group, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
694th ISR Group, Osan Air Base, South Korea
192d Fighter Wing (Virginia Air National Guard)
The 192d Fighter Wing mission is to fly and maintain the F-22 Raptor at Joint Base Langley–Eustis through the 149th Fighter Squadron, and support the ongoing intelligence mission through the 192d Intelligence Squadron.
633d Air Base Wing
The 633rd ABW is an Air Force-led mission support wing, serving both Air Force and Army units, as a result of a congressionally mandated joint-basing initiative between Langley and Eustis.
Langley also hosts the Air Force Command and Control Integration Center field operating agency and Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC).
Langley is also home to the F-22 Raptor Demo Team. This team, who travel all over the world performing different maneuvers used in air combat, is used to help recruit for the United States Air Force. Performing at airshows and other special events, the squadron is the only demonstration team to use the F-22 Raptor.
Major commands to which assigned
Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, Jun 1917
Army Air Service, 24 May 1918
Re-designated: Army Air Corps, 2 Jul 1926
General Headquarters Air Force, 1 Mar 1935
Northeastern Air District, 19 Oct 1940
Re-designated 1st Air Force, 9 Apr 1941; First Air Force, 18 Sep 1942
Army Air Forces Training Command, 15 Sep 1944
Army Airways Communications Service, 1 Dec 1945
Air Transport Command, 13 Mar 1946
Tactical Air Command 1 May 1946
Continental Air Command, 1 Dec 1948
Tactical Air Command, 1 Dec 1950
Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – Present
Major historical units
Pre World War II
Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps
HQ Langley Fld, inception - June 1917
119th Aero Squadron, 2 July 1917
Air Service (1920–1926); United States Army Air Corps (1926–1941)
2nd Bombardment Group, 1 July 1922 - 29 October 1942
Air Corps Technical School (Unknown Element) 26 May 1919 - 30 September 1921
Air Corps Tactical School - 1 November 1920 - 15 July 1931
Air Park Company #3, 1 October 1921
58th Service Squadron, January 1923
General Headquarters (GHQ), Air Force
Station Complement Langley Fld, 1 March 1935
Base HQ and 1st Air Base Squadron, 1 September 1936
First Air Base Gp (Reinf) 1 September 1940
World War II
First Air Force
First Air Base Gp, 25 November 1941
First Service Gp, 13 June 1942
111th AAF Base Unit, 10 April 1944
Army Air Forces Training Command
3539th AAF Base Unit, 10 September 1944
76th AAF Base Unit, 1 December 1945
Air Transport Command
304th AAF Base Unit, 30 April 1946
AAF Antisubmarine Command
1st Search Attack Group, 17 June 1942 – 10 April 1944
13th Bombardment Group, 15 January-6 June 1941
304th Bombardment Group, 29 October-30 December 1942
378th Bombardment Group, 13 October-14 December 1942
United States Air Force
Tactical Air Command
363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 15 August 1947
160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (RF-80)
161st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (RF-80)
12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (RB-26)
Continental Air Command
4th Fighter Wing, 26 April 1949 (F-80, F-86)
Tactical Air Command
363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 September 1950
12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (RB-26)
47th Bombardment Wing, 12 March 1951 (B-26, B-45)
4430th Air Base Wing, 12 February 1952
405th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 1 May 1953 (B-26, B/RB-57, F-100)
4505th Air Refueling Wing, 15 January 1958 (KB-29, KB-50)
463d Troop Carrier Wing, 1 July 1963 (C-130)
316th Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 January 1966 (C-130)
48th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1953-1991
Military Airlift Command
316th Tactical Airlift Wing 1975 (C-130)
Tactical Air Command, and later Air Combat Command
1st Fighter Wing, 15 April 1977 - Current (F-15A/B/C/D, F-22A)
633d Air Base Wing, 7 January 2010 - Current (Installation support)
See also
Virginia World War II Army Airfields
List of Training Section Air Service airfields
References
External links
1917 establishments in Virginia
2010 disestablishments in Virginia
Airports in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
Installations of the United States Air Force in Virginia
Military installations closed in 2010
Military Superfund sites
Populated places on the James River (Virginia)
Superfund sites in Virginia
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