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4600972	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax%20nobre	Astyanax nobre	Astyanax nobre — вид харациноподібних риб родини харацинових (Characidae). Етимологія Видова назва nobre відноситься до муніципалітету Нобрес (штат Мату-Гросу), де трапляється вид. Крім того, «nobre» португальською мовою означає «благородний». Поширення Ендемік Бразилії. Поширений у річці Салобра, притоці Куяби у верхньому басейні річки Парагвай. Мешкає на ділянці річки з чистою водою, помірним потоком води та дном, яке зазвичай складається з каміння та піску. Рослинність включає ділянки з густими водними макрофітами та добре збереженими прибережними лісами. Опис Вид можна відрізнити від інших представників роду за наявністю чітко вираженої темної середньої смуги на тілі, що тягнеться від заднього краю грудних плавців до основи середніх променів хвостового плавника, і однієї вертикальної подовженої плями на плечовій частині. Примітки Харацинові Тварини, описані 2022 Риби Бразилії Ендемічна фауна Бразилії
4140826	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%96%20%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%20%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2	Люсі Ніколар Пулав	Люсі Ніколар Пулав (22 червня 1882 — 27 березня 1969), яку також називали Ва-Тах-Ва-Со, і яку називали принцесою Ватахвасо, артистка і просвітниця індіанського походження (пенобскотка). Раннє життя Люсі Ніколар (Ва-Тах-Ва-Со) народилася в резервації на острові Пенобскот у штаті Мен і була донькою Джозефа Ніколара та Елізабет Джозеф, обидва племені Пенобско. Її батько був лідером корінних громад і письменником, який опублікував «Життя і традиції Червоної людини» (1893). У дитинстві Люсі Ніколар вчилася майструвати кошики і продавала товари ручної роботи з родиною в Кеннебанкпорті, штат Мен. Вона та її сестри також співали для туристів. Підлітком вона стала членом жіночого клубу на острові Вабанакі, прийнятого до Федерації жіночих клубів штату Мен в 1897 році. Підлітком Ніколар почала їздити на публічні виступи на таких заходах, як шоу спортсменів; під час однієї з таких поїздок Ніколар привернула увагу адміністратора Гарварда. Він організував для неї можливості вивчати музику в Бостоні та Нью-Йорку. Кар'єра Ніколар часто поєднувала політичну активність із розвагами. У січні 1900 року, коли їй було 17 років, Ніколар відвідала дебати на тему імміграції в Нью-Йорку . Вона замовкла присутніх заявою: «Я вважаю, що тут я єдина справжня американка». Потім вона сіла за піаніно, заспівала жалібну пісню і зіграла Шопена, зачепивши усіх у кімнаті. Люсі Ніколар гастролювала по Сполучених Штатах, використовуючи сценічне ім'я «Принцеса Ватахвасо» починаючи з 1916 року, співаючи пісні, граючи на фортепіано, розповідаючи історії, танцюючи та вдягаючи костюм з бахромою. Вона заспівала пісню "Зіркоподібний прапор " на щорічному бенкеті організації Redpath-Vawter Chautauqua. Також вона виступала в еолійському залі, а в 1920 році брала участь у програмі до Дня музики в Жіночому прес-клубі в Нью-Йорку. Пишучи про своє шоу в 1920 році, газета New York Times зауважила, що «рідні та придбані подарунки Ватахвасо дають певний шарм, який не часто можна почути в примітивній музиці». Хоч вона була представлена як «примітивна музика», більшість репертуару принцеси Ватахвасо було написано композиторами, які не є корінними народними жителями, включаючи Терлоу Ліурейшна та Чарльза Вейкфілда Кадмена. Протягом з 1917 по 1930 рік Люсі Ніколар зробила більше дюжини записів для компанії Victor Talking Machine. Після 1929 року Люсі Ніколар Пулау пішла з виставкових майданчиків, і разом із чоловіком керували магазином кошиків «Teepee Chief Poolaw's» у штаті Мен. Зі своїми сестрами Еммою та Флоренцією вона брала активну участь у роботі у справах захисту прав корінних американців у штаті Мен. Після того пенобскоти, які жили на землях резервації в штаті Мен, отримали право голосу в 1955 році, Люсі Ніколар Пула віддала перший голос. Особисте життя Люсі Ніколар вперше вийшла заміж у 1905 році за лікаря з Бостона; вони розлучились у 1913 р. До 1918 року вона вийшла заміж за свого менеджера та адвоката Томаса Ф. Гормана; вони також розлучилися. Її третім чоловіком став Брюс Пулав (1906—1984), колега-артист. Разом вони осіли у штаті Мен. Люсі Ніколар Пулав померла в 1969 році у віці 87 років на землі індіанців. Сувенірний магазин «Пула», перейменований у «Тіпі» принцеси Ватахвасо, зараз є музеєм, яким керує племінник Люсі Чарльз Норман Шей. Один із кошиків Пулав є у колекції Історичного товариства Оклахоми. У 2010 та 2011 роках у музеї абатства була виставка про неї під назвою «Тітка Лу: Історія принцеси Ватахвасо». Фотограф Горацій Пулав був її швагером. Посилання Посилання Зайчик Макбрайд, принцеса Ватахвасо: Яскрава зірка Пенобскота (2002), коротка біографія, видана як книга, її племінником Чарльзом Норманом Шей. Ліз Соннеборн, від А до Я американських індіанок (видавництво Infobase 2014). (включає запис про Люсі Ніколар) Американські суфражистки Народились 1882
96222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox%20County%2C%20Illinois	Knox County, Illinois	Knox County, Illinois Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 49,967. Its county seat is Galesburg. Knox County comprises the Galesburg, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. History Knox County was named in honor of Henry Knox, the first US Secretary of War. The first "Knox County" in what today is Illinois was unrelated to the modern incarnation. In 1790, the land of the Indiana Territory that was to become Illinois was divided into two counties: St. Clair and Knox. The latter included land in what was to become Indiana. When Knox County, Indiana, was formed from this portion of the county in 1809, the Illinois portions were subdivided into counties that were given other names. The modern Knox County, Illinois, was organized in 1825, from Fulton County, itself a portion of the original St. Clair County. Like its neighbor to the south, Fulton County, for its Spoon River Drive, Knox County is also known for a similar scenic drive fall festival the first two weekends in October, the Knox County Drive. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.5%) is water. Climate and weather In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Galesburg have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in January 1982 and a record high of was recorded in July 1983. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in January to in July. Public Transit Galesburg station Burlington Trailways Galesburg Transit List of intercity bus stops in Illinois Major highways Interstate 74 U.S. Highway 34 U.S. Highway 150 Illinois Route 8 Illinois Route 17 Illinois Route 41 Illinois Route 78 Illinois Route 97 Illinois Route 164 Illinois Route 116 Illinois Route 167 Illinois Route 180 Adjacent counties Mercer County - northwest Henry County - north Stark County - east Peoria County - southeast Fulton County - south Warren County - west Demographics As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 52,919 people, 21,535 households, and 13,324 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 24,077 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 87.5% white, 7.2% black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 1.9% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 23.1% were German, 14.9% were Irish, 11.7% were English, 11.6% were Swedish, and 8.0% were American. Of the 21,535 households, 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.1% were non-families, and 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age was 42.0 years. The median income for a household in the county was $39,545 and the median income for a family was $51,740. Males had a median income of $42,067 versus $25,380 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,908. About 10.9% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. Communities Cities Abingdon Galesburg Knoxville Oneida Villages Altona East Galesburg Henderson London Mills (mostly in Fulton County) Maquon Rio St. Augustine Victoria Wataga Williamsfield Yates City Census-designated places Gilson Oak Run Other unincorporated communities Appleton Centerville Columbia Heights Dahinda Delong Douglas Elba Center Henderson Grove Hermon Ontario Rapatee Saluda Soperville Trenton Corners Truro Uniontown Townships Knox County is divided into twenty-one townships: Cedar Chestnut Copley Elba Galesburg Galesburg City Haw Creek Henderson Indian Point Knox Lynn Maquon Ontario Orange Persifer Rio Salem Sparta Truro Victoria Walnut Grove Politics Knox County's political history is typical of Yankee-settled Northern Illinois. It leaned Whig during its early elections – although giving a plurality to Franklin Pierce in 1852 – and become powerfully Republican following that party's formation. Although Knox did support Progressive Theodore Roosevelt against conservative incumbent President William Howard Taft in 1912, it was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1932 landslide before Knox County again gave the Democratic Party so much as a plurality, and it did not give a Democratic absolute majority until Lyndon B. Johnson gained such against the anti-Yankee, Southern-leaning Barry Goldwater in 1964. Since then, Knox County gradually trended Democratic for the following four decades, so that Michael Dukakis in his losing 1988 campaign was able to carry the county by the same margin as Johnson had done in 1964. During the 1990s and 2000s, Knox was a solidly Democratic county, voting Democratic by at least nine percentage points in every election from 1992 to 2012. The 2016 election, in the shadow of high unemployment in the “Rust Belt” saw a swing of over twenty percentage points to Donald Trump, who became the first Republican victor in the county since Ronald Reagan in 1984. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Knox County, Illinois References Further reading Charles C. Chapman and Co., History of Knox County, Illinois: Together with Sketches of the Cities, Villages and Townships; Record of its Volunteers in the Late War; Educational, Religious, Civil and Political History; Portraits of Prominent Persons and Biographical Sketches of the Subscribers; History of Illinois, Abstracts of the State Laws, Etc., Etc., Etc. Chicago: Blakely, Brown and Marsh, Printers, 1878. Fred R. Jelliff, Annals of Knox County: Commemorating Centennial of Admission of Illinois as State of the Union in 1818. Galesburg, IL: Republican Register Printing, 1918. Portrait and Biographical Album of Knox County, Illinois, Containing Full Page Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens of the County, Together with Portraits and Biographies of All the Governors of Illinois, and of the Presidents of the United States: Also Containing a History of the County from Its Earliest Settlement Up to the Present Time. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Company, 1886. External links "Foxie's Knox Co., IL AHGP" Illinois counties 1825 establishments in Illinois Populated places established in 1825 Galesburg, Illinois micropolitan area
32655654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kologrivsky%20District	Kologrivsky District	Kologrivsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kostroma Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Kologriv. Population: 8,566 (2002 Census); The population of Kologriv accounts for 56.5% of the district's total population. References Notes Sources Districts of Kostroma Oblast
21962762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20H%C5%99%C3%ADmal%C3%BD	Jan Hřímalý	Jan Hřímalý (also Ivan Voitsekhovich Grzhimali; 13 April 1844 – ) was an influential Czech violinist and teacher, who was associated with the Moscow Conservatory for 46 years in 1869–1915. He was born in Pilsen, Bohemia (then part of the Austrian Empire), the second son of the organist and composer Vojtěch Hřímalý (1809–1880), and a member of a notable Czech musical family. He was taught by his older brother Vojtěch Hřímalý jr., and by Moritz Mildner. Hřímalý studied violin at the Prague Conservatory (1855–1861), and went on to become leader of the Amsterdam Orchestra (1862–1868). In 1869 he was appointed violin teacher at the Moscow Conservatory. He succeeded Ferdinand Laub as professor of violin studies 1874–1915. He was leader of the Russian Musical Society Orchestra in Moscow from 1874 until 1906. He was acquainted with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who held him in high regard. He co-premiered Tchaikovsky's String Quartets Nos. 2 (1874) and 3 (1876). In March 1882, he appeared in the first performance (private) of Tchaikovsky's Piano Trio in A minor and may have also appeared in the public premiere in October, although this is not certain. He made a very early recording on wax cylinders of the Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor by Anton Arensky, with the composer at the piano and the cellist Anatoliy Brandukov. This recording was made shortly after its composition and is almost certainly its first recording, although it is not complete. He was considered an outstanding teacher. His students included Iosif Kotek, Reinhold Glière, who dedicated his Octet for Strings, Op. 5, to his teacher; Paul Juon; Vladimir Bakaleinikov; Arcady Dubensky; Stanisław Barcewicz, Pyotr Stolyarsky (the teacher of David Oistrakh, Nathan Milstein, and many others); Nikolai Roslavets; Konstantin Saradzhev; Alexander Petschnikoff, Mikhail Press, Alexander Schmuller; and possibly Mitrofan Vasiliev, the first violin teacher of Jean Sibelius. He published a number of technical exercises and studies, some of which were valued by Jascha Heifetz, and he died in Moscow in 1915. All his siblings were musically talented. Together with his brothers, Vojtěch (1842–1908), Jan Bartulomeus Čestmír (1844–1915), and Bohuslav Ferdinand Wenzl (1848–1894), they started the first string quartet in Bohemia. His sisters, Maria Regina (1839–1924) and Anna Jana (1840–1897) were renowned singers in Salzburg, Austria. References External links 1844 births 1915 deaths Burials at Vvedenskoye Cemetery 19th-century Czech people 19th-century classical violinists Czech male classical violinists Czech classical violinists Classical violinists from the Russian Empire Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the Russian Empire Prague Conservatory alumni Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory Musicians from Plzeň Czech music educators Violin pedagogues Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky People from the Russian Empire of Czech descent 19th-century Czech male musicians
2448757	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C	Костелець	Костелець Населені пункти в Чехії: Костелець (Тахов) Костелець (Їглава) Костелець (Їчин) Костелець (Годонін)
18972178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech%C3%B3w%2C%20Gmina%20Przedb%C3%B3rz	Wojciechów, Gmina Przedbórz	Wojciechów, Gmina Przedbórz Wojciechów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przedbórz, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately east of Przedbórz, east of Radomsko, and south-east of the regional capital Łódź. References Villages in Radomsko County
3090718	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80	Б'янка Боскер	Б'янка Боскер – американська журналістка, письменниця. Дружина Метью Нгуєни (Matthew Nguyen), професора Єльського університету. Авторка популярної в Сполучених Штатах книги «CORK DORK: A Wine-Fueled Adventure Among the Obsessive Sommeliers, Big Bottle Hunters, and Rogue Scientists Who Taught Me to Live for Taste» (укр. «Схиблені на вині. Мандрівка у вишуканий світ сомельє»). Яку було перекладено та опубліковано українською мовою видавництвом «Наш Формат» у 2018 році. Біографія Народилася в Портленді, штат Орегон (США). Навчалась у Принстонському університеті. Працювала на посаді редактора «The Atlantic», також є автором ряду публікацій «The New Yorker», «The New York Times», «The Wall Street Journal», «Food & Wine», «The Guardian» та «The New Republic». Її твори ввійшли до антології «Best American Travel Writing» та відзначені низкою нагород: Міжнародної асоціації кулінарних професіоналів, Товариства професійних журналістів, Товариства редакторів і письменників американського бізнесу, Асоціації фуд-журналістів, а також премією МФК Фішер. Окрім цього номіновані на премію Джеральда Лоеба, Міжнародну премію Вільяма Сарояна, та нагороди «Deadline Club Awards». Паралельно з основною діяльністю, Б'янка Боскер також займається вивченням китайської культури. Її «ORIGINAL COPIES» (Архітектурна мімікрія у сучасному Китаї) фігурує в якості фіналіста премії «Книга року» за версією «Foreword Reviews», також названа однією з кращих книг року ресурсу «Gizmodo». Боскер є співзасновницею сайту «Huffington Post», де до 2014 року працювала виконавчим технічним редактором. Також є співавторкою книги «Bowled Over: A Roll Down Memory Lane» (Chronicle Books, 2002). Б'янка Боскер наразі живе у Принстоні, штат Нью-Джерсі. Часто буває в Нью-Йорку. Серед маловідомих фактів про авторку: має диплом дворецького, колекціонує графічні романи та експериментує різноманітні поєднання вина з їжею. Переклад українською Б'янка Боскер. Схиблені на вині. Мандрівка у вишуканий світ сомельє / пер. Ганна Руль. — К.: Наш Формат, 2018. — 344 с. — ISBN 978-617-7552-81-8. Посилання Офіційний сайт Б'янки Боскер Примітки Письменниці Американські жінки-журналісти
18971139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadzim	Zadzim	Zadzim is a village in Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zadzim. It lies approximately south-west of Poddębice and west of the regional capital Łódź. History The first written mention of Zadzim comes from 1386. It was the home of Zadzimski family, who erected a church in the village somewhere around the early 15th century. Later, the settlement belonged also to Zaleski family from Otok, and the families of Radomicki, Sapieha, and Lubomirski. In the 16th century it was divided in three smaller and separate settlements called Wola Zaleska, Wola Sypińska and Wola Zadzimska (currently Wola Flaszczyna). In the 18th century, the estates were purchased by Dąmbski family from Lubraniec. Count Józef Kazimierz from Lubraniec was a voivode of Sieradz in 1756–1766. For the last time before the dissolution of the Polish state, the village was bought by the Jarociński family. In the centre of Zadzim stands the late Renaissance Church of St Margaret (pw. św. Małgorzaty) built of brick in 1640–1642 in place of the original wooden church from 1416. The founder and main benefactor of the present structure was Count Aleksander Zaleski from Otok, Dołęga coat of arms. Notable people Zadzim is the birthplace of Jewish painter Leopold Pilichowski (1869–1934), student of Jan Matejko, who was active during the final years of the foreign partitions of Poland. References Zadzim Kalisz Governorate Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)
2305968	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%20%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96	Липовецькі скелі	Липовецькі скелі — геологічна пам'ятка природи місцевого значення в Україні. Об'єкт Природно-заповідного фонду Закарпатської області. Розташована в межах Перечинського району Закарпатської області, між селами Турички та Липовець. Площа 2 га. Статус отриманий згідно з рішенням облвиконкому від 18.11.1969 року № 414 та рішенням облвиконкому від 23.10.1984 року №253. Перебуває у віданні ДП «Перечинське ЛГ» (Турицьке л-во, кв. 30, вид. 1). Статус надано для збереження унікального природного ландшафту — мальовничих скель, розташованих у лісовому масиві. Джерела Липовецькі скелі. Геологічна пам'ятка природи місцевого значення Геологічні пам'ятки природи Закарпатської області Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1969 Скелі Карпат
399754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-president	Minister-president	Minister-president A minister-president or minister president is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments with a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government where they preside over the council of ministers. It is an alternative term for prime minister, premier, chief minister, or first minister and very similar to the title of president of the council of ministers. Terminology In English-speaking countries, similar institutions may be called premiers or first ministers (typically at the subnational level) or prime ministers (typically at the national level). The plural is sometimes formed by adding an s to minister and sometimes by adding an s to president. The term is used, for instance, as a translation (calque) of the German word . Austria From 1867 to 1918, the first minister of the government was known as (minister-president), before that (state chancellor). Today the head of the Austrian Federal Government is called the (federal chancellor), while the head of a state government is called the (literally 'state captain'), not . In the city-state of Vienna the head of the state government is called the (Mayor and state captain). See: List of ministers-president of Austria. Belgium The term minister-president is also used in Belgium to describe the head of government of a Belgian region or linguistic community, but not the head of the Belgian federal government who is referred to as the prime minister. According to the Belgian constitution, the federal prime minister is appointed by the king, and approved by the federal parliament with a vote of confidence (in practice the king usually appoints the leader of the winning party as to form a government). The federal ministers later swear an oath of allegiance to the king. The ministers-president of the regions and linguistic communities are not appointed by the king, but are directly appointed by their respective parliament. Ministers of the regions and linguistic communities are not required to swear allegiance to the king but simply take an oath in their respective parliament. See: Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region Minister-President of Flanders Minister-President of the French Community Minister-President of Wallonia Minister-President of the German-speaking Community Germany A Minister President is the head of government in 13 of the 16 States of Germany. Exceptions are the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen, where the head of government is called, respectively, the Governing Mayor, First Mayor and Mayor and President of the Senate. On the federal level, the head of the federal government (with an effectively identical function as leader of the cabinet) is called the Chancellor or Federal Chancellor (or ). The positions of Minister-president in the German states (during the monarchy days) were mostly established in response to the 1848 German revolutions. The Minister-President of Prussia usually served simultaneously as the Imperial Chancellor. Hungary The title of Hungary's head of government in Hungarian is which literally translated means "minister-president". However, because "prime minister" or "premier" is the more usual title in a parliamentary system for a head of government in English-speaking nations, is almost always translated as "prime minister." Latvia The Minister president is the head of government. "Minister-President" in the Constitution of Latvia of February 15, 1922, arose when the German term (minister-president) was translated; the term (literally 'president of ministers', in Latvian) was coined by the member of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia, Latvian writer Kārlis Skalbe. Netherlands In the Netherlands the prime minister is officially referred to as "minister-president", although the informal term "premier" is also frequently used. His responsibilities are defined in the constitution of 1848 as the ('chair of the council of ministers'). The title of minister-president has been in use since 1945 and officially added to the constitution in 1983. Norway In Norway, Vidkun Quisling, head of the collaborationist government from 1942 to 1945 during the German occupation in World War II, held the title of Minister-President. Russian Republic During the short lived Russian Republic, the role of a Minister-President was established. Alexander Kerensky was chosen to lead the provisional government. Notes Gubernatorial titles Heads of government Positions of subnational authority Titles of national or ethnic leadership Ministers-President of communities and regions of Belgium
1946267	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97	Номерні знаки Австрії	Номерні знаки Австрії Автомобільні номерні знаки Австрії використовуються для реєстрації транспортних засобів в Австрії. Вони використовуються для перевірки законності використання, наявності страхування та ідентифікації транспортних засобів. Зовнішній вигляд Номерні знаки виготовляють з металу. На них зображені чорні літери та цифри на білому фоні. 1 листопада 2002 на знаках почали зображувати синю європейську стрічку з 12 зірками та кодом країни "A". Зверху та знизу є по три тоненькі смужки в кольорах прапору Австрії. На кожному автомобілі повинні бути по два знаки - спереду та позаду. Пластини автодилерів зелені з білими літерами, тимчасові пластини блакитні з білими літерами, номери для іноземних причепів червоні з білими літерами. Для мотоциклів та авто з невеликими місцями кріплення пластин існують маленькі номерні знаки, з двома рядками тексту. Знаки для мопедів відрізняються за формою та виглядом. Вони червоні з білими літерами. Перші номерні знаки було видано в 1906 році. До 1989 року австрійські номерні знаки були чорного кольору з білими літерами. На старих номерних знаках було по 1-2 букви та по 3-6 цифр. Літерно-цифрова система Літерно-цифрова схема реєстраційних знаків має формат «XX-(герб федеральної землі)-цифри-літера(и)» або «XX-(герб федеральної землі)-особистий літерний номер-цифра» XX - одна або дві літери позначають адміністративний округ, де проживає власник авто. Столиці провінцій мають одну букву, всі інші округи - по дві. герб федеральної землі, до якої належить округ; дипломатичні транспортні засоби замість нього мають дефіс цифри і букви використовуються в порядку зростання. Індивідуальні номерні знаки В Австрії можливо отримати індивідуальний номерний знак, сплативши 245 євро. Формат знаку буде «xx-провінція-замовлений напис-номер з однієї цифри» (напр. G ∇ TOMMY 1) Серії для регіонів Зарезервовані сполучення Приклади = A ∇ 1, PT ∇ 12345 A — федеральний уряд BB — Bundesbahnen (федеральна залізниця) (вилучається, замість цього використовується W ∇ 1234 BB) BD — Kraftfahrlinien Bundesbus (федеральна автобусна служба) BG — Gendarmerie (жандармерія) — з 2005 року не видається, оскільки жандармерія та поліція були об'єднані BH — Bundesheer (армія) BP — Bundespolizei (поліція) FV — Finanzverwaltung (фінансова адміністрація) JW — Justizwache (поліція юстиції) PT — Post & Telekom Austria (національна телефонна компанія) ZW — Zollwache (митниця) Приклад = FW ∇ 1234 W, FW ∇ 123 KU FW — Feuerwehr (пожежні команди) Приклади = W ∇ 1234 BE, AM ∇ 123 RD, ZE ∇ 123 TX BE — Bestattung (ритуальні послуги) BF — Berufsfeuerwehr (Професійна пожежна команда) EW — E-Werk (електроенергетичні компанії) FF — Freiwillige Feuerwehr (добровольчі пожежні команди) FW — Freiwillige Feuerwehr (добровольчі пожежні команди) GW — Gaswerk (газовоенергетичні компанії) GT — Gütertransport (транспортні засоби, що перевозять товари) KT — Kleintransport (приватні транспортні засоби, що перевозять посилки) LO — Linienomnibus (державні автобусні служби) LR — Landesregierung (уряд Нижньої Австрії) LV — Landesregierung (уряд Тіроля) MA — Magistrat Wien (суспільні роботи в Відні) MW — Mietwagen (прокат автомобілів) RD — Rettungsdienst (швидка допомога) RK — Rotes Kreuz (Червоний хрест) TX — Taxi (таксі) Міста та округа Дипломатичні та консульські приставки В Австрії використовують спеціальні географічні приставки для дипломатичного та консульського транспорту в залежності від федеральної землі, в якій вони перебувають. В декількох випадках дипломатичні та консульські приставки збігаються з приставками міст та округів на звичайних номерних знаках. BD — Дипломатичний корпус в Бургенланді. (до 1997, наразі належить Федеральній автобусній службі) GD — Дипломатичний корпус в Штирії, також використовується на номерних знаках округа Gmünd GK — Консульський корпус в Штирії KD — Дипломатичний корпус в Каринтії KK — Консульський корпус в Каринтії ND — Дипломатичний корпус в Нижній Австрії, також використовується на номерних знаках округа Neusiedl am See NK — Консульський корпус в Нижней Австрії, також використовується на номерних знаках округа Neunkirchen OD — Дипломатичний корпус в Верхній Австрії OK — Консульський корпус в Верхній Австрії SD — Дипломатичний корпус в Зальцбурзі, також використовується на номерних знаках округа Schärding SK — Консульський корпус в Зальцбурзі TD — Дипломатичний корпус в Тиролі TK — Консульський корпус в Тиролі VD — Дипломатичний корпус в Форарльберзі VK — Консульський корпус в Форарльберзі, також використовується на номерних знаках округа Völkermarkt WD — Дипломатичний корпус в Відні WK — Консульський корпус в Відні Галерея Австрія Автотранспорт Австрії
957230	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD	Філіпп Ватюон	Філіпп Ватюон (13 квітня 1962) - французький гімнаст, олімпійєць. Виступи на Олімпіадах Посилання Досьє на sport.references.com Французькі спортивні гімнасти Французькі бронзові олімпійські медалісти Бронзові призери літніх Олімпійських ігор 1984 Спортивні гімнасти на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1984 Уродженці Сета Французькі олімпійці
6442137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt%20Giles	Curt Giles	Curt Giles Curtis Jon Giles (born November 30, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. Selected by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft, Giles had two tenures with the North Stars (1979–86 and 1987–91). During each, his steady defensive play helped guide the North Stars to appearances in the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals. Giles also played for the New York Rangers and St. Louis Blues. He had a portion of his left ring finger amputated on March 24, 1986 in order to compete in the 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs. The finger had a tumor in the bone and forced him to miss the end of the 1985-86 regular-season. He is the head hockey coach at Edina High School, Minnesota. His team won the state title in 2010, 2013, 2014, 2019 and 2024. Awards and honours World Championship bronze medalist (1982) Olympic silver medalist (1992) "Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International References External links Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com 1958 births AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans Canadian ice hockey defencemen Ice hockey people from Manitoba Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics Living people Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States Minnesota North Stars draft picks Minnesota North Stars players New York Rangers players Oklahoma City Stars players Olympic ice hockey players for Canada Olympic silver medalists for Canada People from The Pas St. Louis Blues players Olympic medalists in ice hockey Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
3942897	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%20%28%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%29	Лора (ураган)	Лора (ураган) Ураган Лора (також відомий як Лаура ) — перший ураган четвертої категорії в Атлантиці в сезоні 2020 року. Серед тридцяти іменованих штормів усіх сезонів в басейні Північно-Атлантичного океану, цей є найбільш раннім; він утворився на вісім днів раніше 1995 року. Ураган Лора пов'язують з ураганом «Last Island» 1856 року та ураганом «Іда» як найсильніший ураган за всю історію, який здійснив вихід у американському штаті Луїзіана. Ураган утворився з великої тропічної хвилі, яка 16 серпня рушила з узбережжя Західної Африки і стала тропічною депресією. Лора потрапила на Малі Антильські острови та Пуерто-Рико як тропічний шторм, потім перемістилася через Домініканську республіку, Гаїті та Кубу. В цей час було оголошено попередження про тропічний шторм та евакуацію понад 260 000 людей на Кубі. Приблизно тоді лінія дощів, вбудовані в зовнішні дощові смуги, досягли Південної Флориди, що призвело до сильних поривів вітру, злив, збільшення прибою та ймовірність повені у Флорида-Кіс. На початку, 25 серпня, Лора увійшла в Мексиканську затоку і посилилась до урагану 1 категорії. Хоча помірний зсув вітру та сухе повітря затримали значне посилення, тиск Лори почав швидко падати цього дня, оскільки більш сприятливі атмосферні умови та тепла температура моря дозволили урагану наступного дня швидко посилитися. Тож 26 серпня Лора стала ураганом 4 категорії. Потім 27 серпня о 6:00 UTC Лора вийшов на узбережжя штату Луїзіана. Внаслідок урагану Лора загинуло щонайменше 77 людей: 31 на Гаїті, чотири в Домініканській Республіці та 42 в США. Метеорологічна історія 16 серпня біля західного узбережжя Африки виникла тропічна хвиля. Того дня Національний центр ураганів США (NHC) відзначив можливість, що система в кінцевому підсумку може перерости в тропічний циклон, а імовірність того, що це станеться у п'ятиденний термін, оцінювалася приблизно в 20 %. Через добу NHC оцінював імовірність того, що хвиля протягом п'яти днів переросте у тропічний циклон, вже у 50 %, а 18 серпня збільшив імовірність до 90 % . У межах хвилі, з дощовими смугами, розташованими поблизу центру, що були ознаками тропічного циклону. 20 серпня супутникові знімки показали, що у системі утворився визначений центр циркуляції низького тиску (LLCC) з конвекційною системою навколо нього. Як результат, NHC почав видавати рекомендації щодо тропічної депресії тринадцять, коли вона розташовувалася приблизно за 1035 миль (1670 км) на схід-південний схід від Північних Підвітряних островів. 21 серпня мисливці за ураганами влетіли в тропічний циклон і спостерігали штормовий вітер; в результаті NHC підвищив депресію до тропічного шторму Лора, коли вона була приблизно за 375 км на схід-південний схід від Північних Підвітряних островів. Це зробило Лору найбільш раннім дванадцятим Атлантичним штормом — попередній рекорд, що належав урагану Луїс 1995 року, було випереджено на вісім днів. Під час перетину Підвітряних островів Лора була погано організована, мало грозової активності поблизу центру, погано окреслених дощових смуг на південь та чітко визначеного відтоку. Шторм посилився, проходячи на південь від Пуерто-Рико, спричиняючи велику площу гроз. На початку 23 серпня Лора вийшла на берег Домініканська Республіка біля Сан-Педро-де-Макоріс, з вітрами 45 миль на годину (72 км/год). Пізніше того ж дня центр Лори пройшов поблизу Санто-Домінго, столиці Домініканської Республіки. Поки шторм перетнув острів, система покращилась. Пізніше, 23 серпня, Лора вийшла з Гаїті і перетнула Навітряний прохід, здійснивши другий вихід на сушу біля провінції Сантьяго-де-Куба, вже як тропічний шторм середньої сили, з вітром 60 миль на годину (95 км/год) і мінімальним тиском у центрі 1000 мбар (29,53 дюйма рт. ст.). Структура шторму руйнувалась, втративши своє внутрішнє ядро від гроз, і Лора вийшла на узбережжя на заході Куби в провінції Пінар-дель-Ріо близько 00:00 UTC 25 серпня. Буря реорганізувалась після того, як пізніше того ж дня вийшла в Мексиканську затоку. З легким зсувом вітру та теплими температурами поверхні моря в Мексиканській затоці Лора почала посилюватися, коли вона відстежувалась на захід-північний захід від Куби, керованої великим хребтом над східною частиною Сполучених Штатів та жолобом над центральною частиною Техасу. Конвективна система перетворилась на центральну щільну хмарність. О 12:15 UTC 25 серпня, NHC підвищив Лору до статусу урагану, на основі повідомлень «Мисливців на урагани». 26 серпня глибока конвекція урагану організувалась і стала більш симетричною, око стало чітким. Того дня, о 12:00 за UTC, Лора посилилася і стала першим великим ураганом, а лише через шість годин дійшла до 4 категорії. О 01:00 UTC 27 серпня Лора досягла пікової інтенсивності 240 км/год при тиску 937 мбар (27,67 дюйма рт. ст.). Через дві години тиск Лори почав коливатися, коли вона наблизилася до узбережжя Луїзіани. Того самого дня о 06:00 за UTC UTC Лора вийшла на берег біля Камерона, штат Луїзіана, із вітром 150 миль/год (240 км/год) та тиском 937 мбар (27,67 дюйма рт. ст.); це зв'язало Лору з ураганом «Останній острів» 1856 року, як найсильніший із зареєстрованих циклонів, який вийшов на берег у Луїзіані на основі максимальної стійкої швидкості вітру. Лора почала швидко слабшати після того як почала рухатися вглиб суходолу. Підготовка Малі Антильські та Віргінські острови Готуючись до шторму, школи були закриті в Ангільї та Антигуа. 20 серпня для кількох островів було оголошено попередження про тропічний шторм. Шторм спричинив закриття всіх портів на Британських Віргінських островах. Домініканська республіка Попередження про тропічний шторм охопило узбережжя від Пунта Паленке до північного кордону Гаїті. Також було оголошено червоний рівень тривоги для 18 провінцій, жовтий – для 8 і зелений – для 6. Гаїті Влада Гаїті закликала людей евакуюватися до притулків, а також не забувати носити маски та дотримуватися правил соціального дистанціювання в районах через пандемію COVID-19. Ямайка і Кайманові острови Хоча за прогнозами центр Лаури залишився на північ від Ямайки, передбачалося, що пов’язані з ним смуги дощів на південній стороні циркуляції принесуть значні опади. 23 серпня Метеорологічна служба Ямайки оголосила про раптові повені для низинних районів по всій країні. Пізніше це було оновлено до попередження про раптову повінь 24 серпня, оскільки проливні дощі вплинули на країну. Спочатку передбачалося, що основна частина шторму залишиться на північ від Кайманових островів, але оскільки прогноз продовжував зміщуватися далі на південний-захід від попереднього прогнозу, прогнози значних опадів і сильного вітру продовжували зростати. Уряд Кайманових островів опублікував попередження про тропічний шторм для своїх островів 23 серпня. Це було на додаток до вже опублікованих заяв про несприятливі погодні умови та попереджень про повінь. Куба Напередодні першого виходу на Кубу 23 серпня по всій країні були оголошені попередження про тропічний шторм. У якийсь момент західний край Куби одночасно перебував під попередженням про тропічний шторм від Лаури та попередженням про тропічний шторм урагану Марко. Офіційні особи евакуювали 106 000 людей у провінції Сантьяго-де-Куба, 81 300 у провінції Ольгін та 12 000 у провінції Гуантанамо. В якості запобіжного заходу в провінції Гуантанамо було запобіжно відключено електроенергію. 24 серпня ще 45 000 осіб було евакуйовано провінцію Вілья-Клара, 16 466 осіб у провінції Матансас і 300 осіб у провінції Сьєго-де-Авіла. Триваюча пандемія COVID-19 ускладнила евакуацію, в результаті чого типові притулки для евакуації, такі як школи, не відкривалися. Ті з підозрою на зараження були переселені в карантинні центри. Мешканців по всій країні сповістили про ймовірність широкомасштабної повені, оскільки багато водосховищ майже повні. Сполучені Штати Урагани «Марко» та «Лора» загрожували великій частині нафтових платформ, розташованих у Мексиканській затоці. До 23 серпня було зупинено приблизно 58 відсотків видобутку нафти та 45 відсотків видобутку природного газу; це включало евакуацію 114 платформ. До 25 серпня було евакуйовано 299 з 643 платформ і 27 з 28 мобільних бурових установок. Для цього шторму було видано сім годин торнадо. До них належали прибережні води, а також Техас, Луїзіана, Міссісіпі, Арканзас, Теннессі, Алабама та Кентуккі. Співробітники офісу NWS у Лейк-Чарльзі також були евакуйовані; NWS Brownsville видає попередження для їхнього регіону. Коли Лора наближалася до берега, для Луїзіани та Техасу було оголошено попередження про сильний вітер. Пуерто-Рико Губернатор Пуерто-Ріко Ванда Васкес оголосила надзвичайний стан, і команди FEMA були готові допомогти з відновленням у Пуерто-Рико. Флорида 21 серпня губернатор Флориди Рон Десантіс оголосив надзвичайний стан у південних округах штату. В окрузі Меріон було попередньо створено мобільний госпіталь, а комплекти засобів індивідуального захисту були підготовлені для розповсюдження в притулках. У зв’язку з наближенням шторму для Флорида-Кіс було оголошено спостереження за тропічним штормом, хоча північна сторона області була опущена, коли Лаура пішла далі на південь, ніж очікувалося. Мер округу Монро Хізер Каррузерс оголосила місцевий надзвичайний стан і обов'язкову евакуацію в мобільних будинкахі човни, хоча відвідувачам дозволялося залишатися. Техас 24 серпня було оголошено попередження про ураган, тропічні шторм та штормовий приплив в районах, головним чином поблизу та на схід від Галвестона. Більшість із них було оновлено наступного дня, а також було оголошено попередження про раптові повені для східної частини штату. 23 серпня губернатор Техасу Грег Ебботт оголосив надзвичайний стан у 23 округах на сході Техасу. 25 серпня були видані накази про обов'язкову евакуацію для низинних районів округів Чемберс, Галвестон і Джефферсон, а також для всього округу Орандж. Це включало весь півострів Болівар і міста Галвестон і Порт-Артур. Міська влада Галвестона повідомила жителям, що всі міські служби будуть припинять працювати опівдні 25 серпня, а після прибуття урагану екстрені служби будуть призупинені. Для допомоги в евакуації було задіяно 50 автобусів. Було видано наказ про добровільну евакуацію прибережних районів округів Бразорія та Гарріс. Приблизно 385 000 людей були евакуйовані в штаті, включаючи все місто Бомонт. Луїзіана 24 серпня майже для всієї берегової лінії було оголошено спостереження за ураганом, тропічним штормом та штормовим припливом. Це сталося лише через кілька годин після того, як у південно-східній частині штату було скасовано попередження про тропічний шторм та штормовий приплив для Марко. Більшість було оновлено до попереджень наступного дня, а також було оголошено спостереження про раптові повені для західної половини штату, оскільки очікується понад 10 дюймів (250 мм) дощу. У міру зростання загрози припливу для берегової лінії NHC заявив, що буде «непережитий штормовий приплив із великими та руйнівними хвилями». У зв’язку загрозою виходу Марко та Лаури на берег в Луїзіані 21 серпня губернатор Луїзіани Джон Бел Едвардс оголосив надзвичайний стан у 36 округах. Евакуацію, пов’язану з Марко, проводили в округах Плакмін, Джефферсон та містах Гранд-Айл і Порт-Форшон. 25 серпня було видано наказ про обов’язкову евакуацію всього округу Калькасьє, приблизно 200 000 осіб. Через пандемію COVID-19 було відкрито державні притулки з розставленими ліжками далі один від одного. За кілька годин до того, як Лаура вийшла на берег 26 серпня, I-10 було закрито в обох напрямках між кордоном Луїзіани та Техасу на схід до басейну Атчафалая. Міссісіпі Незважаючи на те, що берегова лінія Міссісіпі була далеко від центру шторму, 24 серпня було оголошено попередження про штормовий приплив в Оушен-Спрінгс на захід через величезні розміри Лаури. Однак було знято до того, як шторм обрушився на сушу. [51] Губернатор штату Міссісіпі Тейт Рівз 22 серпня оголосив надзвичайний стан через урагани «Лаура» та «Марко», які загрожували штату, і федеральний уряд надав це рішення 24 серпня. Арканзас Пошуково-рятувальні групи були переведені в режим очікування, оскільки губернатор Аса Гатчінсон оголосив надзвичайний стан напередодні урагану «Лора» та виділив 250 000 доларів на підготовку до наслідків шторму. Через день президент Дональд Трамп оголосив надзвичайний стан у штаті Арканзас. Вперше в історії штату Національна метеорологічна служба опублікувала попередження про тропічний шторм для кількох південних округів Арканзасу, причому місцеві синоптики передбачили, що райони на південний схід від Літл-Року зазнають найбільшого ризику пошкодження. Наслідки «Лора» спричинила масштабні руйнування протягом більшої частини свого шляху: тропічний штормовий вітер пройшов майже над усіма Антильськими островами , ураганні та тропічні штормові вітри вплинули на частини Флориди, Луїзіани, Техасу, Міссісіпі та Арканзасу, а також повені та шторми. Збитки оцінюються в понад 23,3 мільярда доларів США, і щонайменше 81 людина загинула, 63 з них походять з Гаїті що робить Лауру 16-м найдорожчим ураганом в історії. Втрати сільського господарства в Луїзіані оцінюють у 1,6 мільярда доларів, тому Лора завдала шкоди сільському господарству Луїзіани більше, ніж урагани Катріна та Ріта разом взяті. Малі Антильські острови Коли ураган проходив через Підвітряні острови, шторм приніс сильні опади на острови Гваделупа та Домініка, що було зафіксовано на радіолокаційних знімках із Гваделупи. На Нідерландських Антильських островах Саба, Сінт-Естатіус і Сінт-Мартен спостерігалися незначні повені. Частичні відключення електроенергії торкнулися 4000 людей у Сент-Кітс і Невісі. На Віргінських островах максимальний порив вітру сягав 41 милі на годину (66 км/год) був зареєстрований у Сенді-Пойнт, Сент-Крус. Це спричинило деякі перебої з електроенергією та раптові повені на Віргінських островах. Домініканська республіка Тропічний шторм Лора приніс руйнівні вітри та повені на більшу частину Домініканської Республіки. Опади були найсильнішими вздовж південного узбережжя, з піком 24-годинного накопичення 11,7 дюймів (300 мм) у Бараоні. Приблизно 1,1 мільйона людей втратили електроенергію, а 1,56 мільйона людей зазнали перебоїв у водопостачанні. Ранні оцінки станом на 24 серпня вказували на значні пошкодження 1791 будинку, що спонукало до евакуації 8995 осіб. У Санто-Домінго жінка та її син загинули після того, як їхній будинок обвалився через дощ, який приніс шторм а в Педро-Бранд чоловік загинув, коли на його будинок впало дерево. Повідомлялося про сильну повінь у Санто-Домінго. Офіцер поліції загинув після падіння на обірваний електричний кабель у провінції Еліас-Пінья. Гаїті Подібно до Домініканської Республіки, сильні опади вплинули на більшу частину Гаїті; метеостанція в Порт-о-Пренсі виміряла 6,61 дюйма (168 мм) дощу. Масштабна повінь вплинула на країну, змусивши багато сімей покинути свої домівки. Станом на 28 серпня підтверджено загибель щонайменше 31 людини, ще 8 зниклих безвісти. Дамба Пелігр переповнилася через що розпочалась повінь в долині Артибоніт. Міністр громадських робіт Надер Джоасеус попередив жителів, що дамба може обвалитися. Сільське господарство зазнало значної шкоди, оскільки країна боролася з нестачею продовольства, пов’язаною з COVID-19. Повінь пошкодила 447 будинків і зруйнувала ще 15 у департаменті Артибоніт. Куба Тропічний шторм «Лора» пройшовши острів Гаїті, 23–24 серпня приніс руйнівні вітри та повені на південний схід Куби. Пориви вітру сягали 91 миль/год (146 км/год) у Майсі, зриваючи дахи з будинків і валяючи дерева. Кількість опадів досягла 9,51 дюйма (241,5 мм) у Сантьяго-де-Куба, і 7,50 дюйма (190,6 мм) у Сан-Антоніо-дель-Сур, Гуантанамо. Збитки в провінції Ольгін були відносно обмеженими; деякі споруди та посіви були пошкоджені, а також відбулися окремі перебої з електроенергією. Міст у Буей-Арріба, провінція Гранма, обвалився через повінь, яка ізолювала 30 громад. Станція в Кабо-Крус зафіксовано тривалий вітер 50 миль/год (80 км/год) і порив 65 миль/год (104 км/год). У провінції Лас-Тунас сталися невеликі повені та відключення електроенергії. Ямайка і Кайманові острови Раптова повінь на Ямайці призвела до значних збоїв у роботі дорожньої інфраструктури. Метеостанція в Негрилі, Ямайка, спостерігала 4,97 дюйма (126 мм) дощу. Зсув заблокував головну дорогу до міста Гордон; нестабільний рельєф заважав зусиллям по розчищенню сміття. Міст у парафії Сент-Томас змило, ізолюючи жителів Трінітівіля, штат Джорджія, та Сідар-Веллі. Крім того, головна дорога, що сполучала Папайн із Даллаським замком у Булл-Бей, обвалилася. Пориви вітру досягали 35-40 миль/год (56-64 км/год) вздовж південного узбережжя біля Кінгстона та в Монтего-Бей на північному узбережжі країни. За даними Національного агентства робіт Ямайки (NWA), початкові оцінки збитків становили близько 54 мільйонів ямайських доларів (360 000 доларів США). Поривчастий вітер і сильні опади вплинули на Кайманові Острови, коли Лора пройшла лише на північ. Джерела Посилання Лаура Лаура Серпень 2020 Стихійні лиха 2020 Стихійні лиха в США 2020 у США Лора Тропічні циклони 2020 Урагани Кабо-Верде
460276	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXGA	SXGA	SXGA — стандарт дисплеїв з роздільністю 1280×1024 пікселів. Ця роздільність була розроблена IBM в 1990 році і стала наступником XGA. Стандарт, має незвичайне співвідношення сторін 5:4 (1.25:1) на відміну від звичайного 4:3 (1.33:1), що означає, що зображення і відео 4:3 будуть кашерування екрану на вужчих екранах 5:4. Стандарт використовується головним для 17" і 19" LCD моніторів. Порівняльна таблиця Стандарти комп'ютерних дисплеїв
4344450	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%20%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD	Марк Мітчинсон	Марк Мітчинсон (нар. 6 липня 1966) — новозеландський актор, народжений в Англії. Навчався у Гілдголській школі мови та драми в Лондоні. Він отримав нагороду за роль засудженого вбивці Коліна Бувера у телевізійній драмі «Справжній злочин: Кровні лінії» а також телепремію Нової Зеландії за найкращу акторську гру 2012 року за роль Яана Моленаара у телефільмі «Справжній злочин: Облога». Він також знявся у трилогії «Хоббіт» у ролі Браги та «Могутні рейнджери: Мегафорс» у ролі Кріпокса. Фільмографія Примітки Посилання Новозеландські кіноактори Новозеландські телеактори
1299220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft	Bancroft	Bancroft may refer to: People Bancroft (surname) Places United States Bancroft, California Bancroft, Idaho, a city Bancroft, Iowa, a city Bancroft, Kentucky, a home rule-class city Bancroft, Louisiana, an unincorporated area Bancroft, Maine, a township Bancroft, Michigan, a village Bancroft, Minneapolis, Minnesota, a neighborhood Bancroft, Missouri, an unincorporated community Bancroft, Nebraska, a village Bancroft, South Dakota, a town Bancroft, West Virginia, a town Bancroft, Wisconsin, a census-designated place Bancroft County, Iowa, a former county Bancroft Creek, a stream in Minnesota Bancroft Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota Bancroft Township, Cuming County, Nebraska Elsewhere Bancroft, Queensland, Australia, a locality in the North Burnett Region Bancroft, Ontario, Canada, a town Bancroft, Milton Keynes, UK, a district former name of Chililabombwe, Copperbelt Province, Zambia, a town Bancroft (crater), a crater on the Moon Arts and entertainment Bancroft (TV series), a 2017 British TV series Bancroft Pons, a fictional character in the Solar Pons stories by August Derleth George Bancroft, protagonist of the 1980 film Hangar 18 Bancroft Prize, an American literary award from Columbia University Schools Bancroft Middle School (Los Angeles, California), an American public middle school Bancroft Middle School (San Leandro, California), an American public middle school Bancroft School, an American private K-12 school in Worcester, Massachusetts Bancroft School of Massage Therapy, an American trade school in Worcester, Massachusetts Bancroft's School, a British independent school in Woodford Green, London Ships USCS Bancroft, a schooner in commission as a survey ship in the United States Coast Survey from 1846 to 1862 USS Bancroft, the name of more than one United States Navy ship USS George Bancroft (SSBN-643), a United States Navy fleet ballistic missile submarine in commission from 1966 to 1993 Bancroft (motor vessel), a 1925 ship preserved in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States Other uses Bancroft Hall, a dormitory at the United States Naval Academy Bancroft Hall, a dormitory at Phillips Exeter Academy Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, United States Bancroft Mills, a factory in Wilmington, Delaware, United States Bancroft Point, a real binary system where the components have equal saturation pressure and exhibit azeotropy Bancroft PLLC, an American law firm
4675379	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5	Катерін Бонне	Катерін Бонне (5 березня 1965 — 5 лютого 2023) — колишня французька тенісистка. Найвищу одиночну позицію світового рейтингу — 192 місце досягла 1 серпня 1988, парну — 388 місце — 20 червня 1988 року. Здобула 1 одиночний титул. Фінали ITF Одиночний розряд: 2 (1–1) Примітки Посилання Французькі тенісистки
1027441	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8	Колготки	Колготки (від , буквально — «штани») — вид спідньої білизни, що являє собою пару панчіх, з'єднану з трусами. Виготовляються з різних еластичних матеріалів: шовку, нейлону, спандексу, лайкри, різних кольорів і щільності (деньє). Найпопулярніші колготки тілесного і чорного кольору. Також випускаються трикотажні колготки, спеціальні підтримувальні (наприклад, для вагітних), моделювальні колготки та компресійні від варикозу. Є колготки, що зберігають тепло — термоколготки. Історія У США моду на колготки ввела в 1940-х роках акторка та танцівниця Енн Міллер. До середини 1960-х потреби в колготках не було: жінки носили панчохи, які надягали під відносно довгі спідниці. З винаходом англійкою Мері Куант мініспідниці виникла потреба в принципово новому виробі. У СРСР мода на колготки прийшла з Чехословаччини, тому ми досі користуємося чеським найменуванням, яке дослівно означає «штани» («колготки» чеською будуть punčocháče чи punčochové kalhoty). У радянському ГОСТі, щоправда, довгий час трималася інша назва — «панчохові рейтузи». З часом мода на міні пройшла, але колготки назавжди залишилися в гардеробі. У 1980-ті роки виникла мода на кольорові та ажурні колготки. Початок 1990-х ознаменувався інтересом до колготок з підвищеним вмістом лайкри, причому особливо актуальними вважалися «блискучі» зразки. Перші колготки мали верхню частину у вигляді білих бавовняних трусиків, проте з часом вони стали виготовлятися повністю з одного матеріалу. Використання синтетичних тканин в частині трусиків викликало необхідність для дотримання гігієни додатково надягати під колготки спідню білизну з натуральних тканин. Зараз усі якісні колготки містять гігієнічну ластовицю, і необхідності носіння додаткової пари спідньої білизни під колготками немає. Щобільше, медиками доведено, що носіння одночасно кількох пар спідньої білизни сприяє розвитку дріжджових інфекцій. Щільність Щільність і еластичність нитки в колготках вимірюється в деньє (den): чим більше значення den, тим щільніший матеріал. Число деньє означає вагу в грамах нитки довжиною 9 км (40 den означає, що 9 км нитки колготок важать 40 г). Також іноді щільність колготок вимірюється в одиницях DTEX («децитекс») Різновиди Еластичні колготки (з капрону, поліаміду та інших синтетичних матеріалів). Трикотажні (вовняні, напіввовняні, бавовняні). Ажурні (колготки в сіточку). Підтримувальні колготки (наприклад, для вагітних), Лікувальні або компресійні (колготки від варикозу, які знімають відчуття важкості у ногах; такі колготки стискують ноги та стопи, сприяючи поліпшенню кровообігу, що може допомогти зменшити набряк, втому та біль у м'язах, а також зменшити ризик утворення тромбозу глибоких вен). Термоколготки (колготки, виготовлені з особливої пряжі спеціально змішаних ниток натуральних і синтетичних волокон, таких як: кашемір, вовна мериноса, бавовна, мікромодал, лайкра). Моделювальні колготки. Див. також Панчохи Деньє (щільність) Примітки Посилання Перші колготки в СССР Процес виробництва колготок і панчіх Large free database of hosiery factories (English) Спідня білизна Жіноча білизна Історія моди Панчішно-шкарпеткові вироби
2736758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20University%20of%20La%20Plata	National University of La Plata	National University of La Plata The La Plata National University (UNLP) is a national public research university located in the city of La Plata, capital of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It has over 90,000 regular students, 10,000 teaching staff, 17 departments and 106 available degrees. UNLP comprises the Rafael Hernández National College, the Victor Mercante Lyceum, the Bachelor of Fine Arts program, the School of Agronomy, the La Plata University Radio, the La Plata University Press and numerous academic centers for research and outreach including La Plata Museum of Natural Sciences, the University Public Library, the Samay Huasi Retreat for Artists and Writers, the Institute of Physical Education, the Astronomical Observatory and the Santa Catalina Rural Association. The institution began operations on April 18, 1897, as the Universidad Provincial de La Plata with Dardo Rocha as its rector. In 1905, Joaquín V. González, the Minister of Justice and Public Education of the government of Manuel Quintana, decided to nationalize it. González also integrated many municipal scientific institutions into the university, and a year later he became the first president of the National University of La Plata. Today the university holds one of the most important paleontological and anthropological collections in South America. History Foundation The national capital of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880. This forced the surrounding Province of Buenos Aires to cede the city, and as a result it was left without the greater part of its institutions. The new provincial capital in La Plata was subsequently founded in 1882 but lacked a center of higher education and investigation. With the purpose of rectifying this situation, the provincial senators Rafael Hernández, Emilio J. Carranza, Marcelino Aravena, and Valentín Fernández Blanco presented a bill on 12 June 1889 to create a provincial university in La Plata. The proposal had immediate repercussions in the city of La Plata. On 13 June, about 150 youths from the National College, the Argentine Institute, and the Literary Society mobilized around the home of Rafael Hernández, accompanied by a band, in order to display their support. The law was once and for all passed by the provincial Chamber of Deputies on 27 December 1889 and was enacted as Law Number 233 by Governor Máximo Paz on 2 January 1890. The new law established the creation of a university of tertiary studies with four faculties: Law, Medicine, Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Mathematical and Physical Sciences. The new university was expected to open that same year; however, the governor had not written the corresponding regulatory decree, nor had he even mentioned the issue in his final address to the legislature. Due to this delay, a group of local citizens presented a request to the Ministry of Government on 5 May 1891 declaring their intentions that their children study law in La Plata. However, the file on that request was closed in 1893. On 28 May 1894, a similar request was presented to the new governor, Guillermo Udaondo, insisting on the full completion of Law 233. Despite a favourable report made by the Consultancy Office of the government on 28 July of that year, the Ministry of Economy and Government did not advance on the determination of expenses or assignation of resources and a new note was sent to the governor in December 1896. Concurrently, Dardo Rocha, the founder of the city and first provincial governor, was developing the founding bylaws at the request of Governor Udaondo. This was finally sanctioned on 8 February 1897 — seven years after the passing of the law. The first University Assembly came together on 14 February and designated Dardo Rocha himself as the first rector of the university. Studies began on 18 April in the Banco Hipotecario building — the present-day site of the Rector's office — with a class on Law History given by Jacob Larrain. Nationalization of the university Despite the objectives for which it may have been established, the first years of the university were discouraging, as much for the dearth of students as for the low operating budget. From 1897 to 1905, it only succeeded in enrolling 573 students, owing not only to the low population of La Plata in its founding era but also to the lack of national recognition for the degrees it granted, which heightened the attraction exerted by the University of Buenos Aires. At the same time, Joaquín V. González, then minister of justice and education, began to give shape to his idea of creating a national university on the base of the existing provincial university and other teaching institutes. In October 1904, González, Governor Marcelino Ugarte and the province's congressional delegation convened to advance the nationalization project. This idea took shape with the transfer from a provincial to a national level, on January 1, 1905, of the Veterinary and Agronomy Faculty, the Astronomical Observatory and the fields of Santa Catalina (in Lomas de Zamora). On August 12 of that year the university and its faculties, the La Plata Museum, the La Plata Observatory, the Institute of Arts and Crafts, the University Library, the School and the Teachers' College were taken over by the national government. In the covenant of transfer, the Nation was obliged to found a university institute. On August 15, the creation of the Universidad Nacional de La Plata was approved in the House of Representatives, and on August 19, it received definitive sanction in the National Senate. The bill was signed by President Manuel Quintana on September 25, and on March 17, 1906, the university's first leadership, headed by Joaquín V. González and university vice-president Agustín Alvarez, was elected. In 1908 the national university was composed of the following faculties: A Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences, with a Department of Teaching and a Department of Philosophy and Letters. A Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (the one that the Regional School of Agriculture depended on) and the School of Stockbreeding of Santa Catalina. A Faculty of Physical Science, Mathematics, and Astronomy, which is divided into a School of Mathematical Sciences, a School of Physical Sciences, a School of Astronomical Sciences, a School of Architectural Engineering, and a School of Engineering Hydraulics. A Faculty of the Museum, (the one that the Faculty of Natural Sciences depended on), the Museum, the School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, the School of Physical Geography and the School of Drawing and Art. A Department of Primary and Secondary Studies, consisting of the National School, the Secondary School for Young Ladies and the Graduate School. A Library and the University Extension. An Astronomical Observatory, consisting of the Division of Seismology, the Division of Meteorology, and the Station of lengths of Oncativo. It is recorded that the university had a student body of 1,845 students in 1908. Joaquín V. González served four terms as president, retiring on March 18, 1918. The era of university reform University reform in Argentina was a movement that was initiated at the National University of Córdoba in 1918. It sought various changes to the Argentine university system, including free university education, student participation in the administrative bodies of the university, autonomy, curricular flexibility, and university extension. These were to become the pillars of an ideology that spread throughout the universities of Argentina, as well as many others in Latin America. The National University of La Plata had been founded with a strong impulse for university extension which had developed, in its early years, into the form of systematic programs of conferences and courses that were open to the general public. Nevertheless, in other aspects related to the reform movement, its position was a source of controversies. In March 1918 Rodolfo Rivarola took charge of the university. One of the opponents of his election, José Nicolás Matienzo (who would later become Attorney General of Argentina) said about the reform of the Statutes in 1920: "Examining the proposed reforms to the statutes of the National University of La Plata, I believe that amongst all the universities of the republic, this is the one that has endured the most oligarchic regime until now.". His criticism centered principally on the excessive decision-making power of the president, the excessively long mandates, the possibility of undefined elections and the lack of participation in the designation of instructors. The events of Córdoba had little impact in La Plata that year, with the exception of the proposal by the University Federation carried out in July 1918 on the teaching conditions in the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine. Nevertheless, beneath this calm façade was brewing an intense movement that was reflected in the pages of the student magazines Atenea of the National School, and Renovación of the University Federation. In early 1919, the Upper Council approved the participation of members of the student body in the government of the university by a voice vote. On 20 October of that year, a strike broke out in the entire university, ignited by the resurgence of the conflict in the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine. At the beginning of 1920, after a ferocious crackdown on a student rally in March, the conflict turned violent, culminating in the murder of the student David Viera during an examination in the School of Medical Sciences. In the meantime, a strong rivalry exploded between opposing student factions: the reformers in the University Federation of La Plata and the University Concentration group. On June 5 President Rivarola tendered his resignation, which was accepted by Carlos Melo. In the meantime, Professor Alejandro Korn, a member of the Upper Council, became the most prominent representative of the reformist movement, carrying out some of the demands of the student body, such as the closure of the boarding school of the university which the students considered to be a source of favoritism and nepotism. Student activism staged a return during the university presidency of Nazar Anchorena, from 1921 to 1927. Despite not having achieved significant changes, it maintained the ideals of reform through the group Renovación (Renewal), named after its goal of transforming the Federation of the University of La Plata. The federation had at this time become more commonly known by the initials, FULP (Federación Universitaria de La Plata). The group was at the center of intense cultural campus activity. It was also the direct antecedent of what would become the university's theater group and the magazine Valoraciones (Appraisals). The latter would become a venue of expression for the reformer Alejandro Korn and such professors as Pedro Henríquez Ureña. During this period, the radio station LR11 Radio University was created. Between 1927 and 1930, the presidency was held by Ramón Loyarte and on December 1, 1930, the new president, Ricardo Levene, was elected. His tenure oversaw the turbulence produced by the coup d'état of General José Félix Uriburu, and lasted only six months. The University of Buenos Aires was taken under state control after the coup d'état, with Nazar Anchorena, former president of University of La Plata as administrator. The student body of La Plata considered this a violation of university autonomy. The tension that was generated between the two universities concluded with the expulsion from the University of Buenos Aires of Levene, and of Gabriel del Mazo, dismissed for his loyalty to the overthrown UCR government. There was a student strike, and the Upper Council was abolished by governmental decree, upon which Levene and of all the counselors and deans of the faculties resigned. The university was then "intervened" (that is, managed by a state-appointed president); extraordinary powers were bestowed upon Federico Walker, who declared his intention to exclude any opposing students, leading to the dismissal of 31 students and various professors. By August of that year, the new regime was well entrenched. During the so-called "infamous decade" (1931–1943), characterized by "patriotic (i.e., electoral) fraud", student participation was much restricted. This enclosed opening was fought by students and educational, and despite those conditions Ramón Loyarte being was appointed as the president of the university January 14, 1932, in May from that year the pressure of the students and of the Upper Counsel forced it to renounce. Already the majority of the students and educational exclude you had been reincorporated the 17 March. On June 25, Dr. Levene was chosen with the support of the University. In 1935 Julio Castiñeiras took office as the university's president, and in that era the Association of Mutual Aid for the students was created. The company was subsidized by the university and by the students that offered health care and dental services, as well as a community kitchen and a pharmacy. Also in this era a strong dispute between the conduction of the university arose, and the governor of the Province, Manuel Fresco, arose; Fresco's sympathies lay with Italian fascism. In 1938, Juan Carlos Rébora was appointed rector, succeeding Julio Castiñeiras. In that year the number of students reached 9,443. The start of World War II generated strong tensions within the institution, because the politics of neutrality did not allow political demonstrations by public and students. On June 27, 1941, Alfredo Palacios became president. He urged a return to the foundational view of Joaquín V. González, whereby university institutes and faculties were organized as in a sort of "federal republic", while allowing for synergy and a degree of integration across disciplines. That vision is reflected in a university by a law that mandated: 1) studies of philosophy for all the graduates in the sciences; 2) the development of a series of courses that could provide a historic and ideological background common to may disciplines. These initiatives were eventually abandoned in 1943 during the management of Ricardo de Labougle, leading to an increasing fragmentation. During the era that began with the coup d'état of 4 June 1943, some renewal took place, leading to the creation of the Institute of Theatre, the Commission of Fonografía Cultural, and the Latin American Institute. During that time, the Samay Huasi (House of Rest) was incorporated as patrimony of the university. The limitation of university autonomy (1943–1955) In 1943 to 1945 there was a common denominator for all the national universities: the tension between the de facto government and the reformist sectors that would conform later to the Democratic Union. In October 1943 the administration of Alfredo Palacios was interrupted due to his opposition to decrees issued by the National Executive. From 1952 to 1955 the college was called Eva Perón National University, when the city of La Plata was renamed Eva Perón City. 1966 to 1983 Recent history Artistic extension The choirs The University Choir of the National University of La Plata was the university's first artistic group which was brought about through student initiative and was the first one in its kind in Argentina. Its debut took place on 19 September 1942 under the direction of the maestro Rodolfo Kubik. The choir's motto i"Friendship through Music" and since its inception, it has encouraged the creation of other university choirs. The First La Plata Festival of University Choirs was organized in 1959, thus initiating a tradition that is maintained to the present time. The choir's repertoire includes classical works, religious music of the 16th century, popular Argentinian folk or contemporary music (with works by composers such as Carlos Guastavino, Atahualpa Yupanqui, Ástor Piazzolla, Eladia Blázquez), Latin-American music and negro spirituals. Throughout the years, the choir has undertaken many tours including a cycle of concerts in cities along the East Coast of the United States in 1965, in which the choir was invited to take part in the inauguration of the Lincoln Center of New York; a tour of European cities in 1970 with performances in Rome, Paris, Munich, Vienna and Frankfurt; its participation in the 1995 International Music Festival of Cantonigròs; and its 2000 participation in the International Festival of Choir Music "America Cantat III" in Caracas. The Coro Juvenil (Youth Choir) was created in September 1983, and is now conducted by Mtro. Pablo Cánaves. It has received several prizes, and its repertoire ranges from Renaissance music to contemporary music and popular folksongs. The Chamber Choir was created in 1985. Its objectives are: the musical and professional preparation of youths who aspire to sing professionally; the featuring of soloists and instrumental ensembles; and an emphasis on the musical literature of the 20th century. It is conducted by Mtro. Roberto Ruiz. The String Quartet The University String Quartet (Cuarteto de Cuerdas) was created in 1953 by professors of the College of Fine Arts. Its first concert took place at the Salón Dorado of the municipality of La Plata on October 5 of that year. The NU of LP formalized the status of the ensemble in 1958. The quartet has premiered the works of distinguished Argentinian composers such as Alberto Ginastera, Ástor Piazzolla, Gerardo Gandini and Eduardo Alemann. Its repertoire ranges from classical to the present day. Its current members are: 1st Violin: José Bondar 2nd Violin: Fernando Favero Viola: Roberto Regio Cello: Siro Bellisomi The wind quintet The Wind Quintet of the NU of LP was created in 1979 as an instrumental ensemble of the university's radio station. In 1982 the NU of LP officialized it as its own. The Wind Quintet plays, amongst much else, classical music for the public Its repertoire covers composers of the romantic, classical, 20th-century and contemporary composers, which also includes folk and popular works. As of 2005, its members are:Marcelo Mancuso (flute)Cristian Cocchiararo (oboe)Roberto Palomo (clarinet)Calos Nalli, (horn)Eduardo Rodriguez (bassoon)University theater The Theatre Workshop of the National University of La Plata was created on May 5, 1986. Its stated objective is to promote artistic creativity and research on aesthetics. The group is devoted to experimental productions open to the general public, as well as providing advice and consultancy on various artistic disciplines. The workshop can trace its roots to the theatre group termed "Renewal", associated with the reformist movement of the 1920s. Academic units Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism Faculty of Arts Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Faculty of Astronomic and Geophysic Sciences Faculty of Economic Sciences Faculty of Exact Sciences Faculty of Law and Social Sciences Faculty of Medical Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences Faculty of Informatics Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Dentistry Faculty of Psychology Faculty of Journalism and Social Communication Faculty of Social Work Fine Arts High School "Professor Francisco Américo de Santo" Institute of Physics (founded 1905) Campus West Forest group: Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Rafael Hernández National College, Graduated School Joaquín V. González. East Forest group: Faculty of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum, Faculty of Journalism and Social Communication, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. North Forest group: Memory House, Faculty of Humanities and Education, Physical Education Department, Faculty of Psychology. Center Forest group: Faculty of Astronomic and Geophysical Sciences, Planetarium. Center Urban group: Faculty of Economic Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social, Faculty of Arts, Fine Arts High School. Symbols The university coat of arms was adopted at the first university assembly on 14 February 1897. It represents the City of La Plata holding up the "Light of Science". The constellation of the Southern Cross is also featured, as well as the coat of arms of the Province of Buenos Aires, which is held in the hands of the woman who represents the city. The university emblem is the oak leaf. Its motto "Pro Scientia et Patria" is a Latin phrase meaning For Science and the Motherland. The university hymn was composed by Carlos López Buchardo, and its lyrics were written by Arturo Capdevilla. The hymn premiered on 23 October 1927 in the Teatro Argentino of La Plata to commemorate the centenary of the death of Ludwig van Beethoven. It was performed by the orchestra of the Colón Theater of Buenos Aires under the direction of Adolfo Morpurgo, a professor in the School of Fine Arts. Notable alumni and staff Maria Asensio Raúl Alfonsín (Law degree in 1950) – President of Argentina (1983–1989) Florentino Ameghino (professor of geology) Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Nobel Peace laureate) Juan José Arévalo (Philosophy PhD in 1934) Mario Bunge (Physics-Mathematics PhD in 1952) Marta Cohen, pediatric pathologist, researcher and academic Estela Beatriz Cols (1965-2010), pedagogue, researcher, and educator Genoveva Dawson (1918–2012), botanist, professor René Favaloro (Medicine degree in 1949) – inventor of the coronary artery bypass Beatriz Ghirelli, the first woman to graduate as a Mechanical and Electrical Engineer in 1938. Evelia Edith Oyhenart (Professor of biological anthropology) Julio Palmaz (Medicine degree in 1971) – inventor of the balloon-expandable stent Emilio Pettoruti Raúl A. Ringuelet (Professor of Zoology) Carlos Saavedra Lamas (law teacher) – rector, Nobel Peace laureate Ernesto Sábato (Physics PhD in 1937) – writer Néstor Kirchner (Law degree in 1976) – president of Argentina (2003–2007) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (Law degree in 1979) – president of Argentina (2007–2015) and former Vice President of Argentina (2019–2023) Florentina Gómez Miranda (Law degree in 1945) – Argentine deputy from 1983 to 1991 Horacio Pagani (Industrial design) – CEO of the automotive company Pagani Automobili S.p.A. Maevia Noemí Correa (1953, PhD, Natural Sciences) Ricardo Piglia (author) Héctor Magnetto (CEO of Clarín Group) María Luisa Aguilar – (Astronomer) Juana Cortelezzi (Professor of Geology) – first woman full professor at UNLP Carlota Sempé, archaeologist See also List of universities in Argentina Science and technology in Argentina University Revolution BibliographyHistory of the University of La Plata (Historia de la Universidad de La Plata), Julio Castiñeira, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.National University of La Plata on the Centennial of its Nationalization (La Universidad Nacional de La Plata en el centenario de su nacionalización)'', Universidad Nacional de La Plata. References External links History of the university UNLP Museum of Natural Sciences UNLP Radio Station website Science and Education in Argentina Argentine Higher Education Official Site 1897 establishments in Argentina Argentine national universities Universities and colleges established in 1897 Medical schools in Argentina
2738803	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0	Марчана	Марчана — населений пункт і громада в Істрійській жупанії Хорватії. Населення Населення громади за даними перепису 2011 року становило 4 253 осіб, 1 з яких назвала рідною українську мову. Населення самого поселення становило 1 070 осіб. Динаміка чисельності населення громади: Динаміка чисельності населення центру громади: Населені пункти Крім поселення Марчана, до громади також входять: Белавичі Братуличі Цокуни Дившичі Филипана Хрелічі Кавран Крниця Куїчі Лоборика Малі Варешки Мутрован Орбаничі Павичини Перушки Пинезичі Продол Ракаль Шаричі Шеготичі Великі Варешки Клімат Середня річна температура становить 13,66 °C, середня максимальна – 27,06 °C, а середня мінімальна – -0,17 °C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 860 мм. Примітки Населені пункти Хорватії
16633195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4383%20Suruga	4383 Suruga	4383 Suruga, provisional designation , is a Vestian asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 December 1989, by Japanese astronomer Yoshiaki Oshima at Gekko Observatory, Japan. The asteroid was named after the former Japanese Suruga Province. Its synchronous minor-planet moon, , measures approximately 1.33 kilometers and has a period of 16.386 hours. Orbit and classification Suruga is an orbital member of the Vesta family in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,380 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as at Crimea–Nauchnij in 1979. Its observation arc begins in 1981, when it was identified as at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory, extending the body's observation arc by 8 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Suruga has been characterized as a bright V-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey. Rotation and shape In February 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Suruga was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.4069 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 magnitude, which indicates a nearly spheroidal shape. These observations supersede a period of 3.4069 hours (Δmag 0.08) of an ambiguous lightcurve, obtained by Japanese astronomers during lightcurve survey of V-type asteroids in December 2002. Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Suruga measures 6.471 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.320, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.13 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.1. Satellite During Brian Warner's photometric observations in 2013, it was revealed, that Suruga is a synchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in orbit. The satellite has an orbital period of 16.386. Based on the brightness variations of the mutual eclipsing/occultation events, Warner estimates that the satellite's mean-diameter is at least 21% of that of Surugas (Ds/Dp of >). The Johnston's Archive derives a satellite diameter of 1.33 kilometer and estimates a semi-major axis of 11 kilometers for the moon's orbit. Naming This minor planet was named after the former Suruga Province, what is now the Shizuoka Prefecture in central Japan. It is the place where the discovering Gekko Observatory is located (also see ). The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 May 1991. References External links Three Binary Discoveries From The Palmer Divide Observatory, Brian Warner (2014) Lightcurve plot of 4383 Suruga, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2013) Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 004383 Discoveries by Yoshiaki Oshima Named minor planets 004383 19891201
4078248	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B3	Фігіг	Фігіг — невелике місто у Східному регіоні Марокко. Лежить біля підніжжя Атлаських гір, на кордоні з Алжиром. Побудоване коло оази місто входить до попереднього списку Світової спадщини ЮНЕСКО. Культура Більшість населення Фігіга становлять бербери, що розмовляють берберською мовою з включенням арабських елементів. Арабську мову знають здебільшого лише чоловіки. На думку французького лінгвіста Рене Бассе, діалект берберської, що на ньому спілкуються у місті, є єдиним з групи діалектів алжирсько-марокканського нагір’я, що зберігся у цій місцевості. До того ж, берберське населення Фігіга поділене на різні племенні групи. Раніше у місті мешкало чимало євреїв, що проживали у меласі — так званому єврейському кварталі. Берберське населення Фігіга поділене на різні племенні групи, що мають назву «агрем». У місті існують усього сім таких агремів. Люди у цих спільнотах мешкають разом в укріплених домах, що часто зачиняються уночі. Втім, з часом все більше людей покидають традиційні домівлі та селяться у нових будинках. Місто було збудоване поруч з оазою, де ростуть фінікові пальми, тому фініки є найважливішим продуктом у місцевості. У районі Фігіга вирощують сотні тисяч фінікових пальм. Пшениця також є важливим продуктом для сільського господарства місцевості. Поблизу Фігіга зберіглося багато зразків петрогліфів часів неоліту. Вони трапляються у багатьох місцевостях регіону, зокрема у сусідньому Алжирі. Список літератури Міста Марокко Населені пункти за алфавітом Оази Марокко
162873	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20International%20Air%20Lines	Swiss International Air Lines	Swiss International Air Lines AG, stylized as SWISS, is the flag carrier of Switzerland and a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group, as well as a Star Alliance member. It operates scheduled services in Europe and to North America, South America, Africa and Asia. Zurich Airport serves as its main hub and Geneva Airport as its secondary hub. Its headquarters are at EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg near Basel, Switzerland, and an office at Zurich Airport in Kloten, Switzerland. The company's registered office is in Basel. The airline was formed following the bankruptcy in 2002 of Swissair, Switzerland's then-flag carrier. The new airline was built around what had been Swissair's regional subsidiary, Crossair. Swiss retains Crossair's IATA code LX (Swissair's code was SR). It assumed Swissair's old ICAO code of SWR (Crossair's was CRX), to maintain international traffic rights. On 18 November 2020, it was announced that Dieter Vranckx would assume the position of CEO as of 1 January 2021. Vranckx has 20 years of experience within the Lufthansa Group and had been CEO of Lufthansa Group member Brussels Airlines since the start of 2020. History Beginnings Swiss was formed after the 2002 bankruptcy of Swissair, Switzerland's former flag carrier. Forty percent of Crossair's income came from Swissair. The new airline lost US$1.6 billion from 2002 to 2005. Swissair's biggest creditors, Credit Suisse and UBS, sold part of Swissair's assets to Crossair, which had been Swissair's regional counterpart. At the time, both Swissair and Crossair were part of the same holding company, SAirGroup. Crossair later changed its name to Swiss International Air Lines, and the new national airline officially started operations on 31 March 2002. The airline was initially owned by institutional investors (61.3%), the Swiss Confederation (20.3%), cantons and communities (12.2%), and others (6.2%). Swiss also owns subsidiaries Swiss Sun (100%) and Crossair Europe (99.9%). It has a total of 7,383 employees. According to Marcel Biedermann, the managing director of intercontinental markets for Swiss, there were three possibilities: stay independent as a niche carrier, shrink to an unrecognisable level, or attach to another airline group. The last choice was taken. Swiss talked to Air France–KLM, British Airways, and Lufthansa. However, Swiss was tied up with debt and an uncertain future and seemed to be an unattractive investment. After merging with KLM, Air France said they were too busy to deal with the Swiss joining them. British Airways was open, and Oneworld partners thought Zurich Airport would be a viable alternative hub for London Heathrow. After almost a year of disputes, Swiss was finally accepted into the Oneworld airline alliance, after having been blocked by British Airways, which competes with Swiss on many long-haul routes. On 3 June 2004, Swiss announced its decision not to join Oneworld because they did not want to integrate their current frequent flyer program into British Airways' Executive Club. Furthermore, Swiss thought the relationship was one-sided, where British Airways sapped out the benefits of the airline, but they would get no return. Recovery The airline annually halved its losses, and in 2006 recorded a net profit of $220 million. The net profit for 2007 was $570 million. Biedermann stated in the March 2008 edition of Airways, that "this was the beginning of getting our house back in order." He said that help was needed and looked up to Lufthansa as a comparison, so their coming together was natural, even with their differences. Even with the smaller network, Swiss carries the same number of passengers as they did in 2002. On 22 March 2005, Lufthansa Group confirmed its plan to take over Swiss, starting with a minority stake (11%) in a new company set up to hold Swiss shares called Air Trust. Swiss operations were gradually integrated with Lufthansa's in late 2005, and the takeover was completed on 1 July 2007. Swiss joined Star Alliance and became a member of Lufthansa's Miles and More frequent flyer program on 1 April 2006. The airline set up a regional airline subsidiary called Swiss European Air Lines. The carrier had its own air operator's certificate. Two divisions -–Swiss Aviation Training and Swiss WorldCargo (using the belly capacity of passenger planes) – are also owned by Swiss. Swiss European Air Lines (later renamed Swiss Global Air Lines) has since ceased operations and merged with its parent, Swiss. In 2008, Swiss International Air Lines acquired Edelweiss Air and Servair – later renamed Swiss Private Aviation. In February 2011, Swiss Private Aviation ceased operations as a result of restructuring. The company recommended using Lufthansa Private Jet Service instead. In 2007, Swiss ordered nine Airbus A330-300s to gradually replace existing A330-200s and have three-class seating. The first A330-300 was put into service on the flagship Zürich to New York-JFK route in April 2009. In spring 2010 Swiss operated five A330-300s on medium and long-haul routes. The remaining four A330-300 aircraft joined the fleet in 2011. Takeover by Lufthansa Following Lufthansa Group's takeover, the regional fleet was changed from Crossair's Embraer ERJs and Saab 340s and 2000s to Avro RJs, which were flown by a wholly owned subsidiary, Swiss Global Air Lines. The rest of the fleet was rationalised and now mainly consists of Airbus aircraft, apart from the Boeing 777. Swiss also renegotiated their supplier contracts, including ground handling, maintenance, food service, and labour. Swiss shareholders received a performance-based option for their shares. The payment was in 2008, and the amount depended on how well Lufthansa's shares compared with competitors' shares. Lufthansa continues to maintain Swiss as a separate brand. In 2010, Swiss and Lufthansa were named in a European Commission investigation into price-fixing but were not fined due to acting as a whistleblower. On 18 August 2011, Swiss introduced a new company logo which resembled the logo of the defunct Swissair. Corporate affairs Business trends The key trends for Swiss International Air Lines are (as of the financial year ending 31 December): Head office Swiss International Air Lines has its operational headquarters at EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg near Basel, Switzerland. The French-Swiss airport is located on French territory and has customs-free access to Switzerland. The Swiss head office is located in the Swiss section of the airport, and it is only accessible from Switzerland. According to the commercial register, the legal seat is in Basel itself. Swiss International Air Lines' head office was previously the head office of Crossair. In 2002 the "Crossair" sign on the building was replaced by a "Swiss International Air Lines" one. As of 2004 the Basel area offices housed about 1,000 employees, while the Zurich area offices housed about 850 employees. When Swiss started as a company, about 1,400-1,500 worked at the Basel offices. Swiss also operates offices at Zurich Airport in Kloten and at Geneva Airport. Subsidiaries The following companies are part of the Swiss International Air Lines Group: Edelweiss Air Swiss AviationSoftware Swiss Aviation Training Swiss WorldCargo SWISStours Inflight service On European flights, Swiss serves drinks. Depending on the time of day and the duration of the flight, Swiss may also serve snacks. Cold snacks are served on shorter flights, and hot ones on longer flights. Economy class on short-haul flights only include a bottle of water, and a small bar of Swiss chocolate branded with the word "SWISS" and the distinctive tail fin is provided to passengers before landing on all flights. For its short- to mid-haul flight out of Geneva Airport and Zürich Airport, SWISS offers a culinary buy on board system called Swiss Saveurs. Trains and buses Swiss' SWISS Air Rail service allows passengers to take any SBB train at no extra charge from Zurich Airport to Basel SBB railway station and Lugano railway station. Swiss previously operated a Swissbus service from Ottawa Railway Station to Montréal–Trudeau airport in Montreal. Destinations Codeshare agreements Swiss codeshares with the following airlines: Air Canada Air China Air France Air India All Nippon Airways Asiana Airlines Austrian Airlines Avianca Brussels Airlines Cathay Pacific Croatia Airlines Edelweiss Air (Subsidiary) Egyptair El Al Eurowings KM Malta Airlines LOT Polish Airlines Lufthansa Scandinavian Airlines Singapore Airlines South African Airways TAP Air Portugal Thai Airways International United Airlines Vistara Interline agreements Swiss has interline agreements with the following airlines: Aerolíneas Argentinas Aeroméxico Air Austral Air Dolomiti Air Mauritius American Airlines Bangkok Airways British Airways China Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Southern Airlines Condor Delta Air Lines Emirates Finnair Gol Transportes Aéreos Gulf Air Helvetic Airways Iberia Icelandair ITA Airways Japan Airlines Jetstar Kenya Airways KLM Korean Air LATAM Chile Luxair Malaysia Airlines Mandarin Airlines Middle East Airlines Oman Air Pakistan International Airlines Precision Air Qantas Qatar Airways Rossiya Airlines Saudia Shanghai Airlines SunExpress SriLankan Airlines Turkish Airlines Vietnam Airlines Virgin Atlantic Fleet Current fleet , Swiss International Air Lines operates the following aircraft: Additionally, Helvetic Airways operates ten Embraer 190s on behalf of Swiss. Following Helvetic Airways' acquisition of the type, Helvetic Airways will also operate Embraer 190-E2 aircraft on behalf of Swiss. Fleet development On 22 September 2010, Lufthansa announced an order for 48 new aircraft, several of them for Swiss. In March 2013, Swiss ordered six Boeing 777-300ERs. On 12 March 2015, Swiss confirmed Lufthansa Group had ordered an additional three Boeing 777-300ERs for Swiss. The 777s will be operated by, and leased back from, Swiss Global Air Lines. Swiss has confirmed that all 777-300ERs will have an updated First Class cabin with eight private suites and a 32-inch TV, 62 business class seats which convert into a fully flat bed that is over two meters long, and 270 economy seats, with 10 seats abreast in a 3-4-3 layout, using the same seat pitch and width on its A330s and A340s on the 777s. The first of these new airliners was delivered in January 2016 The Boeing aircraft will replace most of Swiss' A340 aircraft while the remaining five A340s were refurbished. In 2014, Swiss announced it would refurbish its A320 fleet, with new interiors and the older A320s and A321s were to be replaced by A320/A321neos. The A319s, along with Swiss Global Air Lines' Avro fleet, were replaced by Bombardier CS300 aircraft. The last Avro RJ100 aircraft, HB-IYZ, completed its final flight, LX7545 from Geneva to Zurich on 15 August 2017. Swiss' first Airbus A220, then known as the Bombardier CS300, entered service on 1 June 2017, with its maiden commercial flight from Geneva to London-Heathrow. Swiss was the launch customer of the Airbus A220 family (formerly known as Bombardier CSeries), with its first CSeries aircraft, a CS100 (A220-100), delivered to the airline in June 2016 and registered HB-JBA. The first commercial flight performed led from Zurich to Paris-Charles de Gaulle. The Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A220-100/-300 (Bombardier CS100/CS300) aircraft were operated by Swiss Global Air Lines until the subsidiary ceased operations in April 2018, in an attempt to lower administration costs and simplify Swiss' fleet structuring. Adria Airways operated two Saab 2000s on the Zurich-Lugano route, which was suspended after Adria's bankruptcy on 30 September 2019. Retired fleet Accidents and incidents On 10 July 2002, Swiss International Air Lines Flight 850, a Saab 2000, crashed at Werneuchen Airfield due to improper weather information and improper markings on the runway, resulting in the collapse of the landing gear and fire spreading throughout the aircraft. Though everyone on board survived, the aircraft was written off. Notes References Ken Donohue, "Swiss continues a proud tradition", Airways Magazine: A Global Review of Commercial Flight, March 2008, 22–23, 25, 28. External links Official website Swiss World Cargo Swiss Aviation Training Airlines established in 2002 Airlines of Switzerland Companies based in Basel Lufthansa Group Star Alliance Swiss companies established in 2002
48222	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD	Шательперрон	Шательперрон — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Овернь-Рона-Альпи, департамент Альє. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 290 км на південь від Парижа, 85 км на північний схід від Клермон-Феррана, 30 км на південний схід від Мулена. Історія До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Овернь. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Овернь-Рона-Альпи. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році у муніципалітеті числилось 62 оподатковані домогосподарства, у яких проживали 157,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача. Сусідні муніципалітети Галерея зображень Посилання Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Альє Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Альє
2925242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-1	SARS-CoV-1	SARS-CoV-1 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), previously known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a strain of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects the epithelial cells within the lungs. The virus enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. It infects humans, bats, and palm civets. The SARS-CoV-1 outbreak was largely brought under control by simple public health measures. Testing people with symptoms (fever and respiratory problems), isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel all had an effect. SARS-CoV-1 was most transmissible when patients were sick, so its spread could be effectively suppressed by isolating patients with symptoms. On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Canada identified the SARS-CoV-1 genome in April 2003. Scientists at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled Koch's postulates, thereby confirming it as the causative agent. In the experiments, macaques infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS patients. A virus very similar to SARS was discovered in late 2019. This virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the causative pathogen of COVID-19, the propagation of which started the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1. It causes an often severe illness and is marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain, headache, and fever, followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms, mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. Another common finding in SARS patients is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood. In the SARS outbreak of 2003, about 9% of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-1 infection died. The mortality rate was much higher for those over 60 years old, with mortality rates approaching 50% for this subset of patients. Origin and evolutionary history In March 2003, WHO established a global network of leading laboratories to collaborate in the identification of the causative agent of SARS. Early on, labs in the network narrowed the search to members of the paramyxovirus and coronavirus families. Early findings shared by the labs pointed to coronaviruses with increasing consistency. On 21 March, scientists from the University of Hong Kong announced the isolation of a new virus that was strongly suspected to be the causative agent of SARS. Epidemiological evidence suggested a zoonotic origin of the virus: more than 33% of the first detected cases of SARS in Guangdong corresponded to animal or food handlers. Seroprevalence studies reinforced this zoonotic link (a high proportion of asymptomatic animal handlers at markets in Guangdong Province had antibodies against SARS-CoV). On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in Vancouver finished mapping the genetic sequence of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by Marco Marra and Caroline Astell and worked in collaboration with the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, using samples from infected patients in Toronto. The map, hailed by the WHO as an important step forward in fighting SARS, is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website (see below). Donald Low of Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed". The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups. Molecular epidemiological research demonstrated the virus isolated in 2002–2003 in south China and the virus isolated in the same area in late 2003 and early 2004 are different, indicating separate species-crossing events. The phylogeny of the outbreak strains shows that the southwestern provinces including Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi compare to the human SARS-CoV-1 better than those of the other provinces, but the viruses' evolution is a product of the host interaction and particularity. In late May 2003, studies from samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China, found a strain of SARS coronavirus could be isolated from masked palm civets (Paguma sp.), but the animals did not always show clinical signs. The preliminary conclusion was the SARS virus crossed the species barrier from palm civet to humans, and more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province. The virus was also later found in raccoon dogs (Nyctereuteus sp.), ferret badgers (Melogale spp.), and domestic cats. In 2004, scientists from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong and the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and humans, confirming claims that the virus might have transmitted from the animal species to humans. Infected palm civets at the market were traced to farms where no infected animals were found. It is unknown whether the virus was originally introduced to the market by civets, humans, or another animal. In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats. Although the bat SARS virus did not replicate in cell culture, in 2008, American researchers altered the genetic structure of bat SARS virus with the human receptor binding domain both in the bat virus and in the mice which demonstrated how zoonosis might occur in evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Phylogenetic Bats are likely to be the natural reservoir, that is, the host that harbored the pathogen but that does not show ill effects and serves as a source of infection. No direct progenitor of SARS-CoV was found in bat populations, but WIV16 was found in a cave in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan, China between 2013 and 2016, and has a 96% genetically similar virus strain. The hypothesis that SARS-CoV-1 emerged through recombinations of bat SARSr-CoVs in the Yunnan cave of WIV16 or in other yet-to-be-identified bat caves is considered highly likely. Virology SARS-CoV-1 follows the replication strategy typical of the coronavirus subfamily. The primary human receptor of the virus is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and hemaglutinin (HE), first identified in 2003. Human SARS-CoV-1 appears to have had a complex history of recombination between ancestral coronaviruses that were hosted in several different animal groups. In order for recombination to happen at least two SARS-CoV-1 genomes must be present in the same host cell. Recombination may occur during genome replication when the RNA polymerase switches from one template to another (copy choice recombination). SARS-CoV-1 is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are: Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) See also Carlo Urbani SL-CoV-WIV1 References Citations Sources External links WHO press release identifying and naming the SARS virus The SARS virus genetic map Science special on the SARS virus (free content: no registration required) U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS home World Health Organization on alert SARS-related coronavirus Infraspecific virus taxa Chiroptera-borne diseases Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2617663	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0	Ноздровська Ірина Сергіївна	Ноздровська Ірина Сергіївна Ірина Сергіївна Ноздровська — українська правниця та правозахисниця, помічниця нардепа Тетяни Чорновол . Ірина Ноздровська зникла 29 грудня після неодноразових погроз на її адресу. 1 січня 2018 року її знайшли мертвою в річці біля села Демидів Вишгородського району Київської області. 8 січня 2018 року поліцією було затримано Юрія Россошанського, батька Дмитра Россошанського, чийого засудженя вимагала Ірина. За даними поліції, затриманий зізнався у скоєнні злочину. Правозахисна діяльність Ірина Ноздровська розслідувала загибель своєї сестри, яку у вересні 2015 року насмерть збив Дмитро Россошанський у стані наркотичного сп'яніння. Дмитро Россошанський — племінник Купрієнка Сергія Ісаковича, голови Вишгородського районного суду на момент скоєння ДТП. Розслідування злочину всіляко затягувалось. Крім справи про загибель сестри, Ірина вела справу про розкрадання коштів на суму 300 тис грн директором школи, а також боролася за встановлення опіки над 4-річним племінником, сином загиблої сестри. Убивство Ірина зникла ввечері 29 грудня. Востаннє вона телефонувала матері близько 17:00 та повідомила, що перебуває у Старих Петрівцях. О 18:00 мати Ірина не відповіла на дзвінок матері, хоча обидва її телефони було увімкнено. Родичі звернулися до Вишгородського райвідділу поліції і 30 грудня Ірину було оголошено у розшук. 1 січня 2018 року місцевий житель натрапив на оголене тіло Ірини у річці Кізка поблизу Демидова. Причиною смерті імовірно стали колото-різані поранення на шиї. Експертиза встановила, що смерть Ноздровської настала ввечері 29 грудня. За інформацією активіста Андрія Хилька, з яким товаришувала Ірина, після її зникнення з її профілю у Facebook було видалено її особисте листування. Розслідування За фактом убивства Ірини Ноздровської поліція відкрила кримінальне провадження за частиною 1 статті статті 115 Кримінального кодексу України. Основними версіями правоохоронців є професійна діяльність Ноздровської, діяльність щодо розслідування справи щодо загибелі її сестри, хуліганство, та спроба зґвалтування. Після проведення судово-медичної експертизи версію про зґвалтування було відкинуто. 4 січня на прохання родичів Ноздровської було призначено комплексну експертизу її тіла. Для розслідування обставин загибелі Ірини було створено координаційний штаб МВС. Над справою працювали 300 працівників МВС. 1 січня 2018 року було затримано колишнього нареченого Ірини Віталія Сергєєва, якого допитали як свідка. Окрім нього, протягом першої доби було допитано близько 50 осіб. Було відтворено маршрут Ірини від станції метро Героїв Дніпра у Києві, де вона сіла до маршрутки до селища Демидів, куди Ноздровська все ж дісталася; було допитано 6 водіїв, які працювали на маршруті до Демидова між 17 і 18 годинами 29 грудня, зокрема і той, з яким їхала Ірина. Також було вилучено записи камер відеоспостереження за маршрутом правозахисниці. Крім того, було проведено обходи домівок жителів Демидова, у ході яких було опитано понад 1000 місцевих мешканців. 8 січня був затриманий підозрюваний у вбивстві Юрій Россошанський, батько Дмитра Россошанського. Керівник кримінальної поліції В'ячеслав Аброськін повідомив, що затриманий зізнався у скоєнні злочину. При цьому, ЗМІ з посиланням на дружину затриманого опублікували його лист до родини, де він заперечує причетність до злочину, проте бере вину на себе, аби убезпечити родину. Пізніше Россошанський заявив, що вбив Ірині через сварку з нею на зупинці громадського транспорту у Демидові. Адвокат родини Ноздровських Віталій Мацелюх почав власне розслідування, залучивши приватних детективів, оскільки на його думку вбивство може бути не пов'язаним зі справою про ДТП, у якій загинула її сестра. 3 серпня 2022 року суд визнав Юрія Россошанського винним у вбивстві Ірини Ноздровської, засудивши його на 15 років позбавлення волі. Реакція 2 січня 2018 під Головним управлінням поліції Київської області відбулася акція, учасники якої вимагали від поліціянтів знайти та покарати убивць Ірини Ноздровської. Міністр МЗС Павло Клімкін назвав вбивство Ірини «викликом для держави та тестом для суспільства на здатність захистити жінок-активісток, на справедливість взагалі і спроможність її забезпечити». Посольство США в Україні висловило занепокоєння у зв'язку з вбивством правозахисниці. Посольство Британії в Україні закликало Україну забезпечити справедливий судовий процес на основі ретельного розслідування вбивства. Примітки Посилання Сторінка у Фейсбук Н Убивства 2017 Грудень 2017 Січень 2018 Жертви вбивств
602552	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%20%28%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%29	Національний театр (Прага)	Національний театр (Прага) Національний театр — головний театр Праги та Чехії, має у своєму складі чотири театральні сцени: власна сцена Національного театру, Державна опера, Становий театр та Нова сцена. Сучасна будівля театру з 1958 року має статус національної пам'ятки архітектури. Історія Попередником сучасного Національного театру був Тимчасовий театр (чеськ. Prozatímní divadlo, давньочеською Divadlo prozatímné), ділянка під будівництво якого, була придбана у 1852 році Рухом для побудови Національного театру. Проте, внаслідок повільного залучення коштів, будівля Тимчасового театру була побудована лише у 1862 році за ініціативою Франтішка Ріґера як передвісник майбутнього архітектурного комплексу Національного театру. Офіційне відкриття Тимчасового театру відбулося 18 листопада 1862 року прем'єрою драми Вітєзслава Галека «Король Вукашин». З 1866 року капельмейстром опери Тимчасового театру працював Бедржіх Сметана, саме тут відбулися прем'єри його опер Продана наречена, Поцілунок та Далібор. Планувалось, що Тимчасовий театр перестане функціонувати з відкриттям Національного театру у 1881 році. Проте, у 1882 році сталася масштабна пожежа, якою новобудову Національного театру було суттєво пошкоджено — вогнем було зруйновано покритий міддю дах, сцену та глядацьку зону — внаслідок чого діяльність Тимчасового театру продовжувалась до повторного відкриття у 1883 році Національного театру після реконструкції і пізніше, разом з сусіднім житловим будинком, була інкорпорована Йозефом Шульцем до архітектурного комплексу Національного театру — тепер в ній розміщується сцена Національного театру. Історія будівництва Поряд з Тимчасовим театром у 1868 році розпочалося будівництво будівлі Національного театру , яку планувалось звести у стилі неоренесанс за проектом чеського архітектора Йозефа Зітека. Урочисте закладення 16 квітня 1868 року перших двох каменів (з гір Ржіп та Радгошть) було відзначено прем'єрою опери Бедржіха Сметани Далібор в Тимчасовому театрі. Згодом були додані і камені з інших місцин. Головну будівлю Національного театру також подекуди називають Будівлею Зітека (чеськ. Zítkova budova). Будівництво велося на народні пожертви і тривало понад 12 років — оздоблювальні роботи здійснювались навіть після урочистого відкриття театру. Саме вони в серпні 1882 року спричинили пожежу, що була сприйнята як загальнонаціональна катастрофа. Проте у досить стислі строки театр був реконструйований колишнім асистентом Йозефа Зітека — архітектором Йозефом Шульцем. Крім муніципалітету міста Прага кошти на реконструкцію були внесені містами Пльзень, Сміхов і Карлін, Імператором Францем Йосифом І та членами його родини, а також родами Лобковіц, Шварценберг, Коуніц, Хотек, Коловрат-Краковських, представниками чеської буржуазії та інтелектуальної й творчої еліти — Франтішек Палацький, Франтішек Ріґер та інші. На відзначення внеску всіх тих, хто власним коштом підтримував будівництво, над завісою театру розміщено напис «Нація — собі» (чеськ. Národ sobě). У 1977–1983 роках архітектурний комплекс театру було реконструйовано, керівником проекту був архітектор Зденєк Вавра. 1983 року до столітнього ювілею театру, було прибудовано комплекс приміщень Нової сцени, у якому крім класичного театрального репертуару з 1984 року відбуваються вистави мультимедійного театру Laterna magika. Оздоблення театру З 1873 року комісією під проводом Карела Сладковського було проведено конкурси з відбору майстрів для оздоблення майбутньої будівлі Національного театру. Передбачалось, що це буде класична будівля у стилі неоренесанс з мотивами слов'янської міфології та в дусі Краледворського та Зеленогорського рукописів, які тоді ще вважались автентичними пам'ятками історії. Реалізовані в стилі манесівського живопису (основоположник — Йозеф Манес) та в дусі популярного тоді романтичного живопису ці концепції стали ідейною основою течії, що пізніше отримала назву творчість покоління Національного театру. В оздобленні Національного театру брали участь: Франтішек Женішек та Міколаш Алеш: оздоблення стін та стелі фоє (роботи Міф, Людське життя, Історія та Богатирський спів на стінах фоє та триптих Золотий вік, занепад і воскресіння мистецтва на його стелі), а також стелі глядацької зали (олійне зображення восьми муз мистецтва було виготовлено окремо з наступним розміщенням на стелі); Йосеф Мислбек: алегорії Драми та Опери, розташовані над бічним входом з набережної, Музики — у фоє; Богуслав Шнірх: скульптури Аполлон і дев'ять муз, а також медальйони Місяця, Дня та Ночі в королівській ложі; Богуслав Шнірх також працював над створенням бронзових скульптурних композицій античних упряжів з богинями Перемоги, розташованих на кутових пілонах будівлі, проте роботи його авторства були зруйновані пожежею, а ті, що зараз прикрашають Національний театр, були зроблені його учнями та встановлені на відповідні місця вже після смерті Шнірха в 1911 році; Антонін Вагнер: статуї Забій та Лумір на головному фасаді, алегоричні скульптури Музики, Танцю, Історії та Поезії на західному фасаді; Юліус Маржак: романтичні пейзажі з пам'ятними історичними місцями Чехії — горами Ржіп, Бланік, замком Вишеград тощо. Діяльність театру Театральна діяльність Національного театру розпочалася 11 червня 1881 року, прем'єрою опери Лібуше Бедржіха Сметани, яка була написана спеціально для цієї визначної події. Відкриття і перша вистава театру була приурочена до візиту кронпринца Рудольфа. Цією ж виставою розпочиналась діяльність Національного театру після реконструкцій 1882—1883 років та 1977—1983 років. У складі Національного театру функціонують чотири творчі колективи: драматичний, оперний, балетний та колектив Laterna Magika. У творчих колективах Національного театру брали участь уродженці земель сучасної території України, зокрема: Едуард Гакен (у 1941—1996 роках) — оперний співак (бас), який народився на Волині (волинський чех). Власта Фабіанова (у 1941—1977 роках) — чеська актриса театру та кіно, яка народилась у м. Львів. Примітки Посилання Národní divadlo Вебсторінка театру Театри Праги Національні пам'ятки культури Чехії Театри, засновані 1883 Засновані в Австро-Угорщині 1883
19734874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangu%20County	Gangu County	Gangu County is a county in the southeast of Gansu province, China. It is under the administration of Tianshui City and is the most populous county in Gansu. Its postal code is 741200, and in 1999 its population was 570,318 people. It was established by Duke Wu of Qin in 688 BC as Ji County (冀县), this has led it to be called the 'oldest Chinese county. Gangu was a stop on the Silk Road, as a tea and horse market, and as a stopover for traders. It remains a regional trading centre. Between 1958 and 1962, Gangu and Wushan County were merged. Culture Gangu is known for its pepper variety, sold in China as Gangu pepper. Local culture includes Wushu martial arts and the sculpturing of animal ornaments on traditional Chinese roofs. Administrative divisions Gangu County is divided to 13 towns and 2 townships. Towns Townships Xiejiawan Township() Baijiawan Township Climate Famous residents Jiang Wei (202-264), general Yang Fu (Han dynasty), politician Shi Yanjue, president of the Buddhist Association of China See also List of administrative divisions of Gansu References Gangu County Tianshui
16122409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20of%203X%20Krazy	The Best of 3X Krazy	The Best of 3X Krazy 20th Century, also known as The Best of 3X Krazy, is the first compilation album released by 3X Krazy. It was released on October 10, 2000 and was a double CD. Track listing References 3X Krazy compilation albums 2000 greatest hits albums Albums produced by Bosko Gangsta rap compilation albums
16681148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlugasaurus	Wetlugasaurus	Wetlugasaurus (meaning "Vetluga River lizard") is an extinct genus of temnospondyl from the Early Triassic (Olenekian) Charkabozh, Kzylsaiskaya, Petropavlovka, Kamennyi Yar and Vetluga Series Formations of northern Russia and Greenland. It had a long skull, and reached a total length of . Phylogeny Wetlugasaurus in a cladogram after Novikov (2018) with only Early Triassic Eastern Europe taxa included: References Further reading The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia by Michael J. Benton, Mikhail A. Shishkin, David M. Unwin, and Evgenii N. Kurochkin. p. 35-59. Bibliography Of Fossil Vertebrates 1934-1938 by C. I. Camp Capitosaurs Triassic temnospondyls of Europe Olenekian life Fossils of Russia Fossil taxa described in 1930
1483133	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97%20%D0%B7%20%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%202012%E2%80%942013	Кубок Англії з футболу 2012—2013	Кубок Англії з футболу 2012—2013 Кубок Англії з футболу 2012–2013 — 132-й розіграш найстарішого кубкового футбольного турніру у світі, Кубка виклику Футбольної Асоціації, також відомого як Кубок Англії. На момент першого жеребкування розіграшу кубка в ньому було заявлено 833 футбольних клубів, з яких 758 взяли участь у змаганні. Календар Кваліфікаційні раунди Усі клуби, що беруть участь у змаганнях, але не грають Прем'єр-лізі або в Чемпіоншипі повинні пройти кваліфікаційні раунди. Перший раунд На цій стадії турніру починають грати клуби з Першої та Другої ліг. Матчі пройшли 2—4 листопада 2012 року. Другий раунд Третій раунд Переможці другого раунду зіграли з усіма командами із Прем'єр-ліги та Чемпіоншипу. Четвертий раунд П'ятий раунд Шостий раунд Півфінали Фінал Фінал відбувся 11 травня 2013 на стадіоні «Вемблі». Джерела Посилання Кубок на сайті thefa.com 2012–2013 Англія Англія 2012 в англійському спорті 2013 в англійському спорті
2219627	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B4	Мохаммед Касі-Саїд	Мохаммед Касі-Саїд (2 травня 1958, Алжир) — алжирський футболіст, що грав на позиції півзахисника. Виступав за клуб «РШ Куба», а також національну збірну Алжиру. Клубна кар'єра У дорослому футболі дебютував 1978 року виступами за команду «РШ Куба», кольори якої і захищав протягом усієї своєї кар'єри гравця, що тривала тринадцять років і у 1981 році став чемпіоном країни та володарем Суперкубка Алжиру. Виступи за збірну 1980 року дебютував в офіційних матчах у складі національної збірної Алжиру. Протягом кар'єри у національній команді провів у формі головної команди країни 57 матчів. У складі збірної був учасником чемпіонату світу 1986 року в Мексиці. Також у її складі став бронзовим призером Кубка африканських націй 1984 року і учасником Кубка африканських націй 1986 року. Титули і досягнення Чемпіон Алжиру: 1980/81 Володар Суперкубка Алжиру: 1981 Бронзовий призер Кубка африканських націй: 1984, 1988 Посилання алжирські футболісти Гравці збірної Алжиру з футболу Футболісти «РШ Куба» Уродженці Алжира
3181250	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%29	Майорка (Португалія)	Майорка (Португалія) Майорка — парафія в Португалії, у муніципалітеті Фігейра-да-Фош. Розташована в західній частині країни, на теренах історичної португальської провінції Бейра. Входить до складу округу Коїмбра. За адміністративним поділом, чинним до 1976 року, терени парафії були складовою провінції Берегова Бейра. Належить до Коїмбрської діоцезії Католицької церкви. Патрон — Ісус Христос. Площа — км². Населення — 2634 ос. (2011). Слабо урбанізований регіон. Густота населення — . Код — 060507. Населення Примітки Посилання Парафії Фігейри-да-Фош
120272	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laporte%2C%20Minnesota	Laporte, Minnesota	Laporte, Minnesota Laporte is a city in Hubbard County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 134 at the 2020 census. History The city of Laporte was founded in 1901 and incorporated as a city in 1908. The city had a period of prosperity where it had a train depot, a hotel (which was torn down to make a filling station), a bank (which was subject to an explosion in the 1930s), and a pickle factory (which burned down in the first half of the 20th century). Also during this period, the city of Laporte had a jail, of which it only had one inmate, who subsequently escaped via breaking a hole through the roof of the jail; after this incident all further inmates were sent to Bemidji. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Minnesota State Highway 200 serves as a main route in the community, and Minnesota State Highways 64 and 371 are nearby. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 111 people, 55 households, and 30 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 80 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 87.4% White, 0.9% African American, 4.5% Native American, and 7.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population. There were 55 households, of which 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.5% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.40. The median age in the city was 47.3 years. 16.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.7% were from 25 to 44; 37.8% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55.0% male and 45.0% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 145 people, 57 households, and 38 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 79 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.86% White, 1.38% African American, 0.69% Asian, and 2.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.38% of the population. There were 57 households, out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03. In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.7% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,500, and the median income for a family was $35,500. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,412. There were 15.2% of families and 18.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 30.6% of under eighteens and 17.9% of those over 64. References Cities in Minnesota Cities in Hubbard County, Minnesota Leech Lake 1901 establishments in Minnesota
2750045	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D1%96%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%20%28%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%29	Собор святих Володимира і Ольги (Чикаго)	Собор святих Володимира і Ольги (Чикаго) Собор Святих Володимира і Ольги — собор Української греко-католицької церкви, розташований у районі «Українське село» в Чикаго. Один з головних центрів Чиказької єпархії УГКЦ. Історія Церква Святих Володимира і Ольги, під золотими куполами і оздоблена мозаїкою над входом, що зображує період прийняття християнства на Русі, є часткою України та української культури на американській землі. Приход Святих Володимира і Ольги від початку свого заснування був релігійним бастіоном української громади в Сполучених Штатах. Церква є однією з визначних пам'яток «Українського села», історичного району в північно-західній частині міста. Український католицький приход Святих Володимира і Ольги у Чикаго був заснований в 1968 році патріархом Йосифом Сліпим і єпископом Чиказької єпархії Ярославом Габро. Серед причин створення окремого приходу було прагнення зберегти і дотримуватися традицій Української греко-католицької церкви. Будівництво нової церви було завершено між 1971 і 1973 роками. Архітектор Ярослав Корсунський з Міннеаполіса розробив проект церкви, у якому використав візантійсько-український стиль XI—XIII століття в Україні. Церкви подібного стилю традиційно хрестоподібні, з вівтарем, зверненим до Сходу. Круглий золотий купол поряд з переважанням кругових узорів — також характерний для цього стилю. Патріарх Йосиф Сліпий брав участь у всіх подіях, пов'язаних з розвитком свого приходу. 20 травня 1973 року патріарх Йосиф поблагословив наріжний камінь під будову цього собору.. Український культурний центр Український культурний центр при приході святих Володимира і Ольги був заснований для задоволення культурних потреб сучасної церковної спільноти, а також майбутніх поколінь американських українців. Будівництво цього комплексу було завершено в 1988 році. У 1989 році поряд з Українським культурним центром, в пам'ять про тисячолітті християнства в Україні, був встановлений пам'ятник Святих Володимира і Ольги. У діяльності культурного центру беруть участь різні організації: мистецькі одиниці, наукові інституції, професійні та народні установи. Найбільш помітними з них є «Громовиця», «Українська школа танцю», «Український католицький університет», представники «Українського комітету Конгресу Америки». Беруть участь в діяльності центру також наукові організації, такі як «Українська енциклопедія», «Українська медицина» та інші. У Культурному центрі для української діаспори регулярно проводяться різні зустрічі і заходи. Примітки Посилання Офіційний вебсайт Церкви Чиказької єпархії святого Миколая УГКЦ Засновані в США 1968 Українська діаспора Чикаго 1968 у релігії Володимира і Ольги
3923685	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%29	Ягодинка (притока Смяч)	Ягодинка (притока Смяч) Ягодинка (Без назвы) — річка в Україні у Ріпкинському й Городнянському районах Чернігівської області. Права притока річки Смяч (басейн Десни). Опис Довжина річки приблизно 3,67 км, найкоротша відстань між витоком і гирлом — 3,35 км, коефіцієнт звивистості річки — 1,11 . Формується декількома безіменними струмками та загатами. Річка пованістю каналізована. Розташування Бере початок на південно-східній стороні від села Олександрівки у заболоченій місцині біля мішаного лісу. Тече переважно на північний схід через село Будище і у заболоченій місцевості впадає у річку Смяч, праву притоку річки Снов. Примітки Джерела Словник гідронімів України — К.: Наукова думка, 1979. — С. 634 (Ягодинка № 2) Маштаков П. Л. Список рек Днепровского бассейна. — : Тип. Имп. Академии наук, 1913. — С. 210. Малі річки України Річки Чернігівської області Річки Ріпкинського району Річки Городнянського району
2488301	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECE1	ECE1	ECE1 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 1-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 770 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 87 164. Кодований геном білок за функціями належить до гідролаз, протеаз, металопротеаз. Білок має сайт для зв'язування з іонами металів, іоном цинку. Локалізований у клітинній мембрані, мембрані. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 1 Некатегоризовані білки
28305792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Berger	André Berger	André Berger André Léon Georges Chevalier Berger (born July 30, 1942) is a Belgian climatologist and professor from Acoz. He is best known for his significant contribution to the renaissance and further development of the astronomical theory of paleoclimates and as a cited pioneer of the interdisciplinary study of climate dynamics and history. Biography Trained in mathematics, Berger holds a PhD in sciences from the Université catholique de Louvain (1973) and a master of sciences in meteorology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1971). He has received honorary doctoral degrees from Paul Cézanne University Aix-Marseille III (1989), Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University (1999) and the Faculté polytechnique de Mons (2004). He is presently an emeritus professor and senior researcher at UCLouvain. Berger works in the field of paleoclimatology, and worked on the astronomical theory of paleoclimate (also known as the Milankovitch theory) in the 1970s, and its promotion and development in the following decades. He has renewed this theory and improved the accuracy of the long term variations of the astronomical parameters used for calculating of the incoming solar radiation (insolation) over the last and next millions of years. He became known in 1977 for his paper in Nature and later in the Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (1978), delivering all the spectral components of the long term variations of orbital eccentricity, obliquity (axial tilt) and climatic precession. His contributions have played a key role in the time scale calibration and interpretation of paleoclimate records and in the modelling of glacial-interglacial cycles. He has mainly worked on the simulation of past and future climates in close collaboration with physicists and geologists worldwide. He was at the origin of the very first Earth systems model of intermediate complexity. He was full professor of meteorology and climatology at UCL, maître de conférences at the Université de Liège where he was Chaire Francqui in 1989, visiting professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and has been invited to many other universities in Europe, America and Asia. He was invited to deliver the Union Lecture of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in 1987, the Society Lecture of European Geophysical Society (EGS) in 1994 and the Slichter Lecture at the University of California Los Angeles in 2001. He was chairman of the Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Georges Lemaître from 1978 to 2001, a period during which he started to develop climate research there. He was the supervisor of 22 doctoral degree theses and continues to serve as a jury member for academic tenure and habilitation. Berger is the author of Le Climat de la Terre – un passé pour quel avenir?. He started to contribute, as early as in the 1970s, to the awareness of society to global warming and the impact of human activities on climate change. Works Berger's field of research is geosciences and more specifically the astronomical theory of paleoclimates and climate modelling. In the 1970s, he improved significantly the accuracy of long-term variations of obliquity and climatic precession used for calculating the incoming solar radiation (insolation). He calculated the periods characterizing the variations of the astronomical parameters, showing that, in addition to the known 40-ka period of obliquity (ka = thousand years) and 21-ka period of climatic precession, there are periods of 400 ka, 125 ka, 95 ka and 100 ka in eccentricity, of 54 ka in obliquity and of 23 ka and 19 ka in climatic precession. Under the leadership of Nicholas Shackleton, he contributed to improve the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal. He identified the instability of the astronomical periods and the existence of a 1.3-Ma period (Ma = million years) in the amplitude modulation of obliquity. He demonstrated the relationship between the different periods of the astronomical parameters, estimated the value of these astronomical periods over tens to hundreds of millions of years, and showed the origin of the 100-ka period in astronomy and, under the leadership of J. Imbrie, in paleoclimates. He delivered an easy-to-handle and accurate calculation of the long-term variations of the daily, seasonal and caloric irradiations. With his team, he developed one of the first Earth Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs). Based on such climate models, he showed the importance of the long-term variations of insolation to simulate the glacial-interglacial cycles, the possible exceptional length of our interglacial the importance of the 400-ka period in searching for analogues of our present-day and future climate, the relative role of the multiple feedbacks involved in the explanation of the glacial-interglacial cycles, water vapour in particular. More recently he initiated research on the origin of the east Asian summer monsoon in China and started to work on the diversity of climate over the last nine interglacials. Functions Berger has served in many international bodies involved in the development of present-day and past climate research. He was chairman of the International Climate Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (1987–1993) and of the Paleoclimate Commission of the International Union of Quaternary Research (1987–1995); president of the European Geophysical Society (2000–2002), co-creator of the European Geosciences Union of which he is honorary president; member of the First Scientific Steering Committee of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme on Global Changes of the Past (1988–1990), Committee which is at the origin of PAGES. In 1991, he was the initiator of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). For the Commission of the European Communities, he was chairman of the Coordination Group on Climate Processes and Climate Change of the Climatology and Natural Hazards Program (1988–1992), of the External Advisory Group on Global Change, Climate and Biodiversity (2000–2002) and member of the Contact Group of the Climate Programme on Reconstruction of Past Climate, Climate Models and Anthropogenic Impacts on Climate from 1980 to 1983 (groups which are at the origin of the CEC Framework Programme). For the Scientific Committee of NATO, he was chairman of the Special Programme Panels on the Science of Global Environmental Change (1992) and on Air-Sea Interactions (1981) and of the programme Advisory Committee of the International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications (1980–1985). He was also member of committees in charge of advising policy makers and scientific institutions, in particular the European Environment Agency (EEA, 2002–2009), the European Science Foundation (ESF), Gaz de France (1994–1999 ) and Electricité de France (1998–2009). He was a member of the scientific committee of universities and research institutes, among which Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Département Terre-Atmosphère-Océan de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut Paul Simon Laplace et Collège de France in Paris, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et de Géophysique de l'Environnement and the European University and Scientific Pole of Grenoble, LEGOS in Toulouse, Météo-France, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in Great-Britain and Beijing Normal University. He is a voting member of the BAEF (Belgian American Educational Foundation, Herbert Hoover Commission for Relief in Belgium) which he was fellow in 1970–1971. He has organised and chaired international meetings, among which are the First International School of Climatology on Climatic Variations and Variability, Facts and Theories at the Ettore Majorana Center of Erice in Sicily, from 9 to 21 March 1980, the symposium Milankovitch and Climate (with J. Imbrie) at the Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory from 30 November to 3 December 1982, the tenth general assembly of the European Geophysical Society in Louvain-la-Neuve from 30 July to 4 August 1984, the IUGG symposium Contribution of Geophysical Sciences to Climate Change Studies in Vancouver in August 1987, the symposium Climate and Geo-Sciences, a Challenge for Science and Society for the 21st Century in Louvain-la-Neuve in May 1988, the symposium Climate and Ozone at the Dawn of the third Millennium in honour of Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize 1995, of Willi Dansgaard and Nicholas Shackleton, Crafoord Prize 1995 and, with Claude Lorius, Tyler Prize for Environment 1996, the Milutin Milankovitch anniversary symposia in Belgrade in 2004 and 2009, the first Colloque à l'étranger du Collège de France at the Palais des Académies in Bruxelles on 8–9 May 2006 (with J. Reisse and Jean-Pierre Changeux), the Third von Humboldt International Conference on East Asian Monsoon, Past, Present and Future, at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing from 24 to 30 August 2007 (with Z. Ding) . In 2009, a special issue of Climate of the Past was published in his honour with a preface dedicated to his work. In Belgium, he is a co-founding member (with Alain Hubert and Hugo Decleir, 1999) and member of the Administration Council of the International Polar Foundation, member of Mgr Lemaître Foundation (1995), member of Fonds Léopold III de Belgique for the Exploration and Conservation of Nature, of the Scientific Council of GreenFacts, administrator of the Fondation Hoover Louvain and member of the National Committee of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) which he was the president from 2000 to 2004, of the National Committee of the International Geosphere-Biospere Programme on Global Change (IGBP), of the National Committee for Quaternary Research (BELQUA), of the National Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) and of the National Committee of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) Awards 2010 Prix Georges Lemaître of the Amis et Anciens de l'UCL and of the Fondation Louvain 2008 Winner of an Advanced Investigators Grant of the European Research Council 2007 Foreign member of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada (MSRC-FRSC) 2006 Foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 2004 Special recognition to distinguished Belgian scholars from the World Cultural Council 2003 Associate member of the Royal Astronomical Society, London 2003 Membre titulaire de l'Académie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace de Toulouse 2002 Member of the l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique 2001 European Latsis Prize in 2001. 2000 Membre associé étranger de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris (France) 1997 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1999 Fellow of AGU 1996 Chevalier (Belgian Knight) by His Majesty Albert II, King of the Belgians. Motto is Lux Scientia et Labore. 1995 The Prix quinquennal A. De Leeuw-Damry-Bourlart of the Belgian National Funds for Scientific Research for 1991–1995. 1994 Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award from the World Meteorological Organization (1994). 1994 Milutin Milankovic Medal from the European Geophysical Society (1994). 1989 Member of Academia Europaea 1989 Golden Award of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) 1987 Honorary member of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) 1987 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 1984 Prix Charles Lagrange de la Classe des Sciences of the Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique (20e période quadriennale 1980–1984) 1980 Prize of the first biennal 1979–1980 of the Societa Italiana di Fisica He is Officier de la Légion d'honneur (2010), Grand officier de l'Ordre de la Couronne (see citation) (2007), and Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold (1989) He is part of the stamp sheet "This is Belgium 2007" with eight other Belgian scientists and of the Gallery of Geniuses of the Coimbra Group Universities at the University of Jena. In 2008 he was among the 35 greatest Belgian scientists selected by the Belgian Universities and Eos Science. He received the Silver Medal of His Holiness Pope Paul VI in 1979. Bibliography See also List of climate scientists References Belgian knights 1942 births Université catholique de Louvain alumni Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Officers of the Legion of Honour Belgian climatologists Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change contributing authors Members of the French Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Living people Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
18641304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koziki-Olszyny	Koziki-Olszyny	Koziki-Olszyny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kolno, within Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Kolno and north-west of the regional capital Białystok. References Koziki-Olszyny
126321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz%20Park%2C%20New%20York	Lorenz Park, New York	Lorenz Park, New York Lorenz Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in Columbia County, New York, United States. The population was 2,001 in 2020, a slight decrease from the 2,053 at the 2010 census. Geography Lorenz Park is located in the north part of the town of Greenport at (42.263667, -73.765705). It is bordered to the south by the city of Hudson (the county seat) and to the north by Stottville. It is bordered on the west by the Hudson River and on the east by Claverack Creek, a tributary. U.S. Route 9 passes through the community, leading south into Hudson and north to Stockport and Kinderhook. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Lorenz Park CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 8.37%, is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 1,981 people, 868 households, and 543 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 903 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.52% White, 4.69% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 1.06% from other races, and 1.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.14% of the population. There were 868 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.6% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.88. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,958, and the median income for a family was $46,371. Males had a median income of $34,667 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,859. About 5.2% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over. References Census-designated places in New York (state) Census-designated places in Columbia County, New York New York (state) populated places on the Hudson River
3335647	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%20%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%2C%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29	Сейлем Тауншип (округ Вестморленд, Пенсільванія)	Сейлем Тауншип (округ Вестморленд, Пенсільванія) Сейлем Тауншип — селище в США, в окрузі Вестморленд штату Пенсільванія. Населення — 6093 особи (2020). Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкали особи в домогосподарствах у складі родин. Було 3275 помешкань Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 0,9 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,5 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 16,5 % — особи молодші 18 років, 59,8 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 23,7 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 49,1 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 96,8 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 96,6 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долар США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долар . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та долар для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 8,4 % осіб, у тому числі 11,6 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 6,6 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 17,4 %, виробництво — 16,2 %, будівництво — 15,2 %. Примітки Джерела Селища Пенсільванії Населені пункти округу Вестморленд (Пенсільванія)
1574052	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29	Мапуту (значення)	Мапуту (значення) Мапуту — столиця Мозамбіку. Мапуту — провінція в Мозамбіку; Мапуту — річка в Південній Африці. Мапуту — затока Індійського океану;
12401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20theory	Graph theory	Graph theory In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points) which are connected by edges (also called arcs, links or lines). A distinction is made between undirected graphs, where edges link two vertices symmetrically, and directed graphs, where edges link two vertices asymmetrically. Graphs are one of the principal objects of study in discrete mathematics. Definitions Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures. Graph In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a graph is an ordered pair comprising: , a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); , a set of edges (also called links or lines), which are unordered pairs of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices). To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely an undirected simple graph. In the edge , the vertices and are called the endpoints of the edge. The edge is said to join and and to be incident on and on . A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. Under this definition, multiple edges, in which two or more edges connect the same vertices, are not allowed. In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a graph is an ordered triple comprising: , a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); , a set of edges (also called links or lines); , an incidence function mapping every edge to an unordered pair of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices). To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely an undirected multigraph. A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex to itself is the edge (for an undirected simple graph) or is incident on (for an undirected multigraph) which is not in . To allow loops, the definitions must be expanded. For undirected simple graphs, the definition of should be modified to . For undirected multigraphs, the definition of should be modified to . To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called undirected simple graph permitting loops and undirected multigraph permitting loops (sometimes also undirected pseudograph), respectively. and are usually taken to be finite, and many of the well-known results are not true (or are rather different) for infinite graphs because many of the arguments fail in the infinite case. Moreover, is often assumed to be non-empty, but is allowed to be the empty set. The order of a graph is , its number of vertices. The size of a graph is , its number of edges. The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it, where a loop is counted twice. The degree of a graph is the maximum of the degrees of its vertices. In an undirected simple graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is and the maximum size of the graph is . The edges of an undirected simple graph permitting loops induce a symmetric homogeneous relation on the vertices of that is called the adjacency relation of . Specifically, for each edge , its endpoints and are said to be adjacent to one another, which is denoted . Directed graph A directed graph or digraph is a graph in which edges have orientations. In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a directed graph is an ordered pair comprising: , a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); , a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows or arcs) which are ordered pairs of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices). To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed simple graph. In set theory and graph theory, denotes the set of -tuples of elements of that is, ordered sequences of elements that are not necessarily distinct. In the edge directed from to , the vertices and are called the endpoints of the edge, the tail of the edge and the head of the edge. The edge is said to join and and to be incident on and on . A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. The edge is called the inverted edge of . Multiple edges, not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges with both the same tail and the same head. In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a directed graph is an ordered triple comprising: , a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); , a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows or arcs); , an incidence function mapping every edge to an ordered pair of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices). To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed multigraph. A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Directed graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex to itself is the edge (for a directed simple graph) or is incident on (for a directed multigraph) which is not in . So to allow loops the definitions must be expanded. For directed simple graphs, the definition of should be modified to . For directed multigraphs, the definition of should be modified to . To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called precisely a directed simple graph permitting loops and a directed multigraph permitting loops (or a quiver) respectively. The edges of a directed simple graph permitting loops is a homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of that is called the adjacency relation of . Specifically, for each edge , its endpoints and are said to be adjacent to one another, which is denoted ~ . Applications Graphs can be used to model many types of relations and processes in physical, biological, social and information systems. Many practical problems can be represented by graphs. Emphasizing their application to real-world systems, the term network is sometimes defined to mean a graph in which attributes (e.g. names) are associated with the vertices and edges, and the subject that expresses and understands real-world systems as a network is called network science. Computer science Within computer science, causal and non-causal linked structures are graphs that are used to represent networks of communication, data organization, computational devices, the flow of computation, etc. For instance, the link structure of a website can be represented by a directed graph, in which the vertices represent web pages and directed edges represent links from one page to another. A similar approach can be taken to problems in social media, travel, biology, computer chip design, mapping the progression of neuro-degenerative diseases, and many other fields. The development of algorithms to handle graphs is therefore of major interest in computer science. The transformation of graphs is often formalized and represented by graph rewrite systems. Complementary to graph transformation systems focusing on rule-based in-memory manipulation of graphs are graph databases geared towards transaction-safe, persistent storing and querying of graph-structured data. Linguistics Graph-theoretic methods, in various forms, have proven particularly useful in linguistics, since natural language often lends itself well to discrete structure. Traditionally, syntax and compositional semantics follow tree-based structures, whose expressive power lies in the principle of compositionality, modeled in a hierarchical graph. More contemporary approaches such as head-driven phrase structure grammar model the syntax of natural language using typed feature structures, which are directed acyclic graphs. Within lexical semantics, especially as applied to computers, modeling word meaning is easier when a given word is understood in terms of related words; semantic networks are therefore important in computational linguistics. Still, other methods in phonology (e.g. optimality theory, which uses lattice graphs) and morphology (e.g. finite-state morphology, using finite-state transducers) are common in the analysis of language as a graph. Indeed, the usefulness of this area of mathematics to linguistics has borne organizations such as TextGraphs, as well as various 'Net' projects, such as WordNet, VerbNet, and others. Physics and chemistry Graph theory is also used to study molecules in chemistry and physics. In condensed matter physics, the three-dimensional structure of complicated simulated atomic structures can be studied quantitatively by gathering statistics on graph-theoretic properties related to the topology of the atoms. Also, "the Feynman graphs and rules of calculation summarize quantum field theory in a form in close contact with the experimental numbers one wants to understand." In chemistry a graph makes a natural model for a molecule, where vertices represent atoms and edges bonds. This approach is especially used in computer processing of molecular structures, ranging from chemical editors to database searching. In statistical physics, graphs can represent local connections between interacting parts of a system, as well as the dynamics of a physical process on such systems. Similarly, in computational neuroscience graphs can be used to represent functional connections between brain areas that interact to give rise to various cognitive processes, where the vertices represent different areas of the brain and the edges represent the connections between those areas. Graph theory plays an important role in electrical modeling of electrical networks, here, weights are associated with resistance of the wire segments to obtain electrical properties of network structures. Graphs are also used to represent the micro-scale channels of porous media, in which the vertices represent the pores and the edges represent the smaller channels connecting the pores. Chemical graph theory uses the molecular graph as a means to model molecules. Graphs and networks are excellent models to study and understand phase transitions and critical phenomena. Removal of nodes or edges leads to a critical transition where the network breaks into small clusters which is studied as a phase transition. This breakdown is studied via percolation theory. Social sciences Graph theory is also widely used in sociology as a way, for example, to measure actors' prestige or to explore rumor spreading, notably through the use of social network analysis software. Under the umbrella of social networks are many different types of graphs. Acquaintanceship and friendship graphs describe whether people know each other. Influence graphs model whether certain people can influence the behavior of others. Finally, collaboration graphs model whether two people work together in a particular way, such as acting in a movie together. Biology Likewise, graph theory is useful in biology and conservation efforts where a vertex can represent regions where certain species exist (or inhabit) and the edges represent migration paths or movement between the regions. This information is important when looking at breeding patterns or tracking the spread of disease, parasites or how changes to the movement can affect other species. Graphs are also commonly used in molecular biology and genomics to model and analyse datasets with complex relationships. For example, graph-based methods are often used to 'cluster' cells together into cell-types in single-cell transcriptome analysis. Another use is to model genes or proteins in a pathway and study the relationships between them, such as metabolic pathways and gene regulatory networks. Evolutionary trees, ecological networks, and hierarchical clustering of gene expression patterns are also represented as graph structures. Graph theory is also used in connectomics; nervous systems can be seen as a graph, where the nodes are neurons and the edges are the connections between them. Mathematics In mathematics, graphs are useful in geometry and certain parts of topology such as knot theory. Algebraic graph theory has close links with group theory. Algebraic graph theory has been applied to many areas including dynamic systems and complexity. Other topics A graph structure can be extended by assigning a weight to each edge of the graph. Graphs with weights, or weighted graphs, are used to represent structures in which pairwise connections have some numerical values. For example, if a graph represents a road network, the weights could represent the length of each road. There may be several weights associated with each edge, including distance (as in the previous example), travel time, or monetary cost. Such weighted graphs are commonly used to program GPS's, and travel-planning search engines that compare flight times and costs. History The paper written by Leonhard Euler on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg and published in 1736 is regarded as the first paper in the history of graph theory. This paper, as well as the one written by Vandermonde on the knight problem, carried on with the analysis situs initiated by Leibniz. Euler's formula relating the number of edges, vertices, and faces of a convex polyhedron was studied and generalized by Cauchy and L'Huilier, and represents the beginning of the branch of mathematics known as topology. More than one century after Euler's paper on the bridges of Königsberg and while Listing was introducing the concept of topology, Cayley was led by an interest in particular analytical forms arising from differential calculus to study a particular class of graphs, the trees. This study had many implications for theoretical chemistry. The techniques he used mainly concern the enumeration of graphs with particular properties. Enumerative graph theory then arose from the results of Cayley and the fundamental results published by Pólya between 1935 and 1937. These were generalized by De Bruijn in 1959. Cayley linked his results on trees with contemporary studies of chemical composition. The fusion of ideas from mathematics with those from chemistry began what has become part of the standard terminology of graph theory. In particular, the term "graph" was introduced by Sylvester in a paper published in 1878 in Nature, where he draws an analogy between "quantic invariants" and "co-variants" of algebra and molecular diagrams: "[…] Every invariant and co-variant thus becomes expressible by a graph precisely identical with a Kekuléan diagram or chemicograph. […] I give a rule for the geometrical multiplication of graphs, i.e. for constructing a graph to the product of in- or co-variants whose separate graphs are given. […]" (italics as in the original). The first textbook on graph theory was written by Dénes Kőnig, and published in 1936. Another book by Frank Harary, published in 1969, was "considered the world over to be the definitive textbook on the subject", and enabled mathematicians, chemists, electrical engineers and social scientists to talk to each other. Harary donated all of the royalties to fund the Pólya Prize. One of the most famous and stimulating problems in graph theory is the four color problem: "Is it true that any map drawn in the plane may have its regions colored with four colors, in such a way that any two regions having a common border have different colors?" This problem was first posed by Francis Guthrie in 1852 and its first written record is in a letter of De Morgan addressed to Hamilton the same year. Many incorrect proofs have been proposed, including those by Cayley, Kempe, and others. The study and the generalization of this problem by Tait, Heawood, Ramsey and Hadwiger led to the study of the colorings of the graphs embedded on surfaces with arbitrary genus. Tait's reformulation generated a new class of problems, the factorization problems, particularly studied by Petersen and Kőnig. The works of Ramsey on colorations and more specially the results obtained by Turán in 1941 was at the origin of another branch of graph theory, extremal graph theory. The four color problem remained unsolved for more than a century. In 1969 Heinrich Heesch published a method for solving the problem using computers. A computer-aided proof produced in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken makes fundamental use of the notion of "discharging" developed by Heesch. The proof involved checking the properties of 1,936 configurations by computer, and was not fully accepted at the time due to its complexity. A simpler proof considering only 633 configurations was given twenty years later by Robertson, Seymour, Sanders and Thomas. The autonomous development of topology from 1860 and 1930 fertilized graph theory back through the works of Jordan, Kuratowski and Whitney. Another important factor of common development of graph theory and topology came from the use of the techniques of modern algebra. The first example of such a use comes from the work of the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff, who published in 1845 his Kirchhoff's circuit laws for calculating the voltage and current in electric circuits. The introduction of probabilistic methods in graph theory, especially in the study of Erdős and Rényi of the asymptotic probability of graph connectivity, gave rise to yet another branch, known as random graph theory, which has been a fruitful source of graph-theoretic results. Representation A graph is an abstraction of relationships that emerge in nature; hence, it cannot be coupled to a certain representation. The way it is represented depends on the degree of convenience such representation provides for a certain application. The most common representations are the visual, in which, usually, vertices are drawn and connected by edges, and the tabular, in which rows of a table provide information about the relationships between the vertices within the graph. Visual: Graph drawing Graphs are usually represented visually by drawing a point or circle for every vertex, and drawing a line between two vertices if they are connected by an edge. If the graph is directed, the direction is indicated by drawing an arrow. If the graph is weighted, the weight is added on the arrow. A graph drawing should not be confused with the graph itself (the abstract, non-visual structure) as there are several ways to structure the graph drawing. All that matters is which vertices are connected to which others by how many edges and not the exact layout. In practice, it is often difficult to decide if two drawings represent the same graph. Depending on the problem domain some layouts may be better suited and easier to understand than others. The pioneering work of W. T. Tutte was very influential on the subject of graph drawing. Among other achievements, he introduced the use of linear algebraic methods to obtain graph drawings. Graph drawing also can be said to encompass problems that deal with the crossing number and its various generalizations. The crossing number of a graph is the minimum number of intersections between edges that a drawing of the graph in the plane must contain. For a planar graph, the crossing number is zero by definition. Drawings on surfaces other than the plane are also studied. There are other techniques to visualize a graph away from vertices and edges, including circle packings, intersection graph, and other visualizations of the adjacency matrix. Tabular: Graph data structures The tabular representation lends itself well to computational applications. There are different ways to store graphs in a computer system. The data structure used depends on both the graph structure and the algorithm used for manipulating the graph. Theoretically one can distinguish between list and matrix structures but in concrete applications the best structure is often a combination of both. List structures are often preferred for sparse graphs as they have smaller memory requirements. Matrix structures on the other hand provide faster access for some applications but can consume huge amounts of memory. Implementations of sparse matrix structures that are efficient on modern parallel computer architectures are an object of current investigation. List structures include the edge list, an array of pairs of vertices, and the adjacency list, which separately lists the neighbors of each vertex: Much like the edge list, each vertex has a list of which vertices it is adjacent to. Matrix structures include the incidence matrix, a matrix of 0's and 1's whose rows represent vertices and whose columns represent edges, and the adjacency matrix, in which both the rows and columns are indexed by vertices. In both cases a 1 indicates two adjacent objects and a 0 indicates two non-adjacent objects. The degree matrix indicates the degree of vertices. The Laplacian matrix is a modified form of the adjacency matrix that incorporates information about the degrees of the vertices, and is useful in some calculations such as Kirchhoff's theorem on the number of spanning trees of a graph. The distance matrix, like the adjacency matrix, has both its rows and columns indexed by vertices, but rather than containing a 0 or a 1 in each cell it contains the length of a shortest path between two vertices. Problems Enumeration There is a large literature on graphical enumeration: the problem of counting graphs meeting specified conditions. Some of this work is found in Harary and Palmer (1973). Subgraphs, induced subgraphs, and minors A common problem, called the subgraph isomorphism problem, is finding a fixed graph as a subgraph in a given graph. One reason to be interested in such a question is that many graph properties are hereditary for subgraphs, which means that a graph has the property if and only if all subgraphs have it too. Unfortunately, finding maximal subgraphs of a certain kind is often an NP-complete problem. For example: Finding the largest complete subgraph is called the clique problem (NP-complete). One special case of subgraph isomorphism is the graph isomorphism problem. It asks whether two graphs are isomorphic. It is not known whether this problem is NP-complete, nor whether it can be solved in polynomial time. A similar problem is finding induced subgraphs in a given graph. Again, some important graph properties are hereditary with respect to induced subgraphs, which means that a graph has a property if and only if all induced subgraphs also have it. Finding maximal induced subgraphs of a certain kind is also often NP-complete. For example: Finding the largest edgeless induced subgraph or independent set is called the independent set problem (NP-complete). Still another such problem, the minor containment problem, is to find a fixed graph as a minor of a given graph. A minor or subcontraction of a graph is any graph obtained by taking a subgraph and contracting some (or no) edges. Many graph properties are hereditary for minors, which means that a graph has a property if and only if all minors have it too. For example, Wagner's Theorem states: A graph is planar if it contains as a minor neither the complete bipartite graph K3,3 (see the Three-cottage problem) nor the complete graph K5. A similar problem, the subdivision containment problem, is to find a fixed graph as a subdivision of a given graph. A subdivision or homeomorphism of a graph is any graph obtained by subdividing some (or no) edges. Subdivision containment is related to graph properties such as planarity. For example, Kuratowski's Theorem states: A graph is planar if it contains as a subdivision neither the complete bipartite graph K3,3 nor the complete graph K5. Another problem in subdivision containment is the Kelmans–Seymour conjecture: Every 5-vertex-connected graph that is not planar contains a subdivision of the 5-vertex complete graph K5. Another class of problems has to do with the extent to which various species and generalizations of graphs are determined by their point-deleted subgraphs. For example: The reconstruction conjecture Graph coloring Many problems and theorems in graph theory have to do with various ways of coloring graphs. Typically, one is interested in coloring a graph so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, or with other similar restrictions. One may also consider coloring edges (possibly so that no two coincident edges are the same color), or other variations. Among the famous results and conjectures concerning graph coloring are the following: Four-color theorem Strong perfect graph theorem Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture Total coloring conjecture, also called Behzad's conjecture (unsolved) List coloring conjecture (unsolved) Hadwiger conjecture (graph theory) (unsolved) Subsumption and unification Constraint modeling theories concern families of directed graphs related by a partial order. In these applications, graphs are ordered by specificity, meaning that more constrained graphs—which are more specific and thus contain a greater amount of information—are subsumed by those that are more general. Operations between graphs include evaluating the direction of a subsumption relationship between two graphs, if any, and computing graph unification. The unification of two argument graphs is defined as the most general graph (or the computation thereof) that is consistent with (i.e. contains all of the information in) the inputs, if such a graph exists; efficient unification algorithms are known. For constraint frameworks which are strictly compositional, graph unification is the sufficient satisfiability and combination function. Well-known applications include automatic theorem proving and modeling the elaboration of linguistic structure. Route problems Hamiltonian path problem Minimum spanning tree Route inspection problem (also called the "Chinese postman problem") Seven bridges of Königsberg Shortest path problem Steiner tree Three-cottage problem Traveling salesman problem (NP-hard) Network flow There are numerous problems arising especially from applications that have to do with various notions of flows in networks, for example: Max flow min cut theorem Visibility problems Museum guard problem Covering problems Covering problems in graphs may refer to various set cover problems on subsets of vertices/subgraphs. Dominating set problem is the special case of set cover problem where sets are the closed neighborhoods. Vertex cover problem is the special case of set cover problem where sets to cover are every edges. The original set cover problem, also called hitting set, can be described as a vertex cover in a hypergraph. Decomposition problems Decomposition, defined as partitioning the edge set of a graph (with as many vertices as necessary accompanying the edges of each part of the partition), has a wide variety of questions. Often, the problem is to decompose a graph into subgraphs isomorphic to a fixed graph; for instance, decomposing a complete graph into Hamiltonian cycles. Other problems specify a family of graphs into which a given graph should be decomposed, for instance, a family of cycles, or decomposing a complete graph Kn into specified trees having, respectively, 1, 2, 3, ..., edges. Some specific decomposition problems that have been studied include: Arboricity, a decomposition into as few forests as possible Cycle double cover, a decomposition into a collection of cycles covering each edge exactly twice Edge coloring, a decomposition into as few matchings as possible Graph factorization, a decomposition of a regular graph into regular subgraphs of given degrees Graph classes Many problems involve characterizing the members of various classes of graphs. Some examples of such questions are below: Enumerating the members of a class Characterizing a class in terms of forbidden substructures Ascertaining relationships among classes (e.g. does one property of graphs imply another) Finding efficient algorithms to decide membership in a class Finding representations for members of a class See also Gallery of named graphs Glossary of graph theory List of graph theory topics List of unsolved problems in graph theory Publications in graph theory Related topics Algebraic graph theory Citation graph Conceptual graph Data structure Disjoint-set data structure Dual-phase evolution Entitative graph Existential graph Graph algebra Graph automorphism Graph coloring Graph database Graph data structure Graph drawing Graph equation Graph rewriting Graph sandwich problem Graph property Intersection graph Knight's Tour Logical graph Loop Network theory Null graph Pebble motion problems Percolation theory Perfect graph Quantum graph Random regular graphs Semantic networks Spectral graph theory Strongly regular graphs Symmetric graphs Transitive reduction Tree data structure Algorithms Bellman–Ford algorithm Borůvka's algorithm Breadth-first search Depth-first search Dijkstra's algorithm Edmonds–Karp algorithm Floyd–Warshall algorithm Ford–Fulkerson algorithm Hopcroft–Karp algorithm Hungarian algorithm Kosaraju's algorithm Kruskal's algorithm Nearest neighbour algorithm Network simplex algorithm Planarity testing algorithms Prim's algorithm Push–relabel maximum flow algorithm Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm Topological sorting Subareas Algebraic graph theory Geometric graph theory Extremal graph theory Probabilistic graph theory Topological graph theory Related areas of mathematics Combinatorics Group theory Knot theory Ramsey theory Generalizations Hypergraph Abstract simplicial complex Prominent graph theorists Alon, Noga Berge, Claude Bollobás, Béla Bondy, Adrian John Brightwell, Graham Chudnovsky, Maria Chung, Fan Dirac, Gabriel Andrew Dijkstra, Edsger W. Erdős, Paul Euler, Leonhard Faudree, Ralph Fleischner, Herbert Golumbic, Martin Graham, Ronald Harary, Frank Heawood, Percy John Kotzig, Anton Kőnig, Dénes Lovász, László Murty, U. S. R. Nešetřil, Jaroslav Rényi, Alfréd Ringel, Gerhard Robertson, Neil Seymour, Paul Sudakov, Benny Szemerédi, Endre Thomas, Robin Thomassen, Carsten Turán, Pál Tutte, W. T. Whitney, Hassler Notes References English edition, Wiley 1961; Methuen & Co, New York 1962; Russian, Moscow 1961; Spanish, Mexico 1962; Roumanian, Bucharest 1969; Chinese, Shanghai 1963; Second printing of the 1962 first English edition, Dover, New York 2001. External links Graph theory tutorial A searchable database of small connected graphs Concise, annotated list of graph theory resources for researchers rocs — a graph theory IDE The Social Life of Routers — non-technical paper discussing graphs of people and computers Graph Theory Software — tools to teach and learn graph theory A list of graph algorithms with references and links to graph library implementations Online textbooks Phase Transitions in Combinatorial Optimization Problems, Section 3: Introduction to Graphs (2006) by Hartmann and Weigt Digraphs: Theory Algorithms and Applications 2007 by Jorgen Bang-Jensen and Gregory Gutin Graph Theory, by Reinhard Diestel
4562536	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%20%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%20%E2%80%94%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0	Поїзд Київ — Війна	Поїзд Київ — Війна — повнометражний документальний фільм режисера Корнія Грицюка, знятий в Україні. Фільм вийшов у всеукраїнський прокат 12 листопада 2020 року. Прем’єра стрічки відбулась у серпні на 49-му кінофестивалі «Молодість». Сюжет Події розгортаються у поїзді №126, що курсує між Києвом та Костянтинівкою Донецької області, за яким починалася лінія фронту (до повномасштабного вторгнення Росії). Пасажири спілкуються, сперечаються, сваряться. Світогляди людей діаметрально протилежні. Але вони мусять провести 12,5 годин разом, обговорюючи те, що відбувається в Україні. Всі вони прагнуть дістатися миру. «Я залишив свою позицію за кадром, намагався слухати і бути просто віддзеркаленням тих історій, які глядач потім побачить у фільмі. У мене не було мети когось в чомусь переконати. Потім, вже коли я монтував, то думав, що це якийсь «треш», що ми так спокійно про це розмовляємо», — режисер Корній Грицюк. Виробництво та кошторис Загальний бюджет фільму склав 2,15 мільйона гривень за 100% підтримки Українського культурного фонду Нагороди 2021 Нагорода «Золота Софійська фреска» за найкраще документальне кіно – Київський МКФ КІНОЛІТОПИС, Україна. 2021 Кришталева Київська кінопремія за найкращу операторську роботу у документальному фільмі – Київський МКФ КІНОЛІТОПИС, Україна (Кирило Лазаревич). Примітки Джерела Документальні фільми 2020 Документальні фільми України 2020 фільми України 2020
584496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihara%20Saikaku	Ihara Saikaku	Ihara Saikaku was a Japanese poet and creator of the "floating world" genre of Japanese prose (ukiyo-zōshi). Born as Hirayama Tōgo (平山藤五), the son of a wealthy merchant in Osaka, he first studied haikai poetry under Matsunaga Teitoku and later studied under Nishiyama Sōin of the Danrin school of poetry, which emphasized comic linked verse. Scholars have described numerous extraordinary feats of solo haikai composition at one sitting; most famously, over the course of a single day and night in 1677, Saikaku is reported to have composed at least 16,000 haikai stanzas, with some sources placing the number at over 23,500 stanzas. Later in life he began writing racy accounts of the financial and amorous affairs of the merchant class and the demimonde. These stories catered to the whims of the newly prominent merchant class, whose tastes of entertainment leaned toward the arts and pleasure districts. Biography Ihara Saikaku was born in 1642 into a well-off merchant family in Osaka. From the age of fifteen he composed haikai no renga (linked verse). In 1662 at the age of twenty he became a haikai master. Under the pen name Ihara Kakuei, he began to establish himself as a popular haikai poet. By 1670 he had developed his own distinctive style, using colloquial language to depict contemporary chōnin life. During this time he owned and ran a medium-sized business in Osaka. In 1673 he changed his pen name to Saikaku. However, the death of his dearly beloved wife in 1675 had an extremely profound impact on him. A few days after her death, in an act of grief and true love, Saikaku started to compose a thousand-verse haikai poem over twelve hours. When this work was published it was called Haikai Single Day Thousand Verse (Haikai Dokugin Ichinichi). It was the first time that Saikaku had attempted to compose such a lengthy piece of literature. The overall experience and success that Saikaku received from composing such a mammoth exercise has been credited with sparking the writer's interest in writing novels. Shortly after his wife's death, the grief-stricken Saikaku decided to become a lay monk and began to travel all across Japan, thus leaving behind his three children (one of whom was blind) to be cared for by his extended family and his business by his employees. He started his travels after the death of his blind daughter. In 1677 Saikaku returned to Osaka and had learned of the success his thousand-verse haikai poem had received. From then on he pursued a career as a professional writer. Initially Saikaku continued to produce haikai poetry, but by 1682 he had published The Life of an Amorous Man, the first of his many works of prose fiction. As Saikaku's popularity and readership began to increase and expand across Japan, so did the amount of literature he published. When he died in 1693, at the age of fifty-one, Saikaku was one of the most popular writers of the entire Tokugawa period. At the time his work was never considered "high" literature because it had been aimed towards and popularised by the chōnin. Nevertheless, Saikaku's work is now celebrated for its significance in the development of Japanese fiction. Works Amorous or erotic stories (made into the 1952 movie The Life of Oharu by Kenji Mizoguchi) Townspeople (町人 chōnin) stories Warrior stories Sample prose "Men take their misfortunes to heart, and keep them there. A gambler does not talk about his losses; the frequenter of brothels, who finds his favorite engaged by another, pretends to be just as well off without her; the professional street-brawler is quiet about the fights he has lost; and a merchant who speculates on goods will conceal the losses he may suffer. All act as one who steps on dog dung in the dark." —Ihara Saikaku, What the Seasons Brought to the Almanac-Maker (1686) "In view of our years of intimacy, I am deeply hurt that you should hesitate to die with me. Lest it prove to be a barrier to my salvation in the next life, I decided to include in this final testament all of the grudges against you that have accumulated in me since we first met. First: I made my way at night to your distant residence a total of 327 times over the past three years. Not once did I fail to encounter trouble of some kind. To avoid detection by patrols making their nightly rounds, I disguised myself as a servant and hid my face behind my sleeve, or hobbled along with a cane and lantern dressed like a priest. No one knows the lengths I went to in order to meet you!" —Ihara Saikaku, Love Letter Sent in a Sea Bass (1687) Selected translations into English de Bary, William Theodore, Five Women Who Loved Love Mathers, E. Powys, Comrade Loves of the Samurai (a selection of stories by Ihara translated into English via French) Morris, Ivan, The Life of an Amorous Woman and Other Writings Schalow, Paul Gordon, The Great Mirror of Male Love Stubbs, David C. and Takatsuka, Masanori, This Scheming World Sources Encyclopædia Britannica References See also Shudo The Great Mirror of Male Love 1642 births 1693 deaths Japanese writers of the Edo period Writers from Osaka Japanese novelists 17th-century Japanese novelists 17th-century Japanese poets 17th-century Japanese people
2099844	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82-%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD	Гохштадт-ам-Майн	Гохштадт-ам-Майн — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Баварія. Підпорядковується адміністративному округу Верхня Франконія. Входить до складу району Ліхтенфельс. Складова частина об'єднання громад Гохштадт-Марктцойльн. Площа — 13,79 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ). Галерея Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Громади Баварії
47218018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20VI%20of%20Constantinople	Gregory VI of Constantinople	Gregory VI of Constantinople Gregory VI (Greek: Γρηγόριος), baptismal name Georgios Fourtouniadis (Greek: Γεώργιος Φουρτουνιάδης; 1 March 1798 – 8 June 1881) was Ecumenical Patriarch in the periods 1835–1840 and 1867–1871. He was born on 1 March 1798 in the village Fanaraki (now known as Rumelifeneri) on the Bosphorus. In 1815 he was ordained deacon of the Metropolis of Durusu (Derkos/Δέρκος), adopting the name Gregory. On 24 September 1824 he was designated great archdeacon of the Patriarchate by Chrysanthos of Constantinople. In 1825 he was ordained great protosyncellus, and on 21 October that year he was made metropolitan bishop of Pelagonia (modern-day Bitola). In August 1833, he was elected metropolitan bishop of Serres. After much discussion and recriminations and with the support of representatives of the guilds (esnaf) he was elected Ecumenical Patriarch on 26 September 1835. In the opinion of a contemporary, the historian Manouil Gedeon, the new patriarch was characterized by a deep "zeal for the Church and austerity in his customs - but also by an unforgivable inflexibility in his own ideas" ("Τον Γρηγόριον ΣΤ' εχαρακτήριζε ζήλος υπέρ της Εκκλησίας, αυστηρότης εν τοις ηθεσιν, άλλ' ασύγγνωστος εμμονή εις πάσαν αυτόυ ιδέαν"). Gregory published canonical provisions concerning marriages (matchmaking, dowry), the education of monks and dogmatic differences with the Catholic Church and the Protestants, he forbid burial inside churches and he condemned the translation of the Bible in a simpler form of the Greek language. On 19 December 1839 he published a Patriarchal and Synodic newsletter («Περί της νεωστί αναφανείσης αντιχρίστου διδαλίας του Θεοσεβισμού») against Theophilos Kairis and his teaching. The increasing appearance of Protestant tracts and missionaries in the eastern Mediterranean following the end of the Napoleonic Wars was particularly distressing to Patriarch Gregory VI. The vigour of Gregory's efforts to insulate his flock, not only in the Ottoman Empire but also in the Kingdom of Greece and the United States of the Ionian Islands, from heterodox religious influences incurred the displeasure of all governments in the region during the late 1830s. In 1839, these tensions came to a head when the patriarch issued an encyclical condemning various uncanonical changes to family law promulgated by the British colonial authorities on the Ionian Islands. The British ambassador, John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby, bluntly demanded the removal of Gregory and threatened to leave Istanbul over the matter. Under duress, the Ottoman foreign minister Mustafa Reşid Pasha agreed to Ponsonby's demand. The minister insisted, however, on delaying the dismissal until the Ottoman government could first legitimize its action by carrying out a formal judicial inquiry into Gregory VI's alleged misbehaviour. Gregory VI was finally deposed by Sultan Abdülmecid I on 20 February 1840, and retired to his house in Arnavutköy. He was reelected 27 years later, after the resignation of Sophronius III of Constantinople, on 10 February 1867, and resigned on 10 June 1871. He died on 8 June 1881. He was buried in the forecourt of the Holy Church of Asomati in Arnavutköy and in 1906 his bones were recovered. References Sources Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο Augustinos, Gerasimos. The Greeks of Asia Minor: Confession, Community, and Ethnicity in the Nineteenth Century. Kent, OH and London: Kent State University Press, 1992 (pp. 117–119). Fairey, Jack. The Great Powers and Orthodox Christendom: The Crisis over the Eastern Church in the Era of the Crimean War. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. (especially Chapters 2 & 7) Μαμώνη, Κυριακή. "Αγώνες του Οικουμενικού Πατριαρχείου κατά των Μισσιοναρίων" [Struggles of the Ecumenical Patriarchate against the Missionaries], Μνημοσύνη 8 (1980-1981), pp. 179–212. Χαμχούγιας, Χρήστος, Ο Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Κωνσταντινουπόλεως Γρηγόριος ΣΤ' ο Φουρτουνιάδης εν μέσω εθνικών και εθνοφυλετικών ανταγωνισμών, διδακτορική διατριβή, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης (ΑΠΘ), Θεολογική Σχολή, Τμήμα Ποιμαντικής και Κοινωνικής Θεολογίας, 2006. 1881 deaths 1798 births 19th-century Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople
21363470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koz%C3%B3w%2C%20Lubusz%20Voivodeship	Kozów, Lubusz Voivodeship	Kozów, Lubusz Voivodeship Kozów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gubin, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately south of Gubin, south-west of Krosno Odrzańskie, and west of Zielona Góra. References Villages in Krosno Odrzańskie County
14284769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walchensee%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Station	Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station	Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station The Walchensee Power Plant is a hydroelectric power station in Bavaria, Germany. It is a storage power station that is fed water from the Walchensee which is then released into the Kochelsee. The installed capacity is 124 MW with an annual production of 300 GWh. The power plant is south of Kochelsee, about from the village of Walchensee. It is one of the largest of its kind in Germany and has been owned by Uniper Kraftwerke GmbH since 2016. Technical operation The power station uses the hydraulic head of about between the Walchensee (acting as the upper reservoir, at above sea level) and the Kochelsee (a.s.l.) to generate electricity. Through six, ducts connecting the two natural lakes, the water flows to the hydro-electric plant's four Pelton water turbines with single-phase generators, and four Francis water turbines with three-phase generators, and then exits into the Kochelsee. Because the water level constantly changes, neither lake fully freezes in the winter; what does freeze on the lakes is potentially hazardous thin ice. The natural outflow of the Walchensee at Niedernach — over the Jachen to the River Isar — is blocked by a weir, but the natural inflow to the lake is still insufficient to provide enough water to the reservoir for the operation of the power station, so the waters of the Rißbach river are also used. Isar transfer The Isar, which flows as a whitewater river from the Austrian part of the Karwendel mountains, is dammed between Mittenwald and Krün by a weir to form the Krüner Isar reservoir and is then diverted to the Walchensee. This water flows past the Krün hydroelectric plant in an open channel, through a culvert, under the B 11 road at Wallgau and then via a tunnel to the Sachensee lake. Here a 3.9 kilometer long penstock begins. At the end the water enters the hydro-electric power plant at, propels the turbines, and finally flows into the lake. Rißbach transfer The Rißbach comes from the northern part of the Karwendel mountains, where it gathers the water of smaller streams in the Ahornboden area. After crossing the border between Tirol and Bavaria, and immediately after the inlet of the Fermersbach, a 6960 m lug carries water to the hydro-electric power plant at Niedernach at the southeast end of the Walchensee. The power station has been in operation since 1951. Distinctive features The main road from the village of Walchensee to Urfeld runs below the steep slopes of the Herzogstand. Construction had to withstand the pressure exerted by the Walchensee on the embankment, so that the road did not slide away. If the water level in winter falls due to outflow through the Walchensee power station, use of the road by trucks is limited by weight restrictions. In spring plant operators are obligated to increase the water level again in such a way that traffic restrictions — primarily affecting tourism — can be lifted or penalties are imposed. During winter operators must monitor the snow accumulated in the catchment area to calculate the amount of melt water expected and to comply with water level requirements. , the Walchensee, along with other Bavarian power stations in the region, produce 1.3 TWh of renewable electricity annually, i.e. the supply of close to 400,000 Bavarian households. History Oskar von Miller was the developer and designer of the Walchensee power station. It was initially intended to support the electrification of the Bavarian railways, but the project was suspended by the Bavarian parliament in 1912. It was believed too much electric power would be generated and the economic benefits were in doubt. In 1915, von Miller suggested integrating the proposed power station into the region's power grid and the state-owned power supply company Bayernwerk. The Bavarian parliament agreed to the construction of the power plant in 1918. Construction began in December 1918 and in 1924 the plant began producing electrical power. The problem of transporting that power over long distances was solved with the introduction of overhead power lines. From the outset, demand for power was so great that hydroelectricity could only provide a third of the required output, with the balance being supplied by traction engines. The plant was originally owned by the state-owned Bayernwerk AG (Bavarian Works Company). Bayernwerk was later denationalised and taken over by VIAG (Vereinigte Industrieunternehmungen) and as a result the power station is now operated by E.ON Wasserkraft GmbH. World War II wind tunnel To develop Nazi Germany's planned A10 rocket, a new Mach 10 wind tunnel was planned at the power station. The new power plant was to use the 202 meter difference from the Walchensee down to the Kochelsee to generate 120 megawatts. However, instead of a new wind tunnel and power plant, the Mach 4.4 wind tunnel used for V-2 rocket development was moved to the site following the 1943 Operation Hydra bombing of Peenemünde, and the new powerplant was completed after the war. The wind tunnel was moved to White Oak, Maryland, after the war. Notes External links Buildings and structures in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen Energy infrastructure completed in 1924 Hydroelectric power stations in Germany 1924 establishments in Germany
255857	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0	Мала Буда	Мала Буда — село в Україні, в Острицькій сільській громаді Чернівецького району Чернівецької області. Історія З 24 серпня 1991 року село входить до складу незалежної України. Населення За результатами перепису населення України 2001 року населення села становить 577 осіб, з яких румунську мову визнали рідною 98,6% жителів. Примітки Герцаївський район Села Чернівецької області
2908396	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%20%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29	Здунек (Мазовецьке воєводство)	Здунек (Мазовецьке воєводство) Здунек — село в Польщі, у гміні Мишинець Остроленцького повіту Мазовецького воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975—1998 роках село належало до Остроленцького воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Остроленцького повіту
33262837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Eon	Hyundai Eon	Hyundai Eon The Hyundai Eon is a city car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai. It was launched on 13 October 2011 in India, March 2012 in the Philippines, June 2012 in Vietnam, and June 2014 in Sri Lanka. It was also sold in Honduras, Nepal, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Chile, Peru, Panama, and Colombia. It was discontinued in India and other markets in 2019. It is also called the Hyundai Atos Eon in several markets. The Eon was produced in India at Hyundai's Chennai plant for the domestic and export markets as the company's entry level city car, positioned below the Hyundai i10 and Hyundai Atos. It was only exported throughout Latin America, Africa and several Asian countries. Overview The Eon was designed jointly between the Hyundai R&D centers in Namyang, South Korea, and Hyderabad, India. It was offered with an 814cc three-cylinder petrol engine that generates and torque. According to Hyundai's Philippine distributor, the Eon has a fuel economy rating of . The car is equipped with 13-inch wheels fitted with 155/70 R13 tires. In January 2012, Hyundai India announced LPG models of Eon as well. These models have a 34 L toroidal tank with an additional cost of approximately INR 27,000 to the available models. In May 2014, Hyundai released a variant of the Eon with the 1.0-litre Kappa II three-cylinder engine also found in the European Hyundai i10 and Kia Picanto. The motor generates power of at 6,200 rpm and peak torque at at 3,500 rpm. In April 2017, Hyundai Asia Resources Incorporated (HARI) opened its Hyundai Assembly Center (HAC) in Santa Rosa to meet the increasing demand of the Eon in the Philippines. The plant also produces the Hyundai H350. Facelift As monthly sales had reached 10,000 units in India, Hyundai gave the car a facelift for the 2014 model year. 2017 marked the introduction of the Eon 'Sports Edition'. The 0.8 L limited edition model added more equipment and styling enhancements over the Era+ and Magna+ variants that it is based on. Sold only in Polar White, exterior enhancements include side body moldings and roof rails, while the interior gains a touchscreen infotainment system with Phone-Link. Engine Safety Models available in the Philippines (before 2016 MY) are sold with airbags on the top-spec GLS variant but not on the GLX (starting 2016 MY) and GL variant. However, in the Indian market, a driver's side airbag is standard on Sportz and Magna+ (1.0 L) variants, and optional on Era+ and Magna+ (0.8 L) models. In 2016, tests conducted by Global NCAP awarded the Eon for India (without airbag and with no ABS) with a 0-star rating (similar to Latin NCAP 2013). Many entry-level competitors sold in the Indian market also achieved this rating. Driver protection was rated as poor and front passenger protection was rated marginal (albeit with possible danger of knee impact). Discontinuation In August 2018, Hyundai Motor India Pvt. Ltd announced that the Eon will be discontinued by the end of September 2019, as the car is not compliant with new safety regulations that will be implemented in October 2019 and the Bharat Stage VI emissions regulations that will be enforced in April 2020. Its replacement, the third generation Santro, had been released before the festive season of 2018. The last Hyundai Eon rolled off the line on May 3, 2019, at the Hyundai Asia Resources Inc. Manufacturing Plant in Santa Rosa, Laguna. The China-built Reina sedan serves as the Eon's replacement in the Philippine market. References External links 2010s cars Cars introduced in 2011 Cars discontinued in 2019 Cars of India City cars Front-wheel-drive vehicles Hatchbacks Eon Eon Global NCAP superminis
2950054	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5	Жвікеле	Жвікеле — село в Польщі, у гміні Пунськ Сейненського повіту Підляського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Сувальського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Сейненського повіту
63776844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachylepis%20raymondlaurenti	Trachylepis raymondlaurenti	Trachylepis raymondlaurenti, also known commonly as Laurent's long-tailed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Africa. Etymology The specific name, raymondlaurenti, is in honor of Belgian herpetologist Raymond Ferdinand Laurent. Geographic range T. raymondlaurenti is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. Description Medium-sized for its genus, T. raymondlaurenti may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of almost . The tail is very long, more than twice SVL. Reproduction The mode of reproduction of T. raymondlaurenti is unknown. References Further reading Marques MP, Ceríaco LMP, Bandeira S, Pauwels OSG, Bauer AM (2019). "Description of a new long-tailed skink (Scincidae: Trachylepis) from Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Zootaxa 4568 (1): 051–068. (Trachylepis raymondlaurenti, new species). Trachylepis Reptiles described in 2019 Taxa named by Mariana P. Marques Taxa named by Luis M. P. Ceríaco Taxa named by Suzana Bandeira Taxa named by Olivier Sylvain Gérard Pauwels Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer
969268	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9	Пол Маккой	Пол Маккой (нар. 7 вересня 1981, Флоренс, Міссісіпі, США) — американський вокаліст і музикант. Учасник гурту «12 Stones». Біографія Пол народився у Флоренсі, Міссісіпі, а в грудні 1981 його сім'я переїхала до Сліделла, Луїзіана. Коли Пол вчився в 5 класі, вони переїхали до Мендевілля, Луїзіана. В 12 років, на Різдво, тато подарував Полу першу електричну гітару. З Wind-Up Records хлопець підписав контракт через 15 місяців після закінчення «Fontainebleau High School». В 2003 Пол, в дуеті з Емі Лі, виконав пісню «Bring Me to Life», яка увійшла до альбому «Fallen». Особисте життя Пол одружений. Зараз він живе в Оклахомі, США, зі своєю дружиною Рене і дочкою Райлі, народженою 20 квітня 2005 року. Примітки Співаки США Гітаристи США
680096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Alberta%20Institute%20of%20Technology	Southern Alberta Institute of Technology	Southern Alberta Institute of Technology The Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) is a polytechnic institute in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. SAIT offers more than 110 career programs in technology, trades and business. Established in 1916, it is Calgary's second oldest post-secondary institution and Canada's first publicly funded technical institute. Campus location and expansion SAIT's main campus is on 16 Avenue NW, overlooking the downtown core of Calgary and is served by the CTrain light rail system. SAIT has three other campuses in Calgary: Mayland Heights – Located on Centre Avenue, this facility supports students pursuing a career in auto body, crane and hoisting, recreation vehicle servicing, electrical, plumbing and rail. Culinary Campus – Located on Stephen Avenue, it provides baking basics and cooking fundamentals. The Culinary Campus also acts as a marketplace, selling food to the general public. Art Smith Aero Centre – Occupying of land at the Calgary International Airport, this campus supports the School of Transportation. Crane and Ironworker Facility – Located at 10490 72 St SE, this facility has a fully functioning crane maintenance shop, a yard with boom trucks and mobile cranes and crane simulators. The Tastemarket by SAIT – Located at 444 7 Ave SW, The Tastemarket is a downtown urban eatery and learning environment. Academics SAIT offers three baccalaureate degrees (2019), three applied degrees, 86 diploma and certificate programs, 27 apprenticeship trades and more than 1,100 continuing education, corporate training, camps and other open registration courses. SAIT delivers skill-oriented education through nine schools: MacPhail School of Energy School of Business School of Construction School of Health and Public Safety School of Hospitality and Tourism School of Information and Communications Technologies School of Manufacturing and Automation School of Transportation School for Advanced Digital Technology English language foundations and academic upgrading are offered through the Lamb Learner Success Centre. SAIT's Applied Research and Innovation Services (ARIS) department works in partnership with industry on applied research. Facilities Heritage Hall Heritage Hall is one of the central buildings and a historical site on the SAIT campus. Construction began on Heritage Hall on January 18, 1921, five years after the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art (PITA) was formed in Calgary in 1916. Designed by Alberta provincial architect Richard Palin Blakey and built by J. McDiarmid Company of Winnipeg, the three-storey modern structure's focal point is the central entrance flanked by two large towers designed with the characteristics of Collegiate Gothic architecture, which was prevalent throughout North America at the time. Despite the prevalence of Collegiate Gothic architecture in post-secondary education, Heritage Hall is the only example in Calgary. Heritage Hall was completed later in 1922 and accommodated both the PITA and the Calgary Normal School. During the Second World War, the structure was used as a wireless training school for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. The structure was intentionally situated on Calgary's North Hill to maximize the structure's visibility throughout Calgary, and also provide a view of the city from the building. The building was originally known as the "Provincial Institute of Technology Building and Normal School" and was renamed "Heritage Hall" in 1985. On May 31, 1985, the Government of Alberta designated Heritage Hall a provincial historic resource under the Historical Resources Act. The citation for the historical designation notes the integral role the structure and SAIT played in the development of post-secondary education in Alberta, and the significant architectural value of the Collegiate Gothic design. On June 24, 1987, the Government of Canada designated Heritage Hall a national historic site under the name "Heritage Hall Southern Alberta Institute of Technology National Historic Site of Canada". The federal designation notes the importance of the structure and SAIT as a place in the development of vocational education in Western Canada. The designation references only the footprint of Heritage Hall and not the entire SAIT campus. Residence SAIT Residence has two modern high rises in the northeast corner of its main campus. Campus Centre The Campus Centre contained a coffee house, bar, Jugo Juice, gymnasium, fitness centre, squash courts, bowling alley, hockey arena, salt water pool and theatre. This building has been decommissioned, and demolition is currently in progress. Construction of a new Campus Centre is expected to be complete by 2025. Stan Grad Centre This central building on SAIT's main campus houses food service outlets, study areas, classrooms, the campus bookstore and the library. Additional buildings on campus Clayton Carroll Automotive Centre Aldred Centre John Ware building E.H. Crandell building Cenovus Energy Centre Johnson-Cobbe Energy Centre Senator Burns building Eugene Coste building Thomas Riley building Athletics SAIT has been a member of the Alberta Colleges Athletic Conference since 1964. The SAIT Trojans are represented basketball, curling, soccer, cross country running, hockey and volleyball. All of SAIT's sports teams share the name Trojans. Recognition In 2021, SAIT's School of Business was one of three Canadian schools to make the top 100 of CEOWORLD Magazine's Best Business Schools in the World for 2021, SAIT ranked #52 overall. In 2021, CEOWORLD Magazine recognized SAIT as the number one hospitality school in Canada on its list of the world's Best Hospitality and Hotel Management Schools, ranking #19 overall. CEOWORLD also ranked the School of Hospitality and Tourism as Canada's number one culinary school in its inaugural ranking of the Best Culinary Schools in Canada. Notable alumni Robert Alford, politician Ken Allred, politician Evan Berger, politician Ted Godwin, artist and Officer of the Order of Canada Jason Hale, politician Laureen Harper, spouse of the former Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper Doug Horner, politician Chris Jamieson, hockey player David Joseph, basketball coach and former college player Roy Kiyooka, artist and Officer of the Order of Canada Greg Kolodziejzyk, cyclist Paul Landry, polar explorer Aylmer Liesemer, politician Colin Low, filmmaker Shane Lust, hockey player Barry McFarland, politician Noah Miller, water polo player and coach Caia Morstad, volleyball player Jackson Proskow, television newsperson Jonathan Scott, co-host of Property Brothers Jeremy St. Louis, television newsperson J. D. Watt, hockey player Len Webber, politician Stewart Woodman, restaurateur Arms See also Education in Alberta List of universities and colleges in Alberta Canadian Interuniversity Sport Canadian government scientific research organizations Canadian industrial research and development organizations Canadian university scientific research organizations References External links (Federal Historic Sites and Monuments Act Designation) - (Provincial Historical Resources Act Designation) Universities and colleges in Calgary Colleges in Alberta Vocational education in Canada Universities and colleges established in 1916 1916 establishments in Alberta National Historic Sites in Alberta Buildings and structures on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
952878	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0	Луцька надбрамна вежа	Луцька надбрамна вежа Луцька брама — пам'ятка оборонної архітектури в місті Острог по вулиці В’ячеслава Чорновола. Зведена для захисту міста на підходах зі сторони луцького гостинця. Відігравала роль центральної ланки в оборонній системі міста. Рідкісний зразок оборонної споруди — барбакана. Поряд з Татарською брамою демонстрували велич і поважний статус столиці Острожчини. Автор проекту — архітектор Якуб Мадлайн. Історія і архітектура Як і Татарська, Луцька брама складається з двох рівновисоких об'ємів. Об'єм основної, овальної у проєкції частини, винесений за межі оборонного муру міста, поєднується із яким прямокутним в проєкції перешийком. стрільниці розміщені по периметру споруди таким чином, що не залишалося жодної зони, яка б не прострілювалася. Наприкінці XVI — на початку XVII століть над двоярусною спорудою добудований аттик з ключоподібними стрільницями. З внутрішнього боку вежі збереглися отвори для несучих балок дерев'яних бойових галерей. Вимурувана з пісковика на вапняному розчині, кладка армована дерев'яними зв'язками. В першому ярусі знаходився наскрізний арочний проїзд. В'їзд обрамлений порталом з тесаного каменю. Окрім суто утилітарної функції Луцька брама повинна була демонструвати велич і поважний статус столиці земель Острозьких, що було досягнуто використанням архітектурного прийому поєднання вишуканого аттика з суворою міцністю гладенько потинькованих стін. Саме цей вдало використаний прийом став найприкметнішим в архітектурному обличчі Острога періоду середньовіччя. Музей книги і друкарства 10 листопада 1985 року в Луцькій брамі відкритий острозький Музей книги і друкарства. Автором оформлення музею був російський художник Е. Е. Шаповалов. Колекції музею формувалися з резервно-обмінних фондів ДБР (Москва), РНБ (Санкт-Петербург), НБУВ, ЛНБ ім. Стефаника в результаті обстеження культових споруд на Рівненщині та в сусідніх областях. В лютому 2007 року музейна експозиція була демонтована у зв'язку з проведенням реставрації споруди. Пізніше, попри незавершену реставрацію, зібрання відкрито для відвідувачів. Експозиція музею розміщена на трьох поверхах (близько 400 м²). Тут розповідається про історію створення книги та виникнення друкарства, діяльність Івана Федоровича. Серед рідкісних експонатів найдавніша друкована книга «Декреталій» папи Григорія IX (Париж 1511 р.), глаголичне видання Бревіарія Хорвацького (Венеція 1561 р.), Острозька Біблія Івана Федоровича (1581). В основу експозиції музею покладено книжкову колекцію краєзнавчого музею, започатковану ще в 1909/1912 рр. Братством імені князів Острозьких. Сьогодні книжкова колекція нараховує близько 3 тис. експонатів, половина з яких — рукописи, західноєвропейські і кириличні стародруки XVI/XVII ст. Експозиція першого поверху розповідає про виникнення слов'янської писемності та діяльність Кирила і Мефодія, про рукописну кириличну книгу XVI/XVIII ст. і про діяльність Івана Федоровича у Москві, Заблудові, Львові та Острозі. Експозиція другого поверху висвітлює діяльність Острозької та Дерманської друкарень у післяфедоровський період, розповідає про Львівську, Київську, Почаївську, Кременецьку друкарні XVI/XVIII ст. В основу експозиції третього поверху покладено колекційний принцип. Тут виставлені найцікавіші експонати основних колекцій, які зберігає Музей книги та друкарства в Острозі. Режим роботи Музей приймає відвідувачів протягом року у всі дні, крім понеділка, з 9:30 до 17:00, у п'ятницю — до 16:00. Див. також Татарська брама Музей мистецтва давньої української книги Музей книги та друкарства України Примітки Література Годованюк Е. М. Надвратные башни городских укреплений Острога и Дубно // Строительство и архитектура. 1969. № 5. С. 33-36. Годованюк О. Пам'ятки будівельної діяльності князів Острозьких в Острозі // Острозька давнина: дослідження і матеріали. Львів 1995. Т. 1. С. 40-58. Ричков П., Луц В. Архітектурно-мистецька спадщина князів Острозьких. Київ 2002. ISBN 966-575-035-6 Ресурси мережі Оборонні споруди Острога // Острозька академія XVI—XVII ст. Енциклопедичне видання Музей книги та друкарства в Острозі // Острозька академія XVI—XVII ст. Енциклопедичне видання Позіховська C. До питання про створення експозиції Музею книги та друкарства в Острозі Луцька брама, світлини Музей книги та друкарства Острозький музей книги і друкарства Архітектура Острога Будівлі Якопо Мадлена Музеї Острога Музеї книги Острозькі Брами в Україні Вежі, збудовані в XVI столітті
778754	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5	Мулере	Мулере — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Окситанія, департамент Тарн. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 580 км на південь від Парижа, 50 км на схід від Тулузи, 28 км на південь від Альбі. Історія До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Південь-Піренеї. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Окситанія. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2007 році серед 109 осіб у працездатному віці (15-64 років) 82 були активні, 27 — неактивні (показник активності 75,2%, у 1999 році було 71,4%). З 82 активних працювало 75 осіб (42 чоловіки та 33 жінки), безробітних було 7 (3 чоловіки та 4 жінки). Серед 27 неактивних 10 осіб було учнями чи студентами, 8 — пенсіонерами, 9 були неактивними з інших причин. У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 70 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 186,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Тарн Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Тарн
3271932	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%20%28%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%96%29	Гардін (Кентуккі)	Гардін (Кентуккі) Гардін — місто в США, в окрузі Маршалл штату Кентуккі. Населення — 580 осіб (2020). Географія Гардін розташований за координатами (36.765060, -88.302175). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 1,82 км², з яких 1,81 км² — суходіл та 0,00 км² — водойми. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало 615 осіб у 245 домогосподарствах у складі 164 родин. Густота населення становила 338 осіб/км². Було 285 помешкань (157/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 1,1 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,3 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 30,6 % — особи молодші 18 років, 57,0 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 12,4 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 32,3 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 91,6 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 85,7 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долар . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 41,6 % осіб, у тому числі 57,8 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 23,5 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 222 особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: виробництво — 22,5 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 20,3 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 18,9 %. Примітки Джерела Міста Кентуккі Населені пункти округу Маршалл (Кентуккі)
2021185	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%29	Децим Юній Сілан (перекладач)	Децим Юній Сілан (перекладач) Децим Юній Сілан (близько 210 до н. е. — після 146 до н. е.) — давньоримський перекладач, мовознавець часів Римської республіки. Життєпис Походив з роду нобілів Юніїв. Син Марка Юнія Сілана, префекта союзників 196 року до н. е. Відмовився від політичної кар'єри. З часом став одним з шанованих спеціалістів Риму з карфагенської мови та літератури. Після захоплення у 146 році до н. е. Карфагену до рук римлян потрапили книги з карфагенських бібліотек. Того ж року очолив комісію, створену за постановою сенату для перекладу латиною трактату Магона про сільське господарство з 28 книг. Усиновив сина Тита Манлія Торквата, консула 165 року до н. е. Про подальшу долю немає відомостей. Примітки Джерела Eilers C. Silanus and Murena // CQ. Vol. 46. 1996. P. 179 Давньоримські науковці Давньоримські перекладачі Юнії Сілани II століття до н. е.
1129842	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/5725%20%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD	5725 Ньордлінген	5725 Ньордлінген (5725 Nördlingen) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 23 січня 1988 року. Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,265. Примітки Див. також Список астероїдів (5701-5800) Посилання Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1988 Головний пояс астероїдів
1724183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A8re%20Jacques	Frère Jacques	Frère Jacques "Frère Jacques", also known in English as "Brother John", is a nursery rhyme of French origin. The rhyme is traditionally sung in a round. The song is about a friar who has overslept and is urged to wake up and sound the bell for the matins, the midnight or very early morning prayers for which a monk would be expected to awake. Lyrics Frère Jacques, Frère Jacques, Dormez-vous? Dormez-vous? Sonnez les matines! Sonnez les matines! Din, din, don. Din, din, don. English translation Brother Jacques, Brother Jacques, Are you sleeping? Are you sleeping? Ring/Sound [the bells for] matins! Ring [the bells for] matins! Ding, ding, dong. Ding, ding, dong. Traditional English lyrics Are you sleeping? Are you sleeping? Brother John, Brother John, Morning bells are ringing! Morning bells are ringing! Ding, dang, dong. Ding, dang, dong. The song concerns a monk's duty to ring the morning bells. Frère Jacques has apparently overslept; it is time to ring the morning bells, and someone wakes him up with this song. The traditional English translation preserves the scansion, but alters the meaning such that Brother John is being awakened by the bells. In English, the word friar is derived from the Old French word (Modern French ; "brother" in English), as French was still widely used in official circles in England during the 13th century when the four great orders of Friars started. The French word frère in turn comes from the Latin word (which also means "brother"). The French name Jacques would not ordinarily be translated to "John", which is "Jean" in French. The name Jacques, instead, corresponds to the English names James or Jacob, which derive from the Latin Iacobus and the Greek Ἰακώβος (Septuagintal Greek Ἰακώβ), referring to the Biblical Patriarch Jacob and the apostles known in English as James. Theories of origin A possible connection between "Frère Jacques" and the 17th century lithotomist Frère Jacques Beaulieu (also known as Frère Jacques Baulot), as claimed by Irvine Loudon and many others, was explored by J. P. Ganem and C. C. Carson without finding any evidence for a connection. Martine David and A. Marie Delrieu suggest that "Frère Jacques" might have been created to mock the Dominican friars, known in France as the Jacobin order, for their sloth and comfortable lifestyles. In a review of a book about Kozma Prutkov, Richard Gregg, professor of Russian at Vassar College, notes that the satirical collective pseudonym Prutkov claimed "Frère Jacques" was derived from a Russian seminary song about a "Father Theofil". Published record First publication AllMusic states that the earliest version of the melody is on a French manuscript circa 1780 (manuscript 300 in the manuscript collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris). The manuscript is titled "Recueil de Timbres de Vaudevilles", and the Bibliothèque Nationale estimates that it was written between 1775 and 1785. The "Frère Jacques" melody is labelled "Frère Blaise" in this manuscript. Sheet music collector James Fuld (1916–2008) states that the tune was first published in 1811, and that the words and music were published together in Paris in 1869. An earlier publication in 1825 included the words together with a description of the melody in solfège, but not in musical notation. The words and music appear together in Recreations de l'enfance: Recueil de Rondes avec Jeux et de Petites Chansons pour Faire Jouer, Danser et Chanter les Enfants avec un Accompagnement de Piano Très-Facile by Charles Lebouc, which was first published in 1860 by Rouart, Lerolle & Cie. in Paris. This book was very popular and was republished several times, so many editions exist. French musicologist Sylvie Bouissou has found some evidence that composer Jean-Philippe Rameau had written the music. A manuscript at the French National Library contains "Frère Jacques" among 86 canons, with Rameau listed as author. In 1926, the tune was used in a patriotic anthem written by officers of the Chinese Whampoa Military Academy, "Revolution of the Citizens". Comparison with Fra Jacopino "Frère Jacques" bears resemblance to the piece Toccate d'intavolatura, No. 14, Capriccio Fra Jacopino sopra L'Aria Di Ruggiero composed by Girolamo Frescobaldi, which was first published around 1615—"Fra Jacopino" is one potential Italian translation for "Frère Jacques". Edward Kilenyi pointed out that "Fra Jacopino" shares the same "Frère Jacques"-like melody as "Chanson de Lambert", a French song dating from 1650, and a Hungarian folk tune. The "Frère Jacques" tune is one of the most basic repeating canons along with the melody of "Three Blind Mice". It is also simple enough to have spread easily from place to place. For example, Barbara Mittler in a conference abstract points out that the melody of "Frère Jacques" is so thoroughly assimilated into Chinese culture that it might be widely regarded as a Chinese folksong in China called "Two Tigers". Influence Science In the fields of chemistry and cheminformatics, the circuit rank of a molecular graph (the number of rings in the smallest set of smallest rings) is sometimes referred to as the Frèrejacque number. Popular culture A version of the tune appears in the third movement of the Symphony No. 1 by Gustav Mahler. Mahler presents the melody in a minor key instead of a major key, thus giving the piece the character of a funeral march or dirge; however, the mode change to minor might not have been an invention by Mahler, as is often believed, but rather the way this round was sung in the 19th century and early 20th century in Austria. Francesca Draughon and Raymond Knapp argue that Mahler had changed the key to make "Frère Jacques" sound more "Jewish" (Mahler converted to Catholicism from Judaism). Draughon and Knapp claim that the tune was originally sung to mock non-Catholics, such as Protestants or Jews. Mahler himself called the tune by its German name, "Bruder Martin", and made some allusions to the piece being related to a parody in the programs he wrote for the performances. Interpretations similar to this are quite prevalent in academia and in musical circles. Leonard Bernstein made use of the song to illustrate counterpoint in his television program What Makes Music Symphonic? (one of a series of 53 programs, the Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic, combining music and lectures that were televised between 1959 and 1972). The Beatles' 1966 song ”Paperback Writer" features the title "Frère Jacques" sung by John Lennon and George Harrison under the main melody of the last verse. The French performer known as Le Pétomane entertained live audiences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with his own unique rendition, according to the BBC. Henri Bernstein, a French playwright, wrote a comedic play entitled Frère Jacques (translated as Brother Jacques) with Pierre Veber in 1904. Frère Jacques is a type of semi-soft cow's milk cheese with a mild hazelnut taste, produced by Benedictine monks from the Saint-Benoit-du-lac Abbey in Quebec, Canada. Four French singers, brothers André and Georges Bellec, François Soubeyran and Paul Tourenne formed a comedic singing group in 1944 known as Les Frères Jacques, even though none of them were named "Jacques". The group name was a bit of a play on words since a common French expression, "faire le jacques", means to act like a clown. They had successful careers over the next few decades. The demonstrators in Tiananmen Square chanted political slogans to the tune of "Frère Jacques". There is a strong oral tradition among children in China, Vietnam and other places in Asia of passing on songs with their own lyrics, sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques". Frère Jacques is the name of a chain of franchised French restaurants in the UK and the name of a French restaurant in the Murray Hill section of New York City. Les Frères Jacques is the name of a French restaurant in Dublin. Ron Haselden, a British artist living in the French town of Brizard, in Brittany, has produced an interactive multimedia piece featuring "Frère Jacques" in collaboration with Peter Cusack. The Chinese song "Dadao lie qiang" ("Cut down the great powers", or rather: "Let's beat together the great powers", also known as 'The "Revolution of the Citizens" Song') celebrates the cooperation in China in the 1920s of Mao Zedong's Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang against warlords and imperialist powers, and is sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques". K-pop group Nmixx interpolates the rhyme into their 2023 song "Young, Dumb, Stupid". The Beach Boys' song "Surf's Up" references the English version of "Frère Jacques', both lyrically and melodically, in the song's line, "Are you sleeping, brother John?" References External links A "Frère Jacques" interactive and multilingual collection on video Multiple versions of the song with sheet music Text in many languages, melody, ingeb.org 19th-century songs French folk songs Traditional children's songs French children's songs Lullabies Rounds (music) Songwriter unknown French nursery rhymes Year of song unknown Songs about sleep Songs in French Songs about fictional male characters
7654663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei%20Premier%20League	Brunei Premier League	Brunei Premier League The Brunei Premier League is the second tier of the football pyramid of Brunei. It was Brunei's top-tier football league until 2012, when the Brunei Super League was created. The Premier League falls under the management of the National Football Association of Brunei Darussalam. History From 1985 to 1993, the champions of the four districts (Belait, Brunei-Muara, Temburong, Tutong) entered into the National Championship playoff. The tournament was not played between 1994 and 2001. The Brunei Premier League was created in 2002, and it was the top-tier league until 2012, when it was replaced by the Brunei Super League. From 2014 until 2019 it was made into a second tier competition. Teams A total of 8 teams competed in the 2018–19 season. BSRC FT DPMM FC II Jerudong FC Panchor Murai FC Rainbow FC Rimba Star FC Seri Wira FC Tabuan Muda Stadiums Track & Field Sports Complex, Bandar Seri Begawan Berakas Sports Complex, Berakas Jerudong Park Mini Stadium, Jerudong Tutong Sports Complex, Tutong Brunei Shell Recreation Club Field, Panaga NFABD Field, Bandar Seri Begawan Champions Previous winners are: National Championship play-off winners: 1985: Angkatan Bersenjata 1986: Daerah Brunei 1987: Kota Ranger FC 1988: Kuala Belait FC 1989: Muara Stars FC 1990–92: not played 1993: Kota Ranger FC 1994-01: not played Brunei Premier League (B-League) 2002: DPMM FC 2003: Wijaya FC 2004: DPMM FC 2005–06: QAF FC 2006–07: not held 2007–08: QAF FC 2008–09: not held 2009–10: QAF FC 2011: suspended 2014: Lun Bawang 2015: Kota Ranger FC 2016: Al-Idrus Junior 2017: Setia Perdana FC 2018–19: DPMM FC Top scorers References External links National Football Association of Brunei Darussalam. . League on FIFA.com (archived 5 September 2007) 2 Second level football leagues in Asia Sports leagues established in 2002 2002 establishments in Brunei
129888	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivar%2C%20Ohio	Bolivar, Ohio	Bolivar, Ohio Bolivar (rhymes with Oliver) is a village in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,000 at the 2020 census. Bolivar is also home to Fort Laurens, the only American Revolutionary War-era fort in what is now Ohio. History Shingas, a Delaware Indian leader, established a village known as Shingas Town in the general vicinity of present Bolivar in 1752. In 1778, Fort Laurens was built in this same area. Bolivar itself was platted in 1830 as part of the growth occasioned by the development of the Ohio and Erie Canal. The community was named after Simón Bolívar. Geography Bolivar is located along the Tuscarawas River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Bolivar is the northernmost municipality in Tuscarawas County, and is the only municipality in Tuscarawas County that has areas of Stark County that are farther south than it. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 994 people, 380 households, and 257 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 396 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.8% White, 0.1% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population. There were 380 households, of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.4% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age in the village was 45.9 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 21.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.9% male and 53.1% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 894 people, 375 households, and 265 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 391 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.77% White, 0.56% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.22% of the population. There were 375 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.3% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. The median income for a household in the village was $38,971, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $39,904 versus $19,844 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,651. About 1.5% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over. Education Bolivar is served by a branch of the Tuscarawas County Public Library. References Villages in Tuscarawas County, Ohio Villages in Ohio Populated places established in 1830 1830 establishments in Ohio
13944006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow%20Art%20Theatre%20production%20of%20Hamlet	Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet	Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet The Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet was a 1911–12 production of Hamlet, produced by Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craig. It is particularly important in the history of performances of Hamlet and of 20th-century theatre in general. Despite hostile reviews from the Russian press, the production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre, with reviews in Britain's The Times and in the French press that praised its unqualified success. The production placed the Moscow Art Theatre "on the cultural map for Western Europe", and it came to be regarded as a seminal event that influenced the subsequent history of production style in the theatre and revolutionised the staging of Shakespeare's plays in the 20th century. It became "one of the most famous and passionately discussed productions in the history of the modern stage." Chronology of production The story of Craig and Stanislavski began in 1908 when the eccentric American dancer Isadora Duncan, who had a daughter with Craig, introduced the two to each other. Craig, an English theatre practitioner, had garnered interest for the symbolist and simplistic designs he brought to plays like Henrik Ibsen’s The Vikings at Helgeland. On the other end of the spectrum Constantin Stanislavski was creating a world of theatre based upon realism, the internal complexities of the mind, and the rise of psychology. As Benedetti stated, “Stanislavski hoped to use the production to prove that his recently developed 'system' for creating internally justified, realistic acting could meet the formal demands of a classic play”. In response to the enthusiasm expressed by Isadora Duncan about Craig's work, Stanislavski encouraged the board of the MAT to invite Craig to Moscow. He arrived in October 1908. The board decided in January 1909 to mount the production during its 1910 season, with work on the project to commence immediately. Rehearsals began in March 1909. In April, Craig returned to Russia, meeting with Stanislavski in St Petersburg, where the company was on tour. Together they analysed the play scene-by-scene, then line-by-line, and devised a meticulous production plan, which included sound, lighting, and an outline of the blocking. Since neither understood the other's language, they conducted their discussions in a mixture of English and German. This paired with the fact that Craig spent little time at rehearsal with the actors, caused the cast to say Craig was extremely difficult to work with. Craig spent more of his time with a built-to-scale replica of the set, where he used woodcuts of the actors to devise blocking. Craig was also highly demanding with Alisa Koonen, who played Ophelia, saying on his directions, “no actress could do it” (Innes 159). This had much to do with his wish of the actor to be an Ubermarionette; that is, an actor who allowed the director complete and total control. They relocated to Moscow in May and worked together until the beginning of June, when Stanislavski left for Paris. In February 1910, Craig returned to Moscow. In the intervening period, Stanislavski had developed an important production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country, whose success had demonstrated the value of his new 'systematic' approach to the actor's work; he was keen to assay its virtues in the crucible of Shakespeare's tragedy. They planned to rehearse the company together until April, after which Stanislavski would rehearse alone until the summer. In August, Craig would return once more and the production would open in November 1910. As it was, Stanislavski was diagnosed with typhoid fever in August and the production was postponed until the next season; Stanislavski was unable to return to rehearsals until April 1911. The play finally opened on . Cast The cast for the opening-night performance were: Hamlet: Vasili Kachalov Claudius: Nikolai Massalitinov Gertrude: Olga Knipper Ophelia: Olga Gzovskaïa Laertes: Richard Boleslavsky Polonius: Vasily Luzhsky Horatio: Konstantin Khokhlov Rosencrantz: Sergey Voronov Guildenstern: Boris Sushkevich Osric: V. Tezavrovsky Ghost of Hamlet's father: Nikolai Znamensky Fortinbras: Ivan Bersenev Player King: Alexander Vishnevsky Player Queen: P. Zharikov 3rd actor/Lucianus: Boris Afonin 4th actor/Prologue: A. Bondyrev Bernardo: Boris Afonin 1st Gravedigger: Vladimir Gribunin 2nd Gravedigger: Polikarp Pavlov Priest: I. Lazarev Francisco: Nikolai Podgorny Marcellus: Pyotr Baksheev Voltimand: A. Barov Cornelius: Bolti Aesthetic approaches When Stanislavski extended his invitation to Craig in April 1908, he was completely overcome by his eagerness to work with progressive theatre artists. However, Stanislavski was unaware of how vastly different his vision for the future was from Craig's. Following his failed experiment with Meyerhold and the studio, Stanislavski began to emphasize the importance of the actor. He believed that “neither the set, nor the director, nor the designer can carry the play…it is in the hands of the actor”. It was this principle that drove him to significantly reconsider the approach of the actor. By the time Stanislavski became aware of Craig, he was beginning to develop the concepts that would later serve as the backbone for his “system”. He was determined that good acting came from internal motivations rather than outward shows. While Stanislavski's ideas centered almost entirely on the role of the actor, Craig's vision of a new theatre minimized the actors’ importance to that of an instrument through which the director's vision is brought to life. “The actor must no longer express himself, but something else; he must no longer imitate, but indicate”. In Craig's opinion good theatre required a unity of all elements under the control of one person. In line with a tendency within the Symbolist movement to view Shakespeare's play as a work of poetry rather than as one for the stage, Craig wrote in his influential manifesto The Art of the Theatre (1905) that it "has not the nature of a stage representation." The playwright Maurice Maeterlinck (whom Stanislavski visited in the summer of 1908 to discuss his forthcoming production of The Blue Bird) had argued 15 years earlier that many of the greatest dramas in the history of theatre, including Hamlet, were "not stageable." In 1908, Craig again insisted that an adequate staging of the play was "impossible." When he suggested the play to the MAT, he wanted "to test my theory that the Shakespearean play does not naturally belong to the art of the theatre." Craig conceived of the production as a symbolist monodrama in which every aspect of production would be subjugated to the play's protagonist: the play would present a dream-like vision as seen through Hamlet's eyes. To support this interpretation, Craig wanted to add archetypal, symbolic figures—such as Madness, Murder, and Death—and to have Hamlet present on-stage during every scene, silently observing those in which he did not participate. Stanislavski overruled him. Stanislavski wished the actors to accompany the text with raw palpable emotion, of course, never straying far away from his system. Meanwhile, Craig sought for the actors to not try and make their characters emotional state present. This did not mean he wanted a dead show but on the contrary he believed the text clearly stated each character's motives and feelings. He strove for simplicity that Kaoru Osanai, in the Educational Theatre Journal, calls “simplicity in expression not in content.” So in some scenes where Stanislavski wanted many actions to take place Craig wished for little to no movement to let the poetry take the lead. Despite this apparent opposition between Craig's symbolist aesthetic and Stanislavski's psychological realism, however, the two did share some artistic assumptions; the 'system' had developed out of Stanislavski's experiments with symbolist drama, which had shifted the emphasis of his approach from a naturalistic external surface to the inner world of the character's "spirit". Both had stressed the importance of achieving a unity of all theatrical elements in their work. In a letter written in February 1909 to Liubov Gurevich about his recent production of Gogol's The Government Inspector, Stanislavski confirmed his "return to realism" but expressed the belief that this would not hinder the collaboration: Of course, we have returned to realism, to a deeper, more refined and more psychological realism. Let us get a little stronger in it and we shall once more continue on our quest. That is why we have invited Gordon Craig. After wandering about in search of new ways, we shall again return to realism for more strength. I do not doubt that every abstraction on the stage, such as impressionism, for instance, could be attained by way of a more refined and deeper realism. All other ways are false and dead. Craig's and Stanislavski's interpretations of the central role of Shakespeare's play, however, were quite different. Stanislavski's vision of Hamlet was as an active, energetic and crusading character, whereas Craig saw him as a representation of a spiritual principle, caught in a mutually destructive struggle with the principle of matter as embodied in all that surrounded him. Hamlet's tragedy, Craig felt, was that he talks rather than acts. Visual design The most famous aspect of the production is Craig's use of a single, plain set that varied from scene to scene by means of large, abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area. There is a persistent theatrical myth that these screens were impractical and fell over during the first performance. This myth may be traced to a passage in Stanislavski's My Life in Art (1924); Craig demanded that Stanislavski delete the story and Stanislavski admitted that the incident occurred only during a rehearsal. He eventually provided Craig with a sworn statement that the mishap was due to an error by the stage-hands and not the design of Craig's screens. The screens had been built ten feet taller than Craig's designs specified, which may have also contributed to the mishap. Craig had envisaged specially costumed, visible stage-hands to move the screens, but Stanislavski had rejected the idea. This forced a curtain close and delay between scenes, which disrupted the sense of fluidity and movement inherent to Craig's conception. The different arrangements of the screens for each scene were used to provide a spatial representation of Hamlet's state of mind or to underline a dramaturgical progression across a sequence of scenes, as visual elements were retained or transformed. In terms of costume design there were also differences between the two artists. For example, in the scene containing the dumb show Craig wished for the Actors to wear oversized masks, but Stanislavski despised this idea as it did not ring true to a realistic style of acting. Eventually there was a compromise which allowed the actors to wear makeup along with extravagant beards and wigs (Innes 158). The kernel of Craig's monodramatic interpretation lay in the staging of the first court scene (1.2). The stage was divided sharply into two areas through the use of lighting: the background was brightly lit, while the foreground was dark and shadowy. The screens were lined up along the back wall and bathed in diffuse yellow light. From a high throne upon which Claudius and Gertrude sat, which was bathed in a diagonal, bright golden beam, a pyramid descended, representing the feudal hierarchy. The pyramid gave the illusion of a single, unified golden mass, from which the courtier's heads appeared to stick out through slits in the material. In the foreground in dark shadow, Hamlet lay slouched, as if dreaming. A gauze was hung between Hamlet and the court, further emphasising the division. On Claudius' exit-line the figures remained in place while the gauze was loosened, so that the entire court appeared to melt away before the audience's eyes, as if they had been a projection of Hamlet's thoughts that now had turned elsewhere. The scene, and the gauze effect in particular, prompted an ovation from the audience, which was unheard of at the MAT. Reception The production was met with highly critical reviews from the Russian press, whose complaints were mostly all pointed towards Craig. One critic described the performance as being “smothered by Craig’s screens”. The overall opinion of the Russian critics was that Craig's modern concept distracted from the play itself. However, Nikolay Efros, insisted that despite the flaws of the production, the theatre must be admired for the things that they aspired to achieve, and the immense amount of work they put in. The press in England was much kinder, and rumors spread very quickly through western Europe of the great triumph of Craig's vision, despite the production in actuality being a complete failure. While Olga Knipper (Gertrude), Nikolai Massalitinov (Claudius) and Olga Gzovskaia (Ophelia) received poor reviews in the Russian press, Vasili Kachalov's performance as Hamlet was praised as a genuine achievement, one which succeeded in displacing the legend of Mochalov's mid-19th-century Romantic Hamlet. Looking back on the production years later, Craig felt that it had been like "taking God Almighty into a music-hall." See also Moscow Art Theatre production of The Seagull Gallery Notes Sources Arnott, Brian. 1975. Towards a New Theatre: Edward Gordon Craig and Hamlet; A Circulating Exhibition Organized by Brian Arnott for the National Programme of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. Ottawa: The National Gallery of Canada. . Bablet, Denis. 1962. The Theatre of Edward Gordon Craig. Trans. Daphne Woodward. London: Methuen, 1981. . Benedetti, Jean. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen. . Innes, Christopher. 1983. Edward Gordon Craig. Directors in Perspective ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Osanai, Kaoru, and Andrew T. Tsubaki. 1968. "Gordon Craig's Production of Hamlet at the Moscow Art Theatre." Educational Theatre Journal 20.4 (Dec.): 586–593. Senelick, Laurence. 1982. Gordon Craig's Moscow Hamlet: a Reconstruction. Contributions in Drama and Theatre Studies 4. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood P. . Taxidou, Olga. 1998. The Mask: A Periodical Performance by Edward Gordon Craig. Contemporary Theatre Studies ser. volume 30. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. . Tutaev, D. 1962. "Gordon Craig Remembers Stanislavsky: A Great Nurse." Theatre Arts 56.4 (April): 17–19. Hamlet, MAT Hamlet Modernist theatre Hamlet Hamlet Theatre in Russia
17227893	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Fire%20%28novel%29	Green Fire (novel)	Green Fire (novel) Green Fire is a science fiction novel by American writer John Taine (pseudonym of Eric Temple Bell). It was first published in 1928 by E. P. Dutton. The novel was adapted and produced as a play. Plot introduction The novel concerns two corporations competing to develop the power of atomic energy. Independent Laboratories is working for the advancement of mankind, and Consolidated Power is working for personal gain. Nature goes berserk, and James Ferguson, the leader of Independent, discovers that Jevic, the Director of Consolidated, has achieved his goal. Nebulae in space are marked with a greenish glow and then are obliterated. MacRobert, who has previously refused offers from either corporation, is placed in charge of Independent. He disposes of Jevic in time to end the destruction. Reception Basil Davenport, reviewing the novel for The New York Times, faulted the story's "psychological crudities," but noted that Green Fire was also marked by "some striking concepts, and a duel of powers with real suspense." Everett F. Bleiler faulted the novel for defects including "poor exposition," noted that Jevic was modeled on Nikola Tesla, and found the fictionalized account of his early life "fascinating." References Sources External links Full text of Green Fire at HathiTrust Digital Library 1928 American novels 1928 science fiction novels American science fiction novels Works by Eric Temple Bell Works published under a pseudonym E. P. Dutton books American novels adapted into plays Cultural depictions of Nikola Tesla
39210408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awkwafina	Awkwafina	Awkwafina Nora Lum (born June 2, 1988), known professionally as Awkwafina, is an American actress and rapper. She rose to prominence in 2012 when her rap song "My Vag" became popular on YouTube. She then released her debut album, Yellow Ranger (2014), and appeared on the MTV comedy series Girl Code (2014–2015). She expanded to films with supporting roles in the comedies Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising (2016), Ocean's 8 (2018), Crazy Rich Asians (2018), and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). For her starring role as a grieving young woman in The Farewell (2019), she won a Golden Globe Award. Since 2020, Awkwafina has been a co-creator, writer, and executive producer of the Comedy Central series Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens, where she also plays a fictionalized version of herself. In 2021, she portrayed Katy in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings. She has also performed voice roles in the animated films Storks (2016), The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019), Raya and the Last Dragon (2021), The Bad Guys (2022), The Little Mermaid, Migration (both 2023), Kung Fu Panda 4, and IF (both 2024). Early life Awkwafina was born in Stony Brook, New York, the only child of Wally Lum, a Chinese American, and Tia Lum, a Korean American. Her father worked in the information technology field, and comes from a family of restaurateurs—her great-grandfather immigrated to the United States in the 1940s, and opened the Cantonese restaurant Lum's in Flushing, Queens, one of the neighborhood's first Chinese restaurants. Her mother was a painter who emmigrated with her family to the United States from South Korea in 1972. She died from pulmonary hypertension in 1992 when Awkwafina was four, and Awkwafina was subsequently raised by her father and paternal grandparents. She became especially close to her paternal grandmother, Powah Lum. Awkwafina grew up in Forest Hills, Queens, and attended Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School, where she played the trumpet and was trained in classical music and jazz. At age 15, she adopted the stage name Awkwafina, "definitely a person I repressed" and an alter ego to her "quiet and more passive" personality during her college years. She has cited Charles Bukowski, Anaïs Nin, Joan Didion, Tom Waits, and Chet Baker as early influences. From 2006 to 2008, she learned Mandarin at Beijing Language and Culture University to communicate with her paternal grandmother. She majored in journalism and women's studies at the University at Albany, State University of New York and graduated in 2011. Career Awkwafina began rapping at 13. She got her start producing music with GarageBand but eventually learned Logic Pro and Ableton. In 2012, her song "My Vag" became popular on YouTube. She wrote the song in college as a response to Mickey Avalon's "My Dick (Tribute to Nate)". She was fired from her job at a publishing house when her employer recognized her in the video. Her solo hip-hop album Yellow Ranger was released on February 11, 2014. Its 11 tracks include a number of her previous singles released on YouTube, including the title track "Yellow Ranger", "Queef" and "NYC Bitche$". In 2014, Awkwafina appeared in six episodes of the third and fourth seasons of Girl Code. In 2015 she co-hosted its spin-off, Girl Code Live, on MTV. In 2016, she collaborated with comedian Margaret Cho on "Green Tea", a song that pokes fun at Asian stereotypes. She was part of the lineup at Tenacious D's Festival Supreme on October 25, 2014. She was also a disc jockey (DJ) at bars in New York. She is profiled in the 2016 documentary Bad Rap, an official selection at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival. It puts the spotlight on her and Asian-American rappers such as Dumbfoundead, Rekstizzy and Lyricks. She released a 7-track EP, In Fina We Trust, on June 8, 2018; it won the 2019 A2IM Libera Award for Best Hip-Hop/Rap Album. Awkwafina hosted the short-form talk show web series Tawk for the digital production company Astronauts Wanted from 2015 to 2017. The first season premiered on YouTube and was picked up for exclusive streaming on Verizon's Go90 platform. It was an Official Honoree at the 2016 Webby Awards and was nominated for a 2016 Streamy Award in the News and Culture category. In 2016 she played a supporting role as Christine, a member of Kappa Nu in Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising, and voiced Quail in the animated comedy film Storks. In 2018 she starred in the indie comedy Dude, playing Rebecca, one of four best friends. She was among the principal cast in Ocean's 8, the all-female spinoff to the Ocean's Trilogy. She then co-starred in the film Crazy Rich Asians, directed by Jon M. Chu, playing Goh Peik Lin, a Singaporean college friend of lead character Rachel Chu (Constance Wu). She had a recurring role in the Hulu original series Future Man in 2017. She hosted the 2018 iHeartRadio MMVAs. Awkwafina hosted the October 6, 2018, episode of Saturday Night Live, becoming the second East Asian-American woman to host the show (after Lucy Liu, whose episode Awkwafina cites as her inspiration to one day be famous enough to host SNL). She did an impression of Sandra Oh, who later in the season became the first East Asian-Canadian woman to host an SNL episode and the third East Asian woman to host overall. In 2019, Awkwafina starred in the film The Farewell, directed by Lulu Wang. She played Billi, a writer who visits her ill grandmother in China. The film received critical acclaim. Awkwafina received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, becoming the first person of Asian descent to win a Golden Globe Award in any lead actress film category, after being only the sixth woman of Asian descent to be nominated in the lead actress in a musical or comedy category. In the same year, she starred as avatar Ming Fleetfoot in the film Jumanji: The Next Level, which was a commercial success. In July 2019, Awkwafina was cast as Katy in Marvel Studios' Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings alongside actors Simu Liu and Tony Leung Chiu-wai. Directed by Destin Daniel Cretton, the film was released in theaters on September 3, 2021, earning critical praise and grossing $430.5 million. She won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Shang-Chi. In August 2019, Disney announced that Awkwafina would voice Sisu the dragon in the animated film Raya and the Last Dragon, which was released on March 5, 2021. Awkwafina improvised much of her dialogue for the film, drawing comparisons to Robin Williams' performance as the Genie in Aladdin. As of 2020, Awkwafina stars in the comedy series Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens; she is also a writer and executive producer of that show. As part of the promotional campaign, she recorded new announcements for the 7 train of the New York City Subway, making jokes, such as "This is Hunters Point Avenue, a friendly reminder that seats are for people, not your bag" and "This is 46th Street, which is a lucky number, I just learned that on the internet. Also learned that pigeons and doves are the same things, WHAT?!", at every stop. These recordings were used until the series premiered on January 22. In a season one episode, Simu Liu made a guest appearance before the release of Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings. In October 2023, National Geographic announced that Awkwafina narrated the documentary series A Real Bug's Life. Public image Awkwafina has developed a profile as a fashion model, appearing regularly on magazine covers including Vogue, Allure, Harpers Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Marie Claire and feminist magazine Bust. In 2018, she was featured in Gap's "Logo Remix" campaign, which featured up-and-coming artists who "are remixing creative culture on their own terms" alongside SZA, Sabrina Claudio and Naomi Watanabe. Awkwafina was honored as Kore Asian Media's Female Breakout of the Year in 2017. Awkwafina has expressed support for Time's Up, a movement started by Hollywood celebrities against sexual harassment. She has also advocated for more female directors and against the stereotyping of Asians in media. Awkwafina has faced criticism for cultural appropriation of AAVE and mannerisms stereotypic of the African-American community. In 2018, she said, "I welcome that conversation because as an Asian-American identity, we're still trying to figure out what that is." On February 5, 2022, Awkwafina tweeted, "My immigrant background allowed me to carve an American identity [...] as a non-black POC, I stand by the fact that I will always listen and work tirelessly to understand the history and context of AAVE". Certain activists criticized this response as being several years late and unapologetic. Conversely, Vulture writer Lauren Michele Jackson felt that Awkwafina does not "conjure blackness any more than Ed Sheeran's bars", adding that, "In conversations around Awkwafina's blaccent, the actress's regional and musical background has been used to both defend and attack her". Other ventures Before launching her entertainment career, she worked as an intern at the Gotham Gazette in New York City; as an intern at the Times Union newspaper in Albany, New York; and as a publicity assistant for publishing house Rodale Books, which fired her after they discovered her music videos. She later worked at a vegan bodega. In 2015, she released a New York City guidebook, Awkwafina's NYC. On May 16, 2019, she headlined The Infatuation's annual food festival, EEEEEATSCON where she spoke about her upbringing in Queens, and her family's Cantonese restaurant. Filmography Film Television Web Discography Awards, nominations and recognitions Awkwafina was honored as Kore Asian Media's Female Breakout of the Year in 2017. For her performance in the comedy-drama film The Farewell, she received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, the Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, and the Santa Barbara International Film Festival Virtuoso Award, among numerous other nominations. Alongside the film's ensemble, she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Awkwafina also received a nomination for the BAFTA Rising Star Award. In 2023, Awkwafina was honored with two wax figures at Madame Tussauds New York." See also Chinese people in New York City Koreans in New York City Asian Americans in arts and entertainment Notes References External links 1988 births 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American rappers Actresses from Brooklyn Actresses from Queens, New York American actresses of Chinese descent American actresses of Korean descent American comedians of Chinese descent American film actresses American rappers of East Asian descent American television actresses American voice actresses American television talk show hosts American women comedians American women hip hop musicians 21st-century American women rappers American women television producers American women television writers Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Beijing Language and Culture University alumni Comedians from Brooklyn Comedians from Queens, New York East Coast hip hop musicians Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni Living people Rappers from Brooklyn Rappers from Queens, New York People from Forest Hills, Queens People from Greenpoint, Brooklyn Television producers from New York City University at Albany, SUNY alumni Writers from Queens, New York American comedians of Korean descent People from Stony Brook, New York
3035772	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%28%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%29	Пам’ятник Ходжали (Берлін)	Пам’ятник Ходжали (Берлін) «Ходжали» — пам’ятник жертвам Ходжалінського геноциду, що розташований у столиці Німеччини Берліні на території читального саду бібліотеки імені Готфрида Бенна в окрузі Штегліц-Целендорф. Авторами пам’ятнику є азербайджанські художники Салхаб Мамедов, Акіф Аскеров та Алі Ібадуллаєв. Змалювання Ініціатором зведення монументу та одним із його співавторів є азербайджанський художник та скульптор Ібрагім Ахрарі, який вже 45 років проживає у Берліні. В церемонії відкриття 30 травня 2011 року взяли участь глава самоуправління округу Штегліц-Целендорф Норберт Копп, замісник міністра культури та туризму Азербайджану Адалят Велієв, представники азербайджанської діаспори, німецької суспільності, видатні діячи науки та культури Азербайджану та Німеччини. В церемонії виступили радник з питань освіти, культури та сфери обслуговування громадян округу Штегліц-Целендорф Керстін-Ульріх Ріхтер-Котовски, посол Азербайджану у Німеччині Парвіз Шахбазов та автор пам’ятника Ібрагім Ахрарі. Див. також Ходжалинська різня Примітки Скульптури Карабаський конфлікт Пам'ятники Берліна
7876328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernik%2C%20Brod-Posavina%20County	Cernik, Brod-Posavina County	Cernik, Brod-Posavina County Cernik is a village and a municipality in the Brod-Posavina County. According to the 2011 census, there are a total of 3,640 inhabitants in the area. It was ruled by the Ottoman Empire between 1536 and 1691 and was the ultimate centre of the Sanjak of Pakrac until the Austrian conquest. There are 11 settlements in the municipality: Baćin Dol – 381 Banićevac – 223 Cernik – 1,607 Giletinci – 268 Golobrdac – 0 Opatovac – 332 Opršinac – 0 Podvrško – 294 Sinlije – 0 Šagovina Cernička – 312 Šumetlica – 223 References External links http://cernik.atspace.com/Uvodna.htm http://flagspot.net/flags/hr-sb-ce.html Municipalities of Croatia Populated places in Brod-Posavina County
248603	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87	Вайгач	Вайгач — острів у Північному Льодовитому океані, на межі Баренцева і Карського моря; відокремлений від берега материка протокою Югорський Шар, а від Нової Землі — протокою Карські Ворота. Входить до складу Ненецького автономного округу Архангельської області Росії. Географія площа 3383 км², довжина близько 100 км, ширина до 45 км, середні температури: −20 °C (лютий), 5 °C (червень). Західні береги острова мають багато заток, східні менш порізані, нерідко скелясті. Поверхня острова рівнинна, в середній частині розташовано 2 паралельних пасма заввишки до 140—170 м. Складений головним чином глинястими сланцями, пісковиками і вапняками нижнього палеозою та пермі. Клімат холодний. Середня температура лютого -20°С, червня близько 5°С. Більшість річок незначні по довжині (20-40 км), рясніють порогами і водоспадами. Численні болота і невеликі озера. Покритий тундровою рослинністю. На північному узбережжі селища Вайгач і Довга Губа, на південному — Варнек. Ім'я острова походить від ненецького та перекладається як «алювіальний берег». До XIX століття острів був важливим капищем ненців, де стояли дерев'яні ідоли, пофарбовані кров'ю священних тварин, перш за все північних оленів. Не зважаючи на перехід ненців до християнства, ненці все ще відзначають язичницькі свята. Природний заповідник У 2007 році Всесвітній фонд природи (WWF) та уряд Росії затвердили природний заповідник на острові Вайгач. Навколишні моря острова є середовищем існування для багатьох морських ссавців, таких як моржі, тюлені та кити, що перебувають під загрозою зникнення. Примітки Посилання Aktuelles Wetter in Waigatsch Die Osterinsel der Arktis (englische Sprache) Острови Карського моря Острови Росії Географія Ненецького автономного округу
4956047	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D1%96%20%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82	Шок і трепет	Шок і трепет — стратегія використання сили, за якою супротивника з самого початку конфлікту треба поставити перед лицем непереборної, домінуючої сили та масованого, інтенсивного вогневого ураження для досягнення переваги над ним у найкоротший термін. Демонстрація вражаючої сили має паралізувати волю супротивника до боротьби. Концепція була сформульована американськими стратегічними аналітиками Харланом К. Уллманом і Джеймсом П. Уейдом у 1996 році для Пентагону. Була застосована під час кампанії в Іраку в 2003 році. На брифінгу в Катарі в березні 2003 року американський генерал Томмі Френкс сказав: Примітки Військова стратегія
4452423	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%20%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Долгучиц Леонід Олександрович	Долгучиц Леонід Олександрович Леонід Олександрович Долгучиц (1935, Мінськ) — білоруський журналіст та дипломат. Постійний представник Республіки Білорусь в ООН (1977—1980). Член спілки журналістів Республіки Білорусь. Життєпис Народився у 1935 році в Мінську. Закінчив Московський державний інститут міжнародних відносин. З 1960 року — на радянській дипломатичній службі в Міністерстві закордонних справ Білоруської РСР. Він очолював делегацію Білоруської РСР на сесії Генеральної Асамблеї ООН, на конференції ООН зі створення організації промислового розвитку та на інших міжнародних конференціях. У 1977—1980 рр. — Постійний представник Республіки Білорусь в ООН. 10 травня 1977 року вручив вірчі грамоти Генеральному секретарю ООН Курту Вальдгайму. Автор публікацій Планета иммигрантов / Л. А. Долгучиц, И. А. Мельников. — Москва: Молодая гвардия, 1990. — 207 с. — ISBN5235008677 Долгучиц Л. А. За счастьем на чужбину : [Трудящиеся-иммигранты] / Л. А. Долгучиц. — М. : Мысль, 1986. — 270 с.: ил. — (Империализм. События. Факты. Документы ) Примітки Уродженці Мінська Випускники Московського державного інституту міжнародних відносин Білоруські журналісти Білоруські публіцисти Дипломати СРСР Білоруські дипломати Постійні представники Республіки Білорусь при ООН
2537060	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C15orf40	C15orf40	C15orf40 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на 15-й хромосомі. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 153 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 16 353. Кодований геном білок за функцією належить до фосфопротеїнів. Задіяний у такому біологічному процесі, як альтернативний сплайсинг. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 15 Некатегоризовані білки
4151612	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE	Алдеєво	Алдеєво — присілок у складі Гірськомарійського району Марій Ел, Росія. Входить до складу Виловатовського сільського поселення. Населення Населення — 43 особи (2010; 54 у 2002). Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік): марі — 92 % Джерела Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Гірськомарійського району Присілки Марій Ел
19829929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotynia	Chotynia	Chotynia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sobolew, within Garwolin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Garwolin and south-east of Warsaw. References Chotynia
529715	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C	Сен-Поль	Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні О-де-Франс, департамент Уаза Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нормандія, департамент Орн Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Коррез Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Жиронда Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Верхня В'єнна Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Овернь-Рона-Альпи, департамент Савоя Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Окситанія, департамент Верхні Піренеї Сен-Поль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Лотарингія, департамент Вогези Сен-Поль — острів в Індійському океані, що належить Франції. Сен-Поль або Острів Святого Павла - острів у Беринговому морі, належить США Сен-Поль-де-Ванс — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Прованс — Альпи — Лазурний Берег, департамент Приморські Альпи Див. також Сент-Пол
2705214	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%20%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9	Анакт Мілетський	Анакт Мілетський Анакт — легендарний цар Мілета домінойської доби. Син Урана і Геї, батько Астерія. На честь Анакта Мілет нібито називався Анактерією. Вочевидь, ім'я царя є лише переінакшеним титулом володаря — ванакт. Та й походження від найдавніших божеств свідчить про відсутність якихось достовірних відомостей про нього, якщо не вважати саму легенду про існування Анакта пізнішою реконструкцією. Примітки Давньогрецькі правителі Персонажі давньогрецьких міфів
9127942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Lithuania	Agriculture in Lithuania	Agriculture in Lithuania dates to the Neolithic period, about 3,000 to 1,000 BC. It has been one of Lithuania's most important occupations for many centuries. History As elsewhere, the practice of agriculture in Lithuania during the Neolithic period showed limited scope and was constrained by the availability of tools. There is evidence that its early practitioners employed slash and burn techniques to clear their fields. The use of domestic animals, first seen during the Bronze Age, had become widespread during the Iron Age. Wheat cultivation in the area has been dated to the 1st century BC; the first evidence of widespread cultivation of rye has been dated to the 1st century AD. Barley probably appeared in the 2nd century BC, while potatoes did not gain popularity until the late 18th century. These crops remain major contributors to the agricultural sector. Although Lithuania experienced major famines in 1719-1724, 1850, and 1867–68, the country was usually able to sustain itself, and exported much of its output. The role of the agriculture in independent Lithuania has remained relatively significant throughout the entire Interbellum. After the land reform launched in 1922, which provided 65,000 people with agricultural land, the number of landowners has risen significantly. The establishment of the Academy of Agriculture in Dotnuva in 1924 has contributed significantly to the quality of land exploitation and the high social status of agronomists. The agricultural products have taken a large share in the total export of Lithuania until the 1940s, which contributes to a naming of Interbellum Lithuania an agricultural state. Lithuanian agriculture was collectivized during the early years of Soviet rule; although as a general rule, this system was unproductive, it became relatively efficient in the late 1950s when Moscow granted the communist leadership in Vilnius greater control of agricultural policy. Lithuanian farm workers were 50% more productive than the Soviet average but much less productive than their Western counterparts. As in other Soviet-dominated areas, about one-third of agricultural production came from private plots of land and not from collective or state farms. Nevertheless, Lithuanian agricultural production was high enough to allow the export of about 50% of total output. The agricultural sector contributed 24% of GDP in 1992 and employed 19% of the labor force. Lithuania's agriculture, efficient by Soviet standards, was producing a huge surplus that could not be consumed domestically. In 1992, about 48% of the arable land was used for grain, 41% for forage crops, 5% for potatoes, and 3% for flax and sugar beets. Crops accounted for one-third and livestock for two-thirds of the total value of agricultural output. Significant reforms were introduced in the early 1990s to reestablish private ownership and management in the agricultural sector. Although Lithuania succeeded in privatizing more agricultural land than Estonia or Latvia, agricultural production decreased by more than 50 percent from 1989 to 1994. One problem was that farms were broken up into smallholdings, averaging 8.8 hectares in size, often not large enough to be economically viable. A serious drought in 1994 further reduced agricultural output and cost farmers an estimated 790 million litas in production. Current operations As of 2004, the agricultural sector in Lithuania employed about 227,000 persons; contributed about 6% of its GDP; and occupied about 35,000 km2, of which about 9,000 km2 were abandoned. In 2001 the principal crops were potatoes, 1,054,000 tons; barley, 776,200 tons; wheat, 1,076,300 tons; rye, 231,100 tons; legumes, 52,200 tons, and rapeseed, 64,800 tons. About 46% of its land area was devoted to crops and pastures. Lithuania produced in 2018: 2.8 million tons of wheat; 888 thousand tons of sugar beet (the beet is used to manufacture sugar and ethanol); 619 thousand tons of barley; 433 thousand tons of rapeseed; 296 thousand tons of potato; 213 thousand tons of pea; 182 thousand tons of oat; 153 thousand tons of triticale; 149 thousand tons of bean; In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like apple (92 thousand tons), maize (87 thousand tons)and rye (44 thousand tons). Lithuania's accession to the European Union in 2004 ushered in a new agricultural era. The EU pursues a very high standard of food safety and purity. In 1999, the Seimas (parliament) of Lithuania adopted a Law on Product Safety, and in 2000 it adopted a Law on Food. The reform of the agricultural market has been carried out on the basis of these two laws. According to a 2006 USDA report, organic farming in Lithuania is expanding rapidly and could account for up to 15 percent of farm area by 2015. In 2005 there were about 1,807 farms certified as organic in Lithuania, with an average size of 0.39 km2. In 2004 organic certified land area covered 430 km2 of farmed area and by 2005 organic farm area had increased to 703.89 km2, or about 1.5 percent of total farm area. The average Lithuanian organic farm size, 0.39 km2, is about four times the size of the average conventional farm. The largest organic farm is 7 km2. Grass and leguminous crops accounted for 61% of total organic farming in 2005, followed by perennial grasses at 26%. The most significant increase in organic farming has been in berry production. Financial support for organic farming is offered by the EU. Agricultural research institutions The Lithuanian Ministry of Agriculture Lithuanian University of Agriculture Lithuanian Veterinary Academy Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture See also History of agriculture References Sources Country studies issued by the United States - 1993 Agricultural operations in Lithuania 2000 The Collectization of Lithuanian Agriculture 1940 - 1952 Lithuanian Agriculture in 2003 - 2004 FAO Agricultural profile 2002 External links Valstiečių laikraštis (in Lithuanian) (based in Lithuania)
504956	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%20%D1%96%D0%BD	Трейд ін	Трейд ін — обмін автомобіля, що перебував в експлуатації, на новий або інший автомобіль з пробігом. Механізм Послуга надається автосалонами дилерів. Обравши автомобіль, клієнт залишає дилерові свій старий автомобіль, після чого проводиться оцінка — «трейд ін»: діагностується технічний стан транспортного засобу та визначається його ціна. Ця ціна буде вирахувана з ціни нового автомобіля при визначенні вартості угоди. Клієнт може сплатити покупку автомобіля у трейд ін як власним коштом, так і за допомогою банківського кредиту. Вартість послуг Користуючись послугами, які надають автосалони трейд ін, власник старого автомобіля втрачає 15-20% від ринкової вартості своєї техніки, проте за це він отримує всі переваги співробітництва із автосалоном та заощаджує час, який раніше втрачався під час переговорів із «сірими дилерами» щодо купівлі нової машини та поїздок на автобазар у пошуках покупця для старого авто. Якщо оціночна вартість старого автомобіля не влаштовує власника, він може відмовитися продавати свій автомобіль. У такому випадку йому доведеться сплатити вартість діагностики. Складності процедури в Україні На операції трейд ін сьогодні накладено низку законодавчих обмежень. У випадку продажу автомобіля, що перебував в експлуатації, фізична особа сплачує податок на прибуток у розмірі 15%, а юридична — ПДВ, тому автосалони, які надають трейд ін, вдаються до напівлегальних схем, наприклад, ставлять занижену ціну на авто при оцінці його через біржу. Компанії, що надають послугу в Україні ТОВ "Любе Авто" Альфа Плюс Автохаус Київ АД Україна ТОВ "Компанія "Авто-Альянс" ТОВ "Альянс-А" ТОВ "Альянс-ІФ" пробігом Віннер Імпортс Україна Дніпро Мотор Інвест Ілта Київське ХРП «АвтоЗАЗ-Daewoo» Примітки Див. також Асоціація дилерів автомобілів з пробігом Торгівля Автомобілі
3642388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla%20Bayanova	Alla Bayanova	Alla Bayanova Alla Nikolayevna Bayanova (18 May 1914 – 30 August 2011) was a Russian Romance singer sometimes compared with Édith Piaf for her simple yet dramatic style of performance. Bayanova was born in Kishinev in the family of an opera singer, who moved to Paris in 1918 after Bessarabia decided to unite with Romania. She debuted on the stage as an assistant to her father in 1923, aged nine. By 1927, she was already performing solo. A major step forward in her career was when she assisted Alexander Vertinsky in his famous show at the Hermitage Restaurant, Montmartre. Two years later, her family moved to Belgrade, while Bayanova went on touring Germany, Greece, Palestine, and Egypt. In 1931, she got acquainted with Pyotr Leshchenko, a foremost Russian singer of the time, who helped her to join the Pavilion Russe in Bucharest. She married a local aristocrat, George Ypsilanti, and made several recordings of tangos (e.g., Columbia, His Master's Voice). After her divorce from Ypsilanti, she signed a contract with the Polish recording company "Syrena-Electro". In March 1941, Bayanova was arrested by the Romanian authorities and interned into a concentration camp for having performed in the Russian language. Although released in May 1942, she was kept under surveillance until the end of World War II. In the 1960s and 1970s, while still living in Romania, she issued eight LPs. Nicolae Ceaușescu's government, however, pressed her into migrating to the USSR in 1988. Thereupon she settled in Moscow, making occasional appearances on the Russian television. Bayanova was named People's Artist of Russian Federation and celebrated the 80th anniversary of her stage career in 2003. In 2004, she sang in a concert to celebrate her 90th birthday. Her last work was in collaboration with Marc Almond on his 1993 album Heart on Snow. In 2003 Bayanova received a star on the Star Square in Moscow. She died on 30 August 2011, aged 97, of cancer. Upon learning of her death, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated: “Her life was dedicated to the high purpose of bringing people joy through interaction with true art. Ms Bayanova had a rare, beautiful voice, and her mastery and heartfelt performances of Russian songs gained her recognition around the world.” References External links Comprehensive information on Bayanova's life and career (in Russian) Alla Bayanova photographs and discography Bayanova profile 1914 births 2011 deaths Musicians from Chișinău People from Kishinyovsky Uyezd Romanian emigrants to the Soviet Union Soviet women singers 20th-century Russian women singers Victims of human rights abuses People's Artists of Russia Place of death missing Deaths from cancer in Russia Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
481735	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87	Мультитач	Мультитач Multitouch, multi-touch (мультитач) — технологія, за якою сенсорний екран або тачпад відстежує одночасно декілька точок натиснення. Наприклад, зближуючи пальці рук, можна зменшити картинку на дисплеї, а розсовуючи — збільшити. Мультитач-пади дозволяють працювати з пристроєм більш ніж одному користувачеві одночасно. Розробка технології multi-touch почалася в 1982 році в Торонтському університеті. Зараз різні технічні втілення технології використовуються і активно просуваються в продуктах компаній «Apple», «Hewlett-Packard», «Dell», «Microsoft» і деяких інших. «Apple» , втіливши multitouch у свої телефони iPhone, домігся значного успіху на ринку. «Microsoft» позиціює технологію як одне з найпомітніших нововведень у операційній системі «Windows 7». Хоча слово «мультитач» зазвичай стосується сенсорних екранів, тачпади, починаючи з «Powerbook», також розпізнають жести декількома пальцями. У «Powerbook» є особливий сенс — прокрутка — лише в паралельного руху двома пальцями, а в «MacBook» вже розпізнаються двопальцеві повороти і розведення-зведення, а також різноспрямовані штрихи трьома і чотирма пальцями. (Опис на сайті «Apple».) Технології Для роботи з мультитачем придатні дві технології: проєкційно-ємкісна (не при будь-якій формі електродів) і оптична. Найпоширеніші мультитач-жести зсунути пальці — дрібніше розсунути пальці — більше рухати декількома пальцями — прокрутка дотик одночасно до кількох об'єктів, або двома пальцями до одного змахування зверху, витягування панелі повідомлень (використовується на мобільних телефонах з ОС Android 3x/4x та IOS починаючи з 5-ї версії витягування панелі багатозадачності знизу. Використовується у IOS 5х або 6х схоплення п'ятьма пальцями для закривання програми змахування ліворуч/праворуч для перемикання між вкладками браузера, між відкритими програмами (IOS 5 або вище) Посилання Джеф Хан презентує свій революційний мультитач сенсорний екран. — відеодоповідь на конференції TED. http://www.billbuxton.com/multitouchOverview.html https://web.archive.org/web/20100428141020/http://multitouch.ru/ Що таке технологія Multitouch. Інтерфейс Сенсорика Комп'ютерні технології
4343774	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29	Каменка (Грязовецький район)	Каменка (Грязовецький район) Каменка — селище у складі Грязовецького району Вологодської області, Росія. Входить до складу Вохтозького міського поселення. Населення Населення — 65 осіб (2010; 116 у 2002). Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік): росіяни — 100 % Джерела Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Грязовецького району Селища Вологодської області
4271463	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2	Домінантний наратив	Домінантний наратив може бути використаний для опису об'єктива, в якому розповідається історія, з точки зору домінуючої культури. Цей термін був описаний як «невидима рука», яка спрямовує реальність та сприйману реальність. Домінуючий наратив може стосуватися різних аспектів життя, таких як історія, політика, економіка. Домінуюча культура визначається як більшість культурних практик суспільства. Наратив можна визначити як розповідь історії, як справжню, так і вигадану. Поєднання цих двох термінів у сукупності створює уявлення про домінуючий наратив, який розповідає історію більшості. Домінуючий наратив можна визначити за допомогою соціально-політичної та соціально-економічної ситуації, в якій оповідач проживає своє життя. Домінуючий наратив у чомусь схожий на метанаратив або великий наратив. Ці два терміни стосуються уявлення про те, що існує спільний досвід, переживання, або сумарний переказ, досвід чи розповідь про історію. На відміну від вищезазначених термінів, домінуючий наратив як поняття використовується для пояснення не просто того, що існує одна розповідь, але й того, що робить можливим, щоб це була та розповідь, яка розповідається. Цей термін стосується причин, за якими домінуючий наратив насправді є домінуючим. Важливо також поглянути на те, хто не включений у домінуючий наратив і як це може вплинути на суспільство та людей у цих маргіналізованих групах. Не кожен має доступ до того, щоб бути частиною домінуючого наративу. Термін «контррозповідь» було введено, для опису історій та переживань тих, хто не перебуває в домінуючому наративі або не має права бути його частиною. Контррозповідь використовується як спосіб поділитися історіями меншин, виключеними, та боротьба з домінуючим наративом. Домінуючі групи Вчена Джудіт Лорбервизначає та описує представників А-категорії як тих, хто займає домінуючу позицію в групі в різних аспектах життя. Наприклад, це можна побачити в темі раси (категоризація людей), коли білий колір шкіри є А-категорією, а всі меншини ― не-А; або в темі гендеру, коли чоловік є А-категорією, а жінка ― не-А. Це поняття включає в себе всю інтерсекційність, такі як вік, сексуальна орієнтація, цис-/транссексуали, освіту і громадянство. Домінуючим наративом є ті, які беруть участь і отримують користь від асоціювання з домінуючою культурою. Наявність форм привілеїв та влади, які походять від перебування в категоріях Лорбер, можуть бути безпосередньо пов'язані з перебуванням у пануючій культурі. Домінуючий наратив складається з того, чий голос можна впізнати та представити при переказуванні історій, чи чий голос/історія сприймається як дійсний чи реальний. Критика та занепокоєння з домінантним наративом Існує низка критичних зауважень та занепокоєнь щодо того, що в суспільстві існує домінуючий наратив. Багато критичних зауважень щодо домінуючого наративу випливають із виключення контрнаративів. Для повного розуміння того, що є домінуючим наративом, та розуміння його прикладів необхідно зрозуміти його обмеження. Деякі обмеження існування домінуючого наративу включають наступне: Метанаратив серед домінуючої групи Наявність домінуючого наративу може створити уявлення про існування метанаративу серед домінуючої групи, тобто всі, крім домінуючої групи, переживають життя однаково. На прикладі кавказького домінантного наративу це означало б, що всі кавказці з дещо подібним соціально-політичним та соціально-економічним становищем переживають життя і події однаково, і це неправда. Домінуючий наратив може узагальнити пережитий досвід людей у межах домінуючої культури. Метанаратив серед домінуючої культури створює уявлення про те, що бути білим ― є нормою, а домінуюча культура ― це нормальна культура, до якої інші культури повинні адаптуватися. Почуття нормальності може бути дуже проблематичним, оскільки спонукає людей домінуючої більшості не змінюватися і не ставити під сумнів моральність суспільства. Ігнорування пережитого досвіду меншин Наявність домінуючого наративу, заснованого на домінуючій культурі, означає, що той, хто не входить в домінуючу культуру, не може бути частиною домінуючого наративу. Оскільки домінантний наратив прийнятий як норма, це означає, що ті, хто не є в домінуючому наративі, є ненормальними. Оповідач може сильно вплинути на те, як хтось бачить себе і ставиться до себе. Якщо хтось не є частиною домінуючого наративу, і його історія не розповідається, це означає, що його/її пережитий досвід ігнорується і, в свою чергу, вилучається з історії. Пережитий досвід, подібний до контрнаративів, можна визначити як повсякденний досвід, з яким стикаються люди, і найчастіше мається на увазі досвід групи меншин. Пережитий досвід також називають матеріальною реальністю, що означає, що вони є відчутними переживаннями та реаліями, якими люди живуть щодня, навіть якщо вони суперечать домінантному оповіданню. Террі пояснюється, як соціальна нерівність може вплинути на те, які розповіді можна почути, а які ні. Як суспільство дізнається правду? Джейн Робертс часто цитують: «у кожної історії є три сторони. Ваша. Моя. Що насправді сталося: правда». Домінуючий наратив робить так, що розповідається лише одна сторона будь-якої історії, це повністю ігнорує будь-які інші сторони або навіть істину. За визначенням, домінуючий наратив не включає всі аспекти будь-якої події. Вивчаючи домінуючий наратив, люди лише частково отримують інформацію про будь-які історичні чи поточні події. Це створює хибну історію більшої частини історії. Вінстона Черчилля часто асоціюють з приказкою «історію пишуть переможці». Ця приказка безпосередньо стосується концепції домінуючого наративу та того, як не переказується повна історія подій, що стосується меншин. Це означає, що в загальноосвітній школі та в засобах масової інформації про людей не дають точної інформації та історичних звітів. Приклади домінантного наративу Домінуючий наратив можна побачити майже в будь-якому аспекті життя, починаючи із засобів масової інформації, історії, реклами та активізму. Нижче наведено кілька прикладів місць, де може бути присутнім домінуючий розповідь: ЗМІ Журналістика та засоби масової інформації також можуть бути обрамлені домінуючою орієнтацією. Це проблематично, оскільки найбільше уваги отримують новини, і цей наратив вважається важливими. Прикладом домінуючого наративу в ЗМІ є геноцид у Руанді, який майже повністю ігнорувався західними ЗМІ та новинами. Групи етнічної більшості, хуту, яка намагалась ліквідувати етнічну групу тутсі. Спочатку геноцид в Руанді не трактувався ЗМІ як геноцид, намагаючись ігнорувати тяжкість події. Оскільки події в Руанді безпосередньо не вплинули на американських чи європейських громадян, геноцид, здавалося, не був такою важливою новиною у ЗМІ. Але навіть коли раса не є важливим фактором, засоби масової інформації можуть сформувати домінуючий наратив таким чином, щоб прищепити байдужість та уникнути втручання. Наприклад, це сталося на ранніх етапах розпаду Югославії, оскільки багато міжнародних урядів заперечували факт геноциду в Боснії. Активізм Приклад домінуючого наративу в активізмі можна побачити у рухах за права жінок. Фемінізм першої хвилі критикували за відсутність включення чорношкірих жінок і раси в їх рухи. Феміністична історія часто пояснюється в рамках внесків заможних та освічених американських або британських жінок. Білі жінки з вищим соціально-економічним становищем були не єдиними жінками, які брали участь у феміністичному активізмі першої хвилі, але найчастіше були єдиними, хто отримував доступ до політичних здобутків та визнання. Примітки Історіографія Сторінки з неперевіреними перекладами
31896725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khislavichi	Khislavichi	Khislavichi (Khoslovitz) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Khislavichsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located by the right bank of the Sozh River. Population: History Khislavichi is first mentioned in 1526. It belonged to Poland, and since the 18th century miasteczko (shtetl) Khislavichi was in Mstsislaw Voivodeship, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1772, as a result of the First Partition of Poland, it was transferred to the Russian Empire and included in its Mogilev Governorate. It belonged to Mstislavsky Uyezd. By the end of the 19th century, of the total population of 4,361, 3,642 were Jews and 739 were of Russian Orthodox faith. There were eight synagogues and two wooden churches. The settlement belonged to Saltykov Russian noble family. In 1919, Mogilev Governorate was abolished, and Mstislavsky Uyezd was transferred to Smolensk Governorate. On 3 March 1924, a half of Mstislavsky Uyezd was transferred to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and seven volosts, including Khislavichi, were left in Smolensk Governorate. On 12 July 1929, governorates and uyezds were abolished, and Khislavichsky District with the administrative center in the settlement of Khislavichi was established. The district belonged to Roslavl Okrug of Western Oblast. On August 1, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. In 1935, Khislavichi was granted urban-type settlement status. On 27 September 1937 Western Oblast was abolished and split between Oryol and Smolensk Oblasts. Khislavichsky District was transferred to Smolensk Oblast. The German Army entered Khislavichi on July 16, 1941. 800 Jews of the town were resettled in a ghetto. In September or October 1941, 120 to 150 Jews were murdered in a mass execution. On March 20, 1942, the Hilfspolizei entered the ghetto. Under the command of the Einsatzgruppen, they killed all the Jews of the ghetto about 150 meters northwest of the town in a ditch near the local machine and tractor station. In 1963, during the Khrushchyov administrative reform, Khislavichsky District was merged into Monastyrshchinsky District. In 1965, it was re-established. Geography Climate Khislavichi has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification). Economy Transportation Khislavichi is on a main road which connects Pochinok with Mstsislaw, where it continues to Orsha and Krychaw. In Khislavichi, another road branches northwest to Monastyrshchina. There are also local roads with bus traffic originating from Khislavichi. The closest railway station is in Pochinok. The Sozh is not navigable in Khislavichi. Culture and recreation In Khislavichi, there is a local museum. References Notes Sources Cities and towns in Smolensk Oblast Mstislavsky Uyezd Holocaust locations in Russia
2728370	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE	Неббіоло	Неббіоло — технічний сорт червоного винограду. Вважається, що свою назву сорт отримав від італійського слова — «туман». Географія сорту Сорт походить з регіону П'ємонт та вважається візитівкою цього виноробного регіону, з нього виробляють високоякісні вина бароло та барбареско. Зона культивування Неббіоло у Італії обмежена, ідеальні умови він знаходить в П'ємонті, Ломбардії, Валле д'Аоста і Сардинії. За межами Італії вирощується в невеликих кількостях всього в небагатьох виноробних господарствах США, Мексики, Чилі, Аргентини, Бразилії, Уругваю, Південної Африки, Австралії та Нової Зеландії оскільки є дуже складним у агротехніці вирощування та вимогливим до мікроклімату. Опис сорту Кущі середньорослі. Листя середні, округлі, іноді середні лопаті злегка витягнуті; сильнорозсічені, трьох- або п'ятилопатеві, знизу з сильним опушенням. Квітки двостатеві. Грона середні, циліндро-конічні, середньої щільності. Ягоди середні, округлі, фіолетові. Виноград визріває тільки в найсприятливіших місцях. Сорт сильнорослий, показники плодючості у сорту низькі. Особливих вимог до ґрунтів немає, але найкращі вина отримують з лози, яка росте на суглинках та ґрунтах з домішками вапняку. Характеристика вина У суслі великий вміст кислот, дубильних і екстрактивних речовин. Виноматеріал в перші роки має складний жорсткий смак і вимагає тривалої витримки, іноді кілька років. Молоді вина з Неббіоло відрізняються яскравими ароматами черешні, сливи і фіалок, в більш зрілому віці вони набувають складні аромати серед, яких трюфель, шкіра, спеції, а також смола та троянда. Останні два аромати є найвираженішими. Вина з Неббіоло характеризуються високою кислотністю, високим вмістом алкоголю і елегантними танінами. Характерною особливістю вин є зміна кольору під час тривалої витримки з темно-рубінового до цегляно-червоного. Потенціал зберігання високий. Кращі екземпляри можуть зберігатися десятки років. Виноробні зони У Ломбардії Неббіоло вирощують в Вальтелліна, площа посадок становить 900 га. Зони виробництва: . Неббіоло має місцеву назву кьяваннаска. У Валле д'Аоста виноградники Неббіоло займають 26 га. Зони виробництва: . Тут Неббіоло називають пікотендро. У П'ємонті площа виноградників Неббіоло становить 5 300 га, що відповідає 70 % світової площі цього сорту. Зони виробництва: . У Сардинії виноградники займають 52 га. Зона виробництва: . Примітки Червоні сорти винограду
2010863	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%20%D1%83%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85	Футбол у залах	Футбол у залах Футбол в залах (Футзал) — командна гра з м'ячем в спортивному залі за правилами, близьким до футболу, змагання з якої проводяться під егідою AMF. Футбол в залах іноді називається футзалом або футзалом AMF. Іншою грою, яку також часто називають футзалом або футзалом ФІФА, є міні-футбол, змагання з якого проводяться під егідою ФІФА. Ці види спорту часто плутають, але між ними є різниця: футбол в залах ближче до великого футболу, в ньому дозволені підкати, а м'яч з ауту вводиться руками, на відміну від міні-футболу. Тому у міні-футболі гра будується на комбінаціях пасів, в той час як футбол в залах — більш контактна гра, в якій багато боротьби за м'яч. Історія футболу в залах Футзал виник на початку 1930-х років в Монтевідео (Уругвай) завдяки старанням Хуана Карлоса Серіані (Juan Carlos Ceriani). Перша континентальна федерація (Південноамериканська конфедерація футболу в залі — la Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol de Salón) була утворена в місті Асунсьйон, Парагвай. У грудні 2002 року за ініціативою Панамериканської конфедерації футболу в залах (la Confederación Panamericana de Fútbol de Salón — PANAFUTSAL) була створена Всесвітня асоціація футболу в залах (Asociación Mundial de Fútbol de Salón — AMF). Ця організація, під головуванням парагвайця Роландо Аларкона Ріоса (Rolando Alarcón Ríos), заснована на базі всіх країн Америки, що практикують футбол в залах більше, ніж інші країни, покликана захищати інтереси футболу в залах і регулювати правила і дух змагань з цього виду спорту у всьому світі. Акт установи AMF підписали представники 24 країн, які обрали першого директора і заснували календар змагань на 2003 рік, даючи продовження вже наявним у світі змаганням і створюючи нові. У наші дні регулярно проводяться чемпіонати світу з футболу в залах серед чоловіків, на останньому чемпіонаті світу, який пройшов в 2015 році в Білорусі, взяли участь 16 команд, перемогу здобула збірна Колумбії, яка у фіналі розгромила Парагвай з рахунком 4-0. Президентом Європейського союзу футзалу (FIFUSA) є росіянин Валерій Ахумян, офіс цієї організації розташований у Москві. Суперечки з ФІФА Футбол в залах (вид спорту з егідою AMF) має спільні корені з міні-футболом (існуючим під егідою ФІФА). Поділ на два різних види спорту відбулося в 1980-і роки, коли ФІФА спробувала отримати контроль над футболом в залах і у неї виникли істотні розбіжності з PANAFUTSAL і FIFUSA. ФІФА заборонила використання слова «футбол» для іменування футболу в залах у версії PANAFUTSAL і FIFUSA. Через це на конгресі FIFUSA в 1985 році в Мадриді було прийнято рішення використовувати складене слово «futsal» («футзал»). Незабаром ФІФА також почала використовувати дане слово. Представники FIFUSA і країн-членів PANAFUTSAL неодноразово зустрічалися з представниками ФІФА, але досягти домовленості їм не вдалося. Футзал в Україні Федерація футболу в залах України була заснована в 2001 році, але офіційна реєстрація була отримана тільки в 2004 року. Штаб-квартира організації знаходилася на території Автономної Республіки Крим. У 2003 році на дебютному для себе чемпіонаті світу в Парагваї Україна посіла 10 місце з 20 учасників. У 2006 році в Алушті пройшли перші європейські змагання на території України — Кубок європейських чемпіонів і Кубок кубків серед жінок. Після анексії Криму проведення змагань на території Алушти стало неможливим і федерація переїхала до Харкова, змінивши назву на «Федерація футболу в залах і мікрофутзала України». Однак, при цьому практично перестали проводитися національні змагання. Федерація пропонувала брати участь в європейських клубних змаганнях під прапором України практично всім охочим. Станом на квітень 2015 президентом федерації є Альберт Солнцев, генеральним секретарем — Олександр Соколов. Примітки Посилання Всесвітня асоціація футзалу (Asociación Mundial de Fútbol de Salón) Історія футзалу на вебсайті AMF Футзал
2603831	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0	Піхтова	Піхтова — присілок у складі Котельницького району Кіровської області, Росія. Входить до складу Світлівського сільського поселення. Населення становить 22 особи (2010, 21 у 2002). Національний склад станом на 2002 рік — росіяни 100 %. Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Котельницького району Присілки Кіровської області
2704174	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%20%D0%B2%20%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85	Теорія зв'язку в секретних системах	Теорія зв'язку в секретних системах «Теорія зв'язку в секретних системах» — стаття американського математика та інженера Клода Шеннона, опублікована в журналі в 1949 році. В ній вперше були визначені фундаментальні поняття теорії криптографії, доведена досконала криптостійкість шифру Вернама, визначено поняття відстані єдиності, розглянута проблема надмірності мови й запропонована ідея створення шифрів на основі декількох циклів заміни та перестановки. Вважається, що саме з появою цієї статті криптографія, яка колись вважалася мистецтвом, почала розвиватися як наука. Історія З початку 1940-х років Клод Шеннон працював на Національний дослідницький комітет оборони США. В лабораторіях Белла — дослідному центрі в галузі телекомунікацій і електронних систем, серед інших питань, він займався дослідженнями в області теорії інформації та криптографії, зокрема, питаннями безпеки урядового зв'язку. 1 вересня 1945 року, як результат його напрацювань, вийшла секретна доповідь «Математична теорія криптографії» (англ. A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography). Серед тих, кому вона була направлена, були Ллойд Еспеншід, Гарольд Стівен Блек, Фредерік Бріттон Ллевеллін, Гаррі Найквіст, Ральф Хартлі, Джон Робінсон Пірс, Хендрік Вейд Боде, Волтер Шухарт і Сергій Олександрович Щелкунов. Через три роки була опублікована робота Шеннона «Математична теорія зв'язку» (англ. A Mathematical Theory of Communication), яка вважається основоположною в теорії інформації. У жовтні 1949 року журнал Bell System Technical Journal опублікував статтю Клода Шеннона з криптографії «Теорія зв'язку в секретних системах». В останню, також як і раніше в «Математичну теорію зв'язку», увійшла значна частина концептуальних напрацювань, раніше викладених у секретній доповіді «Математична теорія криптографії». В обох статтях був розроблений математичний апарат для відповідних систем. Зміст Стаття складається з трьох частин: «Математична структура секретних систем», «Теоретична секретність» і «Практична секретність». Математична структура секретних систем У першій частині статті введено формальне визначення криптосистеми (симетричної криптосистеми), що складається з джерела повідомлень, джерела ключів, шифрувальників, повідомлення, ключа криптограми й шифрувальника противника. Визначено функцію шифрування, яка залежить від вихідного повідомлення і ключа, процес дешифрування для одержувача повідомлення, що складається в обчисленні відображення, зворотного шифруванню, і процес дешифрування для супротивника — спробі визначити початкове повідомлення, знаючи тільки криптограмму і апріорні ймовірності різних ключів та повідомлень. Автор також запропонував подання криптосистеми у вигляді двочасткового графа, у вершинах якого розташовані можливі повідомлення і можливі криптограми, а кожному ключу шифрування поставлено у відповідність множину ребер, що з'єднують кожне можливе повідомлення з відповідною йому криптограмою. Наведено математичний опис раніше відомих шифрів. Розглянуто шифр простої підстановки, шифр Віженер, діграмна, триграмна і n-граммна підстановки, шифр Плейфера, шифр з автоключем і дробові шифри. Основними критеріями оцінки властивостей (стійкості) криптосистем у статті названі: розмір (довжина) ключа, складність операцій шифрування і дешифрування, можливість або неможливість дешифрування повідомлення противником єдиним способом, ступінь впливу помилок при шифруванні і передачі на отримане повідомлення та ступінь збільшення розміру повідомлення у результаті шифрування. В кінці статті зазначено, що у разі шифрування складеного природною мовою повідомлення можна поліпшити загальну оцінку криптосистеми за всіма перерахованим параметрам одночасно. Запропонована структура алгебри секретних систем (алгебри шифрів) з двома основними операціями комбінування шифрів: зважена сума (додавання шифрів з вагами у вигляді ймовірностей вибору шифру) і витвір (послідовне застосування). Нові шифри запропоновано отримувати комбінуванням зваженої суми і комбінації різних шифрів. Теоретична секретність У другій частині статті визначено поняття досконалої стійкості криптосистеми, системи, де вихідне повідомлення і криптограма статистично незалежні. Доведена повна стійкість шифру Вернама (одноразового шифроблокнота). Показана ненадійність деяких шифрів на прикладі шифру Цезаря, в якому частота появи символів, яка відповідає символам вихідного повідомлення, що не залежать від ключа. При розгляді випадкового шифру було введено поняття відстані єдиності — мінімального числа символів криптограми, з допомогою яких ключ може бути визначений однозначно. Також відзначена проблема надмірності мови, яка полягає в тому, що надмірність, що являє собою набір умов, накладених на символи повідомлення, дає додаткові можливості при дешифруванні криптограми противником. Введено поняття ідеально стійкої криптосистеми, яка має нескінченну відстань єдиності. Приватним (більш суворим) випадком таких систем є досконало секретні системи. Їх характерною особливістю є те, що ідеальна криптосистема зберігає невизначеність навіть при успішній операції дешифрування противником. Практична безпека У третій частині статті визначена робоча характеристика криптосистеми як функція, що залежить від числа відомих символів криптограми і дорівнює середнім обсягам роботи, витраченій на знаходження ключа шифрування. Ця функція має деякі подібності з поняттям обчислювальної складності алгоритму. Розглянуто можливість розкриття шифру за допомогою статистичного аналізу частоти символів зашифрованого тексту і методу імовірних слів. Згідно описаної у статті теорії, противник в процесі дешифрування може використовувати деякі статистичні властивості мови. Показано, що, наприклад, за умови знання мови вихідного повідомлення, для деяких шифрів можливо розкрити текст, що складається з декількох десятків символів. В якості прикладу слів/словосполучень, які найчастіше зустрічаються в англійській мові, автор навів конструкції «the», «and», «that» і склад «-tion», а в якості поєднання символів «qu», що прямо пов'язано з питанням про надмірності мови, розглянутих у другій частині статті. Запропоновано використовувати кілька шарів (циклів) замін і змін, що згодом було використано при побудові блочних шифрів. В оригінальній статті Шеннон назвав ці методи «confusion» (заплутування, відповідає заміні) і «diffusion» (розсіювання, відповідає перестановці). Оцінки впливу У книзі «Зломщики кодів» Девіда Кана висловлено думку про те, що в той час, як стаття «Математична теорія зв'язку» послужила початком розвитку теорії інформації, у статті «Теорія зв'язку в секретних системах» розглянута наукова сутність криптографії. Відзначено великий внесок автора у вказівці на мовну надмірність як ґрунт для криптоаналізу, і що саме Шеннон вперше ввів фундаментальні принципи дешифрування. Іншою важливою ідеєю статті Шеннона в книзі Кана вважається введення відстані єдиності. Вітфілд Діффі і Мартін Геллман у статті «Нові напрямки в криптографії» констатували, що Шеннон в «Теорії зв'язку в секретних системах» довів досконалу секретність одноразового шифроблокнота, але його використання є практично нездійсненною задачею для більшості прикладних цілей. Існує думка, що ця стаття Діффі і Геллмана призвела до прориву в криптографії, тому що було показано, як сторони можуть отримати загальний секретний ключ, використовуючи незахищений від прослуховування канал зв'язку, чого не було в криптографії, описаної в статті Шеннона. Брюс Шнайєр у книзі «Прикладна Криптографія» зазначив, що до 1967 року література з криптографії була беззмістовною, за одним рідкісним винятком, яким є стаття «Теорія зв'язку в секретних системах». У книзі помічено, що стаття є однією з кращих основоположних статей із захисту інформації й важливо, що вона поєднує практичну та теоретичну сторону питання, вводить фундаментальні ідеї надмірності і відстані єдиності. В «Енциклопедії з криптографії та безпеки» вказано на вплив, запропонованої в даній роботі ідеї, про використання декількох циклів, що складаються із заміни та перестановки, на створення блочних шифрів і SP-мережі. Також особливо відзначена модель криптосистеми, описана Шенноном, і теорема про досконалої секретності шифру Вернама. Крім того, однією з найбільш цитованих максим в криптографії названо припущення з першої частини статті: «Противнику відома застосована система» (англ. The enemy knows the system being used). Примітки Посилання Стаття Шеннона A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography на сайті IACR Стаття Шеннона Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems на сайті Wiley Online Library Сторінка статті на Google Scholar Сторінка публікації на IEEE Xplore Digital Library Історія криптографії Книги за алфавітом Теорія кодування Книги з криптографії
1502807	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0	Старокривотульська сільська рада	Старокривотульська сільська рада Склад ради Рада складається з 20 депутатів та голови. Керівний склад ради Примітка: таблиця складена за даними джерела Примітки Джерела Картка ради на сайті Верховної Ради України Адміністративний устрій Тисменицького району Сільські ради Тисменицького району
229023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Jones	George Jones	George Jones George Glenn Jones (September 12, 1931 – April 26, 2013) was an American country musician, singer, and songwriter. He achieved international fame for a long list of hit records, and is well known for his distinctive voice and phrasing. For the last two decades of his life, Jones was frequently referred to as "the greatest living country singer", "The Rolls-Royce of Country Music", and had more than 160 chart singles to his name from 1955 until his death in 2013. His earliest musical influences were Roy Acuff and Bill Monroe, although the artistry of Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell helped to crystallize his vocal style. He served in the United States Marine Corps and was discharged in 1953. In 1959, Jones recorded "White Lightning", written by The Big Bopper, which launched his career as a singer. Years of alcoholism compromised his health and led to his missing many performances, earning him the nickname "No Show Jones". Jones died in 2013, aged 81, from hypoxic respiratory failure. Life and career Early years (1931–1953) George Glenn Jones was born on September 12, 1931, in Saratoga, Texas, and was raised with a brother and five sisters in Colmesneil, Texas, in the Big Thicket region of southeast Texas. His father, George Washington Jones, worked in a shipyard and played harmonica and guitar; his mother, Clara (née Patterson), played piano in the Pentecostal Church on Sundays. When Jones was born, one of the doctors dropped him and broke his arm. He heard country music for the first time when he was seven, when his parents bought a radio. Jones recalled to Billboard in 2006 that he would lie in bed with his parents on Saturday nights listening to the Grand Ole Opry, and would insist that his mother wake him if he fell asleep so that he could hear Roy Acuff or Bill Monroe. In his autobiography I Lived To Tell It All, Jones recalled that the early death of his sister Ethel worsened his father's drinking problem, which caused him to be physically and emotionally abusive to his wife and children. In his biography George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Bob Allen recounts how George Washington Jones would return home drunk in the middle of the night with his cronies, wake up his terrified son and demand that he sing for them or face a beating. In a CMT episode of Inside Fame dedicated to Jones's life, country music historian Robert K. Oermann said, "You would think that it would make him not a singer, because it was so abusively thrust on him. But the opposite happened; he became ... someone who had to sing." In the same program, Jones admitted that he remained ambivalent and resentful towards his father until the day he died. He observed in his autobiography, "The Jones family makeup doesn't sit well with liquor ... Daddy was an unusual drinker. He drank to excess, but never while working, and he probably was the hardest working man I've ever known." His father bought him his first guitar at age nine and he learned his first chords and songs at church. Several photographs show a young George busking on the streets of Beaumont. He left home at 16 and went to Jasper, Texas, where he sang and played on the KTXJ radio station with fellow musician Dalton Henderson. He moved to the KRIC radio station, and during an afternoon show there met his idol, Hank Williams ("I just stared," he later wrote). In the 1989 video documentary Same Ole Me, Jones admitted, "I couldn't think or eat nothin' unless it was Hank Williams, and I couldn't wait for his next record to come out. He had to be, really, the greatest." He married his first wife Dorothy Bonvillion in 1950; they divorced in 1951. He was enlisted in the United States Marines and until his discharge in 1953 was stationed in San Jose, California. First recordings (1954–1957) Jones married Shirley Ann Corley in 1954. His first record, the self-penned "No Money in This Deal", was recorded on January 19 and was released in February on Starday Records. This began Jones's association with producer and mentor H.W. "Pappy" Daily. The song was cut in the living room of Starday Records' co-founder Jack Starnes, who produced it. Around this time Jones also worked at KTRM (now KZZB) in Beaumont. Deejay Gordon Baxter told Nick Tosches that Jones had acquired the nickname "possum" while working there. During his early recording sessions, Daily admonished Jones for attempting to sound too much like his heroes Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell. In 1996 Jones recalled to NPR that the quality of production at Starday was poor. "It was a terrible sound. We recorded in a small living room of a house on a highway near Beaumont. You could hear the trucks. We had to stop a lot of times because it wasn't soundproof, it was just egg crates nailed on the wall and the big old semi trucks would go by and make a lot of noise and we'd have to start over again." Jones's first hit came with "Why Baby Why" in 1955, and in that year, while touring as a cast member of the Louisiana Hayride, Jones met and played shows with Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. In 1994, Jones told Nick Tosches that Presley "stayed pretty much with his friends around him in his dressing room". Jones remained a lifelong friend of Johnny Cash, and was invited to sing at the Grand Ole Opry in 1956. With Presley's explosion in popularity in 1956, pressure was put on Jones to cut some rockabilly sides. He reluctantly agreed, but his heart was not in it and he quickly regretted his decision. He joked later in his autobiography, "When I've encountered those records I've used them for Frisbees." He told Billboard in 2006: "I was desperate. When you're hungry, a poor man with a house full of kids, you're gonna do some things you ordinarily wouldn't do. I said, 'Well, hell, I'll try anything once.' I tried 'Dadgum It How Come It' and 'Rock It', a bunch of shit. I didn't want my name on the rock and roll thing, so I told them to put Thumper Jones on it and if it did something, good, if it didn't, hell, I didn't want to be shamed with it." He unsuccessfully attempted to buy all the masters to keep the cuts from surfacing later, which they did. Jones moved to Mercury in 1957, teamed up with singer Jeannette Hicks, the first of several duet partners he would have over the years, and had another top-10 single with "Yearning". Starday Records merged with Mercury that year, and Jones was rated highly on the charts with his debut Mercury release, "Don't Stop the Music". Although he was garnering a lot of attention, and his singles were making very respectable showings on the charts, he was still travelling the black-top roads in a 1940s Packard with his name and phone number on the side, playing the "blood bucket" circuit of honky-tonks that dotted the rural countryside. Commercial breakout (1959–1964) In 1959, Jones had his first number one on the Billboard country chart with "White Lightnin'", which was a more authentic rock and roll sound than his half-hearted rockabilly cuts. Jones had early success as a songwriter. He wrote or co-wrote many of his biggest hits during this period, several of which became standards, such as "Window Up Above" (later a hit for Mickey Gilley in 1975) and "Seasons of My Heart" (a hit for Johnny Cash, and also recorded by Willie Nelson and Jerry Lee Lewis). Jones wrote "Just One More" (also recorded by Cash), "Life To Go" (a top-five hit for Stonewall Jackson in 1959), "You Gotta Be My Baby", and "Don't Stop The Music" on his own, and had a hand in writing "Color of the Blues" (covered by Loretta Lynn and Elvis Costello), "Tender Years", and "Tall, Tall Trees" (co-written with Roger Miller). Jones's most frequent songwriting collaborator was his childhood friend Darrell Edwards. Jones signed with United Artists in 1962, and immediately scored one of the biggest hits of his career, "She Thinks I Still Care". His voice had grown deeper during this period, and he began cultivating his own singing style. During his stint with UA, Jones recorded albums of Hank Williams and Bob Wills songs, and cut an album of duets with Melba Montgomery, including the hit "We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds". Jones was also gaining a reputation as a hell-raiser. In his Rolling Stone tribute, Merle Haggard recalled: "I met him at the Blackboard Café in Bakersfield, California, which was the place to go in '61. He was already famous for not showing up or showing up drunk, and he showed up drunk. I was onstage – I think I was singing Marty Robbins' 'Devil Woman' – and he kicked the doors of the office open and said 'Who the fuck is that?' It was one of the greatest compliments of my entire life when George Jones said I was his favorite country singer ... In 1967, I released a ballad called "I Threw Away The Rose" and he was so impressed he actually jumped ship and left his tour, rented a Lear Jet and came to Amarillo, Texas. He told me my low note changed his life. " Jones was always backed by the Jones Boys on tour. Like Buck Owens's Buckaroos and Merle Haggard's Strangers, Jones worked with many talented musicians, including Dan Schafer, Hank Singer, Brittany Allyn, Sonny Curtis, Kent Goodson, Bobby Birkhead, and Steve Hinson. In the 1980s and 1990s, bass player Ron Gaddis served as the Jones Boys' bandleader and sang harmony with Jones in concert. Lorrie Morgan (who married Gaddis) also toured as a backup singer for Jones in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. Alcoholism and decline (1964–1979) In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones scored only one number one (1967's "Walk Through This World With Me"), but he featured often in the country music charts. Significant hits included "Love Bug" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), "Things Have Gone to Pieces", "The Race Is On", "My Favorite Lies", "I'll Share My World with You", "Take Me" (which he co-wrote and later recorded with Tammy Wynette), "A Good Year for the Roses", and "If My Heart Had Windows". Jones's singing style had by now evolved from the full-throated, high lonesome sound of Hank Williams and Roy Acuff on his early Starday records to the more refined, subtle style of Lefty Frizzell. In a 2006 interview with Billboard, Jones acknowledged the fellow Texan's influence on his idiosyncratic phrasing: "I got that from Lefty. He always made five syllables out of one word." Jones's binge drinking and use of amphetamines on the road caught up to him in 1967, and he had to be admitted into a neurological hospital to seek treatment for his drinking. Jones would go to extreme lengths for a drink if the thirst was on him. A drinking story concerning Jones occurred while he was married to his second wife Shirley Corley. Jones recalled Shirley trying to prevent him from travelling to Beaumont, 8 miles away, to buy liquor. She said she hid the keys to all their cars, but she did not hide the keys to the lawn mower. He wrote in his memoir: "There, gleaming in the glow, was that ten-horsepower rotary engine under a seat. A key glistening in the ignition. I imagine the top speed for that old mower was five miles per hour. It might have taken an hour and a half or more for me to get to the liquor store, but get there I did." Years later Jones comically mocked the incident by making a cameo in the video for "All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" by Hank Williams Jr. He also parodied the episode in the 1993 video for "One More Last Chance" by Vince Gill and in his own music video for the single "Honky Tonk Song" in 1996. Tammy Wynette, in her 1979 autobiography Stand By Your Man, claimed the incident occurred while she was married to Jones. She said she woke at one in the morning to find her husband gone. "I got into the car and drove to the nearest bar 10 miles away. When I pulled into the parking lot, there sat our rider-mower right by the entrance. He'd driven that mower right down a main highway... He looked up and saw me and said, ‘Well, fellas, here she is now. My little wife, I told you she'd come after me.’" Jones had become aware of Tammy Wynette because their tours were booked by the same agency and their paths sometimes crossed. Wynette was married to songwriter Don Chapel, who was also the opening act for her shows, and the three became friends. Jones married Wynette in 1969. They began touring together, and Jones bought out his contract with Musicor so that he could record with Wynette and her producer Billy Sherrill on Epic Records after she had split with longtime producer Pappy Daily. In the early 1970s, Jones and Wynette became known as "Mr. & Mrs. Country Music" and scored several big hits, including "We're Gonna Hold On", "Let's Build A World Together", "Golden Ring" and "Near You". When asked about recording Jones and Wynette, Sherill told Dan Daley in 2002, "We started out trying to record the vocals together, but George drove Tammy crazy with his phrasing. He never, ever did it the same way twice. He could make a five-syllable word out of 'church.' Finally, Tammy said, 'Record George and let me listen to it, and then do my vocal after we get his on tape.' " In October 1970, shortly after the birth of their only child Tamala Georgette, Jones was straitjacketed and committed to a padded cell at the Watson Clinic in Lakeland, Florida, after a drunken bender. He was kept there for 10 days to detoxify, before being released with a prescription for Librium. Jones managed to stay sober with Wynette for long periods, but as the decade wore on, his drinking and erratic behavior worsened and they divorced in 1976. Jones accepted responsibility for the failure of the marriage, but denied Wynette's allegations in her autobiography that he had beaten her and fired a shotgun at her. Jones and Wynette continued playing shows and drawing crowds after their divorce, as fans began to see their songs mirroring their stormy relationship. In 1980, they recorded the album Together Again and scored a hit with "Two Story House". In the 2019 Ken Burns documentary Country Music, Jones and Wynette were compared to "two wounded animals". Jones also spoke of his hopes for a reconciliation, and would jokingly reference Wynette in some of his songs – during performances of his 1981 hit "If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)" he would sing "Tammy's memory will" – but the recriminations continued. Jones and Wynette appeared to make peace in the 1990s, and recorded a final album, One, and toured together again before Wynette's death in 1998. In 1995, Jones told Country Weekly, "Like the old saying goes, it takes time to heal things and they've been healed quite a while." Jones's pairing with Billy Sherrill at Epic Records came as a surprise to many; Sherrill and business partner Glenn Sutton are regarded as the defining influences of the countrypolitan sound, a smooth amalgamation of pop and country music that was popular during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, a far cry from George's honky-tonk roots. Despite a shaky start, the success that Sherrill had with Jones proved to be his most enduring; although Billboard chart statistics show that Sherrill had his biggest commercial successes with artists such as Wynette and Charlie Rich, with Jones, Sherrill had his longest-lasting association. In Sherrill, Jones found what Andrew Meuller of Uncut described as "the producer capable of creating the epically lachrymose arrangements his voice deserved and his torment demanded...He summoned for Jones the symphonies of sighing strings that almost made the misery of albums like 1974's The Grand Tour and 1976's Alone Again sound better than happiness could possibly feel." In 1974, they scored a number-one hit with the instant classic "The Grand Tour" and followed that with "The Door" ("I've heard the sound of my dear old mother cryin'/and the sound of the train that took me off to war"), another number-one smash. Unlike most singers, who might have been overwhelmed by the string arrangements and background vocalists Sherrill sometimes employed on his records, Jones's voice, with its at times frightening intensity and lucid tone, could stand up to anything. While Jones wrote fewer songs himself – songwriters had been tripping over themselves pitching songs to him for years – he still managed to co-write several, such as "What My Woman Can't Do" (also recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis), "A Drunk Can't Be A Man", the harrowing "I Just Don't Give a Damn" (perhaps the greatest "lost classic" in the entire Jones catalogue), and "These Days (I Barely Get By)", which he had written with Wynette. In the late 1970s, Jones spiraled out of control. Already drinking constantly, a manager named Shug Baggot introduced him to cocaine before a show because he was too tired to perform. The drug increased Jones's already considerable paranoia. During one drunken binge, he shot at, and very nearly hit, his friend and occasional songwriting partner Earl "Peanutt" Montgomery after Montgomery had quit drinking after finding religion. He was often penniless and acknowledged in his autobiography that Waylon Jennings and Johnny Cash came to his financial aid during this time. Jones also began missing shows at an alarming rate and lawsuits from promoters started piling up. In 1978, owing Wynette $36,000 in child support and claiming to be $1 million in debt, he filed for bankruptcy. Jones appeared incoherent at times, speaking in quarrelling voices that he would later call "the Duck" and "the Old Man". In his article "The Devil In George Jones", Nick Tosches states, "By February 1979, he was homeless, deranged, and destitute, living in his car and barely able to digest the junk food on which he subsisted. He weighed under a hundred pounds, and his condition was so bad that it took him more than two years to complete My Very Special Guests, an album on which Willie Nelson, Linda Ronstadt, Elvis Costello, and other famous fans came to his vocal aid and support. Jones entered Hillcrest Psychiatric Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama. Upon his release in January 1980, the first thing he did was pick up a six-pack." Jones often displayed a sheepish, self-deprecating sense of humor regarding his dire financial standing and bad reputation. In June 1979, he appeared with Waylon Jennings on Ralph Emery's syndicated radio program, and at one point Jennings cracked, "It's lonely at the top." A laughing Jones replied, "It's lonely at the bottom, too! It's real, real lonely, Waylon." Despite his chronic unreliability, Jones was still capable of putting on a captivating live show. On Independence Day, 1976, he appeared at Willie Nelson's Fourth of July Picnic in Gonzales, Texas, in front of 80,000 younger, country-rock oriented fans. A nervous Jones felt out of his comfort zone and nearly bolted from the festival, but went on anyway and wound up stealing the show. The Houston Post wrote, "He was the undisputed star of this year's Willie Nelson picnic...one of the greatest." Penthouse called him "the spirit of country music, plain and simple, its Holy Ghost". The Village Voice added, "As a singer he is as intelligent as they come, and should be considered for a spot in America's all-time top ten." Jones began missing more shows than he made, however, including several highly publicized dates at the Bottom Line club in New York City. Former vice president of CBS Records Rick Blackburn recalls in the 1989 video Same Ole Me that the event had been hyped for weeks, with a lot of top press and cast members from Saturday Night Live planning to attend. "We'd made our plans, travel arrangements, and so forth. George excused himself from my office, left – and we didn't see him for three weeks. He just did not show up." Much like Hank Williams, Jones seemed suspicious of success and furiously despised perceived slights and condescension directed towards the music that he loved so dearly. When he finally played the Bottom Line in 1980, the New York Times called him "the finest, most riveting singer in country music". Comeback (1980–1990) By 1980, Jones had not had a number-one single in six years, and many critics began to write him off. However, the singer stunned the music industry in April when "He Stopped Loving Her Today" was released and shot to number one on the country charts, remaining there for 18 weeks. The song, written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman, tells the story of a man whose lover leaves him, but he vows to love her until he dies in hopes that she returns; she eventually returns, along with the singer, at the man's funeral, described in poetic terms. Jones's interpretation, buoyed by his delivery of the line "first time I'd seen him smile in years," gives it a mournful, gripping realism. It is consistently voted as one of the greatest country songs of all time, along with "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" by Hank Williams and "Crazy" by Patsy Cline. Jones, who personally hated the song and considered it morbid, ultimately gave the song credit for reviving his flagging career, stating, "a four-decade career had been salvaged by a three-minute song". Jones earned the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1980. The Academy of Country Music awarded the song Single of the Year and Song of the Year in 1980. It also became the Country Music Association's Song of the Year in both 1980 and 1981. The success of "He Stopped Loving Her Today" led CBS Records to renew Jones's recording contract and sparked new interest in the singer. He was the subject of an hour-and-a-quarter-long HBO television special entitled George Jones: With a Little Help from His Friends, which had him performing songs with Waylon Jennings, Elvis Costello, Tanya Tucker, and Tammy Wynette, among others. Jones continued drinking and using cocaine, appearing at various awards shows to accept honors for "He Stopped Loving Her Today" obviously inebriated, like when he performed "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" with Barbara Mandrell at the 1981 Country Music Association Awards. He was involved in several high-speed car chases with police, which were reported on the national news, and one arrest was filmed by a local TV crew; the video, which is widely available online, offers a glimpse into Jones's alter ego when drinking, as he argues with the police officer and lunges at the camera man. Conversely, when sober, Jones was known to be friendly and down to earth, even shy. In a 1994 article on Jones, Nick Tosches remarked that when he first interviewed the singer in April 1976, "One could readily believe the accounts by those who had known him for years: that he had not changed much at all and that he had been impervious to fame and fortune." In an unusually unguarded self-appraisal in 1981, the singer told Mark Rose of The Village Voice, "I don't show a lot of affection. I have probably been a very unliked person among family, like somebody who was heartless. I saved it all for the songs. I didn't know you were supposed to show that love person to person. I guess I always wanted to, but I didn't know how. The only way I could would be to do it in a song." Years later he commented to the Christian Broadcasting Network's Scott Ross about himself, "I think you're mad at yourself, I think that you're sayin' to yourself 'You don't deserve this. You don't deserve those fans. You don't deserve makin' this money.' And you're mad at yourself. And you beat up on yourself by drinkin' and losing friends that won't put up with that...It's just one terrible big mess you make out of your life." In 1982, Jones recorded the album A Taste of Yesterday's Wine with Merle Haggard; while Jones, in the wake of his condition, appeared underweight on the album cover, his singing was flawless. His run of hits also continued in the early 1980s, with the singer charting "I'm Not Ready Yet", "Same Ole Me" (backed by the Oak Ridge Boys)", "Still Doin' Time", "Tennessee Whiskey", "We Didn't See a Thing" (a duet with Ray Charles), and "I Always Get Lucky with You", which was Jones's last number one in 1984. In 1981, Jones met Nancy Sepulvado, a 34-year-old divorcée from Mansfield, Louisiana. Sepulvado's positive impact on Jones's life and career cannot be overstated. She eventually cleaned up his finances, kept him away from his drug dealers (who reportedly kidnapped her daughter in retaliation), and managed his career. Jones always gave her complete credit for saving his life. Nancy, who did not drink, explained to Nick Tosches in 1994, "He was drinking but he was fun to be around. It wasn't love at first sight or anything like that. But I saw what a good person he was, deep down, and I couldn't help caring about him." Jones managed to quit cocaine, but went on a drunken rampage in Alabama in fall 1983, and was once again straitjacketed and committed to Hillcrest Psychiatric Hospital suffering from malnutrition and delusions. By that time, though, physically and emotionally exhausted, he really did want to quit drinking. In March 1984 in Birmingham, Alabama – at the age of 52 – Jones performed his first sober show since the early '70s. "All my life it seems like I've been running from something," he told the United Press International in June. "If I knew what it was, maybe I could run in the right direction, but I always seem to end up going the other way." Jones began making up many of the dates he had missed, playing them for free to pay back promoters, and began opening his concerts with "No Show Jones", a song he had written with Glen Martin that poked fun at himself and other country singers. Jones always stressed that he was not proud of the way he treated loved ones and friends over the years, and was ashamed of disappointing his fans when he missed shows, telling Billboard in 2006, "I know it hurt my fans in a way and I've always been sad about that, it really bothered me for a long time." Mostly sober for the rest of the 1980s, Jones consistently released albums with Sherrill producing, including Shine On, Jones Country, You've Still Got A Place In My Heart, Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes, Wine Colored Roses (an album Jones would tell Jolene Downs in 2001 was one of his personal favorites), Too Wild Too Long, and One Woman Man. Jones's video for his 1985 hit "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes" won the CMA award for Video of the Year (Billy Sherrill makes a cameo as the bus driver). Later years and death (1990–2013) In 1990, Jones released his last proper studio album on Epic, You Oughta Be Here With Me. Although the album featured several stirring performances, including the lead single "Hell Stays Open All Night Long" and the Roger Miller-penned title song, the single did poorly and Jones made the switch to MCA, ending his relationship with Sherrill and what was now Sony Music after 19 years. His first album with MCA, And Along Came Jones, was released in 1991, and backed by MCA's powerful promotion team and producer Kyle Lehning (who had produced a string of hit albums for Randy Travis), the album sold better than his previous one had. However, two singles, "You Couldn't Get The Picture" and "She Loved A Lot In Her Time" (a tribute to Jones's mother Clara), did not crack the top 30 on the charts, as Jones lost favor with country radio, as the format was altered radically during the early 1990s. His last album to have significant radio airplay was 1992's Walls Can Fall, which featured the novelty song "Finally Friday" and "I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair", a testament to his continued vivaciousness in his sixties. Despite the lack of radio airplay, Jones continued to record and tour throughout the 1990s and was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame by Randy Travis in 1992. In 1996, Jones released his autobiography I Lived To Tell It All with Tom Carter, and the irony of his long career was not lost on him, with the singer writing in its preface, "I also know that a lot of my show-business peers are going to be angry after reading this book. So many have worked so hard to maintain their careers. I never took my career seriously, and yet it's flourishing." He also pulled no punches about his disappointment in the direction country music had taken, devoting a full chapter to the changes in the country music scene of the 1990s that had him removed from radio playlists in favor of a younger generation of pop-influenced country stars. (Jones had long been a critic of country pop, and along with Wynette and Jean Shepard, he was one of the major backers of the Association of Country Entertainers, a guild promoting traditional country sounds that was founded in 1974; Jones's divorce from Wynette was a factor in the association's collapse.) Despite his absence from the country charts during this time, latter-day country superstars such as Garth Brooks, Randy Travis, Alan Jackson, and many others often paid tribute to Jones, while expressing their love and respect for his legacy as a true country legend who paved the way for their own success. On February 17, 1998, The Nashville Network premiered a group of television specials called The George Jones Show, with Jones as host. The program featured informal chats with Jones holding court with country's biggest stars old and new, and of course, music. Guests included Loretta Lynn, Trace Adkins, Johnny Paycheck, Lorrie Morgan, Merle Haggard, Billy Ray Cyrus, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Charley Pride, Bobby Bare, Patty Loveless, and Waylon Jennings, among others. While Jones remained committed to "pure country", he worked with the top producers and musicians of the day and the quality of his work remained high. Some of his significant performances include "I Must Have Done Something Bad", "Wild Irish Rose", "Billy B. Bad" (a sarcastic jab at country music establishment trendsetters), "A Thousand Times A Day", "When The Last Curtain Falls", and the novelty "High-Tech Redneck". Jones's most popular song in his later years was "Choices", the first single from his 1999 studio album Cold Hard Truth. A video was also made for the song, and Jones won another Grammy for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. The song was at the center of controversy when the Country Music Association invited Jones to perform it on the awards show, but required that he perform an abridged version. Jones refused and did not attend the show. Alan Jackson was disappointed with the association's decision, and halfway through his own performance during the show, he signaled to his band and played part of Jones's song in protest. On March 6, 1999, Jones was involved in an accident when he crashed his sport utility vehicle near his home. He was taken to the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), where he was released two weeks later. In May of that year, Jones pleaded guilty to drunk-driving charges related to the accident. (In his memoir published three years earlier, Jones admitted that he sometimes had a glass of wine before dinner and that he still drank beer occasionally, but insisted, "I don't squirm in my seat, fighting the urge for another drink" and speculated, "perhaps I'm not a true alcoholic in the modern sense of the word. Perhaps I was always just an old fashioned drunk.") The crash was a significant turning point, as he explained to Billboard in 2006: "when I had that wreck, I made up my mind, it put the fear of God in me. No more smoking, no more drinking. I didn't have to have no help, I made up my mind to quit. I don't crave it." After the accident, Jones went on to release The Gospel Collection in 2003, for which Billy Sherrill came out of retirement to produce. He appeared at a televised Johnny Cash Memorial Concert in Jonesboro, Arkansas, in 2003, singing "Big River" with Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson. In 2008, Jones received the Kennedy Center Honor along with Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey of The Who, Barbra Streisand, Morgan Freeman, and Twyla Tharp. President George W. Bush disclosed that he had many of Jones's songs on his iPod. Jones also served as judge in 2008 for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers. An album titled Hits I Missed and One I Didn't, in which he covered hits he had passed on, as well as a remake of his own "He Stopped Loving Her Today", would be released as his final studio album. In 2012, Jones received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement award. On March 29, 2012, Jones was taken to the hospital with an upper respiratory infection. Months later, on May 21, Jones was hospitalized again for his infection and was released five days later. On August 14, 2012, Jones announced his farewell tour, the Grand Tour, with scheduled stops at 60 cities. His final concert was held in Knoxville at the Knoxville Civic Coliseum on April 6, 2013. Jones was scheduled to perform his final concert at the Bridgestone Arena on November 22, 2013. However, on April 18, 2013, Jones was taken to VUMC for a slight fever and irregular blood pressure. His concerts in Alabama and Salem were postponed as a result. Following six days in intensive care at VUMC, Jones died on April 26, 2013, at age 81. Former First Lady Laura Bush was among those eulogizing Jones at his funeral on May 2, 2013. Other speakers were Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, news personality Bob Schieffer, and country singers Barbara Mandrell and Kenny Chesney. Alan Jackson, Kid Rock, Ronnie Milsap, Randy Travis, Vince Gill, Patty Loveless, Travis Tritt, the Oak Ridge Boys, Charlie Daniels, Wynonna, and Brad Paisley provided musical tributes. The service was broadcast live on CMT, GAC, RFD-TV, The Nashville Network and FamilyNet as well as Nashville stations. SiriusXM and WSM 650 AM, home of the Grand Ole Opry, broadcast the event on the radio. The family requested that contributions be made to the Grand Ole Opry Trust Fund or to the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Jones was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Nashville. His death made headlines all over the world; many country stations (as well as a few of other formats, such as oldies/classic hits) abandoned or modified their playlists and played his songs throughout the day. Legacy Jones tirelessly defended the integrity of country music, telling Billboard in 2006, "It's never been for love of money. I thank God for it because it makes me a living. But I sing because I love it, not because of the dollar signs." Jones also went out of his way to promote younger country singers that he felt were as passionate about the music as he was. "Everybody knows he's a great singer," Alan Jackson stated in 1995, "but what I like most about George is that when you meet him, he is like some old guy that works down at the gas station...even though he's a legend!" Shortly after Jones's death, Andrew Mueller wrote about his influence in Uncut, "He was one of the finest interpretive singers who ever lifted a microphone...There cannot be a single country songwriter of the last 50-odd years who has not wondered what it might be like to hear their words sung by that voice." In an article for The Texas Monthly in 1994, Nick Tosches eloquently described the singer's vocal style: "While he and his idol, Hank Williams, have both affected generations with a plaintive veracity of voice that has set them apart, Jones has an additional gift—a voice of exceptional range, natural elegance, and lucent tone. Gliding toward high tenor, plunging toward deep bass, the magisterial portamento of his onward-coursing baritone emits white-hot sparks and torrents of blue, investing his poison love songs with a tragic gravity and inflaming his celebrations of the honky-tonk ethos with the hellfire of abandon." In an essay printed in The New Republic, David Hajdu writes: "Jones had a handsome and strange voice. His singing was always partly about the appeal of the tones he produced, regardless of the meaning of the words. In this sense, Jones had something in common with singers of formal music and opera, though his means of vocal production were radically different from theirs. He sang from the back of his throat, rather than from deep in his diaphragm. He tightened his larynx to squeeze sound out. He clenched his jaw, instead of wriggling it free. He forced wind through his teeth, and the notes sounded weirdly beautiful." David Cantwell recalled in 2013, "His approach to singing, he told me once, was to call up those memories and feelings of his own that most closely corresponded to those being felt by the character in whatever song he was performing. He was a kind of singing method actor, creating an illusion of the real." In the liner notes to Essential George Jones: The Spirit of Country Rich Kienzle states, "Jones sings of people and stories that are achingly human. He can turn a ballad into a catharsis by wringing every possible emotion from it, making it a primal, strangled cry of anguish". In 1994, country music historian Colin Escott pronounced, "Contemporary country music is virtually founded on reverence for George Jones. Walk through a room of country singers and conduct a quick poll, George nearly always tops it." Waylon Jennings expressed a similar opinion in his song "It's Alright": "If we all could sound like we wanted to, we'd all sound like George Jones." In the wake of Jones's death, Merle Haggard pronounced in Rolling Stone, "His voice was like a Stradivarius violin: one of the greatest instruments ever made." Emmylou Harris wrote, "When you hear George Jones sing, you are hearing a man who takes a song and makes it a work of art—always," a quote that appeared on the sleeve of Jones's 1976 album The Battle. Several country music stars praised Jones in the documentary Same Ole Me. Randy Travis said, "It sounds like he's lived every minute of every word that he sings and there's very few people who can do that." Tom T. Hall said, "It was always Jones who got the message across just right." Roy Acuff said, "I'd give anyth ing if I could sing like George Jones." In the same film, producer Billy Sherrill states, "All I did was change the instrumentation around him. I don't think he's changed at all." In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Jones at No. 24 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. Jones was the subject of the second season of the podcast Cocaine and Rhinestones, which contends Jones is the greatest country music singer ever. Influence beyond country music Unlike some of his contemporaries, Jones painstakingly adhered to country music. He never reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 and almost never had any of his music played on mainstream popular music stations in his career, but, ironically, without even trying, Jones's unabashed loyalty to strictly country arrangements attracted the admiration of musicians and songwriters from a wide range of genres. In an often-quoted tribute, Frank Sinatra called Jones "the second-best singer in America". In a Rolling Stone interview in 1969, Bob Dylan was asked what he thought was the best song released in the previous year, and he replied, "George Jones had one called 'Small Time Laboring Man'," and in his autobiography Chronicles, Dylan states that in the early 1960s, he was largely unimpressed by what he heard on the radio, and admits "Outside of maybe George Jones, I didn't listen to country music either." Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons was an avid George Jones fan and covered Jones's song "That's All It Took" on his first solo album. In the documentary Gram Parsons: Fallen Angel, famous rock groupie Pamela Des Barres recalls seeing Parsons singing Jones's song "She Once Lived Here" at an empty Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles: "It was my peak, peak moment, not sitting on Jimmy Page's amp...that was my peak moment." Parsons reignited Keith Richards' interest in country music in the early '70s, and after Jones's death in 2013, the guitarist wrote, "He possessed the most touching voice, the most expressive ways of projecting that beautiful instrument of anyone I can call to mind. You heard his heart in every note he sang." Richards recorded "Say It's Not You" with Jones for The Bradley Barn Sessions in 1994, and recalls in his autobiography hearing him sing for the first time when the Rolling Stones and Jones were on the same show in Texas in 1964: "They trailed in with tumbleweed following them, as if tumbleweed was their pet. Dust all over the place, a bunch of cowboys, but when George got up, we went whoa, there's a master up there." In the documentary The History of Rock 'N' Roll, Mick Jagger also cites Jones as one of his favorite country singers. John Prine mentions Jones in his song "Jesus the Missing Years" and "Knockin' on Your Screen Door". Jones fan Elvis Costello had a surprise hit in the UK when he covered "A Good Year for the Roses" in 1981. Elliott Smith told an interviewer about his idea of Heaven: "George Jones would be singing all the time. It would be like New York in reverse: people would be nice to each other for no reason at all, and it would smell good." In a 2001 interview with Mark Binelli from Rolling Stone, Leonard Cohen asked, "Have you heard George Jones's last record Cold Hard Truth? I love to hear an old guy lay out his situation. He has the best voice in America." The day Jones died, Cohen performed "Choices" on stage in Winnipeg, Canada, as a tribute to the country legend. In 2013, Robbie Robertson told Uncut, "He was the Ray Charles of country music – the one who could make you cry with his voice...We wouldn't listen to country music, the guys in The Band, but we'd listen to George Jones..." Robert Plant told Uncuts Michael Bonner in 2014, "I now have to listen to George Jones once a day. Amazing singer. What a singer." James Taylor, who wrote "Bartender's Blues" with Jones in mind and sang background vocals with him on the recording, told Rolling Stone, "He sounds like a steel guitar. It's the way he blends notes, the way he comes up to them, the way he crescendos and decrescendos. The dynamic of it is very tight and very controlled – it's like carving with the voice." Other disparate artists who recorded with Jones or recorded his songs include Dennis Locorriere and Ray Sawyer of Dr. Hook, Mark Knopfler, the Staple Singers, Leon Russell, B. B. King, Blackberry Smoke, The Grateful Dead, and Linda Ronstadt. In 1995, Burt Reynolds wrote, "He is to country music what Spencer Tracy is to movies." Duets Jones was one of the greatest harmony singers in country music, and released many duets over the course of his long career. While his songs with Tammy Wynette are his most celebrated, Jones claimed in his autobiography that he felt his duets with Melba Montgomery were his best. Jones also recorded duet albums with Gene Pitney and his former bass player Johnny Paycheck. George's record with Paycheck, 1980's Double Trouble, is one of his most atypical records, and features him giving credible performances on numbers such as "Maybelline" and "You Better Move On". Jones also recorded the duet albums My Very Special Guests (1979), A Taste of Yesterday's Wine with Merle Haggard (1982), Ladies Choice (1984), Friends In High Places (1991), The Bradley Barn Sessions (1994), God's Country: George Jones And Friends (2006), a second album with Merle Haggard called Kickin' Out The Footlights...Again (2006), and Burn Your Playhouse Down (2008). Discography Number-one country hits "White Lightning" (1959) "Tender Years" (1961) "She Thinks I Still Care" (1962) "Walk Through This World with Me" (1967) "We're Gonna Hold On" (with Tammy Wynette) (1973) "The Grand Tour" (1974) "The Door" (1975) "Golden Ring" (with Tammy Wynette) (1976) "Near You" (with Tammy Wynette) (1977) "He Stopped Loving Her Today" (1980) "Still Doin' Time" (1981) "Yesterday's Wine" (with Merle Haggard) (1982) "I Always Get Lucky with You" (1983) See also Academy of Country Music Country Music Association Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame (1992 inductee) List of best-selling music artists List of country musicians References Works cited Further reading . . Joel Whitburn's Top Country Songs, 1944 to 2005, Record Research, Menomonee Falls, WI, 2005, . External links 1931 births 2013 deaths 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singer-songwriters 20th-century Baptists American acoustic guitarists American country guitarists American country singer-songwriters American male guitarists American male singer-songwriters Baptists from Texas Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery (Nashville, Tennessee) Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Country musicians from Texas Deaths from respiratory failure Epic Records artists Gold Star Records artists Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Grand Ole Opry members Guitarists from Texas Kennedy Center honorees Mercury Records artists Musicians from Beaumont, Texas People from Hardin County, Texas People from Jasper, Texas People from Tyler County, Texas Singer-songwriters from Texas Starday Records artists United Artists Records artists United States Marines United States National Medal of Arts recipients
95984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%20County%2C%20Iowa	Johnson County, Iowa	Johnson County, Iowa Johnson County is located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 152,854, making it the fourth-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Iowa City, home of the University of Iowa. Johnson County is included in the Iowa City metropolitan area, which is also included in the Cedar Rapids-Iowa City Corridor Combined Statistical Area. History Johnson County was established in December 1837 by the legislature of the Wisconsin Territory, one of thirteen counties established by that body in a comprehensive act. The county's area was partitioned from Dubuque County, and was not initially provided with a civil government, instead being governed by Cedar County officials. It was originally named for the US Vice President Richard M. Johnson (1780–1850). In 2020, the Johnson County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to change the county's namesake to be Lulu Merle Johnson (1907–1995), the first black woman in the state to earn a doctorate; Vice President Johnson was a slaveowner who had sexual relations with several of his slaves. The first courthouse in the county was a two-story log cabin structure, built in 1838 in the settlement of Napoleon, about two miles south of the current courthouse. The building stood across from what later would become the James McCollister Farmstead on land later owned by Philip Clark. After Iowa City was established by fiat as the new territorial capitol of Iowa, the county seat was removed there. The second Johnson County Courthouse, the first in Iowa City, was built on Lot 8 Block 8 of the County Seat Addition to Iowa City in 1842 for $3,690. This location was in the southeast corner of the intersection of Harrison and Clinton Streets. The building was 56 x 28 feet and two stories tall. It was built by James Trimble, who had previously built the first jail. A third courthouse was built in 1857 in the courthouse square on Clinton Street between Court and Harrison Streets. It was used until 1901, after cracks appeared in its south wall in 1899. The building was apparently built of brick with stone and wood ornamentation. The Richardsonian Romanesque style courthouse in use today was designed by the firm of Rush, Bowman and Rush of Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was bid at a cost of $111,000 and built by the firm Rowson & Son of Johnson County. The cornerstone was laid in December 1899. The building's tower was based on Henry Hobson Richardson's design for the spire of Trinity Church in Boston. The building was dedicated on June 8, 1901. The currently unused jail that stands to the west of the courthouse was designed by C.L. Wundt of Burlington, Iowa on behalf of the Stewart Iron Works in Cleveland and bid for $14,000. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.5%) is water. Major highways Interstate 80 Interstate 380 U.S. Highway 6 U.S. Highway 218 Iowa Highway 1 Iowa Highway 22 Iowa Highway 27 Transit 380 Express Cambus Coralville Transit Iowa City Transit List of intercity bus stops in Iowa Adjacent counties Benton County – northwest Cedar County – east Iowa County – west Linn County – north Muscatine County – east and southeast Louisa County – southeast and south Washington County – south Demographics 2020 census The 2020 census recorded a population of 152,854 in the county, with a population density of . 93.62% of the population reported being of one race. There were 65,916 housing units, of which 61,335 were occupied. 2010 census The 2010 census recorded a population of 130,882 in the county, with a population density of . There were 55,967 housing units, of which 52,715 were occupied. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 111,006 people, 44,080 households, and 23,582 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 45,831 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 90.13% White, 2.90% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 4.12% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.01% from other races, and 1.51% from two or more races. 2.51% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 44,080 households, out of which 26.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.90% were married couples living together, 6.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.50% were non-families. 30.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.97. Age spread: 20.10% under the age of 18, 23.40% from 18 to 24, 30.80% from 25 to 44, 18.20% from 45 to 64, and 7.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.30 males. The median income for a household in the county was $40,060, and the median income for a family was $60,112. Males had a median income of $36,279 versus $29,793 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,220. About 5.20% of families and 15.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.10% of those under age 18 and 3.80% of those age 65 or over. Politics Largely due to the presence of the University of Iowa, Johnson County is considered the most liberal county in Iowa and a stronghold of the Democratic Party, and has always been among Iowa's most Democratic counties since the Civil War. It has been the strongest Democratic county in the state since 1984. This trend predates the recent swing toward the Democrats in counties influenced by college towns. The last Republican to win the county in a presidential election was Richard Nixon in 1960, and the last Republican to even get 40 percent of the county's vote was Ronald Reagan in 1984. The last time the GOP won the county in a gubernatorial election was the 1978 Iowa gubernatorial election. As a measure of how strongly Democratic the county has been, Democrats easily carried it even in the national Republican landslides of 1972, 1984 and 1988, and the county was the only county in Iowa to vote for Democrat Alton B. Parker over Republican Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. In 2020, Joe Biden received the highest percentage of the vote received by any Democrat in the county's history; indeed, by any candidate of any party. In 2024, it was the only county to not vote for Donald Trump in the state's Republican presidential caucuses. Nikki Haley won the county by a single vote. Johnson County's Democratic bent is just as pronounced at the state level. It was the lone county to vote Democratic in statewide Republican landslides, such as Senator Chuck Grassley's re-elections in 2010 and 2016 or Governor Terry Branstad's re-election in 2014. Communities Cities Coralville Hills Iowa City Lone Tree North Liberty Oxford Shueyville Solon Swisher Tiffin University Heights Census-designated place Frytown Other unincorporated communities Amish Elmira Cosgrove Morse Oasis River Junction Sharon Center Sutliff Windham Ghost towns Midway Townships Big Grove Cedar Clear Creek East Lucas Fremont Graham Hardin Jefferson Liberty Lincoln Madison Monroe Newport Oxford Penn Pleasant Valley Scott Sharon Union Washington West Lucas Population ranking The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Johnson County. † county seat See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Johnson County, Iowa Secrest Octagon Barn References Charles Ray Aurner, Leading Events in Johnson County, Iowa, History, Volume I (1912) reproduction by Torch Press, Cedar Rapids IA External links Johnson County Government Johnson County Crisis Center Johnson County website 1837 establishments in Wisconsin Territory Populated places established in 1837 Iowa City metropolitan area
61634285	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptrakovo	Aptrakovo	Aptrakovo (Aptraq) is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative centre of Aptrakovsky Selsoviet, Meleuzovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 312 as of 2010. There are 7 streets. Geography Aptrakovo is located 26 km southeast of Meleuz (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mullagulovo is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Meleuzovsky District
21003623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolewice	Bolewice	Bolewice refers to the following places in Poland: Bolewice, Greater Poland Voivodeship Bolewice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
32085884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312%20Valencia%20CF%20season	2011–12 Valencia CF season	2011–12 Valencia CF season The 2011–12 season was Valencia Club de Fútbol's 94th in existence and the club's 25th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. The season was the fourth season of Unai Emery in front of team. Squad Players The numbers are established according to the official website: www.valenciacf.com From Valencia Mestalla Out on loan Detailed squad information Notes: (d), debut in first team in an official match Transfers In Total expenditure: €27,400,000 Out Total income: €40,500,000 Club Current technical staff Source: Valencia CF Official Website Statistics Player stats {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" !width=30\| !width=30\|P !width=110\|Name !width=30\| !width=30\| !width=30\| !width=30\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !width=40\| !align=left\|Notes Goals for goalkeepers are goals against Disciplinary record Includes all competitive matches. The list is sorted by shirt number. Pre-season and friendlies Competitions Overall Overall Friendly Trophies Source: Fiendlies Qualifying for next season competitions La Liga League table Results summary Results by round Matches Copa del Rey Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals UEFA Champions League Group stage UEFA Europa League Knockout phase Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals 2011–12 Valencia Féminas season Current squad Competitions Primera División Results summary League table Matches References External links Official website Spanish football clubs 2011–12 season 2011-12 2011–12 UEFA Champions League participants seasons 2011–12 UEFA Europa League participants seasons
15810742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanahmerah	Tanahmerah	Tanahmerah Tanah Merah (or Tanamerah, which means Red Land) is a town in the South Papua province of Indonesia (not to be confused with Tanahmerah Bay) on the bank of Digul River, located some two hundred miles from Merauke within the interior of Western New Guinea (a town not occupied by the Japanese during WWII). It is the administrative center of Boven Digoel Regency. History The town acted as a Dutch penal colony during the period when Indonesia was a Dutch colony. Under Indische Staatsregeling Article 37, "those who can be considered by the Government to disturb or have disturbed the public peace and order will be without any legal proceedings exiled for an indefinite period to a specially appointed place" were sent to Tanahmerah. Dr. Sutan Sjahrir, first prime minister of the Indonesian Republic, described the political prisoners thus exiled as being in "profound spiritual misery" and "permanently broken in spirit". In 1942, the Netherlands East Indies government-in-exile (in Australia), fearing partisan armies, which would prejudice the postwar reimposition of Dutch colonial rule in the Indies, organised for the prisoners to be brought to Australia, to be interned as prisoners of war. This did not fit entirely well with the host country, and on 7 December 1943, the Tanah Merah prisoners were freed from their Australian prison camps. Lockwood (1975) considers the evacuation of these prisoners to Australia (and their subsequent freedom within Australia) to be a vital catalyst in the launching of the boycott on Dutch shipping (the Black Armada) at the end of the second world war and in the subsequent creation of the Republic of Indonesia. Climate Transport The town is served by Tanah Merah Airport. See also Rupert Lockwood: Black Armada Black Armada Notes Regency seats of South Papua
1935302	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F	Ниткоподібне сортування	Ниткоподібне сортування (Strand sort) – це алгоритм сортування. Він працює за допомогою повторного витягування сортованих підсписків зі списку, що потрібно посортувати, та їх злиттям в кінцевий (посортований) список. Кожна ітерація витягує з непосортованого списку нитку вже посортованих елементів і зливає ці нитки (списки) в одну. Назва алгоритму походить від “ниток” (“частин”) посортованих даних в межах непосортованого списку, що вилучаються один за одним. Даний алгоритм є сортуванням з порівнянням, тому що він використовує порівняння, коли вилучає нитки-списки і коли з'єднує їх в посортований список. Алгоритм ниткоподібного сортування у середньому виконує операцій. Проте у найкращому випадку (коли список уже посортований) алгоритм — лінійний, тобто здійснює всього порівнянь. У найгіршому випадку (коли список посортований у зворотньому напрямку) алгоритм виконує операцій. Ниткоподібне сортування доцільно застосовувати для даних, що зберігаються у зв'язному списку, через часте додавання та вилучення елементів. Якщо використовувати іншу структуру даних — наприклад, масив, тоді час виконання та складність алгоритму значно зростають. Також це сортування варто використовувати, коли велика частина даних уже посортована, тому що такі дані вилучаються одною “ниткою”. Приклад Кроки: Пройти по списку і витягнути посортований підсписок, починаючи з першого елемента. Посортований підсписок з першої ітерації помістити в порожній посортований список. Повторити крок 1. Оскільки посортований список уже не порожній - злити підсписок та посортований список. Повторити кроки 3-4 поки зі списку не будуть вилучені всі елементи. Псевдокод Простий спосіб зображення ниткоподібного сортування на псевдокоді: procedure strandSort(A : list of sortable items ) defined as: while length(A ) > 0 clear sublist sublist[ 0 ] := A[ 0 ] remove A[ 0 ] for each i in 0 to length(A ) - 1 do: if A[ i ] > sublist[ last ] then append A[ i ] to sublist remove A[ i ] end if end for merge sublist into results end while return results end procedure Реалізація C++ #include <list> using namespace std; template <typename T> list<T> strandSort(list<T> unsorted) { if (unsorted.size() <= 1) { return unsorted; } list<T> result; list<T> sublist; while (!unsorted.empty()) { sublist.push_back(unsorted.front()); unsorted.pop_front(); for (typename list<T>::iterator it = unsorted.begin(); it != unsorted.end()) { if (sublist.back() <= it) { sublist.push_back(it); it = unsorted.erase(it); } else { it++; } } result.merge(sublist); } return result; } Haskell merge :: (Ord a) => [a] -> [a] -> [a] merge [] ys = ys merge xs [] = xs merge (x : xs) (y : ys) \| x <= y = x : merge xs (y : ys) \| otherwise = y : merge (x : xs) ys strandSort :: (Ord a) => [a] -> [a] strandSort [] = [] strandSort (x : xs) = merge strand (strandSort rest) where (strand, rest) = extractStrand x xs extractStrand x [] = ([x], []) extractStrand x (x1 : xs) \| x <= x1 = let (strand, rest) = extractStrand x1 xs in (x : strand, rest) \| otherwise = let (strand, rest) = extractStrand x xs in (strand, x1 : rest) Pascal program StrandSortDemo; type TIntArray = array of integer; function merge(left: TIntArray; right: TIntArray): TIntArray; var i, j, k: integer; begin setlength(merge, length(left) + length(right)); i := low(merge); j := low(left); k := low(right); repeat if ((left[j] <= right[k]) and (j <= high(left))) or (k > high(right)) then begin merge[i] := left[j]; inc(j); end else begin merge[i] := right[k]; inc(k); end; inc(i); until i > high(merge); end; function StrandSort(s: TIntArray): TIntArray; var strand: TIntArray; i, j: integer; begin setlength(StrandSort, length(s)); setlength(strand, length(s)); i := low(s); repeat StrandSort[i] := s[i]; inc(i); until (s[i] < s[i-1]); setlength(StrandSort, i); repeat setlength(strand, 1); j := low(strand); strand[j] := s[i]; while (s[i+1] > s[i]) and (i < high(s)) do begin inc(i); inc(j); setlength(strand, length(strand) + 1); Strand[j] := s[i]; end; StrandSort := merge(StrandSort, strand); inc(i); until (i > high(s)); end; var data: TIntArray; i: integer; begin setlength(data, 8); Randomize; writeln('The data before sorting:'); for i := low(data) to high(data) do begin data[i] := Random(high(data)); write(data[i]:4); end; writeln; data := StrandSort(data); writeln('The data after sorting:'); for i := low(data) to high(data) do begin write(data[i]:4); end; writeln; end. Посилання Paul E. Black "Strand Sort" зі при NIST. Реалізація алгоритму ниткоподібного сортування різними мовами програмування Алгоритми сортування Статті з прикладами коду мовою C++ Статті з прикладами коду мовою Pascal Статті з прикладами коду мовою Haskell
3594101	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypobryon	Hypobryon	Hypobryon — рід грибів. Назва вперше опублікована 1983 року. Примітки Джерела Döbbeler, P. 1983. Hypobryon gen. nov. (Dothideales), eine bemerkenswerte Gattung bryophiler Pyrenomyceten. Nova Hedwigia. 37:1-17 - P.3 Роди грибів
3473927	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9	Левіцький	Левіцький — присілок (у минулому селище) у складі Мішкинського району Башкортостану, Росія. Входить до складу Баймурзинської сільської ради. Населення — 24 особи (2010; 47 у 2002). Національний склад: марійці — 89 % Джерела Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Мішкинського району (Башкортостан) Присілки Башкортостану

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