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1140915	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%20%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81	Нотіс Сфакіанакіс	Нотіс Сфакіанакіс Панайотіс (Нотіс) Сфакіанакіс (народився 2 листопада 1959 року, Геракліон, Крит, Греція) — грецький співак лаїка музики, який є одним з найбільш комерційно успішних артистів у Греції та на Кіпрі. Біографія Нотіс жив перші сім років свого життя на острові Крит, коли його батьки розлучилися, він переїхав на о.Кос, де жили родичі його матері. Він ріс в основному в Косі, під опікою бабусі і дідуся, а деякі короткі періоди, провів у Німеччині, де жила його мати після другого шлюбу. Коли йому виповнилося двадцять років Нотіс став диск-жокеєм. Він підтримував себе, працюючи електриком, сантехніком, офіціантом. У 1985 році він сформував групу і грав у клубах м. Кос. Через відсутність успіху група розпалася менш ніж через рік. У 1986 році Нотіс повернувся на Крит, щоб почати сольну кар'єру співака. У 1988 році він відправився до Афін. Влітку 1990 року — до Салоніки. Генеральний менеджер Sony у Греції Bourmas підписав зі Сфакіанакісом контракт і в червні 1991 року він випустив свій перший альбом «ΠΡΩΤΗ ΦΟΡΑ» (Sony Music), який увійшов в грецьку першу десятку. Його запис пісні «O Aetos» є одним з найпопулярніших пісень у грецькій історії музики. Сфакіанакіс був найбільш продаваним виконавцем 1990-х років і визначений як найбільш продаваний грецький співак свого покоління. 1 листопада 2011 року був нагороджений мульти-платиновий альбом «21+4 Ματωμένο Δάκρυ» Нотіса Сфакіанакіса. Газета «Прото Тема» присвятила цій події спеціальне видання. На початку лютого 2012 року співак записав нову пісню «Квадрат», яка відображає соціально-економічну ситуацію в Греції та переживання і біль співака з цього приводу. Соціальна пісня «Квадрат» є провісником нового альбому Нотіса Сфакіанакіса, який буде випущений у вересні наступного року. Взимку 2011–2012 року співпрацює з Ангелікою Іліаді в клубі «Священний Шлях» («Ιερά Οδό») в Афінах, з 20 квітня 2012 року вони почали спільні виступи в Салоніках в «Odeon». У липні 2012 року Нотіс записав нову пісню «Εσύ, η θάλασσα» (музика Дімоса Анастасіадіса, текст Вікі Геротодору). Взимку 2014 — 2015 років Сфакіанакіс співає на сцені клуба Φωταέριο разом з гуртом Vegas та співачкою Shaya. Особисте життя Сфакіанакіс одружений і має двох дітей-двійнят, сина на ім'я Аполлон та дочку - Афродіта,. Родина живе в Афінах. У 2003 році Сфакіанакіса зробили операцію на його голосові зв'язки, що призводить до двохрічної перерви між його альбомом «Milisoun Та Tragoudia» і наступним «Me Agapi O, ти Kaneis». Погляди Сфакіанакіс також відомий за його суперечливого образу і відвертої манері і думки. Він часто дає інтерв'ю з різних соціальних і політичних питань. Він критикує культуру і спосіб життя сучасного грецького суспільства, інертність своїх співгромадян, і вважає, що єдиним виходом є підвищення грамотності і вивчення давньої грецької цивілізації. З піснею «Вівці» (2003) критикує Джорджа Буша за вторгнення в Афганістан і Ірак. З піснею «Пожежа» (2006) критикує грецькі компанії за пісні низького рівня. Дискографія 1991 — Πρωτη φορα 1992 — Εισαι ενα πιστολι 1993 — Νοτιοανατολικα του κοσμου 1994 — Με το ν και με το σ 1996 — 5o βημα 1997 — Προ δια φημην (cd single) 1997 — Εμπεριων συλλεκτης 1998 — Οι νοτες εισαι 7 ψυχες 1999 — Προαγγελος (cd single) 1999 — XXX ενθυμιον 1999 — Around The world (cd single) 2000 — Πολυχρωμα και εντονα 2001 — Τελος …διχος τελος (cd single) 2002 — 9/8 τα ζεΪμπεκικα του νοτη 2002 — Ανοιξις (cd single) 2002 — Ας μιλησουν τα τραγουδια 2003 — 10 με τονο 2004 — Με αγαπη οτι κανεις 2005 — Ανα…γέννησις 2006 — Κοινωνία ώρα… (Cd single) 2007 — Νύκτες… Μαγικές (2CDs — Live) 2008 — Μνημες 2011 — 21+4 Ματωμένα Δάκρυα 2013 — 16 Αυτοτελείς Ιστορίες Примітки Посилання Біографія Нотіса Сфакіанакіса на National Geographic Βιογραφικό \| Videos \| Φωτογραφίες \| Νέα на music.net.cy Уродженці Іракліона Грецькі співаки
96661	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%203460	IC 3460	IC 3460 — галактика типу Scd у сузір'ї Волосся Вероніки. Цей об'єкт міститься в оригінальній редакції індексного каталогу. Посилання IC 3460 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі IC 3460 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі http://www.seds.org/~spider/ngc/revngcic.cgi?IC+3460 IC 3460 в базі SIMBAD IC 3460 в базі Vizier IC 3460 в базі NASA Extragalactic Database Бази даних про об'єкти NGC/IC IC 3460 IC 3460 IC 3460
1077764	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%20%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96	Вінченцо Пікарді	Вінченцо Пікарді (20 жовтня 1983, Казорія) — італійський боксер, олімпійський медаліст, призер чемпіонатів світу та Європи серед аматорів. Аматорська кар'єра На чемпіонаті Європи 2004 програв у першому бою Ніколозу Ізорія (Грузія), а на чемпіонаті Європи 2006 також в першому бою — Саміру Мамедову (Азербайджан). На чемпіонаті світу 2005 програв у другому бою Саміру Мамедову (Азербайджан), а на чемпіонаті світу 2007 завоював бронзову медаль. В 1/16 фіналу переміг Кадрі Кордела (Туреччина) — 22-7 В 1/8 фіналу переміг Кацуакі Суса (Японія) — 24-14 У чвертьфіналі переміг Ануруддха Ратнаяке (Шрі-Ланка) — 23-4 У півфіналі програв Сомжит Джонгжохор (Таїланд) — 2-13 На Олімпійських іграх 2008 завоював бронзову медаль. В 1/16 фіналу переміг Кассіуса Чіяніка (Замбія) — 10-3 В 1/8 фіналу переміг Хуана Карлоса Паяно (Домініканська республіка) — 8-4 У чвертьфіналі переміг Валіда Черіфа (Туніс) — 7-5 У півфіналі програв Сомжит Джонгжохор (Таїланд) — 1-7 Того ж 2008 року на Кубку світу з боксу переміг Валіда Черіфа (Туніс) і програв Михайлу Алояну (Росія), завоювавши бронзову нагороду. На чемпіонаті світу 2009 здобув три перемоги, а у чвертьфіналі програв Нямбаярину Тегсцогт (Монголія) — 7-12. На чемпіонаті Європи 2010 завоював бронзову медаль. В 1/8 фіналу переміг Олександра Ришкана (Молдова) — 10-5 У чвертьфіналі переміг Франсіско Торріхоса (Іспанія) — 9-2 У півфіналі програв Михайлу Алояну (Росія) — 2-7 На чемпіонаті Європи 2011 завоював бронзову медаль. В 1/8 фіналу переміг Муміна Велі (Македонія) — 18-10 У чвертьфіналі переміг Майкла Конлена (Ірландія) — 26-20 У півфіналі програв Георгію Балакшину (Росія) — 19-27 На чемпіонаті світу 2011 здобув три перемоги, а у чвертьфіналі програв Жасурбеку Латипову (Узбекистан) — 11-18. На Олімпійських іграх 2012 програв у першому бою Нямбаярину Тегсцогт (Монголія) — 16-17. На чемпіонатах Європи 2013 та світу 2013 програв у першому бою. На Європейських іграх 2015 завоював срібну медаль. В 1/8 фіналу переміг Мухаммада Алі (Велика Британія) — 2-1 У чвертьфіналі переміг Ферхата Пехліван (Грузія) — 2-1 У півфіналі переміг Вільяма Танко (Словаччина) — 3-0 У фіналі програв Ельвіну Мамішзаде (Азербайджан) — 0-3 На чемпіонаті світу 2015 програв у другому бою Мухаммаду Алі (Велика Британія) — 1-2 Виступи на Олімпіадах Світова серія боксу З 2010 до 2013 року Вінченцо Пікарді входив до складу команди «Italia Thunder» (Італія), що брала участь у напівпрофесійній боксерській лізі WSB. Посилання Досьє на sport.references.com Результати змагань на amateur-boxing.strefa Італійські боксери Боксери найлегшої ваги Італійські бронзові олімпійські медалісти Боксери на літніх Олімпійських іграх 2008 Бронзові призери літніх Олімпійських ігор 2008 Боксери на літніх Олімпійських іграх 2012 Бронзові призери чемпіонатів світу з боксу Бронзові призери чемпіонатів Європи з боксу Срібні призери Європейських ігор 2015 Учасники Середземноморських ігор 2013
443542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob%20Berger	Gottlob Berger	Gottlob Berger Gottlob Christian Berger (16 July 1896 – 5 January 1975) was a German senior Nazi official who held the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS (lieutenant general) and was the chief of the SS Main Office responsible for Schutzstaffel (SS) recruiting during World War II. At the post-war Nuremberg trials, the Waffen-SSwithin which Berger was a senior officerwas declared to be a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity. Berger was convicted as a war criminal and spent six and a half years in prison. While serving in the German Army during World War I, he was wounded four times and awarded the Iron Cross First Class. Immediately after the war, he was a leader of the Einwohnerwehr militia in his native North Württemberg. He joined the Nazi Party in 1922 but lost interest in right-wing politics during the 1920s, training and working as a physical education teacher. In the late 1920s, he rejoined the Nazi Party and became a member of the paramilitary Sturmabteilung (SA) in 1931. He clashed with other leaders of the SA and joined the Allgemeine-SS in 1936. Initially responsible for physical education in an SS region, he was soon transferred to the staff of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler as head of the sports office. In 1938, he was appointed as head of the recruiting office of the SS Main Office (SS-HA) and took over as chief of the SS-HA the following year. To a significant extent, Berger was the father of the Waffen-SS, as he implemented its recruiting structures and policies and later extended Waffen-SS recruiting to peoples who in no way reflected Himmler's ideas of "racial purity". He consistently advocated greater ideological training for the Waffen-SS but did not view SS ideology as a replacement for religion. He also sponsored and protected his friend Oskar Dirlewanger, whom he placed in command of the SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger who subsequently committed many war crimes. Berger often clashed with senior officers of the Wehrmacht and even with senior Waffen-SS officers over his recruiting methods, but he took advantage of opportunities as they presented themselves to grow the Waffen-SS to 38 divisions by the war's end. Berger undertook several other roles in the latter stages of the war while continuing as chief of the SS-HA. In the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories he proposed the Heuaktion operation that kidnapped and enslaved 50,000 Eastern European children. In response to the Slovak National Uprising in August 1944, Berger was appointed Military Commander in Slovakia and was in charge during the initial failure to suppress the revolt. The following month he was appointed one of the two chiefs of staff of the Volkssturm militia and as chief of the prisoner-of-war camps. In the final months of the war he commanded German forces in the Bavarian Alps, which included remnants of several of the Waffen-SS units he had helped recruit. He surrendered to U.S. troops near Berchtesgaden and was promptly arrested. He was tried and convicted in the Ministries Trial of the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals for war crimes and was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment. His sentence was soon reduced to 10 years, and he was released after serving six and a half years. After release he advocated for the rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS and worked in several manufacturing businesses. He died in his hometown in 1975. Described as blustery, cynical, and "one of Himmler's most competent and trusted war-time lieutenants", Berger was also an ardent antisemite and a skilled and unscrupulous bureaucratic manipulator. Due to his organisational and recruiting skills, Berger was kept as the chief of the SS-HA throughout the war. Early life and involvement with Nazi Party Berger was born on 16 July 1896 at Gerstetten in the Kingdom of Württemberg, the son of saw-mill owners Johannes and Christine, and was one of eight children. He attended Volksschule (elementary school) and Realschule (junior high school) and then teacher training in Nürtingen. He volunteered for military service at the beginning of World War I, and rose to the rank of Leutnant in the infantry by the time of his discharge in 1919. Wounded four times, he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, and was considered 70 per cent disabled at the time of his discharge. During the war, all three of his brothers died, two killed in action and the other executed as a spy in the United States. Berger's combative temperament and very conservative politics fitted him for a leadership role with the North Württemberg Einwohnerwehr militia in 1918–19. He married Maria in 1921. After joining the Nazi Party in 1922, he was arrested and briefly held in custody after Adolf Hitler's Munich Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923. He trained and worked as a physical education teacher, despite his injuries, and lost interest in politics for some years, before rejoining the Nazi Party in 1929, and the paramilitary Sturmabteilung (SA) in January 1931. Berger's SA career was limited by his soldierly ideas of politics and leadership, but after the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933, he was found to be very suitable to lead Schutzhaft operations, which involved the rounding up of Jews and "political undesirables". In April 1933, his clashes with younger leaders meant his SA career had met a dead-end. His SA peers criticised Berger's ambitious nature, outspokenness and lack of self-reflection. Beginning in July 1934, Berger worked with the SA training chief SA-Obergruppenführer Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger. Between 1933 and 1935, he was a school inspector in Esslingen am Neckar near Stuttgart, and in 1935 was a senior official in the Gau Württemberg – Hohenzollern Ministry of Culture. He was recruited into the Allgemeine-SS by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in 1936, on Krüger's recommendation. Initially appointed to oversee sports and physical training for SS-Oberabschnitt Südwest (SS Regional Headquarters Southwest), he then moved to Himmler's personal staff as head of the sports office. Berger interceded on behalf of his World War I comrade Oskar Dirlewanger, who had been imprisoned for two years in 1935 for offences against a minor. On his release from prison, Berger used his influence to ensure Dirlewanger could join the Condor Legion and fight in the Spanish Civil War. On 1 July 1938, Himmler appointed Berger as chief of the recruiting department of the SS-Hauptamt (SS Main Office, or SS-HA), which he quickly developed into a powerful tool for Himmler's ambitions. According to Berger, the German Army was initially dismissive of the idea of SS combat troops. He quoted the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch as saying, "If the Reich Transport Minister has his militarily-trained Railway Police, why shouldn't Himmler also play at soldiers?" Berger later claimed that he had come up with the idea of SS combat troops wearing camouflage jackets from his own hunting days, and had suggested it to SS-Obergruppenführer Sepp Dietrich, commander of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Regiment (LSSAH). From 1938, various forms of Flecktarn camouflage were issued. The author Adrian Weale doubts Berger's account. Berger had achieved the rank of Major der Reserve in the Wehrmacht by 1938, but his initial rank upon joining the Allgemeine-SS was SS-Standartenführer, based upon his SA service. Berger played a key role in directing the fifth column Sudetendeutsches Freikorps during the Sudeten Crisis in Czechoslovakia in 1938, and the organisational skills he displayed there marked him as highly suitable for the SS recruiting role. Chief of the SS-Hauptamt 1939–40 Initial expansion of the Waffen-SS Prior to the outbreak of World War II, the SS-HA had been responsible for organising an erstwhile "civilian" political organisation, the Allgemeine-SS. After the war began, it was clear that those departments of the SS-HA looking after the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS dispositional troops or SS-VT) had performed poorly. During the invasion of Poland, deficiencies in organisation, equipment and training had become obvious. The SS-HA, and specifically its chief, SS-Obergruppenführer August Heissmeyer, were held responsible, and Heissmeyer soon made way for Berger. As head of recruiting, Berger had already unified the recruiting system for the three main SS organisations, the Allgemeine-SS, SS-VT and police, and in August 1938 he negotiated a recruiting agreement between Himmler and the Reichsjugendführer (Reich Youth Leader) Baldur von Schirach which created a strong recruiting pathway for the young men of the Hitler Youth into the SS. Following the Polish campaign, Hitler approved the expansion of the SS combat troops to three divisions as well as bringing the LSSAH up to the strength of a reinforced motorised regiment. To achieve this goal before the commencement of the planned invasion of France and the Low Countries, Berger needed at least partially-trained personnel. To do this, he circumvented the recruiting primacy of the Wehrmacht by transferring men from forces already under Himmler's control, the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) that ran the concentration camps, and combat-trained police reinforcements of the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police or Orpo). By adding these men to the LSSAH and the existing three regiments of the SS-VT, he expanded the force to the approved ceiling, including 50,000 trained replacements. The three new divisions were: the SS-Verfügungs-Division (later given the name Reich and then Das Reich) commanded by the Inspector of the SS-VT, SS-Gruppenführer Paul Hausser; the SS-Division-Totenkopf commanded by the Inspector of Concentration Camps, SS-Gruppenführer Theodor Eicke; and the Polizei-Division, commanded by SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Polizei Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch. This rapid transformation was theoretical to a significant extent, as Eicke and the SS-TV continued to resist exchanges of personnel with the SS-VT. The fact that Berger was able to expand the SS combat troops so quickly was a tribute to his improvisational skills. On 1 December 1939, Himmler promoted Berger to chief of the SS-HA. To a significant extent, Berger was the "father" of the Waffen-SS (or Armed SS), a term he coined in an agreement dated 2 March 1940. He used the new term to smooth over friction between the SS-VT and SS-TV, as they were combined in new formations. Berger's new-found authority for SS recruiting matters irritated the chiefs of the Allgemeine-SS districts, who had previously been responsible for this function. This came to a head when the chief of SS-Oberabschnitt Südwest, SS-Gruppenführer Kurt Kaul refused to recognise Berger's delegate in his district, referring to Berger as a "low-ranking empire builder". Kaul's series of letters to Berlin came to nothing, as the power and influence of the Allgemeine-SS had waned with the outbreak of war and the conscription of many of its members into the Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS and police. Ultimately, when Kaul threatened to arrest Berger's delegate in SS-Oberabschnitt Südwest, Himmler intervened personally in February 1940, stating that "the most unpleasant consequences" would befall Kaul if he did not throw his support behind Berger and his recruiting organisation. Kaul acquiesced, and Berger's supremacy as SS recruiting supremo was firmly established. The first "Germanic" recruits Despite this success, Berger still had to negotiate with the Wehrmacht, which opposed his attempts to expand the Waffen-SS at almost every turn. In early 1940, Himmler and Berger were outmaneuvered by Generaloberst Wilhelm Keitel, Chief of Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Wehrmacht High Command or OKW) on a number of issues around Waffen-SS recruiting, reflecting the strong influence the Wehrmacht still had with Hitler. On 20 April 1940, Berger was promoted to SS-Brigadeführer. According to Berger, Himmler never intended that the Waffen-SS would supplant the Army, and after the war he intended that it would be reduced to seven active and five reserve divisions. Berger created a recruiting structure throughout the Reich, mirroring that of the Army, but while the Wehrmacht, which controlled the draft, was willing to allow Berger enough recruits to maintain the three divisions and the LSSAH, it did not want to see any further expansion. To get around this, Berger had to look outside the Reich. By this time, the Waffen-SS numbered just under 125,000, of whom more than 40,000 originated from post-Anschluss Austria and other areas outside the pre-1933 borders of Germany. In April 1940, the Germans had invaded and occupied Denmark and Norway, opening up a source of "Nordic" or "Germanic" recruits, which Berger was quick to exploit. After the invasion of France and the Low Countries, the resulting regiment, SS-Nordland, was joined by a Dutch-Belgian-Flemish regiment, SS-Westland. At the same time as they were recruiting for these "Germanic" regiments, Berger's delegates were also focusing on gaining ethnic German volunteers from outside the Reich, men not subject to the Wehrmacht-controlled draft. In May, more than 1,000 Romanian Volksdeutsche had been recruited, with the help of Andreas Schmidt, Berger's son-in-law and the political leader of the Romanian Volksdeutsche. Three weeks after the invasion of Belgium, Berger was appointed as the president of the German-sponsored pro-Nazi Belgian political party, DeVlag, in Flanders. Berger also worked to bring the Yugoslav Volksdeutsche under the influence of the SS, which he was able to achieve six months prior to the invasion of that country by the Axis in April 1941. Berger's recruiting work with the Flemish and Croatian communities was facilitated by his chairmanship of both the Deutsche-Flämischen Studiengruppe (German-Flemish Studies Group) and the Deutsche-Kroatischen Gesellschaft (German-Croatian Society). Friction with the Wehrmacht By the end of May 1940, Berger had filled the authorised quota of new recruits, but his recruiters kept signing up young men to create a reserve that could replace the many older Allgemeine-SS reservists in the three field divisions. To supplement this pool, Berger also continued recruiting for the SS-TV and police regiments, which were not under Wehrmacht control, and were still below the strengths approved by Hitler. This continued to create friction between the Wehrmacht and SS, as potential Wehrmacht recruits were siphoned off to forces under Himmler's control. By a range of methods, Berger diverted manpower from the younger age groups, and also targeted areas outside the Reich that were not subject to Wehrmacht recruiting controls. Berger's evasion of Wehrmacht-imposed recruiting restrictions came to a head in June, when the Chief of the OKW Operations Staff, Generalmajor Alfred Jodl initiated an investigation of SS recruiting operations within the Reich. The result was that around 15,000 SS inductions were held up by various Wehrmacht military district headquarters. Berger became aware of Jodl's inquiry and advised Himmler that even their inquiries had underestimated his success, giving the example that the Wehrmacht believed he had exceeded the June quota for SS-Division-Totenkopf by 900 men, when in fact the true figure was 1,164. He boasted to Himmler that during the whole recruiting campaign, he had signed up 15,000 men for SS-Division-Totenkopf, when Hitler had only authorised the recruiting of 4,000 for the division in the same period. To justify his actions, Berger pointed to the fact that, just before the French surrender, Hitler had ordered the release of over-age SS reservists. In the SS-Division-Totenkopf, this meant 13,246 of the 20,000-strong formation. Berger had been remarkably successful, despite the obstacles placed in his path by the Wehrmacht, having recruited nearly 60,000 men for the Waffen-SS between mid-January and the end of June. These fresh troops were more than sufficient to replace those released when Himmler demobilised several categories of SS reservists in late July. But Himmler knew that the future of the Waffen-SS was assured; Hitler was already considering invading the Soviet Union. Re-organisation In August 1940, Berger reorganised the SS-HA to focus better on its main role of recruiting for the Waffen-SS, creating separate sections to deal with recruiting inside and outside the Reich. The section targeting recruits from outside of the Reich developed out of a briefing he received from the Chief of the SS-Führungshauptamt (SS Command Main Office, or SS-FHA) SS-Brigadeführer Hans Jüttner on Hitler's expectations of the Waffen-SS for the upcoming invasion of the Soviet Union, which included the raising of a fourth division and the expansion of the LSSAH to a motorised brigade. Berger realised that the Wehrmacht quotas for the Waffen-SS would fall short of its manpower needs by at least 6,000 per year. Berger's SS-HA had a problematic relationship with the SS-FHA, which was responsible for organising, training and equipping the Waffen-SS. The SS-FHA wanted the Waffen-SS to be a small elite corps, but Berger and Himmler knew that Hitler needed as many divisions as possible, even if that meant some Waffen-SS formations would be of lesser quality. Jüttner's initial efforts at integrating the recruits from western Europe and Scandinavia were inadequate, with insufficient emphasis on training and appointing officers and non-commissioned officers from the ranks of the new recruits. The SS-FHA had also paid scant attention to retention of ranks for former members of national armed forces, liaison with home territories, and even mail. Berger's well-researched report to Himmler on these failures was damning, and the Reichsführer-SS soon issued detailed instructions on the handling of these new recruits, from the moment they joined the Waffen-SS. Berger's criticisms of Jüttner must be seen in the light of the advantages Berger considered he would achieve if Jüttner's position with Himmler was weakened. One of the obvious sources for Waffen-SS manpower was the nearly 40,000 troops of the SS-TV regiments, which consisted of youths below conscription age for the Wehrmacht, as well as older Allgemeine-SS reservists. These regiments were under Himmler's control, and were deployed across German-occupied Europe as political police, but the security functions they carried out were clearly within the capabilities of the Orpo. In late 1940, in order to ensure that Himmler's instructions were carried out, Berger established a special camp at Sennheim in occupied Alsace, where non-Reich German recruits could be brought up to physical standards and ideologically indoctrinated prior to Waffen-SS training. This was an attempt to address the concerns of some commanders about the quality of these recruits, and their ability to be integrated into units composed mostly of Reich Germans. Recruits sent to this camp included Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans from outside the Reich), Danes, Norwegians, Dutch and Flemings. Berger also created a network of offices throughout German-occupied Europe to ensure the welfare of the families of such recruits, influence the local communities to support Waffen-SS recruiting, and prepare potential recruits for indoctrination. This network and its activities was strongly resisted by the Main Welfare Office for Ethnic Germans (or VoMi) the Nazi Party arm responsible for guiding the ethnic German communities outside the Reich. Himmler, unhappy with the work of VoMi in supporting SS recruiting, did not abolish VoMi, he just authorised Berger to circumvent it. By the end of 1940, SS-Nordland and SS-Westland had become the basis for the formation of the fourth division, SS-Division Wiking. Casting about for another source of recruits, Berger struck upon the idea of enlisting convicted criminals, who were concentrated in the Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, commanded by Berger's friend, Dirlewanger. Dirlewanger had returned from Spain and been reinstated as a SS-Standartenfuhrer der Reserve in the Allgemeine-SS at Berger's instigation. In September 1940, Dirlewanger's unit had been deployed to the area of occupied Poland, where they established defensive positions and provided guards for a Jewish labour camp. 1941 In March 1941, Berger founded the German Guidance Office which was responsible for the recruitment of "Germanic" men for the Waffen-SS. The German Guidance Office encompassed the camp at Sennheim, as well as the network of recruiting offices already established throughout occupied Europe, and became a separate department of the SS-HA, with separate sections for leadership, recruiting and education, and six regional sub-sections. After the Balkan Campaign of April 1941, the LSSAH was expanded to divisional strength, and following the commencement of the invasion of the Soviet Union, a sixth Waffen-SS division, SS-Division Nord was formed from four of the former "SS-Totenkopf" regiments, all of which had been re-designated "SS Infantry" regiments. These new divisions had an initial strength only two-thirds of that of the original divisions. The Polizei-Division was also renamed the SS-Polizei-Division. The expectations on Berger's recruiting network continued to increase, just as casualties began to mount in earnest. The West Europeans In early April 1941, Hitler had agreed to the creation of the SS-Freiwilligenstandarte Nordwest (SS Volunteer Regiment Northwest), with an authorised strength of 2,500 men recruited from Flanders and the Netherlands. This formation capitalised on the push for an autonomous Flemish-Dutch region within the Reich. Significant proponents of such a union were Anton Mussert of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands and Staf De Clercq of the Flemish National League. In this, Berger was exploiting Mussert and De Clerq, because he was actually working towards Hitler's idea of incorporating Flanders and Wallonia into the Reich as two Gaue, not a unified autonomous entity. At the end of April, Himmler ordered Berger to obtain 20,000 new recruits for the Waffen-SS by the end of May. With Hitler's authorisation, the recruitment quotas were lifted by the Wehrmacht, allowing Berger an essentially free hand for a limited time. He did not disappoint, misleading the new recruits as to the length of their service obligation, and signing up 22,361 new troops by 29 May, many of whom were only 18 years old. To meet Himmler's target, Berger had also called up eligible members of the Allgemeine-SS and intensified efforts to recruit western Europeans. The latter initiative proved disappointing, with only 2,000 of the total coming from that source. A total of 400 Finnish combat veterans also volunteered to join the Waffen-SS in this period, and they were sent to join the SS-Division-Wiking. The "national legions" In June 1941, just after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa, Hitler decreed that the Waffen-SS could recruit foreigners for service on the Eastern Front. He wanted a legion to be raised from each of the occupied countries of Western Europe, but Himmler was only interested in recruiting "Germanic" people into the Waffen-SS. Himmler decided that there were large numbers of potential pro-German but nationalistic recruits available from the "Germanic" races in occupied countries, and directed Berger to explore this manpower source. As a result of Himmler's decision, the Wehrmacht was permitted to recruit Frenchmen, Spaniards and Croats, while Dutch, Flemish, Swedish, Norwegian and Danish men were Berger's domain. The "national legions" each numbered 1,000, except the Netherlands Legion, which had a maximum strength of 2,000. In November 1941, the Netherlands Legion and Flemish Legion had completed light infantry training and were sent to join the 2nd SS Infantry Brigade on the Leningrad Front. While these troops swore a personal oath to Hitler and were subject to SS rules and regulations, they were not members of the SS, and wore national symbols in place of the sig runes. Berger even went so far as to recommend to Himmler that Flemings no longer be treated as foreigners, but be given full citizenship rights as Germans. The idea of having "national legions" was poorly managed, with some recruits being tricked into enlisting, and many of the new recruits being badly treated by their German instructors. Once news of this reached their home territories, the limited flow of pro-German volunteers dried up. The SS-FHA failed to carry through the commitments made to the men of the "national legions" when they enlisted, and combined with mistreatment and abuse from their German cadre staff and instructors, this had a negative impact on morale and the willingness of more men to volunteer. This was something from which the "national legions" never fully recovered, despite Himmler's intervention at Berger's behest. However, due to the expansion of SS recruiting rights in areas outside the Reich and the failure of the Wehrmacht to capitalise on recruiting opportunities afforded them, several of the "national legions" recruited by the Wehrmacht were eventually transferred to the Waffen-SS. A Volksdeutsche division Encouraged by the success he had achieved in Romania in 1940 with the help of his son-in-law, Berger had proposed to Himmler that the next recruiting sphere be the Volksdeutsche communities of Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia, which together contained about 1.5 million ethnic Germans. Little could be done to further this proposal until mid-1941, by which time Yugoslavia had been overrun by the Axis, and Romania and Hungary had joined the pact. Immediately after the lightning-quick defeat of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Hausser was being pressed to accept Yugoslav Volksdeutsche into his renamed SS-Division-Reich, even before it was withdrawn to prepare for Operation Barbarossa. On his way back to Germany from Yugoslavia, Hausser had transited through Romania and gathered another 600 ethnic German volunteers who he smuggled out of the country. Not content with this fairly minor and surreptitious recruiting effort, Berger proposed to raise a seventh Waffen-SS division from the ethnic Germans of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1941, faced with the Partisan-led uprising in Yugoslavia, Hitler authorised the raising of the SS-Freiwilligen-Division Prinz Eugen. It was to be the first of the many "foreign" divisions that would dramatically change the composition of the Waffen-SS during the remainder of the war. The division was formed around an existing SS-controlled Selbstschutz (militia) drawn from ethnic Germans in the Banat, but Berger had misread the willingness of the local ethnic German population to volunteer for service outside their homeland. His recruiters initially struggled to attract volunteers, so coercion was applied, and ultimately, the Banat was declared to be under German sovereignty, and Himmler approved conscription on the basis of an archaic law, the Tiroler Landsturmordnung (Tyrolean General Levy Act) of 1872. 1942 On 29 January 1942, Himmler issued an order which re-titled Dirlewanger's unit as SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, and formally incorporated it into the Waffen-SS. Later that year, when an SS judge issued an arrest warrant for Dirlewanger in response to his unit's anti-partisan operations, the SS-HA chief intervened with Himmler saying, "Better to shoot two Poles too many than one too few. A savage country cannot be governed in a decent manner." Baltic Legions Within a few weeks of the invasion of the Soviet Union, Berger's teams had begun recruiting Baltic volunteers for SS police units, forming several security battalions of Latvian and Estonian volunteers. The Wehrmacht also recruited eight Estonian battalions. This split approach to recruiting in the Baltic region continued into 1942, with some units being decimated in front line fighting. In May of that year, Berger decided to exploit the nationalists within the Baltic states in order to gain access to recruits for the Waffen-SS. Himmler was lukewarm on his initial proposal, but as casualties started to mount in 1942, he changed his mind, and approved the formation of a Waffen-SS Estonian Legion. Despite initial misgivings, Berger also proposed the formation of a Latvian Legion, which was approved at the end of 1942. Further Volksdeutsche recruiting In the meantime, the Waffen-SS had suffered over 43,000 casualties up to February 1942, particularly in the Battle of Moscow, and Berger had to replace them. Berger next turned his attention to the Hungarian Volksdeutsche. Through an agreement with the Royal Hungarian Army, his recruiters enlisted more than 16,500 ethnic German recruits from Hungary between March and May 1942. While this campaign was ongoing, on 20 April 1942 Berger was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer. At this point, he saw a significant difference between SS ideological leadership and the martial indoctrination conducted by the German Army. In September 1942, the SS-FHA complained bitterly about Berger's recruiters, stating that many of the recruits were medically unsuitable, had been coerced or duped into enlisting, or were in fact ethnic Hungarians. Late in 1942, more Volksdeutsche from the Banat and Romania were combined with the SS Cavalry Brigade to form the SS-Kavallerie-Division. On 24 November 1942, the Chief of the Gestapo, Heinrich Müller advised Himmler of a proposal he had received from Berger that a Hungarian SS division could be financed by selling emigration permits to Slovak Jews. The "national legions" The "national legions" were attached to the Waffen-SS, and fought on the Eastern Front in 1942 and early 1943. Unable to replace their losses, most of the survivors were incorporated into SS-Panzergrenadierdivision Nordland, authorised by Hitler at the end of 1942. The three regiments of the new division were formed using survivors of the Freikorps Danemark, Legion Niederlande and Legion Norwegen, supplemented by transfers from SS-Division Wiking, new recruits from the occupied West European countries, and Reich Germans. Legion Flandern was broken up and used as replacements in a number of Waffen-SS formations. While Weale states that they were mainly motivated by anti-communism, the historian George C. Stein observes that few of the "national legion" recruits were motivated by "political or ideological idealism", but were instead motivated by such factors as a desire for adventure, better food, the prestige of the uniform, and personal circumstances. According to Stein, Berger had no illusions about the motives of his West European recruits, but paid mere lip service to the idea that they joined the "anti-communist" cause out of idealism. Around 25,000 Dutch, 5,000 Danish and 3,900 Norwegian men served in the Waffen-SS. However, by mid-1942 onwards, the Waffen-SS faced increasing difficulties with these "Germanic" recruits, especially due to the policy of integrating them into "pan-Germanic" formations such as SS-Division Wiking. For example, Norwegian recruits began requesting their release from duty, and at the beginning of 1943, nearly the entire Finnish battalion of that division asked to be released from their service obligations. 1943 In November 1942, orders were issued for the conversion of LSSAH, Das Reich and Totenkopf into panzergrenadier divisions, and the following month, Hitler ordered the formation of two more panzergrenadier divisions, the first new Waffen-SS divisions to be raised from Reich Germans since 1940. These were named Hohenstaufen and Frundsberg. From the time that he had taken over as chief of the SS-HA, Berger had made considerable efforts to increase the amount of ideological training received by Waffen-SS personnel. In February 1943, in the wake of the German losses at Stalingrad, Berger again told Himmler that the SS needed stronger ideological training. As a result, the SS-HA issued a series of pamphlets on racial ideology, including Der Untermensch (The Sub-Human), which described certain peoples as spiritually and mentally lower than animals. Himmler and Berger also hosted representatives from the Wehrmacht who were keen to learn from SS expertise in ideological indoctrination. On 13 February, following an approach from Reichsjugendführer (German Youth Leader) Artur Axmann for a Waffen-SS division to be raised from the Hitler Youth, Berger and Axmann were told the idea had been approved by Hitler and that they could commence planning. Berger implored Himmler to appoint him as the commander of this new division, but the Reichsfuhrer demurred, telling Berger not to be impatient. Also in February, Berger complained to Himmler that the dispersal of "Germanic" volunteers throughout the Waffen-SS was having significant negative effects on the recruiting of replacements in the occupied countries. In March 1943, Wiking was also upgraded to a panzergrenadier division. In April, losses at Stalingrad and in Tunisia allowed Berger to recruit from foreign workers in the Reich, over the objections of Reichsminister Albert Speer, the Minister for Armaments and War Production. By August, he had recruited 8,105 of these labourers, and 3,154 had already completed selection for the Waffen-SS. In June, Berger was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS, and later the same month the new division, 12th SS Panzergrenadier Division Hitlerjugend was officially activated. On 5 July 1943, Berger was awarded the German Cross in silver. By the end of 1942, the "Germanic" SS had been integrated into the wider Allgemeine-SS, and Berger drew up a badge to reward sporting prowess, skills highly prized among SS members. The result was the Germanic Proficiency Runes, which Himmler approved on 1 August 1943, although it is believed fewer than 200 were actually awarded. In November 1943, when German-installed Latvian authorities threatened to resign over conscription, Berger suggested they be sent to a concentration camp. By the end of 1943, the former "national legions" had been significantly expanded. The Dutch regiment of SS-Panzergrenadierdivision Nordland was used to form an independent SS-Panzergrenadierbrigade Nederland, and a revamped Flemish contingent was assembled into the SS-Freiwilligen-Sturmbrigade Langemarck. The Wehrmacht also gave up its French volunteer regiment and the Wallonian Legion, which became the SS-Freiwilligen-Sturmbrigade France and SS-Freiwilligen-Sturmbrigade Wallonien. By the end of the war, all of these formations had been given divisional status in the Waffen-SS, despite the fact that they never grew to more than brigade strength. In relation to these recruits, Berger cynically observed, "For every foreign-born soldier who dies, no German mother weeps". By August 1943, the crisis in the "Germanic" project was obvious, with Berger observing that "we have come to the end of our tether in the Germanic countries". The complaints from the SS-FHA about the quality of Volksdeutsche recruits had no effect on Berger's approach. He concluded further agreements with Hungary and Romania, and imposed on the puppet regimes of the Independent State of Croatia and the Slovak State, to effectively authorise the unrestricted conscription of ethnic Germans in those territories. In the German-occupied territory of Serbia, the General Government (annexed Poland) and parts of the Soviet Union, ethnic Germans were conscripted into the Waffen-SS in the same arbitrary manner Reich Germans were conscripted by the Wehrmacht. By the end of 1943, a quarter of the strength of the Waffen-SS was made up of Volksdeutsche. The Baltic divisions Before either Baltic legion could complete training, these developments were overtaken by heavy casualties suffered by the West European legions on the Eastern Front, and like the West European legions, it was decided to combine the Baltic legions into larger formations. This resulted in the Estnische SS-Freiwilligen Brigade, consisting of the Estonian Legion and elements of the 1st SS Infantry Brigade, and the Lettische SS-Freiwilligen Brigade, formed around the Latvian Legion and parts of the 2nd SS Infantry Brigade. The origins of many of the men of the two SS infantry brigades was Reich German or Volksdeutsche, so these two formations were never purely Baltic. Not long after the two new volunteer brigades had been formed and committed to battle, they were upgraded to divisional status, and a third Baltic division was authorised, using the manpower of the Latvian security battalions. To man and maintain these three new divisions, Himmler ordered the conscription of Estonian and Latvian men, and made all former Estonian Army officers and non-commissioned officers liable for service. By 1944, the Waffen-SS included the three divisions, namely; the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian), the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian), and the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian). The two Latvian divisions were later combined into the VI SS Army Corps (Latvian), and all three divisions fought the Soviet Red Army in defence of their homelands during 1944, and were encircled there or destroyed in subsequent fighting elsewhere. The Balkan Muslim divisions By February 1943, Himmler's ideals of Waffen-SS racial purity had been significantly diluted. The first division to be raised by Berger's recruiters that was clearly outside the Waffen-SS racial and ethnic strictures used manpower from the Muslim community of Bosnia. The 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) first went into action in February 1944, and was of limited value, especially outside of its area of operations in eastern Bosnia. While it achieved successes and proved itself competent in counter-insurgency operations against the Partisans in eastern Bosnia, the division earned a reputation for brutality and savagery, not only during combat operations, but also through atrocities committed against Serb and Jewish civilians in the security zone. Its reprisal attacks in northern and eastern Bosnia left many hundreds and possibly as many as several thousand Serb civilians dead by the spring and summer of 1944. During 1944, two more Muslim divisions were raised, the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) made up Kosovar Albanians, and the 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian), also made up of Bosnian Muslims. Neither of these divisions were of significant combat value, and all three Muslim divisions were dissolved before the end of 1944. A Ukrainian SS division At the same time as the Balkan Muslim experiment, divisions were raised from Ukrainian, Russian and Hungarian men, demonstrating that racial exclusivity was no longer an entry requirement for the Waffen-SS. In April 1943, a recruiting campaign began among Ukrainians living in that part of General Government (Polish) territory that had been in Austrian Galicia prior to 1919. These Ukrainian nationalists had been referred to by Himmler as "sub-human" only a matter of months before. The resulting division was the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician). After a brief period of desperate fighting in mid-1944 during the Soviet Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive, only 3,000 escaped encirclement and destruction from an original strength of 14,000. The division's combat performance was poor, and it never saw action again. 1944 In early 1944, the SS directed the governments of Hungary and the Slovak State to transfer to the Waffen-SS all the Volksdeutsche serving in their armed forces. This amounted to another 50,000 troops. During 1944, Berger gave a speech in which he advocated a "Germanic Reich" that included all the countries that had Germanic or Nordic populations. He said, "Since the Schutzstaffel was taken over by the Reichsführer-SS in 1929, its long-term goal has been the Germanic Reich. This long-term goal inevitably forms part of the SS claim to be a formation of Nordic men. It cannot be stopped by artificially drawn boundaries". He was also concerned that the SS was losing its previous dominance in ideological matters, as the Wehrmacht had largely adopted the ideological maxims of the SS. This narrowing of the ideological gap between the Waffen-SS and the Army was of considerable concern to SS leaders such as Berger, as it undermined the legitimacy of the SS as the leaders of the Nazi project. The Galician approach was repeated in mid-1944 in the face of mounting casualties from Soviet offensives. Security units manned by Russians and Ukrainians were combined to form two more divisions, the 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Russian) and 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Russian). Neither reached more than regimental size. The first division was handed over to the Russian Liberation Army of Andrey Vlasov before it saw combat, and the second saw action on the Western Front in late 1944 before being reconstituted as a "White Ruthenian" brigade in March 1945. It too saw no further action. In the period from late 1944, more Eastern European formations were hurriedly raised by Berger's recruiters or converted from existing smaller units. These included the 25th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Hunyadi (1st Hungarian), 26th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Hungarian), 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division, and a number of smaller formations of brigade and regimental size. Several Cossack units were also transferred from the Wehrmacht. Even the Sonderkommando Dirlewanger was increased in size, taking on Russian prisoners of war to boost its numbers. Other wartime activities Eastern Territories In July 1942, Berger was appointed as Himmler's liaison officer with the Reichsminister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, Alfred Rosenberg. To bolster his position with Himmler, Rosenberg was even willing to appoint Berger as his second state secretary, but Hitler would not allow it. On 10 August 1943, Berger convinced Rosenberg to appoint him as the Chief of Political Operations in the Occupied Eastern Territories. Himmler had long wanted such responsibilities to be placed in SS hands, and this appointment meant that Berger could sabotage any resistance to SS domination of the economy and population of the subjugated east. The appointment took effect on 10 August 1943, and lasted until January 1945. In this role, Berger proposed a plan to kidnap and enslave 50,000 Eastern European children between the ages of 10 and 14, under the codename Heuaktion. On 14 June 1944, Rosenberg issued orders implementing Berger's idea. Prisoners of war On 20 July 1944, the responsibility for administration of German prisoner of war (POW) camps was transferred to Berger. This followed the failed attempt on Hitler's life earlier that month, when the Führer turned to his "faithful Heinrich" to head the Replacement Army, and the SS chief quickly delegated the responsibility to Berger. By September, the responsibility had been formally transferred to Himmler, but Berger did not act to integrate his new responsibilities into the SS bureaucracy. Instead, he allowed the camps to continue as they were, with the same staff and procedures. After the war, Berger claimed that he had been reluctant to take on this new responsibility, and had told Hitler, resulting in a dressing down. He also claimed that Hitler had told him to destroy stored Red Cross supplies, stop Red Cross inspections, and block the arrival of further Red Cross supplies to the camps. Further, he asserted that Hitler had wanted more shootings of POWs and harsher punishments. According to Berger, he had quietly avoided carrying out these orders, and even countered a plan by the Luftwaffe to establish POW centres in major cities, using the POWs as human shields against air raids. Authors John Nichol and Tony Rennell observed that none of these claims have ever been independently verified, but some testimony has disputed Berger's claims. They concluded that most, if not all, of Berger's claims about his actions to assist POWs are "unbelievable", and noted that he did not raise any of these claims during his trial at Nuremberg after the war, or even in his autobiography. One of the few claims that has been verified to some extent is his work to protect the Prominente, a group of high-ranking or otherwise important POWs that had been held at Colditz Castle until 13 April 1945. There were a total of 21 Prominente, including Viscount Lascelles and the Master of Elphinstone, both nephews of King George VI, and Giles Romilly, a nephew of the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Berger arranged for them to be evacuated from Colditz and transported south and handed over to advancing U.S. Army troops. In doing so, Berger disobeyed a direct order from Hitler for them to be executed. This action later contributed to the shortening of his prison sentence for war crimes. Slovak uprising On 23 August 1944, an uprising broke out against the German puppet government in the Slovak State. The revolt was centred on Banská Bystrica high in the Low Tatra mountains. The rebellion was led by several former members of the Government, and included elements of the Slovak Army and some British-trained parachutists. The uprising was relying on a rapid advance of the Red Army into the Slovak State. Despite the fact that the Soviet armies were just over away at the time the revolt began, they did not reach the rebels in time. On 31 August, Berger was appointed Military Commander in Slovakia, and held sway for the next three weeks. His tasks were to disarm the Slovak Army, ensure lines of communication to the Eastern Front and restore order. He was also to work with the right-wing Hlinka Guard to establish a new armed force in the puppet state. A new Slovak government was established under the leadership of Štefan Tiso. Berger's initial force consisted of several ad hoc kampfgruppen (combat groups) totalling 10,000 men, against a rebel army of some 47,000. On 9 September, Himmler advised Berger that he had been awarded the Iron Cross Second Class for his work in Slovakia. By mid-September, the uprising had yet to be quelled, and the only regions that had been pacified were western Slovakia and the Váh valley, although the rebels had been encircled. Due to Berger's lack of success, Himmler replaced him with a HSSPF, Hermann Höfle, and Berger relinquished the role of Military Commander in Slovakia on 19 September. Höfle then bloodily suppressed the revolt with the assistance of additional troops that arrived in late October. Berger was then appointed to organise the Volkssturm (Home Guard) in Germany. Volkssturm chief of staff As Germany's situation deteriorated, Hitler decided to form the Volkssturm, a Nazi Party local militia to defend communities within the Reich. On 24 September 1944, Hitler appointed his private secretary and head of the Reich Chancellery, Reichsleiter Martin Bormann to form the Volkssturm. Himmler was given responsibility for the military organisation and equipment of the new militia, which he delegated to Berger, who became one of two chiefs of staff for the organisation. Bormann resisted Berger's attempts to take over the Volkssturm, and it remained largely under Bormann's control, with local recruiting conducted by the Gauleiters. Field command In the last few months of the war, the Western Allies became concerned that Hitler would concentrate his remaining forces in a redoubt in the Alps. While this idea was more along the lines of a potential refuge from the Russians rather than a fortress, fears of the existence of an "Alpine Fortress" resulted in the diversion of strong forces towards the southern parts of the Reich to forestall such a plan. In fact, at a surrender ceremony on 5 May, German General der Infanterie Hermann Foertsch astonished General Jacob L. Devers, commander of the Sixth United States Army Group, when he told him that as many as 350,000 German troops were still cut off in the Alps. Berger commanded a Kampfgruppe of remnants of the XIII SS Army Corps, including fragments of the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen, 35th SS and Police Grenadier Division, and the 2nd Mountain Division. Berger intended to surrender separately to American forces, and after two days delay, managed to locate a regimental commander of the 101st Airborne Division near Berchtesgaden south of Salzburg. On the following day, Berger was arrested. Assessments Berger has been described as "blustery", cynical, and "one of Himmler's most competent and ruthless war-time lieutenants". An ardent anti-Semite, he was also a proponent of the Final Solution. The historian Gerhard Rempel described him as a skilled bureaucratic manipulator, who was "unscrupulous, blunt, and inelegant in manner and expression, yet also full of genial loquacity and racy humour". Despite his own unassailable position at the head of the SS, Himmler was often distracted by Berger's gossip and subterfuge against other leaders within the SS. Within the SS, Berger was known as one of Himmler's "Twelve Apostles", and was nicknamed "der Allmächtige Gottlob" ("the Almighty Gottlob", a play on "The Almighty God", as "Gott" is the German word for "God"). He was also referred to by the phrase "Praise God" and another nickname was "The Duke of Swabia", reflecting his Swabian origins. Ultimately, Berger was responsible for the large numbers of non-Reich foreign recruits that joined the Waffen-SS between 1940 and 1945. Despite the fact that Berger would have preferred a field command, he was one of Himmler's few trusted senior lieutenants, and his recruiting and organisational skills meant he was kept as chief of the SS-HA throughout the war. The only exception was the short period as military commander in the Slovak State in the autumn of 1944 during the uprising. In September 1939, the number of non-Germans in what soon became the Waffen-SS was minimal. By May 1945, the force included 38 divisions, and the majority were non-Germans. None of the 38 divisions were exclusively manned by Reich Germans, and half were mostly made up of personnel from outside the Reich. The post-war Nuremberg trials made the declaratory judgement that the Waffen-SS was a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the killing of prisoners-of-war and atrocities committed in occupied countries. Excluded from this judgement were those who were conscripted into the Waffen-SS and had not personally committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. War crimes trial After his arrest in May 1945, Berger remained in Allied custody pending a trial before a US military tribunal for various war crimes. He was initially to be a defendant in the proposed "Prisoners of War" Trial, but was eventually included in what became known as the Ministries Trial of the subsequent Nuremberg trials. The final indictment against Berger and his co-defendants was lodged on 18 November 1947; the trial commenced on 6 January 1948, before Judges William C. Christianson (presiding), Maguire and Leon W. Powers, and ended on 13 April 1949. Indictment Eight counts formed the indictment against Berger: Crimes against peace Common plan and conspiracy War crimes, murder, and ill-treatment of belligerents and POWs, including the murder of French Général de division Gustave Mesny, a POW who was killed in reprisal for the death of Generalleutnant Fritz von Brodowski at the hands of the French resistance in October 1944 while Berger was chief of the POW camps This count was stricken during the trial War crimes and crimes against humanity, atrocities and offences committed against civilian populations Plunder and spoliation Slave labour Membership in criminal organisations Berger's evidence During his trial, Berger claimed that he had not been aware of the Final Solution until after the war, but the prosecution produced evidence that he had been present at the first of Himmler's infamous 1943 Posen speeches in which the Reichsfuhrer-SS had explicitly spoken of the extermination of Jews. Berger's defence counsel claimed that his client did not believe the word "extermination" had been used by Himmler with regard to Jews during the speech. Berger's lawyer went on in an attempt to mitigate Berger's actions by claiming that the Cold War bore strong parallels to the Nazi fight against "Jews and Bolsheviks", and the possibility that the US would also have to fight the Soviet Union in the near future. During the war, Berger wrote in an article, "We the National Socialists believe the Fuhrer when he says that the annihilation of Jewry in Europe stands at the end of the fight instigated by the Jewish World Parasite against us as his strongest enemy." Berger and others also claimed that the unit commanded by Dirlewanger was not part of the SS, although when the text of Himmler's second Posen speech was uncovered in 1953, it "cast dubious light" on Berger's claim. He displayed no remorse for his actions. The majority of the tribunal declared that "it seems impossible to believe Berger's testimony that he knew nothing of the plans to destroy the Jews or that he never heard of the "final solution" until after the war." However, the court accepted his claim that he saved the lives of Allied POWs whose safety was gravely imperiled by Hitler's orders that they be shot or held as hostages. The court determined that Berger had disobeyed orders and placed himself in danger in order to intervene on behalf of the POWs in question. In contrast, Berger was found guilty of transporting Hungarian Jews to concentration camps and recruiting concentration camp guards. Berger also stated in his evidence that he considered Himmler "an unassimilated half-breed and unfit for the SS". Judgement Berger was acquitted under counts one, and two, and some parts of counts three, and five, and was also acquitted under count six. He was convicted under that part of count three relating to the murder of Mesny, and under those parts of count five relating to his involvement with the SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger, for being a conscious participant in the concentration camp program, and the conscription of nationals of other countries. He was also convicted under that part of count seven relating to the children and youth slave labour program, including the Heuaktion, and was also convicted under count eight. Judge Powers handed down a dissenting opinion, stating that he was of the view that Berger was not responsible for the murder of Mesny. Sentence and review On the counts under which he was convicted, Berger was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment, but received credit for the nearly four years during which he had been in custody awaiting trial. Peter Maguire observes that given the status of the defendants and the body of evidence against them, the sentences given to all those indicted in the Ministries Trial were light. The sentences were reviewed by an advisory board for Clemency for War Criminals, which was responsible for providing advice to the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany John J. McCloy. On 31 January 1951, McCloy determined to reduce Berger's sentence to 10 years imprisonment, stating that he appeared to have been unjustly convicted for the murder of Mesny, and that McCloy had given greater weight to Berger's active interventions "to save the lives of Allied officers and men who under Hitler orders were held for liquidation or as hostages". McCloy did not explain why Berger could not be held responsible for the murder of Mesny, despite the majority finding of the tribunal that Berger bore "command responsibility" for the murder. Berger was released from Landsberg prison in December 1951, having spent a total of six and a half years in custody. After release After his release from prison in 1951, Berger worked in Stuttgart and Böblingen in his native Baden-Württemberg, and managed a curtain rail factory. He also contributed articles to the monthly right-wing journal Nation Europa published in Coburg, and occasionally wrote articles encouraging the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to give greater consideration to former members of the Waffen-SS. He and his wife Christine had four children: Krista, Wolf, Helgart and Folkart. He died on 5 January 1975 in Gerstetten. Awards Berger received the following awards and medals during his life: Iron Cross Second Class and Sturmmedaille Ypern – 26 November 1914 Württemberg Military Merit Medal in Gold – 21 May 1915 Knight's Cross of the Württemberg Military Order of Merit – 5 April 1918 Wound Badge in Silver – 18 June 1918 Iron Cross First Class and Knight's Cross First Class of the Friedrich Order with Swords – 11 August 1918 Honour Cross with Swords SA Sports Badge in Gold – 15 December 1934 Sword of Honour of the Reichsführer-SS and SS Honour Ring – 1936 German Olympic Decoration First Class – 16 August 1936 Sudetenland Medal with "Prague Castle" Bar Memel Medal Nazi Party Long Service Award in Silver and Bronze Social Welfare Decoration Second Class War Merit Cross Second Class with Swords – 11 January 1939 War Merit Cross First Class with Swords – 1 July 1940 Order of the Cross of Liberty First Class with Swords (Finland) – 10 September 1941 Military Virtue Medal (Romania) – 5 June 1942 First Class Commander of the Order of the White Rose of Finland with Jewels and Swords – 26 August 1942 Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Crown of Hungary with Swords and War Decoration – 1 October 1942 Golden Party Badge – 30 January 1943 German Cross in Silver – 1 July 1943 Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir with Swords and Star (giving the title of vitez (knight) – 7 December 1943) Hitler Youth Badge in Gold – 30 January 1944 1939 Clasp to the Iron Cross, 15 September 1944 1939 clasp to the Iron Cross First Class – 18 September 1944 Slovak War Victory Cross First Class – 20 September 1944 Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords – 26 September 1944 See also List of SS-Obergruppenführers SS-Heimatschutz Slowakei Footnotes References Books Websites 1896 births 1975 deaths 20th-century Freikorps personnel German Army personnel of World War I German people convicted of crimes against humanity Holocaust perpetrators Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany Nazi Party politicians People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals People from Heidenheim (district) People from the Kingdom of Württemberg Prisoners and detainees of Germany Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross Recipients of the Military Virtue Medal Recipients of the Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class SS-Obergruppenführer Volkssturm personnel Waffen-SS personnel Nazis convicted of war crimes
1682650	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9	Олександр Дубровицький	Олександр Дубровицький Олександр Глібович (Всеволодович) — князь дубровицький з роду Ізяславичів турово-пінських. Син чи внук Гліба Юрійовича та смоленської князівни, дочки Ростислава Мстиславича. У битві на Калці в 1223 Олександр перебував в укріпленому таборі на правому березі річки та потрапив у полон разом зі своїм старшим родичем Андрієм (імовірно, турівським князем) і його тестем Мстиславом Романовичем Київським. Роздавлений дошками, на яких сіли бенкетувати монголи. Від Олександра Глібовича виводили свій рід князі Святополк-Четвертинські. Джерела Войтович Л. В. КНЯЗІВСЬКІ ДІНАСТІЇ СХІДНОЇ ЄВРОПИ Слов'янська енциклопедія. Київська Русь — Московія Посилання Новгородський перший літопис старшого ізводу Князі дубровицькі Ізяславичі Турівські Правителі Європи XII століття Правителі Європи XIII століття
2353035	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC	Груповий фаворитизм	Груповий фаворитизм Ефект групового фаворитизму — груповий ефект, тенденція надавати перевагу у рішеннях чи судженнях членам своєї групи проти членів чужої групи. Психологічна характеристика Це тенденція сприяти членам своєї групи на відміну від членів чужої групи. Цей ефект слугує розподільним механізмом між людьми, що сприймаються як свої і чужі. Ефект групового фаворитизму сильніше проявляється тоді, коли для групи дуже важливі критерії порівняння результатів діяльності й особливості відносин з іншими групами, коли групи конкурують одна з одною, утворюються можливості однозначної порівнюваності груп. Коли членство в групі більш важливе, ніж міжособистісна подібність, тоді надають перевагу «своїм», навіть якщо «чужі» є подібними за своїми особистими якостями, інтересами, поглядами. Члени групи також схильні пояснювати успіх своєї групи внутрішньогруповими чинниками, а й можливу невдачу — зовнішніми. Тож якщо група успішна в своїй діяльності, вона вважає, що це завдяки самій собі (своєму керівництву, клімату, здібностям її членів). Коли ж група потрапляє в ситуацію поразки (невдачі), то шукає винуватців цього за межами групи або скидає провину на інші групи. Див. також Групові ефекти Література Почебут Л. Г., Мейжис И. А. Социальная психология. — СПб.: Питер, 2010. — 672 с. Групові ефекти
860866	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/REHAU	REHAU	REHAU Україна — Дочірнє представництво в Україні німецького концерну REHAU AG+Ko, провідного постачальника продуктів та технологій на основі полімерів для будівництва, автомобілебудування та індустрії. Офіс в Україні було засновано в 1997 році, а перше вікно з профілю REHAU було виготовлено в травні 1996 року. Історія Компанія REHAU заснована в 1948 році в м. Рехау (Німеччина). Сьогодні компанія присутня на всіх п'яти континентах - в 53 країнах світу, і має: 42 заводи в 21 країні 170 філій по всьому світу близько 40.000 найменувань виробів понад 20.000 співробітників по всьому світу. Міжнародна мережа об'єднує не лише виробництва, а й постачальників, покупців, дослідницькі інститути та університети. В Україні перший офіс з продажу був відкритий в 1997 році в м. Києві. У 1998 році було відкрито дві філії в Дніпрі та Одесі, а в 2003 році три контактних бюро — у Львові, Сімферополі та Донецьку. В Україні діє 3 логістичних центри: у Києві, Одесі та Дніпрі. З 1998 року філія в Одесі відповідає і за ринок в Молдові. З 2014 року призупинена діяльність бюро в Сімферополі та в Донецьку. В Києві також розташована "Академія REHAU " з навчально-виробничою віконною майстернею та демонстраційним залом. Напрямки діяльності Основні напрями діяльності - розробка системних рішень для світлопрозорих конструкцій, внутрішніх та зовнішніх інженерних комунікацій. В Україні основна діяльність компанії REHAU сконцентрована на ринку віконних та світлопрозорих конструкцій, де компанія пропонує профільні системи для виготовлення вікон та дверей , фасадів та зимових садів. Соціальна активність Активна соціальна позиція - один з принципів діяльності компанії REHAU. У всьому світі REHAU займається благодійною діяльністю в різних областях та реалізує ряд благодійних проектів. Одним з ключових напрямів соціальної політики компанії REHAU в Україні є всебічна підтримка медичних та оздоровчих установ, дитячих будинків, допомога малозабезпеченим та соціально незахищеним верствам населення, громадським організаціям, які не мають достатнього фінансування та потребують підтримки. З 2003 року компанія REHAU спільно з партнерами по всій Україні успішно реалізувала велику кількість соціальних програм та стала активним учасником багатьох благодійних проектів, як наприклад: благодійна акція «Подаруй тепло малюку» в м. Дніпро, соціальний проект «Зігріємо теплом» в м. Рівне, нагородження лауреатів загальнонаціональної премії Фонду Віктора Пінчука «Гордість країни - 2008» тощо. В грудні 2008 року соціальна діяльність компанії REHAU була відзначена нагородою в номінації «Охорона здоров’я та просвітництво» в конкурсі «Благодійник року 2008». Здобуті нагороди 2003 — «Золота торгова марка» (Міжнародний конкурс «Золоті торгові марки»)2007 — Абсолютний Фаворит Успіху 2007 року в номінації «Профілі для металопластикових вікон» (Міжнародний конкурс «Фаворити Успіху»)2009 — Переможець конкурсу «Народна марка»2009 — Абсолютний Фаворит Успіху 2009 року в номінації «Профілі для металопластикових вікон» (Міжнародний конкурс «Фаворити Успіху»)2010 — Знак «REHAU» визнано добре відомим в Україні.2010 — Абсолютний Фаворит Успіху 2010 року в номінації «Профілі для металопластикових вікон» (Міжнародний конкурс «Фаворити Успіху») Посилання www.rehau.ua www.rehau.com Підприємства Німеччини Засновані в Німеччині 1948
921523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng%20Haibin	Teng Haibin	Teng Haibin (born January 2, 1985, in Beijing) is a male Chinese gymnast. He is a two time world champion as well as an Olympic gold medalist on the pommel horse. He is married to Olympics all-around bronze medalist, Zhang Nan. See also Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics References External links Teng Haibin (Parallel Bars) 1985 births Living people Chinese male artistic gymnasts Gymnasts at the 2004 Summer Olympics Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships Olympic gold medalists for China Olympic gymnasts for China Gymnasts from Beijing World champion gymnasts Olympic medalists in gymnastics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Asian Games medalists in gymnastics Gymnasts at the 2002 Asian Games Gymnasts at the 2010 Asian Games Asian Games gold medalists for China Asian Games bronze medalists for China Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games 21st-century Chinese people
5637724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20Cuypers	Eduard Cuypers	Eduard Cuypers (18 April 1859 Roermond – 1 June 1927, The Hague) was a Dutch architect. He worked in Amsterdam and the Dutch East Indies. Biography Cuypers was trained in the architectural practice of his uncle Pierre Cuypers, the country's major neo-Gothic architect. In 1881 set up his own office in Amsterdam. His contacts with businessmen earned him commissions for offices, shops, and houses. Unlike his uncle, Cuypers' work was closely related to Neo-renaissance and Jugendstil. Although he designed several churches, Eduard did not confine himself solely to ecclesiastical architecture. Instead, he designed a few dozen railway stations, which were mostly built in the north of the country, several hospitals, and more than hundred housing projects in the Netherlands. Eduard Cuypers and his employees also designed pieces of furniture and other objects for interiors, such as lamps. In 1905 Cuypers published Het Huis, Oud & Nieuw (The House, Old and New), a magazine for interior design that was published until he died in 1927. He was buried at Zorgvlied cemetery. The office of Eduard Cuypers is considered to be the origin of the Amsterdam School because the leaders of this style, Michel de Klerk, Johan van der Mey, and Piet Kramer, were trained there. Berend Tobia Boeyinga, one of the most important followers of the Amsterdam school, also worked for Cuypers, as did prominent Indonesian architect Liem Bwan Tjie. After Cuypers died in 1927, his office was continued by others. The current name in the Netherlands is A/D Amstel Architects in Amsterdam. Dutch East Indies Cuypers opened an agency in the Dutch East Indies to work on major projects such as the headquarters and branch office of De Javasche Bank in Indonesia. With Marius J. Hulswit and Arthur Fermont, Cuypers opened the largest architectural agency in the East Indies, then called Hulswit-Fermont, Batavia, and Ed.Cuypers, Amsterdam. After Cuypers died in 1927, his office in Batavia/Jakarta was continued by others under the name Fermont-Cuypers until 1957. Works Hotel Polen, Amsterdam (late 19th century) Javasche Bank now Museum Bank Indonesia, Jakarta (with Hulswit,1913) Frontbuilding rebuilt in 1936-1937. Javasche Bank now Bank Indonesia, Medan (1909) Books 'Landmarks from a bygone era'. Life and work of Eduard Cuypers in the former Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia, Obbe H. Norbruis (2020) LM Publishers. References Exteran link 1859 births 1927 deaths Dutch architects Dutch ecclesiastical architects People from Roermond Art Nouveau architects
17721180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20income	Factor income	Factor income is the flow of income that is derived from the factors of production, i.e., the general inputs required to produce goods and services. Factor income on the use of land is called rent, income generated from labor is called wages, and income generated from capital is called profit. The factor income of all normal residents of a country is referred to as the national income, while factor income and current transfers together are referred to as private income. Factor income is used to analyze macroeconomic situations and to find out the difference between gross domestic product and gross domestic income which is also the difference between the total value of the goods and services produced in a country and the net income of the citizens of the country. This helps the government understand the magnitude of income of the country's citizens and the citizens living abroad. The applicability of the concept of factor income can be seen in developing countries where large portion of their income is from foreign direct investment which creates a massive gap between gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income (GNI). References Factor income distribution
5200744	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%97	Історія психотерапії	Історія психотерапії Хоча сучасна наукова психологія часто датується відкриттям у 1879 році першої психологічної клініки Вільгельмом Вундтом, спроби створити методи оцінки та лікування психічних розладів існували задовго до цього. Найперші зареєстровані підходи поєднували релігійні, магічні та/або медичні точки зору. Ранніми прикладами таких психологів були Патанджалі, Падмасамбгава, Разес, Авіценна та Румі (див. ісламську психологію та східну філософію та клінічну психологію). У неформальному сенсі можна сказати, що психотерапія практикувалася упродовж століть, оскільки люди отримували психологічні поради та заспокоєння від інших. Цілеспрямована, теоретично обґрунтована психотерапія, ймовірно, була вперше розроблена на Близькому Сході в 9 столітті перським лікарем і психологічним мислителем Разесом, який свого часу був головним лікарем Багдадського бімарістану. Однак на Заході серйозні психічні розлади зазвичай розглядалися як демонічні або медичні стани, що вимагають покарання та ув'язнення, аж до появи моральних підходів до лікування у 18 столітті. Це призвело до зосередження уваги на можливості психосоціального втручання, включаючи міркування, моральне заохочення та групову діяльність, щоб реабілітувати «божевільних». У 19 столітті можна було досліджувати голову, буквально, за допомогою френології, науки про форму черепа, розробленої шановним анатомом Францом Йозифом Галлєм. Інші популярні методи лікування включали фізіогноміку — дослідження форми обличчя — та месмеризм, розроблений Францом Антоном Месмером, призначений для полегшення психологічного стресу за допомогою магнітів. Також були популярні спіритизм і техніка Фінеаса Квімбі «психічного зцілення», яка дуже нагадувала сучасну концепцію «позитивної візуалізації». До 1832 року психотерапія вперше з'явилася в художній літературі в оповіданні Джона Ніла під назвою «Людина з привидами». Хоча наукове співтовариство врешті-решт відкинуло всі ці методи, академічних психологів також не хвилювали серйозні форми психічних захворювань. Цією сферою вже займалися галузі психіатрії та неврології, що розвивалися в рамках руху біженців та використання моральної терапії. Лише наприкінці 19-го століття, приблизно в той час, коли Зигмунд Фрейд уперше розробив своє «лікування розмовою» у Відні, почалося перше науково-клінічне застосування психології — в Університеті Пенсільванії, щоб допомогти дітям із розладами навчання. Хоча клінічні психологи спочатку зосереджувалися на психологічній оцінці, практика психотерапії, яка колись була виключною сферою діяльності психіатрів, стала інтегрованою в професію після Другої світової війни. Психотерапія почалася з практики психоаналізу, «лікування розмовою», розробленого Зигмундом Фрейдом. Незабаром після цього такі теоретики, як Альфред Адлер і Карл Юнг, почали вводити нові концепції психологічного функціонування та змін. Ці та багато інших теоретиків допомогли розробити загальну орієнтацію, яку зараз називають психодинамічною терапією, яка включає різноманітні методи лікування, засновані на головному принципі Фрейда — перетворення несвідомого у свідоме. У 1920-х роках біхевіоризм став панівною парадигмою, і залишався нею до 1950-х років. Біхевіоризм використовував техніки, засновані на теоріях оперантного зумовлення, класичного зумовлення та теорії соціального навчання. Серед основних учасників були Джозеф Вольпе, Ганс Айзенк і Б. Ф. Скіннер. Оскільки біхевіоризм заперечував або ігнорував внутрішню психічну активність, цей період являє собою загальне уповільнення просування в області психотерапії. Вільгельм Райх почав розвивати тілесну психотерапію в 1930-х роках. Починаючи з 1950-х років, у відповідь на біхевіоризм незалежно розвинулися дві основні орієнтації — когнітивізм та екзистенційно-гуманістична терапія. Гуманістичний рух значною мірою розвинувся як з екзистенціальних теорій таких письменників, як Ролло Мей і Віктор Франкл (менш відома постать Юджина Геймлера), так і з особистісно-орієнтованої психотерапії Карла Роджерса. Усі ці орієнтації зосереджувалися менше на несвідомому, а більше на сприянні позитивним, цілісним змінам через розвиток підтримувальних, справжніх і емпатійних терапевтичних стосунків. Ролло Мей, Карл Роджерс та Ірвін Ялом визнають вплив Отто Ранка (1884—1939), помічника Фрейда, а потім критика. У 1950-х роках Альберт Елліс розробив першу форму когнітивно-поведінкової терапії, раціонально-емоційно-поведінкову терапію (REBT), а через кілька років Аарон Т. Бек розробив когнітивну терапію. Обидва вони включали терапію, спрямовану на зміну переконань людини, на відміну від підходу психодинамічних терапій, що базується на розумінні, або новішого реляційного підходу гуманістичних терапій. Когнітивний і поведінковий підходи були об'єднані упродовж 1970-х років, що призвело до появи когнітивно-поведінкової терапії (КПТ). Цей підхід, орієнтований на полегшення симптомів, спільний емпіризм і зміну основних переконань, здобув широке визнання як основний метод лікування численних розладів. Починаючи з 1970-х років, інші основні перспективи були розроблені та прийняті в цій галузі. Можливо, двома найбільшими були системна терапія та трансперсональна психологія. Системна терапія фокусується на сімейній та груповій динаміці, тоді як трансперсональна психологія фокусується на духовному аспекті людського досвіду. Інші важливі напрямки, розроблені за останні три десятиліття, включають феміністську терапію, соматичну психологію, експресивну терапію та прикладну позитивну психологію. Клінічна психологія в Японії розвивалася в напрямку більш інтегративної соціально-орієнтованої методології консультування. Практика в Індії виникла як на основі традиційних метафізичних і аюрведичних систем, так і західних методологій З 1993 року робоча група 12 відділу Американської психологічної асоціації створила та переглянула список емпірично підтверджених психологічних методів лікування конкретних розладів. Стандарти Відділу 12 базуються на 7 «важливих» критеріях якості дослідження, таких як рандомізація та використання валідованих психологічних оцінок. Загалом, когнітивно-поведінкові методи лікування психологічних розладів отримали більшу підтримку, ніж інші психотерапевтичні підходи. Серед учених-клініків і практиків тривають гарячі дебати щодо переваги практик, заснованих на доказах, і деякі з них представили кореляційні дані, які вказують на те, що більшість основних методів лікування приблизно однаково ефективні і що терапевт, клієнт і терапевтичний альянс пояснюють більшу частину покращення клієнта від психотерапії. Хоча багато Ph.D. навчальні програми з клінічної психології застосовували сильний емпіричний підхід до психотерапії, що привело до більшого наголосу на когнітивно-поведінкових втручаннях, інші навчальні програми та психологи зараз приймають еклектичну орієнтацію. Цей інтегративний рух намагається поєднати найефективніші аспекти всіх шкіл практики. Див. також Ненормальна психологія Клінічна психологія Історія психоаналізу Психічне здоров'я Психіатрія Історія психології Історія психіатрії Список літератури Подальше читання Генрі Елленбергер: The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry, Basic Books, 1981 Eva Illouz: Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help, University of California Press 2008, Renato Foschi & Marco Innamorati: A Critical History of Psychotherapy. Volume 1: From Ancient Origins to the Mid 20th Century, Routledge 2022, Renato Foschi & Marco Innamorati: A Critical History of Psychotherapy. Volume 2: From the Mid-20th to the 21st Century, Routledge 2022, Історія психіатрії Психотерапія Історія психології
240200	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5	Доброгірське	Доброгірське — село в Україні, у Вільногірській міській громаді Кам'янського району. Населення за переписом 2001 року складало 139 осіб. Географія Село Доброгірське знаходиться на відстані 1 км від села Кринички і за 2,5 км від міста Вільногірськ. До села примикають великі масиви садових ділянок. Поруч проходить автомобільна дорога . Населення Мова Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року: Економіка Кар'єри з видобутку комплексних титанових руд (ільменіт, циркон) відкритим способом. Посилання Погода в селі Доброгірське Села Дніпропетровської області
16844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi%20Annan	Kofi Annan	Kofi Annan Kofi Atta Annan (8 April 193818 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh secretary-general of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006. Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. He was the founder and chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation, as well as chairman of The Elders, an international organisation founded by Nelson Mandela. Annan joined the United Nations in 1962, working for the World Health Organization's Geneva office. He went on to work in several capacities at the UN Headquarters, including serving as the Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping between March 1992 and December 1996. He was appointed secretary-general on 13 December 1996 by the Security Council and later confirmed by the General Assembly, making him the first officeholder to be elected from the UN staff itself. He was re-elected for a second term in 2001 and was succeeded as secretary-general by Ban Ki-moon in 2007. As secretary-general, Annan reformed the UN bureaucracy, worked to combat HIV/AIDS (especially in Africa) and launched the UN Global Compact. He was criticised for not expanding the Security Council and faced calls for his resignation after an investigation into the Oil-for-Food Programme, but was largely exonerated of personal corruption. After the end of his term as secretary-general, he founded the Kofi Annan Foundation in 2007 to work on international development. In 2012, Annan was the UN–Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria to help find a resolution to the ongoing conflict there. Annan quit after becoming frustrated with the UN's lack of progress with regards to conflict resolution. In September 2016, Annan was appointed to lead a UN commission to investigate the Rohingya crisis. He died in 2018 and was given a state funeral. Early life and education Kofi Annan was born in Kumasi in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) on 8 April 1938. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shared the middle name Atta, which in the Akan language means "twin". Annan and his sister were born into one of the country's Fante aristocratic families; both of their grandfathers and their uncle were Fante paramount chiefs, and their brother Kobina would go on to become Ghana's ambassador to Morocco. In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week they were born, sometimes in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday, the day on which Annan was born. The last name Annan in Fante means fourth-born child. Annan said that his surname rhymes with "cannon" in English. From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite Mfantsipim, an all-boys Methodist boarding school in Cape Coast founded in the 1870s. Annan said that the school taught him that "suffering anywhere, concerns people everywhere". In 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, the Gold Coast gained independence from the UK and began using the name "Ghana". In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana. He received a Ford Foundation grant, enabling him to complete his undergraduate studies in economics at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, US, in 1961. Annan then completed a DEA degree in International Relations at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961 to 1962. After some years of work experience, he studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management (1971–72) in the Sloan Fellows program and earned a master's degree in management. Annan was fluent in English, French, Akan, and some Kru languages as well as other African languages. Diplomatic career In 1962, Annan started working as a budget officer for the World Health Organization, an agency of the United Nations (UN). From 1974 to 1976, he worked as a manager of the state-owned Ghana Tourist Development Company in Accra. In 1980 he became the head of personnel for the office of the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva. Between 1981 and 1983, he was a member of the Governing Board of the International School of Geneva. In 1983 he became the director of administrative management services of the UN Secretariat in New York. In 1987, Annan was appointed as an assistant secretary-general for Human Resources Management and Security Coordinator for the UN system. In 1990, he became Assistant Secretary-General for Program Planning, Budget and Finance, and Control. When Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) in 1992, Annan was appointed to the new department as Deputy to then Under-Secretary-General Marrack Goulding. Annan replaced Goulding in March 1993 as Under-Secretary-General of that department after American officials persuaded Boutros-Ghali that Annan was more flexible and more aligned with the role that the Pentagon expected of UN peacekeepers in Somalia. On 29 August 1995, while Boutros-Ghali was unreachable on an aeroplane, Annan instructed United Nations officials to "relinquish for a limited period of time their authority to veto air strikes in Bosnia". This move allowed NATO forces to conduct Operation Deliberate Force and made him a favourite of the United States. According to Richard Holbrooke, Annan's "gutsy performance" convinced the United States that he would be a good replacement for Boutros-Ghali. He was appointed a special representative of the Secretary-General to the former Yugoslavia, serving from November 1995 to March 1996. Criticism In 2003, retired Canadian general Roméo Dallaire, who was force commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), claimed that Annan was overly passive in his response to the imminent genocide. In his book Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003), Dallaire asserted that Annan held back UN troops from intervening to settle the conflict and from providing more logistical and material support. Dallaire claimed that Annan failed to respond to his repeated faxes asking for access to a weapons depository; such weapons could have helped Dallaire defend the endangered Tutsis. In 2004, ten years after the genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were killed, Annan said: "I could and should have done more to sound the alarm and rally support." In his book Interventions: A Life in War and Peace, Annan again argued that the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations could have made better use of the media to raise awareness of the violence in Rwanda and put pressure on governments to provide the troops necessary for an intervention. Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of the UNOSOM II mission fostered a hesitation among UN member states to approve robust peacekeeping operations. As a result, when the UNAMIR mission was approved just days after the battle, the resulting force lacked the troop levels, resources and mandate to operate effectively. United Nations Secretary-General (1997–2006) Appointment In 1996, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second term. Although he won 14 of the 15 votes on the Security Council, he was vetoed by the United States. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the only secretary-general ever to be denied a second term. Annan was the leading candidate to replace him, beating Amara Essy by one vote in the first round. However, France vetoed Annan four times before finally abstaining. The UN Security Council recommended Annan on 13 December 1996. Confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly, he started his first term as secretary-general on 1 January 1997. Due to Boutros-Ghali's overthrow, a second Annan term would give Africa the office of Secretary-General for three consecutive terms. In 2001, the Asia-Pacific Group agreed to support Annan for a second term in return for the African Group's support for an Asian secretary-general in the 2006 selection. The Security Council recommended Annan for a second term on 27 June 2001, and the General Assembly approved his reappointment on 29 June 2001. Activities Recommendations for UN reform Soon after taking office in 1997, Annan released two reports on management reform. On 17 March 1997, the report Management and Organisational Measures (A/51/829) introduced new management mechanisms through the establishment of a cabinet-style body to assist him and the UN's activities in accordance with four core missions. A comprehensive reform agenda was issued on 14 July 1997 titled Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform (A/51/950). Key proposals included the introduction of strategic management to strengthen unity of purpose, the establishment of the position of deputy secretary-general, a 10-per cent reduction in posts, a reduction in administrative costs, the consolidation of the UN at the country level, and reaching out to civil society and the private sector as partners. Annan also proposed to hold a Millennium Summit in 2000. After years of research, Annan presented a progress report, In Larger Freedom, to the UN General Assembly on 21 March 2005. Annan recommended Security Council expansion and a host of other UN reforms. On 31 January 2006, Annan outlined his vision for a comprehensive and extensive reform of the UN in a policy speech to the United Nations Association UK. The speech, delivered at Central Hall, Westminster, also marked the 60th anniversary of the first meetings of the General Assembly and Security Council. On 7 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his proposals for a fundamental overhaul of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is titled Investing in the United Nations, For a Stronger Organization Worldwide. On 30 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his analysis and recommendations for updating the entire work programme of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is titled Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Facilitate the Review of Mandates. Regarding the UN Human Rights Council, Annan said "declining credibility" had "cast a shadow on the reputation of the United Nations system. Unless we re-make our human rights machinery, we may be unable to renew public confidence in the United Nations itself." He believed that, despite its flaws, the council could do good. In March 2000, Annan appointed the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations to assess the shortcomings of the then existing system and to make specific and realistic recommendations for change. The panel was composed of individuals experienced in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The report it produced, which became known as the Brahimi Report, after the chair of the Panel Lakhdar Brahimi, called for "renewed political commitment on the part of Member States, significant institutional change, and increased financial support". The Panel further noted that to be effective, UN peacekeeping operations must be adequately resourced and equipped, and operate under clear, credible and achievable mandates. In a letter transmitting the report to the General Assembly and Security Council, Annan stated that the Panel's recommendations were essential to making the United Nations truly credible as a force for peace. Later that same year, the Security Council adopted several provisions relating to peacekeeping following the report, in Resolution 1327. Millennium Development Goals In 2000, Annan issued a report titled We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. The report called for member states to "put people at the centre of everything we do": "No calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better." In the final chapter of the report, Annan called to "free our fellow men and women from the abject and dehumanizing poverty in which more than 1 billion of them are currently confined". At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, national leaders adopted the Millennium Declaration, which the United Nations Secretariat subsequently implemented as the Millennium Development Goals in 2001. United Nations Information Technology Service Within the We the Peoples document, Annan suggested the establishment of a United Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS), a consortium of high-tech volunteer corps, including NetCorps Canada and Net Corps America, which United Nations Volunteers (UNV) would coordinate. In the "Report of the high-level panel of experts on information and communication technology", suggesting a UN ICT Task Force, the panel welcomed the establishment of UNITeS. It made suggestions on its configuration and implementation strategy, including that ICT4D volunteering opportunities make mobilising "national human resources" (local ICT experts) within developing countries a priority for both men and women. The initiative was launched at the UNV and was active from February 2001 to February 2005. Initiative staff and volunteers participated in the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in December 2003. United Nations Global Compact In an address to the World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999, Annan argued that the "goals of the United Nations and those of business can, indeed, be mutually supportive" and proposed that the private sector and the United Nations initiate "a global compact of shared values and principles, which will give a human face to the global market". On 26 July 2000, the United Nations Global Compact was officially launched at UN headquarters in New York. It is a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "[c]atalyse actions in support of broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)". The Compact established ten core principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption. Under the Compact, companies commit to the ten principles and are brought together with UN agencies, labour groups and civil society to implement them effectively. Establishment of The Global Fund Towards the end of the 1990s, increased awareness of the destructive potential of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the top of the global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued a five-point "Call to Action" to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Stating it was a "personal priority", Annan proposed the establishment of a Global AIDS and Health Fund, "dedicated to the battle against HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases", to stimulate the increased international spending needed to help developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis. In June of that year, the General Assembly of the United Nations committed to creating such a fund during a special session on AIDS, and the permanent secretariat of the Global Fund was subsequently established in January 2002. Responsibility to Protect Following the failure of Annan and the international community to intervene in the genocide in Rwanda and in Srebrenica, Annan asked whether the international community had an obligation in such situations to intervene to protect civilian populations. In a speech to the General Assembly on 20 September 1999, "to address the prospects for human security and intervention in the next century", Annan argued that individual sovereignty—the protections afforded by the Declaration of Human Rights and the Charter of the UN—was being strengthened, while the notion of state sovereignty was being redefined by globalisation and international co-operation. As a result, the UN and its member states had to consider a willingness to act to prevent conflict and civilian suffering, a dilemma between "two concepts of sovereignty" that Annan also presented in a preceding article in The Economist on 16 September 1999. In the March 2000 Millennium Report to the UN, Annan asked: "If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica – to gross and systematic violations of human rights that affect every precept of our common humanity?" In September 2001, the Canadian government established an ad hoc committee to address this balance between state sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty published its final report in 2001, which focused not on the right of states to intervene but on a responsibility to protect populations at risk. The report moved beyond military intervention, arguing that various diplomatic and humanitarian actions could also be utilised to protect civilian populations. In 2005, Annan included the doctrine of "Responsibility to Protect" (RtoP) in his report In Larger Freedom. When the UN General Assembly endorsed that report, it amounted to the first formal endorsement by UN member states of the doctrine of RtoP. Iraq In the years after 1998, when UNSCOM was expelled by the government of Saddam Hussein, and during the Iraq disarmament crisis, in which the United States blamed UNSCOM and former IAEA director Hans Blix for failing to disarm Iraq properly, former UNSCOM chief weapons inspector Scott Ritter blamed Annan for being slow and ineffective in enforcing Security Council resolutions on Iraq and being overtly submissive to the demands of the Clinton administration for regime removal and inspection of sites, often presidential palaces, that were not mandated in any resolution and were of questionable intelligence value, severely hampering UNSCOM's ability to co-operate with the Iraqi government and contributing to their expulsion from the country. Ritter also claimed that Annan regularly interfered with the work of the inspectors and diluted the chain of command by trying to micromanage all of the activities of UNSCOM, which caused intelligence processing (and the resulting inspections) to be backed up and caused confusion with the Iraqis as to who was in charge and as a result, they generally refused to take orders from Ritter or Rolf Ekéus without explicit approval from Annan, which could have taken days, if not weeks. He later believed Annan was oblivious that the Iraqis took advantage of this to delay inspections. He claimed that on one occasion, Annan refused to implement a no-notice inspection of the Iraqi Special Security Organization (SSO) headquarters and instead tried to negotiate access. Still, the negotiation took nearly six weeks, giving the Iraqis more than enough time to clean the site. During the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Annan called on the United States and the United Kingdom not to invade without the support of the United Nations. In a September 2004 interview on the BBC, when questioned about the legal authority for the invasion, Annan said he believed it was not in conformity with the UN charter and was illegal. Other diplomatic activities In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting the transition from military to civilian rule in Nigeria. The following year, he supported the efforts of East Timor to secure independence from Indonesia. In 2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, and in 2006, he led talks in New York between the presidents of Cameroon and Nigeria, which led to a settlement of the dispute between the two countries over the Bakassi peninsula. Annan and Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad disagreed sharply on Iran's nuclear program, on an Iranian exhibition of cartoons mocking the Holocaust, and on the then-upcoming International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust, an Iranian Holocaust denial conference in 2006. During a visit to Iran instigated by continued Iranian uranium enrichment, Annan said: "I think the tragedy of the Holocaust is an undeniable historical fact and we should really accept that fact and teach people what happened in World War II and ensure it is never repeated". Annan supported sending a UN peacekeeping mission to Darfur, Sudan. He worked with the government of Sudan to accept a transfer of power from the African Union peacekeeping mission to a UN one. Annan also worked with several Arab and Muslim countries on women's rights and other topics. Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Council Retreat" with the 15 states' council representatives. It was held at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) Conference Center at the Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico Hills, New York, and was sponsored by both the RBF and the UN. Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation In June 2004, Annan was given a copy of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report on the complaint brought by four female workers against Ruud Lubbers, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, for sexual harassment, abuse of authority, and retaliation. The report also reviewed a long-serving staff member's allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct against Werner Blatter, director of UNHCR personnel. The investigation found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment; no mention was made publicly of the other charge against a senior official or two subsequent complaints filed later that year. During the official investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter which some considered a threat to the female worker who had brought the charges. On 15 July 2004, Annan cleared Lubbers of the accusations, saying they were not substantial enough legally. The internal UN–OIOS report on Lubbers was leaked, and sections accompanied by an article by Kate Holt were published in a British newspaper. In February 2005, Lubbers resigned as head of the UN refugee agency, saying he wanted to relieve political pressure on Annan. Oil-for-Food scandal In December 2004, reports surfaced that the Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan received payments from the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, which had won a lucrative contract under the UN Oil-for-Food Programme. Kofi Annan called for an investigation to look into the allegations. On 11 November 2005, The Sunday Times agreed to apologise and pay a substantial sum in damages to Kojo Annan, accepting that the allegations were untrue. Annan appointed the Independent Inquiry Committee, which was led by former US Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker, then the director of the United Nations Association of the US. In his first interview with the Inquiry Committee, Annan denied meeting with Cotecna. Later in the inquiry, he recalled having met with Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. In a final report issued on 27 October, the committee found insufficient evidence to indict Annan on any illegal actions but did find fault with Benon Sevan, an Armenian-Cypriot national who had worked for the UN for about 40 years. Appointed by Annan to the Oil-For-Food role, Sevan repeatedly asked Iraqis for allocations of oil to the African Middle East Petroleum Company. Sevan's behaviour was "ethically improper", Volcker said to reporters. Sevan repeatedly denied the charges and argued that he was being made a "scapegoat". The Volcker report was highly critical of the UN management structure and the Security Council oversight. It strongly recommended a new chief operating officer (COO) position to handle the fiscal and administrative responsibilities then under the Secretary-General's office. The report listed the Western and Middle Eastern companies that had benefited illegally from the program. Nobel Peace Prize In 2001, its centennial year, the Nobel Committee decided that the Peace Prize was to be divided between the UN and Annan. They were awarded the Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world", having revitalised the UN and prioritised human rights. The Nobel Committee also recognised his commitment to the struggle to contain the spread of HIV in Africa and his declared opposition to international terrorism. Soon after Annan was awarded the Peace Prize, he was given a chieftaincy title by the Asantehene of Asanteman. The honour was conferred upon him for his "[selfless] contributions to humanity and promotion of peace throughout the world". Relations between the United States and the UN Annan defended his deputy secretary-general Mark Malloch Brown, who openly criticised the United States in a speech on 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing practice of seeking to use the UN almost by stealth as a diplomatic tool while failing to stand up for it against its domestic critics is simply not sustainable. You will lose the UN one way or another. [...] [That] the US is constructively engaged with the UN [...] is not well known or understood, in part because much of the public discourse that reaches the US heartland has been largely abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Rush Limbaugh and Fox News." Malloch later said his talk was a "sincere and constructive critique of U.S. policy toward the U.N. by a friend and admirer". The talk was unusual because it violated the unofficial policy of not having top officials publicly criticise member nations. The interim US ambassador John Bolton, appointed by President George W. Bush, was reported to have told Annan on the phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this is the worst mistake by a senior UN official that I have seen in that entire time." Observers from other nations supported Malloch's view that conservative politicians in the US prevented many citizens from understanding the benefits of US involvement in the UN. Farewell addresses On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a farewell address to world leaders gathered at the UN headquarters in New York in anticipation of his retirement on 31 December. In the speech, he outlined three major problems of "an unjust world economy, world disorder, and widespread contempt for human rights and the rule of law", which he believed "have not resolved, but sharpened" during his time as secretary-general. He also pointed to violence in Africa and the Arab–Israeli conflict as two major issues warranting attention. On 11 December 2006, in his final speech as secretary-general, delivered at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri, Annan recalled President Truman's leadership in the founding of the United Nations. He called for the United States to return to Truman's multilateralist foreign policies and to follow Truman's doctrine that "the responsibility of the great states is to serve and not dominate the peoples of the world". He also said that the United States must maintain its commitment to human rights, "including in the struggle against terrorism". Post-UN career After he served as UN secretary-general, Annan took up residence in Geneva and worked in a leading capacity on various international humanitarian endeavours. Kofi Annan Foundation In 2007, Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation, an independent, not-for-profit organisation that "works to promote better global governance and strengthen the capacities of people and countries to achieve a fairer, more secure world". The organisation was founded on the principles that fair and peaceful societies rest on three pillars: peace and security, sustainable development, and human rights and the rule of law, and they have made it their mission to mobilise the leadership and the political resolve needed to tackle threats to these three pillars ranging from violent conflict to flawed elections and climate change, to achieve "a fairer, more peaceful world". The Foundation provides the analytical, communication and co-ordination capacities needed to ensure that these objectives are achieved. Annan's contribution to peace worldwide is delivered through mediation, political mentoring, advocacy and advice. Through his engagement, Annan aimed to strengthen local and international conflict resolution capabilities. The Foundation provides the analytical and logistical support to facilitate this in cooperation with relevant local, regional and international actors. The Foundation works mainly through private diplomacy, where Annan provided informal counsel and participated in discreet diplomatic initiatives to avert or resolve crises by applying his experience and inspirational leadership. He was often asked to intercede in crises, sometimes as an impartial, independent mediator, sometimes as a special envoy of the international community. In recent years he had provided such counsel to Burkina Faso, Kenya, Myanmar, Senegal, Iraq and Colombia. Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process Following the outbreak of violence after the 2007 presidential elections in Kenya, the African Union (AU) established the Panel of Eminent African Personalities to assist in finding a peaceful solution to the crisis. Annan was appointed as chair of the panel, to lead it with Benjamin Mkapa, former president of Tanzania; and humanitarian Graça Machel, the former first lady of Mozambique and South Africa. The panel managed to convince the two principal parties to the conflict, Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki's Party of National Unity (PNU) and Raila Odinga's Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), to participate in the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process (KNDR). Over the course of 41 days of negotiations, several agreements regarding taking actions to stop the violence and to remedy its consequences were signed. On 28 February, President Kibaki and Prime Minister Odinga signed a coalition government agreement. Joint Special Envoy for Syria On 23 February 2012, Annan was appointed as the UN and Arab League joint special envoy to Syria in an attempt to end the civil war taking place. He developed a six-point plan for peace: On 2 August, he resigned as envoy to Syria, citing the intransigence of both the Assad government and the rebels, as well as the stalemate on the Security Council as preventing any peaceful resolution of the situation. Annan also stated that the lack of international unity and ineffective diplomacy among world leaders had made the peaceful resolution in Syria an impossible task. Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security Annan served as the chair of the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. The commission was launched in May 2011 as a joint initiative of the Kofi Annan Foundation and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. It comprised 12 eminent individuals from around the world, including Ernesto Zedillo, Martti Ahtisaari, Madeleine Albright and Amartya Sen, and aimed to highlight the importance of the integrity of elections to achieving a more secure, prosperous and stable world. The Commission released its final report, Deepening Democracy, a Strategy to Improve the Integrity of Elections Worldwide, in September 2012. Rakhine Commission (Myanmar) In September 2016, Annan was asked to lead the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, Myanmar, an impoverished region beset by ethnic conflict and extreme sectarian violence, particularly by Myanmar's Buddhist majority against the Rohingya Muslim minority, further targeted by government forces. The commission, widely known simply as the "Annan Commission", was opposed by many Myanmar Buddhists as unwelcome interference in their relations with the Rohingya. When the Annan Commission released its final report, the week of 24 August 2017, with recommendations unpopular with all sides, violence exploded in the Rohingya conflict – the largest and bloodiest humanitarian disaster in the region in decades – driving most of the Rohingya from Myanmar. Annan attempted to engage the United Nations to resolve the matter, but failed. Annan died a week before the first anniversary of the report, shortly after an announcement by a replacement commission that it would not "point fingers" at the guilty parties – leading to widespread concern that the new commission was just a sham to protect culpable Myanmar government officials and citizens from accountability. In 2018, before Annan's death, Myanmar's civilian government, under the direction of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, made a gesture of acceptance of the Annan commission's recommendations by convening another board – the advisory board for the Committee for Implementation of the Recommendations on Rakhine State – ostensibly to implement the Annan commission's proposed reforms, but never actually implemented them. Some of the international representatives resigned – notably the panel's secretary, Thailand's former foreign minister Surakiart Sathirathai, and former US ambassador to the UN Bill Richardson – decrying the "implementation" committee as ineffective, or a "whitewash". Other activities Corporate boards In March 2011, Annan became a member of the advisory board for Investcorp Bank B. S. C. Europe, an international private equity firm and sovereign wealth fund owned by the United Arab Emirates. He held the position until 2018. Annan became a member of the Global Advisory Board of Macro Advisory Partners LLP, a risk and strategic consulting firm based in London and New York City for business, finance and government decision-makers, with some operations related to Investcorp. Non-profit organisations In addition to the above, Annan also became involved with several organisations with both global and African focuses, including the following: United Nations Foundation, member of the board of directors (2008–2018) University of Ghana, chancellor (2008–2018) School of International and Public Affairs of Columbia University, global fellow (2009–2018) The Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University, fellow Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore (NUS), Li Ka Shing Professor (2009–2018) Global Centre for Pluralism, member of the board of directors (2010–2018) Mo Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership, chairman of the prize committee (2007–2018) Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), chairman (2007–2018) Global Humanitarian Forum, founder and president (2007–2018) Global Commission on Drug Policy, founding commissioner. The commission had declared in a 2011 report that the war on drugs was a failure. Annan believed that, since drug use represents a health risk, it should be regulated, comparing it to the regulation of tobacco which reduced smoking in many countries. Annan served as chair of The Elders, a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues. In November 2008, Annan and fellow elders Jimmy Carter and Graça Machel attempted to travel to Zimbabwe to make a first-hand assessment of the humanitarian situation in the country. Refused entry, the Elders instead carried out their assessment from Johannesburg, where they met Zimbabwe- and South Africa-based leaders from politics, business, international organisations, and civil society. In May 2011, following months of political violence in Côte d'Ivoire, Annan travelled to the country with elders Desmond Tutu and Mary Robinson to encourage national reconciliation. On 16 October 2014, Annan attended the One Young World Summit in Dublin. During a session with fellow elder Mary Robinson, Annan encouraged 1,300 young leaders from 191 countries to lead on intergenerational issues such as climate change and the need for action to take place now, not tomorrow: Annan chaired the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. As chair, he facilitated coalition building to leverage and broker knowledge, in addition to convening decision-makers to influence policy and create lasting change in Africa. Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, which outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies. In 2014, the Report highlighted the potential of African fisheries, agriculture, and forests to drive economic development. The 2015 report explores the role of climate change and the potential of renewable energy investments in determining Africa's economic future. Prioritisation of snakebite in the WHO Kofi Annan played a pivotal role in getting a WHO resolution on halving the burden of snakebite in late 2020's. Memoir On 4 September 2012, Annan with Nader Mousavizadeh wrote a memoir, Interventions: A Life in War and Peace. Published by Penguin Press, the book has been described as a "personal biography of global statecraft". Personal life In 1965, Annan married Titi Alakija, a Nigerian woman from an aristocratic family. Several years later, they had a daughter, Ama, and a son, Kojo. The couple separated in the late 1970s, and divorced in 1983. In 1984, Annan married , a Swedish lawyer at the UN and a maternal half-niece of diplomat Raoul Wallenberg. She has a daughter, Nina, from a previous marriage. In 2002, Annan was enstooled by Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II, the Asantehene of Asanteman, as the Busumuru of the Ashanti people - a Ghanaian chief. He was the first person to hold this title. Death and state funeral Annan died on the morning of 18 August 2018 in Bern, Switzerland, at the age of 80, after a short illness. António Guterres, the UN secretary-general, said that Annan was "a global champion for peace" and "a guiding force for good". Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad also said he is saddened by the death of Annan. His body was returned to his native Ghana from Geneva in a brief and solemn ceremony at the Kotoka International Airport in Accra, on 10 September. His coffin, draped in the blue UN flag, was accompanied by his widow Nane, his children and senior diplomats from the international organisation. On 13 September, a state funeral was held for Annan in Ghana at the Accra International Conference Centre. The ceremony was attended by several political leaders from across Africa as well as Ghanaian traditional rulers, European royalty and dignitaries from the international community, including the UN secretary-general António Guterres. Prior to the funeral service, his body lay in state in the foyer of the same venue, from 11 to 12 September. A private burial followed the funeral service at the new Military Cemetery at Burma Camp, with full military honours and the sounding of the Last Post by army buglers and a 17-gun salute. Memorials and legacy The United Nations Postal Administration released a new stamp in memory of Annan on 31 May 2019. His portrait on the stamp was designed by artist Martin Mörck. The Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre and the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT, both in Accra, are named in his honour. The is named after him. See also List of black Nobel laureates References Citations Bibliography Further reading External links Kofi Annan papers at the United Nations Archives (including Nobel Lecture, 10 December 2001) Speeches Nobel Peace Prize lecture Lectures The MacArthur Award for International Justice, 2008 in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law \|- 1938 births 2018 deaths Akan people Chiefs of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya Columbia University fellows Companions of the Order of the Star of Ghana Drug policy reform activists Fante people Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences Ghanaian Anglicans Ghanaian diplomats Ghanaian economists Ghanaian Nobel laureates Ghanaian officials of the United Nations Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni Grand Collars of the Order of Liberty Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni Macalester College alumni Mfantsipim School alumni MIT Sloan Fellows MIT Sloan School of Management alumni Nobel Peace Prize laureates Olof Palme Prize laureates People from Kumasi People involved in the Syrian peace process Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania Recipients of the Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk Responsibility to protect Sakharov Prize laureates Secretaries-General of the United Nations Special Representatives of the Secretary-General of the United Nations United Nations Oil-for-Food scandal United Nations Foundation Ghanaian twins Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class Special Envoys of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
474313	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE	Читта-Сант-Анджело	Читта-Сант-Анджело — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Абруццо, провінція Пескара. Читта-Сант-Анджело розташована на відстані близько 150 км на північний схід від Рима, 60 км на схід від Л'Аквіли, 15 км на північний захід від Пескари. Населення — (2014). Покровитель — святий Архангел Михаїл. Демографія Сусідні муніципалітети Атрі Каппелле-суль-Таво Коллекорвіно Еліче Монтезільвано Сільві Див. також Список муніципалітетів провінції Пескара Примітки Муніципалітети провінції Пескара
1269935	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD204541	HD204541	HD204541 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу A2, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 7,5. Вона розташована на відстані близько 433,1 світлових років від Сонця. Див. також Перелік HgMn-зір Ртутно-манганова зоря Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (20h-22h) Хімічно пекулярна зоря Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію Перелік Am-зір Am-зоря Джерела Хімічно пекулярні зорі Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу A2 5
704541	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW%203%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97%20%28E36%29	BMW 3 Серії (E36)	BMW 3 Серії (E36) BMW E36 — модифікація кузова BMW 3 Серії, яка виготовлялась з 1990 по 2000 роки і прийшла на заміну BMW E30. Історія 1990 Новий модельний ряд BMW 3-ї серії (заводський індекс кузова Е36) з'явився в листопаді 1990 року. Всі достоїнства, властиві попереднику (Е30), збереглися і навіть примножилися в новому сімействі. Дизайнерам фірми вдалося знайти сучасний і динамічний вигляд (Сх = 0,29), а оформлення передньої частини машини пізніше було названо «автомобільною особою 90-х років». Помітна характерна зовнішність підкреслює міць і динаміку фірмового стилю BMW. Бездоганна збірка кузова (з шестирічної гарантією від наскрізної корозії), збільшений на 10 л у порівнянні з попередником об'єм салону й багажника, як і інформативна приладова панель, високоякісні матеріали оздоблення інтер'єру, широкий спектр рядних бензинових силових агрегатів (з упорскуванням Bosch-Motronic) — все це, як і чудова керованість, притаманна всім моделям BMW, вдало поєднувалися в третій серії, що отримало належну оцінку у споживачів. Першими були седани 316i (102 к.с.) і 318i (115 к.с.) з чотирициліндровими двигунами, 320i (150 к.с.) і 325i (192 к.с.) — з новими 24-клапанними «шістками». Елегантний зовнішній вигляд машини приховував розміри і замалим не 200 кг зайвої ваги — розплату за пасивну безпеку. Втім, незважаючи на «повноту», автомобілі з колишніми чотирициліндровими двигунами мало поступалися попередникам в розгоні, але перевершували їх по максимальній швидкості та економічності. Так BMW 325i розвиває максимальну швидкість 233 км/год, розганявся до 100 км/год за 8 секунд, випереджаючи більш легкого попередника. Нова задня підвіска зробила BMW 3-ї серії комфортабельніше і легше в управлінні. Кабріолет і універсал якийсь час зберігалися від старого модельного ряду. Чотирьохдверний седан нової серії успішно переробляли і доукомплектовували безліч німецьких тюнінгових компаній. Спереду встановлювалася незалежна пружинна підвіска зі стійками типу Макферсон і L-подібними важелями, а ззаду — багатоважільна незалежна підвіска: до кожного колеса приєднувалися по два поперечні важелі і один поздовжній С-подібної форми з точкою кріплення до кузова. 1991 З жовтня 1991 року почався продаж економічного, але жвавого турбодизельного варіанту 325td (8,9 л/100 км у міському циклі), що знаменувало початок нової атаки на сектор ринку, в якому BMW починала вже втрачати очки, зароблені наприкінці 1980-х. 1992 У січні 1992 року на автосалоні в Детройті дебютує нове дводверне купе 320i (150 к.с.), 325i (192 к.с.) і M3 Coupe (286 к.с.). Незважаючи на зовнішню схожість з седаном, у цих машин немає однакових зовнішніх кузовних деталей чи скла. Дах купе на 130 мм коротший, капот на 80 мм довший, а сам автомобіль на 50 мм нижчий. У вересні того ж року шестициліндрові двигуни отримали систему управління фазами газорозподілу VANOS для впускних клапанів, що зробило їх економнішими і більш тяговитими. 1993 У березні 1993-го в Женеві представлений кабріолет. Автомобіль відрізняється дуже високим рівнем безпеки — є висуваються при перекиданні підголівники ззаду. Як опцію до нього пропонували легкоз'емний алюмінієвий верх. У жовтні 1993 р. замість дизеля об'ємом 2443 см³ (324td) почали випускати нові високооборотні турбодизелі об'ємом 2,5 л потужністю 115 к.с. (325td) і 143 к.с. (325tds), який був вперше оснащений проміжним охолоджувачем повітря (інтеркулером), на що вказує літера «s» в позначенні моделі (це ж характерно і для інших дизельних моделей цього покоління). Максимальна швидкість у седанів доходила до 214 км/год. 1994 У лютому 1994-го почалося виробництво трьохдверного хетчбека «Compact» з економічними чотирициліндровими двигунами робочим об'ємом 1,6 л (102 к.с.), 1,7 л (турбодизель, 90 к.с.), 1,8 л (115 к.с.) і 1,9-літровим 140-сильним з 16-клапанною головкою блоку циліндрів. Для зменшення ціни на ньому ззаду замість складної багатоважеля підвіски, як у всіх моделей сімейства, стоїть проста залежна підвіска з нерозрізний балкою моста. П'ятимісний Compact (за задумом фірми, молодіжно-студентська версія) достатньо практичний автомобіль для тих, хто не переймається перевезенням речей власними силами: корисний об'єм багажного відсіку від 300 до 1030 л. У серпні 1994-го до 6-циліндровим турбодизелем (325td і 325tds) приєднався 4-циліндровий робочим об'ємом 1,7 л і потужністю 90 к.с. (318tds). Тоді ж у продаж надходить нові М3 з 3-літровою «шісткою», що розвиває 286 к.с., з кузовами седан і кабріолет. 1995 У січні 1995-го з'явилася модель 328i (2,8 л) з (для ринку США зберегли стару з чавунним блоком) потужністю 193 к.с., що змінила 325i (2,5 л), що підсилило позиції BMW в секторі економічних спортивних моделей. Довгоочікуваний універсал під традиційною назвою Touring, відсутній у виробничій програмі рік, був представлений в травні 1995-го, коли відбулася прем'єра моделі 323i оснащеної новітньою алюмінієвою рядною «шісткою» робочим об'ємом 2,5 л потужністю 170 к.с., жваво бере старт і «видає» сотню всього за 8 с, а також ще жвавішою «328i» (193 к.с.). Місткість ж для компактного універсала — це не найголовніше, важливіше імідж. Місткість його багажника виявилася всього 1030 л. Зміна індексу у моделі з 2,5 л двигуном з 325i на 323i пояснювалося тим, що новий рядний 6-циліндровий двигун з алюмінієвим блоком розвивав меншу потужність у порівнянні з «чавунним» попередником — 170 проти 192 к.с., і тому щоб клієнти не подумали, що з роками мотори стають гірше, індекс машини «знизили». У вересні 1995 оновили «головне знаряддя» М3 — у своєму роді фірмовий тюнінг від «BMW Motorsport». Новий двигун об'ємом 3,2 л потужністю 321 к.с., вкупі з механічною 6-ступінчастою КПП дозволили знизити час досягнення відмітки 100 км/год до 5,4 с. 1997 У 1997 р. провели невеликий «фейсліфт» (незначну модернізацію зовнішності): додаткові кольори кузова та оббивки, протибуксувальна система в стандартній комплектації для шестициліндрових бензинових машин, що обігріваються асферичні дзеркала заднього виду, бокові повторювачі покажчиків поворотів і … нове оформлення решітки радіатора. Більше «дісталося» BMW М3 — на замовлення стало можливим установка новітньої розробки фірми — механічною 6-ступінчастою автоматизованої коробки передач типу SMG (Sequential M Gearbox), що являє собою механічну КПП з гідравлічним виконуючим механізмом перемикання і електронним управлінням, що дозволяло їздити як на «автоматі», так і з ручним перемиканням без педалі зчеплення — вона просто відсутня. Compact ж обзавівся 6-циліндровим двигуном в 2,5 л (170 к.с.) — 323ti. Модельний ряд Галерея Зноски Посилання e36 клуб Україна E36
3241480	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%29	Долтон (Іллінойс)	Долтон (Іллінойс) Долтон — селище в США, в окрузі Кук штату Іллінойс. Населення — осіб (2020). Географія Долтон розташований за координатами (41.630274, -87.596839). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році селище мало площу 12,13 км², з яких 11,82 км² — суходіл та 0,31 км² — водойми. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкали особи в домогосподарствах у складі родини. Густота населення становила 1908 осіб/км². Було 8720 помешкань (719/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 1,3 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 2,7 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 28,4 % — особи молодші 18 років, 62,5 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 9,1 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 35,1 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 83,9 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 77,5 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила долари для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 24,8 % осіб, у тому числі 40,1 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 12,9 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 24,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 12,9 %, транспорт — 12,1 %. Примітки Джерела Селища Іллінойсу Населені пункти округу Кук (Іллінойс)
14863023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d%20Lengyel	Árpád Lengyel	Árpád Lengyel (4 September 1915 – 30 April 1993) was a Hungarian swimmer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was born in Kaposvár and died in Edgewater, New Jersey, United States. In the 1936 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay event. He was also fourth in his first round heat of the 400 m freestyle event and fifth in his first round heat of the 100 m backstroke event and did not advance in both occasions. See also World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay External links 1915 births 1993 deaths Hungarian male backstroke swimmers Olympic swimmers for Hungary Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary Sportspeople from Kaposvár World record setters in swimming Olympic bronze medalists in swimming Hungarian male freestyle swimmers European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics 20th-century Hungarian people
3570241	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C%20%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29	Калініно (селище, Воронезька область)	Калініно (селище, Воронезька область) Калініно — село, підпорядковане місту Борисоглєбську Воронезької області Російської Федерації. Населення становить 628 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Борисоглєбський міський округ. Історія Населений пункт розташований у межах суцільної української етнічної території, частини Східної Слобожанщини. До Перших визвольних змагань належав до Воронезької губернії. Згідно із законом від 15 жовтня 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Борисоглєбський міський округ. Населення Примітки Села Воронезької області Селища Воронезької області
22090326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit%20consumer%20good	Counterfeit consumer good	Counterfeit consumer goods—or counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items (CFSI)—are goods, often of inferior quality, made or sold under another's brand name without the brand owner's authorization. The colloquial terms knockoff or dupe (duplicate) are often used interchangeably with counterfeit, although their legal meanings are not identical. Sellers of such goods may infringe on either the trademark, patent or copyright of the brand owner by passing off its goods as made by the brand owner. Counterfeit products made up 5 to 7% of world trade in 2013, and in 2014 cost an estimated 2.5 million jobs worldwide. Counterfeit products exist in virtually every industry. The spread of counterfeit goods are worldwide, with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in 2008 having estimated the global value of all counterfeit goods at $650 billion annually, increasing to $1.77 trillion by 2015. Countries mainly the U.S., U.K., Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, South Korea and Japan are among the hardest hit, as their economies thrive on producing high-value products, protected by intellectual property rights and trademarks. Description A counterfeit consumer good is a good—often of inferior quality—made or sold under another's brand name without the brand owner's authorization. The term counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items (CFSI) is also used to describe such goods. Pirated goods are reproductions of copyrighted products used without permission, such as music, movies or software. Exact definitions depend on the laws of various countries. The colloquial terms knockoff or dupe (duplicate) are often used interchangeably with counterfeit, although their legal meanings are not identical. Knockoff products are those that copy or imitate the physical appearance of other products but which do not copy the brand name or logo of a trademark. They may still be illegal under trademark laws if they confuse consumers or violate patents. Economic impact Sellers of counterfeit goods may infringe on either the trademark, patent or copyright of the brand owner by passing off its goods as made by the brand owner. Counterfeit products made up 5 to 7% of world trade in 2013, and in 2014 cost an estimated 2.5 million jobs worldwide, with up to 750,000 jobs lost in the U.S. About 5% of goods imported into the European Union in 2013 were fakes, according to the OECD. According to Forbes, in 2018 counterfeiting was the largest criminal enterprise in the world. Sales of counterfeit and pirated goods totals $1.7 trillion per year, which is more than drugs and human trafficking. It is expected to grow to $2.8 trillion and cost 5.4 million jobs by 2022. According to The Counterfeit Report, "China produces 80% of the world's counterfeits and we're supporting China. Whether or not it's their intention to completely undermine and destroy the U.S. economy, we [in the United States] buy about 60% to 80% of the products." It states: The OECD states that counterfeit products encompass all products made to closely imitate the appearance of the product of another as to mislead consumers. Those can include the unauthorized production and distribution of products that are protected by intellectual property rights, such as copyright, trademarks, and trade names. Counterfeiters illegally copy trademarks, which manufacturers have built up based on marketing investments and the recognized quality of their products, in order to fool consumers. Any product that is protected by intellectual property rights is a target for counterfeiters. Piotr Stryszowski, a senior economist at OECD, notes that it is not only the scale of counterfeiting that is alarming, but its rapidly growing scope, which means that now any product with a logo can become a target. In many cases, different types of infringements overlap: unauthorized music copying mostly infringes copyright as well as trademarks; fake toys infringe design protection. Counterfeiting therefore involves the related issues of copying packaging, labeling, or any other significant features of the goods. Among the leading industries that have been seriously affected by counterfeiting are software, music recordings, motion pictures, luxury goods and fashion clothes, sportswear, perfumes, toys, aircraft components, spare parts and car accessories, and pharmaceuticals. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are the most profitable sector of illegally copied goods, with lost revenues up to $217 billion per year. Fraudulent drugs are known to harm or kill millions around the world, thereby damaging the brand names and sales of major pharmaceutical manufacturers. Since counterfeits are produced illegally, they are not manufactured to comply with relevant safety standards. They will often use cheap, hazardous and unapproved materials or cut costs in some other manner. These unapproved materials can be hazardous to consumers, or the environment. Growing problem It was estimated by the OECD that in 2013 counterfeit goods accounted for about $461 billion, or about 2.5% of total world trade. That estimate did not include either domestically produced and consumed products or digital products sold on the internet. That estimate rose from 1.8% of world trade in 2007. The OECD concluded that despite their improved interception technologies, "the problem of counterfeit and pirated trade has not diminished, but has become a major threat for modern knowledge-based economies." In the U.S., despite coordinated efforts by Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to stem the influx of counterfeit goods into the U.S., there was a 38% increase in counterfeits seized between 2012 and 2016. In a test survey by the GAO of various items purchased online of major brands, all of which stated they were certified by Underwriters Laboratories, the GAO found that 43% were nonetheless fakes. The approximate cost to the U.S. from counterfeit sales was estimated to be as high $600 billion as of 2016. A 2017 report by the Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property, stated that China and Hong Kong accounted for 87 percent of counterfeit goods seized entering the United States, and claimed that the Chinese government encourages intellectual property theft. Utah Governor Jon Huntsman, who had served as U.S. ambassador to China, stated, "The vast, illicit transfer of American innovation is one of the most significant economic issues impacting U.S. competitiveness that the nation has not fully addressed. It looks to be, must be, a top priority of the new administration." In March 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to, among other things, ensure the timely and efficient enforcement of laws protecting Intellectual Property Rights holders from imported counterfeit goods. An Outside magazine article in 2016 discussed the psychology of sales, and the role of gullible consumers, perhaps blindly ignoring warning signs of a "killer deal", somehow justifying buying an item they know is a fake. Types Counterfeiters can include producers, distributors or retail sellers. Growing over 10,000% in the last two decades , counterfeit products exist in virtually every industry sector, including food, beverages, apparel, accessories, footwear, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, electronics, auto parts, toys, and currency. The spread of counterfeit goods are worldwide, with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in 2008 having estimated the global value of all counterfeit goods at $650 billion annually, increasing to $1.77 trillion by 2015. Countries mainly the U.S., U.K., Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, South Korea and Japan are among the hardest hit, as their economies thrive on producing high-value products, protected by intellectual property rights and trademarks. By 2017, the U.S. alone was estimated to be losing up to $600 billion each year to counterfeit goods, software piracy and the theft of copyrights and trade secrets. Alcoholic beverages In 2022 an Europol-Interpol operation called OPSON XI was led by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) targeting counterfeit and illicit alcoholic beverages. Customs and police authorities seized nearly 14.8 million liters of illicit drinks, including wine and beer. The seized items also included counterfeit bottles, packaging, and equipment for making sparkling wine. OLAF emphasized the dangers of food fraud to consumer health, legitimate businesses, and public revenue. Wine In China, counterfeit high-end wines are a growing beverage industry segment, where fakes are sold to Chinese consumers. Knock-off artists refill empty bottles from famous chateaux with inferior vintages. According to one source, "Upwardly mobile Chinese, eager to display their wealth and sophistication, have since developed a taste for imported wine along with other foreign luxuries." In China, wine consumption more than doubled since 2005, making China the seventh-largest market in the world. The methods used to dupe innocent consumers includes photocopying labels, creating different and phony chateaux names on the capsule and the label. Sometimes authentic bottles are used but another wine is added by using a syringe. The problem is so widespread in China, the U.S. and Europe, that auction house Christie's has begun smashing empty bottles with a hammer to prevent them from entering the black market. During one sale in 2008, a French vintner was "shocked to discover that '106 bottles out of 107' were fakes." According to one source, counterfeit French wines sold locally and abroad "could take on a much more serious amplitude in Asia because the market is developing at a dazzling speed." Vintners are either unable or hesitant to fight such counterfeiters: "There are no funds. Each lawsuit costs 500,000 euros," states one French vintner. In addition, some vintners, like product and food manufacturers, prefer to avoid any publicity regarding fakes to avoid injuring their brand names. Counterfeit wine is also found in the West, although primarily a problem for collectors of rare wine. Famous examples of counterfeiting include the case of Hardy Rodenstock, who was involved with the so-called "Jefferson bottles," and Rudy Kurniawan, who was indicted in March 2012 for attempting to sell faked bottles of La Tâche from Domaine de la Romanée-Conti and Clos St. Denis from Domaine Ponsot. In both cases, the victims of the fraud were high-end wine collectors, including Bill Koch, who sued both Rodenstock and Kurniawan over fake wines sold both at auction and privately. Online sales In a report by the U.S. GAO in 2018, approximately 79 percent of the American population had bought products online. They found numerous products which were sold online by Amazon, Walmart, eBay, Sears and Newegg were counterfeit. For 2017 it was estimated that online sales of counterfeit products amounted to $1.7 trillion. Pew Research Center states that worldwide such e-commerce sales are expected to reach over $4 trillion by 2020. CBP has reported that with e-commerce, consumers often import and export goods and services which allows for more cross-border transactions which gives counterfeiters direct access to consumers. Internet sales of counterfeit goods has been growing exponentially, according to the International Trademark Association, which lists a number of reasons why: Buyers often know they were victimized from online sales, as over a third (34%) said they were victimized two or three times, and 11% said they had bought fake goods three to five times. While many online sellers such as Amazon are not legally responsible for selling counterfeit goods, when items are brought to their attention by a buyer, they will apply a takedown procedure and quickly remove the product listing from their website. In buying counterfeit goods directly from other smaller sellers, location is becoming less a factor, since consumers can purchase products from all over the world and have them delivered straight to their doors by regular carriers, such as USPS, FedEx and UPS. Whereas in previous years international counterfeiters had to transport most counterfeits through large cargo shipments, criminals now can use small parcel mail to avoid most inspections. Apparel and accessories According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2016, Ray-Ban, Rolex, Supreme and Louis Vuitton were the most copied brands, with Nike being the most counterfeited brand globally. Counterfeit clothes, shoes, jewelry and handbags from designer brands are made in varying quality; sometimes the intent is only to fool the gullible buyer who only looks at the label and does not know what the real thing looks like, while others put some serious effort into mimicking fashion details. Others realize that most consumers do not care if the goods they buy are counterfeit and just wish to purchase inexpensive products. The popularity of designer jeans in the late 1970s and early 1980s spurred a flood of knockoffs. Factories that manufacture counterfeit designer brand garments and watches are usually located in developing countries, with between 85% and 95% of all counterfeit goods coming from China. Expensive watches are vulnerable to counterfeiting as well. In Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines, authentic-looking but poor quality watch fakes with self-winding mechanisms and fully working movements can sell for as little as US$20, with good quality ones selling for $100 and over. Some fakes' movements and materials are also of remarkably passable quality, albeit inconsistently so, and may look good and work well for some years, a possible consequence of increasing competition within the counterfeiting community. Some counterfeiters have begun to manufacture their goods in the same factory as the authentic goods. 'Yuandan goods' are those fakes that are produced in the same factory as legitimate designer pieces without authorized permission to do so. These goods are made from scraps and leftover materials from genuine products, produced illegally, and sold on the black market. Thailand has opened a Museum of Counterfeit Goods, displaying over 4,000 different items in 14 different categories that violate trademarks, patents, or copyrights. The oldest museum of this kind is located in Paris and is known as Musée de la Contrefaçon. In fashion, counterfeit goods are known as knock offs. These counterfeit goods are usually sold on markets and street corners. Though purchasing these goods might seem harmless to those who purchase them knowingly, the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau in England has advised people not to buy counterfeit goods, as their production often funds more serious crime. Many fashion houses try to stop knock offs from circulating in the market; Louis Vuitton has an entire team solely focused on stopping counterfeits. Gucci has adapted the counterfeit culture into its designs, changing the spelling of Gucci to 'Guccy' for its spring/summer 2018 collection and painting REAL all over the bags. Consumers may choose to actively dismiss these unclear origins of product when a trendy style is available for little money. The French terrorist attack in 2015 at Charlie Hebdo has been traced back to being funded by counterfeit products. According to Tommy Hilfiger's Alastair Grey, terrorists bought the guns used with funds gained from selling illegal luxury sneakers. This is more normal than consumers may think. Grey discusses how often sellers will be overlooked by watch-groups, as buying fakes from a distributor in China is less suspicious than other, more extreme criminal activity. The cause and effect of this discounting of crime is giving sellers money to partake in terrorism, human trafficking and child labour. Due to counterfeit shipping papers (which prevent customs from tracking them) and fake brands posing as unremarkable fashion companies but actually selling fake luxury goods, these sellers are challenging to track. Goods have been brought into the United States without the logos adorned on them in order to get past customs. They are then finished within the country. This is due to the increase in seizing of product at borders. The counterfeiters are reactive to the increasing crackdown on the illegal business practice. Stock-rooms have been replaced with mobile shopping vans that are constantly moving and difficult to track. Companies like Entrupy are determined to eradicate fake goods with an iPhone application and a standard small camera attachment which uses algorithms to detect even the most indistinguishable "super-fake". Online retailers are also having a difficult time keeping up with monitoring counterfeit items. Companies all over the internet are illegal e-boutiques that use platforms like eBay, Instagram and Amazon to sell counterfeit goods. Sometimes they own their own websites that have untraceable IP addresses that are often changed. Instagram is a difficult platform to trace, as sellers on it use WeChat, PayPal, and Venmo and typically talk with clients on platforms like WhatsApp. This all makes the transactions seamless and hard to track since payment is done via third party. Listings are also often posted on the story feature; hence, they are not permanent. The problem is getting larger according to Vox and is getting more difficult to monitor. In 2019, Amazon launched a program known as 'Project Zero' to work with brands to find counterfeit objects on the site. This technology has given private users and companies the capability to gauge handbags certification. Within time, this technology will be widely adaptable to larger platforms. Project Zero offers Amazon partners to flag fake listings without Amazon having to step in. Since Amazon has over five billion listings, a computerized element is also crucial for keeping up with getting rid of fakes. Based on assets and codes provided by Amazon partners, this program scans items and deletes fake ones. Recently, the battle between counterfeiters and retailers-designers has changed. Shifting opinions among young consumers has created increased demand for 'dupe' products that may not be a direct or illegal counterfeit but a clear copy of a more upmarket design. According to a report released by authentication service Entrupy, 52% of shoppers age 15-24 purchased a counterfeit item in 2022, and 37% of the cohort admits they knew the good was fake when they purchased it. Notably, Chinese e-commerce fast fashion retailer Shein and US e-commerce giant Amazon have enabled this trend. In 2019, multiple brands such as Nike and Birkenstock stopped selling their products on Amazon in protest of the flagrant counterfeits on the platform. Simultaneously, in the luxury market, high fashion brands such as Mugler are beginning to use blockchain technology to provide their products with unique digital identification, make authentication and ownership records simpler and also enabling customers to access unique online content. The European Commission has laid out regulations to require "Digital Product Passports" for new all textile products manufactured in or imported to the EU beginning in 2030. Electronics Counterfeit electronic components have proliferated in recent years, including integrated circuits (ICs), relays, circuit breakers, fuses, ground fault receptacles, and cable assemblies, as well as connectors. The value of counterfeit electronic components is estimated to total 2% of global sales or $460 billion in 2011. Counterfeit devices have been reverse-engineered (also called a Chinese Blueprint due to its prevalence in China) to produce a product that looks identical and performs like the original, and able to pass physical and electrical tests. Incidents involving counterfeit ICs has led to the Department of Defense and NASA to create programs to identify bogus parts and prevent them from entering the supply chain. "A failed connector can shut down a satellite as quickly as a defective IC," states product director Robert Hult. Such bogus electronics also pose a significant threat to various sectors of the economy, including the military. In 2012, a U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee report highlighted the risks when it identified approximately 1,800 cases of suspected counterfeit parts in the defense supply chain in 2009 and 2010. Counterfeit electronic parts can undermine the security and reliability of critical business systems, which can cause massive losses in revenue to companies and damage their reputation. They can also pose major threats to health and safety, such as when an implanted heart pacemaker stops, an anti-lock braking system (ABS) fails, or a cell phone battery explodes. In 2017 the OECD estimated that one in five (19%) of smartphones sold worldwide were counterfeit, with the numbers growing. Alibaba founder Jack Ma said "we need to fight counterfeits the same way we fight drunk driving." In some African countries, up to 60% of smartphones are counterfeit. Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible for most consumers to spot a fake since telling the difference requires a higher than average level of technical knowledge. Counterfeit phones cause financial losses for owners and distributors of legitimate devices, and a loss of tax income for governments. In addition, counterfeit phones are poorly made, can generate high radiation, contain harmful levels of dangerous elements such as lead, and have a high chance of including malware. Media Compact discs, videotapes, DVDs, computer software and other media that are easily copied can be counterfeited and sold through vendors at street markets, night markets, mail order, and numerous Internet sources, including open auction sites like eBay. If the counterfeit media has packaging good enough to be mistaken for the genuine product, it is sometimes sold as such. Music enthusiasts may use the term bootleg recording to differentiate otherwise-unavailable recordings from counterfeited copies of commercially released material. In 2014, nearly 30% of the UK population was knowingly or unknowingly involved in some form of piracy through streaming content online or buying counterfeit DVDs, with such theft costing the UK audiovisual industries about £500m a year. Counterfeits are particularly harmful to smaller, independent film-makers, who may have spent years raising money for the film. As a result, the value of intellectual property becomes eroded and films are less likely to be made. In 2018, U.S. agents seized more than 70,000 pirated copies of music and movies from a home in Fresno, California. Although it was a relatively small portion of all imported counterfeits, according to one expert: China has been targeted by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) for distributing pirated movies and television shows. A selection of websites, internet newsgroups, peer-to-peer online networks and physical locations renowned for sharing illegal content, were presented to officials. Other countries were also listed as sources, including Russia, Brazil, Canada, Thailand and Indonesia. In August 2011, it was reported that at least 22 fake Apple Stores were operating in parts of China, despite others having been shut down in the past by authorities at other locations. The following month, also in China, it was discovered that people were attempting to recreate the popular Angry Birds franchise into a theme park (see here) without permission from its Finnish copyright/trademark owners. 3D printed products Counterfeiting of countless items with either large or relatively cheap 3D printers, is a growing problem. The sophisticated printing material and the ever-expanding supply of digital CAD designs available online, will contribute to a black market for counterfeit goods. The Gartner Group estimated that intellectual property loss due to 3D printer counterfeiting could total $100 billion by 2018. Among the technological fields that can be victimized by counterfeits are auto and aircraft parts, toys, medical devices, drugs and even human organs. According to one intellectual property law firm: Along with making illicit parts for almost any major product, the fashion industry has become a major target of counterfeiters using 3D printing. The OHIM in 2017 found that approximately 10% of fashion products sold worldwide are counterfeits, amounting to approximately $28.5 billion of lost revenues per year in Europe alone. Industry leaders feared that budding counterfeiters would soon be creating bags, apparel and jewelry at a lower production cost after gaining access to pirated blueprints or digital files from manufacturers. Toys Counterfeit toys leave children exposed to potentially toxic chemicals and the risk of choking. An estimated 10 to 12 percent of toys sold in the UK in 2017 were counterfeit, with the influx of counterfeit goods coming primarily from China. Trading Standards, a UK safety organization, seizes tens of thousands of toys every month to prevent children coming into contact with them, according to the British Toy and Hobby Association (BTHA). Australian toy manufacturer Moose Toys have experienced problems with counterfeiting of their popular Shopkins toys in 2015. In 2013, five New York-based companies were accused of importing hazardous and counterfeit toys from China. Among the merchandise seized were knockoff toys featuring popular children's characters such as Winnie the Pooh, Dora the Explorer, SpongeBob SquarePants, Betty Boop, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Power Rangers, Spider-Man, Tweety, Mickey Mouse, Lightning McQueen and Pokémon. In 2017, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection seized $121,442 worth of counterfeit children's toys that arrived into port from China and was destined for a North Carolina-based importer. The shipment was found to contain multiple items bearing trademarks and copyrights registered to Cartoon Network, Saban Brands, and Danjaq, LLC. Pharmaceuticals According to the U.S. FBI, the counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals accounts for an estimated $600 billion in global trade, and may be the "crime of the 21st century." They add that it "poses significant adverse health and economic consequences for individuals and corporations alike." The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 30% of pharmaceuticals in developing countries are fake, stating that "Anyone, anywhere in the world, can come across medicines seemingly packaged in the right way but which do not contain the correct ingredients and, in the worst-case scenario, may be filled with highly toxic substances." About one-third of the world's countries lack effective drug regulatory agencies, which makes them easy prey for counterfeiters. Globally, more than half of counterfeit pharmaceuticals sold are for life-threatening conditions, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. An estimated one million people die each year from taking toxic counterfeit medication. With the increase of internet sales, such fake drugs easily cross international boundaries and can be sold directly to unsuspecting buyers. In September 2017, Interpol, after a 10-year investigation, took down 3,584 websites in various countries, removed 3,000 online ads promoting illicit pharmaceuticals, and arrested 400 people. The majority of online pharmacies taken down did not require a prescription to order the medicines and most sold potentially dangerous bogus versions of real drugs. One target for the operation was the illicit trade in opioid painkillers, especially fentanyl, which is 50 to 100 times stronger than morphine. Counterfeit versions of other narcotics like OxyContin and Percocet also contain fentanyl as a key ingredient. Online pharmacies had flooded the US market and contributed to the opioid epidemic, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) claiming that sixty-six percent (66%) of the 63,600 overdose deaths in 2016 were caused by opioids, including fentanyl. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) found that "customers can purchase fentanyl products from Chinese laboratories online with powdered fentanyl and pill presses" which are then shipped directly to buyers via regular mail services such as USPS, DHL, FedEx, and UPS. Buyers are attracted to rogue online pharmacies since they pose as legitimate businesses. Consumers are motivated by lower prices, and some are attracted by the ability to obtain prescription drugs without a prescription. Of the drugs bought online, however, 90 percent are found to come from a country different from one the website claims. A 2018 report by the DHS The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines counterfeit drugs as those sold under a product name without proper authorization: "Counterfeiting can apply to both brand name and generic products, where the identity of the source is mislabeled in a way that suggests that it is the authentic approved product. Counterfeit products may include products without the active ingredient, with an insufficient or excessive quantity of the active ingredient, with the wrong active ingredient, or with fake packaging." According to The Economist, between 15%-30% of antibiotic drugs in Africa and South-East Asia are fake, while the UN estimated in 2013 that roughly half of the antimalarial drugs sold in Africa—worth some $438m a year—are counterfeit. In early 2018 29 tons in counterfeit medicine were seized by Interpol in Niger. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals has found fake versions of at least 20 of its products, such as Viagra and Lipitor, in the legitimate supply chains of at least 44 countries. Pfizer also found that nearly 20% of Europeans had obtained medicines through illicit channels, amounting to $12.8 billion in sales. Other experts estimate the global market for fake medications could be worth between $75 billion and $200 billion a year, as of 2010. Other prescription drugs that have been counterfeited are Plavix, used to treat blood clots, Zyprexa for schizophrenia, Casodex, used to treat prostate cancer, Tamiflu, used to treat influenza, including Swine flu, and Aricept, used to treat Alzheimers. The EU reported that as of 2005 India was by far the biggest supplier of fake drugs, accounting for 75 percent of the global cases of counterfeit medicine. However, many drugs and other consumer products that were supposedly made in India, were actually made in China and imported into India. Another 7% came from Egypt and 6% from China. Those involved in their production and distribution include "medical professionals" such as corrupt pharmacists and physicians, organized crime syndicates, rogue pharmaceutical companies, corrupt local and national officials, and terrorist organizations. Food Food fraud, "the intentional adulteration of food with cheaper ingredients for economic gain," is a well-documented crime that has existed in the U.S. and Europe for many decades. As of 2014, it has only received more attention in recent years as the fear of bioterrorism has increased. Numerous cases of intentional food fraud have been discovered. As of 2013, the foods most commonly listed as adulterated or mislabelled in the United States Pharmacopeia Convention's Food Fraud Database were: milk, olive oil, honey, saffron, fish, coffee, orange juice, apple juice, black pepper, and tea. A 2014 report by the U.S. Congressional Research Service listed the leading food categories with reported cases of fraud as olive oil; fish and seafood; milk and milk-based products; honey, maple syrup, and other natural sweeteners; fruit juice; coffee and tea; spices; organic foods and products; and clouding agents. Deceptive and inaccurate ingredient lists are increasingly common. United States In 2008, U.S. consumers were "panicked" and a "media firestorm" ensued when Chinese milk was discovered to have been adulterated with the chemical melamine, to make milk appear to have a higher protein content in government tests. It caused 900 infants to be hospitalized and resulted in six deaths. In 2007, the University of North Carolina found that 77 percent of fish labeled as red snapper was actually tilapia, a common and less flavorful species. The Chicago Sun-Times tested fish at 17 sushi restaurants found that fish being sold as red snapper actually was mostly tilapia. Other inspections uncovered catfish being sold as grouper, which normally sells for nearly twice as much as catfish. Fish is the most frequently faked food Americans buy, which includes "...selling a cheaper fish, such as pen-raised Atlantic salmon, as wild Alaska salmon." In one test, Consumer Reports found that less than half of supposedly "wild-caught" salmon sold in 2005-2006 were actually wild, and the rest were farmed. French cognac was discovered to have been adulterated with brandy, and their honey was mixed with cheaper sugars, such as high-fructose corn syrup. In 2008, U.S. food safety officers seized more than 10,000 cases of counterfeit extra virgin olive oil, worth more than $700,000 from warehouses in New York and New Jersey. Olive oil is considered one of the most frequently counterfeited food products, according to the FDA, with one study finding that many products labeled as "extra-virgin olive oil" actually contained up to 90% soybean oil. From 2010 until 2012, the conservation group Oceana analyzed 1,200 seafood samples from 674 retail outlets in 21 U.S. states. A third of the samples contained the DNA of a different type of fish to the one stated on the product label. They found that fish with high levels of mercury such as tilefish and king mackerel were being passed off as relatively safe fish like grouper. Snapper (87%) and tuna (59%) were the most commonly mislabeled species. Genetic testing by the Boston Globe in 2011 found widespread mislabelling of fish served in area restaurants. The "secondary" grocery industry is susceptible to food fraud by diverting products deemed unfit for consumption. The Food and Drug Administration, the primary regulatory body for food safety and enforcement in the United States, admits that the "sheer magnitude of the potential crime" makes prevention difficult, along with the fact that food safety is not treated as a high priority. They note that with more than 300 ports of entry through which 13 percent of America's food supply passes, the FDA is only able to inspect about two percent of that food. New U.S. seafood tracing regulations were announced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2015. Europe Food counterfeiting is a serious threat in Europe, especially for countries with a high number of trademark products such as Italy. In 2005, EU customs seized more than 75 million counterfeited goods, including foods, medicines and other goods, partly due to Internet sales. More than five million counterfeit food-related items, including drinks and alcohol products, were seized. According to the EU's taxation and customs commissioner, "A secret wave of dangerous fakes is threatening the people in Europe." Incidents The 2008 Irish pork crisis was pork contaminated with dioxins. The 2013 horse meat scandal was a multinational incident involving horse meat (and pork) being found in food products that were labelled as only containing beef. The 2013 European aflatoxin contamination scandal involved milk contaminated with aflatoxins. Asia Food fraud is a growing concern in Asia–Pacific. Examples include the injection of non-food grade gels into shrimp and prawns to increase their weight and visual appeal and gutter oil. Cosmetics U.S. Customs and Border Protection suggest that the cosmetic industry is losing about $75 million annually based on the amount of imitation products that are smuggled into the U.S. each year. In addition to the lost revenue, cosmetics brands are damaged when consumers experience unhealthy side effects, such as eye infections or allergic reactions, from counterfeit products. Customs agents seized more than 2,000 shipments of counterfeit beauty products in 2016, and noted that fake personal care items were more common than knockoff handbags. One of the biggest threats to beauty consumers is the risk that they are buying counterfeit products on familiar 3rd party retail platforms like Amazon. Cigarettes Illicit cigarettes are an example of the multi-pronged threat of counterfeiting, providing hundreds of millions of dollars per year to terrorist groups. The harm arising from this amalgam of contaminants sits on top of any baseline hazard ascribed to commercial tobacco products. With the sales of illicit cigarettes in Turkey, for example, exceeding 16.2 billion cigarettes per year, Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan labeled counterfeit tobacco as "more dangerous than terrorism". Military items According to a U.S. Senate committee report in 2012 and reported by ABC News, "counterfeit electronic parts from China are 'flooding' into critical U.S. military systems, including special operations helicopters and surveillance planes, and are putting the nation's troops at risk." The report notes that Chinese companies take discarded electronic parts from other nations, remove any identifying marks, wash and refurbish them, and then resell them as brand-new – "a practice that poses a significant risk to the performance of U.S. military systems. It must be noted in this case however that it is usually not the components themselves which are counterfeit: they have in most instances been fabricated by the expected manufacturer or by a licensee who has paid for the appropriate intellectual property. Rather, what is fraudulent is the issuing by the reseller of a Certificate of Conformity that claims that their provenance is traceable, sometimes accompanied by the components being remarked to make it appear that they have been manufactured and tested to more stringent standards than is actually the case. There have, however, been situations where components have been fully counterfeit. A fairly typical example is that of USB to Serial port "dongles" ostensibly manufactured by FTDI, Prolific and others which in practice contain a general-purpose microcontroller which has been programmed to implement the same programming interface to a greater or lesser extent. Another example is that of electrolytic capacitors which have been sold as originating from a highly regarded manufacturer but in practice are merely shells which contain a lower-specification (and physically smaller) component internally. Other counterfeit product categories These include items which purport to be original art, designer watches, designer china, accessories such as sunglasses and handbags, and all varieties of antiques. In some cases the copying process has proceeded through several vendors, and it is possible to see gradual changes as the chain of "counterfeits of counterfeits" progresses. These products frequently show up for sale on online sites such as Amazon and eBay. Efforts to report them as fraudulent receive little response. Enforcement United States On November 29, 2010, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security seized and shut down 82 websites as part of a U.S. crackdown of websites that sell counterfeit goods, and was timed to coincide with "Cyber Monday," the start of the holiday online shopping season. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that "by seizing these domain names, we have disrupted the sale of thousands of counterfeit items, while also cutting off funds to those willing to exploit the ingenuity of others for their own personal gain." Members of Congress proposed the PROTECT IP Act to block access to foreign Web sites offering counterfeit goods. Some U.S. politicians are proposing to fine those who buy counterfeit goods, such as those sold in New York's Canal Street market. In Europe, France has already created stiff sentences for sellers or buyers, with punishments up to 3 years in prison and a $300,000 fine. Also in Europe, non-profit organizations such as the European Anti-Counterfeiting Network, fight the global trade in counterfeit goods. During a counterfeit bust in New York in 2007, federal police, with the help of local Private Investigator Ray Dowd, seized $200 million in fake designer clothing, shoes, and accessories from one of the largest-ever counterfeit smuggling rings. Labels seized included Chanel, Nike, Burberry, Ralph Lauren and Baby Phat. Counterfeit goods are a "...major plague for fashion and luxury brands," and numerous companies have made legal efforts to block the sale of counterfeits from China. Many of the goods are sold to retail outlets in Brooklyn and Queens. For trademark owners wishing to identify and prevent the importation of counterfeit goods, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency supports a supplemental registration of trademarks through their Intellectual Property Rights e-Recordation program. In 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to, among other things, ensure the timely and efficient enforcement of laws protecting intellectual property rights holders from imported counterfeit goods. Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) In October 2011, a bill was introduced entitled Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA). If the bill had been passed, it would have expanded the ability of U.S. law enforcement and copyright holders to fight online trafficking in copyrighted intellectual property and counterfeit goods. The bill would have allowed the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as copyright holders, to seek court orders against websites accused of enabling or facilitating copyright infringement. Opponents of the bill stated that it could have crippled the Internet through selective censorship and limiting free speech. In regards to the bill, the Obama administration stressed that "the important task of protecting intellectual property online must not threaten an open and innovative internet." The legislation was later withdrawn by its author, Rep. Lamar Smith. China In China counterfeiting is so deeply rooted that crackdowns on shops selling counterfeit cause public protests during which the authorities are derided as "bourgeois puppets of foreigners." The 2018 E-Commerce Law, along with the Consumer Protection Law, require e-commerce platforms to take proper action if they are aware or should be aware of fraudulent online behavior by merchants, including the sales of fraudulent goods. If merchants are found to have sold counterfeit goods, the Consumer Protection Law imposes a penalty of three times their value to compensate consumers. If platforms have prior knowledge of counterfeit goods being sold, then the E-Commerce Law makes them jointly liable with merchants engaged in sale of such goods. These risks also prompted platforms to take a stricter view towards shanzhai products. Other countries On October 1, 2011, the governments of eight nations including Japan and the United States signed the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), which is designed to help protect intellectual property rights, especially costly copyright and trademark theft. The signing took place a year after diligent negotiations among 11 governments: Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and the United States. As of 2011, the EU, Mexico, Switzerland and China had not yet signed the agreement. Due to the latter, critics evaluated the agreement as insubstantial. Countries like Nigeria fight brand trademark infringement on a national level but the penalties are dwarfed by the earnings outlook for counterfeiters: "As grievous as this crime is, which is even worse than armed robbery, the penalty is like a slap on the palm, the most ridiculous of which is a fine of 50,000 naira ($307). Any offender would gladly pay this fine and return to business the next day." In early 2018 Interpol confiscated tonnes of fake products worth $25 million and arrested hundreds of suspects and broke up organized crime networks in 36 different countries on four continents. They raided markets, chemists, retail outlets, warehouses and border control points, where they seized among other things, pharmaceuticals, food, vehicle parts, tobacco products, clothing, and agrochemicals. Over 7.2 million counterfeit and illicit items weighing more than 120 tonnes were confiscated. Human rights laws Counterfeit products are often produced in violation of basic human rights and child labor laws and human rights laws, as they are often created in illegal sweatshops. Clothing manufacturers often rely on sweatshops using children in what some consider "slave labor" conditions. According to one organization, there are some 3,000 such sweatshops in and around Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author Dana Thomas described the conditions she witnessed in other country's sweatshops, noting that children workers are often smuggled into countries and sold into labor: U.S. Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor, who has tried to prosecute counterfeiters, notes that major industries have suffered the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs due to the exploitation of child labor in sweatshops in New York and Asia. Those often produce dangerous merchandise, such as fake auto parts or toys, made of toxic and easily breakable materials. The profits often support terrorist groups, drug cartels, people smugglers and street gangs. The FBI has found evidence that a portion of the financing of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing came from a store selling counterfeit T-shirts. The same has been found surrounding many other organized crime activities. According to Bruce Foucart, director of US Homeland Security's National Intellectual Property Coordination Centre, the sales of counterfeit goods funded the Charlie Hebdo attack of 2016 in Paris, which left 12 people dead and nearly a dozen more injured. Sales of pirated CDs have been linked to funding the 2004 Madrid train bombing, and investigations firm Carratu connects money from counterfeit goods to Hezbollah, Al Qaeda, the Japanese Yakuza, the ETA, and the Russian Mob. The crackdown on counterfeit goods has not only become a matter of human rights but one of national and international security in various countries. The FBI has called product counterfeiting "the crime of the 21st century." Internet shopping sites Major internet shopping sites, such as Amazon.com, eBay.com, and Alibaba.com, provide complaint pages where listings of counterfeit goods can be reported. The reporter must show that it owns the intellectual property (e.g. trademark, patent, copyright) being presented on the counterfeit listings. The shopping site will then do an internal investigation and if it agrees, it will take the counterfeit listing down. The actual execution of such investigations, at least, on Amazon and eBay, seems to be limited in reality. Social media platforms Besides online market sites, the shift to digital for luxury and consumer goods have led to both promising opportunities and serious risks. The British government released a study stating 1/5 of all items tagged with luxury good brand names on Instagram are fakes with 20% of the posts featuring counterfeit goods from accounts usually based in China, Russia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Ukraine. It also highlights the scale, impact, and characteristics of infringement, and that sophistication from counterfeiters continues to grow through social media platforms. In 2016, in a span of 3-day period, Instagram has identified 20,892 fake accounts selling counterfeit goods, collectively responsible for 14.5 million posts, 146,958 new images and gaining 687,817 new followers, with Chanel (13.90%), Prada (9.69%) and Louis Vuitton (8.51%) being the top affected brands according to a study from The Washington Post. Social media and mobile applications have turned into ideal platforms for transactions and trades. Counterfeit users and sellers would set up online accounts on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook and post counterfeit or illicit products through ways of sponsored ads and deals. The consumer can easily contact buyers and purchase the counterfeit goods unknowingly by email, WhatsApp, WeChat, and PayPal. As social media watchdogs and groups are working on cracking and shutting down accounts selling counterfeit goods, counterfeiters continue to operate 24 hours with advanced systems in algorithms, artificial intelligence, and spambots using tactics involving automatic account creation, avoidance in detection and tax-and-duty-free law. It is advised by many that brands, tech platforms, governments and consumers require a comprehensive strategy and cross-sector collaboration to combat the multifaceted system enabling the international counterfeit market. So far, only United Kingdom, Scotland and Erie representatives have taken the initiative by using law enforcement and criminal charges to fight against counterfeiting and piracy on social media accounts. This concern still needs tremendous effort in updating its enforcement policies in online counterfeiting. Below are some emerging solutions suggested by World Trademark Review: Social media surveillance – New technical filters and deploy further resources; engaging in open information sharing; and promoting broader awareness in public campaigns Continued enforcement measures – Rogue website actions; customs training and cooperation with law enforcement; and addressing counterfeit goods at the source Reinforce in postal service – advance data screening for mail parcels and shipments Adopting a set of best practices in payment processors Collaborate with third-party cooperation for reliance Anti-counterfeiting packaging Packaging can be engineered to help reduce the risks of package pilferage or the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage and some have pilfer indicating seals. Counterfeit consumer goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be reduced with these anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include authentication seals and use security printing to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit; these too are subject to counterfeiting. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include: 2D barcodes - data codes that can be tracked Color shifting ink or film - visible marks that switch colors or texture when tilted DNA tracking - genes embedded onto labels that can be traced Encrypted micro-particles - unpredictably placed markings (numbers, layers, and colors) not visible to the human eye Forensic markers Holograms - graphics printed on seals, patches, foils or labels and used at point of sale for visual verification Kinetic diffraction grating images Micro-printing - second line authentication often used on currencies NFC (Near Field Communication) tagging for authentication - short-range wireless connectivity that stores information between devices Overt and covert feature QR code Security pigments and inks - marks only visible under ultraviolet light and is not under normal lighting conditions Security tape and labels Serialized barcodes Tactile prints - dots printed directly onto surface of the product, provide embossed finishes to highlight specific design features Tamper evident seals and tapes - destructible or graphically verifiable at point of sale Taggant fingerprinting - uniquely coded microscopic materials that are verified from a database Track and trace systems - use codes to link products to database tracking system Water indicators - become visible when contacted with water With the increasing sophistication of counterfeiters techniques, there is an increasing need for designers and technologists to develop even more creative solutions to distinguish genuine products from frauds, incorporating unique and less obvious aspects of identification into the design of goods. One of the most impressive of techniques exploits anisotropic optical characteristics of conjugated polymers. Engineers have developed specialized markings and patterns that can be incorporated within the designs of textiles that can only be detected under polarized lights. Similar to methods implemented in the production of currency, invisible threads and dyes are used to create unique designs within the weaves of luxury textiles that cannot be replicated by counterfeiters due to a unique set of fibres, anisotropic tapes, and polymer dyes used by the brand and manufacturer. See also References Further reading Sara R. Ellis, Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic, 78 Tenn. L. Rev. 163 (2010). Phillips, Tim. Knockoff: The Deadly Trade in Counterfeit Goods Kogan Page, U.K. (2006) Wilson, Bee. Swindled: The Dark History of Food Fraud, from Poisoned Candy to Counterfeit Coffee, Princeton University Press (2008) Ellis, D.I., Brewster, V.L., Dunn, W.B., Allwood, J.W., Golovanov, A. and Goodacre, R. (2012) Fingerprinting food: current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 5706–5727. Ellis, D.I., Muhamadali, H., Haughey, S.A., Elliott, C.T. and Goodacre, R. (2015) Point-and-shoot: rapid quantitative detection methods for on-site food fraud analysis – moving out of the laboratory and into the food supply chain. Analytical Methods. 7, 9401–9414. Share and share alike: the challenges from social media for intellectual property rights. UK Government: Intellectual Property Office. 2017. 99. 1–150. . Stroppa, A., & Stefano, D. D. (2016). Social media and luxury goods counterfeit: a growing concern for government, industry and consumers worldwide (pp. 1–50, Rep.) (B. Parrella, Ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post. External links National Food Safety and Toxicology Center The Counterfeit Food Scope and Threat Seminar at the Michigan State University Food fraud and "economically motivated adulteration" of food and food ingredients at the Congressional Research Service Fingerprinting food: Current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination in the Chemical Society Reviews Detecting Food Authenticity and Integrity, Royal Society of Chemistry themed collection Point-and-shoot: rapid quantitative detection methods for on-site food fraud analysis – moving out of the laboratory and into the food supply chain Through-container, extremely low concentration detection of multiple chemical markers of counterfeit alcohol using a handheld SORS device Counterfeit consumer goods Commercial crimes Authentication methods Ethically disputed business practices
2615354	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA	Сура Аль-Мульк	Сура Аль-Мульк або Влада — шістдесят сьома сура Корану. Мединська, містить 30 аятів. Література Коран. Переклад смислів українською мовою. Пер. з арабської Михайло Якубович; редактор: Людмила Таран. Київ: Основи. 2015. 448 стор. ISBN 978-966-500-361-8 Коран Молитва в ісламі
23049091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenShot	OpenShot	OpenShot Video Editor is a free and open-source video editor for Windows, macOS, Linux, and ChromeOS. The project started in August 2008 by Jonathan Thomas, with the objective of providing a stable, free, and friendly to use video editor. The program supports Windows, macOS, and Linux ever since version 2.1.0 (released in 2016). OpenShot added support for ChromeOS in version 2.6.0 (released in 2021). There is an unofficial portable version beginning in 2020. OpenShot is written in Python, PyQt5, C++ and offers a Python API. OpenShot's core video editing functionality is implemented in a C++ library, libopenshot. The core audio editing is based on the JUCE library. Video formats and codecs supported OpenShot supports commonly used video compression formats that are supported by FFmpeg, including WebM (VP9), AVCHD (libx264), HEVC (libx265), and audio codecs such as mp3 (libmp3lame) and aac (libfaac). The program can render MPEG4, ogv, Blu-ray and DVD video, Full HD, 4K UHD, 8K UHD, and 16K UHD videos. Features Cross-platform video editing software (Linux, macOS, Windows and ChromeOS). Support for many video, audio, and image formats using the FFmpeg library. For a full list of supported formats, see the FFmpeg project. Powerful curve-based Key frame animations. The key frames interpolation mode can be quadratic bezier curves, linear, or constant, which determines how the animated values are calculated. Desktop integration (drag and drop support, native file browsers, window borders). Unlimited tracks / layers Tracks are used to layer images, videos, and audio in a project. Any transparency will show through the layer below it. Tracks can also be moved up, down, or locked. Clip resizing, scaling, trimming, snapping, rotation, cutting, alpha, and adjusting X,Y location. Video transitions with real-time previews. The quickness and sharpness of the transitions can also be adjusted using keyframes (if needed). Overlapping two clips will create a new transition automatically. Compositing, image overlays, watermarks When arranging clips in a video project, images on the higher tracks/layers will be displayed on top, and the lower tracks will be displayed behind them. Much like a stack of paper, items on top cover up items below them. And if you cut any holes out (i.e. transparency) the lower images will show though. Title templates, title creation, sub-titles. 3D animated titles (and effects) using Blender. Advanced Timeline, with features including: Drag & drop, scrolling, alignment, panning, zooming, slicing, preset animation and settings, etc. Frame accuracy (step through each frame of video) with keyboard support. Time-mapping and speed changes on clips (slow/fast, forward/backward, etc...). Audio mixing and editing features, such as displaying waveforms on the timeline, or even rendering the waveform as part of your video. You can also split the audio from your video clip, and adjust each audio channel individually. Note: audio must be recorded separately and added in as a track, as openshot does not have a audio dub feature. Digital video effects, including brightness, gamma, hue, greyscale, chroma key (bluescreen / greenscreen). Reviews A 2010 review of version 1.0 found it to be of alpha quality and not suited for productive use by the general public. In 2011, TechRadar recognized OpenShot Video Editor as the Best Linux Application of 2011. On March 31, 2017, a review by Bryan Lunduke on Network World lauded Openshot 2.3 for "its new transformation tool and title editor—as well as its smooth performance". Lunduke also positively mentioned the Linux distribution-agnostic packaging under usage of AppImage. In 2018, ReShift awarded OpenShot a Tech Award in the Video-Editing category. The Tech Awards are a shared initiative of The Netherlands biggest and most influential techmedia: Computer!Totaal, PCM, Zoom.nl, Computer Idee, BesteProduct.nl, Techpanel, Power Unlimited, Insidegamer.nl and Gamer.nl. TechRadar's Oct 2020 review gave it 2 out of 5 stars, suggested the program was stable but "some features don’t work making editing frustrating". TechRadar's Jul. 2022 review gave it 3 out of 5 stars, stating that "the new tools mostly add useful features" and praising the editing interface as being "extremely flexible". See also Comparison of video editing software List of video editing software Shotcut (open source video editor) References External links Film and video technology Free and open-source video-editing software Free software programmed in Python Multimedia software Software that uses PyGObject Video editing software for Windows Video editing software for Linux Video editing software that uses GTK
40628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley%20Wickenheiser	Hayley Wickenheiser	Hayley Wickenheiser (born August 12, 1978) is a Canadian former ice hockey player, resident physician and assistant general manager for the Toronto Maple Leafs. She was the first woman to play full-time professional men’s hockey in a position other than goalie. Wickenheiser was a member of Canada women's national ice hockey team for 23 years, from 1994 until announcing her retirement on January 13, 2017, and is the team's career points leader with 168 goals and 211 assists in 276 games. She represented Canada at the Winter Olympics five times, capturing four gold and one silver medal and twice being named tournament MVP, and one time at the Summer Olympics in softball, and is a seven-time winner of the world championships. She is tied with teammates Caroline Ouellette and Jayna Hefford for the record for the most gold medals of any Canadian Olympian, and is widely considered to be the greatest female ice hockey player of all time. On February 20, 2014, Wickenheiser was elected to the International Olympic Committee's Athletes' Commission. In 2019, she was named to the Hockey Hall of Fame, in her first year of eligibility. She was also inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2019, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2022. Ice hockey career Early years Wickenheiser began playing minor ice hockey on outdoor rinks in her hometown of Shaunavon, Saskatchewan when she was five years old. She played exclusively on boys' teams until she was 13. Wickenheiser continued playing minor hockey in Calgary, Alberta after moving there with her family. In 1991, she represented Alberta at the 18-and-under Canada Winter Games. Alberta captured the gold medal in the tournament, with Wickenheiser scoring the game-winning goal and being named the Most Valuable Player of the final game. International competition At the age of 15 (1994), Wickenheiser was named to Canada's National Women's Team for the first time and remained a member until her retirement in 2017. Her first international tournament was the 1994 World Championship, held in Lake Placid, New York. She played three games, and picked up her first international point—an assist, and Canada won gold. Her second World Championship in 1997 also produced a gold medal and she earned a spot on the tournament All-Star team, the first of four such honours (1997, 1999, 2000, 2005). In 1999, Wickenheiser helped Canada to another gold medal and was named tournament MVP. Wickenheiser has seven World Championship gold medals (1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2012) and three silver medals (2005, 2008, 2009). She was named to Team Canada in 2001, but was unable to compete due to an injury, and was also on Canada's roster for the 2003 World Championship which was cancelled. Wickenheiser was a member of Team Canada at the 1998 Winter Olympics, when women's hockey was introduced as a medal sport. She also played 21 games for Team Canada during their pre-Olympic tour. Canada won a silver medal at the event and Wickenheiser was named to the tournament all-star team. Her performance at the 1998 Olympics impressed Men's Team Canada General Manager Bobby Clarke so much, that he invited her to participate in the Philadelphia Flyers rookie camps in 1998 and 1999. 2002 was another chance at Olympic gold, and Wickenheiser was named to Canada's roster for the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah. On Team Canada's pre-Olympic tour, Wickenheiser played 26 games and racked up 36 points. In a bit of redemption for 1998, Canada won the gold medal by defeating Team USA in the final game. Wickenheiser was named Tournament MVP and she was the top scorer on the Women's side. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Canada was defending its gold medal status. When the final match was set, Canada was facing off against Sweden, a surprise finalist. They won gold again, and Wickenheiser once more was named tournament MVP, Top Forward, and to a berth on the all-star team. She also led the tournament in scoring, with five goals and 17 points in five games. Wickenheiser captained Canada to a gold medal at the 1998 Christmas Cup (World Women's Under-22 Championship). She has also contributed to at least 10 gold medals for Canada at the 4 Nations Cup tournaments (1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010). At the 2006 Four Nations Cup, she served as team captain. On February 17, 2010, Wickenheiser became the all-time leading Olympic goal scorer as Canada defeated Sweden 13–1 at the Vancouver Olympics. Wickenheiser reached her record total of 16 career Olympic goals by scoring once on Wednesday as Canada followed up their 18–0 win over Slovakia and 10–1 defeat of Switzerland. Wickenheiser attended the World Hockey Summit in 2010, to address the status of women's hockey internationally. International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge stated that the tournament might be eliminated from the Olympics since the event was not competitively balanced. Either Canada and the United States had won the gold since the event began in 1998, and the two countries had also won each IIHF World Women's Championship since the event began in 1990. She explained that the talent gap between the North American and European countries was due to the presence of women's professional leagues in North America, along with year-round training facilities. She stated the European players were talented, but their respective national team programs were not given the same level of support as the European men's national teams, or the North American women's national teams. With a third and fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal in women's hockey won by defeating the United States 2–0 in Vancouver and 3–2 in Sochi, Wickenheiser won 5 Olympic medals: 4 gold and 1 silver. She is one of only five athletes to win gold in four consecutive Winter Games, along with teammates Jayna Hefford and Caroline Ouellette. At her retirement in 2017 she was the Olympic tournament’s all-time leading scorer with 18 goals and 51 points. Wickenheiser took the athlete's oath in English at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Vancouver, British Columbia and was Canada's flagbearer at the Sochi Winter Olympics in 2014. Women's professional leagues In 1996, Wickenheiser was named MVP of the Esso women's hockey nationals, helping Alberta to a fourth-place finish. In 1997 and 1998, Wickenheiser won Nationals with the Edmonton Chimos and Calgary Oval X-Treme respectively. She was named tournament MVP both years. Between 1999 and 2001, Wickenheiser continued to play for her club teams at the Esso Women's National Championships, winning a gold medal and two silvers. She played 2004–05 with the Calgary Oval X-Treme, in the inaugural season of the Western Women's Hockey League. The X-Treme were league champions. Wickenheiser was the regular season leading scorer and named to the league's all-star team. She also played for Alberta at the Esso National Championships, where they won gold. She led the tournament in scoring and was named MVP. Men's professional leagues In 2003, Wickenheiser became the first woman to score a goal playing in a men's semi-professional league (for HC Salamat in Suomi-sarja, Finland's third-division league). Over the course of the two seasons, Wickenheiser played 22 games, scoring 1 goals and 3 assists. Wickenheiser joined a European league to play professional hockey, as the game is more open and less physical than North American leagues. This attempt to play professional hockey was not an entirely smooth process, as Wickenheiser was initially slated to play in Italy, until the Italian Winter Sports Federation ruled that women were ineligible to play in a men's league. She also turned down an offer from Phil Esposito to play for the Cincinnati Cyclones of the ECHL. Finland's Hockey Federation unanimously supported letting women play in a men's league, allowing her to debut with HC Salamat in the Suomi-sarja, the third highest hockey league in Finland, on January 10, 2003. Wickenheiser played briefly with Salamat in 2004. They had won promotion to Mestis, Finland's second tier of professional hockey, and this was not as good a fit for her. She left the team after ten games. In 2007, Wickenheiser had a week-long tryout contract with Swedish club IFK Arboga IK in the Swedish male third league. After two practice games, where Wickenheiser scored two goals in the first game, she was not offered a contract. In 2008, Wickenheiser signed a one-year contract with Eskilstuna Linden, also in the Swedish men's third league. Wickenheiser was named one of the "Top 100 Most Influential People in Hockey" by The Hockey News—ranked #59 on the 2011 List—one of the "25 Toughest Athletes" by Sports Illustrated, and one of the "Top 50 Most Powerful Women in Canada" by The Globe and Mail. Wickenheiser scored a goal as a member of Team Black in the 2nd Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game. Appearing with the Calgary Inferno in the 2016 Clarkson Cup finals, she logged two assists as the Inferno emerged victorious in a convincing 8-3 final. Canadian university hockey Wickenheiser joined the 2010–11 Calgary Dinos women's ice hockey team that competes in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS). The Dinos were playing their second season of CIS hockey, and Wickenheiser was expected to provide leadership to a young team. While with the Dinos, Wickenheiser played for her former teammate, Danielle Goyette, the team's head coach. Wickenheiser also completed a degree in kinesiology at Calgary. The Dinos were Wickenheiser's choice because the team practices every day, and she was able to stay in Calgary with her family. Under CIS rules, Wickenheiser began her first year of eligibility in 2010 because she had never played university hockey. Players have up to five years of eligibility. In her CIS debut against the University of Regina, Wickenheiser scored two goals and added an assist in a 4–3 victory. There were 587 people in attendance. Wickenheiser was named the Canada West female athlete of the week on November 2, 2010 after scoring three goals and adding an assist in two games against the University of Alberta. Despite only playing in 15 of the Dino's 24 regular season games, Wickenheiser finished tied for the conference lead in scoring with 40 points (17 goals and 23 assists), and finishing with a plus-minus of +22. She scored four short handed goals, and had five game winners. At the end of the year, Wickenheiser was named the Canada West Most Valuable Player, and captured a spot on the conference's First All-Star Team. On March 9, 2011, Wickenheiser was named the Canadian Interuniversity Sport player of the year in women's hockey. She then became the first ever Dino to win the Brodrick Trophy as CIS MVP. In the aftermath of the 2012-13 season, Wickenheiser was named to the CIS First Team All-Canadians. Among the other players named as First Team All-Canadians were Melodie Daoust and Katelyn Gosling. Post-playing career On January 13, 2017, Wickenheiser announced her retirement from professional hockey to pursue medical school. On August 23, 2018, Wickenheiser was hired as the assistant director of player development for the Toronto Maple Leafs. On May 17, 2021, Wickenheiser was promoted to senior director of player development for the Toronto Maple Leafs. In 2021 she collaborated with sports equipment maker Verbero Hockey and owner/CEO Andy Sutton in developing the "Wick Stick", the first time a hockey stick was constructed specifically with her input, part of a program to create branded equipment targeted toward women. In 2022, Bell Media and Uninterrupted released a documentary film chronicling her life titled WICK . In July 2022, she was named assistant general manager for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Softball and fastball career Wickenheiser is an accomplished softball player. On June 24, 2000, she was named to the Canadian softball team for the 2000 Summer Olympics. This was the culmination of a long ball career. In 1994, she participated at Canadian Midget Nationals, where she was named All-Canadian Shortstop and Top Batter. In 1995, Wickenheiser was a member of Team Canada at the World Junior Fastball Championships, held in Normal, Illinois. Canada finished fifth at this event. In 1997, Wickenheiser participated at Midget Nationals with the Silver Springs 76ers. Her team finished second and Wickenheiser was again named All Star Shortstop and Top Batter. In 1999, she also participated at Senior Nationals, where her team finished fourth. In 2000, Wickenheiser attended and competed for Simon Fraser University, and helped lead the team to a 38 and 13 record, en route to a 3rd-place finish at the NAIA National Championships. Later that summer she competed in the Summer Olympic games in Sydney, Australia, where she led Canada with the team's highest batting average. Canada was competitive, but finished the tournament with a 1–6 record, losing three games by one run. Since that Olympics, Wickenheiser has not been as active in softball. Personal life Wickenheiser is the daughter of physical education teachers, Tom and Marilyn, and has a brother and a sister. Wickenheiser lives in Calgary with her son, Noah. Former professional hockey player Doug Wickenheiser was her cousin. Wickenheiser's life story is the subject of a 2005 children's book written by Elizabeth Etue, titled Born to Play. On July 15, 2011, her hometown of Shaunavon named a new 14 million dollar recreational complex after her, Crescent Point Wickenheiser Centre. On June 30, 2011, she was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston. Wickenheiser graduated with a degree in kinesiology in 2013. After retiring from professional hockey, she completed medical school at the University of Calgary's Cumming School of Medicine in 2021. She completed her family medicine residency at University of Toronto's Department of Family and Community Medicine in 2023 and is currently pursuing an enhanced skills program in emergency medicine. Hayley is the author of Gold Medal Diary – Inside the World's Greatest Sports Event, outlining her training with Team Canada and the events leading up to, during, and following the 2010 Olympic Games. She is the founder of WickFest, an annual event showcasing girls' and women's hockey, inviting female players from all over the world to several days of workshops, clinics and games learning from leading instructors, coaches and players. Video game appearance EA Sports officially announced in September 2012 that Wickenheiser would be among the first two female hockey players featured in the NHL video game series, set to appear in NHL 13 along with Angela Ruggiero. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Women's Leagues Men's Leagues International Source for all stats: EliteProspects Awards and honours 2004 Honorary Degree Recipient, Nipissing University. 2007 Most Valuable Player, Pool A, Esso Canadian Women's Nationals 2007 Bobbie Rosenfeld Award 2010 Gave the athlete's Olympic Oath at the 2010 Olympic Games 2011 Canada West Player of the Year 2011 Brodrick Trophy Winner (Most Outstanding Player in USports women's ice hockey) 2011 Officer of the Order of Canada 2011 Media All-Star team, IIHF Women's World Championship 2014 Canada's Walk of Fame 2014 Athletes in Excellence Award from The Foundation for Global Sports Development, in recognition of her community service efforts and work with youth 2017 CAAWS Wall of Influence Award 2019 Hockey Hall of Fame 2019 IIHF Hall of Fame 2021 Canada West Hall of Fame 2022 Canada's Sports Hall of Fame See also List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games References External links Hayley Wickenheiser on men's versus women's hockey in Maclean's magazine, October 14, 2010. Hayley Wickenheiser Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America 1978 births Living people Calgary Inferno players Calgary Oval X-Treme players Canadian International Olympic Committee members Canadian softball players Canadian women physicians Canadian women's ice hockey centres Clarkson Cup champions Edmonton Chimos players HC Salamat players Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics IIHF Hall of Fame inductees Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Oath takers at the Olympic Games Officers of the Order of Canada Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players for Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey Olympic silver medalists for Canada Olympic softball players for Canada People from Shaunavon, Saskatchewan Simon Fraser Red Leafs softball players Softball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Toronto Maple Leafs executives Women in the National Hockey League
5283858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhard%20E.%20Mayer	Meinhard E. Mayer	Meinhard E. Mayer Meinhard Edwin Mayer (March 18, 1929 – December 11, 2011) was a Romanian–born American Professor Emeritus of Physics and Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine, which he joined in 1966. Biography He was born on March 18, 1929, in Cernăuți. He experienced both the Soviet occupation of Northern Bukovina and, as a Jew, deportation to the Transnistria Governorate. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Bucharest in 1957, where he taught until 1961. He then taught at Brandeis University and Indiana University before moving to the University of California, Irvine (UCI) in 1966, where he taught until his retirement. He also took sabbaticals to various institutes, including the Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques and MIT. He had a deep interest in music, and in Yiddish language and literature. He died in Newport Beach, California, on December 11, 2011. He was survived by his wife Ruth, his children Elma Mayer and Niels Mayer, and his grandchildren Jonathan Mayer, Juniper Woodbury, and Moss Woodbury. Research His research interests ranged from geometric methods in gauge theory, to the application of wavelets in turbulence. He was an early contributor (1958) to the theory of vector-bosons (W and Z bosons) and electro-weak unification, which later became the Standard model, and an early advocate of the use of fiber bundles in gauge theory. He was a co-author (with Gerald Jay Sussman and Jack Wisdom) of Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001 Notes References Lie Groupoids versus Principal Bundles in Gauge Theories, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Differential-Geometric Methods in Physics, L.-L. Chau and W. Nahm, Eds., Plenum Press, 1990. From Poisson Groupoids to Quantum Groupoids, and Back, in Proceedings of the XIX International Conference on Differential-Geometric Methods in Physics, R. Cianci and U. Bruzzo, Eds. Rapallo, 1990; 12 pages, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. Wavelet Transforms and Atmospheric Turbulence, with Carl A. Friehe and Lonnie H. Hudgins, Physical Review Letters, 71, 3279-3282 (November 15, 1993) External links Obituary in Physics Today Web Page (somewhat obsolete) Faculty Profile Paul Celan Article An article about the 1908 Yiddish Language Conference (Yiddish and English) QuickTime version (with sound) of a talk On Yiddish and German Poets from Czernowitz at the 2008 La Jolla Yiddish Conference Slides (without sound) of the talk On Yiddish and German Poets from Czernowitz at the 2008 La Jolla Yiddish Conference American physicists 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians Romanian mathematicians University of California, Irvine faculty University of Bucharest alumni American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Romanian emigrants to the United States Fellows of the American Physical Society Survivors of World War II deportations to Transnistria Deaths from esophageal cancer in California 1929 births 2011 deaths
509771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Busch%20%28actor%29	Ernst Busch (actor)	Ernst Busch (actor) Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Busch (22 January 1900 – 8 June 1980) was a German singer and actor. Biography Busch originated from a Kiel worker family. He started in life as a shipyard worker before he decided to make use of his acting and singing talent. Busch first rose to prominence as an interpreter of political songs, particularly those of Kurt Tucholsky, in the Berlin Kabarett scene of the 1920s. He starred in the original 1928 production of Bertolt Brecht's The Threepenny Opera, as well as the subsequent 1931 film by Georg Wilhelm Pabst. He also appeared in the movie Kuhle Wampe. A lifelong communist, Busch fled Nazi Germany in 1933, accompanied by his wife, Eva Busch, and with the Gestapo on his heels, initially settling in the Netherlands. By 1938 they had divorced, without acrimony, as their lives diverged. Eva settled in Paris while Ernst initially made his home in the Soviet Union where he worked with Gustav von Wangenheim on the 1935 film "Kämpfer" ("Fighters"). In 1937 he joined the International Brigades to fight against the nationalists in Spain. His wartime songs were then recorded and broadcast by Radio Barcelona and Radio Madrid. After the Spanish Republic fell to General Franco, Busch migrated to Belgium where he was interned during the German occupation and later imprisoned in Camp Gurs, France and Berlin. Freed by the Red Army in 1945, he settled in East Berlin, where he acted in the first play to be produced in the American-occupied zone, Robert Ardrey's Thunder Rock. He would go on to start his own record label and work with Bertolt Brecht and Erwin Piscator at the "Berliner Ensemble". A beloved figure in the German Democratic Republic, he is best remembered for his performance in the title role of Brecht's Life of Galileo and his recordings of workers songs, including many written by Hanns Eisler. He also made a memorable recording of "Peat Bog Soldiers". Recordings of Spanish Civil War songs (incomplete list) From "Canciones de las Brigadas Internacionales" and "Solidarität". Adelante Campesinos Am Rio Jarama – "On the Jarama Front" / Lied von der XI Brigade – "Song of the XIth Brigade" Los Campesinos – "The Peasants" Las Compañías de Acero Los Cuatro Generales Himno de Riego / Riego Hymne – "Colonel Riego's Hymn" Hans Beimler Des Lied von der Einheitsfront''' / EinheitsfrontliedLied der Internationalen Brigaden' / Lied Der Interbrigaden – "Song of the International Brigades"Mamita MiaDie Moorsoldaten – "Peat Bog Soldiers"Nuestra Bandera – "Our Flag"Peter, Mein Kamerad – "Peter, My Comrade""Spaniens Himmel" or "Die Thälmann-Kolonne" – "Spain's Heaven" or "The Thälmann Battalion" (Page 30f) Recordings of Second World War and other songs (incomplete list)Ach Ihr WegeAlle Waffen gegen HitlerAmi go home AufbauliedDie Armeen EuropasBallade von den SäckeschmeißernDer BarrikadenDank Euch Ihr SowjetsoldatenDas Lied vom SA-MannDiplomatenDer GrabenDer heimliche AufmarschEs Kommt der TagEinheitsfrontliedFrieden der WeltKämpfen wie LeninKampflied gegen den FaschismusKoreaLeninLied der BergarbeiterLied der InterbrigadenLied der ParteiLied der WerktätigenLied vom Adler StalinLied vom VaterlandLinker MarschLinks RechtsLob des KommunismusMarsch der AntifaschistenDer Marsch Ins Dritte ReichMatrosen von KronstadtDer rote WeddingSehnsucht nach der HeimatSolidaritätsliedStalin Freund GenosseTrotz alledemVorwärts BolschewikWir sind des Geyers schwarzer Haufen'' Awards, medals, and recognition Germany's most prestigious school for stage acting and directing is named after the actor, the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts (Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch", HFS) in Berlin. Busch was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize for 1970–71. Filmography See also Pete Seeger (section 'Spanish Civil War songs') International Brigades order of battle (section 'XI International Brigade' point 'Songs') VEB Deutsche Schallplatten the state-run record label started by Busch in 1946 References 1900 births 1980 deaths Musicians from Kiel People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein Communist Party of Germany members Socialist Unity Party of Germany members German anti-fascists German male stage actors Spanish-language singers of Germany 20th-century German male actors 20th-century German male singers Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union International Brigades personnel German people of the Spanish Civil War Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany Actors from Kiel
41073366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarabad%2C%20Lahijan	Akbarabad, Lahijan	Akbarabad, Lahijan Akbarabad (also Romanized as Akbarābād) is a village in Rudboneh Rural District, Rudboneh District, Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 691, in 225 families. References Populated places in Lahijan County
942034	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coendou	Coendou	Coendou (кенду) — рід гризунів родини Голкошерстові (Erethizontidae). Поширення Цей вид зустрічається від східної Панами до Аргентини, а на схід через Бразилію до Гвіани. Зовнішні морфологія Довжина голови й тіла: 300–600 мм, хвоста: 330–450 мм. Дорослі можуть важити понад 4 кг. Хвіст голий, щоб максимально виконувати хапальну функцію. Волосся довге але голок повністю не покриває. Систематика Рід Coendou налічує такі види: Вид Coendou baturitensis Вид Coendou bicolor Вид Coendou ichillus Вид Coendou insidiosus Вид Coendou melanurus Вид Coendou mexicanus Вид Coendou nycthemera Вид Coendou prehensilis Вид Coendou pruinosus Вид Coendou quichua Вид Coendou roosmalenorum Вид Coendou rothschildi Вид Coendou rufescens Вид Coendou sanctamartae Вид Coendou speratus Вид Coendou spinosus Вид Coendou vestitus Джерела John Frederick Eisenberg, Kent Hubbard Redford — Mammals of the Neotropics: The central neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, 1999, pp. 449, 450 Гризуни Голкошерстові Ссавці Південної Америки Роди ссавців
1506798	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD	Мікаель Лефгрен	Мікаель Лефгрен (2 вересня 1969) — шведський біатлоніст, олімпійський медаліст. Перший і покищо єдиний швед володар Великого кришталевого глобусу в сезоні 1992-1993 років. Виступи на Олімпіадах Посилання Досьє на sport.references.com Уродженці Турсбю шведські біатлоністи Біатлоністи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 1988 Біатлоністи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 1992 Біатлоністи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 1994 Біатлоністи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 1998 Шведські бронзові олімпійські медалісти Бронзові призери зимових Олімпійських ігор 1992
64580321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus%20Sulpicius%20Camerinus%20Praetextatus	Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus	Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus was a consul or consular tribune of the Roman Republic in 434 BC. Sulpicius belonged to the patrician Sulpicia gens. Sulpicius is the first named member of the branch within the gens known as the Praetextati. Sulpicius was possibly the son of Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, consul in 461 and decemvir in 451 BC. Filiations indicate either Praetextatus or Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, consular tribune 402 and 398 BC, as the father of Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, consul suffect in 393 BC and consular tribune in 391 BC. A later Praetextatus named Servius Sulpicius Praetextatus, consular tribune in 377, 376, 370 and 368 BC, is probably a descendant of Quintus Sulpicius. Career Sulpicius was elected consul or consular tribune in 434 BC. Livy, basing his account on the writings of Valerius Antias and Aelius Tubero, lists Sulpicius together with Marcus Manlius, as the consuls of 434 BC. This Livy writes next to a secondary and contradictory tradition based on the writings of Licinius Macer, which places Gaius Julius and Proculus Verginius as being re-elected as consuls after having held the consulship the previous year. Diodorus Siculus provides a third narrative which includes both Manlius and Sulpicius together with a third individual, Servius Cornelius Cossus, but as consular tribunes, not consuls. Modern consensus generally favor either of traditions including Manlius and Sulpicius, with the classicist Broughton commenting that the re-election of the consuls of 435 remains the least likely version. In either case, the actions of the consuls or consular tribunes of 434 BC is not well documented and they relinquished their imperium in favor of the appointment of a dictator. The dictator, Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, fought the Falerii and Etruria and enacted a law limiting the term of the censorship to one and a half year, down from the previous five years. Sulpicius was appointed as one of the legates under the dictator Aulus Postumius Tubertus in 431 BC. They successfully fought the Aequi and Volsci and defeated them at Mount Algidus. The dictator, Tubertus, had previously been the magister equitum in 434 BC under Aemilius. References 5th-century BC Romans Roman consular tribunes Camerinus Praetextatus, Quintus
3246589	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Гукалюк Андрій Федорович	Гукалюк Андрій Федорович — кандидат економічних наук, доцент кафедри економіки підприємства економічного факультету Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка, перший проректор Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка. Біографія Народився 27 березня 1968 р. у м. Львові. У 1985 р. закінчив Львівську середню школу № 81 із золотою медаллю. У 1992 р. закінчив економічний факультет Львівського державного університету імені Івана Франка та здобув кваліфікацію «Інженер-економіст». Впродовж 1992—1993 рр. працював на посаді економіста в НПКО «Електрон», м. Львів. З 1993 по 1996 рр. навчався в аспірантурі. У 1997 р. захистив дисертацію на здобуття ступеня кандидата економічних наук на тему «Напрями підвищення ефективності приватизації великих підприємств». У 1996 р. асистент, а з 2001 р. доцент кафедри економіки підприємства Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка. У 2008 р. йому присвоєно вчене звання доцента кафедри економіки підприємства. З 2016 р. по вересень 2019 р. працював на посаді Відповідального секретаря Приймальної комісії Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка. З 4 вересня 2019 р. призначений на посаду Першого проректора Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка. Публікації Науковий доробок Андрія Гукалюка охоплює понад 70 наукових та навчально-методичних праць. Він співавтор навчальних посібників «Глобалізація і Україна у зовнішньоекономічній діяльності», «Створення та припинення діяльності підприємств в Україні», «Зовнішня торгівля і біржова діяльність: глобалізаційний аспект», «Підприємництво: економіка, стратегія, планування та проектний аналіз (збірник тестових завдань)». Примітки Науковці Львівського університету
4019254	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%20%28%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29	Актай (Цівільський район)	Актай (Цівільський район) Актай — присілок у складі Цівільського району Чувашії, Росія. Входить до складу Богатирьовського сільського поселення. Населення — 63 особи (2010; 45 у 2002). Національний склад: чуваші — 100 % Джерела Примітки Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Цівільського району Присілки Чувашії
53502269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Column%20%28Rostov-on-Don%29	Alexander Column (Rostov-on-Don)	Alexander Column (Rostov-on-Don) The Alexander Column is a monument erected 1894 in Nakhichevan-on-Don (now a part of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia) in Alexandrovsky Park (now Vitya Cherevichkin Park). The column was inaugurated on 18 September 1894 to celebrate the 25 years reign of emperor Alexander II of Russia. On the occasion the park in which the column stands was also renamed after the sovereign. The column consists of a granite monolith upon which sits a double-headed eagle perched on a globe. On the pedestal two commemorative plaques read: ″In memory of 25 glorious year of reign of Emperor Alexander II″ and ″the Armenian community of Nakhichevan-on-Don 25·IX·1894″ After the Russian Revolution the column was the only tsarist monument not to be torn down by the new authorities. They only removed the crowning double-headed eagle and the commemorative plaques on the pedestal. In 1994 the column was returned to its original state. References Bronze sculptures in Russia Cultural heritage monuments in Rostov-on-Don Monuments and memorials in Rostov-on-Don Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Rostov Oblast Outdoor sculptures in Rostov-on-Don
1626290	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96	Листостеблові	Листостеблові мохи (Bryopsida) — клас мохів. Містить 95% всіх видів мохів. Опис Гаметофіт цих рослин завжди розчленований на стебло і листки. Стебло (каулідій) радіальної будови. Листки (філідії) сидячі, розташовані густою спіраллю, одношарові, з жилкою або без неї. Антеридій і архегоній утворюються безпосередньо на верхівці стебла або бічних гілочок. Спорогон має всередині колонку, розкривається кришечкою або щілинами. Спори без елатер. Протонема добре розвинута, нитчаста або пластинчаста. Класифікація Поширені у різних регіонах земної кулі. Нараховують 11-14 тисяч видів із 103 родин і 15 порядків. В Україні є понад 580 видів із 48 родин і 159 родів. клас Bryopsida підклас (єдиний рід Buxbaumia) підклас (єдиний рід Diphyscium) підклас підклас (єдиний рід Timmia) підклас Funariidae (5 родин) підклас Dicranidae (24 родини) — дикранові підклас Bryidae (71 родина) — брієві Філогенія Філогенетична кладограма Bryopsida. Примітки Класи рослин
2596537	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC	Геваризм	Геваризм — загальна назва філософських і практичних концепцій, пов'язаних з марксистською теорією, запропонованих і розвинених аргентинсько- кубинським революціонером Ернесто Че Геварою. Геваризм містив у собі специфічну інтерпретацію ленінізму і екзистенціалізму і, в практичній області, розвиток маоїстської концепції партизанської війни (Див. Фокізм). Геваризм, хоча і не є цілісною системою, є однією зі складових частин в ідеології нових лівих екстремістських течій і груп. Див. також Ультраліві Фокізм Література Че Гевара. Эпизоды революционной войны. АСТ, Мидгард, 2005 г. ISBN 5-17-029024-1 Эрнесто Че Гевара. Статьи, выступления, письма. Культурная Революция, 2006 г. ISBN 5-902764-06-8 Che Guevara E. Obras. 1957—1967. Vol. I—II. La Habana, 1970. Che Guevara E. Escritos y discursos. T. 1—9. La Habana, 1977. Примітки Марксизм Че Гевара Партизанська війна
1608019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Gun%20for%20Hire	This Gun for Hire	This Gun for Hire is a 1942 American film noir crime film directed by Frank Tuttle and starring Veronica Lake, Robert Preston, Laird Cregar, and Alan Ladd. It is based on the 1936 novel A Gun for Sale by Graham Greene (published in America with the same title as the film). Plot In contemporary wartime San Francisco, chemist and blackmailer Albert Baker is killed by hitman Philip Raven, who recovers a stolen chemical formula. Raven is double-crossed by his employer, Willard Gates, who pays him with marked bills and reports them to the Los Angeles Police Department as stolen from his company, Nitro Chemical Corporation of Los Angeles. Raven learns of the setup and decides to get revenge. Police Detective Lieutenant Michael Crane, who is vacationing in San Francisco to visit his girlfriend, nightclub singer and stage magician Ellen Graham, is immediately assigned the case. He goes after Raven, but the assassin eludes him. Meanwhile, Gates hires Ellen to work in his Los Angeles nightclub after an audition wherein she sings and performs magic tricks. Then, she is taken to a clandestine meeting with Senator Burnett, where she learns that Gates and Nitro Chemical are under investigation as suspected traitors, and is recruited to spy on Gates. Unknown to each other, Gates and she board a train for Los Angeles, followed by Raven. By chance, Raven and Ellen sit next to each other. The next morning, Gates is alarmed when he sees them asleep with Raven's head on her shoulder. He wires ahead to alert the police, but Raven forces Ellen at gunpoint to help him elude them again. He is about to kill her, but is interrupted by workmen, allowing Ellen to flee. From Gates's club, she tries to contact Crane, but he has left San Francisco to return to Los Angeles. That evening, the suspicious Gates invites Ellen to his Hollywood mansion, where his chauffeur Tommy knocks her unconscious to set up a fake suicide. Tipped off by Ellen's friend at the club, Crane goes to the mansion looking for Ellen, but Gates has already left. Tommy tells Crane that Ellen has been gone for two hours. While Crane questions Tommy, and makes a phone call to Ellen's hotel, Raven arrives and hides outside, where he sees Tommy discard Ellen's purse, to keep Crane from spotting it. Raven realizes that Ellen is in danger. After Crane leaves, Raven knocks Tommy down a flight of stairs when the chauffeur denies Ellen is still there. Raven searches the house and rescues her. Tommy recovers and warns Gates at his club, where Crane has caught up with him. Raven and Ellen are confronted as they enter the club, so Raven takes her hostage as he flees. She surreptitiously drops monogrammed playing cards as a trail of "breadcrumbs". The police corner them in a railroad yard, but wait for daylight to move in. Raven reveals to Ellen that he was orphaned at a young age and raised by an abusive aunt. One day, he snapped while she was beating him, and killed her, for which he was imprisoned in reform school; there, he was abused by the other children. She tells him that the formula he recovered was for a poison gas that Nitro is selling to the Japanese and begs him to extract a signed confession instead of killing Gates. Ellen helps Raven escape the dragnet, hoping she has appealed to his patriotism. However, he breaks his promise to her and kills a policeman who had almost managed to capture him to get away. Raven arrives as Nitro Chemical conducts a gas attack drill and its employees wear gas masks, obscuring their faces. Gates orders Tommy to guard his door. Tommy spots Raven and gives chase, but Raven knocks him out. Raven disguises himself in Tommy's uniform and gas mask to surprise Gates, forcing him to take him to company president Alvin Brewster, the mastermind of the treasonous Nitro sale. Raven barricades himself with them when the police and Ellen arrive, and coerces both into signing a confession. Brewster dies of a heart attack while trying to kill Raven, who then kills Gates. Crane is lowered on a scaffold and exchanges gunfire with Raven, wounding him. Raven passes up the opportunity to kill Crane when he sees Ellen helping the detective. Other police fatally shoot Raven, but he lives long enough to be assured by Ellen that she did not turn him in and that he succeeded in getting the confession. Cast Veronica Lake as Ellen Graham Robert Preston as Michael Crane Laird Cregar as Willard Gates Alan Ladd as Philip Raven Tully Marshall as Alvin Brewster Marc Lawrence as Tommy Olin Howland as Blair Fletcher Roger Imhof as Senator Burnett Pamela Blake as Annie Frank Ferguson as Albert Baker Victor Kilian as Drew Patricia Farr Ruby Harry Shannon as Steve Finnerty Charles C. Wilson as the Police Captain Mikhail Rasumny as Slukey Bernadene Hayes as Albert Baker's Secretary Mary Davenport as Salesgirl Chester Clute as Rooming House Manager Charles Arnt as Male Dressmaker Earle S. Dewey as Mr. Collins (as Earle Dewey) Clem Bevans as Scissor Grinder Lynda Grey as Gates' Secretary Virita Campbell as Little Girl Production Development Graham Greene's novel was published in the U.S. as This Gun for Hire in 1936, and several movie studios considered obtaining rights to the book. These included 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures. Paramount bought the rights, and announced Gertrude Michael as a possible star. Later that year, the cast was announced as being Akim Tamiroff, Ray Milland, and Ida Lupino, with Dore Schary writing the script. However, the film was not made for several more years; it was reactivated in 1941, with Frank Tuttle assigned as director. The book's plot line was kept essentially unchanged, though moved from the original European and British setting to an American one. Casting Veronica Lake was announced early as a female lead, with Macdonald Carey, who had been signed by Paramount following his appearance on Broadway in Lady in the Dark – mooted as a possible male lead. Tuttle had some difficulty casting the part of Raven. He later claimed that he looked at six stars, but none was suitable. One of them was Alan Baxter. Another was DeForest Kelley. Alan Ladd screen tested. By September, he had been cast and signed to a long-term Paramount contract. Robert Preston was given the other main role, replacing Carey. Lake and Preston were given above-the-title star billing, with Ladd given an "and introducing" credit. However, during filming, Ladd clearly would be the breakout star. Shortly afterwards, The New York Times reported: Tuttle and the studio are showing more than a passing enthusiasm for Ladd. He has been trying to get a foothold in pictures for eight years, but received no encouragement, although he tried every angle known to town – extra work, bit parts, stock contracts, dramatic schools, [and] assault of the casting offices. Sue Carol, the former silent star who is now an agent, undertook to advance the youth's career two years ago and only recently could she locate an attentive ear. Then, the breaks began. Before This Gun for Hire was even completed, Paramount announced that their next film for Ladd would launch him as a star. It was to be a version of The Glass Key (also 1942). The film features Yvonne De Carlo in an early role. She has one line, "Cigarette, sir?", in the Neptune Club scene. Making the film caused her to be fired from her job dancing for Earl Carroll. Reception Although Ladd only received fourth billing, the film made him a star, due to fan reaction and critical praise. Critical Bosley Crowther, film critic for The New York Times, wrote a rave review: One shudders to think of the career which Paramount must have in mind for Alan Ladd, a new actor, after witnessing the young gentleman's debut as a leading player in that studio's This Gun for Hire... Obviously, they have tagged him to be the toughest monkey loose on the screen. For not since Jimmy Cagney massaged Mae Clarke's face with a grapefruit has a grim desperado gunned his way into cinema ranks with such violence as does Mr. Ladd in this fast and exciting melodrama. Keep your eye peeled for this Ladd fellow; he's a pretty-boy killer who likes his work... Mr. Ladd is the buster; he is really an actor to watch. After this stinging performance, he has something to live up toor live down. The Los Angeles Times wrote, "to say the film is a success is an understatement." Albert Maltz, who worked on the script, later said "it was a very creaky melodrama - in my opinion, pretty second rate. It doesn't stand up at all and I just don't know why it was so successful in the way it was." John Houseman later wrote Ladd played "a professional killer with a poignant and desolate ferocity that made him unique, for a time, among the male heroes of his day." Diabolique later wrote Ladd "gives an electric debut star performance – cold, blonde, tough, mysterious, ruthless, cat-loving, redeemable – and stole the film, but a lot of this was due to Lake, who matches him beautifully (at five foot two, she was one of the few female actors shorter than him); poor old Robert Preston is completely overshadowed." Box office According to Ladd's biographer, the film ended up making $12 million, but Variety puts the film's rentals for 1942 at $1 million. Adaptations Radio This Gun for Hire was adapted as a radio play on the July 3, 1942, broadcast of Philip Morris Playhouse with Marlene Dietrich starring, on the January 25, 1943 broadcast of Lux Radio Theater and the April 2, 1945 broadcast of The Screen Guild Theater. Alan Ladd reprised his role in both adaptations while Veronica Lake reprised in the latter, but was replaced with Joan Blondell in the former. Remakes Paramount Pictures later adapted the story as Short Cut to Hell (1957), directed by James Cagney, his only directorial effort. In 1978 Tony Richardson announced he intended to remake the film, however, no movie resulted. The film was remade as a TV movie in 1991 by Lou Antonio, starring Nancy Everhard and Robert Wagner. Notes References External links Review of film at Variety Streaming audio This Gun for Hire on Lux Radio Theater 1942 films 1942 crime drama films 1940s crime thriller films 1940s English-language films American black-and-white films American crime drama films American crime thriller films Film noir Films about contract killing in the United States Films based on British novels Films based on works by Graham Greene Films directed by Frank Tuttle Films set in Los Angeles Paramount Pictures films Universal Pictures films 1940s American films
15772381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoncourt-sur-Mance	Betoncourt-sur-Mance	Betoncourt-sur-Mance is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. See also Communes of the Haute-Saône department References Communes of Haute-Saône
193604	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%28%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%29	Нарим (річка)	Нарим (річка) Нарим — річка в Східноказахстанській області Казахстану, притока Іртиша, бере початок на стику хребтів Наримського і Сарим-Сакти із заболоченої місцевості, що утворилася від стоку струмків. Завдяки невисокому верхів'ю і рівному глинисто-піщаному річищу долина іноді сягає понад 20 км завширшки, місцями звужується до 25—250 м, річище — 15—25 м, глибина — від 0,5 до 2,5 м. Уздовж річки проходить автомобільна дорога. На річці населені пункти: Жулдиз, Новоберезовка, Маймир, в гирлі село Улькен-Нарин. Джерела Нарим Річки басейну Обі Притоки Іртиша Річки Східноказахстанської області
13629153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308%20Bulgarian%20Cup	2007–08 Bulgarian Cup	2007–08 Bulgarian Cup The 2007–08 Bulgarian Cup was the 26th official edition of the Bulgarian annual football tournament. The final match between PFC Litex Lovech and PFC Cherno More Varna was held on 14 May 2008 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Litex won their third Bulgarian Cup in their history after winning the match 1-0 thanks to a second-half goal from Stanislav Manolev. First round In this round entered winners from the preliminary rounds together with the teams from B Group. \|- !colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" \|12 October 2007 \|- !colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" \|13 October 2007 \|} Second round This round featured winners from the First Round and all teams from A Group. \|- !colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" \|31 October 2007 \|} Third round \|- !colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" \|5 December 2007 \|- !colspan=3 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" \|12 December 2007 \|} Quarter-finals \|- !colspan=5 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" \|12 March 2008 \|} Semi-finals \|- !colspan=5 style="background-color:#D0F0C0;" \|16 April 2008 \|} Final Details See also 2007–08 A Group 2007–08 B Group References Bulgarian Cup seasons 2007–08 domestic association football cups Cup
2443167	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0	Психологічна гра	Психологічна гра Психологічні ігри — ефективний інструмент психотерапії і самоаналізу в індивідуальній та груповій роботі. Кожен її учасник отримує унікальний досвід взаємодії з оточенням, можливість побачити себе з іншої сторони, отримати відповіді на власні життєві питання. Психологічні ігри необхідні для внутрішнього розкриття людини, його розвитку, освоєння нових навичок. Вони регламентовані правилами, а головним «знаряддям» тут є розум людини. Консультування — процес допомоги людині, який спрямований на усвідомлення його відносини і почуттів до виниклої проблеми, ідентифікацію проблем, пошук рішень та розробку рекомендацій щодо ефективних шляхів вирішення ситуації, що склалася. Мета консультування: допомога в рішенні проблеми клієнта. А за допомогою психологічних ігор рішення приходить швидше і легше. Методика застосування ігор дозволяє усвідомити і трансформувати малоефективні моделі поведінки. І людина починає правильно приймати важливі рішення, досягати поставлених цілей, вирішувати виникаючі проблеми і жити в гармонії. Види консультування з використанням психологічних ігор Існують наступні види психологічного консультування, в яких активно задіяна ігрофікація: Сімейне консультування — робота з парами: в дошлюбний період, період шлюбу, або ж період розлучення. Сюди відносять також консультування щодо питань дитячо-батьківських відносин, взаємин з родичами, батьками дружини / чоловіка. Інтимно-особистісне консультування — робота з внутрішніми конфліктами, станами клієнта: підвищена тривожність, пошук сенсу життя, складності контакту з людьми і інші проблеми. Професійне консультування — робота з питань профорієнтації. Організаційне або виробниче консультування — робота, спрямована на вирішення питань ефективного управління, взаємодії в колективі, мотивації персоналу та інших особливостей побудови успішного бізнесу. Користь психологічних ігор в бізнес-консультуванні Ділове консультування вирішує життєво важливі питання організації, її просування і розвитку. Психологічні ігри в бізнес-консультуванні — можливість підвищення особистісної ефективності, а також ефективності комерційної справи в таких областях, як: оптимізація бізнесу, бізнес планування, управління, логіка бізнесу, імідж-консалтинг, PR-консультування, вироблення бізнес-концепції, коучинг-навчання персоналу, організаційна психологія, побудова бізнес-комунікації, психологія безпеки, управління конфліктом, стресостійкість, супровід корпоративних угод і інших важливих завданнях. Психологічне консультування в бізнесі за допомогою ігор дозволяє виявити ще невикористані резерви в області людських ресурсів, допомогти у виявленні «підводних каменів» в ході організації міжособистісного спілкування і повністю усунути знайдені перешкоди. Прикладна психологія
58301388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramov%2C%20Volgograd%20Oblast	Abramov, Volgograd Oblast	Abramov, Volgograd Oblast Abramov is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovka Urban Okrug, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 278 as of 2010. There are 23 streets. Geography The khutor is located on the Bezymyanka River, 28 km south of Mikhaylovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bezymyanka is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Mikhaylovka urban okrug
2641401	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9	Будапештський трамвай	Будапештський трамвай Трамвайна мережа Будапешта — трамвайна мережа, міста Будапешт, Угорщина. Трамвайні лінії є на другому місці за пасажиропотоком (після автобусної мережі), перевозячи більше людей, ніж міське метро . Мережа експлуатується з 1866 року, як кінний трамвай і електрифікована з 1887 року, має довжину 157 км. Станом на 2021 рік вона складалася з 33 ліній: 26 основних і 7 додаткових ліній, позначених літерою «A» після номера маршруту, а також — зубчастої залізниці (маршрут 60.). Трамвайна мережа є під орудою компанії «Budapesti Közlekedési Központ» та під наглядом спеціального центру при місцевому муніципалітеті. Історія Ранні роки Першу кінну трамвайну лінію в Будапешті було відкрито 30 липня 1866 року, між Уйпешт-Вароскапу та (через Ваці-ут). Приблизно за рік до цього, 22 травня 1865 року граф Шандор Каройї заснував компанію «Pesti Közúti Vaspálya Társaság» (PKVT). Незабаром було прокладено кінні трамвайні лінії і в Буді — вони були побудовані конкуруючою компанією BKVT. До 1885 року в Будапешті було вже 15 ліній конки, але вже в ті роки стало очевидно, що ця технологія морально застаріла. Окремо в 1887 році була введена в експлуатацію парова приміська залізнична лінія від Козвагогіда до Сороксара, під орудою компанією HÉV; за нею незабаром збудовано ще дві аналогічні лінії. Приблизно у той же час Мур Балаж запропонував побудувати в Будапешт нову електричну трамвайну мережу. , державний секретар Міністерства комунального господарства і транспорту того часу, санкціонував будівництво першої експерементальної трамвайної лінії між залізничною станцією Ньюгат і Кіраллі-ут. Балаж об'єднав зусилля з «Siemens & Halske» і «Lindheim és Társa» і вони спільно утворили нову корпорацію: «Budapesti Városi Vasút» (BVV, «міські поїзди Будапешта»). Будівельні роботи, виконані Siemens & Halske, було розпочато 1 жовтня 1887 року, а сама лінія була відкрита 28 листопада 1887 року. Електрика подавалася потягам знизу, щоб уникнути кабелів, що звисають уздовж вулиць міста. Другим кроком у розширенні мережі стали дві стандартні лінії шириною колії 1435 мм: 20 липня 1889 року було відкрито другу з них, що прямувала через Калвін-тер. Вона була спроектована таким чином, щоб у разі відключення електроенергії парові двигуни могли продовжити буксирувати вагони. Третя лінія, також мала стандартну калію, була відкрита 10 вересня. Варто відзначити будівництво у місті і підземної лінії (яка стала першою на європейському континенті), хоча безпосередньо до трамваю вона не відноситься. У перші роки свого існування трамваї не мав номерів — для їх позначення використовувалися кольорові кола: червоний, зелений, синій або чорний диски, а також складніші знаки: червоний диск з вертикальною білою смугою або хрестом, білий диск із зеленою восьмикінечною зіркою і так далі . Незабаром така система стала заскладною, тому — близько 1900 року, коли було вже 30 ліній — кожна з них отримала свій номер. BVV (який став на той час BVVV) дісталися парні номери, а непарні були присвоєні лініям його конкурента — BKVT. Мережа що динамічно розвивалася призвела до появи нових компаній: дві з них обслуговували Упест і північну частину Пешту, а одна — Песстентлрюрінк, що в ті роки був самостійним містом. Ці компанії були об'єднані в 1923 році під назвою «Budapest Székesfővárosi Közlekedési Rt.» (BSZKRT). Свого піку кількість ліній досягла в 1939—1944 роки: тоді в місті їх діяло 66. Після Другої світової війни Облога Будапешта під час Другої світової війни привела до величезних руйнувань міської інфраструктури: багато будинків були зруйновані, а мости — знищені. Відновлення транспортної мережі стало найважливішим завданням: проте багато трамваїв були знищені або під час облоги і штурму міста, або — згоріли під час пожежі у депо, що сталася в 1947 році. Можливо, це стало причиною, по якій міська влада запропонувала замінити частину трамваїв тролейбусними лініями. Поряд з фінансовими міркуваннями, тролейбуси були краще пристосовані для міського центру через більшу маневреність і менший шум. Незважаючи на те, що деякі трамвайні лінії були скасовані на користь тролейбусних маршрутів — загальне розширення мережі не припинилося. Поруч із залізничною станцією Ньюгат була побудована нова трамвайна лінія для перевезення людей на заводи в Ангіальпольді та Уйпешт. Лінія № 4 також була розширена близько 1960 року. Реконструкція моста Ержебет в 1964 році зіграла важливу роль у відродженні трамвайної мережі: п'ять ліній почали використовувати його відразу після відкриття. Рухомий склад Сьогоденний парк На квітень 2021 Примітки Література Трамвайні системи Угорщини Транспорт Будапешта
5193994	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientiae%20radices	Scientiae radices	Scientiae radices – багатодисциплінарний науковий журнал, що містить статті про дослідження в галузі архітектури та будівництва, хімії, хімічної інженерії та технології, біотехнології, інженерії матеріалів, фізики та медичних наук. Він публікується англійською мовою як журнал відкритого доступу . Scientiae radices індексується: CrossRef, BazTech, Google Scholar, ResearchGate та ROAD . Головний редактор – проф. Радомір Ясінський . Посилання Щоквартальні журнали Наукові журнали Польщі Наукові журнали Журнали Накові журнали що видаються в Радомі Польські хімічні журнали Журнали польських наукових товариств
169048	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0	Констанца	Констанца — місто і головний порт Румунії, на березі Чорного моря у Добруджі. Адміністративний центр повіту Констанца. Місто з прилеглим курортним районом міжнародного значення виділене у самостійну адміністративну одиницю. Населення міста 283,9 тис. осіб (2011). Клімат Місто знаходиться у зоні, котра характеризується вологим субтропічним кліматом. Найтепліший місяць — липень із середньою температурою 22.2 °C (72 °F). Найхолодніший місяць — січень, із середньою температурою 1.1 °С (34 °F). Історія На місці Констанци у VI ст. до н. е. іонійськими греками, вихідцями із Мілета, був заснований поліс Томи, або Томіс, який у 29 році до н. е. був завойований римлянами. Тут з кінця 8 до 17 рр. жив у вигнанні римський поет Овідій. Імператор Костянтин Великий (правив у 306—337) перейменував Томи у Константініану (Constantiniana). У 1413—1878 Констанца (Кюстендже) знаходилася під ярмом Османської імперії. З 1878 у складі Румунії. Економіка Констанца — транспортний вузол, має аеропорт. Трубопроводи з району Плоєшті. Вантажообіг порту 42 млн т (2009) — це другий порт Чорного моря; вивіз нафтопродуктів, цементу, зерна, деревини; ввезення машин, устаткування, апатитів. Великі елеватори, нафтосховища, склади. База морського рибальства. Основні галузі промисловості: харчова (борошномельна, хлібобулочна, м'ясна, маслоробна, рибоконсервна, винна, плодовоконсервна, кондитерська тощо) і машинобудівна (кораблеремонтні верфі, авторемонтні і механічні майстерні). Підприємства шерстяної, швейної, меблевої, будматеріалів і целюлозно-паперової промисловості. ТЕЦ (110 тис. кВт). Промислові підприємства концентруються на південному заході, поблизу залізничної станції і порту. Архітектура Місто розташоване на високому березі, має прямі широкі вулиці, добре озеленене. Після 1945 споруджені залізничний вокзал, театр, спортивний зал, реконструйовані головна магістраль і портова зона. У Констанці збереглися залишки споруд (у тому числі торгові будівлі 2-3 ст. із мозаїчною підлогою) еллінізму і римських, візантійські базиліки 5-6 ст., фортець 5-6 ст., турецькі мечеті 18-19 ст. Курорт, культура Констанца — центр чорноморських курортів Румунії. На північ і південь від Констанци на 50-кілометровій смузі узбережжя побудовані курортні комплекси. Найбільші з них — кліматичні приморські і грязьові курорти Мамая і Ефорія. Також тут побудовані історичний музей та музей народного мистецтва. Відомі уродженці Константин Александру (1953—2014) — румунський борець греко-римського стилю, дворазовий чемпіон та срібний призер чемпіонатів світу, п'ятиразовий чемпіон та срібний призер чемпіонатів Європи, срібний призер Олімпійських ігор. Каталин Ангел (* 1974) — румунський футболіст, нападник. Йон Драйка (* 1958) — румунський борець греко-римського стилю, чемпіон, дворазовий срібний та бронзовий призер чемпіонатів світу, триоразовий чемпіон, срібний та бронзовий призер чемпіонатів Європи, чемпіон Олімпійських ігор, чемпіон Універсіади. Александра Стан (* 1989) — румунська поп-співачка. Симона Халеп (* 1991) — румунська тенісистка. Себастіан Стен (* 1982) — актор, відомий за роллю Джеймса "Бакі" Барнса у фільмах та серіалах кіновсесвіту Марвел. Посилання Примітки Констанца Міста Констанци Міста Румунії Курорти Румунії Курорти Чорного моря Грецькі колонії Добруджа Міста, названі на честь людей
1533465	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8	Харофіти	Харофіти (Charophyta, стрептофітові водорості) — відділ евкаріотних водоростей, які поєднують ознаки водоростей і вищих рослин. Назва походить від — радість, краса.На початку 2000-х до харофітної (або стрептофітної) лінії включали близько 65 родів (кілька тисяч видів). Характеристика До стрептофітів належать водорості, у яких цитокінез здійснюється за участю примітивного або розвиненого фрагмопласту, мітоз відкритий або напіввідкритий; у представників, які мають джутикові стадії, цитоскелет клітин асиметричний. Систематика Тривалий час місце Charales у системах рослинного царства було невизначеним. Одні дослідники, враховуючи наявність хлорофілів a і b, а також крохмалю як запасної речовини, відносили харальних до відділу Chlorophyta. Інші — виділяли в самостійний відділ Charophyta, визнаючи його раннє відділення від інших зелених водоростей. Наступні ж — розглядали їх як проміжну ланку між зеленими водоростями і мохоподібними. На початку 2000-х років до харофітної (стрептофітної) лінії крім власне харофіцієвих [=Charophyceae] включали класс зигнематофіцієвих [=Zygnematophyceae] та деякі зелені нитчасті водорості (зокрема, клас мезостигматофіцієвих [=Mesostigmatophyceae]), однак систематика відділу інтенсивно розроблялася та не була усталена. Вважалося, що стрептофітні водорості разом з ембріофітами являють монофілетичну лінію еволюції Джерела Література P. Kenrick and P.R. Crane. 1997. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: a Cladistic Study Зелені водорості
54613600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiOS	KaiOS	KaiOS is a mobile Linux distribution for keypad feature phones based on the Firefox OS open-source project. It is developed by KaiOS Technologies (Hong Kong) Limited; a company based in Hong Kong, whose largest shareholder is Chinese electronics conglomerate TCL Corporation. KaiOS runs on feature phones or wireless home phones made with low-power hardware and low power consumption (and therefore long battery life). KaiOS supports modern connectivity technologies like 4G LTE, VoLTE, GPS, and Wi-Fi. KaiOS runs HTML5-based apps. KaiOS supports over-the-air updates and has a dedicated app marketplace called KaiStore. Some applications are preinstalled onto the phone, including Facebook and YouTube. , there are 500+ apps in KaiStore. The mobile operating system is comparatively lightweight on hardware resource usage, and is able to run on devices with just 256 megabytes (MB) of memory. History The operating system was first released in 2017, and is developed by KaiOS Technologies Inc., a Hong Kong-based company headed by CEO Sebastien Codeville, with offices in other countries. In June 2018, Google invested US$22 million in the operating system. That same year, India-based telecom operator Reliance Jio also invested $7 million through its sister concern, Reliance Retail for a 16% stake in the company. In May 2019, KaiOS raised an additional $50 million USD from Cathay Innovation, and previous investors Google and TCL Holdings. In market share study results announced in May 2018, KaiOS beat Apple's iOS for second place in India, while Android dominates with 71%, albeit down by 9%. KaiOS growth is being largely attributed to the popularity of the competitively-priced JioPhone. In Q1 2018, 23 million KaiOS devices were produced. In March 2020, Mozilla and KaiOS Technologies announced a partnership to update KaiOS with a modern version of the Gecko browser engine, and more closely aligned testing infrastructure. This change should give KaiOS four years worth of performance and security improvements and new features, including TLS 1.3, WebAssembly, WebGL 2.0, Progressive Web Apps, new video codecs like WebP, AV1, and modern JavaScript and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) features. Devices Devices that are installed with KaiOS include (KaiStore may not be included, if device vendor removed it): Alcatel Go Flip (known as Cingular Flip 2 on AT&T, Alcatel MyFlip on TracFone Wireless) and 3088X Advan Hape Online (Indonesia) in partnership with Indosat Ooredoo. Reliance Jio's JioPhone, F10Q, F101K, F120B, F220B, F211S, F221S, F250Y, F271I, F30C, F41T, F50Y, F61F, F81E, F90M, LF-2401, LF-2402, LF-2403, LF-2403N, all branded as LYF, JioPhone 2, F300B, F310B, JioPhone Lite, F320B, Prima 4G HMD Global's Nokia 8110 4G, 2720 Flip, 800 Tough, 6300 4G, 8000 4G, Nokia 2760 Flip and 2780 Flip Energizer Energy E220, E220S, E241, E241S, E242S and Hardcase H241, H242, H280S, E282SC Doro 7050, 7060 Cat B35 Gigaset GL7 Maxcom MK241, MK281 WizPhone WP006, launched in Indonesia in partnership with Google and Alfamart. MTN 3G phone (MTN Smart S 3G) Positivo P70S (Brazil) Multilaser ZAPP (Brazil) Tecno T901 IKU V400 4G I-Plus I4g Lava Captain 11 3G Jazz Digit 4G (Pakistan) Orange Sanza 2, Sanza XL Kitochi 4G Smart Vodacom Smart Kitochi (Vida), Vodacom Smart Kitochi (Azumi) QMobile 4G Plus (Pakistan) GeoPhone T15, T19, T19i (Made in India for Bangladesh) Sigma mobile X-Style S3500 sKai (Ukraine) Ghia KOX1, GK3G, GQWERTY (Mexico) myPhone Up Smart, Up Smart LTE (Poland) Symphony PD1 4G (Bangladesh) BKAV C85 (Vietnam) in partnership with Viettel. This is the only KaiOS device to not feature Wi-Fi support Viettel V6504, V1207 (Vietnam). The Viettel V1207 was the first wireless home phone runs KaiOS itel it9200 All KaiOS devices have T9 keypads, except the Jiophone 2 and Ghia GQWERTY, which have QWERTY keypads. Partnerships , KaiOS Technologies has partnered with Mozilla, Airfind, Avenir Telecom (Energizer), Facebook, Google, Bullitt, Doro, HMD Global, Micromax, NXP, Spreadtrum, Qualcomm, Jio, Sprint, AT&T, T-Mobile, and Orange S.A. In March 2020, KaiOS Technologies partnered with Mozilla to bring the modern version of Gecko browser engine to future KaiOS builds. Release history Jailbreak With the release of the Nokia 8110 4G, an active community (colloquially known as Banana Hackers) around both KaiOS and the phone arose and released the first version of a jailbreak. This gave users the ability to use apps outside KaiStore including old Firefox OS apps on KaiOS devices, as well as flashing their devices with community-created ROMs, such as GerdaOS. Some models can also be rooted, giving the user further control over the device. References External links KaiOS 2017 software ARM operating systems Embedded Linux distributions Formerly open-source or free software Gecko-based software Linux distributions Mobile Linux Software that uses XUL
304912	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8	Вовки	Вовки (Вовків) — нежиле село в Україні, у Комишнянській селищній громаді Миргородського району Полтавської області. Населення становить 0 осіб. До 2020 року орган місцевого самоврядування — Клюшниківська сільська рада. Розташоване за 2 км від сіл Травневого та В'язового. Мешканці В селі народився Губенко Віталій Платонович (1933—2018) — український художник. Примітки Села Полтавської області
6560977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyrtis	Tricyrtis	Tricyrtis is a genus of Asian flowering plants in the lily family, with approximately 20 known species. The species are commonly known in English as toad lilies. The genus has a native range from the Himalayas to eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Philippines and Taiwan, and a few species are cultivated for their ornamental qualities in other parts of the world. Description Tricyrtis are herbaceous perennials with creeping rhizomes. The stems are typically erect or maybe ascending, and sometimes branched from the middle to the top. The subsessile leaves are arranged alternately along the stems. The inflorescences are most commonly thyrse or thyrsoid, or rarely the flowers are arranged into a raceme. The showy, solitary flowers are bisexual. Perianth campanulate or trumpet-shaped with six free tepals arranged into two whorls: the outer whorl has nectar secreting pouches, while the inner whorl has upright tepals with dorsal crests. The tepals are white or yellow with purplish spots, usually recurved or reflexed. The six stamens are inserted at base of the tepals, and the filaments are slightly flattened, forming a short tube. The anthers are dorsifixed. The three-loculed ovary have many ovules per locule. The styles are arranged into a column. The three-angled fruits are broadly cylindrical capsules and when ripe release many small, flat, ovate to orbicular shaped seeds. Taxonomy The genus is subdivided into four sections, with about 20 species. Accepted species include: Cultivation Tricyrtis species are perennial herbaceous plants that grow at the edge of forests. They prefer shade or part shade and rich, moist soil. Toad lilies bloom in summer to fall. They are hardy enough to handle sudden changes of winter from mild to blustery cold. See also List of plants known as lily References Bibliography Diversity of Life: Tricyrtis - retrieved 6 June 2006 External links Liliaceae genera
3396044	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%20%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%2C%20%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%29	Шарон (округ Волворт, Вісконсин)	Шарон (округ Волворт, Вісконсин) Шарон — місто в США, в окрузі Волворт штату Вісконсин. Населення — 861 особа (2020). Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало 907 осіб у 346 домогосподарствах у складі 259 родин. Було 364 помешкання Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 2,1 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 2,9 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 21,7 % — особи молодші 18 років, 62,2 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 16,1 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 46,6 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 104,7 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 105,2 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та долар для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 4,5 % осіб, у тому числі 2,7 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 7,5 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 461 особа. Основні галузі зайнятості: виробництво — 22,3 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 17,1 %, будівництво — 9,1 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 8,9 %. Примітки Джерела Містечка Вісконсину Населені пункти округу Волворт (Вісконсин)
4981769	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%94%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9	Яєшник гірський	Яєшник гірський (Butyriboletus subappendiculatus), колишня назва — боровик напівпридатковий. Належить до родини Boletaceae. Трапляється переважно в гірських хвойних, дуже рідко мішаних лісах, під ялиною або ялицею, поодиноко, зрідка. В Україні відомо 13 його місцезнаходжень (Закарпатська, Івано-Франківська, Львівська та Чернівецька обл.). Включений до червоних списків грибів Австрії, Норвегії, Словаччини, Франції та Чехії, є кандидатом на включення до Європейського червоного списку грибів (Šutara et al., 2009; European…, 2010). Категорія виду — зникаючий. Занесений до четвертого видання Червоної книги України. Опис: Шапка діаметром 5 – 22 см, м’ясиста, спочатку напівсферична, з підігнутим краєм, пізніше випукла, випукло-розпростерта. Поверхня шапки спочатку жовтувато-коричнева, коричнева, пізніше червонувато-коричнева. Гіменофор трубчастий. Трубочки спочатку блідо-жовті, лимонно-жовті, пізніше оливково-зелено-жовті. Пори дрібні, округлі. Споровий порошок оливково-коричневий. Ніжка спочатку булавовидна, пізніше нерівномірно циліндрична, потовщена біля основи, злегка конусовидно укорінена (менше ніж) або не укорінена, жовта, сітчаста, з віком гола. М’якоть спочатку щільна, м’ясиста, пізніше м’яка, без вираженого запаху, або з слабкими приємним грибним запахом. Література Гриби, описані 1979 Гриби Європи
2492599	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1orf123	C1orf123	C1orf123 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 1-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 160 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 18 048. Кодований геном білок за функцією належить до фосфопротеїнів. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 1 Некатегоризовані білки
4282243	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidura%20fuliginosa%20cervina	Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina	Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina Віялохвістка лорд-гавська (Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina) — вимерлий підвид віялохвістки новозеландської, невеликого горобцеподібного птаха з родини віялохвісткових (Rhipiduridae). Був ендеміком острова Лорд-Гав біля південно-східного узбережжя Австралії. Птах ще був досить поширеним у 1909 році. У 1918 році біля острова сів на мілину корабель SS Makambo, з якого на сушу втекли чорні пацюки. Ці пацюки стали причиною вимирання багатьох видів на острові, включаючи і віялохвістку. Вид вимер вже через 6 років, у 1925 році. Посилання Garnett, Stephen T.; & Crowley, Gabriel M. (2000). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000. Environment Australia: Canberra. Hindwood, K.A. (1940). Birds of Lord Howe Island. Emu 40: 1-86. Schodde, R.; & Mason, I.J. (1999). The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. Віялохвісткові Птахи, описані 1879 Птахи, що вимерли після 1500 року Лорд-Гав
2520474	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMP11	MMP11	MMP11 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 22-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 488 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 54 590. Кодований геном білок за функціями належить до гідролаз, протеаз, металопротеаз. Білок має сайт для зв'язування з іонами металів, іоном цинку, іоном кальцію. Локалізований у позаклітинному матриксі. Також секретований назовні. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 22 Металопротеази
12989104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppst%C3%A4dten	Hoppstädten	Hoppstädten is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Lauterecken-Wolfstein. Geography Location The municipality lies in the Western Palatinate in the district's northernmost corner, north of Lauterecken. Hoppstädten lies at an elevation of some 300 m above sea level in the headwaters of the Perlebach, which flows first southwards to the Perleberg (mountain), flowing round this and then winding on eastwards, emptying into the Jeckenbach near Kappeln. Elevations around the village reach up to, in the municipal area's northernmost corner, 423 m above sea level near the Welchrötherhof, although that lies outside Hoppstädten's limits within the municipality of Otzweiler in the neighbouring Bad Kreuznach district. Not quite as high are the mountains right near the village and in the municipal area's south (Mannenberg 356 m, Perleberg 377 m). The municipal area measures 624 ha, of which roughly 4 ha is settled and 210 ha is wooded. Neighbouring municipalities Hoppstädten borders in the north on the municipality of Limbach (Bad Kreuznach district), in the northeast on the municipality of Schweinschied (Bad Kreuznach district), in the southeast on the municipality of Kappeln, in the south on the municipality of Merzweiler, in the southwest on the municipality of Langweiler, in the west on the municipality of Sien (Birkenfeld district) and in the northwest on the municipality of Otzweiler (Bad Kreuznach district). Hoppstädten also meets the municipality of Hundsbach at a single point in the north. Municipality’s layout Hoppstädten began as a clump village whose houses and streets were laid out around the church. Expansion in more recent times took place mainly on the through road leading from Sien to Merzweiler and running through the village from north to south. The village thus took on more the shape of a linear village (by some definitions, a “thorpe”). The Perlebach once clove the village into two halves, but this has been hard to see ever since the brook was channelled into an underground pipe in 1859-1860. Outstanding among the older buildings are the church, the former school, the former town hall and, among the older houses, many farmhouses, most of which are no longer used in farming. In 1957, a new schoolhouse was built, and in 1993 a municipal centre. The graveyard lies on a path from the side of the road that leads to Schweinschied. In the municipality's southeast is a broad sport complex with a football pitch, a tennis court, a shooting range, clubhouses and a grilling hut. The former swimming pool in the municipality's north is now in private ownership. History Antiquity Found in an extensive Celtic grave field in the cadastral area known as the Breinert were remnants of weapons from the Iron Age. The assumption that these graves once lay within a Celtic ringwall has not been confirmed by archaeological research. An old road that runs across the Breinert is traditionally called the Römerstraße (Roman road). Middle Ages Hoppstädten, as its name makes clear, was founded relatively late, although an exact founding date cannot be pinpointed. Hoppstädten originally belonged to the Nahegau, lay within the Hochgericht auf der Heide (“High Court on the Heath”) and was there tightly bound with the lordship of Sien. This lordship was landed, but rather early on, it ended up under the ownership of the Archbishopric of Mainz whose archbishops gave its care over to Vögte, in this case through Saint Alban's Church in Mainz. Records hold proof that in 1108, Archbishop Ruthard bequeathed a Hufe (roughly the same as an oxgang) of the lordship of Sien to the Disibodenberg Monastery when this was newly occupied by Benedictine monks. The Vögte, who were enfeoffed with the lordship of Sien as early as the 11th century, were the Counts of Loon, who themselves had a close kinship with the Counts of Rieneck. It is known for certain that in 1325, Count Dietrich of Loon and Chiny enfeoffed the knight Sir Kindel von Sien “with the Sien House, the tithes themselves, the village of Hobstetten, the tithes at Schweinschied, Selbach (now vanished), Ober-Hachenbach (now vanished), Reidenbach and Wieselbach (now vanished), with the court of the half village and the church rights at Sien.” This was Hoppstädten's first documentary mention, although it is believed that the village likely dates from about 1100. Only a few years later, in 1334, Count Ludwig of Loon and Chiny took this fief back and gave it to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves, thereby making Hoppstädten a Waldgravial-Rhinegravial fief, although the Archbishops of Mainz remained the overlords. Further feudal grants by the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves kept history very varied for both the House of Sien and, in particular, the village of Hoppstädten. The Waldgraves and Rhinegraves gave half their rights to Hoppstädten to the Electors Palatine in 1368, who in turn granted them to the Counts of Veldenz. Hence, cropping up in a 1388 document is a record of a knight, Sir Heinrich Bube von Ulmen (Nieder-Olm), having received from the Counts of Veldenz an estate in Hostede. A further estate at Hoppstädten was received in 1389 by Wepeling Giesebrecht von Simmern, likewise from the Counts of Veldenz. Relations between Veldenz and Simmern with regard to the village of Hoppstädten were then confirmed in a 1424 document. The Counts of Veldenz transferred one fourth of the tithes from Dhaun and Hoppstädten. Later, this holding passed to the family Braun von der Schmidtburg. When Friedrich von Sien died in 1430, the House of Sien died with him, for he had no male heir, and the Rhinegravial half of the lordship, by way of the late count's daughter Schonette, found its way into others’ hands. Schonette's first husband was Hermann Boos von Waldeck, and her second was Reinhard von Sickingen. When Hermann died about 1439, the lordship of Sien remained in his widow’s hands. After overcoming a few difficulties, Schonette managed to bequeath the inheritance in 1483 to Schwicker von Sickingen, Franz von Sickingen’s father. This only involved half the village, of course; as before, the other half was a Veldenz fief held by the Lords von der Schmidtburg bei Kirn. Thereafter came disputes over the division of rights within the lordship between the Sickingens and the Rhinegraves. Modern times In a 1515 Weistum (a Weistum – cognate with English wisdom – was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times), the reader learns that the lower jurisdiction, at least in a part of Hoppstädten, remained with the Sickingens. The other half passed into the hands of the Waldgraves of Kyrburg. Both lordships, Sickingen and Kyrburg, held only the lower jurisdiction, while the high jurisdiction belonged to the Rhinegraves, who, as before, were responsible for the whole Hochgericht auf der Heide. In 1575 the Lords of Sickingen managed to buy out the Schmidtburgs’ half of the village. After Prince Dominik of Salm-Kyrburg bought up the former Lordship of Sien in 1746, Hoppstädten passed into ownership of the Rhinegraves of Grumbach. Thereafter, the lordly structures remained unchanged until feudalism itself was swept away during the French Revolution. During the Thirty Years' War, the village was destroyed, and the population was wiped out by both the war and sickness. Recent times During the time of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era that followed, the German lands on the Rhine’s left bank were annexed by France. Within the new arrangement of boundaries, Hoppstädten now found itself in the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Sien, the Canton of Grumbach, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the Department of Sarre. After French rule ended, the Congress of Vienna drew new boundaries. The bond between Hoppstädten and the old lordly seat of Sien, which had lasted for hundreds of years, now came to an end. Between the Glan and the Nahe arose the new Principality of Lichtenberg, a newly created exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, which as of 1826 became the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. As part of this state, it passed in 1834 by sale to the Kingdom of Prussia, which made this area into the Sankt Wendel district. Also arising in this region was the Oberamt of Meisenheim in the Principality of Hesse-Homburg, within which lay Hoppstädten. Meanwhile, through a territorial exchange, Sien found itself in the Principality of Lichtenberg. Hesse-Homburg, too, passed to Prussia in 1866 after the last prince died. What had until this time been an Oberamt now became the Meisenheim district within Prussia's Rhine Province; at this time, the Bürgermeisterei (“mayoralty”) responsible for Hoppstädten was at Becherbach. In 1939, during the time of the Third Reich, this district was transferred to the Bad Kreuznach district. During the 19th century, the village experienced various changes, such as the building of a new school in 1840 and of a municipal hall in 1848. In 1859 and 1860, the Perlebach was channelled into a pipe under the village. Woodland clearing brought the village more farmland as early as 1850, which was supposed to improve the supply of land, and thereby food, to the still mainly agricultural populace. Nevertheless, many people left Hoppstädten. In the years 1840 to 1865 alone, twenty families emigrated to the United States. Before the First World War, a typhus epidemic spread across the land. Some people in Hoppstädten came down with the illness, but all of them survived. The Prussian government put forth efforts at this time to curb the causes of these sicknesses by instituting better hygienic conditions. In many places, watermains were built, although in Hoppstädten, the measures went no further than cleaning up the many local wells that supplied the villagers with their water. Nonetheless, a watermain was eventually built in Hoppstädten in 1921, although sewerage laying was not quite finished until rather late, sometime between 1994 and 1998. A swimming pool was built in 1936 and closed in 1968 because the safety and water quality requirements could no longer be met. There were further territorial changes in the wake of the Second World War. Hoppstädten at first still lay in the Bad Kreuznach district within the Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz, and in the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In the course of administrative restructuring in the state in 1968, Hoppstädten was taken from Bad Kreuznach and was reassigned to the Kusel district. In 1972, it passed to the newly founded Verbandsgemeinde of Lauterecken and at the same time to the likewise newly founded Regierungsbezirk of Rheinhessen-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate has since abolished its system of Regierungsbezirke). Jewish history Hoppstädten once had a small Jewish community that was actually an outlying part of the Jewish community in Hundsbach. See the relevant sections of that article for the community's history and information about its synagogue. Population development The village has a rural structure to this day. Until a few decades ago, most of the villagers earned their livelihoods in agriculture. Besides farmers, there were also farmhands, forestry workers and a few craftsmen. Farming now employs very few people. A great number of people in Hoppstädten nowadays need to seek work outside the village. A worsening drop in population figures in recent years is to be noted. The following table shows population development since Napoleonic times for Hoppstädten: Municipality’s name In 1325, Hoppstädten had its first documentary mention as Hobstetten in a document from the Rhingravica II assembly by Schott. Other forms of the name that have cropped up, especially in Veldenz documents, are Hoesteden (1388), Hoestede (1389) and Hobesteden (1392). As early as 1408, the form Hobsteden is witnessed, followed soon afterwards by Hoffsteden (1411) and Hoibsteden (1426). The modern form, Hoppstädten, did not first appear until 1820. For a while, to distinguish the village from others with the same name, the form Sien-Hoppstädten was customary. According to researchers Dolch and Greule, among others, the village's name goes back to the Middle High German word hovestat, which simply meant “estate”. Its two syllables correspond with the Modern High German words Hof (“estate” or “farm”) and Stätte (“place” or “stead”). Hence, the village might have arisen from a former lordly estate. Vanished villages The Wiedenhof in the Breinert Forest within Hoppstädten's limits was mentioned in a document as late as 1515, and likely vanished during the Thirty Years' War. Religion From the Middle Ages, the parish of Hoppstädten was a branch parish of Sien. Nevertheless, a small church arose in Hoppstädten in the early 16th century, which the worshippers consecrated to Saint Judoc (Jodokus, Jost, Jobst or Josse in German; in this case, the first form was used). Judoc was born in Brittany about 600. He is revered for helping with many illnesses and seeing to rich harvests. He rejected an offer to become Brittany's ruler and, after a pilgrimage to Rome, he lived in a hermitage. A cult grew up around him and spread, in Germany mainly in Lower Bavaria (Landshut) and the Eifel (Walberg near Bonn). In the time of the Reformation, everyone in the village converted to Lutheranism. The mother church then became Hundsbach, then later Kappeln, as of 1800 Hundsbach once again and then in 1921 once more Kappeln. In 1973, Hoppstädten was parochially attached to Grumbach. After the Thirty Years' War, Catholics once again came to settle, although not in great numbers. They remained a minority. Of the roughly 400 inhabitants today, some 300 are Evangelical and some 60 are Catholic. More than 30 inhabitants adhere to other faiths, or profess none at all. The old chapel, Saint Judoc's (Jodokuskapelle) was torn down in the 19th century after having fallen into disrepair. It was replaced in 1886 by a new church. It is a hall church with a wooden ceiling, a quire with ribbed vaulting and a tower with three floors whose roof tapers from an octagon to a high point. The organ comes from 1750 and was built into Saint Judoc's Chapel about 1800, later being moved to the current church. Politics Municipal council The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Mayor Hoppstädten's mayor is Günter Denzer, and his deputies are Veit Ahlers and Karola Wenderoth. Coat of arms The municipality's arms might be described thus: Per pale Or five bars gules and Or a lion rampant of the second armed and langued azure, in base an escallop of the last. The bars on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side are drawn from arms once borne by the Lords of Rieneck, who for centuries had holdings in the village. The lion charge on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side was an heraldic charge once borne by the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves, longtime rulers in the area. The scallop shell below the lion is the hermit saint Judoc’s attribute, thus representing the old Hoppstädten church’s patron saint. The arms have been borne since 1987 when they were approved by the now defunct Rheinhessen-Pfalz Regierungsbezirk administration in Neustadt an der Weinstraße. Culture and sightseeing Buildings The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: Evangelical church, Hauptstraße 29: Gothic Revival stone block building, façade tower, 1886/1887 Near Hauptstraße 31: former town hall; small, sophisticated sandstone-framed plastered building, about 1840 Regular events The kermis (church consecration festival) is held on the last weekend in October. Even today, the Straußjugend (“bouquet youth”) keep the old kermis customs. The schoolteacher Adolf Borger compiled extensive works about folklore and customs in Hoppstädten in earlier days, which have been published in the Westricher Heimatblätter. Clubs The following clubs are active in Hoppstädten (the dates represent the time of founding): FCK Fanclub “Perlebachdeiwel” Hoppstädten (1998) — 1. FC Kaiserslautern fan club Freiwillige Feuerwehr Hoppstädten (1967) — volunteer fire brigade Gesangverein Hoppstädten (1892) — singing club Schützenverein Perlenkopf Hoppstädten (1957) — shooting sports SPD Ortsverein Hoppstädten (1968) — Social Democratic Party of Germany local chapter Tennisclub (1979) Turn- und Sportverein Eintracht Hoppstädten (1911) — gymnastic and sport club Vereinsgemeinschaft Hoppstädten (1993) — association of clubs Economy and infrastructure Economic structure From yore, the villagers earned their livelihoods mainly at farming, and so it remained until the mid 20th century. There were stone and sand quarries, and brickyards, too. Beginning in 1921, there was also a diamond-cutting shop, alongside all the customary craft occupations. Since then, however, almost all farming operations have been given up, and more and more workers must seek their livelihoods outside the village. Today there is still one inn in the village, but most of the customary craft occupations have vanished. In their stead, new shops have arisen to properly serve the needs in this newer developmental structure. Education From the time before 1800 comes no information about schooling in Hoppstädten. It can be assumed, however, that as early as the 17th century, local people were already striving to establish regular schooling. From old school documents the reader learns that in 1814, the school assistant (that is, teacher) Friedrich Karl Diehlmann was teaching at a schoolhouse in the village, which for that time would by no means have gone without saying. From 1825 to about 1845, a schoolteacher named Vollrath taught. In his time, the school fee that each schoolchild had to pay was raised from 30 to 35 Kreuzer. Under Vollrath's successor Ullrich, wintertime schooling had to be given up because there was not enough firewood to heat the schoolhouse. In 1840, the municipality had a new schoolhouse built, complete with a teacher's dwelling. The old schoolhouse was sold for 150 Rhenish guilders, and was torn down about 1930. Following schoolteacher Ullrich was schoolteacher Ott, whose salary was raised in 1874 from 150 to 250 Thaler. Ott had a family of eleven to support, and he had to teach 100 schoolchildren. In 1893, then schoolteacher Schneider had at his disposal a four-room dwelling with kitchen and cellar as well as a commercial building and plots of land for a small farm. For keeping two swine, 120 ℳ was approved. There was a further salary of 913 ℳ. Outside teaching, Ott earned 8 ℳ as an organist, 36 ℳ as a cantor and 62 ℳ as a municipal scrivener. All together, the income was worth 1,276 ℳ. Beginning in 1933, a second teaching post was instituted, after such a move had been time and again opposed by the municipality (of course, after Adolf Hitler’s seizure of power early in this same year, opposing the authorities became rather riskier). In 1957, the municipality decided to build a new schoolhouse. It was dedicated in 1960. In the course of educational restructuring in 1968, the upper class in Hoppstädten was dissolved, and since then, Hauptschule students have had to be bussed to classes in Lauterecken. Then there were only primary school pupils in Hoppstädten, some from neighbouring villages. In 1970 came the merger with the Grumbach primary school; the resulting institution was called Grundschule Grumbach-Hoppstädten. The school was closed in 2010, and primary school pupils must now likewise attend classes in Lauterecken. Students wishing to attend a Gymnasium may do so in either Lauterecken or Meisenheim. Transport Some 2 km to the west runs Bundesstraße 270. The village of Hoppstädten itself lies on Kreisstraßen 68 and 67. Somewhat less favourable is the access to Autobahnen, with the Kusel interchange roughly 40 km away, and the ones at Kaiserslautern and Wöllstein even farther away (45 and 50 km respectively). Serving Lauterecken is a railway station on the Lautertalbahn. Distances to important regional centres are as follows: Sien — 2 km Lauterecken — 11 km Meisenheim — 11 km Kirn — 20 km Idar-Oberstein — 22 km Kusel — 30 km References External links Hoppstädten in the collective municipality’s webpages Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate Kusel (district)
2201924	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%28%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%29	Фіхтнера близнюки (шахи)	Фіхтнера близнюки (шахи) Близнюки Фіхтнера — спосіб утворення близнюків у шаховій композиції шляхом перестановки з матової картини (матового фіналу) будь-якої фігури на інше поле. Історія Цей спосіб утворення близнюків запропонував німецький шаховий композитор В. Фіхтнер.<p>Перший близнюк має певне рішення. Для утворення нового близнюка береться матовий фінал цієї задачі і переставляється будь-яка фігура на інше поле. Цей близнюк має інший розв'язок. Для утворення нового близнюка переставляється, як правило, чорний король, оскільки він знаходиться в положенні шаху й мату. Якщо переставляти іншу фігуру, то береться або фігура, що оголосила мат, або інша фігура переставляється на лінію оголошення мату так, щоб в новій початковій позиції перекрити від шаху чорного короля.<p>Цей спосіб утворення близнюків дістав назву — близнюки Фіхтнера. b) h8→g5<p>a) 1. Sf8 Se7 2. Sh7 Sg6#b) 1. Se7 Sf8 2. Sg6 S:h7#<p>В близнюках пройшла тема Залокоцького в прямій повній змішаній формі. Примітки Це є один із варіантів міжнародного позначення фігур. Використовується для запису розставленої на шахівниці позиції, ходів розв'язку, ілюзорної чи хибної гри шахової задачі, а також запису ходів шахової партії. Література Уся тематика шахової композиції за алфавітом Фіхтнера Фіхтнера
335758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooker	Hooker	Hooker may refer to: People Hooker (surname) Places Antarctica Mount Hooker (Antarctica) Cape Hooker (Antarctica) Cape Hooker (South Shetland Islands) New Zealand Hooker River Hooker Valley Track Mount Hooker (New Zealand) in the Southern Alps Hooker Glacier (New Zealand), in the Southern Alps United States Hooker, California, an unincorporated community Hooker, Georgia, an unincorporated community Little Goose Creek (Kentucky), location of Hooker post office and river branch Hooker, Missouri, a ghost town Hooker, Ohio, an unincorporated community Hooker, Oklahoma, a city Hooker, South Dakota, an unincorporated community Hooker County, Nebraska Hooker Township, Dixon County, Nebraska Hooker Township, Gage County, Nebraska Hooker Dam, a proposed dam on the Gila River in New Mexico Hooker Falls, North Carolina Mount Hooker (Wyoming) Elsewhere Mount Hooker (Canada), a mountain on the Continental Divide and border between British Columbia and Alberta, Canada Hooker and Brown, mythical mountains alleged to exist in the Canadian Rockies Hooker Island, Franz Josef Land, Russia In sport Hooker (rugby league), one of the positions in rugby league football Hooker, one of the positions in rugby union football In cricket, a batsman who plays the hook shot An expert practitioner of catch wrestling Hooker, book by Lou Thesz on professional wrestling A boxer who is particularly known for throwing hooks Other uses Prostitute, colloquially called a "hooker" Galway hooker, a traditional Irish fishing boat Hooker Telescope, a 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory Hooker Emerald, a emerald owned by the Smithsonian Institution The title character of T. J. Hooker, an American police drama television program, played by William Shatner "Hooker", a song by Pink from the album Try This Hooker's Green, a particular mixture of green and blue See also Hooker Creek (disambiguation)
122371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amory%2C%20Mississippi	Amory, Mississippi	Amory, Mississippi Amory is a city in Monroe County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 6,666 at the 2020 census, down from 7,316 in 2010. Located in the northeastern part of the state near the Alabama border, it was founded in 1887 as a railroad town by the Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad. As a result, Cotton Gin Port, along the Tombigbee River to the east, was abandoned as businesses and people moved for railroad access. History Amory was founded as a planned railroad town. The Kansas City, Memphis & Birmingham Railroad was expanding in the South and needed a midpoint between Memphis, Tennessee, and Birmingham, Alabama, to service their locomotives. They laid out the new town of Amory, near the Alabama border, in 1887. Believing railroad access to be critical, people from nearby Cotton Gin Port, about 1.5 miles away and located along the Tombigbee River, abandoned their town and moved to Amory. All that remains of the former Cotton Gin Port are the ruins of buildings and an old cemetery. Two field recordings were made at Monroe County Training School in Amory. 2023 tornado On the evening of Friday, March 24, 2023, Amory was struck by a fast-moving EF3 tornado, resulting in significant residential damage, as well as multiple injuries and two fatalities. At Amory High School, cameras caught the tornado damaging the building, ripping the roof off the building and flying debris impacted the schools' athletic facility. The same tornado also impacted Egypt prior, and Wren thereafter. Geography Amory is in northern Monroe County, on the east side of the valley of the Tombigbee River. The Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway forms the northwestern border of the city. U.S. Route 278 passes through the south side of the city as Sixth Avenue, leading west the US 45 freeway and southeast to Sulligent, Alabama. Okolona, Mississippi, is to the west via US 278 and Mississippi Highway 41. State Highway 25 passes through Amory as Main Street, leading north to Fulton and south to Aberdeen, the Monroe county seat. State Highway 6 leads northwest from Amory to Nettleton and to Tupelo. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Amory has a total area of , of which are land and , or 4.63%, are water. Amory Lock on the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway and part of its upstream pool are along the northern edge of the city. Demographics 2020 census As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 6,666 people, 2,900 households, and 1,666 families residing in the city. 2010 census As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 7,316 people living in the city. 69.5% were White, 29.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.3% from some other race and 0.7% of two or more races. 1.4% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 6,956 people, 2,876 households, and 1,903 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,147 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 69.85% White, 29.18% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population. There were 2,876 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,789, and the median income for a family was $37,891. Males had a median income of $30,913 versus $21,356 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,092. About 17.1% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.6% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over. Economy Business sectors in the city include sports equipment manufacturing, wood pulp processing, and the furniture and textile industries. The city is served by North Mississippi Medical Center Gilmore–Amory. Arts and culture In honor of its cultural and historical heritage, the city of Amory holds the annual "Railroad Festival" in April in Frisco Park in downtown. Among other attractions, the Festival includes southern foods—such as fried catfish, barbecue, and apple fritters— rides, arts and crafts, and live music, most notably the local band The Gents who have brought fans out for years with their Motown, Blues Brothers, and classic oldies show. While spring rains are possible during the 3-day festival, turnout is generally quite large, with as many as 40,000 visiting the festival over the period of a weekend. The festival was cancelled in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It returned in 2022, however it was cancelled again in 2023, as Amory was still recovering from the deadly tornado that hit the city on March 24. The city was able to have the Railroad Festival in 2024 though. In addition to the annual Railroad Festival, Amory held "Entertainment for Education", also known as "Stars Over Mississippi", an event in which a number of celebrities and entertainers hosted a benefit concert to raise funds for local scholarships. Past performers and attendees included Vince Gill, Dolly Parton, Nell Carter, Sandi Patty, Kathie Lee Gifford, Kathy Ireland, Brad Paisley, Brooks and Dunn, Ray Romano, Tony Danza, Patricia Heaton, Doris Roberts, Whoopi Goldberg, Brad Garrett, and Prince Edward. Education Most of Amory is served by the Amory School District, while a small portion is served by the Monroe County School District. Amory Christian Academy is a private school in Amory. Infrastructure Transportation Road transport is served by US 278, Mississippi Highway 6, and Mississippi Highway 25. Rail transport is offered by BNSF Railway, the Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway, and the Mississippian Railway. Ship transport can be accommodated on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. Notable people Lucille Bogan, classic female blues singer Hob Bryan, member of the Mississippi Senate Jim Burrow, former professional football defensive back, father of Joe Burrow Lt. Col. Herman Carter, one of the original 33 Tuskegee Airmen John Dye, actor known for his role of Andrew on Touched by an Angel Rufus French, All-American football player Gary Grubbs, actor David Hadley, former NFL defensive back Will Hall, head football coach, University of Southern Mississippi Trent Harmon, winner of American Idol Season 15 Ulysses Hollimon, Negro league baseball player John Johnson, former member of the Mississippi House of Representatives and Mississippi Senate Tevin Jones, wide receiver for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League Jon Ray Lancaster, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives Brian Maxcy, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Mitch Moreland, first baseman and right fielder for the Texas Rangers, Boston Red Sox and Oakland Athletics Matt Schnell, mixed martial artist Taylor Spreitler, actress Butch Thompson, head baseball coach, Auburn University Shaquille Vance, Paralympic sprinter Marcus West, former NFL player and current assistant coach for the Buffalo Bills In popular culture "Blue Suede Shoes" was written by Carl Perkins during a trip to Amory, for a concert with Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash in 1955. See also St. Louis-San Francisco Railway References External links Park Hotel in Amory Ledgers (MUM00354) at the University of Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections. Cities in Mississippi Cities in Monroe County, Mississippi
22455288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Open%20Gaz%20de%20France%20%E2%80%93%20Singles	2006 Open Gaz de France – Singles	2006 Open Gaz de France – Singles Dinara Safina was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Amélie Mauresmo. Mauresmo went on to win the title, defeating Mary Pierce in the final 6–1, 7–6(7–2). Seeds A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top four seeds received a bye to the second round. Amélie Mauresmo (champion) Mary Pierce (final) Nadia Petrova (quarterfinals) Patty Schnyder (semifinals) Elena Dementieva (quarterfinals) Flavia Pennetta (first round) Dinara Safina (quarterfinals) Anna-Lena Grönefeld (first round) Draw Final Section 1 Section 2 External links 2006 Open Gaz de France draw Singles Open Gaz de France
49298902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisn%C3%A9-la-Tude	Boisné-la-Tude	Boisné-la-Tude is a commune in the Charente department of southwestern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Charmant, Chavenat and Juillaguet. See also Communes of the Charente department References Communes of Charente Communes nouvelles of Charente Populated places established in 2016 2016 establishments in France
1082635	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0	Критерій Лоусона	Критерій Лоусона — умова виникнення термоядерної реакції, що самопідтримується, або умова запалення термоядерної реакції. Вперше сформульований у науковій статті британським фізиком Джоном Девідом Лоусоном у 1957 році. Формулювання Аби термоядерний синтез став джерелом енергії, добуток густини частинок та часу їх утримання на гранично близькій відстані одна від одної повинен перевищувати певну величину. Фізичні передумови Умова існування реакції синтезу полягає в тому, щоб виділена енергія перевищувала енергію, що виноситься з плазми електромагнітним і корпускулярним випромінюванням. При рівності цих величин реакція синтезу протікатиме, але надлишок енергії для корисного використання створений не буде. Цю умову можна записати у вигляді: nτ ≥ L(T), де n — густина високотемпературної плазми; τ — середній час утримання плазми в активній зоні реактора; L(T) — коефіцієнт Лоусона. Функція температури L(T) залежить від типу використовуваного термоядерного палива: чистого дейтерію чи рівнокопонентної суміші дейтерію з тритієм. Критерій Лоусона визначає мінімальну частоту реакцій синтезу на секунду, яка необхідна для стійкої підтримки реакції в матеріальному середовищі. Штучного синтезу можна досягти або завдяки створенню надзвичайно високої густини частинок, що взаємодіють (і як наслідок, підвищення до потрібного рівня ймовірності їх зіткнення), або завдяки тривалішого утримання частинок на гранично малій відстані одна від одної (тим самим, даючи частинкам більше часу для вступання в реакцію). Виходить, що аби термоядерний синтез почав виробляти енергію, повинна бути збережена умова: Nt > ~ 1020, де N — концентрація частинок (число частинок на кубометр об'єму), а t — час (в секундах). Це і є критерієм Лоусона, що визначає умови для початку керованої реакції термоядерного синтезу. Його зміст полягає в тому, що по досягненні температури запуску реакції необхідний компроміс між концентрацією (або густиною) частинок та часом їх утримання в об'ємі, що забезпечує цю густину. Можна розпалити термоядерний синтез при меншій концентрації частинок завдяки тривалішому утриманню плазми, а можна — при меншому часі утримання плазми завдяки підвищенню густини частинок у ній. Примітки Джерела Сивухин Д.В. Общий курс физики. Том V. Атомная и ядерная физика. Lawson J. D., Some criteria for a power producing thermonuclear reactor, "Proc. of the Phys. Soc., Sec. B", 1957, v. 70, pt. 1, p. 6 Пистунович В. И., Некоторые задачи токамака с инжекцией быстрых нейтралов, "Физика плазмы". 1976. т. 2, в. 1, с. 3 Jassby, D. L. Neutral-beam-driven Tokamak fusion reactors. Nuclear Fusion, vol. 17, Apr. 1977, p. 309-365. Посилання Елементи великої науки: Критерій Лоусона Енциклопедія фізики та техніки: Критерій Лоусона Див. також Коефіцієнт відтворення термоядерної енергії Керований термоядерний синтез
32863312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup	2011–12 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup	2011–12 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup The 46th World Cup season began on 22 October 2011, in Sölden, Austria, and concluded on 18 March 2012, at the World Cup finals in Schladming, Austria. Two pre-Olympic races took place at Rosa Khutor, the alpine venue for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Two city events, first held as a part of World Cup in the 2011 season, were scheduled for Munich and Moscow, but the Munich event was cancelled due to warm temperatures. Lindsey Vonn won her fourth overall women's title in five years, clinching it with a giant slalom win on 9 March at Åre, Sweden. Vonn's title put her second on the all-time list behind Annemarie Moser-Pröll's tally of six titles. The men's overall title went to the final event at Schladming, where Austria's Marcel Hirscher prevailed over Switzerland's Beat Feuz. Calendar Men Ladies Nation team event Men's standings Overall Downhill Super-G Giant slalom Slalom Super combined Ladies' standings Overall Downhill Super-G Giant slalom Slalom Super combined Nations Cup Overall Men Ladies Footnotes References External links Alpine skiing FIS Alpine Ski World Cup World Cup World Cup
3070671	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80	Джаде-Кенар	Джаде-Кенар — село в Ірані, у дегестані Тагер-Ґураб, у Центральному бахші, шагрестані Совмее-Сара остану Ґілян. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 249 осіб, що проживали у складі 68 сімей. Клімат Середня річна температура становить 13,98 °C, середня максимальна – 27,91 °C, а середня мінімальна – -1,46 °C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 809 мм. Примітки Населені пункти шагрестану Совмее-Сара
6313794	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Coffey	Scott Coffey	Scott Coffey (born Thomas Scott Coffey; May 1, 1964) is an American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. His film credits include Shag, Some Kind of Wonderful, Dream Lover, and Mulholland Drive. He directed the films Ellie Parker (2005) and Adult World (2013). Coffey was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in Shag. Biography Personal life Coffey was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, where he began his acting career appearing in school plays, community theatre and with the Hawaii Performing Arts Company. He also appeared in several episodic television shows. He later became a writer and director. Coffey lives in Berlin, Germany, and Los Angeles with his longtime boyfriend, novelist Blair Mastbaum. Career At sixteen, he moved to Rome, attending high school and acting in films including Once Upon a Time in America. Coffey's favorite film was Bertolucci's La Luna which sparked his desire to move to Italy. Later, he moved to New York where he signed with the William Morris Agency and studied acting while co-starring in the off-Broadway play It's All Talk. After a year he moved to Los Angeles to pursue his film career, appearing in Ferris Bueller's Day Off and SpaceCamp. His television work included a special The Twilight Zone episode entitled "Private Channel", as well as an episode of Amazing Stories directed by Robert Zemeckis. In 1989, Coffey played the major role of Chip in Shag. His first feature film, Ellie Parker (2005), which finished production in July 2005, was an Official Selection of the 2005 Sundance Film Festival and won the New American Cinema Special Jury Prize at the Seattle International Film Festival. He wrote All God's Children Can Dance, a film adaptation of a story by Haruki Murakami. Coffey also directed the 2013 indie Adult World. Coffey formed a friendship with actress Naomi Watts when the two worked together in the 1995 film Tank Girl. Coffey directed Watts in the 2001 short film Ellie Parker, which was later expanded into the feature film of the same name. The two have also appeared in other works together, mostly directed by David Lynch, including the 2001 mystery feature Mulholland Drive and the web series Rabbits. Filmography Directorial work Awards and nominations References External links Official Site Scott Coffey Interview 1964 births Living people American male film actors American film producers American music video directors American male screenwriters American male television actors American LGBT screenwriters American gay actors American gay writers Male actors from Hawaii Male actors from Honolulu LGBT people from Hawaii American LGBT film directors LGBT film producers Gay screenwriters Film directors from Oregon Film directors from Hawaii Screenwriters from Hawaii Writers from Honolulu
2216106	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%20%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Майберг Арон Сергійович	Майберг Арон Сергійович (13 липня 1956, Тюмень) — український бізнесмен, голова наглядової ради і співвласник авіакомпанії «Міжнародні Авіалінії України». Почесний Консул України в м. Хайфа. Біографія У 1978 році закінчив Хмельницький технологічний інститут побутового обслуговування за спеціальністю «інженер-механік». У 1978-1982 роках викладав технічну механіку в механіко-технологічному технікумі у Чернівцях. З 1982 року працював майстром, начальником виробничо-диспетчерського відділу, головним інженером об'єднання «Чернівці автотехобслуговування». З 1990 року — громадянин Ізраїлю. В Ізраїлі зайнявся турбізнесом. Одним з проектів була організація виїзду на постійне місце проживання в Ізраїль. На початку 1990-х років прямих рейсів з СРСР не було: сполучення здійснювалося через Бухарест, Будапешт і Варшаву. Прямі рейси з Москви стали користуватися попитом. Тоді Арон Майберг звернувся до Леоніда Погребняка (тоді гендиректора Українського об'єднання цивільної авіації) з ідеєю про відкриття комерційних рейсів. Перший рейс Київ — Тель-Авів був здійснений 24 серпня 1992 року на літаку «Авіаліній України» Ту-154. . У листопаді 2009 року Арон Майберг покинув компанію «Аеросвіт», продавши 19% акцій, які йому належали. Почесний Консул України в м. Хайфа. Сімейний стан Одружений. Троє дітей: дві дочки і син. Тримає п'ять собак: померанський шпіц, алабай, чихуахуа, йоркширський тер'єр і пекінес. Нагороди Відзнака Президента України — орден «За заслуги» III ступеня (1999) Відзнака Президента України — орден «За заслуги» II ступеня (2004) Див. також Список почесних консульств України Примітки Посилання Ізраїльські підприємці Українські підприємці Уродженці Тюмені Українські дипломати Почесні консули України
16385	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%29	Шафран (рід)	Шафран (рід) Шафран (Crocus) — рід трав'янистих багаторічних рослин родини півникових. Відомо 70 видів, поширених переважно на Середземномор'ї; на території України — 9. Шафран посівний вирощують як джерело прянощів і як фарбувальну рослину; використовується в народній медицині як болезаспокійливий і сечогінний засіб. Потребує відкритого сонячного місця і проникного, легкого ґрунту. Ботанічний опис Бульбоцибулина має розмір до 3 см в діаметрі, округла або сплюснута, вкрита лусками, дає пучок кореневих мочок, будова і забарвлення яких варіюються у різних видів. Стебло не розвивається. Листки прикореневі, лінійні, охоплені знизу піхвовими лусками, з'являються під час чи після цвітіння. Квітки поодинокі, іноді 2—3 з однієї бульбоцибулини, оточені плівчастими лусками. Оцвітина крупна, довго лійчаста, відгин віночока складається з 6 пелюсток, що переходять у довгу циліндричну трубочку. Тичинки прикріплені до зіва оцвітини, коротші його; нитки короткі; пиляки прямостоячі, лінійні, зазвичай довші тичинкову нитку. Стовпчик ниткоподібний з трьома маточками. Плід — тригніздна коробочка, насіння дрібне, ребристі. Період цвітіння — весна або осінь (залежно від видової приналежності рослини). За забарвленням квіток види діляться на дві групи: жовтоквіткові (забарвлення від жовтого до жовтогарячого) і блакитноквіткові (забарвлення від світло-бузкового до темно-фіолетового); також зустрічаються альбіносна форма — частіше у блакитноквіткових, рідше у жовтоквіткових. Значення і застосування Використовується як декоративна рослина. Висушені маточки квіток шафрану посівного (Crocus sativus) використовуються як пряність і харчовий барвник жовтогарячого кольору. Можливо, має властивості, що сповільнюють втрату зору в літніх людей. На даний момент ці властивості рослини тільки починають вивчатися. Використовується в харчовій промисловості як натуральний жовтий барвник для сирів, лікерів, вершкового масла і деяких видів безалкогольних напоїв. Відомий у Греції з раннього Середньовіччя. Барвник додавався безпосередньо в основу: порошкоподібний барвник змішувався з яєчним білком і широко використовувався для ілюстрування рукописів. З шафрану з білком також виготовлявся золотистий лак для надання поверхні олова золотого відтінку — для імітації золотого аркуша. Види A Crocus abantensis‎, Crocus adami‎, Crocus adanensis‎, Crocus alatavicus‎, Crocus aleppicus‎, Crocus ancyrensis, Crocus angustifolius‎, Crocus asymmetricus‎, Crocus atticus‎, Crocus autranii‎, Crocus autumnalis‎. B Crocus balansae‎, Crocus banaticus‎, Crocus baytopiorum‎, Crocus biflorus‎, Crocus boryi‎. C Crocus cambessedesii‎, Crocus cancellatus‎, Crocus candidus, Crocus carpetanus, Crocus cartwrightianus‎, Crocus caspius, Crocus chrysanthus, Crocus corsicus. D Crocus dalmaticus, Crocus damascenus, Crocus danfordiae. E Crocus etruscus. F Crocus flavus‎, Crocus fleischeri‎. G Crocus gargaricus‎, Crocus goulimyi‎, Crocus graveolens. H Crocus hadriaticus‎, Crocus heuffelianus‎, Crocus hyemalis‎. I Crocus imperati‎. K Crocus kartaldagensis‎, Crocus korolkowii‎, Crocus kosaninii‎, Crocus kotschyanus‎. L Crocus laevigatus‎, Crocus leichtlinii‎, Crocus ligusticus‎, Crocus longiflorus. M Crocus malyi, Crocus mathewii‎, Crocus michelsonii, ‎ Crocus minimus‎, Crocus musagecitii‎. N Crocus neapolitanus, Crocus neglectus, Crocus nevadensis‎, Crocus niveus‎, Crocus nudiflorus. O Crocus ochroleucus‎, Crocus olivieri‎, Crocus oreocreticus. P Crocus pallasii‎, Crocus paschei, Crocus pseudonubigena, Crocus pulchellus‎, Crocus pumilus‎. R Crocus reticulatus, Crocus roseoviolaceus‎. S Crocus sativus‎, Crocus scardicus‎, Crocus scharojanii‎, Crocus sieberi, Crocus sieheanus, Crocus speciosus‎, Crocus suaveolens. T Crocus tauricus‎, Crocus tommasinianus‎. V Crocus vallicola‎, Crocus variegatus‎, Crocus veluchensis‎, Crocus vernus, ‎Crocus versicolor‎, Crocus vitellinus‎. Примітки Посилання Джерела Півникові Роди однодольних Рослинні барвники
1549578	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0	Зеніна Алла Миколаївна	Зеніна Алла Миколаївна Алла Миколаївна Зеніна (3 жовтня 1930, Лучинець — 23 червня 1988, Київ) — український історик, кандидат історичних наук з 1970 року, лауреат Державної премії УРСР у галузі науки і техніки (за 1984 рік). Біографія Народилася 3 жовтня 1930 року в селі Лучинцях (нині Могилів-Подільський район Вінницької області, Україна) в сім'ї службовців. 1953 року закінчила історичний факультет Харківського університету, 1956 року — аспірантуру цього університету. Від 1956 року — викладач кафедри історії КПРС Харківського університету. У 1958–1960 роках — викладач Південносахалінського університету марксизму-ленінізму, у 1960–1966 роках — викладач, у 1966–1972 роках — старший викладач кафедри історії КПРС Харківського університету. В Інституті історії АН УРСР: від 1973 року — молодший науковий співробітник, від 1976 року — старший науковий співробітник відділу історії дружби народів СРСР. Від 1985 року — на пенсії. Померла в Києві 23 червня 1988 року. Наукова діяльність Досліджувала проблеми історії УСРР—УРСР, взаємозв'язки українського народу з російським, білоруським і молдовським народами. Брала участь у написанні колективних праць: «Великий советский народ» (1976); «Нерушимая дружба украинского и белорусского народов» (1978); «Історія Української РСР» (1979, том 8, книга 2); «Нерушимая дружба украинского и молдавского народов в период социализма» (1980); «Дружба и братство украинского и русского народов» (1982, книга 2) та інших. Автор монографії «Боевое содружество советских партизан в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1944» (Київ, 1985). Примітки Література Скаба А. Д. Фундаментальні дослідження з історії. «Вісті АН УРСР», 1985, № 5; Вчені Академії наук України — лауреати Державних премій УРСР в галузі науки і техніки 1984 року. Там само; Вчені Інституту історії України: Біобібліографічний довідник. Серія «Українські історики», випуск 1. Київ, 1996 ; Г. С. Брега. Енциклопедія історії України: том 3: Е-Й / Редколегія: В. А. Смолій (голова) та інші. НАН України. Інститут історії України. — Київ: Видавництво «Наукова думка», 2005. — 672 с.: іл. Українські історикині Радянські історики Історики XX століття Жінки XX століття Кандидати історичних наук СРСР Науковці Інституту історії України НАН України
3046766	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%20%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD	Амазасп Срванцтян	Амазасп Срванцтян (Համազասպ Սրվանձթյան) — вірменський фідаїн початку XX століття. Народився у 1873 році, був убитий у 1921 році. Біографія Народився у місті Ван у 1873 році. Ще з ранніх років він був втягнутий у революційний рух. Побоюючись турецьких переслідувань, Амазасп поїхав до Єревану, потім до Шуші . Бойові дії Амазасп брав участь у вірмено-татарській різанині 1905—1906 років. У 1908 році разом з іншими дашнакскими діячами був заарештований царським урядом і висланий до Сибіру на 15 років поселення, але 1913 року зміг втекти і виїхав до Європи, а у 1914 році — до Константинополя . З початком Першої світової війни у 1914 році і оголошенням Росією амністії для дашнаків, Амазасп повернувся на Кавказ і прийняв командування 3-ю Вірменською добровольчою дружиною, що брала участь у багатьох боях. У 1915 році брав участь в боях за свій рідний Ван, а після того — у боях за Бітліс і Хизан. Набув репутації блискучого стратега. У 1918 році Амазасп Срванцтян брав участь в оборонних боях за Баку. Там Амазасп командував Вірменською бригадою чисельністю в 3500 чоловік, бився за Гянджу і Євлах, 4 місяці відбивав атаки багаторазово переважаючих сил турецько-азербайджанської Кавказької Ісламської Армії. Зрештою, у липні 1918 року йому довелося відвести геть виснажену бригаду з лінії фронту. Комісар Вірменської бригади Анастас Мікоян звинуватив Амазаспа у зраді. Незабаром Амазасп поїхав до Персії . Після завершення Першої світової війни він повертається до Вірменії і незабаром його призначають командиром Вірменської армії в регіоні Нор-Баязет. У 1920 році брав участь у турецько-вірменської війні. Після встановлення радянської влади Амазаспа було заарештовано і у лютому 1921 року жорстоко вбито комуністами у Ериванській в'язниці. Примітки Померли в ув'язненні Учасники Першої світової війни Політики Вірменії Померли в Єревані Померли 1921 Уродженці Вана Народились 1873 Сторінки з неперевіреними перекладами
17004800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmakshy%20District	Karmakshy District	Karmakshy District Karmakshy is a district of Kyzylorda Region in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the urban-type settlement of Zhosaly. Population: It is a closed area and for travelers, a special permission is required to visit the town. References Districts of Kazakhstan Kyzylorda Region
2577757	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8	Пучарки	Пучарки — колонія у Польщі, в Люблінському воєводстві Томашівського повіту, ґміни Тарнаватка. Історія Первісним населенням Пучарок були русини-лемки, які компактно проживали на своїх історичних землях. Примітки Надсяння Закерзоння Села Томашівського повіту (Люблінське воєводство) Гміна Тарнаватка
3360837	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA-%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%20%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%29	Лейк-Черокі (Техас)	Лейк-Черокі (Техас) Лейк-Черокі — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в округах Раск і Грегг штату Техас. Населення — 2980 осіб (2020). Географія Лейк-Черокі розташований за координатами (32.360187, -94.650123). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 42,80 км², з яких 31,70 км² — суходіл та 11,10 км² — водойми. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкала особа в домогосподарствах у складі 986 родин. Густота населення становила 72 особи/км². Було 1782 помешкання (42/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 2,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 7,9 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 18,0 % — особи молодші 18 років, 61,6 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 20,4 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 51,7 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 101,4 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 100,3 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та долари для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 10,2 % осіб, у тому числі 23,5 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 0,8 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 17,5 %, виробництво — 15,1 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 13,4 %, будівництво — 11,9 %. Примітки Джерела Переписні місцевості Техасу Населені пункти округу Грегг (Техас) Населені пункти округу Раск (Техас)
50203022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strelki	Strelki	Strelki is a Russian pop music group formed in 1997, best known for their song "Ty brosil menya" (Ты бросил меня; You Left Me), which became a hit in Russia. The group was created as a Russian version of Spice Girls. After the split-up of original line-up, the band performed few years with secondary line-ups. In 2016, original Strelki line-up reunited. Discography Albums Videos References External links About Strelki on zvezdi.ru Russian pop music groups Russian girl groups Musical groups established in 1997
385864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen%20Chamberlain	Owen Chamberlain	Owen Chamberlain (July 10, 1920 – February 28, 2006) was an American physicist who shared with Emilio Segrè the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the antiproton, a sub-atomic antiparticle. Biography Born in San Francisco, California, Chamberlain graduated from Germantown Friends School in Philadelphia in 1937. He studied physics at Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Alpha Theta chapter of Theta Chi fraternity, and at the University of California, Berkeley. He remained in school until the start of World War II, and joined the Manhattan Project in 1942, where he worked with Segrè, both at Berkeley and in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He married Beatrice Babette Copper (d. 1988) in 1943, with whom he had four children. In 1946, after the war, Chamberlain continued with his doctoral studies at the University of Chicago under physicist Enrico Fermi. Fermi acted as an important guide and mentor for Chamberlain, encouraging him to leave behind theoretical physics for experimental physics, for which Chamberlain had a particular aptitude. Chamberlain received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1949. In 1948, having completed his experimental work, Chamberlain returned to Berkeley as a member of its faculty. There he, Segrè, and other physicists investigated proton-proton scattering. In 1955, a series of proton scattering experiments at Berkeley's Bevatron led to the discovery of the anti-proton, a particle like a proton but negatively charged. Chamberlain's later research work included the time projection chamber (TPC), and work at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Chamberlain was politically active on issues of peace and social justice, and outspoken against the Vietnam War. He was a member of Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov, and Shcharansky, three physicists of the former Soviet Union imprisoned for their political beliefs. In the 1980s, he helped found the nuclear freeze movement. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto. Chamberlain was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1985, and retired from teaching in 1989. He died of complications from the disease on February 28, 2006, in Berkeley at the age of 85. Chamberlain plays a central role in Jacob M. Appel's Sherwood Anderson Award-winning short story, "Measures of Sorrow". Bibliography Chamberlain, Owen; Segre, Emilio; Wiegand, Clyde; Ypsilantis, Thomas, (October 1955). Observation of Antiprotons, Radiation Laboratory University of California predecessor to the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), United States Atomic Energy Commission predecessor to the U.S. Department of Energy. Chamberlain, Owen; Segre, Emilio; Wiegand, Clyde, (November 1955). Antiprotons, Radiation Laboratory University of California predecessor to the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), United States Atomic Energy Commission predecessor to the U.S. Department of Energy. Chamberlain, Owen; Keller, Donald V.; Mermond, Ronald; Segre, Emilio; Steiner, Herbert M.; Ypsilantis, Tom, (July 1957). Experiments on Antiprotons: Antiproton-Nucleon Cross Sections, Radiation Laboratory University of California predecessor to the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), United States Atomic Energy Commission predecessor to the U.S. Department of Energy. Chamberlain, O, (December 1959). The Early Antiproton Work (Nobel Lecture), Radiation Laboratory University of California predecessor to the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), United States Atomic Energy Commission predecessor to the U.S. Department of Energy. Chamberlain, O, (September 1984). Personal History of Nucleon Polarization Experiments, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) predecessor to the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), U.S. Department of Energy. References External links including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1959 The Early Antiproton Work Short Bio at Berkeley Guide to the Owen Chamberlain Papers at The Bancroft Library New York Times obituary National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir 1920 births 2006 deaths Germantown Friends School alumni Dartmouth College alumni University of California, Berkeley alumni University of Chicago alumni 20th-century American physicists Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences American Nobel laureates American experimental physicists Manhattan Project people Nobel laureates in Physics University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area Fellows of the American Physical Society Deaths from Parkinson's disease in California
699732	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD	Сен-Кассен	Сен-Кассен — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Овернь-Рона-Альпи, департамент Савоя. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 460 км на південний схід від Парижа, 90 км на схід від Ліона, 4 км на південь від Шамбері. Історія До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Рона-Альпи. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Овернь-Рона-Альпи. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 295 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 760,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Галерея зображень Посилання Сен-Кассен на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Савоя Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Савоя
252531	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F	Генеральна військова канцелярія	Генеральна військова канцелярія — найвища адміністративна установа Гетьманщини 17-18 століть. Центральний орган управління, що займався питаннями зв'язку, документообігу, адміністративної роботи та зберігання документів. Вона була важливим елементом державного управління в Гетьманщині, адже від неї залежало функціонування всієї системи державного управління. Створення Канцелярія створена Богданом Хмельницьким під час національно-визвольної війни українського народу 1648-57 років. Здійснювала все військове, адміністративне, судове і фінансове управління. Була створена на основі польського зразка управління. Діяльність Гетьман через Генеральну військову канцелярію здійснював управління військовими, адміністративними, судовими і фінансовими справами держави. Генеральна військова канцелярія підпорядковувалась гетьману, а безпосередньо керував її діяльністю генеральний писар. Склад канцелярії До складу канцелярії входила вся генеральна старшина, крім генерального судді. Генеральний обозний, два генеральних судді, два генеральних осавули, генеральний хорунжий генеральний бунчужний Здійснювала нагляд за рішеннями Генерального військового суду з кримінальних і політичних справ. Все діловодство велося українською мовою. Місце перебування канцелярії Місце перебування — Гетьманська резиденція (в різні часи — Чигирин, Гадяч, Батурин, Глухів). При Генеральній військовій канцелярії був курінь канцелярський, в якому мешкали військові канцеляристи та інші службовці цієї установи. Збереглися документи про те, що в 50-х рр. 18 ст. курінь канцелярський перебував у стані «крайней обветшалости» і у зв'язку з цим виникла потреба в спорудженні нового приміщення, проект якого склав учень-архітектор К.Борзаківський. Він спланував житловий будинок на 13 кімнат, 2 комори і 2 сіней; кухню з прибудовою для житла служителів і кухарів; флігелі (льодовню для шафарні та амбар); конюшню і при ній амбар для вівса; сарай для колясок і при нім амбар для хомутів. Утиски російських імператорів З 28 листопада 1720 року указом Петра I канцелярія позбавлена фінансових і судових функцій. З 1722 року діяльність Генеральної військової канцелярії контролювалась Малоросійською колегією. В 1727-34 роках за гетьманства Данила Апостола знову підпорядкувалась гетьману. Після його смерті реорганізована у Правління гетьманського уряду. За гетьмана Кирила Розумовського була знову відновлена і функціонувала до остаточної ліквідації російським урядом гетьманства 10 (21 листопада) 1764 року. Джерела та література Панашенко В. В. Генеральна військова канцелярія // Довідник з історії України Література В. І. Сергійчук. Генеральна військова канцелярія // Українська дипломатична енциклопедія: У 2-х т./Редкол.:Л. В. Губерський (голова) та ін. — К: Знання України, 2004 — Т.1 — 760с. ISBN 966-316-039-X Посилання Генеральна військова канцелярія // Канцелярія Генеральна військова // Органи влади Гетьманщини Глухівський період в історії України Канцелярії
3078024	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%20%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF	Джейн Ґеллоп	Джейн Ґеллоп Джейн Геллоп (нар. 4 травня 1952 року, Дулут, Міннесота, США) — американська феміністка-теоретик, гендерна дослідниця та психоаналітик. Дослідниця теми сексуальних домагань, феміністського психоаналізу, літературної критики та квір-теорії. Професор англійської літератури та порівняльного літературатурознавства в Університеті Вісконсин-Мілвокі. Освіта і професійна діяльність Джейн Геллоп отримала бакалаврський ступінь в 1972 році та ступінь доктора філософії з французької літератури в 1976 році в Університеті Корнелла. Її дисертація була присвячена роботам Маркіза де Сада, чиї твори включають в себе графічні сексуалізовані описи зґвалтувань і тортур. Продовжила діяльність як викладачка. З 1992 року та до сьогодні вона є видатною професоркою англійської та компаративістської літератури в Університеті Вісконсина-Мілвокі. Разом з цим Геллоп була викладачкою французької мови в Університеті Маямі: 1977–1981 — асистентка професора французької мови, Університет Маямі. 1981–1985 — доцент французької мови, Університет Маямі. 5 років (1985–1990) працювала в Університеті Райса як професор гуманітарних наук та була головою департаменту французької та італійської мов. Також Геллоп була запрошеною викладачкою в такі навчальні заклади як Геттісбергський коледж (1976), Університет Еморі (1984-1985), Міннесотаський університет (2987), Дартмутський коледж (1991), Університет Джона Гопкінса (2006) та Чиказький психоаналітичний центр (2011). Академічний підхід На сьогодні під авторством Геллоп вийшло 10 книг, 53 статті та 35 книжкових розділів (і цей список поповнюється). На додачу до психоаналізу, особливо лаканіанського (зокрема в контексті американської та феміністської реакцій на нього), Галлоп пише на теми психоаналізу та фемінізму; Маркіза де Сада; феміністської літературної критики; педагогіки; сексуальних домагань; фотографії; квір-теорії. Педагогічний метод Геллоп стверджує, що її тексти можна зрозуміти як «послідовне застосування методу уважного читання до теоретичних текстів». Цей метод вона застосовує протягом 35 років викладання, вважаючи найкращим способом дисциплінувати учнівство – змушувати базувати всі їх висловлювання на певній літературі. Це попередить практики необґрунтованих узагальнень щодо предмету дискусії. Також Геллоп зазначає, що збільшення ідеї Нового Історицизму, особливо після деконструкції, може загрожувати поверненням до старої, більш авторитарної системи, що несе в собі модель передачі заздалегідь оброблених знать. Це не є корисним для навчального процесу. «Найкращим антидотом» є уважне читання, правильне розуміння та формування власної думки. Роботи Найбільш контроверсивна книга Геллоп стосується сексуальних домагань. Також автобіографічною є книга Anecdotal Theory. Вона використовує персональний наратив про особистий та професійний досвід як відправну точку для критичних есе в надії витворити "більш літературну теорію". Феміністка, звинувачувана в сексуальних домаганнях (Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment. Видавництво Duke University Press, 2011). Геллоп документує власний досвід звинувачень в сексуальних домаганнях на робочому місці та формулює феміністську відповідь на подібні ситуації. Власна історія авторки є відправною точкою для формування критичних висновків та створення «більш літературної теорії». Мислення авторки залежить від психоаналітичних теорій Лакана і Фрейда. Геллоп вважає, що проблема сексуальних домагань вийшла з ладу, коли сталось, що феміністка може бути звинуваченою в них просто тому, що привнесла свою сексуальність у викладання. Вона зазначає, що сама ідея цього стилю викладання виникла з феміністської думки. "Дослідження показало, що я фактично не поважаю кордон між сексуальним і інтелектуальним, між професійним і особистим". В книзі також описується власний сексуальний досвід Галлоп, включаючи лесбійський, а також досліджується чутлива тема кордонів між сексуальністю та професійними стосунками професури та студентства у контексті академічного середовища. Смерть автора: читання та письмо в часі (The Deaths of the Author: Reading and Writing in Time. Видавництво Duke University Press, 2011). Галлоп повертається до концепції літературної критики, так званої «смерті» автора, та розглядає не тільки абстрактну теоретичну ідею смерті автора, а й буквальну смерть письменника чи письменниці. Уважно читаючи таких літературних теоретиків(-кинь), як Барт, Дерріда, Єва Кософскі Седжвік, Гаятрі Співак, авторка показує, що смерть автора розуміється як відношення до темпоральності як для читача, так і для письменника. Вона додає нової конотації до концепції, поєднуючи теоретичну, буквальну і метафоричну смерть автора. Ян Бетен, оглядаючи цю роботу, підкреслює її значні стилістичні та демонстративні якості. Також він відзначає Джейн Геллоп як одну з найкращих письменниць свого покоління. Стиль її письма є різким, ритмічним, витонченим, при цьому чітким з самого початку до останнього речення. Мислення через тіло (Thinking Through the Body. Видавництво Columbia University Press, 1988) пов'язана з дисертацією Геллоп. Життя з його камерою (Living with His Camera. Видавництво Duke University Press, 2003). Авторка фокусується на відношеннях між фотографією як мистецтвом та фотографією як сімейною історією. В книзі досліджується, як фотографія її колишнього партнера, Діка Блау, професора кіно в Університеті Вісконсина-Мілвоки, хронікалізує їх стосунки та стосунки між ними та дітьми пари, Максом та Рубі. Блау регулярно робив чорно-білі фотографії, шукаючи ідеальну картинку в повсякденному середовищі. Геллоп цікавилась тим, як стати об'єктом фотографії. Вона аналізує, фокусуючись на відносинах між чоловіком та жінкою, а також на тому, як камера фокусує та змінює ці моменти. Висновок роботи в тому, що камера стала «третім обличчям» в її стосунках з партнером, створюючи трикутник: фотограф, камера та об'єкт. Крім цього, камера здатна показувати нові ракурси, ідеї, недоліки та дива, які люди не можуть помітити самі, без особливої здатності камери фіксувати і кадрувати моменти та переживання в часі. Бібліографія 2019: Sexuality, Disability, and Aging: Queer Temporalities of the Phallus. Duke University Press, 2019. 2011: The Deaths of the Author: Reading and Writing in Time. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011. 2003: Living With His Camera. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003. 2002: Anecdotal Theory. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002. 1997: Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997. Chinese Translation: Working Papers in Gender/Sexuality Studies, 5&6 (1999). 1991: Around 1981: Academic Feminist Literary Theory. New York: Routledge, 1991. 1988: Thinking Through the Body. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. Paperback, 1990. Chinese Translation: Jiangsu People’s Publishing House, 2004. 1985: Reading Lacan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. Honorable Mention, James Russell Lowell Prize, 1986. Paperback, 1987. Japanese Translation: Iwanami Shoten, 1990. Portuguese Translation: Imago Editora, 1992. 1982: The Daughter's Seduction: Feminism and Psychoanalysis. London: Macmillan Press; and Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. Paperback, 1984. Japanese Translation: Keiso Shobo, 2000. 1981: Intersections: A Reading of Sade with Bataille, Blanchot, and Klossowski. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (Дисертація). Див. також Феміністська теорія Феміністський психоаналіз Гендерні дослідження Сексуальне насильство Примітки Посилання The Limits of Literary Historicism. Редактори Allen Dunn, Thomas Haddox Professors Accused of Sexual Harassment Speak Out Key Feminist Scholar Recounts Facing Charges of Sex Harassment By Courtney Leatherman The Deaths of the Author: Reading and Writing in Time by Jane Gallop. Reviewed by Jan Baeten Феміністки США Жінки-психоаналітики Гендерні дослідники(-ці) Жінки-психологи Письменниці-феміністки США
322169	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5	Суходільське	Суходільське — село в Україні, у Долинській міській громаді Кропивницького району Кіровоградської області. Населення становить 525 осіб. Населення Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила 585 осіб, з яких 269 чоловіків та 316 жінок. За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі мешкали 523 особи. Мова Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року: Відомі люди Уродженцем села є О. М. Олексієнко (1924—1945) — Герой Радянського Союзу. Див. також Перелік населених пунктів, що постраждали від Голодомору 1932—1933 (Кіровоградська область) Примітки Посилання Погода в селі Суходільське Села Кіровоградської області
138489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%2C%20West%20Virginia	Cameron, West Virginia	Cameron, West Virginia Cameron is a city in Marshall County, West Virginia, United States. It is part of the Wheeling metropolitan area. The population was 849 at the 2020 census. Geography Cameron is located at (39.826579, -80.566107). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Demographics 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 946 people, 400 households, and 258 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 542 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.6% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Asian, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6%. Of the 400 households 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 31.5% of households were one person and 15.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 39.4 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16.1% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female. 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 1,212 people, 478 households, and 305 families living in the city. The population density was 1,357.9 people per square mile (525.8/km). There were 533 housing units at an average density of 597.2 per square mile (231.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 98.93% White, 0.17% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.08% from other races, and (0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25%. Of the 478 households 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.6% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% were non-families. 31.0% of households were one person and 20.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.99. The age distribution was 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.9% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.1 males. The median household income was $25,119 and the median family income was $26,958. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $14,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,447. About 26.9% of families and 30.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.4% of those under age 18 and 14.1% of those age 65 or over. History and culture The town has the name of Samuel Cameron, a railroad worker. Cameron's historical beach-style swimming pool, known as Cameron City Pool-PWA Project 1196, is one of a few in the entire nation. Cameron was a Socialist Party of America stronghold in the early 1900s. Cameron Downtown is a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The Spencer Cemetery was added in 2012. Notable People Charles Sheedy, resident and member of the West Virginia House of Delegates References Cities in West Virginia Cities in Marshall County, West Virginia
2969547	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%20%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%29	Кебітіголлева (підрозділ окружного секретаріату)	Кебітіголлева (підрозділ окружного секретаріату) Підрозділ окружного секретаріату Кебітіголлева — підрозділ окружного секретаріату округу Анурадхапура, Північно-Центральна провінція, Шрі-Ланка. Складається з 26 Грама Ніладхарі. Джерела Divisional Secretariats Portal Підрозділи окружного секретаріату Шрі-Ланки Адміністративний поділ Шрі-Ланки
45437570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia%20national%20under-17%20football%20team	Zambia national under-17 football team	Zambia national under-17 football team The Zambia National U-17 Football team is the U-17 football team for Zambia founded in 1929. The team, also known as the Junior Chipolpolo, represents the country in international under-17 matches and is controlled by the Football Association of Zambia. In 2016, they were disqualified from the 2016 COSAFA Under-17 Championship because two players were found to have been over the age of 17. Competitive record FIFA U-17 World Cup 1985 - Did not qualify 1987 - Withdrew 1989 - Did not qualify 1991 - Did not qualify 1993 - Did not enter 1995 - Disqualified 1997 - Did not enter 1999 - Did not qualify 2001 - Did not qualify 2003 - Did not qualify 2005 - Did not enter 2007 - Did not qualify 2009 - Did not qualify 2011 - Did not qualify 2013 - Did not qualify 2015 - Did not qualify 2017 - Did not qualify 2019 - Did not qualify 2023 - Did not qualify 2025 - To be determined CAF U-16 and U-17 World Cup Qualifiers 1985 - Did not qualify 1987 - Withdrew 1989 - Did not qualify 1991 - Did not qualify 1993 - Did not enter African U-17 Championship 1995 - Disqualified 1997 - Did not enter 1999 - Did not qualify 2001 - Did not qualify 2003 - Did not qualify 2005 - Did not enter 2007 - Did not qualify 2009 - Did not qualify 2011 - Did not qualify 2013 - Did not qualify 2015 - Group stage 2017 - Did not qualify 2019 - Did not qualify 2023 - Group stage 2025 - To be determined Current squad The following players were called up for the 2023 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations. Caps and goals as of 30 April 2023, after the match against . See also Zambia women's national under-17 football team Zambia men's national under-20 football team References External links (Fan site) (Football Association of Zambia) African national under-17 association football teams under-17
2430196	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%20%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%2C%206-%D0%B9%20%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80	Моріс Фіцджеральд, 6-й герцог Лейнстер	Моріс Фіцджеральд, 6-й герцог Лейнстер Моріс ФітцДжеральд (1 березня 1887 – 4 лютого 1922) – VI герцог Лейнстер, ірландський аристократ. Старший син V герцога Лейнстер та його дружини – леді Герміони Вільгельміни Данкомб – дочки І графа Февершем. Життєпис Моріс ФітцДжеральд народовся в замку Кілкі – родинному замку Фіцджеральдів. Успадкував всі титули та маєтки свого батька після його смерті від тифу в 1893 році у віці 42 років. Його мати померла від туберкульозу в 1895 році, у віці 30 років. Родина Сестра – народилась у 1885 році, померла 5 лютого 1886 року. Брат – лорд Десмонд ФітцДжеральд (1888 – 1916) Брат – Едвард ФітцДжеральд – VII герцог Лейнстер (1892 – 1976) – його біологічним батьком був ХІ граф Вемісс. Втрата володінь У часи неповноліття Моріса ФітцДжеральда всі великі маєтки його сім'ї в графстві Кілдер були продані в листопаді 1903 року його опікунами. Купили їх 506 орендарів завдяки діяльності Земельної комісії. Деякі з цих земель мали спадкових орендарів ще до норманського вторгнення в Ірландію в 1171 році. 45 000 акрів землі були продані за £ 766 000 - величезна сума на той час, але це повинно було покрити борги, що становили більше £ 272 000, які виникли ще за життя IV герцога Лейнстер. Душевна хвороба і смерть VI герцог Лейнстер, як писала тодішня преса, мало був відомий серед аристократів Великої Британії та Лондона, зокрема. Писали, що це пов’язано зі способом його життя, він мовляв цурається світу і спілкування і любить самотність і здоровий спосіб життя. Насправді, молодий герцог був в той час пацієнтом лікарні «Крайг Хаус Госпітал» (англ. - Craig House Hospital) - психіатричного закладу в Единбурзі, Мідлотіан, Шотландія. Там він жив у своїй власній віллі, на якій був присутній дворецький, з 1907 року до своєї смерті в 1922 році. Джерела Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower, Old Diaries: 1881-1901 (G. Scribner's, 1902), page 205 Angela Lambert, Unquiet Souls (Harper & Row, 1984), page 64 Cosgrove PJ The sale of the Leinster Estate under the Wyndham Act, 1903; Journal of the County Kildare Archaeological Society 2008-09, vol. XX, part 1, pp.9-26. "Setting Traps For A Duke", The New York Times, 1 March 1908 Dani Garavelli, "State of Mind: How the Royal Edinburgh Hospital Helped Change Attitudes to Mental Illness",The Scotsman, 3 October 2012 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1478374/The-Duke-of-Leinster.html "Title Fight", The Glasgow Herald, 21 October 1976, page 6 Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904) [1986]. The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory. London: Bloomsbury Books. p. 485. ISBN 0-906223-34-2. Фіцджеральди Барони Ірландії Маркізи Ірландії Померли 1922 Герцоги Лейнстер
2006683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20of%20Makuria	Rafael of Makuria	Rafael of Makuria Rafael (Old Nubian: Ⲣⲁⲫⲁⲏⲗ, Raphael; c. 1002) was a ruler of the Nubian kingdom of Makuria. Reign Contemporary writers, such as Abu al-Makarim in a work attributed to Abu Salih the Armenian, record that he constructed a palace with several domes built of red brick in the capital city, Old Dongola, around 1002, which excavations have yet to identify. References Nubian people Makuria 11th-century monarchs in Africa
419104	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82	Байлот	Байлот — острів у Північному Льодовитому океані в складі Канадського Арктичного архіпелагу. Сімнадцятий за розмірами острів у Канаді і сімдесят перший у світі. Має площу 11 067 км² — належить території Нунавут Канади. Острів має 180 км довжиною і 110 км шириною. Найвища точка на острові — гора Ангілаак з висотою 1 951 м над рівнем моря. Острів ненаселений. На території острова розташовано Національний парк Сермілик і частину Арктичної Корділлери. Острів названо на честь британського мореплавця Роберта Байлота. Острів Байлота став частиною Канади в 1906 році. На острові розміщуються колонія 75 000 птахів білої гуски та 50 видів інших птахів. Джерела Audet, Benoit, Gilles Gauthier, and Esther Levesque. 2007. «Feeding Ecology of Greater Snow Goose Goslings in Mesic Tundra on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada». The Condor. 109, no. 2: 361. Drury, W. H., and Mary B. Drury. The Bylot Island Expedition. [Lincoln, Mass.]: Massachusetts Audubon Society, 1955. Falconer, G. Glaciers of Northern Baffin and Bylot Islands, NWT. Ottawa: Geographical Branch, Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys, 1962. Fortier, Daniel, Michel Allard, and Yuri Shur. 2007. «Observation of Rapid Drainage System Development by Thermal Erosion of Ice Wedges on Bylot Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago». Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 18, no. 3: 229. Hofmann, H. J., and G. D. Jackson. Shale-Facies Microfossils from the Proterozoic Bylot Supergroup, Baffin Island, Canada. [Tulsa, OK]: Paleontological Society, 1994. Klassen, R. A. Quaternary Geology and Glacial History of Bylot Island, Northwest Territories. Ottawa, Canada: Geological Survey of Canada, 1993. ISBN 0-660-14989-3 Scherman, Katharine (1956). Spring on an Arctic Island. Travel literature of a research trip to Bylot Island in 1954. Острови Канади Острови Нунавуту Безлюдні острови Канади
2454793	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0	Данилевська Марія Володимирівна	Данилевська Марія Володимирівна Марія Володимирівна Данилевська (Тімонова) (Москва) — радянська партійна і профспілкова діячка, відповідальний секретар Лубенського окружного комітету КП(б)У. Кандидат у члени ЦК КП(б)У в листопаді 1927 — січні 1932 р. Біографія Робітниця Харківського паровозобудівного заводу. Член РСДРП(б) з 1914 року. У 1918 році — на відповідальній роботі в Казанському міському комітеті РКП(б). Потім — у Червоній армії: працювала у агітаційному відділі Народного комісаріату військових справ Української СРР разом із чоловіком — Миколою Степановичем Данилевським. У 1919 році — начальник політичного відділу 42-ї стрілецької дивізії 13-ї армії РСЧА. Потім — завідувач жіночого відділу Київського окружного комітету КП(б)У; завідувач жіночого відділу Харківського окружного комітету КП(б)У. З квітня 1926 по 1929 рік — заступник завідувача Центрального відділу робітниць і селянок (жіночого відділу) ЦК КП(б)У. У 1929—1930 роках — відповідальний секретар Лубенського окружного комітету КП(б)У. З 1930 по 1934 рік — голова ЦК Спілки робітників громадського харчування СРСР. З травня 1932 року — кандидат у члени Президії ВЦРПС. Похована у Москві на Новодівочому кладовищі. Нагороди орден Трудового Червоного Прапора (22.03.1933) медалі Джерела Данилевская Мария Владимировна X з'їзд Комуністичної партії (більшовиків) України 20-29 листопада 1927 року. Стенографічний звіт — ДВУ, 1928. — с. 609 Вся Україна та АМССР. Адресна і довідкова книга на 1930 рік — 1930 — с. 827-828 Члени КПРС Комуністичні діячі Українські комуністичні діячі Кавалери ордена Трудового Червоного Прапора
5095090	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynisca%20ivoirensis	Cynisca ivoirensis	Cynisca ivoirensis — вид плазунів з родини амфісбенових (Amphisbaenidae). Ендемік Кот-д'Івуару. Описаний у 2014 році. Поширення і екологія Cynisca ivoirensis відомі з типової місцевості, розташованої в центральному Кот-д'Івуарі. Примітки Амфісбенові Тварини, описані 2014 Плазуни Кот-д'Івуару Ендемічна фауна Кот-д'Івуару
114036	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2	Грачов	Грачов — російське прізвище. Чоловіки Грачов Анатолій Дмитрович (1937—2005) — радянський і російський актор театру і кіно. Народний артист Російської Федерації. Грачов Анатолій Миколайович (1922—1998) — український живописець. Грачов Віктор Олександрович (1956) — український радянський футболіст, майстер спорту СРСР. Грачов Дмитро (актор) — актор («ЛОпуХИ»). Грачов Дмитро (режисер) — режисер («Обчислювач»). Грачов Дмитро Владиславович — російський сценарист («Чартер» та ін.) Грачов Дмитро Олегович (1983) — український лучник, призер Олімпійських ігор. Грачов Костянтин Олександрович — солдат Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни, що загинув у ході російського вторгнення в Україну в 2022 році. Грачов Максим Валентинович (1986—2015) — солдат Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Грачов Микола Васильович (1905—1989) — український кінорежисер, драматург. Грачов Олег Валерійович (1923) — український живописець. Грачов Олег Олексійович (1950) — український політик, КПУ. Грачов Олексій Георгійович (1977—2014) — полковник (посмертно) Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Грачов Олексій Сергійович (1984—2014) — солдат Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Грачов Олександр Григорович (1949) — російський дипломат. Грачов Павло Сергійович (1948—2012) — російський державний і військовий діяч, генерал армії, міністр оборони РФ, Герой Радянського Союзу. Грачов Сергій Валерійович (1973—2014) — рядовий МВС України, учасник російсько-української війни. Грачов Юрій Вікторович — капітан Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Грачов Юрій Олександрович (1975—2014) — старший лейтенант запасу Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Жінки Грачова Алла Василівна — українська архітекторка, лауреат Шевченківської премії. Грачова Алла Олексіївна — заслужена діячка мистецтв України. Грачова Надія Олександрівна — радянська і російська артистка балету. Народна артистка Росії (1996). Грачова Тетяна Олександрівна — російська волейболістка. Заслужений майстер спорту Росії. Примітки Російські прізвища
2089857	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8	Українсько-південнокорейські відносини	Українсько-південнокорейські відносини — відносини між Україною і Південною Кореєю. Дипломатичні відносини були встановлені 10 лютого 1992 року. Південна Корея має посольство в Києві. Україна має посольство в Сеулі. Південна Корея визнала незалежність України 30 грудня 1991 року. В грудні 1992 року в Україні відкрилося посольство Південної Кореї. Близько 12 000 корейців мешкає в Україні. В Харкові є корейська асоціація. Близько 3 000 українців мешкає в Південній Кореї. У 2017, коли відзначали 25 років з моменту встановлення дипломатичних стосунків між Україною і Республікою Корея та 80-ту річницю депортації корейців у СРСР, було відкрито 18-ий Корейський освітній центр в Києві. Див. також Зовнішня політика України Посольство України в Південній Кореї Посольство Південної Кореї в Україні Посилання Афанасьев И. Дипломатическим отношениям между Республикой Корея и Украиной – 10 лет / И. Афанасьев // Персонал. – 2002. – № 1. – С. 42-44. Недбай Л. Сучасний стан українсько-корейських відносин // Міжнародні відносини і туризм: сучасність та ретроспектива. - 2013. №3. - С. 152-154. Українсько-південнокорейські відносини
10407657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer%20bike	Trailer bike	Trailer bike A trailer bike (also known as a trailer cycle, and trademarked names such as Trailerbike, Trail-a-bike, Half wheeler or Tagalong) is a one-wheeled, or sometimes two-wheeled, bicycle trailer designed to carry one or more children in positions that closely resemble that of a bicycle rider. It can be described as the, "back half of a bicycle." The rider of a trailer bike usually has a saddle, handlebars, and pedals. Some fold for more compact storage. History The trailer bike was patented by Canadian entrepreneur Delbert Adams in 1987. Adams started the manufacturer of trailer bikes, Trail-a-Bike, and began selling them in the early 1990s, although the same concept had been previously independently and imitatively invented by others at least as far back as the 1930s with the Rann Trailer. Configurations Trailer bikes have come in a variety of configurations. These include upright-bicycle-like seating, and recumbent-bicycle-like seating as with the Weehoo iGo. Trailer bikes have been available in single-seat and tandem configurations. Trailer bikes may have just one gear or more than one. They seldom have brakes. Attachment methods A trailer bike is attached to a bicycle at either the seatpost or on a special rear rack by a linkage that allows for pivoting. Alternatively, the hitch mechanism may rotate using the seatpost as the pivot. The attachment may include a quick-release option. Conversion sets The Trail-Gator tow bar and FollowMe Tandem coupling are two products that convert an existing, complete kid's bike into a trailer bike. Gallery See also Outline of cycling Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle) Tandem bicycle Tricycle References Cycling equipment Utility cycling
3772655	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Реут Анатолій Антонович	Реут Анатолій Антонович Анатолій Антонович Реут (місто Борисов, тепер Мінської області, Республіка Білорусь — , місто Москва) — радянський державний діяч, заступник голови Ради міністрів Білоруської РСР, голова Держплану Білоруської РСР, 1-й заступник голови Держплану СРСР — міністр СРСР. Депутат Верховної ради Білоруської РСР. Член ЦК КПРС у 1986—1990 роках. Життєпис У 1952 році закінчив Білоруський політехнічний інститут. У 1952—1958 роках — старший майстер Мінського приладобудівного заводу імені Леніна; головний інженер машинно-тракторної танції в Слуцькому районі Мінської області, старший інженер Мінського обласного управління сільського господарства. Член КПРС з 1955 року. У 1958—1962 роках — старший майстер, начальник цеху, головний технолог, заступник директора Мінського заводу лічильних машин імені Орджонікідзе. У 1962—1966 роках — начальник відділу Державної планової комісії (Держплану) Білоруської РСР. У 1966—1970 роках — директор Мінського приладобудівного заводу. У 1970—1974 роках — директор Мінського заводу електронних обчислювальних машин. У 1974—1975 роках — 2-й секретар Мінського міського комітету КП Білорусії. У 1975—1983 роках — 1-й заступник міністра радіопромисловості СРСР. У лютому 1983 — грудні 1985 року — заступник голови Ради міністрів Білоруської РСР — голова Державної планової комісії (Держплану) Білоруської РСР. 4 грудня 1985 — 17 липня 1989 року — 1-й заступник голови Держплану СРСР — міністр СРСР. З липня 1989 року — персональний пенсіонер союзного значення в Москві. Помер 11 квітня 2001 року. Похований в Москві на Троєкуровському цвинтарі. Нагороди і звання орден Леніна орден Жовтневої Революції орден Трудового Червоного Прапора Державна премія СРСР Примітки Джерела Реут Анатолий Антонович Уродженці Борисова Міністри СРСР Члени ЦК КПРС
770033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal%20Sultanate	Adal Sultanate	Adal Sultanate The Adal Sultanate also known as the Adal Empire, or Bar Saʿad dīn (alt. spelling Adel Sultanate, Adal Sultanate) was a medieval Sunni Muslim Empire which was located in the Horn of Africa. It was founded by Sabr ad-Din III on the Harar plateau in Adal after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat. The kingdom flourished to 1577. At its height, the polity under Sultan Badlay controlled the territory stretching from Cape Guardafui in Somalia to the port city of Suakin in Sudan. The Adal Empire maintained a robust commercial and political relationship with the Ottoman Empire. Sultanate of Adal was alternatively known as the federation of Zeila. Etymology Adal is believed to be an abbreviation of Havilah. Eidal or Aw Abdal, was the Emir of Harar in the eleventh century which the lowlands outside the city of Harar is named. In the thirteenth century, the Arab writer al-Dimashqi refers to the city of Zeila, by its Somali name "Awdal". The modern Awdal region of Somaliland, which was part of the Adal Sultanate, bears the kingdom's name. Locally the empire was known to the Muslims as Bar Sa'ad ad-din meaning "The country of Sa'ad ad-din" in reference to the Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din II, who was killed in Zeila while fighting the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit I. History Early history Adal (also Awdal, Adl, or Adel) was situated east of the province of Ifat and was a general term for a region of lowlands inhabited by Muslims. It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabited low land portion east of the Ethiopian Empire. Including north of the Awash River towards Lake Abbe as well as the territory between Shewa and Zeila on the coast of Somaliland. According to Ewald Wagner, Adal region was historically the area stretching from Zeila to Harar. In 1288, the region of Adal was conquered by the Ifat Sultanate. Despite being incorporated into the Ifat Sultanate, Adal managed to maintain a source of independence under Walashma rule, alongside the provinces of Gidaya, Dawaro, Sawans, Bali, and Fatagar. In 1332, Adal was invaded by the Ethiopian Emperor Amda Seyon I. His soldiers were said to have ravaged the province. In the fourteenth century Haqq ad-Din II transferred Ifat's capital to the Harar plateau thus he is regarded by some to be the true founder of the Adal Sultanate. In the late 14th century, the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit I collected a large army, branded the Muslims of the surrounding area "enemies of the Lord", and invaded Adal. After much war, Adal's troops were defeated in 1403 or 1410 (under Emperor Dawit I or Emperor Yeshaq I, respectively), during which the Walashma ruler, Sa'ad ad-Din II, was captured and executed in Zeila, which was sacked. His children and the remainder of the Walashma dynasty would flee to Yemen where they would live in exile until 1415. According to Harari tradition numerous Argobba had fled Ifat and settled around Harar in the Aw Abdal lowlands during their conflict with Abyssinia in the fifteenth century, a gate was thus named after them called the gate of Argobba. Rise of the Sultanate In 1415, Sabr ad-Din III, the eldest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II, would return to Adal from his exile in Arabia to restore his father's throne. He would proclaim himself "king of Adal" after his return from Yemen to the Harar plateau and established his new capital at Dakkar. Sabr ad-Din III and his brothers would defeat an army of 20,000 men led by an unnamed commander hoping to restore the "lost Amhara rule". The victorious king then returned to his capital, but gave the order to his many followers to continue and extend the war against the Christians. The Emperor of Ethiopia Tewodros I was soon killed by the Adal Sultanate upon the return of Sa'ad ad-Din's heirs to the Horn of Africa. Sabr ad-Din III died a natural death and was succeeded by his brother Mansur ad-Din who invaded the capital and royal seat of the Solomonic Empire and drove Emperor Dawit I to Yedaya where according to al-Maqrizi, Sultan Mansur destroyed a Solomonic army and killed the Emperor. He then advanced to the mountains of Mokha, where he encountered a 30,000 strong Solomonic army. The Adalite soldiers surrounded their enemies and for two months besieged the trapped Solomonic soldiers until a truce was declared in Mansur's favour. During this period, Adal emerged as a centre of Muslim resistance against the expanding Christian Abyssinian kingdom. Adal would thereafter govern all of the territory formerly ruled by the Ifat Sultanate, as well as the land further east all the way to Cape Guardafui, according to Leo Africanus. Later on in the campaign, the Adalites were struck by a catastrophe when Sultan Mansur and his brother Muhammad were captured in battle by the Solomonids. Mansur was immediately succeeded by the youngest brother of the family Jamal ad-Din II. Sultan Jamal reorganized the army into a formidable force and defeated the Solomonic armies at Bale, Yedeya and Jazja. Emperor Yeshaq I responded by gathering a large army and invaded the cities of Yedeya and Jazja, but was repulsed by the soldiers of Jamal. Following this success, Jamal organized another successful attack against the Solomonic forces and inflicted heavy casualties in what was reportedly the largest Adalite army ever fielded. As a result, Yeshaq and his men fled to the Blue Nile region over the next five months, while Jamal ad Din's forces pursued them and looted much gold on the way, although no engagement ensued. After returning home, Jamal sent his brother Ahmad with the Christian battle-expert Harb Jaush to successfully attack the province of Dawaro. Despite his losses, Emperor Yeshaq was still able to continue field armies against Jamal. Sultan Jamal continued to advance further into the Abyssinian heartland. However, Jamal on hearing of Yeshaq's plan to send several large armies to attack three different areas of Adal (including the capital), returned to Adal, where he fought the Solomonic forces at Harjai and, according to al-Maqrizi, this is where the Emperor Yeshaq died in battle. The young Sultan Jamal ad-Din II at the end of his reign had outperformed his brothers and forefathers in the war arena and became the most successful ruler of Adal to date. Within a few years, however, Jamal was assassinated by either disloyal friends or cousins around 1432 or 1433, and was succeeded by his brother Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din. Sultan Badlay continued the campaigns of his younger brother and began several successful expeditions against the Christian empire. He reconquered Bali and began preparations of a major Adalite offensive into the Ethiopian Highlands. He successfully collected funding from surrounding Muslim kingdoms as far away as the Sultanate of Mogadishu. However, this ambitious campaign ended in disaster when Emperor Zara Yaqob defeated Sultan Badlay at the Battle of Gomit and pursued the retreating Adalites all the way to the Awash River. Following the defeat and death of Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din at the Battle of Gomit, the next Sultan of Adal, Muhammad ibn Badlay, submitted to Emperor Baeda Maryam I and started paying annual tribute to the Ethiopian Empire with which he secure peace. Adal's Emirs, who administered the provinces, interpreted the agreement as a betrayal of their independence and a retreat from the polity's long-standing policy of resistance to Abyssinian incursions. Emir Laday Usman of Harar subsequently marched to Dakkar and seized power in 1471. However, Usman did not dismiss the Sultan from office, but instead gave him a ceremonial position while retaining the real power for himself. Adal now came under the leadership of a powerful Emir who governed from the palace of a nominal Sultan. Usman would route emperor Baeda Maryam's troops in battle. Historian Mohammed Hassen states Adal Sultans had lost control of the state to Harar's aristocracy. Emperor Na'od and Sultan Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din tried to remain at peace, but their efforts were nullified by the raids which Emir Mahfuz constantly made into Christian territory. Na'od who was determined to eliminate this threat, organized a large army and led it against the Emir, although the Emperor was victorious he was eventually killed in battle against the Adalites. Emperor Dawit II (Lebna Dengel) would soon succeed the throne, Mahfuz having recovered from his defeat renewed raids against the frontier provinces. He was stimulated by emissaries from Arabia who proclaimed the jihad (holy war), presented him with a green standard and brought in arms and trained men from Yemen. In 1516, Emir Mahfuz would then launch an invasion of Fatagar, Lebna Dengel was prepared and organized a successful ambush, the Adalites were defeated and Mahfuz was killed in battle. Lebna Dengel then moved into Adal where he sacked the city of Dakkar. Around the same time a Portuguese fleet surprised Zeila whilst its garrison was away with Mahfuz, the Portuguese then burnt down the port city. After the victory of Lebna Dengel, the internal weaknesses of the Adal Sultanate soon revealed themselves. The older generation of the Muslims headed by the Walashma, indifferent to religion and ready to come to terms with Abyssinia, were staunchly opposed by the Harari and Harla religious aristocracy led by fanatic warlike emirs. The Sultan Muhammad was assassinated in 1518 and Adal was torn apart by intestinal struggles in which five sultans succeeded each other in two years. But at last, a matured and powerful leader called Garad Abun Adashe assumed power and brought order out of chaos. However, Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad, who had transferred the capital from Dakkar to Harar in 1520, profiting off the prestige that the hereditary monarchy still held, recruited bands of Somali nomads, ambushed Abun Adashe at Zeila and killed him in 1525. Many people went to join the force of a young rebel named Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, who claimed revenge for Garad Abogn. Ahmad did not immediately attempt conclusions with Sultan Abu Bakr, but retired to Hubat to build up his strength. Ahmad ibn Ibrahim would eventually kill Sultan Abu Bakr in battle, and replaced him with Abu Bakr's younger brother Umar Din as his puppet. Once in complete control, he then could then turn to the task he felt himself was divinely appoint to undertake, the conquest of Abyssinia. Fervor for the jihad had not yet overcome the forces inherent in nomadic life, Ahmad had to undertake several campaigns to restore order in the Somali territory which would constitute his manpower reserve. He then organized a heterogenous mass of tribes into a powerful army, inflamed by the fanatical zeal of jihad. Conquest of Abyssinia In 1529 Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi finally decided to embark on a conquest of Abyssinia, he soon met the Abyssinians at the Battle of Shimbra Kure where he would win a decisive victory. But his nomads where unreliable and difficult to control, to Ahmad's frustration some of his Somali warriors would disperse back to their homelands after acquiring much plunder. At the same time, he faced opposition from his Harari troops who dreaded the potential consequences of the Muslim base relocating to Abyssinia. He then returned to Harar to reconstruct his forces and eliminate the tribal allegiances in his army, two years later he was able to organize a definite and permeant occupation of Abyssinia. From then the story of the conquest is a succession of victories, burnings and massacres. In 1531 Dawaro and Shewa were occupied, Bete Amhara and Lasta in 1533. In 1535 Ahmad, in control of the east and center of Abyssinia invaded Tigray where he encountered fierce resistance and suffered some reserves, but his advance was not stopped, his armies reached the coasts of Medri Bahri and Kassala where they made contact with the Muslim Beja tribes of the north that had formerly paid tribute to the Ethiopian Empire. Emperor Dawit II (Lebna Dengel) became a hunted fugitive, and harried from Tigray to Begemder to Gojjam, constantly pursued by the Adalites. In this period Adal Sultanate occupied a territory stretching from Zeila to Massawa as well as the Abyssinian inlands. The Adalites were passionately interested in converting newly occupied territories. The impression given in the Muslim chronicles is that almost all of the Christian Abyssinians had embraced Islam out of expediency. Among them was the governor of Ifat who wrote to the Imam: However, in the integral regions of the Ethiopian Empire, such as Bete Amhara, Tigray and Shewa, the local population bitterly resisted the Adalite occupation. Some preferred death over denying their faith, among them were two Amhara chiefs who were brought before the Imam in Debre Berhan. Arab Faqīh describes the encounter: In 1541 a small Portuguese contingent landed in Massawa and soon all of Tigray declared for the monarchy, the Imam was defeated in several major engagements by the Portuguese and was forced to flee to Raya Kobo with his heavily demoralized followers. He sent a request to the Ottoman Empire for reinforcements of Turkish, Albanian and Arab musketeers to stabilize his troops. He then took the offensive attacking the Portuguese camp at Wolfa where he killed their commander, Cristóvão da Gama, and 200 of their rank and file. The Imam then dismissed most of his foreign contingent and returned to his headquarters at Lake Tana. The surviving Portuguese were able to meet up with Gelawdewos and his army at Siemen. The Emperor did not hesitate to take the offensive and won a major victory at the Battle of Wayna Daga when the fate of Abyssinia was decided by the death of the Imam and the flight of his army. The invasion force collapsed like a house of cards and all the Abyssinians who had been cowed by the invaders returned to their former allegiance, the reconquest of Christian territories proceeded without encountering any effective opposition. Collapse of the sultanate After the death of Imam Ahmad, the Adal Sultanate lost most of its territory in Abyssinian lands. In 1550 Nur ibn Mujahid became the Emir of Harar and the de facto ruler of Adal. He then departed on a jihad (holy war) to the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of Bale and Dawaro. This venture was unsuccessful, Nur was defeated and the Abyssinians then advanced into Adalite territory where upon they ravaged the lands and enslaved many of its inhabitants. However, this defeat was not mortal and Adal soon recovered. At around this time, Nur began to strength the defenses' of Harar, building a wall that still encircles the city to this day. In 1559, urged on by his wife, Nur once again took the offensive and invaded the Ethiopian Empire, killing Ethiopian Emperor Gelawdewos in the Battle of Fatagar. At the same time another Ethiopian army led by Dejazmatch Hamalmal attacked the capital of Adal, Harar. Sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din attempted to defend the city but was defeated and killed, thus ending the Walashma dynasty. Not long after this, Barentu Oromos who had been migrating north invaded the Adal Sultanate. This struggle, which was mentioned by Bahrey, led to the devastation of many regions and Nur's army was defeated at the Battle of Hazalo. The defensive walls managed to protect Harar from the invaders, preserving it as a kind of Muslim island in an Oromo sea. However, the city then experienced a severe famine as grain and salt prices rose to unpreceded levels. According to a contemporary source, the hunger became so bad that people began to resort to eating their own children and spouses. Nur himself died in 1567 of the pestilence which spread during the famine. Nur was succeeded by Uthman the Abyssinian, who relaxed his predecessor's pro-Islamic policy and signed an infamous and humiliating peace treaty with the Oromos. The treaty stated that the Oromos can freely enter to the Muslim markets and purchase goods at less than the current market price. This angered many Muslims and led to a rebellion, in which he was overthrown and replaced by Tahla Abbas in 1569. Tahla would rule for only three years before being overthrown by some of his very fanatic subjects who were intent on another jihad or holy war against the Christians. He was replaced by Uthman's grandson Muhammad ibn Nasir who soon carried out an expedition against the Ethiopian Empire, however this campaign would end in total disaster. As soon as the army left Harar the Oromo ravaged the countryside, up to the walls of the city. Muhammad ibn Nasir was also defeated and killed at the Battle of Webi River, thus permanently ending Adal aggression towards Ethiopia. Muhammad's successor, Mansur ibn Muhammad, fought a fierce war against the Oromos, but was unable to defeat them. Mansur would also successfully reconquer Aussa and Zeila. The tension was all the greater after the death of Nur Ibn Mujahid, the disappearance of the last of the Walashma monarch also opened a tough competition for power between emirs and descendants of Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim. Ultimately, they won in April 1576, Muhammad b. Ibrâhîm Gasa took the title of Imam, thus combining the political power of the Sultan and the religious responsibility of guiding the community, he then relocated the capital to the oasis of Aussa in 1577, establishing the Imamate of Aussa. The Imamate of Aussa declined gradually in the next century and was destroyed by the neighboring Afar nomads who made Aussa their capital. In the seventeenth century the induction of Harla people and Doba populations into Afar identity would lead to the emergence of Aussa Sultanate. Enrico Cerulli's verdict on this "sad condition" of Adal's decadence was that whereas the Ethiopian Empire under Sarsa Dengel was able to reorganize and withstand the Oromo migrations, the Sultanate of Adal was too newly established to transcend tribal differences. The result he claims was that the nomadic people instinctively return to their "eternal disintegrating struggles" of people against people and tribe against tribe. Ethnicity Ethiopian historian Taddesse Tamrat states that Adal's central authority in the fourteenth century consisted of the Argobba, Harari and Silt'e people. Professor Donald N. Levine, an important figure in Ethiopian Studies, described the Adal Sultanate as consisting of many ethnic groups, but primarily Somalis and Afars. According to Patrick Gikes and Mohammed Hassen, Adal in the sixteenth century was primarily inhabited by the sedentary Harla people and the pastoral Somali people. Marriage alliances between Argobba, Harari and Somali people were also common within the Adal Sultanate. According to Professor Lapiso Delebo, the contemporary Harari people are heirs to the ancient Semitic speaking peoples of the Adal region. Historians state the language spoken by the people of Adal as well as its rulers the Imams and Sultans would closely resemble contemporary Harari language. Ethiopian historian Bahru Zewde and others state the Walasma led Sultanates of Ifat and Adal primarily included the Ethiopian Semitic speaking Argobba and Harari people, it later expanded to comprise Afar and Somali peoples. Between the late 1400s to mid 1500s there was a large scale migration of Hadhrami people into Adal. Among the earliest mentions of the Somali by name has come through a victory poem written by Emperor Yeshaq I of Abyssinia against the king of Adal, as the Simur are said to have submitted and paid tribute. As Taddesse Tamrat writes: "Dr Enrico Cerulli has shown that Simur was an old Harari name for the Somali, who are still known by them as Tumur. Hence, it is most probable that the mention of the Somali and the Simur in relation to Yishaq refers to the king's military campaigns against Adal, where the Somali seem to have constituted a major section of the population." According to Leo Africanus (1526) and George Sale (1760), the Adelites were of a tawny brown or olive complexion on the northern littoral, and grew swarthier towards the southern interior. They generally had long, lank hair. Most wore a cotton sarong but no headpiece or sandals, with many glass and amber trinkets around their necks, wrists, arms and ankles. The king and other aristocrats often donned instead a body-length garment topped with a headdress. All were Muslims. In the southern hinterland, the Adelites lived beside pagan "Negroes", with whom they bartered various commodities. Languages Various languages from the Afro-Asiatic family were spoken in the vast Adal Sultanate. Arabic served as a lingua franca, and was used by the ruling Walashma dynasty. According to the 19th-century Ethiopian historian Asma Giyorgis suggests that the Walashma dynasty themselves spoke Arabic. According to Robert Ferry, Adal's aristocracy in the Walasma era which consisted of imams, emirs and sultans spoke a language resembling modern Harari language. British historian John Fage states Walasma leaders moving their capital from Ifat region to Adal set in motion the evolution of Harari and Argobba language within Harar and its environs. According to Jeffrey M. Shaw, the main inhabitants of the Adal Sultanate spoke East Cushitic languages. In Zeila, the port city of Adal Sultanate, the Somali language was mainly spoken. Economy One of the empire's most wealthy provinces was Ifat it was well watered, by the large river Awash. Additionally, besides the surviving Awash River, at least five other rivers in the area between Harar and Shawa plateau existed. The general area was well cultivated, densely populated with numerous villages adjoining each other. Agricultural produce included three main cereals, wheat, sorghum and teff, as well as beans, aubergines, melons, cucumbers, marrows, cauliflowers and mustard. Many different types of fruit were grown, among them bananas, lemons, limes, pomegranates, apricots, peaces, citrons mulberries and grapes. Other plants included sycamore tree, sugar cane, from which kandi, or sugar was extracted and inedible wild figs. The province also grew the stimulant plant Khat. Which was exported to Yemen. Adal was abundant in large numbers of cattle, sheep, and some goats. There was also chickens. Both buffaloes and wild fowl were sometimes hunted. The province had a great reputation for producing butter and honey. Whereas provinces such as Bale, surrounding regions of Webi Shabelle was known for it cotton cultivation and an age old weaving industry, while the El Kere region produced salt which was an important trading item. Zeila was a wealthy city and abundantly supplied with provisions. It possessed grain, meat, oil, honey and wax. Furthermore, the citizens had many horses and reared cattle of all kinds, as a result they had plenty of butter, milk and flesh, as well as a great store of millet, barley and fruits; all of which was exported to Aden. The port city was so well supplied with victuals that it exported it's surplus to Aden, Jeddah, Mecca and "All Arabia" which then was dependent on the supplies/produce from the city which they favoured above all. Zeila was described as a "Port of much provisions for Aden, and all parts of Arabia and many countries and Kingdoms". The Principal exports, according the Portuguese writer Corsali, were gold, ivory and slaves. A "great number" of the latter was captured from the Ethiopian Empire, then were exported through the port of Zeila to Persia, Arabia, Egypt and India. As a result of this flourishing trade, the citizens of Zeila accordingly lived "extremely well" and the city was well built guarded by many soldiers on both foot and horses. The kingdoms agricultural and other produce was not only abundant but also very cheap according to Maqrizi thirty pounds of meat sold for only half a dirhem, while for only four dirhems you could purchase a bunch of about 100 Damascus grapes. Trade on the upland river valleys themselves connected with the coast to the interior markets. Created a lucrative caravan trade route between Ethiopian interior, the Hararghe highlands, Eastern Lowlands and the coastal cities such as Zeila and Berbera. The trade from the interior was also important for the reason that included gold from the Ethiopian territories in the west, including Damot and an unidentified district called Siham. The rare metal sold for 80 to 120 dirhems per ounce. The whole empire and the wider region was interdependent on each other and formed a single economy and at the same time a cultural unit interconnected with several important trade routes upon which the economy and the welfare of the whole area depended. During its existence, Adal had relations and engaged in trade with other polities in Northeast Africa, the Near East, Europe and South Asia. Many of the historic cities in the Horn of Africa such as Abasa, Amud, Awbare and Berbera flourished under its reign with courtyard houses, mosques, shrines, walled enclosures and cisterns. Adal attained its peak in the 14th century, trading in slaves, ivory and other commodities with Abyssinia and kingdoms in Arabia through its chief port of Zeila. The cities of the empire imported intricately coloured glass bracelets and Chinese celadon for palace and home decoration. Adal also used imported currency such as Egyptian dinars and dirhems. The nobility of Adal also apparently had a fair taste for luxury, the commercial relations that existed between the Adal Sultanate and the rulers of the Arab peninsula allowed Muslims to obtain luxury items that Christian Ethiopians, whose relations with the outside world were still blocked, could not acquire, a Christian document describing Sultan Badlay relates: "And the robes [of the sultan] and those of his leaders were adorned with silver and shone on all sides. And the dagger which he [the sultan] carried at his side was richly adorned with gold and precious stones; and his amulet was adorned with drops of gold; and the inscriptions on the amulet were of gold paint. And his parasol came from the land of Syria and it was such beautiful work that those who looked at it marveled, and winged serpents were painted on it." Military The Military of Adal was divided into several sections such as the infantry consisting of swordsmen, archers and lancers that were commanded by various generals and lieutenants. These forces were complemented by a cavalry force and eventually, later in the empire's history, by matchlock-technology and cannons during the Conquest of Abyssinia. The various divisions were symbolised with a distinct flag. Elite unit of military warriors in the Adal army was branded with the title Malassay or Malachai (Portuguese spelling). The term often became synonymous with Muslims in Ethiopia to outsiders, but contrary to popular beliefs it did not denote a tribe or clan. Reading the Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, the Malasāy appear as the basic unit of the army of the imām. Unlike the other groups that make up this army, the Malasāy were a group social and not a tribe or a clan. Unlike the Balaw, Somali or Ḥarla, a man Malasāy is not born. He obtained this title after demonstrating his military capabilities. ‘Arab Faqīh gives a relatively precise definition of what he means by "malasāy: The Adal soldiers donned elaborate helmets and steel armour made up of chain-mail with overlapping tiers. The Horsemen of Adal wore protective helmets that covered the entire face except for the eyes, and breastplates on their body, while they harnessed their horses in a similar fashion. In siege warfare, ladders were employed to scale buildings and other high positions such as hills and mountains. M. Hassan states: M. Lewis writes: Ethnic Somalis are stated to be the majority of the army according to the Oxford History of Islam: According to Merid Wolde Aregay: Legacy The Adal Sultanate left behind many structures and artefacts from its heyday. Numerous such historical edifices and items are found in the northwestern Awdal province of Somaliland, as well as other parts of the Horn region where the polity held sway. According to archaeologist Jorge Rodriguez, substances located in western northern Somalia indicate outposts were mainly established during the Adal Sultanate, and dont predate the ruins found in ancient Islamic regions of Ifat or Harar plateau, this he states reaffirms the notion that modern eastern Ethiopia is where the principal Muslim kingdoms materialized. Archaeological excavations in the late 19th century and early 20th century at over fourteen sites in the vicinity of Borama in modern-day northwestern Somaliland unearthed, among other artefacts, silver coins identified as having been derived from Qaitbay (1468–89), the eighteenth Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. Most of these finds are associated with the medieval Adal Sultanate. They were sent to the British Museum for preservation shortly after their discovery. In 1950, the British Somaliland protectorate government commissioned an archaeological survey in twelve desert towns in present-day Republic of Somaliland, near the border with Ethiopia. According to the expedition team, the sites yielded the most salient evidence of late medieval period affluence. They contained ruins of what were evidently once large cities belonging to the Adal Sultanate. Towns such as Awbare, Awbube, Amud, Abasa and Gogesa, featured between 200 and 300 stone houses. The walls of certain sites still reportedly stood 18 meters high. Excavations in the area yielded 26 silver coins, unlike the copper pieces that were more common in polities below the Horn region. The earliest of these recovered coins had been minted by Sultan Barquq (1382–99), also of the Egyptian Burji dynasty, and the latest were again Sultan Qaitbay issues. All of the pieces had been struck in either Cairo or Damascus. A few gold coins were also discovered during the expedition, making the area the only place in the wider region to yield such pieces. Besides coinage, high quality porcelain was recovered from the Adal sites. The fine celadon ware was found either lying on the surface, or buried at a depth of seven and a half inches, or ensconced within dense middens four to five feet high. Among the artefacts were grey granular sherds with a cracked blue-green or sea-green glaze, and white crystalline fragments with an uncracked green-white glaze. Some Ming dynasty ware was also discovered, including many early Ming blue-and-white bowl sherds. They were adorned with tendril scrolls on a bluish ground and ornamented with black spotting, while other bowls had floral patterns outlined by grey or black-blue designs. Additionally, a few Ming red-and-white sherds were found, as well as white porcelain fragments with bluish highlights. The Adal sites appeared to reach an Indian Ocean terminus at the Sa'ad ad-Din Islands, named for Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din II of the Ifat Sultanate. Additionally, local tradition identifies the archaeological site of Tiya in central Ethiopia as Yegragn Dingay ("Gran's stone") in reference to Imam Al-Ghazi. According to Joussaume (1995), who led archaeological work there, the site is relatively recent. It has been dated to between the 11th and 13th centuries CE. Tiya contains a number of megalithic pillars, including anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic/non-phallic stelae. Flat in form, these structures are characterized by distinctive, elaborate decorations, among which are swords, a standing human figure with arms akimbo, and plant-like symbols. Rulers Family tree See also Garad, administrative Adal title Hegano, administrative Adal title Kabir, religious Adal title List of Sunni Muslim dynasties Isaaq Sultanate Notes Works cited Former sultanates in the medieval Horn of Africa 15th century in Somalia 16th century in Somalia History of Eritrea 15th century in Ethiopia 16th century in Ethiopia 900 establishments 15th-century establishments in Africa History of Harar
4623722	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancotherium	Blancotherium	Blancotherium (що означає «звір Бланко-Крік») — вимерлий рід гомфотеріїд хоботних із Техасу. Рід, спочатку названий Gnathabelodon "buckneri", складається виключно з типового виду B. buckneri. Опис Бланкотерій відомий великою різноманітністю залишків черепа, включаючи два черепа (TMM 30896-390 і TMM 30896-570), два ізольованих нижні бивні (TMM 30896-530 і TMN 30896-526). і кілька фрагментів нижньої щелепи. Бивні довгі, стислі з боків, плавно загнуті вгору. Вони позбавлені емалевої смуги і не закручуються. Нижні бивні невеликі, мають овальну форму і, на відміну від верхніх, мають емалеві смуги. Нижньощелепна кістка найбільш зрілих відомих особин мають подовжені симфізи, і докази того, що вони мали нижні бивні, неоднозначні. Палеоекологія Фауна і флора місцевості Лапара-Крік, з якої відомий Blancotherium, узгоджуються з іншими локалітетами в межах кларендонського ярусу Північної Америки. Це свідчить про змішане лісово-лугове середовище, розташоване на широкій заплаві з низкою річок. Примітки Роди ссавців Слоновиді
4300095	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%20II	Тан-Рухуратер II	Тан-Рухуратер II (2-а пол. XV ст. до н. е.) — сункір (цар) Еламу. Низка дослідників рахує його як Тан-Рухуратер III, враховуючи усіх правителів і співправителів з таким ім'ям. Життєпис Відомостей про нього обмаль. Відомий лише з циліндричної печатки, яка називає його царем Сузи та Аншана. Цей напис є давнішим використанням знаку «ессана», що ознначає царя. З огляду на те, що його попередник Іншушинак-сункір-наппірір титулювався лише як цар Суз, то припускають, що Тан-Рухуратер був братом-співцарем за час панування останнього, або претендентом, що захопив владу в Аншані, а потім об'єднав Елам. Відбувається економічне відродження держави. Йому спадкував Шалла. Джерела D.T. Potts: The Archaeology of Elam, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, S. 191 Правителі Еламу
640920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul%20Walsh	Raoul Walsh	Raoul Walsh (born Albert Edward Walsh; March 11, 1887December 31, 1980) was an American film director, actor, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), and the brother of silent screen actor George Walsh. He was known for portraying John Wilkes Booth in the silent film The Birth of a Nation (1915) and for directing such films as the widescreen epic The Big Trail (1930) starring John Wayne in his first leading role, The Roaring Twenties starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, High Sierra (1941) starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart, and White Heat (1949) starring James Cagney and Edmond O'Brien. He directed his last film in 1964. His work has been noted as influences on directors such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Jack Hill, and Martin Scorsese. Biography Walsh was born in New York as Albert Edward Walsh to Elizabeth T. Bruff, the daughter of Irish Catholic immigrants, and Thomas W. Walsh, an Englishman. Walsh was part of Omega Gamma Delta in high school, as was his younger brother. Growing up in New York, Walsh was also a friend of the Barrymore family. John Barrymore recalled spending time reading in the Walsh family library as a youth. Later in life, Walsh lived in Palm Springs, California. He was buried at Assumption Cemetery Simi Valley, Ventura County, California. Film career Walsh was educated at Seton Hall College. He began acting in 1909, first as a stage actor in New York City and later as a film actor. In 1913 he changed his name to Raoul Walsh. In 1914 he became an assistant to D. W. Griffith and made his first full-length feature film as an actor, The Life of General Villa, shot on location in Mexico with Pancho Villa playing the lead, and with actual ongoing battles filmed in progress as well as battle recreations. Walsh played Villa as a younger man. Walsh played John Wilkes Booth in Griffith's epic The Birth of a Nation (1915) and also served as an assistant director. This movie was followed by the critically acclaimed Regeneration in 1915, the earliest feature gangster film, shot on location in Manhattan's Bowery district. Walsh served as an officer in the United States Army during World War I. He later directed The Thief of Bagdad (1924), starring Douglas Fairbanks and Anna May Wong, and Laurence Stallings' What Price Glory? (1926), starring Victor McLaglen and Dolores del Río. In Sadie Thompson (1928), starring Gloria Swanson as a prostitute seeking a new life in Samoa, Walsh starred as Swanson's boyfriend in his first acting role since 1915; he also directed the film. He was then hired to direct and star in In Old Arizona, a film about O. Henry's character the Cisco Kid. While on location for that film Walsh was in a car crash when a jackrabbit jumped through the windshield as he was driving through the desert; he lost his right eye as a result. He gave up the part and never acted again. Warner Baxter won an Oscar for the role Walsh was originally slated to play. Walsh would wear an eyepatch for the rest of his life. In the early days of sound with Fox, Walsh directed the first widescreen spectacle, The Big Trail (1930), an epic wagon train western shot on location, across the West. The movie starred John Wayne, then unknown, whom Walsh discovered as prop man named Marion Morrison, and he was renamed after the Revolutionary War general Mad Anthony Wayne; Walsh happened to be reading a book about him at the time. Walsh directed The Bowery (1933), featuring Wallace Beery, George Raft, Fay Wray and Pert Kelton; the energetic movie recounts the story of Steve Brodie (Raft), supposedly the first man to jump off the Brooklyn Bridge and live to brag about it. An undistinguished period followed with Paramount Pictures from 1935 to 1939, but Walsh's career rose to new heights after he moved to Warner Brothers, with The Roaring Twenties (1939), featuring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart; Dark Command (1940), with John Wayne and Roy Rogers (at Republic Pictures); They Drive By Night (1940), with George Raft, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino and Bogart; High Sierra (1941), with Lupino and Bogart again; They Died with Their Boots On (1941), with Errol Flynn as Custer; The Strawberry Blonde (1941), with Cagney and Olivia de Havilland; Manpower (1941), with Edward G. Robinson, Marlene Dietrich and George Raft; and White Heat (1949), with Cagney. Walsh's contract at Warners expired in 1953. He directed several films afterwards, including three with Clark Gable: The Tall Men (1955), The King and Four Queens (1956) and Band of Angels (1957). Walsh retired in 1964. He died of a heart attack in 1980. Outside interests Raoul Walsh was a breeder and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses. For a time, his brother George Walsh trained his stable of horses. Their horse Sunset Trail competed in the 1937 Kentucky Derby won by War Admiral who went on to win the U.S. Triple Crown. Sunset Trail finished sixteenth in a field of twenty runners. Some of Walsh's film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives. Selected filmography Miscellaneous The Conqueror (writer, 1917) The Big Trail (story contributor, uncredited, 1930) Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. (producer, uncredited, 1951) The Lawless Breed (producer, uncredited, 1953) Esther and the King (screenplay, 1960) The Men Who Made the Movies: Raoul Walsh (TV documentary) Himself (1973) Notes References Further reading Moss. Marilyn Ann (2011). Raoul Walsh: The True Adventures of Hollywood's Legendary Director. University Press of Kentucky. Smith, Renee D. (2013). The Films of Raoul Walsh: A Critical Approach External links Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database Raoul Walsh at Virtual History kinotv 1887 births 1980 deaths 20th-century American male actors Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders American film directors American male film actors American male silent film actors American racehorse owners and breeders American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American actors with disabilities American Roman Catholics Male actors from Palm Springs, California Western (genre) film directors Film directors with disabilities Eyepatch wearers
58513834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseytuk	Pseytuk	Pseytuk is a rural locality (an aul) in Afipsipskoye Rural Settlement of Takhtamukaysky District, the Republic of Adygea, Russia. The population was 630 as of 2018. There are 31 streets. Geography The aul is located on the left bank of the Kuban River, 46 km northwest of Takhtamukay (the district's administrative centre) by road. Stefanovsky is the nearest rural locality. Ethnicity The aul is inhabited by Adyghes. Notable people Murat Akhedzhak (1962–2010), politician, Deputy Head of Administration of Krasnodar Krai References Rural localities in Takhtamukaysky District
949484	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Свистунов Петро Миколайович	Свистунов Петро Миколайович (27 липня 1803, Петербург — 15 лютого 1889, Москва) — декабрист, корнет лейб-гвардії Кавалергардського полку. Мемуарист. Біографія Народився в Петербурзі. Батько — дійсний камергер Свистунов Микола Петрович (помер у 1815 році), мати — Марія Олексіївна Ржевська (перейшла в католицтво, померла в 1866 році в Парижі). За сім'єю до 5 тисяч душ в різних губерніях і кам'яний будинок в Петербурзі. Виховувався в єзуїтському пансіоні і пансіоні барона Шабо, потім у Пажеському корпусі, випущений з камер-пажів корнетом у лейб-гвардії Кавалергардський полк — 20 квітня 1823 року. Член петербурзького осередку Південного товариства з 1823 року, брав участь у діяльності Північного товариства. Знав цілі товариства — введення республіканського правління і поділяв думку про винищення імператорської сім'ї. Сам прийняв у товариство кілька членів. Наказ про арешт — 19 грудня 1825 року, заарештований у Москві в ніч на 21 грудня, 23 грудня доставлений до Петропавловської фортеці. У червні 1826 року намагався покінчити життя самогубством. Засуджений за II розрядом і по конфірмації 10 липня 1826 року засуджений на каторжні роботи на 20 років, термін скорочений до 15 років — 22 серпня 1826 року. Відправлений з Петропавлівської фортеці до Сибіру — 18 січня 1827 року. Покарання відбував у Читинському острозі і Петровському заводі. У 1835 році звернений на поселення в с. Ідінське (Кам'янку) Іркутської губернії. У 1837 році за клопотанням чоловіка сестри генерал-майора графа Бальмена дозволено перевести в місто Курган Тобольської губернії. Прибув в Курган 21 січня 1838 року, купив у Кургані будинок (за 3320 рублів), що належав декабристу Назімову. На прохання брата, О. М. Свистунова, дозволено вступити на службу в одне з присутствених місць міста Тобольська — 30 вересня 1841 року. Служив канцелярським служителем у губернському правлінні. За відзнаку підвищений в колезькі реєстратори — 184 року, а потім, за вислугою років, у губернські секретарі. По маніфесту про амністію 26 серпня 1856 року йому і дітям, народженим після вироку, даровані права спадкового дворянства, прибув з родиною до Москви — 10 березня 1857 року, виїхав до Калуги — 16 березня, височайше дозволено виїхати за кордон на 6 тижнів для побачення з матір'ю — 1 квітня 1857 року. Отримав від свого брата, О. М. Свистунова, частину батьківського спадку — маєток у Лихвинському та Козельському повітах Калузької губернії. Обрано в члени Калузького губернського комітету із влаштування побуту поміщицьких селян у 1859 році, дозволено перебування в столицях, але під наглядом — 27 травня 1860 року, був членом від уряду в Калузькій по селянських справах присутності, віце-президент губернського статистичного комітету, викладав французьку літературу у калузькій жіночій гімназії. У 1863—1889 жив у Москві, де й помер. Похований в Олексіївському монастирі (в 1929 прах перенесено в Донський монастир). Дружина (з 25 січня 1842 року) — Тетяна Олександрівна Неугоднікова (померла 1875 року), прийомна дочка наглядача Курганського повітового училища Олександра Івановича Дуранова. Мемуарист Йому належать статті в «Русском Архиве» (1870 і 1871) з приводу книг і статей про 14 грудня 1825 року і декабристів. Примітки Джерела Декабристы. Биографический справочник. Под ред. академика М. В. Нечкиной. — М.,"Наука", 1988, с.164 (рос.) Декабристи В'язні Петропавлівської фортеці Мемуаристи Поховані на Донському кладовищі
4946829	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20MC-303	Roland MC-303	Roland MC-303 — є першим із серії музичних інструментів, відомих як грувбокс. Він поєднує в собі простий звуковий модуль із секвенсором для запису та зберігання нотних записів, а також елементи керування, які заохочують музиканта імпровізувати музику під час її відтворення. Попри номер у назві та увагу, яку він привернув під час запуску, MC-303 має більше спільного з іншими синтезаторами з префіксом MC (такими як Roland MC-202), які містять вбудовані секвенсори, ніж з синтезаторами. знаменитий Roland TB-303. Як перший Groovebox, MC-303 був першим у лінійці недорогих продуктів, спеціально орієнтованих на домашніх ді-джеїв і домашніх музикантів-аматорів, а не на професійних продюсерів. Його замінив Roland MC-505. Це попередник Roland JX-305, Roland D2, Roland MC-307, Roland EG-101, Roland MC-09, Roland MC-909, Roland MC-808 і останнім часом Roland MC-707 у 2019 році. разом зі своїм більш портативним братом Roland MC-101. Особливості Основні характеристики MC-303: Звуковий генератор з 28 нотами — голосова поліфонія на основі структурної моделі синтезатора Roland JV-80 8-трековий секвенсор, що містить кілька функцій квантування: Grid, Shuffle і Groove. (7 звукових інструментів і 1 ударна установка) 16-голосний багатотембр 448 попередньо встановлених звуків і 12 наборів ударних (включаючи Roland CR-78, TR-808, TR-606 і TR-909, електро, техно, джангл, хаус, драм і бас, брейкбіт), 40 синтезаторних басів (TB-303, тощо), 35 синтезаторних проводів, 33 синтезаторні педи Резонансний фільтр, LFO, контроль огинаючої та вбудовані ефекти: затримка, реверберація, фленджер і хорус Секвенсор фраз у реальному часі (RPS) для миттєвого виклику музичних фраз Функція Low Boost Knob (задня панель, тільки на Roland MC-303): дозволяє вам набрати стільки низьких частот, скільки потрібно для створення потужних ударних або басових звуків TR-808, щоб кожен міг «відчути» грув. 300 вбудованих моделей варіацій танцювальної музики, таких як барабанний і басовий ритм Довжина запису до 32 тактів на патерн Миттєве зберігання до 50 шаблонів користувача, 300 варіацій шаблонів і 10 пісень Місце для зберігання приблизно до 14 000 купюр Вхідні та вихідні підключення MIDI (але без MIDI thru) Синтезатор/звуковий модуль Синтезатор, вбудований у Roland MC-303, — це ромплер, який містить звуки, в основному взяті з класичних синтезаторів і драм-машин Roland, таких як TB-303, TR-808 і TR-909,⁣а також серії Juno та різноманітних інших танцювальних тем, таких як педи, піаніно, струнні та вінілові подряпини. Звуками можна керувати за допомогою фільтра низьких частот, різних можливостей модуляції та деяких простих ефектів DSP. Він не має семплера, хоча в інструкції міститься вказівка щодо керування зовнішнім семплером. Секвенсор Найважливішою частиною MC-303 є вбудований 8-трековий секвенсор на основі шаблонів. Кожен візерунок може містити до 32 смуг. Він може записувати та надсилати MIDI дані через роз’єми MIDI на задній панелі, дозволяючи його внутрішньому секвенсору керувати іншими звуковими модулями або його внутрішнім звуковим модулем керувати зовнішнім секвенсором. Хоча зв’язок з іншими пристроями можливий, головною перевагою MC-303 з його малим форм-фактором і дизайном «все-в-одному» є можливість використовувати його як самостійну студію, хоча й аматорську. Завдяки мікроклавіатурі, яку також можна використовувати як барабанний секвенсор, MC-303 імітує управління, а також зовнішній вигляд інших відомих синтезаторів і драм-машин Roland, таких як MC-202, TB-303, TR- 808 і TR-909. Вартість На початок випуску 1996 року, ватість Roland MC-303 була £565 UK, $699 US. Подальше читання Посилання Посилання на інструкцію MC-303 PDF: Інтернет-інструкція користувача Roland MC-303 PDF Розташування Онлайн Roland MC-303 PDF TurboStart Location Інтернет Roland MC-303 PDF Брошура Розташування Roland MC-303 Service Notes Manual Schematics Інші посилання: Roland UK Limited, сайт і файли MC-303 Roland US Corporation, сайт і файли MC-303 FutureProducers.com - "музиканти навчаються у музикантів" - Форум Roland MC-303. Harmony Central - «Провідний Інтернет-ресурс для музикантів, що надає цінну інформацію з новин і оглядів продуктів» - Roland MC-303 Веб-сторінка PLANET 303 Електронні музичні інструменти Синтезатор
1800602	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Тихомиров Олександр Вікторович	Тихомиров Олександр Вікторович style="background: transparent" \| університет = \| signature = \| інше = }} Тіхоміров Олександр Вікторович — старший лейтенант Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Нагороди 8 вересня 2014 року — за особисту мужність і героїзм, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, вірність військовій присязі під час російсько-української війни, відзначений — нагороджений орденом «За мужність» III ступеня. Джерела Указ Президента
68271625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis%20tetarii	Anolis tetarii	Anolis tetarii is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Venezuela. References Anoles Reptiles described in 1996 Endemic fauna of Venezuela Reptiles of Venezuela Taxa named by Tito Barros Taxa named by Ernest Edward Williams
979827	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%20Wolf	She Wolf	She Wolf «She Wolf» — восьмий альбом колумбійської співачки Шакіри, виданий у 9 жовтня 2009 року лейблом Epic Records. 6 липня на радіостанціях вийшла в ефір пісня «She Wolf» (в іспаномовних країнах «Loba»). Ідея цієї пісні прийшла, коли співачка працювала в студії над альбомом. Ця пісня, за словами Шакіри, про право вибору, право задовольняти свої бажання. Також з наступним синглом «Did It Again» (в іспаномовних країнах «Lo Hecho Está Hecho») вона виступила на MTV Europe Music Awards 2009. Наступним синглом платівки став «Give It Up to Me», створений спільно з Timbaland, який і став продюсером цієї пісні, але кліп вийшов тільки в США й Канаді. 22 лютого 2010 вийшов «Gypsy» — четвертий сингл з альбому (в іспан. «Gitana»). У цей час альбом проданий у кількості 303 000 тис. примірників у США. Також співачка вирушила в турне She Wolf Tour. Список композицій Список композицій Loba Сингли «She Wolf» (6 липня 2009) «Loba» (29 червня 2009) «Did It Again» / «Lo Hecho Está Hecho» (16 жовтня 2009) «Give It Up to Me» (10 листопада 2009) «Gypsy» (26 березня 2010) «Gitana» (19 лютого 2010) Посилання Альбом на сайті співачки Музичні альбоми 2009 Альбоми Шакіри Альбоми, спродюсовані Timbaland
66920919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Moch	Friedrich Moch	Friedrich Moch (born 12 April 2000) is a German cross-country skier. He participated in the pursuit event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2021. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games Distance reduced to 30 km due to weather conditions. World Championships 1 medal – (1 bronze) World Cup Season standings Individual podiums 3 podiums – (1 , 2 ) Team podiums 1 podium – (1 ) References External links 2000 births Living people German male cross-country skiers Cross-country skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics Olympic cross-country skiers for Germany Sportspeople from Memmingen Skiers from Bavaria FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
2720170	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83	Ґау	Ґау (від давньоверхньонімецького gouwe, gouwi — ландшафт) — область проживання племені у германців та венедів. Відповідає — графство. Ґау-Альгесгайм — місто в Німеччині, розташоване в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Ґау-Геппенгайм — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Ґау-Біккельгайм — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Ґау-Бішофсгайм — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Ґау-Вайнгайм — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Ґау-Одернгайм — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Берґ-ім-Ґау — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Баварія. Раймонд ван дер Ґау (нідерландський футболіст, що виступав на позиції воротаря. Див. також Гау (значення)
1736225	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%2C5%C3%97114%20%D0%BC%D0%BC	14,5×114 мм	14,5×114 мм 14,5 × 114 мм — набій для великокаліберних кулеметів і протитанкових рушниць. Розроблений в 1938 році з кулею Б-32, взятий на озброєння в 1941 році, в тому ж році випущений з кулею БС-41. Спочатку створений для протитанкових рушниць, але пізніше (1944 році) став боєприпасом для кулеметів КПВ і КПВТ, які використовують для озброєння бронетранспортерів починаючи з БТР-60 (пізніших версій, починаючи з БТР-60ПБ) до БТР-80, БРДМ-2, в зенітно-кулеметних установках, тощо. Розміри набою Ємність гільзи набою 14.5×114 мм дорівнює 42.53 мл (655 гран води). Зовнішня форма гільзи спеціально розроблена для надійного використання в гвинтівках з ковзним затвором та кулеметах в бойових умовах. Максимальні габарити набою 14.5×114 мм. Всі величини вказані в міліметрах (мм). Різновиди 12,7×114 мм HL Українська компанія «Володар Обрію» виготовляє для однойменної гвинтівки патрон 12,7×114 мм HL, що являє собою кулю калібру 12,7 мм у переобтисненій гільзі від патрона 14,5×114 мм. 18 листопада 2023 року під час повномасштабного російського вторгнення з застосуванням цих гвинтівки та патрона снайпер СБУ В'ячеслав Ковальський встановив новий снайперський рекорд, ліквідувавши ймовірного російського з офіцера на відстані 3800 метрів. Зброя, що використовує набій Володар обрію Протитанкова рушниця Симонова; Протитанкова рушниця Дегтярьова; Протитанкова рушниця Рукавішникова; КПВТ (ЗДУ-1, ЗПУ-1, ЗПУ-2, ЗПУ-4, 2М-5); QJG-02; IST Istigal; Gepard M3 та М6; Кулемет Слостіна; Snipex Alligator; Snipex T-Rex. Див. також 12,7 × 99 мм (.50 BMG) 12,7 × 108 мм 23 × 115 мм Посилання Патрон 14,5 х114 14,5 x114 mm, M 41/44 Набої центрального запалення Великокаліберні набої

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