id
stringlengths 3
8
| url
stringlengths 31
795
| title
stringlengths 1
211
| text
stringlengths 12
350k
|
|---|---|---|---|
43791041
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCkheegiin%20Tserenchimed
|
Sükheegiin Tserenchimed
|
Sükheegiin Tserenchimed (Mongolian: Сүхээгийн Цэрэнчимэд) is a Mongolian freestyle wrestler. She holds a gold medal in the 60 kg bracket at the 2014 World Wrestling Championships and a silver medal in the same bracket in the 2015 World Wrestling Championships.
References
External links
sports.org - profile
2014 World Championships preview in women’s freestyle wrestling at 60 kg/132 lbs.
Videos
World Championship 2014 - Final
Mongolian female sport wrestlers
1995 births
Living people
Wrestlers at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Asian Games bronze medalists for Mongolia
People from Khentii Province
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
World Wrestling Champions
21st-century Mongolian women
21st-century Mongolian people
Wrestlers at the 2022 Asian Games
Military World Games silver medalists for Mongolia
Military World Games medalists in wrestling
|
2025716
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8
|
Пірокумулятивні хмари
|
Пірокумулятивні хмари (Pyrocumulus) — щільні купчасті або купчасто-дощові хмари, які утворюються при пожежі чи виверженні вулкану. Може виробляти суху блискавку. Пірокумулятивні хмари можуть мати місце в поєднанні з вогняною бурею, проте, одне явище може відбуватися без іншого.
Формування
Пірокумулятивні хмари утворюються при інтенсивному нагріві приповерхневого повітря. Сильна спека викликає конвекцію, яка піднімає великі маси повітря, як правило, в присутності вологи. При підйомі, температура гарячого вологого повітря падає до точки роси, що спричиняє утворення пірокумулятивних хмар. Можуть сформуватися під час вивержень вулканів, лісових пожежах, а іноді й під час промислової діяльності. Пірокумулятивні хмари також формуються при вибусі ядерної бомби в атмосфері, і мають форму гриба, який зроблений за тим же механізмом. Конденсація вологи навколишнього середовища (вологи, яка вже присутня в атмосфері), а також випарованої вологи з обпаленої рослинності або вулканічної дегазації, легко відбувається на частинках золи.
В пірокумулятивних хмарах існує сильна турбулентність, проявляється як сильні пориви на поверхні, які може посилити велика пожежа. Велика хмара, особливо та, яка пов'язана з виверженням вулкану, може також викликати блискавку. Пірокумулятивна хмара, яка виробляє блискавки, є купчасто-дощовою хмарою, і називається pyrocumulonimbus. Всесвітня метеорологічна організація не визнає pyrocumulus або pyrocumulonimbus, як хмари окремих типів, а класифікує їх, відповідно, як купчасті і купчасто-дощові хмари.
Зовнішній вигляд
Пірокумулятивні хмари мають часто сірувато-коричневий колір, через наявність в них попелу і диму, пов'язаного з вогнем. Вони також мають тенденцію до розширення, тому що попіл бере участь у формуванні хмари, збільшуючи кількість ядер конденсації. Це створює проблему, оскільки хмара може викликати грозу, з якої блискавка може почати ще одну пожежу.
Посилання
Опис пірокумулятивних хмар
Типи хмар
Виверження вулканів
|
62040889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starnikovo
|
Starnikovo
|
Starnikovo is a rural locality (a selo) in Simskoye Rural Settlement, Yuryev-Polsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2010.
Geography
Starnikovo is located on the Shosa River, 31 km northwest of Yuryev-Polsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Peremilovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Yuryev-Polsky District
|
139674
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%2C%20Rusk%20County%2C%20Wisconsin
|
Lawrence, Rusk County, Wisconsin
|
Lawrence, Rusk County, Wisconsin
Lawrence is a town in Rusk County in north-central Wisconsin, United States. The population was 240 at the 2000 census. The town is rural - all farmland or forest.
Geography
The town is 8 miles by 6 miles. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 47.7 square miles (123.6 km2), all land.
Branches of Main Creek, Little Jump River, and Alder Creek flow through the township, all generally heading to the west-southwest. The terrain is dominated by low parallel ridges running in that direction. These ridges could be drumlins left by a glacial advance, or they could mask the shape of the bedrock beneath the glacial till.
History
Like most of northern Wisconsin, the area that would become Lawrence was Ojibwe territory in the years before white contact.
Some of the earliest European Americans to walk the six mile squares that would become Lawrence were the U.S. government's surveyors. In 1847 they surveyed the outsides of the six mile squares on foot with chain and compass. Then others came back in 1855 to survey all the section lines. When done, the deputy surveyor filed this general description for the western six miles of what would become Lawrence:
This Township contains several swamps; and all are unfit for cultivation. The Alder and Meadow Bottoms are all subject to be overflowed to a depth of 1 too 2 feet. the Meadow Bottoms are good for Hay. The surface is level. a small portion is upland where the soil is 2d rate. This Township is heavily Timbered and is chiefly composed of Hemlock Y Birch W Pine and maple on 3d rate soil. on 2d rate soil it is Sugar, Linden white Pine, Balsam and Elm. The undergrowth is Generally thick and is composed of Hemlock Balsam and Hazel Elm and Balsam line the Margin of the Alder and Meadow bottoms and also most of the Streams. There is no improvements in this Township.
An 1880 map of the area showed no development in Lawrence. The closest was a logging tote road from Chippewa Falls passing four miles to the west, following Main Creek. It crossed over to a couple logging camps(?) on the Flambeau and then followed that river northeast to Phillips.
The 1888 plat map of what would become Lawrence still showed no improvements and no settlers. Much of the land was still in large blocks, with the largest landholders H.W. Sage & Co., Cornell University, Bond Bros, and Empire Lumber Co.
The 1901 plat map showed a wagon road following the course of modern County B down from Glen Flora into the northwest corner of Lawrence, with a handful of settlers along it. Another road of some sort was drawn in following the course of modern Highway 73 from north to south. Another north-south road, which disappeared on later maps, was drawn in two miles west of 73. A.E. Walrath owned large blocks in the west. Cornell University owned large blocks in the east and middle. Sage Land and Improvement Co. and Mississippi River Lumber Co. also owned significant shares.
Walrath, now a ghost town, was a little mill town in Lawrence, initially called Vallee. As mentioned above, Alvin E. Walrath owned much of what would become Lawrence township by 1901. At some point he started a mill that cut chair rounds from his surrounding forests. Walrath also built a boarding house and store for his workers. A box factory and lath mill were added later. By 1911, the Stanley, Merrill and Phillips had run its line up from Jump River to Walrath and built a depot. At first there was no turnaround, so the train backed in from Jump River, then unloaded supplies and loaded wood products, then steamed back out. In 1916 Walrath got a post office - in 1919 a school. Around 1920 Walrath began pushing to sell his cutover land to settlers through the National Land Colonization Company. Eventually the mills closed and the railroad pulled out. The Walrath school consolidated with Glen Flora around 1953. Now not much remains of the little mill town.
The 1914 plat maps showed more settlers in the northwest corner, near Glen Flora, and one in the northeast. It also showed a forerunner of Hunter Lane entering the town in the southeast from Jump River way, with a few settlers east of it. The other new thing was the Stanley, Merrill and Phillips Railroad angling up into the town from Jump River. Major land-owners were A.E. Walrath in the west, John S. Owen Lumber Company in the east and southwest, and the Northwestern Lumber Co. (parent of the SM&P) along their rail line.
Plat maps from between 1915 and 1920 showed Lawrence's modern road grid more or less complete, though they were no doubt rough wagon tracks. Highway 73 is marked with that name. The northern two miles is largely broken into 40 and 80 acre farms. South of that, much of the town is in large blocks owned by A.E. Walrath and John S. Owen Lumber Co. A Ladysmith News article from 1923 stated that some of the last timber in the county was "...still standing in the southeastern townships. It is safe to predict that practically all of Rusk county will be clear of its merchantable timber within ten years..."
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 240 people, 90 households, and 56 families residing in the town. The population density was 5.0 people per square mile (1.9/km2). There were 111 housing units at an average density of 2.3 per square mile (0.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.58% White and 0.42% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.67% of the population.
There were 90 households, out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.44.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $35,313, and the median family income was $35,972. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,031. About 18.0% of families and 24.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.8% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.
References
Towns in Rusk County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
|
66907
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204526
|
NGC 4526
|
NGC 4526
Об'єкти NGC
Діва (сузір'я)
Скупчення галактик у сузір'ї Діви
Лінзоподібні галактики
|
3456737
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE%20%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0
|
Хуан Антоніо Бава
|
Хуан Антоніо Бава (10 жовтня 1947) — аргентинський футбольний арбітр. Арбітр ФІФА з 1984 до 1993 року.
Кар'єра
Працював на таких великих змаганнях :
Суперкубок Лібертадорес 1989 (матч-відповідь)
Молодіжний чемпіонат світу 1989 (1 матч)
Юнацький чемпіонат світу 1991 (1 матч)
Примітки
Аргентинські футбольні арбітри
|
3361501
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%20%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%29
|
Мартінес (Техас)
|
Мартінес (Техас)
Мартінес — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в окрузі Старр штату Техас. Населення — 42 особи (2020).
Географія
Мартінес розташований за координатами (26.422156, -98.752910). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 0,14 км², уся площа — суходіл.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкало 69 осіб у 18 домогосподарствах у складі 17 родин. Густота населення становила 499 осіб/км². Було 20 помешкань (145/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 100,0 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 29,0 % — особи молодші 18 років, 68,1 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 2,9 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 29,1 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 165,4 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 133,3 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 0 осіб.
Джерела
Переписні місцевості Техасу
Населені пункти округу Старр (Техас)
|
1233164
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Alencar
|
José Alencar
|
José Alencar Gomes da Silva (17 October 1931 – 29 March 2011) was a Brazilian businessman, entrepreneur and politician who served as the 23rd vice president of Brazil from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010. In business from a young age, Alencar became a self-made multimillionaire as the chief executive of Coteminas, a leading textile manufacturer. In the 1990s, Alencar groomed his son to succeed him at the company.
He opted to enter politics in his home state, Minas Gerais. Alencar had a business-oriented political platform, advocating market liberalization and deregulation of production. His expensive political campaigns received hefty funds from Coteminas. After a failed run in 1994 for governor of Minas Gerais, he won the election in 1998 as Senator representing his home state.
In 2002, Alencar was invited by the left-wing Workers' Party to run for vice president on the same ticket as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The alliance between the leftist union leader and Alencar, an experienced entrepreneur, proved successful. They won the 2002 Brazilian general election and were re-elected in 2006. Over the years, Lula da Silva and Alencar developed a close and affectionate friendship. Diagnosed with cancer of the stomach and kidney in 1997, Alencar died of the disease in 2011.
Alencar came to be revered among journalists and politicians for his spirited personality and friendly demeanor. He overcame his lack of formal education. Based on his business success, he argued in favor of lower taxes, especially indirect taxation over consumers, and a simpler tax system; lower interest rates and greater oversight of the banking industry; and social welfare and assistance programs. As Vice President, Alencar sometimes spoke out against his own government's orthodox policies, causing embarrassment for fellow administration members. His unwavering determination to live in the face of terminal cancer also marked public perception, during and after his time in office.
Biography
Alencar was born into a family of small entrepreneurs from Muriaé, in the inland state of Minas Gerais on 17 October 1931. He was the eleventh son of Antônio Gomes da Silva and Dolores Peres Gomes da Silva. As a child, he was a Boy Scout.
He started working while still a child, dropping out of primary school to help his father in the family business. He worked with his older brothers for years before becoming an independent successful businessman. For a time he worked as a travelling salesman and in food wholesale start-ups.
Alencar eventually turned his family's small clothes factory and retail store into a major business. In 1967, he founded Coteminas, which he would lead to become one of Brazil's largest textile manufacturers. He produced goods for traditional brands in its portfolio, such as Artex, Santista and Calfat. He vied for dominance of the global market after a merger with South Carolina-based Springs Industries.
Political career
After decades as a businessman, Alencar decided to enter politics and prepared his son to take over his leadership of Coteminas. He ran for governor of Minas Gerais in 1994. Although he was not successful, in 1998 he was elected as Senator from Minas Gerais. While in the Senate, Alencar worked on several Commissions, including the Senatorial Commission for Economic and Social Matters.
In 2002, he left the presidency of his company, by then a leading player with roughly 850 million reais in yearly net sales, to his son Josué Gomes da Silva.
Alencar ran for Vice President of Brazil, tapped to be Lula's running mate, to assuage worries about the candidate's alleged anti-business bias. He became the honorary President of the center-right Liberal Party.
At the end of 2005, Alencar left his party to associate with the new Brazilian Republican Party, whose founders included Bishop Marcelo Crivella of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, a large and growing evangelical church in Brazil and other countries. Crivella is also a Senator representing Rio de Janeiro in the federal government.
Vice Presidency (2003-2010)
In office, Alencar aligned with another successful businessman in the cabinet, Luiz Fernando Furlan, to channel the demands of Brazilian businessmen. They voiced discontent with bureaucracy, insufficient infrastructure and cautious monetary policy. His efforts led to the strengthening of Apex-Brasil, a pro-export agency seen as instrumental in the Brazilian economy's recent rise in exports.
Alencar was the most notable person in government to openly complain of the conservative monetary policies of the Brazilian Central Bank, under Henrique Meirelles, backed by ministers Antonio Palocci and Paulo Bernardo. He often criticized his own administration for failing to lower the Central Bank's base interest rates and demanded a reform of the country's tax system.
In November 2004 he was sworn in as Defense Minister, following the resignation of José Viegas Filho. Lula turned to him to occupy the position. Alencar tried to resign on several occasions, claiming that a businessman would hardly be the best choice for running a nation's military forces. President Lula convinced him to stay until March 2006, when Alencar resigned his ministerial post, in favor of anti-graft activist Waldir Pires.
Despite his disagreements with some policies of the Lula administration, Alencar was officially invited by Lula to be his running mate in the 2006 general elections. With Lula's re-election victory on 29 October, Alencar secured his position as vice president for another term. Alencar adopted a lower tone, while still espousing his traditional positions. He sought to run for the Senate in 2010, but was forced to give up due to the advanced stage of his cancer disease.
Personal life
After getting established, Alencar married Mariza Gomes in 1957. They had three children together. Their two daughters are Maria da Graça and Patrícia. Their son Josué took over the presidency of Coteminas after his father went into politics.
As a result of a case filed by Rosemary de Morais, a 55-year-old retired teacher, in July 2010 the court ruled that Alencar needed to recognize her as his daughter. (The case may be appealed.) He had refused to undergo DNA testing but, according to Brazilian law 12.004/2009, this refusal is accepted as evidence of paternity. In addition, the judge ruled that other evidence in the case led him to his decision. Rosemary de Morais said she was the child of Francisca de Morais, a nurse, and Alencar, from a relationship they had in 1954, before either was married. In 2015, the Superior Court of Justice recognized Rosemary as Alencar's daughter.
Disease and death
On a routine check-up, José Alencar was diagnosed with stomach and kidney cancer in 1997. After undergoing treatment for some length of time, he had his right kidney and two-thirds of his stomach surgically removed. Five years later, a malignant tumor in his prostate was removed. As the disease had metastasized, it continued to spread, and in 2006 doctors discovered a sarcoma in his abdomen. On 26 January 2009, a surgery extirpated eight tumors, along with compromised portions of his small and large intestines and the ureters. He was treated for digestive hemorrhage in December 2010 with urgent surgery, his last as vice president. Doctors could not remove the tumors in his abdomen because of the number of operations to which he had already been subjected – eighteen in all. Alencar received chemotherapy for many years. He was mostly treated at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, in São Paulo. He also received experimental treatment at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.
Alencar died in late March 2011, in the city of São Paulo, after 13 years battling metastasized cancer. His death was met with expressions of grief and respect by members of different institutions and across the political spectrum – former President Lula said he knew "few men with José Alencar's goodness and spirit" and President Rousseff said it was an "honor" to have served alongside him. Brazil held a state funeral for José Alencar, and Vice President Michel Temer decreed seven days of official mourning. Alencar is remembered as an honest and independent politician who favored social welfare and economic freedom.
References
1931 births
2011 deaths
Brazilian businesspeople
Deaths from cancer in São Paulo (state)
Deaths from kidney cancer in Brazil
Defence ministers of Brazil
Members of the Federal Senate (Brazil)
People from Muriaé
Vice presidents of Brazil
Republicans (Brazil) politicians
Candidates for Vice President of Brazil
|
18662500
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieniewice
|
Sieniewice
|
Sieniewice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Drohiczyn, within Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Drohiczyn, west of Siemiatycze, and south-west of the regional capital Białystok.
References
Sieniewice
|
1488536
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5
|
Тенере
|
Тенере (бербер.: Tiniri) — піщана пустеля на півдні центральної Сахари, розташована в західній частині Чаду та північно-східній частині Нігеру. Займає територію площею 400 000 км². Межами пустелі є гори Аїр на заході, Ахаггар на півночі, плато Джадо на північному сході, масив Тібесті на сході, та Чадська улоговина на півдні.
Пустеля стала відома світові після того, як літак McDonnell Douglas DC-10 авіакомпанії Union de Transports Aériens (UTA) вибухнув над цією пустелею, а саме над територією Нігеру. Вибухнув він через те, що на борту була бомба, яка повністю зруйнувала літак у повітрі. Заклали бомбу на борт літака заступник начальника лівійської розвідки і його п‘ять підлеглих у відповідь на військову допомогу Франції (авіакомпанія французька) Чаду під час лівійсько-чадського конфлікту. Загинули всі 170 осіб, що знаходилися на борту літака.
Назва
Назва Тенере походить з мови тамашек (берберські мови), і означає пустеля, подібно до того, як арабське слово на позначення пустелі, Сахара, означає регіон в цілому.
Природні умови
Тенере — посушливий та дуже спекотний регіон. Температури влітку можуть досягати 42 °C, при цьому річна норма опадів всього 25 мм. У деяких місцях дощів не буває по 30 років. Воду знайти важко, навіть під землею, і криниці розташовані одна від одної на відстані у сотні кілометрів.
Рослинність в пустелі практично відсутня. Окрему увагу дослідників привернула поодинока акація, яка була єдиним деревом у радіусі 400 км. Тваринний світ теж надзвичайно бідний.
Населення
Пустеля Тенере вкрай мало заселена. У районі Більми добувають кам'яну сіль. Основне населення пустелі — кочівники туареги.
Література
Пустеля Тенере описується у книзі «Туарег 2» авторства Альберто Васкес-Фігероа.
Посилання
Природні резервати ЮНЕСКО — Аїр та Тенере
Галерея
Сахара
Туареги
|
54548515
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphareus%20of%20Messene
|
Aphareus of Messene
|
Aphareus of Messene
In Greek mythology, Aphareus (Ancient Greek: Ἀφαρεύς), was a Messenian king.
Family
Aphareus was the son of Gorgophone and Perieres and brother of Leucippus. He was the husband of Arene (Arena or Arenae), daughter of Oebalus, and by her fathered Lynceus, Idas and Peisus (Pisus), though some report that Idas' actual father was Poseidon while Pisus was identified as the son of his father Perieres and thus his brother according to another author. Some called Aphareus' wife to be Polydora or Laocoosa. The patronymic Apharetidae, derived from the name of Aphareus, is sometimes used to refer to Idas and Lynceus collectively.
Mythology
It is said that Aphareus together with his brother Leucippus inherited their father's kingdom upon his death, but the former kept the greater authority than the latter. Aphareus was credited with founding the city Arene in Messenia, which was named after his wife.
When Hippocoon usurped the throne of Sparta, Tyndareus fled to his brother Aphareus in Messenia where he settled in Thalamae and while living there, children were born to him.
Aphareus received into his house his cousin Neleus, who had been driven out of Iolcus by Pelias, and assigned to him a tract of land in the maritime part of Messenia, where the main city was Pylos. In the same fashion, Aphareus also welcomed in Arene the exiled Lycus, son of Pandion who fled from his brother Aegeus in Athens. Lycus then revealed the rites of Demeter to Aphareus and his family.
After the death of his sons, Idas and Lynceus with their fight against the Dioscuri, the Messenian kingdom was bereft of male descendants and thus, Nestor, son of Neleus obtained the whole land including all the part ruled formerly by Idas, but not that subject (Tricca) to the sons of Asclepius, Machaon and Podalirius.
Notes
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Theocritus, Idylls from The Greek Bucolic Poets translated by Edmonds, J M. Loeb Classical Library Volume 28. Cambridge, MA. Harvard Univserity Press. 1912. Online version at theoi.com
Theocritus, Idylls edited by R. J. Cholmeley, M.A. London. George Bell & Sons. 1901. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
External links
Aphareus Poems
Princes in Greek mythology
Kings in Greek mythology
Messenian characters in Greek mythology
|
1368041
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA
|
Ушак
|
Ушак — місто і район в західній Туреччині, адміністративний центр ілу Ушак. Станом на 2011 рік в місті проживало 183 640 чоловік та 218 953 чоловік у районі. Площа району становить 1 309 км².
Географія
Місто Ушак розташоване в західній частині Туреччини, в Егейському регіоні, Анатолія. На північ від Ушаку знаходиться місто Кютах'я, на схід — Афьон-Карахісар, на південь — Денізлі і на захід — Маніса. Ушак розташоване в гірській місцевості; лише на захід від міста розташована долина Гедіз, що простягнулася до Егейського моря. Навколишні гори досягають у висоту 1500—2000 метрів та вище. Саме місто лежить на висоті 906 м над рівнем моря. Неподалік розташовані руїни давньогрецького міста Флавіополіса.
Історія
Перші поселення на території міста з'явилися ще в II тисячолітті до н. е.., у часи Хетського царства. Саме місто відоме з VII століття до н. е.. Протягом своєї історії місто переходило з рук в руки, не раз змінюючи свою назву. Ці землі належали лідійців, персам, римлянам, Візантії, сельджукам, Османської імперії.
В 1919—1923 роках Ушак було місцем запеклих боїв під час громадянської війни в Туреччині.
Економіка
Місто відоме виробництвом килимів, також розвинене виробництво цукру, бавовняних та вовняних тканин, шкіряна промисловість.
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Міста Туреччини
|
3999299
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
|
2003 French Open – Men's singles
|
2003 French Open – Men's singles
Juan Carlos Ferrero defeated Martin Verkerk in the final, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2003 French Open. It was his first and only major singles title.
Albert Costa was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Ferrero in a rematch of the previous year's final.
This was the last major where future world No. 1 Roger Federer lost in the first round.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Official Roland Garros 2003 Men's Singles Draw
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
2003 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
French Open
|
3418654
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D1%87%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%20%28%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%29
|
Літчфілд (Нью-Йорк)
|
Літчфілд (Нью-Йорк)
Літчфілд — місто в США, в окрузі Геркаймер штату Нью-Йорк. Населення — 1444 особи (2020).
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало осіб у 566 домогосподарствах у складі 436 родин. Було 713 помешкання
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,1 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,1 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 23,4 % — особи молодші 18 років, 64,1 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 12,5 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 42,2 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 105,0 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 102,3 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 9,2 % осіб, у тому числі 6,0 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 9,6 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 710 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 32,5 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 11,0 %, сільське господарство, лісництво, риболовля — 9,2 %, виробництво — 8,9 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Містечка Нью-Йорку
Населені пункти округу Геркаймер (Нью-Йорк)
|
3324972
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%20%28%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29
|
Белмонт (Пенсільванія)
|
Белмонт (Пенсільванія)
Белмонт — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в окрузі Кембрія штату Пенсільванія. Населення — 2771 особа (2020).
Географія
Белмонт розташований за координатами (40.281262, -78.884561). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 4,60 км², з яких 4,55 км² — суходіл та 0,05 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкали особи в домогосподарстві у складі 758 родин. Густота населення становила 606 осіб/км². Було 1368 помешкань (298/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,8 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 15,5 % — особи молодші 18 років, 52,3 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 32,2 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 52,4 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 80,1 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 75,4 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . За межею бідності перебувало 9,5 % осіб, у тому числі 12,5 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 6,7 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 30,0 %, роздрібна торгівля — 12,8 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 9,1 %, виробництво — 9,0 %.
Джерела
Переписні місцевості Пенсільванії
Населені пункти округу Кембрія (Пенсільванія)
|
2980168
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5
|
Лубно-Шляхецьке
|
Лубно-Шляхецьке — село в Польщі, у гміні Тарновець Ясельського повіту Підкарпатського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Кросненського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
Села Ясельського повіту
|
1370745
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C
|
Юн'янь
|
Юн'янь, храмове ім'я Женьцзун (13 листопада 1760 — 2 вересня 1820) — маньчжурський державний і політичний діяч, сьомий імператор династії Цін.
Життєпис
Був п'ятнадцятим сином Хунлі. Зійшов на трон після смерті батька 1796 року.
У 1796-1804 придушив повстання секти Білого лотоса, а в 1813-1814 — повстання секти Небесного розуму, боровся проти торгівлі опіумом, контрабандистів Південного Китаю, відтоку срібла за кордон.
Девіз правління — Цзяцін.
Імена
Посмертне ім'я — Імператор Жуй.
Храмове ім'я — Женьцзун.
Інше ім'я, що походить від девізу правління, — Імператор Цзяцін.
Примітки
Джерела
Непомнин О.Е. История Китая: Эпоха Цин. XVII — начало XX века. — Москва: Восточная литература, 2005
|
12869520
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koczergi
|
Koczergi
|
Koczergi is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Parczew, within Parczew County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Koczergi
|
32212
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Armed%20Forces
|
United States Armed Forces
|
United States Armed Forces
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consist of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. All six armed services are among the eight uniformed services of the United States.
Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The Army conducts land operations. The Navy and Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations primarily for supporting the Navy. The Air Force conducts air operations. The Space Force conducts space operations. The Coast Guard is unique in that it specializes in maritime operations and is also a law enforcement agency.
From their inception during the American Revolutionary War, the U.S. Armed Forces have played a decisive role in the country's history. They helped forge a sense of national unity and identity through victories in the early-19th-century First and Second Barbary Wars. They played a critical role in the territorial evolution of the U.S., including the American Civil War. The National Security Act of 1947 created the modern U.S. military framework, establishing the National Military Establishment (later the Department of Defense or DoD) headed by the secretary of defense and creating both the U.S. Air Force and National Security Council; in 1949, an amendment to the act merged the cabinet-level departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force into the DoD.
The president of the U.S. is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the DoD and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), both federal executive departments, acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out.
The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the world's largest military forces in terms of personnel. They draw their personnel from a large pool of professional volunteers. The U.S. has used military conscription, but not since 1973. The Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males, requiring the registration of all male citizens and residents living in the U.S. between the ages of 18 and 25.
The U.S. Armed Forces are considered the world's most powerful military, especially since the end of the Cold War. The military expenditure of the U.S. was US$916 billion in 2023, the highest in the world, accounting for 37% of the world's defense expenditures. The U.S. Armed Forces has significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget, resulting in advanced and powerful technologies which enable widespread deployment of the force around the world, including around 800 military bases outside the U.S. The U.S. Air Force is the world's largest air force, followed by the U.S. Army Aviation Branch. The U.S. Naval Air Forces is the fourth-largest air arm in the world and is the largest naval aviation service, while U.S. Marine Corps Aviation is the world's seventh-largest air arm. The U.S. Navy is the world's largest navy by tonnage. The U.S. Coast Guard is the world's 12th-largest maritime force. The U.S. Space Force is the world's only active independent space force.
History
The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates back to 14 June 1775, with the creation of the Continental Army, even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States. The Continental Navy, established on 13 October 1775, and Continental Marines, established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War.
These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War. The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784. The United States Congress created the current United States Navy on 27 March 1794 and the current United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798. All three services trace their origins to their respective Continental predecessors. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave Congress the power to "raise and support armies," to "provide and maintain a navy," and to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces," as well as the power to declare war. The President of the United States is the U.S. Armed Forces' commander-in-chief.
The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the formation of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790, which merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army Air Forces before being recognized as an independent service in the National Security Act of 1947. The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps was formerly considered to be a branch of the United States Armed Forces from 29 July 1945 until 3 July 1952, and is now one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.
The United States Space Force was established as an independent service on 20 December 2019. It is the sixth branch of the U.S. military and the first new branch in 72 years. The origin of the Space Force can be traced back to the Air Force Space Command, which was formed 1 September 1982 and was a major command of the United States Air Force.
The U.S. Congressional Research Office annually publishes a List of Notable Deployments of U.S. Military Forces Overseas since 1798.
Structure
Presidential command over the U.S. Armed Forces is established in Article II in the Constitution whereby the president is named as the "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States." The United States Armed Forces are split between two cabinet departments, with the Department of Defense serving as the primary cabinet department for military affairs and the Department of Homeland Security responsible for administering the United States Coast Guard.
The military chain of command flows from the President of the United States to the secretary of defense (for services under the Defense Department) or secretary of homeland security (for services under the Department of Homeland Security), ensuring civilian control of the military. Within the Department of Defense, the military departments (Department of the Army, United States Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force) are civilian led entities that oversee the coequal military service branches organized within each department. The military departments and services are responsible for organizing, training, and equipping forces, with the actual chain of command flowing through the unified combatant commands.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff, although outside the operational chain of command, is the senior-most military body in the United States Armed Forces. It is led by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who is the military head of the armed forces and principal advisor to the president and secretary of defense on military matters. Their deputy is the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Other members include the chief of staff of the Army, commandant of the Marine Corps, chief of naval operations, chief of staff of the Air Force, chief of space operations, and the chief of the National Guard Bureau. The commandant of the Coast Guard is not an official member of the Joint Chiefs, but sometimes attends meetings as one of the military service chiefs. The senior enlisted advisor to the chairman is the most senior enlisted member in the United States Armed Forces.
Leadership of the Armed Forces, to include the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the secretary of Homeland Security and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are members of the United States National Security Council, which advises the president on national security, military, and foreign policy matters. The national security advisor, the homeland security advisor, and the deputy national security advisor may also be members of the United States Armed Forces. The National Security Council Deputies Committee also includes the deputy secretary of defense, deputy secretary of homeland security, and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Military leadership, including the secretary of defense, the secretary of Homeland Security, and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff also sit on the National Space Council.
Unified combatant commands
Unified combatant commands are joint military commands consisting of forces from multiple military departments, with their chain of command flowing from the president, to the secretary of defense, to the commanders of the combatant commands. Each service organizes, trains, and equips forces that are then presented to the unified combatant commands through service component commands. Special Operations Command and Cyber Command also present theater special operations commands or joint force headquarters – cyber to other combatant commanders. Army components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force land component, Navy components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force maritime component, and Air Force components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force air component, with the theater special operations command dual-hatted as the joint force special operations component, and Space Force component typically dual-hatted as the joint force space component.
Combat support agencies
Combat support agencies are Department of Defense agencies with combat support missions that service operating forces planning or conducting military operations. This includes support during conflict or in the conduct of other military activities related to countering threats to U.S. national security. This mission is focused on providing support to echelons at the CCMD level and below and may not encompass the full scope of the CSA's mission.
Service branches
The United States Armed Forces is composed of six coequal military service branches. Five of the branches, the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, United States Air Force, and United States Space Force, are organized under the Department of Defense's military departments. The United States Coast Guard is nominally under the Department of Homeland Security, but may be transferred to the Department of Defense's Department of the Navy (which is the civilian entity that oversees the coequal U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) at the direction of the President or Congress. With the exception of the Coast Guard, the military services only organize, train, and equip forces. The unified combatant commands are responsible for operational control of non-service retained forces.
Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The U.S. Army conducts land operations, while the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy. The U.S. Air Force conducts air operations, while the U.S. Space Force conducts space operations. The U.S. Coast Guard is unique in that it is a military branch specializing in maritime operations and also a law enforcement agency.
U.S. Army
The United States Army (USA) is the United States Armed Forces' land force and is the largest and oldest service. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Army, it consists of one million soldiers across the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. The Army serves as the Armed Forces principal land service, responsible for conducting land warfare operations.
The U.S. Army is organized under the Department of the Army, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Army and under secretary of the Army. The U.S. Army itself is led by the chief of staff of the Army and vice chief of staff of the Army, both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Army.
The Army's primary responsibility is to conduct prompt and sustained land combat as part of the joint force. Army landpower focuses on destroying an enemy's armed forces, occupying its territory, and breaking the will of an adversary.
The five core competencies of the Army are:
Prompt and sustained land combat
Combined arms operations:
Combined arms maneuver and wide area security
Armored and mechanized operations
Airborne and air assault operations
Special operations
Set and sustain the theater for the joint force
Integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land
The thirteen specified functions of the Army are:
Conduct prompt and sustained combined arms combat operations on land in all environments and types of terrain, to include complex urban environments, in order to defeat enemy ground forces, and seize, occupy, and defend land areas.
Conduct air and missile defense to support joint campaigns and assist in achieving air superiority. This is conducted by the Army's Air Defense Artillery Branch, specifically by the 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command, 94th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, 263rd Army Air and Missile Defense Command, and Army Space and Missile Defense Command.
Conduct airborne and air assault, and amphibious operations. The Army has primary responsibility for the development of airborne doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures. Army airborne and air assault operations are conducted by the XVIII Airborne Corps, 11th Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Division, 101st Airborne Division, and the 173rd Airborne Brigade.
Conduct civil affairs operations. Civil affairs operations are conducted by the United States Army Special Operations Command, predominantly under United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command and the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade.
Conduct riverine operations.
Occupy territories abroad and provide for the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authorities.
Interdict enemy sea power, space power, air power, and communications through operations on and from the land.
Provide logistics to joint operations and campaigns, including joint over-the-shore and intra-theater transport of time-sensitive, mission-critical personnel and materiel. This is primarily conducted through the Army Logistics Branch, including the Quartermaster Corps, Ordnance Corps, Transportation Corps, and through Army Materiel Command's Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command.
Provide support to space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other military services (primarily the United States Space Force), combatant commands (primarily United States Space Command), and other U.S. government departments and agencies. Army space operations are conducted by Army Space and Missile Defense Command.
Conduct authorized civil works programs, to include projects for the improvement of navigation, flood control, beach erosion control, and other water resource developments in the United States, its territories, and its possessions, and conduct other civil activities prescribed by law. These are conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers.
Provide intra-theater aeromedical evacuation. These missions are flown by the Army Medical Service Corps and Army Aviation Branch.
Conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition.
Operate land lines of communication. This is primarily conducted through the Transportation Corps and Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command.
Infantry
The Infantry Branch forms the core of the service's land combat power. U.S. Army infantry are generally equipped with the M4 carbine and M249 light machine gun, which will be replaced by the XM7 rifle and XM250.
Infantry is a core part of the Army's Brigade Combat Teams. The most numerous variant, the Infantry Brigade Combat Team, comprises light infantry battalions who fight on foot. Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 82nd Airborne Division are air assault capable, with infantry soldiers being transported by U.S. Army Aviation UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook helicopters. Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 11th Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Division, and 173rd Airborne Brigade are capable of airborne operations, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force's transport aircraft. Finally, Infantry Brigade Combat Teams assigned to the 10th Mountain Division specialize in mountain warfare. Standard Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, which offers additional training in jungle warfare.
Armored Brigade Combat Teams comprise mechanized infantry battalions mounted in the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle. Divisions with Armored Brigade Combat Teams include the 1st Infantry Division, 3rd Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 1st Armored Division, and 1st Cavalry Division. Stryker Brigade Combat Teams are centered around Stryker infantry battalions operating out of the Stryker. Divisions with Stryker Brigade Combat Teams include the 2nd Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 11th Airborne Division, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, and 3rd Cavalry Regiment.
United States Army Rangers with the 75th Ranger Regiment are an elite special operations infantry force in the United States Army Special Operations Command, specializing in air assault and airborne infiltration methods. The three primary missions of the 75th Ranger Regiment are special operations raids, forcible entry operations, such as an airfield seizure to enable the Air Force to bring in more forces, and special reconnaissance. As a special operations force, Army Rangers are generally better equipped than standard infantry, utilizing the FN SCAR rifle.
Army Special Forces
Army Special Forces, commonly known as Green Berets after their iconic headgear, are among the most elite soldiers in the Army. Special Forces conduct:
counterinsurgency distinguishing between civilians and enemy combatants while assisting with the stabilization, defense, and training of developing countries facing insurgent threats.
direct action seizing, capturing, recovering, or destroying enemy material; or utilizing quick strikes to recover personnel.
foreign internal defense training and equipping foreign allied military forces to defend against insurgency, subversion, terrorism, and other security threats.
special reconnaissance executing surveillance in hostile, denied, or diplomatically- or politically-sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic significance.
unconventional warfare enabling a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground force in a denied area.
Army Special Forces are trained in military free-fall parachuting and combat diver skillsets. They are considered the most versatile special operations force in the entire world, operating as a multi-purpose force since 1952.
Armor and Cavalry
The Armor Branch traces its history back to the United States Cavalry and are responsible for tank and cavalry reconnaissance operations.
The U.S. Army fields the M1 Abrams main battle tank in Armored Battalions as part of Armored Brigade Combat Teams across the 1st Armored Division, 1st Cavalry Division, 1st Infantry Division, 3rd Infantry Division, and the 4th Infantry Division. Each Armored Brigade Combat Team also possesses a cavalry squadron equipped with M2 Bradleys for scouting and security. Styker Brigade Combat Teams from the 2nd Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 11th Airborne Division, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, and 3rd Cavalry Regiment have a cavalry squadron equipped with Strykers. Infantry Brigade Combat Teams from the 10th Mountain Division, 11th Airborne Division, 25th Infantry Division, 82nd Airborne Division, 101st Airborne Division, and 173rd Airborne Brigade have a cavalry squadron equipped with the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle.
Field Artillery
The Field Artillery's mission is to destroy, suppress or neutralize the enemy by cannon, rocket or missile fire. Rocket systems include the M142 HIMARS and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System, which are corps-level assets found in field artillery brigades. Towed artillery includes the M119 howitzer in Infantry Brigade Combat Teams and the M777 howitzer found in both Infantry and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams. The M109 self-propelled howitzer is utilized in Armored Brigade Combat Teams.
During the Cold War, Army field artillery was responsible for the service's ballistic missile programs, including the PGM-11 Redstone, which was the first large ballistic missile in the U.S. arsenal, the MGM-31 Pershing, and the Pershing II. In 2023, the Army is intending to field the Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon and has reestablished larger artillery formations like the 56th Artillery Command.
Air Defense Artillery
The Air Defense Artillery is responsible for defending geopolitical assets and providing maneuver forces with the freedom to move on the battlefield by deterring the enemy and destroying aerial threats, missile attacks, and surveillance platforms. Weapons employed by Air Defense Artillery include the FIM-92 Stinger man-portable air-defense system, AN/TWQ-1 Avenger for short range air defense, and the counter rocket, artillery, and mortar 20mm gun system. The Iron Dome provides air defense against rockets, artillery, mortars, missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles. The MIM-104 Patriot is capable of defeating a wide range of threats including aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, ballistic and cruise missiles, and Weapons of Mass Destruction.
The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense protects strategic critical assets by conducting long-range endo-and-exo-atmospheric engagements of ballistic missiles using the world's largest air-transportable X-band radar. The Ground-Based Midcourse Defense is an anti-ballistic missile system operated by Army Space and Missile Defense Command to defend the United States homeland against an intercontinental ballistic missile attack. Major Air Defense Artillery units include the 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command and Army Space and Missile Defense Command's 100th Missile Defense Brigade.
Air Defense Artillery has an extremely close relationship with the Air Force through its Air and Missile Defense Commands and the Space Force through Army Space and Missile Defense Command, given their shared missile defense and space roles. In 1962, Air Defense Artillery achieved the first intercept of a ballistic missile with a nuclear-tipped Nike Zeus and operated the Nike Zeus as an anti-satellite weapon after completing a successful intercept in 1963.
Army Aviation
Army Aviation, distinct from the U.S. Air Force and its predecessors, began as part of the field artillery in 1942. Small spotter planes were used to spot for artillery and naval bombardment, as well as to perform observation. These few aircraft formed the core of Army Aviation once the U.S. Air Force gained independence. In 1983, the Army created the Aviation Branch, for the first time since the Air Force's independence consolidating aviation under a single organization.
The mission of Army Aviation is to find, fix and destroy any enemy through fire and maneuver and to provide combat support and combat service support in coordinated operations as an integral member of the combined arms team. Major aircraft include the AH-64 Apache, which serves as the Army's attack helicopter, the UH-60 Black Hawk, and the CH-47 Chinook for troop and cargo transport. Army Aviation also flies the MQ-1C Gray Eagle drone.
A specialized unit within Army Aviation, the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) serves as a special operations unit and operates modified variants of the MH-60 Black Hawk, MH-47 Chinook, and the MH-6 Little Bird.
Army commands
The U.S. Army is organized into four major Army Commands, nine Army Service Component Commands which serve as the Army component and joint force land component commanders for the unified combatant commands, and thirteen direct reporting units.
U.S. Marine Corps
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) serves as the U.S. Armed Forces' naval land force, responsible for executing amphibious warfare and operating in the maritime littorals in support of the U.S. Navy. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Marines, the Marine Corps consists of the Regular Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Reserve. The Marine Corps maintains a very close relationship with the U.S. Navy, its sister service in the Department of the Navy. Although the Marine Corps has previously operated as an independent land force alongside the Army, its primary purpose is to serve as part of a unified naval service alongside the Navy in the maritime domain.
The U.S. Marine Corps is organized under the Department of the Navy, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps itself is led by the commandant of the Marine Corps and the assistant commandant of the Marine Corps, both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Marine Corps.
The Marine Corps statutory mission is outlined in and as originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947, with its three primary areas of responsibility including:
Seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval campaigns;
Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the Army and Air Force; and
Such other duties as the President or Department of Defense may direct.
The seven specified functions of the Marine Corps are:
Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facilitate subsequent joint operations.
Provide close air support for ground forces.
Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed.
Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments.
Conduct amphibious operations, including engagement, crisis response, and power projection operations to assure access. The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment.
Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of responsibility to other authorities.
Provide security detachments and units for service on armed vessels of the Navy, provide protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, provide security at designated U.S. embassies and consulates, and perform other such duties as the president or secretary of defense may direct. These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primarily organized.
Marine Corps Security Force Regiment is responsible for supporting the Navy with Marine security operations, while the Marine Security Guard protects embassies and consulates of the United States Department of State.
Fleet Marine Force
The combat power of the Marine Corps is centralized in the Fleet Marine Force (FMF), which itself is organized into Fleet Marine Force Atlantic, to support the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command, and Fleet Marine Force Pacific, which supports the U.S. Navy's U.S. Pacific Fleet.
The basic Marine Corps unit for conducting operations is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), which combines Marine Corps and Navy land, air, sea, and cyberspace capabilities into a single command. There are three size variants of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force, but each consists of a command element, ground combat element, aviation combat element, and logistics combat element.
A Marine ground combat element (GCE) is centered around Marine infantry, typically armed with a M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle. Unlike the Army, the Marine Corps does not train its own combat medics, relying on the Navy to provide hospital corpsmen. These infantry units are supported by Marine Corps combat engineers, who conduct engineer reconnaissance, obstacle system emplacement, and breaching operations; and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance teams. While the Marine Corps no longer operates its own tanks, opting to request support from the Army if needed, it maintains Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions which operate the LAV-25 amphibious armored reconnaissance vehicle. Assault Amphibian Battalions operate the Assault Amphibious Vehicle and Amphibious Combat Vehicle, which enable the ground combat element to conduct amphibious landing operations. Marine Corps artillery operates the M777 howitzer and the M142 HIMARS, both supporting the ground combat element and the Navy at sea by striking enemy ships.
The Marine aviation combat element (ACE) is the operational arm of Marine Corps Aviation, working to support the ground combat element. The F-35B Lightning II and AV-8B Harrier II are flown off Navy amphibious assault ships, while the F-35C Lightning II and F/A-18 Hornet are flown off Navy carriers by Marine Corps pilots. The Marine Corps also operates the KC-130J to serve as a tanker and tactical airlift platform. The UH-1Y Venom helicopter provides the Marine Corps with light transport and attack, while the AH-1Z Viper is a dedicated attack helicopter. Medium-lift squadrons fly the MV-22 Osprey, while heavy-lift squadrons use the CH-53K King Stallion. The Marine Corps has also begun flying unmanned aerial vehicles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper and MQ-8 Fire Scout. Notably, the aviation combat element also includes Low-Altitude Air Defense Battalions, which employ the FIM-92 Stinger surface-to-air missile.
The smallest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), which is typically forward deployed on a Navy ship. Commanded by a colonel, a Marine Expeditionary Unit consist of 2,200 marines split across a battalion landing team (ground combat element), a composite helicopter squadron (aviation combat element), and a combat logistics element (logistics element). Marine Expeditionary Units are supplied for 15 days. Forward deployed Marine Expeditionary Units are often embarked on Navy amphibious assault ships as part of an amphibious ready group.
The mid-sized MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), which is organized for specific missions. Commanded by a brigadier general, Marine Expeditionary Brigades consist of 4,000 to 16,000 marines across a Regimental-sized ground combat element, a Marine Aircraft Group, and a Combat Logistics Regiment. Marine Expeditionary Brigades are supplied for 30 days and offer increased firepower and airpower over the Marine Expeditionary Unit.
The largest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), which is the primary warfighting force for larger operations. A Marine Expeditionary Force is commanded by a lieutenant general and consists of 46,000 to 90,000 marines. Currently there are only three Marine Expeditionary Forces, each with its own Marine Division, Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Logistics Group, and Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group. Marine Expeditionary Forces are supplied for 60 days. Certain elements are held at the Marine Expeditionary Force level, such as Force Reconnaissance. The MEF Information Group (MIG) also provides a number of functions such as the intelligence battalion; radio battalion which conducts signals intelligence, electronic warfare, and cyberspace operations; communications battalion; the MEF support battalion; and the Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company.
While not a MAGTF, the Marine Corps has begun to reorganize some of its regiments into Marine Littoral Regiments (MRL), which are similar in size to a Marine Expeditionary Unit. A Marine Littoral Regiment is a self-deployable force, designed to be naval in nature and operate in the littoral region. A Marine Littoral Regiment consists of a littoral combat team, a littoral anti-air battalion, and a combat logistics battalion. Notably, the Marine Littoral Regiment has no aviation combat element, unlike a Marine Expeditionary Unit.
Another Marine Corps element that does not function as part of the MAGTF is the Marine Raider Regiment, functioning under United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command. Marine Raiders specialize in direct action, unconventional warfare, maritime interdiction, special reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, counterterrorism, and counterinsurgency missions.
Marine Corps commands
Under Headquarters Marine Corps, the Marine Corps is organized into the Fleet Marine Force, multiple commands, and Marine Corps service components to the unified combatant commands.
U.S. Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime force. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Navy, the U.S. Navy consists of the Regular Navy and the Navy Reserve. The Navy is the United States' principal maritime service, responsible for maritime warfare operations.
The U.S. Navy is organized under the Department of the Navy, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy. The U.S. Navy itself is led by the chief of naval operations and the vice chief of naval operations, both admirals who are advised by the master chief petty officer of the Navy.
The five enduring functions of the Navy are:
Sea control
Power projection
Deterrence
Maritime security
Sealift
The nine specified tasks of the Navy are:
Conduct offensive and defensive operations associated with the maritime domain including achieving and maintaining sea control, to include subsurface, surface, land, air, space, and cyberspace.
Provide power projection through sea-based global strike, to include nuclear and conventional capabilities; interdiction and interception capabilities; maritime and littoral fires, to include naval surface fires; and close air support for ground forces.
Conduct ballistic missile defense. This is executed through the Navy's Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System.
Conduct ocean, hydro, and river survey and reconstruction.
Conduct riverine operations. This is conducted by the Maritime Expeditionary Security Force and Naval Special Warfare Command.
Establish, maintain, and defend sea bases in support of naval, amphibious, land, air, or other joint operations as directed.
Provide naval expeditionary logistics to enhance the deployment, sustainment, and redeployment of naval forces and other forces operating within the maritime domain, to include joint sea bases, and provide sea transport for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services, United States Special Operations Command, and United States Cyber Command. This is conducted by the Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group and Military Sealift Command.
Provide support for joint space operations to enhance naval operations, in coordination with the other military services (primarily the United States Space Force), combatant commands (primarily United States Space Command), and other U.S. government departments and agencies. U.S. Navy space operations are conducted by Navy Space Command.
Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.
Naval Surface Forces
The Naval Surface Forces (NAVSURFOR) is the backbone of the U.S. Navy's combat power, conducting surface warfare operations and operating its fleet of combat surface ships.
The Naval Surface Forces operates eleven nuclear-powered aircraft carriers (CVN), split between the Nimitz-class and the newer Gerald R. Ford-class. Aircraft carriers are the centerpiece of the U.S. Navy's combat power, forming the nucleus of its eleven carrier strike groups (CSG). Each aircraft carrier has an embarked carrier air wing from the Naval Air Forces.
The Naval Surface Forces also operate 116 surface combatants. These include the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruisers, Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers (DDG) and Zumwalt-class stealth guided-missile destroyers. Cruisers and destroyers often operate as part of larger formations, where they serve as escorts for anti-aircraft and anti-submarine operations. However, they also are able to conduct sea control and striker operations ashore with their tomahawk cruise missiles. The Navy also operates a complement of smaller Freedom-class and Independence-class littoral combat ships (LCS) that can be modularly reconfigured for specific mission sets. Having lacked a frigate since the Oliver Hazard Perry-class was decommissioned, the Navy is in the process of acquiring the new Constellation-class guided-missile frigates (FFG).
Finally, the Naval Surface Forces operate 31 amphibious warfare ships to support the Fleet Marine Force and its embarked Marine Air-Ground Task Forces as part of an amphibious ready group or expeditionary strike group. This includes the America-class landing helicopter assault (LHA) ships which can carry U.S. Marine Corps F-35B Lightning II fighters and helicopters; and Wasp-class landing helicopter dock (LHD) ships, which can carry both F-35B fighters, helicopters, and landing craft. These are in addition to the San Antonio-class amphibious transport docks (LPD), and the Whidbey Island-class and Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ships.
Naval Submarine Forces
The Naval Submarine Forces (NAVSUBFOR) is often referred to as the "silent service", consisting of 68 commissioned submarines.
Los Angeles-class, Seawolf-class, and Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarines are capable of performing sea control missions by destroying enemy submarines and surface ships, conducting surveillance and reconnaissance, performing irregular warfare, covert troop insertion, mine and anti-mine operations, and land attack missions with tomahawk cruise missiles.
Ohio-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) have the sole mission of being launch platforms for the nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Each carries 20 UGM-133 Trident II SLBMs. The Navy is currently in the process of procuring the Columbia-class SSBNs to replace the Ohio-class. Some Ohio-class submarines have been converted to cruise-missile submarines (SSGN), capable of carrying 154 tomahawk cruise missiles and deploying 66 special operations forces personnel, such as Navy SEALs.
Naval Air Forces
The Naval Air Forces (NAVAIRFOR) is the Navy's naval aviation arm, centered around the carrier air wing. The core of the carrier air wing are the Naval Air Forces strike fighter squadrons (VFA), which fly the F-35C Lightning II stealth fighter and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. A variant of the F/A-18, the EA-18G Growler is an electronic-warfare aircraft flown by electronic attack squadrons (VAQ) off of carriers or land bases. The E-2 Hawkeye provides carriers with airborne early warning and command-and-control, while the C-2A Greyhound keeps carriers supplied. The CMV-22B Osprey is currently in the process of replacing the C-2 Greyhound for carrier resupply.
The Naval Air Forces also operate the MH-60 Seahawk for anti-submarine warfare, anti-ship warfare, and search and rescue operations. The MH-53E is primarily used for anti-mine warfare but can also be used for assault support.
Although primarily centered on carriers, the Naval Air Forces do operate a small number of land-based aircraft. These include the P-3C Orion and P-8A Poseidon, which conduct anti-submarine warfare operations and serve as maritime patrol aircraft, alongside the unmanned MQ-4C Triton. The E-6 Mercury is also flown by the Navy to communicate instructions to U.S. strategic forces.
Navy commands
The U.S. Navy is organized into eight navy component commands, which command operational forces and serve as joint force maritime component commands; fifteen shore commands, which support the fleets' operating forces; five systems commands, which oversee the technical requirements of the Navy; and nine type commands, which administratively manage units of a certain type.
U.S. Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the United States Armed Forces' air force. Originally established in 1947 when it gained independence from the U.S. Army, it traces its history back through the United States Army Air Forces, United States Army Air Corps, United States Army Air Service, the Division of Military Aeronautics, Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, to the birth of Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps on 1 August 1907. The U.S. Air Force serves as the principal air service, responsible for aerial warfare operations. The U.S. Air Force is composed of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard.
The U.S. Air Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force. The U.S. Air Force itself is led by the chief of staff of the Air Force and vice chief of staff of the Air Force, both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Air Force.
The five core missions of the Air Force are:
Air superiority
Global integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
Rapid global mobility
Global strike
Command and control
The eight specified functions of the Air Force are:
Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.
Conduct offensive and defensive operations, to include appropriate air and missile defense, to gain and maintain air superiority and air supremacy as required, to enable the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces.
Conduct global precision attack, to include strategic attack, interdiction, close air support, and prompt global strike.
Provide timely, globally integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capability and capacity from forward deployed locations and globally distributed centers to support world-wide operations.
Provide rapid global mobility to employ and sustain organic air and space forces and other military service and U. S. Special Operations Command forces, as directed, to include airlift forces for airborne operations, air logistical support, tanker forces for in-flight refueling, and assets for aeromedical evacuation.
Provide agile combat support to enhance the air and space campaign and the deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment of air and space forces and other forces operating within the air and space domains, to include joint air and space bases, and for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services and U.S. Special Operations Command in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and U.S. Government departments and agencies.
Conduct global personnel recovery operations including theater-wide combat and civil search and rescue in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and DoD components.
Conduct globally integrated command and control for air and space operations.
Combat Air Force
The Combat Air Force (CAF) comprises the majority of the Air Force's combat power, consisting of its fighter, bomber, intercontinental ballistic missile, and special operations forces.
The Air Force's fighter forces are led by Air Combat Command's Fifteenth Air Force, with other fighter units under Pacific Air Forces and United States Air Forces in Europe. Air Force fighters are predominantly used to achieve air superiority and strike enemy ground and naval forces. The Air Force operates an expanding force of fifth-generation fighters. The F-22A Raptor stealth fighter is designed to replace the F-15C in air superiority operations carrying two AIM-9 Sidewinder and six AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles. It also has a significant air-to-ground mission, carrying two GBU-32 Joint Direct Attack Munition bombs, in addition to two AIM-9 and two AIM-120 missiles. Ultimately, the F-22 is intended to be replaced by the sixth-generation fighter, Next Generation Air Dominance program. The F-22 is complemented by the more numerous F-35A Lightning II multi-role stealth fighters, which are in the process of replacing the F-16C fighters and A-10 attack aircraft in air superiority and ground attack roles, to include the nuclear strike mission.
The Air Force still operates an extremely sizable force of fourth-generation fighters. The F-15C Eagle is a dedicated air superiority fighter, while the F-15E Strike Eagle has been modified to be a dual-role strike fighter, carrying both conventional and nuclear weapons. The F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle are both being replaced by the F-15EX Eagle II, which is significantly more advanced. The F-16C Fighting Falcon is a multirole fighter that has served as the primary Air Force fighter for decades, including as a dual-capable tactical nuclear strike fighter. The A-10C Thunderbolt II attack aircraft has been the first Air Force fighter specifically designed for close air support missions, operating against enemy ground forces and light naval ships with its GAU-8 Avenger gatling cannon and array of air-to-ground munitions.
The Air Force's bomber forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command's Eighth Air Force, executing long-range strike operations. The B-2A Spirit stealth bomber is capable of conducting both conventional and nuclear strike operations flying through air defenses. The B-1B Lancer, in contrast, is a supersonic bomber that carries only conventional munitions and serves as the backbone of the bomber force. Both the B-2A Spirit and the B-1B Lancer are being replaced by the B-21 Raider stealth bomber, which can be equipped with both conventional and nuclear munitions. The B-52H Stratofortress is a long-range, heavy bomber that the Air Force has flown since the 1950s and operates a variety of conventional and nuclear munitions, including the AGM-86 air-launched cruise missile.
The Air Force's intercontinental ballistic missile forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command's Twentieth Air Force, serving as the land component of the nuclear triad. The LGM-30G Minuteman III serves as the only ballistic missile operated by the Air Force, with 400 stationed in hardened silos. The LGM-30G will be replaced by the LGM-35A Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile.
The Air Force's special operations forces are organized under Air Force Special Operations Command, consisting of both special operations aviation and Air Force special tactics airmen on the ground. The AC-130J Ghostrider gunships have the primary mission of close air support and air interdiction, using cannons and precision guided munitions. The MC-130J Commando II, also a variant of the C-130 Hercules, fly exfiltration and resupply operations for special operations forces, along with conducting air-to-air refueling for helicopters. The CV-22 Osprey is a tiltrotor aircraft used for the infiltration and exfiltration of special operations forces. While not under Air Force Special Operations Command, rescue operations are supported by the HC-130J Combat King II and HH-60W Jolly Green II combat rescue aircraft. The MQ-9 Reaper also serves as a remotely piloted intelligence and strike aircraft, serving under Air Force Special Operations Command and Air Combat Command.
Air Force Special Tactics are the ground special warfare force of the U.S. Air Force, integrating air-ground operations. Special Tactics conduct four core missions. Global access teams assess and open airfields, ranging from international airports to dirt strips, in permissive or hostile locations to facilitate the landing and operation of air forces. Precision strike teams are trained to direct aircraft and other forces to conduct kinetic and non-kinetic strikes, as well as humanitarian aid drops. Special Tactics teams also conduct personnel recovery missions, possessing significant medical and rescue experience. Finally, Special Operations Surgical Teams conduct surgery and medical operations in battlefield operations in support of special operations.
The Air Force also operates a wide array of reconnaissance aircraft under Air Combat Command's Sixteenth Air Force, including the RQ-4 Global Hawk drone, U-2 Dragon Lady, and RC-135 Rivet Joint. Air Force operations are typically supported by command and control aircraft, such as the E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system. The E-3 Sentry is in the process of being replaced by the E-7A Wedgetail.
Mobility Air Force
The Mobility Air Force (MAF) is organized under Air Mobility Command and comprises the Air Force's airlift, air refueling, and aeromedical evacuation forces.
The airlift forces operate three different major aircraft. The C-5M Super Galaxy is the largest aircraft in the Air Force, serving as a strategic transport aircraft. The C-17A Globemaster III is the airlift force's most flexible aircraft, conducting both strategic and tactical airlift operations. It is also capable of conducting airborne operations for the Army and aerial resupply through airdropping cargo. Finally, the C-130J Super Hercules is a tactical airlifter, conducting both cargo airlift and supporting Army airborne operations. Other major airlift platforms include the VC-25, which serves as the personal plane of the president of the United States, better known as Air Force One.
The Air Force also operates three major aerial refueling tankers. The KC-46A Pegasus is its most modern tanker, replacing the aging KC-10A Extenders. The remaining tanker is the KC-135 Stratotanker, which has flown since the 1950s. Tankers are also capable of conducting limited airlift operations.
Air Force commands
The U.S. Air Force is organized into nine major commands, which conduct the majority of the service's organize, train, and equip functions. It commands forces attached to the combatant commands as joint force air component commands.
U.S. Space Force
The United States Space Force (USSF) is the United States Armed Forces' space force and is the newest military branch. Originally established in 2019, it traces its history through Air Force Space Command and the Western Development Division to 1954. The United States Space Force is the principal space service, responsible for space warfare operations. The U.S. Space Force is composed of the Regular Space Force, not yet having organized a reserve component outside of the Air Force.
The U.S. Space Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force. The U.S. Space Force itself is led by the chief of space operations and vice chief of space operations, both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Space Force.
The five core competencies of the Space Force are:
Space security
Combat power projection
Space mobility and logistics
Information mobility
Space domain awareness
The five specified functions of the Space Force are:
Provide freedom of operation for the United States in, from, and to space.
Provide prompt and sustained space operations.
Protect the interests of the United States in space.
Deter aggression in, from, and to space.
Conduct space operations.
Orbital warfare and space electromagnetic warfare
The Space Force's combat power is centered around Space Delta 3, which conducts space electromagnetic warfare and Space Delta 9, which conducts orbital warfare.
Combat power projection operations ensure freedom of action in space for the U.S. and its allies and denies an adversary freedom of action in space. These are divided into offensive and defensive space operations. Defensive operations preserve and protect U.S. and allied space capabilities, which are further sub-divided into active and passive actions. Offensive operations target a U.S. adversary's space and counterspace capabilities, achieving space superiority.
Orbital warfare forces conduct protect-and-defend operations and provide U.S. national decision authorities with response options to deter and, when necessary, defeat orbital threats. The space electromagnetic warfare forces conduct offensive and defensive space control operations. Space Force cyber forces conduct defensive cyber operations to protect space assets.
Cyber operations and Satellite Control Network
Although the U.S. Space Force is not a cyber force, it does conduct extensive cyber operations under Space Delta 6. The primary focus of Space Force cyber operations is defending U.S. Space Force networks and ensuring the operations of its spacecraft, which are controlled remotely from ground stations. All space operations units have cyber squadrons assigned to defend them and incorporate offensive cyber operations.
Additionally, Space Delta 6 is responsible for managing the Satellite Control Network, a global network of antennas used to communicate with the service's spacecraft. The 22nd Space Operations Squadron is responsible for overall operations, with the 21st Space Operations Squadron and 23rd Space Operations Squadron managing the ground station sites at Vandenberg Space Force Base, New Boston Space Force Station, Kaena Point Space Force Station, Diego Garcia, Guam, Greenland, and the United Kingdom.
Space domain awareness
The Space Force's Space Delta 2 operates the United States Space Surveillance Network, tracking 47,000 objects in space as of 2022. Space domain awareness encompasses the identification, characterization, and understanding of any factor associated with the space domain that could affect space operations.
Space Delta 2 sensors include the AN/FPS-85 phased array radar at Eglin Air Force Base and the Space Fence radar at Kwajalein Atoll operated by the 20th Space Surveillance Squadron; and a global network of three Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance telescopes operated by the 15th Space Surveillance Squadron.
The 18th Space Defense Squadron, collocated with the Combined Space Operations Center, executes command and control of the Space Surveillance Network and manages the Space Catalog of all objects in Earth orbit. The 19th Space Defense Squadron focuses on objects further in cislunar space, beyond geosynchronous orbit, with a specific focus on supporting NASA's Artemis program and other human spaceflight operations.
Missile warning
The Space Force's Space Delta 4 uses orbital spacecraft and ground-based radars to conduct theater and strategic missile warnings for the United States and its international partners. This includes the network of Upgraded Early Warning Radars at Beale Air Force Base, Clear Space Force Station, Cape Cod Space Force Station, Pituffik Space Base, and RAF Fylingdales, along with the AN/FPQ-16 PARCS radar at Cavalier Space Force Station. Currently, the Space Force is working with the Missile Defense Agency to acquire the Long Range Discrimination Radar at Clear Space Force Station in Alaska. These ground-based radars also contribute to the Space Surveillance Network.
Space-based missile warning systems include the Defense Support Program and Space-Based Infrared System (SIBRS) spacecraft, which use infrared sensors to conduct missile defense and missile warning. SIBRS also has a battlespace awareness and technical intelligence mission. The Defense Support Program spacecraft are also capable of detecting nuclear detonations, in addition to space and missile launches.
Global Positioning System and military satellite communications
The Space Force's Space Delta 8 is the operator of the Global Positioning System and the military's array of communications spacecraft.
The Global Positioning System is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron, providing positioning, navigation, and timing information for civilian and military users across the entire world. The Space Force's GPS system has become an integral element of the global information infrastructure, being used in virtually all sectors of the economy, including agriculture, aviation, marine transportation, surveying and mapping, and transit navigation. Its timing signal is used to synchronize global communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks. The Global Positioning System also has a secondary mission of carrying nuclear detonation detection sensors.
Military satellite communication systems include the Fleet Satellite Communications System, UHF Follow-On satellite, and Mobile User Objective System, operated by the 10th Space Operations Squadron and inherited from the U.S. Navy. The payloads on the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are operated by the 53rd Space Operations Squadron, a role inherited from the U.S. Army. Finally, spacecraft operations for the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are conducted by the 4th Space Operations Squadron, in addition to the Milstar and Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites, which both additionally support command and control of strategic nuclear forces.
Space launch
The Space Force's space launch enterprise is organized under Space Systems Command, with Space Launch Delta 30 managing the Western Range from Vandenberg Space Force Base and Space Launch Delta 45 managing the Eastern Range from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.
The Space Force does not just manage military space launches, but also supports NASA and commercial space launches. Major space launch vehicles flown or scheduled to fly off of Space Force launch ranges include NASA's Space Launch System, SpaceX's Starship, Falcon Heavy, and Falcon 9, and United Launch Alliance's Vulcan, which will replace the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy. Currently, vehicles for the National Security Space Launch program include the Vulcan, Atlas V, Falcon Heavy, and Falcon 9 rockets.
An experimental Air Force Research Laboratory vanguard program that the Space Force leads, Rocket Cargo, is exploring using rockets to supplement naval and air transport to rapidly deliver supplies to forces across the Earth. The SpaceX Starship rocket is one such system currently being explored.
Space Force commands
The Space Force is organized into three field commands and multiple component field commands, which serve as joint force space component commands for the unified combatant commands.
U.S. Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime security, maritime search and rescue, and maritime law enforcement force. It was first established in 1790 as the United States Revenue-Marine and consists of the Regular Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve.
Although it has always been one of the six military branches, the Coast Guard is organized under the Department of Homeland Security under the leadership of the secretary of Homeland Security and the deputy secretary of Homeland Security. During times of war, the U.S. Coast Guard can be transferred to the Department of the Navy The Coast Guard itself is led by the commandant of the Coast Guard and vice commandant of the Coast Guard, both admirals advised by the master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard.
The Coast Guard has six major operational mission programs, through which it executes its 11 statutory missions:
Maritime law enforcement
Maritime response
Maritime prevention
Maritime transport system management
Maritime security operations
Defense operations
Maritime law enforcement operations focus on protecting the United States maritime borders and assuring its maritime sovereignty. The Coast Guard conducts operations to suppress violations of U.S. law at sea, including counter-illegal migration and transnational organized crime operations. Codified missions executed under the maritime law enforcement program include drug interdiction, migrant interdiction, living marine resources, and other law enforcement.
Maritime response operations see the Coast Guard conducting search-and-rescue operations and rescuing mariners responding to maritime disasters. Codified missions include search and rescue and marine environmental protection (response activities).
Maritime prevention operations prevent marine casualties and property losses, minimize security risks, and protect the marine environment. The Coast Guard does so by developing and enforcing federal regulations, conducting safety and security inspections, and analyzing port security risk assessments. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security, marine safety, and marine environmental protection (protection activities).
Maritime transport system management ensures a safe, secure, and environmentally sound waterways system. Codified missions include maintaining aids to navigation and ice operations.
Maritime security operations include activities to detect, deter, prevent, and disrupt terrorist attacks, and other criminal acts in the U.S. maritime domain. This includes the execution of anti-terrorism, response, and select recovery operations. This mission performs the operational element of the Coast Guard's Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security mission and complements its Maritime Response and Prevention efforts. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security (response activities).
Coast Guard Defense Operations deploy the Coast Guard globally under the Department of Defense's unified combatant commands, where it operates under the joint force maritime component commands. Codified missions include defense readiness.
Coast Guard commands
The U.S. Coast Guard is organized into two area commands that cover the entire globe.
Modernization and budget
Budget
The United States manages the world's largest military budget, followed by the People's Republic of China, India, United Kingdom, and Russia.
The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 established the topline defense budget as $857.9 billion, with the Department of Defense receiving $816.7 billion and the Department of Energy's national security programs receiving $30.3 billion, an 8% increase from Fiscal Year 2022.
The Department of the Air Force budget, unlike the Department of the Army or Department of the Navy has a sizable portion of "pass-through." This is money not controlled or used by the Air Force, but is instead passed to other Department of Defense agencies and can be up to 17% of the department's budget. This pass-through allocation gives the impression that the Air Force is the highest funded military department. It is actually the least funded.
Army modernization
The Army's modernization efforts, led by Army Futures Command, are centralized into six priorities. Each priority is led by a Cross Functional Team.
Long Range Precision Fires is the land service's top modernization priority, focusing on rebuilding its Field Artillery Branch in response to longer range Russian and Chinese artillery systems. The Extended Range Cannon Artillery program is developing a cannon artillery piece that can accurately fire at targets 70 kilometers away, an increase from the 30 kilometer distance of current cannon artillery. The Precision Strike Missile is a surface-to-surface guided missile intended to be fired from the current M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System and M142 HIMARS, replacing their current missiles and doubling the rate of fire. The Army is also working with the Missile Defense Agency, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force to develop a common hypersonic glide body, which the Army will employ as part of the mobile ground launched Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon program. Finally, the Army is working to modify the U.S. Navy's RIM-174 Standard ERAM and UGM-109 Tomahawk land attack cruise missile for ground launch to provide the Army with mid-range artillery capability.
The Next Generation Combat Vehicle program is developing a family of fighting vehicles for the Armor Branch to increase firepower, speed, and survivability. The Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle is intended to replace the M2 Bradley, while the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle will replace the M113 armored personnel carriers, which have been used since the Vietnam War. The three variants of the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle are general purpose, mission command, and medical treatment. The Mobile Protected Firepower is designed to be a light tank for Infantry Brigade Combat Teams. Finally, the Robotic Combat Vehicles are intended to come in light, medium, and heavy variants that will serve as scouts and escorts for crewed combat vehicles.
The Future Vertical Lift program is intended to replace the current helicopter fleet flown by the Army Aviation Branch.
The Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft is intended to replace the UH-60 Black Hawk and the Marine Corps UH-1Y Venom, with the Army selecting the Bell V-280 Valor tiltrotor aircraft as the winner. The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft is intended to replace the AH-64 Apache in the attack and reconnaissance roles.
The Army is working to modernize its communication networks for the Army Signal Corps, including developing a Unified Network consisting of an integrated tactical network, an integrated enterprise network, and unified network-enabling capabilities. Other sub-efforts include developing a common operating environment, ensuring the network is interoperable with the other services and allied countries, and increasing the mobility and reducing the signature of its command posts. Efforts also include modernizing Global Positioning System technology to provide assured positioning, navigation, and timing, and working with the United States Intelligence Community and commercial space companies to increase the Army's access to space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities.
Recognizing that that United States is unlikely to have uncontested air superiority, the Army is undergoing a mass revitalization of its air and missile defense enterprise through the Air Defense Artillery Branch.
The first layer of defense is the Ballistic Low-Altitude Drone Engagement, which will be mounted on the Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station and is designed to engage small unmanned aerial vehicles. The second layer is the Multi-Mission High Energy Laser, which will intercept small drones and munitions. The third and fourth layers comprise the Maneuver Air Defense Technology and Next-Generation Fires Radar, which will be integrated into short range air defense systems. The fifth layer puts a High-Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator onto a Medium Tactical Vehicle, while the sixth layer encompasses the Low-Cost Extended-Range Air Defense to supplement the MIM-104 Patriot missiles.
Finally, the Army is looking to improve the equipment of its soldiers in the Infantry Branch with the Next Generation Squad Weapon, the Integrated Visual Augmentation System, and the Synthetic Training Environment. In 2022, the Army selected the SIG Sauer's XM7 rifle and XM250 light machine gun to replace the M4 carbine and the M249 light machine gun through the Next Generation Squad Weapon program.
Marine Corps modernization
The Marine Corps modernization is being executed under the aegis of Force Design 2030, which is intended to return the service to its naval and amphibious roots serving as a "stand-in" force within contested areas of the maritime littorals. As part of this effort, the Marine Corps has begun establishing naval-focused Marine Littoral Regiments, consisting of a Littoral Combat Team, Littoral Anti-Air Battalion, and a Combat Logistics Battalion. The Littoral Combat Team is organized around an infantry battalion with an anti-ship missile battery, focused on conducting sea denial operations in support of the Navy.
The Marine Corps is in the process of acquiring the Amphibious Combat Vehicle, which is slated to replace the aging Assault Amphibious Vehicle. The Amphibious Combat Vehicle is intended to support the Marines during amphibious assaults and once they have reached shore. The Marine Corps has also adopted the Naval Strike Missile which is fielded from a modified Joint Light Tactical Vehicle as part of the Marines' artillery battalions. The concept is that small mobile units of Marines would move around different islands and shorelines with these weapons to fire on adversary ships.
Marine Corps aviation is also in the process of acquiring the CH-53K King Stallion helicopter for heavy lift, replacing the current CH-53E Super Stallion in the role. The Marine Corps is also looking to replace its UH-1Y Venom helicopters through the Future Vertical Lift program and is in the process of acquiring a significant number of unmanned aerial vehicles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper.
Navy modernization
Like the Marine Corps, the Navy is in the process of overhauling and modernizing its fleet with a renewed focus. While the Navy is continuing to purchase Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, it is embarking on the DDG(X) program of guided missile destroyers to replace them and the Ticonderoga-class cruisers. The DDG(X) will include directed energy weapons and potentially hypersonic weapons.
The Constellation-class frigates will be the first frigates in the U.S. Navy since the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates were retired. The Constellation-class frigates are based on the Italian FREMM multipurpose frigates and will replace the littoral combat ships.
The Navy is starting development on the SSN(X) attack submarines, intended to replace the Virginia-class and Seawolf-class submarines. The Columbia-class submarines will begin replacing the Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines. The acquisition of the Columbia-class submarines is the first priority of the Navy.
With Naval Aviation, the service is continuing to procure additional Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers and F-35C Lightning II stealth fighters. Ultimately, the F/A-XX program is intended to produce a sixth-generation fighter to replace the legacy F/A-18E/F Super Hornets as part of the Carrier Air Wing and is using the Future Vertical Lift program to replace its fleet of SH-60 Seahawk helicopters.
The service is also investing heavily in unmanned platforms, such as unmanned surface vehicles, using the Ghost Fleet Overlord to test the concept. It is also fielding unmanned aerial vehicles, such as the land-based MQ-4C Triton for maritime patrol and the carrier-based MQ-25A Stingray for aerial refueling, replacing the F/A-18F in the role.
Air Force modernization
The B-21 Raider stealth bomber is the first new Air Force bomber since the B-2A Spirit. The B-21 will replace the B-2 and the B-1B Lancer, flying alongside the B-52 Stratofortress. The development of the B-21 Raider was led by the Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office. The service is also developing the LGM-35 Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile to replace the LGM-30G Minuteman IIIs.
The U.S. Air Force is also in the process of developing the Next Generation Air Dominance program, which will produce a sixth generation fighter to replace the F-22 Raptor. The service is also procuring the fourth generation F-15EX Eagle II to replace the aging F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle. It is procuring the T-7A Red Hawk trainer jet to replace the 1950s-era T-38 Talon.
While not an aircraft, the Air Force is investing in developing the AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile to replace or supplement the AIM-120 AMRAAM for its fighter forces. It is also procuring the AGM-181 Long Range Stand Off Weapon to replace the AGM-86 ALCM as a nuclear air-launched cruise missile for the B-21 Raider and the B-52 Stratofortress. The air service is investing in hypersonic weapons, with the AGM-183 Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, the Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept, and the Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile in development.
Space Force modernization
The U.S. Space Force is undergoing intensive modernization efforts. The Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) is intended to track objects in geosynchronous orbit with three sites, one in the United States, one in the Indo-Pacific, and one in Europe.
Oracle, a spacecraft developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory for the Space Force, will demonstrate technologies that the space service needs for cislunar domain awareness – tracking objects outside of geosynchronous orbit and between Earth and the Moon. The spacecraft itself will launch to an area of gravitational stability between the Earth and the Moon to conduct operations, using a wide-field sensor and a more sensitive narrow-field sensor to discover and maintain custody of objects operating in this region. Oracle will directly support NASA's Artemis program as it returns to the Moon and track potentially hazardous near-Earth objects in support of planetary defense operations.
Also an Air Force Research Laboratory program for the Space Force, Arachne is the keystone experiment in the Space Solar Power Incremental Demonstrations and Research Project, which aims to prove and mature essential technologies for a prototype space-based solar power transmission system capable of powering a forward operating base. Arachne will specifically demonstrate and mature technologies related to more efficient energy generation, radio frequency forming, and radio frequency beaming. Current forward operation bases rely on significant logistics convoys to transport fuel for power – space-based solar power would move these supply lines to space, where they cannot be easily attacked. Space Force provided space-based solar power may transition to civilian use in the same vein as GPS. Other space-based power beaming demonstrations include the Space Power InfraRed Regulation and Analysis of Lifetime (SPIRRAL) and Space Power INcremental DepLoyable Experiment (SPINDLE) experiments.
The Navigation Technology Satellite-3 (NTS-3), building on the Space Force's Global Positioning System constellation, is an Air Force Research Laboratory spacecraft that will operate in geosynchronous orbit to test advanced techniques and technologies to detect and mitigate interference to positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities and increase system resiliency for military, civil, and commercial users. NTS-3 is a Vanguard program, described as aiming to deliver potentially game changing capabilities.
The Space Force's Rocket Cargo program is another Air Force Research Laboratory Vanguard program, focused on leasing space launch services to quickly transport military materiel to ports across the globe. If proven viable, the Space Force's Space Systems Command will be responsible for transitioning it to a program of record. United States Transportation Command would be the primary user of this capability, rapidly launching up to 100 tons of cargo anywhere in the world.
Personnel
The U.S. Armed Forces is the world's third largest military by active personnel, after the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces, consisting of 1,359,685 servicemembers in the regular armed forces with an additional 799,845 servicemembers in the reserves as of 28 February 2019.
While the United States Armed Forces is an all-volunteer military, conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the president's request and Congress' approval, with all males ages 18 through 25 living in the United States required to register with the Selective Service. Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was challenged by federal district court in 2019, its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020.
As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either that of officer, warrant officer or enlisted, to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. Those who have served are known as veterans. Rank names may be different between services, but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade. Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority. Officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law, outrank all other officers on active duty of the same rank and paygrade, regardless of their date of rank.
Personnel by service
Total number of authorized personnel in FY23.
Rank structure
Rank in the United States Armed Forces is split into three distinct categories: officers, warrant officers, and enlisted personnel. Officers are the leadership of the military, holding commissions from the president of the United States and confirmed to their rank by the Senate. Warrant officers hold a warrant from the secretaries of the military departments, serving as specialists in certain military technologies and capabilities. Upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2, they gain a commission from the president of the United States. Enlisted personnel constitute the majority of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical-level leaders until they become senior non-commissioned officers or senior petty officers. Military ranks across the services can be compared by U.S. Uniformed Services pay grade or NATO rank code.
Officer corps
Officers represent the top 18% of the armed forces, serving in leadership and command roles. Officers are divided into three categories:
O-1 to O-3: Company grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or junior officers in the Navy and the Coast Guard.
O-4 to O-6: Field grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or mid-grade officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
O-7 to O-10: General officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
Officers are typically commissioned as second lieutenants or ensigns with a bachelor's degree after several years of training and education or directly commissioned from civilian life into a specific specialty, such as a medical professional, lawyer, chaplain, or cyber specialist.
Officers are commissioned through the United States service academies, Reserve Officer Training Corps programs, and the Officer Candidate and Officer Training Schools. During a time of war, officers may be promoted to five-star ranks, with general of the Army, fleet admiral, and general of the Air Force the only five-star ranks currently authorized.
Warrant officer corps
Warrant officers are specialists, accounting for only 8% of the officer corps. Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are specialists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest-ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commissions from the president upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. They derive their authority from the same source as commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force or Space Force.
Warrant officers are typically non-commissioned officers before being selected, with the exception of Army Aviation where any enlisted grade can apply for a warrant. Army Warrant officers attend the Army Warrant Officer Candidate School.
Enlisted corps
Enlisted personnel comprise 82% of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical leaders. Enlisted personnel are divided into three categories:
E-1 to E-3/4: Junior enlisted personnel are usually in initial training or at their first assignment. E-1 to E-3 in the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard, and E-1 to E-4 in the Army, Air Force, and Space Force. In the Army, specialists (E-4) are considered to be junior enlisted, while corporals (E-4) are non-commissioned officers.
E-4/5 to E-6: Non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. In the Air Force and Space Force, E-5 is the first non-commissioned officer rank. Non-commissioned officers and petty officers are responsible for tactical leadership.
E-7 to E-9: Senior non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and chief petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. Serve as senior enlisted advisors to officers.
The rank of senior enlisted advisor is the highest rank in each service, serving as the primary advisor to its service secretary and service chief on enlisted matters. Prior to entering service, enlisted personnel must complete their service's basic training. In the Army, after completing Basic Combat Training, recruits then go to advanced individual training for their military occupational specialty.
Upon completion of Marine Corps Recruit Training, Infantry Marines attend the School of Infantry. Non-infantry Marines complete Marine Combat Training before advancing to technical schools for their Military Occupational Specialty. In the Navy, after completing Recruit Training, sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating. In the Air Force and Space Force, recruits complete combined Basic Military Training before going to technical training for their Air Force Specialty Codes. In the Coast Guard, after completing Recruit Training, sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating.
Women in the armed forces
All branches of the U.S. military enlisted women during World War II. The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps was established by the Army in 1942. Also formed during this time were the Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs), the Navy's Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES), the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, and the Coast Guard Women's Reserve (SPARS). Women saw combat during World War II, first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on 7 December 1941. In 1944, WACs arrived in the Pacific and in Normandy. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II, and 16 were killed on duty. In total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations, and commendations.
After World War II, demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life. Law 625, The Women's Armed Services Act of 1948, was signed by President Harry S. Truman, allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peace time, with only the WAC remaining a separate female unit. During the Korean War of 1950–1953, many women served in the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals. During the Vietnam War, 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff. The Ordnance Corps began accepting female missile technicians in 1974. Female crewmembers and officers were accepted into Field Artillery missile units.
In 1974, the first six female naval aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots. The Congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots' advancement, but at least two retired as captains. The role of women in the U.S. Armed Forces received global media attention during The 1991 Gulf War.
In 1991, women were permitted to fly military aircraft. Since 1994, women have been permitted to serve on U.S. combat ships. In 2010, the ban on women serving on submarines was lifted.
On 3 December 2015, U.S. defense secretary Ashton Carter announced that all military combat positions would become available to women. This gave women access to the roughly 10% of military jobs which were previously closed to them. These restrictions were supported by studies concluding that mixed gender units are less capable in combat. The various military services were given until January 2016 to provide plans on how they would enforce the policy change. Many women believed this would allow them to improve their positions in the military, since most high-ranking officers start in combat positions. Female inclusion in the draft has been proposed.
No woman has ever become a Navy SEAL. However, in July 2021, the first woman graduated from the Naval Special Warfare (NSW) training program to become a Special Warfare Combatant craft Crewman (SWCC). The SWCC directly supports the SEALs and other special forces units, and are experts in covert insertion and extraction special operation tactics.
Despite concerns of a gender gap, all personnel both men and women, at the same rank and time of service, are compensated the same across all branches. On 1 June 2022, ADM Linda L. Fagan assumed command of the U.S. Coast Guard, becoming not only the first woman to serve as Commandant of the Coast Guard, but also the first woman in American history to serve as a service chief in the U.S. Military.
A study conducted by the RAND Corporation suggests that women who make the military their careers experience improved rates of promotion.
As per the DoD's report on sexual assault within the U.S. Army for fiscal year 2019, 7,825 cases had been reported. This represented a 3% increase relative to the 2018 report.
As of 2021, there are 231,741 women in the military, representing 17.3% of the total active duty force. Since 2017, the percentage of women on active duty service has increased by 1.1%.
Order of precedence
Under Department of Defense regulation, the various components of the U.S. Armed Forces have a set order of seniority. Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags, and placement of soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, guardians, and coast guardsmen in formation.
Cadets, U.S. Military Academy
Midshipmen, U.S. Naval Academy
Cadets, U.S. Air Force Academy
Cadets, U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Midshipmen, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
United States Army
United States Marine Corps
United States Navy
United States Air Force
United States Space Force
United States Coast Guard
Army National Guard
United States Army Reserve
United States Marine Corps Reserve
United States Navy Reserve
Air National Guard
United States Air Force Reserve
United States Coast Guard Reserve
Other training and auxiliary organizations of the Army, Marine Corps, Merchant Marine, Civil Air Patrol, and Coast Guard Auxiliary, as in the preceding order.
While the U.S. Navy is older than the Marine Corps, the Marine Corps takes precedence due to previous inconsistencies in the Navy's birth date. The Marine Corps has recognized its observed birth date on a more consistent basis. The Second Continental Congress is considered to have established the Navy on 13 October 1775 by authorizing the purchase of ships, but did not actually pass the "Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies" until 27 November 1775. The Marine Corps was established by an act of the Second Continental Congress on 10 November 1775. The Navy did not officially recognize 13 October 1775 as its birth date until 1972, when then–chief of naval operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt authorized it to be observed as such.
The Coast Guard is normally situated after the Space Force, but if it is moved to the Department of the Navy, then its place in the order of precedence changes to being situated after the Navy and before the Air Force.
See also
American Forces Network
Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces
Full-spectrum dominance
List of American military installations
List of notable deployments of U.S. military forces overseas since 1798
List of military equipment of the United States
List of active United States military aircraft
List of currently active United States military land vehicles
List of currently active United States military watercraft
Military expression
Provisional Army of the United States
Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance
Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military
Stars and Stripes (newspaper)
State defense force
Uniform Code of Military Justice
United States military casualties of war
United States military veteran suicide
Women in the United States Army
Women in the United States Marine Corps
Women in the United States Navy
Women in the United States Air Force
Women in the United States Space Force
Women in the United States Coast Guard
Notes
Citations
External links
Official U.S. Department of Defense website
Armed Forces
Armed Forces
United States Department of Homeland Security
1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Time Person of the Year
|
1966027
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
|
Захарченко Олексій Гаврилович
|
Захарченко Олексій Гаврилович
Олексій Гаврилович Захарченко (село Чижівка Звенигородського району Черкаської області) — український радянський діяч, голова виконкому Новоодеської районної Ради депутатів трудящих (1960—1962), 1-й секретар Велико-Врадіївського райкому КПУ (1962—1963), 1-й секретар Баштанського райкому КПУ (1970—1975), один з фундаторів Миколаївського сільськогосподарського інституту. Кандидат економічних наук (1989). Депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 9-го скликання.
Життєпис
Народився 30 березня 1930 року у селі Чижівка Звенигородського району Черкаської області.
У 1952 році закінчив Козачанський зооветеринарний технікум Київської області за спеціальністю «зоотехнік».
У 1952—1953 роках працював зоотехніком із племсправи (Новоодеський район Миколаївської області), старшим зоотехніком Новоодеського районного управління сільського господарства, головним зоотехніком Малинівської машинно-тракторної станції Миколаївської області.
З листопада 1953 року — 1-й секретар Новоодеського райкому ЛКСМУ Миколаївської області.
Член КПРС з 1954 року.
З грудня 1956 року — завідувач організаційного відділу Новоодеського районного комітету КПУ Миколаївської області.
З липня 1960 по квітень 1962 року — голова виконкому Новоодеської районної Ради депутатів трудящих.
З червня 1962 по січень 1963 — 1-й секретар Велико-Врадіївського районного комітету КПУ Миколаївської області.
З січня 1963 по 1970 — секретар партійного комітету Новоодеського виробничого колгоспно-радгоспного управління, 1-й секретар Новоодеського районного комітету КПУ Миколаївської області.
У 1964 заочно закінчив Одеський сільськогосподарський інститут.
З березня 1970 по вересень 1975 року працював на посаді 1-го секретаря Баштанського районного комітету КПУ Миколаївської області.
У жовтні 1975 — 6 травня 1987 року — секретар Миколаївського обласного комітету Компартії України. Курував питання розвитку сільського господарства області.
У 1982 році заочно закінчив Академію суспільних наук при ЦК КПРС.
Один із засновників Миколаївського сільськогосподарського інституту (нині Миколаївський національний аграрний університет). Кандидат економічних наук (з 1989), доцент кафедри управління виробництвом та інноваційною діяльністю підприємств цього університету (з 1992).
Потім — на пенсії у місті Миколаєві.
Діяльність
За період діяльності Захарченка О. Г. у Баштанському районі зародився «баштанський акорд», що передбачав акордно-преміальну оплату праці у сільському господарстві і був впроваджений на всій території колишнього Радянського Союзу.
У 1971 році збудовано пам'ятник Героям Баштанської республіки, 1972 — введено в дію комбікормовий завод, 1973 — «Баштанський сирзавод», 1975 — міжколгосптваринпром — перший у СРСР з виробництва продукції тваринництва.
У 70-х роках за його участі активно проводилася робота по газифікації району, будівництву житла та підготовка робота по створенню агропромислового садівничого комплексу площею 3 тис. га, нині — ЗАСТ «Зоря Інгулу».
У 1974 році Баштанський район вийшов переможцем у Всесоюзному соціалістичному змаганні і був нагороджений перехідним Червоним Прапором ЦК КПРС, Ради Міністрів СРСР, ВЦСПС і ЦК ВЛКСМ.
Перебуваючи на посаді секретаря Миколаївського обкому компартії з питань сільського господарства, добився відкриття та фінансування сільськогосподарського інституту в Миколаєві.
Автор книги «Йти по землі людиною».
Нагороди та відзнаки
орден Леніна,
два ордена Трудового Червоного Прапору,
медаль «За доблесну працю у Великій Вітчизняній війні 1941—1945 рр.»
медаль «За трудову доблесть»,
«Ветеран праці»,
відзнака Міністерства аграрної політики України «Знак пошани»
звання «Почесний громадянин Баштанського району» (рішення районної ради від 26 квітня 2010 року № 17)
Джерела
Почесні громадяни Баштанського району
Фундатор аграрної альма-матер // Газета «Рідне Прибужжя», 13.03.2010
Біографія на сайті Миколаївського національного аграрного університету
Література
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР. 9-е скликання — 1975 р.
Уродженці Звенигородського району
Почесні громадяни Баштанського району
Персоналії:Новоодеський район
Науковці Миколаївського аграрного університету
Кандидати економічних наук України
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 9-го скликання
|
2392715
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%202006%E2%80%942007
|
Цоргонь ліга 2006—2007
|
Цоргонь ліга 2006—2007
Цоргонь ліга 2006/07 — 14-й сезон найвищого рівня футбольних дивізіонів Словаччини. Чемпіонський титул вчетверте здобула Жиліна.
Перший етап
Турнірна таблиця
Позначення:
Результати
Чемпіонський раунд
Позначення:
Результати
Втішний раунд
Примітки:
1. Клуб ВіОн (Злате Моравце) взяв участь у Кубку УЄФА 2007—2008 як переможець Кубку Словаччини 2006—2007.
Позначення:
Найкращі бомбардири
Посилання
Цоргонь ліга на soccerway
2006—2007
Словаччина
Словаччина
|
506091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20von%20Haast
|
Julius von Haast
|
Julius von Haast
Sir Johann Franz Julius von Haast (1 May 1822 – 16 August 1887) was a German-born New Zealand explorer, geologist, and founder of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch.
Early life
Johann Franz Julius Haast was born on 1 May 1822 in Bonn, a town in the Kingdom of Prussia, to a merchant and his wife. As a child, he attended a local school but was also educated at a grammar school in Cologne. After completing his formal schooling, he then entered the University of Bonn, where he studied geology and mineralogy. However, he did not graduate. As a young man, he travelled throughout Europe before basing himself in Frankfurt, working in the trading of books and mineral samples collected on his journeys. On 26 October 1846, Haast married Antonia Schmitt at Frankfurt, Germany. The marriage, although unhappy, produced a son named Robert two years later.
Haast was fluent in English and, in 1858, was contracted by a British shipping firm, A. Willis, Gann & Company, to report on the suitability of New Zealand for German emigrants. He travelled to London and in September of that year embarked aboard the Evening Star, destined for New Zealand. He arrived in Auckland on 21 December 1858 and, the following day, met the Austrian Ferdinand von Hochstetter at the home of a German emigrant. Hochstetter, on a scientific cruise aboard the ship Novara, had been invited by the Governor of New Zealand, Thomas Gore Browne, to provide advice on a recent find of a coal field south of Auckland, in Drury. Haast discovered the two men had a shared interest in geology and they quickly became friends.
Exploring New Zealand
Haast accompanied Hochstetter on his journey to Drury a few days later so that he could assess the natural resources and attractions of Auckland as a place for German immigration. Also present on the trip were several of Hochstetter's fellow scientists as well as the explorer and surveyor Charles Heaphy. Haast assisted Hochstetter in his investigations of the coalfield before the party pushed further south, interacting with local Māori and journeying along part of the Waikato River before returning to Auckland in early January 1859.
Hochstetter's report on the Drury coalfield was well received and he was formally asked to conduct geological surveys of New Zealand. His work with the Novara expedition largely complete, he agreed to stay on in New Zealand for six months, although the Austrian government would pay his salary. Hochstetter, assisted by Haast, spent the first two months on geological expeditions in the immediate area around Auckland, for the most part examining extinct volcanic cones and a multitude of historic points of eruption. Hochstetter then turned his attention south, towards the Waikato area, and requested Haast join him. The Waikato, apart from a few roads and trails, was largely unknown—the expedition, which left Auckland on 7 March 1859, had to make its own maps on the journey south. In three months they travelled as far as Lake Taupō and also went as far west as Kāwhia Harbour and as far east as Maketu in the Bay of Plenty. Arriving back in Auckland on 24 May 1859, the party, which included a photographer, had covered 1000 kilometres. Numerous collected samples, sketches and photographs taken on the journey added to the scientific knowledge of the area. It was revealed to the citizens of Auckland during a well attended public lecture delivered by Hochstetter on 24 June.
At the end of their journey south Hochstetter had told a reporter from the New Zealander that Haast had collected a great variety of statistical information to send home to Germany. It is likely however that Haast's main focus was on geography and geology. As Hochstetter adapted his technique in the study of a new country under adverse conditions, he later referred to Haast as his enthusiastic assistant, who not only helped but pushed him forward. At the same time Haast learnt a great deal from Hochstetter's great expertise.
During June Hochstetter and Haast departed for the Coromandel to investigate the goldfields there. Then, in late July 1859, they travelled south by steamer to the Province of Nelson, stopping briefly at New Plymouth and Wellington on the way. After his lecture in Auckland, Hochstetter had received invitations from several other provinces to explore the geological makeup of their regions, but he had already accepted an invitation from the Nelson Provincial Council to inspect the mineral deposits of Nelson Province, which were believed to include gold, coal and copper. Again Haast assisted Hochstetter, and after they discovered moa bones in the Aorere Valley in Golden Bay, Hochstetter left Haast in charge of the dig while he continued with other fieldwork. Over several days, assisted by Christopher Maling of the provincial survey department, Haast extracted several near-complete skeletons of the long-extinct bird. Hochstetter then tasked him with carrying out independent fieldwork in Golden Bay and with investigating the mineral deposits to the east of Nelson. At Shakespeare Bay, near present-day Picton, he correctly predicted gold could be found based on his inspection of the rocks in the area.
Haast returned to Nelson on 24 September 1859 and met up with Hochstetter, whose time in New Zealand was drawing to a close. Hochstetter delivered a public lecture, which included both his and Haast's geological findings, and his conclusion that the minerals in the area would contribute significantly to the wealth of the region was well received by the interested citizens of Nelson. One final common expedition at the end of September investigated a newly discovered coalfield in Golden Bay; Hochstetter then sailed for Sydney on 2 October.
Following Hochstetter's departure from New Zealand, the Nelson Provincial Council asked Haast to build on the geological work already completed. In particular, he was to focus on identifying valuable minerals in the ranges between Nelson and the Grey River, to scout out travelling routes to Westland, and to complete a topographical map of the area.
Before beginning the survey Haast visited Canterbury Province, possibly to complete his German immigration report for A. Willis, Gann & Company. Hochstetter had written ahead to the Canterbury Provincial Government apologising for not visiting personally, but informing them that Haast would soon go there and during his stay would gather geological information on his behalf. While there Haast proposed that following on from his work in Nelson he could undertake a similar survey of Canterbury's portion of the West Coast.
Haast's topographical and geological survey of south west Nelson took eight months, from January to August 1860. His report to the Nelson Provincial Council was published in early 1861 and of note were his discoveries of coal near the present-day town of Westport. He also found that the coal seams discovered by Thomas Brunner in 1848 were of a higher quality than first thought. He found gold in several tributaries of the Upper Buller, and reported on his botanical and zoological findings.
Life in Canterbury
When Haast arrived in Canterbury to begin his survey of their portion of the West Coast, the Superintendent of Canterbury William Moorhouse instead requested that he investigate the mountain range between Lyttelton and Christchurch. A rail tunnel was proposed through the mountain to link Lyttelton and Christchurch but engineers had encountered particular tough basaltic rocks which jeopardised the proposed route. As a result of Haast's work, the rail link was able to proceed. He became provincial geologist to Canterbury, a post which he held from 1861 to 1868.
His work in this capacity saw Haast conducting numerous expeditions throughout Canterbury and Westland, making geological discoveries and topographical maps of the area. Late in 1861, he discovered a coal seam in Kowai and the following year searched for gold in the area around Aoraki/Mt Cook. He identified that the Mackenzie plains were once the bed of a major glacier and, as well as his geological observations, he collected numerous botanical specimens. He discovered and named many of the glaciers of the central South Island, including the Franz Joseph Glacier, in honour of the Emperor of Austria, Franz Joseph. He was the first person to study the bones of the extinct Haast's eagle.
In 1870, Haast was appointed the curator of Canterbury Museum. The specimens that he collected on his expeditions of earlier years were a key part of the early holdings of the museum. Following the establishment of the Canterbury University College, he lectured in geology from 1873, and was made professor in 1876.
In the 1870s Haast was involved with James Hector in one of New Zealand's "most bitter scientific arguments" involving the extinction of the Moa and Moa-hunter origins; the "Sumner Cave Controversy"; see Moriori in popular culture. Haast held that the Moriori Moa-hunters preceded Māori to New Zealand.
His Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, N.Z., was published in 1879. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1867, and was given a hereditary knighthood by the Emperor of Austria in 1875. He was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal in 1884 for his explorations in New Zealand.
Later life and legacy
Haast travelled to England in 1886, as New Zealand's commissioner to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. While there, he was made Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George for his services. He had previously been made a Companion of the same order three years previously.
Haast died on 16 August 1887, following his return to Christchurch. He is buried in the grounds of Holy Trinity Church in Stanmore Road, Christchurch. He was survived by his second wife, Mary Dobson, daughter of the Canterbury Provincial Engineer Edward Dobson, and the couple's five children.
Several places in New Zealand are named after Haast, including Haast Pass and the Haast River (both named by himself). The town of Haast is located at the mouth of the Haast River. The schist found in New Zealand is called the "Haast Schist" as a tribute to his contributions to geology. James Mackay (1831–1912) named two peaks after Haast: Mount Haast in the Southern Alps and Mount Haast near Springs Junction in the Buller District. The Haast Glacier and Haast Range in the Southern Alps were named by James Hector. The Haast Ridge was named by William Spotswood Green.
Notes
References
External links
Specimens collected by Julius von Haast on BloodhoundTracker
1822 births
1887 deaths
19th-century German geologists
19th-century New Zealand geologists
Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
Burials at Holy Trinity Avonside
Directors of Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
Explorers of New Zealand
German emigrants to New Zealand
German ornithologists
German paleontologists
New Zealand explorers
New Zealand Fellows of the Royal Society
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Scientists from Christchurch
University of Bonn alumni
|
2411197
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%20%D0%B7%20%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%202011
|
Чемпіонат Казахстану з футболу 2011
|
Чемпіонат Казахстану з футболу 2011 — 20-й сезон найвищого рівня футбольних дивізіонів Казахстану. Титул чемпіона вперше здобув Шахтар.
Клуби
Перший раунд
Турнірна таблиця
Позначення:
Результати
<div align=center>
</div align=center>
Чемпіонський раунд
Примітки:
1. Клуб Ордабаси візьме участь у Лізі Європи УЄФА 2012—2013 як переможець Кубку Казахстану 2011
Позначення:
Результати
<div align=center>
</div align=center>
Втішний раунд
Позначення:
Результати
<div align=center>
</div align=center>
Найкращі бомбардири
Посилання
Прем'єр-Ліга Казахстану на soccerway
2011
Казахстан
2011 у Казахстані
|
33352992
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Kader%20Kardaghli
|
Abdul Kader Kardaghli
|
Abdul Kader Kardaghli (born 1 January 1961) is a Syrian former football midfielder who played for Syria in the 1984 Asian Cup in Singapore and 1988 Asian Cup in Qatar. He was popularly dubbed, "Malik" (translated to King).
Personal life
Kurdughli's father Kader, brothers Ahmed, Muhammed and Hisham, and nephew Khaled Kourdoghli, all played professional football in Syria.
Honours
Tishreen SC
Syrian League: 1982; runner-up 1988, 1994
Syrian Cup runner-up in 1988
Al-Jaish SC
Syrian League: 1985, 1986
Syrian Cup: 1986
Syria
Mediterranean Games Gold medal: 1987
Arab Nations Cup runner-up: 1988
Individual
Syrian League top scorer: 1984
Best player of the Arab Nations Cup: 1988
Best Syrian player of the century
References
External links
Stats
11v11 Profile
Living people
Syrian men's footballers
Syria men's international footballers
1961 births
Tishreen SC players
Al-Jaish SC (Syria) players
Competitors at the 1987 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Syria
1984 AFC Asian Cup players
1988 AFC Asian Cup players
Men's association football midfielders
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Syrian Premier League players
|
996510
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85
|
Тадеуш Вацлав Мюнніх
|
Тадеуш Вацлав Мюнніх (1861, Краків — 5 липня 1900, Львів) — львівський архітектор, педагог.
Біографія
Народився 1861 року у Кракові. Там само закінчив реальну школу. Здобував архітектурну освіту у Відні. 1885 року закінчив також Вищу політехнічну школу у Львові. Працював в архітектурному бюро Івана Левинського, де виконав проєкти будівництва та реконструкції великої кількості будівель у Львові та Галичині. Від 1888 року працював у Краківській промисловій школі, як асистент, пізніше — як асистент професора будівництва. Від 1891 року — асистент кафедри архітектури Львівської політехніки. Працював викладачем у львівській Державній промисловій школі, від 1894 року — професор. Технічний референт Шкільної ради. 1891 року нагороджений срібною медаллю за заслуги в організації львівської виставки будівельної промисловості. Член Політехнічного товариства у Львові у 1877–1889 та 1891–1900 роках. Протягом 1898–1899 років входив до його правління. У 1898—1900 роках був членом редакції друкованого органу товариства — журналу «Czasopismo Techniczne», де надрукував низку власних статей. Кілька публікацій вийшли також у варшавському часописі «Przegląd Techniczny». У серпні 1899 року виїздив у відрядження до Чехії, Німеччини та Швейцарії, де вивчав досвід будівництва шкільних споруд.
5 липня 1900 року у Львові вчинив самогубство. Причиною, ймовірно, був важкий психічний стан, в якому перебував протягом останнього часу через хворобу очей. Похований на полі № 1а Личаківського цвинтаря. По собі залишив вдову і трьох дітей.
Роботи
Спільно з Іваном Левинським керував перебудовою костелу Івана Хрестителя у Львові за проєктом Юліана Захаревича (1886—1889).
Перебудова старого будинку на віллу Масловських у Львові на вулиці Дорошенка, 73 (1888).
Дерев'яна брама із крилами для кас на виставці будівельної промисловості у Львові (1891, виконано фірмою Крикевича і Гробоні).
Перебудова палацу Браєрів на житловий будинок на вулиці Лепкого, 20 у Львові (1897).
Бронзова медаль львівської Гігієнічно-промислової виставки за проект вілли (1880).
Садиби у Новому Селі і Барилові.
Проекти церков для В'язовниці та Ришкової Волі (обидва села — в Ярославському повіті).
Неоготичний вівтар костелу в Жолині Ланьцутського повіту.
Розробив ряд типових проектів народних шкіл у Галичині. Присвятив цій темі публікації у журналі «Czasopismo Techniczne».
Публікації
Kościół Św. Jana Chrzciciela we Lwowie // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1888. — № 15. — S. 126—127.
O istocie grzyba // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1889.
Wystawa przemysłu budowlanego we Lwowie // Przegląd Techniczny. — 1892.
Szkoły przemysłowo-zawodowe na wystawie przemysłu budowlanego we Lwowie // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1892/3.
Przemysł galicyjski na powszechnej wystawie krajowej we Lwowie // Przegląd Techniczny. — 1894.
Przemysł krajowy na wystawie lwowskiej w 1894 r. — Kraków, 1894.
Budowa szkół ludowych w Galicji // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1898. — № 23. — S. 264–297.
Budowa szkół ludowych w Galicji // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1898. — № 24. — S. 321–327.
Projekt cerkwi w Ryszkowej Woli // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1899.
Projekt ołtarza w Żołyni // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1899.
Renesans w Polsce // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1899.
Adaptacye i przebudowy starych budynków mieszkalnych // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1899.
Sylwetki z podróży // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1899.
Leonard Marconi [некролог] // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1899. — № 8. — S. 91.
Примітки
Джерела
Данилюк А. Тадеуш Мюнніх // Будуємо інакше. — 2000. — № 2. — С. 44.
Łoza S. Münnich Tadeusz Wacław // Słownik architektów i budowniczych polaków oraz cudzoziemców w Polsce pracujących. — Warszawa: Wydawnictwo im. Mianowskiego, Instytutu popierania nauki, 1931. — S. 237.
Tadeusz Wacław Münnich. Wspomnienie pośmiertne // Czasopismo Techniczne. — 1900. — № 14. — S. 184.
Архітектори Львова
Випускники Львівської політехніки
Члени Політехнічного товариства у Львові
Уродженці Кракова
Померли у Львові
Поховані на Личаківському цвинтарі
Архітектори XIX століття
|
1257706
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD91520
|
HD91520
|
HD91520 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу A0, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 10,0.
Вона розташована на відстані близько 1090,8 світлових років від Сонця.
Пекулярний хімічний склад
Зоряна атмосфера HD91520 має підвищений вміст
Cr
.
Див. також
Перелік HgMn-зір
Ртутно-манганова зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (10h-12h)
Хімічно пекулярна зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію
Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію
Перелік Am-зір
Am-зоря
Джерела
Хімічно пекулярні зорі
Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу A0
5
|
2650014
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%20%28%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%29
|
Будимир (Триль)
|
Будимир (Триль)
Будимир — село в межах громади і міста Триль у Хорватії, у внутрішній частині Далмації.
Адміністративно належить до Сплітсько-Далматинської жупанії. Розташовано на південний схід від Сіня і на північний схід від Спліта.
Район має багату історію і відкриває широкі можливості для туризмута активного відпочинку, зокрема таких його видів як риболовля на гірській річці Цетіна, веслування на каное, рафтинг, каньйонінг, верхова їзда, їзда на велосипеді і піші мандрівки.
Населення
Населення за даними перепису 2011 року становило 106 осіб.
Динаміка чисельності населення поселення:
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 12,31°C, середня максимальна – 26,66°C, а середня мінімальна – -2,59°C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 917 мм.
Примітки
Джерела
Trilj - Портал міста Тріль
Населені пункти Хорватії
|
15889334
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronvaux
|
Bronvaux
|
Bronvaux is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Moselle department
References
External links
Communes of Moselle (department)
|
2390918
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%20%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0
|
Акт Шермана
|
Акт Шермана — перший антитрестовий (антимонопольний) закон США, який проголосив злочином перешкоджання вільної торгівлі створенням тресту (монополії) і вступ у змову з такою метою. Акт зобов'язував федеральних прокурорів переслідувати такі злочинні об'єднання та встановлював покарання у вигляді штрафів, конфіскацій та позбавлення волі до 10 років. Акт Шермана діє, по суті, по сьогодні, включений у федеральний Кодекс Сполучених Штатів (частина 15, параграфи 1-7).
Названий на ім'я ініціатора законопроєкту політика Джона Шермана, в 1890 році — сенатора та керівника фракції республіканців у Сенаті. Законопроєкт Шермана був схвалений Сенатом США 8 квітня 1890 (51 до 1), палатою представників — 20 червня (одноголосно), затверджений президентом Гаррісоном і набрав чинності 2 липня 1890 року. Протягом десятиліття закон «спав», поки президент Теодор Рузвельт не почав активно використовувати його у своїй антитрестовій кампанії.
Акт Шермана був спрямований не проти трестів (монополій) як таких, а проти безпосередніх обмежень свободи торгівлі (як між штатами США, так і міжнародної) — в тому числі, персонально проти Джона Рокфеллера і його Standard Oil. Визначення тресту, дане в законі («договір, об'єднання у формі тресту або в іншій формі, що обмежує торгівлю...»), що дозволяло використовувати його як проти об'єднань комерційних підприємств, так і проти профспілок; антипрофспілкова лазівка була усунена Актом Клейтона 1914 року.
Посилання
Закон Шермана 1890 //
Законодавство США
З'явилися 1890
1890 у США
Монополії
|
3386950
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%28%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
|
Кам'янки (Волоколамський район)
|
Кам'янки (Волоколамський район)
Кам'янки - присілок у Волоколамському районі Московської області Російської Федерації.
Орган місцевого самоврядування - сільське поселення Спаське. Населення становить 26 осіб (2013).
Історія
З 14 січня 1929 року входить до складу новоутвореної Московської області. Раніше належало до Волоколамського повіту Московської губернії.
Сучасне адміністративне підпорядкування сільському поселенню з 2006 року.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Волоколамського району
|
25236080
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q4000
|
Q4000
|
Q4000 is a multi-purpose oil field construction and intervention vessel ordered in 1999 by Cal Dive International, and was built at the Keppel AmFELS shipyard in Brownsville, Texas for $180 million. She was delivered in 2002 and operates under the flag of the United States. She is operated by Helix Energy Solutions Group. The original Q4000 concept was conceived and is owned by SPD/McClure. The design was later modified by Bennett Offshore, which was selected to develop both the basic and detailed design.
Q4000 has a column-stabilized semisubmersible design that combines dynamically positioned station-keeping with a large deck space, significant deck load capacity and a high transit speed of 12 knots. The vessel provides a stable platform for a wide variety of tasks, including subsea completion, decommissioning and coiled tubing deployment, and she is specifically designed for oil well intervention and construction in depths of up to 3000 meters of water.
Specifications
The design of the Q4000 includes the following features:
Dynamic positioning with 6 azimuthing thrusters
A multi-purpose Huisman designed three-sided tower capable of fulfilling all traditional derrick roles
Two Huisman cranes with lifting capacities of 160 and 360 Tonnes
Seabed access to 3048 meters
An 11.9 meter x 6.4 meter moonpool
A 7 3/8 inch intervention riser system (The vessel was refitted with a slimbore drilling capability in 2008).
A 3000-meter heavy weather ROV system
An overall deck capacity of 4,000 tonnes
Deepwater Horizon spill response
Q4000 was in the Gulf of Mexico participating in the response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The vessel was used to position the large containment dome and also to attempt the "top kill" in which large quantities of drilling mud were pumped down the Q4000 drilling pipe into the failed Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer valve (BOP) in an attempt to stop the flow of oil. Both attempts failed to stop the oil leaking from the well. After removal of the failed riser and drill pipe on the Horizon BOP, a capping stack sealed the top of the well on July 15, 2010, stopping the flow of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The Q4000 was used in a successful static kill procedure, where mud, followed by cement, was pumped into the well, sealing the leak at the source. The Deepwater Horizon BOP was secured on the deck of the Q4000 around 10:20pm on September 4, 2010. The failed Deepwater Horizon BOP was collected as key evidence into the investigation of the causes of the oil spill.
References
External links
Q4000 current position at VesselTracker
2002 ships
Semi-submersibles
Service vessels
|
2605125
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%20%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0
|
Мисковець Текля Петрівна
|
Мисковець Текля Петрівна
Текля Петрівна Мисковець (село Горянівка, тепер Ківерцівського району Волинської області — ?) — українська радянська діячка, голова колгоспу імені Кірова Олицького району Волинської області. Депутат Верховної Ради СРСР 4-го скликання (1954—1958).
Біографія
Народилася у бідній багатодітній селянській родині. З юних років наймитувала у князя Радзивіла. З 1929 по 1940 рік працювала у власному господарстві.
У 1940—1941 роках — колгоспниця колгоспу імені Кірова селя Горянівки Олицького району Волинської області.
Під час німецько-радянської війни працювала у власному господарстві. Після війни — ланкова, завідувач фермами колгоспу імені Кірова селя Горянівки Олицького району Волинської області.
З 1953 року — голова правління колгоспу імені Кірова селя Горянівки Олицького (потім — Цуманського) району Волинської області.
Нагороди
орден Трудового Червоного Прапора (26.02.1958)
медалі
Джерела
газета «Радянська Волинь» (Луцьк) — 1954 рік — березень.
Персоналії за алфавітом
Уродженці Ківерцівського району
Депутати Верховної Ради СРСР 4-го скликання
|
402073
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0
|
Вбудована програма
|
Вбудована програма — комп'ютерна програма, вбудована («вшита») в апаратний пристрій. Термін інколи використовується для позначення фіксованих, як правило, досить невеликих, програм, що контролюють різні електронні пристрої. Найчастіше фізичний носій вбудованої програми — мікросхема постійного запам'ятовувача, така як флеш-пам'ять або EPROM.
Типові приклади — від кінцевих продуктів для користувача, таких як телевізор, пральна машина, мікрохвильова піч, дистанційне керування і калькулятори, до комп’ютерних частин та пристроїв, таких як BIOS, модем, жорсткий диск і клавіатура, монітор і карта пам'яті, до наукових приладів та промислових роботів. Крім того, складніші споживчі пристрої, як, наприклад, мобільний телефон, цифровий фотоапарат і синтезатор тощо, містять вбудовані програмні засоби, що забезпечують виконання як основних дій, так і функцій вищого рівня.
Природно, немає чітко визначеної межі між вбудованими програмами та просто програмним забезпеченням, оскільки обидва терміни — позначають досить гнучкі поняття. Разом з тим, вбудовані програми завжди пов’язані з досить низьким базовим рівнем операцій у пристрої, без якого пристрій буде абсолютно нефункціональним.
Прості вбудовані програми, як правило, розташовано в пам’яті тільки для читання або PROM, в той час як складніші вбудовані програми часто використовують флеш-пам'ять, що дозволяє їх оновлення. Найпоширеніші причини для оновлення вбудованих програм — виправлення помилок та додавання функцій пристрою. Це, здебільшого, включає завантаження двійкового файлу образу, наданого виробником пристрою, згідно з конкретною процедурою, що інколи виконується кінцевим користувачем.
Сучасні вбудовані програми
Вбудована програма тепер означає майже будь-який зміст апаратного пристрою, що програмується, тобто не лише машинний код для мікропроцесора, а й також конфігурація і дані для інтегральних схем конкретного застосування, програмовних логічних пристроїв тощо. Хоча сучасні пристрої, які дозволяють оновлення, як правило, забезпечують для цього напівавтоматичний спосіб, в деяких випадках потрібно заміняти накопичувач даних (що було типовою процедурою до середини 1990-х років).
Комп'ютерна периферія
Більшість комп'ютерних периферійних пристроїв є самі по собі спеціальними комп'ютерами. Хоча зовнішні пристрої зберігають вбудовані програми всередині, сучасні комп’ютерні периферійні картки, як правило, вимагають завантаження досить великої частини вбудованої програми з головного комп’ютера при запуску, оскільки така процедура є гнучкішою. Такі пристрої можуть бути серйозно обмежені у функціонуванні, поки головний комп’ютер не надасть необхідні прошивки. Часто це робиться за допомогою конкретного драйвера пристрою (чи, якщо точніше, підсистемою всередині драйвера). Сучасні драйвери пристроїв можуть також надавати прямий користувацький інтерфейс для конфігурації на додаток до основних викликів операційної системи та прикладного програмного інтерфейсу.
Проблеми вбудованих програм на ПК
В багатьох випадках, компоненти прошивки так само важливі, як і операційна система в комп’ютері. Однак, на відміну від більшості сучасних операційних систем, вбудовані програми рідко мають добре розвинутий механізм для оновлення та усування проблем функціонування, яких було виявлено після постачання обладнання.
BIOS можна досить просто оновити в сучасних ПК; такі пристрої як відеокарти або модеми часто залежать від динамічного завантаження вбудованих програм за допомогою драйвера і таким чином, оновлення може бути зроблено прозоро через механізм оновлення операційної системи. На відміну від цього, програми, вбудовані в пристроях накопичення інформації, оновлюються рідко; механізми для виявлення версії прошивки та її оновлення не стандартизовано. Тому ці пристрої, як правило, мають вищий рівень функціональних проблем, у порівнянні з іншими частинами сучасної комп’ютерної системи.
Приклади
Приклади вбудованих програм:
Системи керування і відліку часу для пральних машин
BIOS та UEFI в IBM-сумісних персональних комп’ютерах
Open Firmware, що використовується в комп’ютерах Sun Microsystems та Apple Computer
ARCS, що використовується в комп’ютерах Silicon Graphics
Run-Time Abstraction Services (служби абстрагування для часу виконання), що використовуються в комп'ютерах IBM System i та IBM System p
Чипи EPROM, що використовуються в серії цифрових музичних процесорів Eventide H-3000.
Cisco IOS
Несанкціоновані зміни вбудованих програм
Деколи з’являються неофіційні нові або змінені версії прошивки, створені третіми сторонами для забезпечення нових функцій або розблокування прихованих. Наприклад Rockbox для цифрового аудіоплеєра, CHDK для цифрових фотоапаратів Canon, а також OpenWRT для бездротових маршрутизаторів, а також багато доморослих проектів для ігрових консолей. Найчастіше розблоковується функціональність загального призначення у пристроях де її обмежено (наприклад, запуск Doom на Ipod). Більшість латок несанкціонованих змін для вбудованих програм є вільним програмним забезпеченням з відкритими сирцевими текстами.
Для встановлення і активізації цих змін, як правило, користаються можливостями оновлення вбудованих програм. Однак, деякі зміни вдаються до експлуатації проблем безпеки, оскільки виробник спробував заблокувати апаратні засоби, щоб зупиняти його роботи в разі встановлення неліцензованого коду.
Див. також
Образ ROM
BIOS
LinuxBIOS
Мікрокод
Блоб
Джерела
Вбудовані системи
Програмування
Апаратне забезпечення
|
2195295
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20companies%20of%20Ivory%20Coast
|
List of companies of Ivory Coast
|
List of companies of Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast (also known as Côte d'Ivoire) is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, and its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. Ivory Coast has, for the region, a relatively high income per capita (US$1014.4 in 2013) and plays a key role in transit trade for neighboring, landlocked countries. The country is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40% of the monetary union’s total GDP. The country is the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans, and the fourth-largest exporter of goods, in general, in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola).
Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
See also
References
Ivory Coast
|
9433425
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbelveen
|
Kibbelveen
|
Kibbelveen is a hamlet in the Netherlands and is part of the Coevorden municipality in Drenthe.
Kibbelveen is a statistical entity, but the postal authorities have placed it under Schoonoord. It was first mentioned in 1975, and means "bog which was disputed". The village cooperates with 't Haantje.
References
Coevorden
Populated places in Drenthe
|
3097070
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%20%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%29
|
Дунай (поїзд)
|
Дунай (поїзд)
«Дунай» — нічний швидкий потяг Південно-Західної залізниці № 145/146 сполученням Київ — Ізмаїл.(Тимчасово не курсує до Ізмаїлу )
Історія
20 липня 2014 року, вперше за маршрутом Київ — Ізмаїл, було призначено туристичний потяг № 901/902, який експлуатувався приватною компанією «Південні туристичні лінії», але на початку восени 2014 року потяг через збитковість припинив курсування. До цього пасажирське сполучення між Ізмаїлом і Одесою здійснювалося лише пасажирським потягом "Південний експрес" № 686/685 — Одеса.
23 вересня 2016 року «Укрзалізниця» призначила прямий щоденний пасажирський потяг № 243/244 сполученням Київ — Ізмаїл, що прямує через станції Фастів I, Козятин I, Вінниця, Жмеринка, Вапнярка, Подільськ, Одеса-Головна, Бугаз, Білгород-Дністровський, Арциз.
З введенням графіку руху пасажирських потягів на 2016/2017 роки потягу змінена нумерація на № 145/146 (тобто з категорії «сезонний нічний швидкий» він став цілорічним «нічним швидким»).
З 9 грудня 2018 року в розкладі руху потягів вказаний як іменний потяг «Дунай»
З 18 березня по 6 липня 2020 не курсував через COVID-19, але потім курсував за звичайним графіком,
З 31 серпня по 21 вересня, з 26 жовтня скорочений до станції Котлабух.
З 12 грудня 2021 року поїзд Київ-Березине відмінений
Інформація про курсування
Нічний швидкий потяг «Дунай» № 145/146 сполученням Київ — Ізмаїл курсує цілий рік, щоденно.
|}
На маршруті руху потяг здійснює зупинки на 24 проміжних станціях.
Актуальний розклад руху вказано у розділі «Розклад руху призначених поїздів» на офіційному вебсайті «Укрзалізниці».
Склад потяга
В обігу два склади формування вагонного депо ПКВЧ-1 станції Київ-Пасажирський Південно-Західної залізниці.
В складі потягу № 145/146 «Дунай» максимальна довжина потяга на ділянці Київ — Одеса встановлена 16 вагонів, а на ділянці Одеса — Ізмаїл — 9 вагонів.
Зазвичай потягу встановлена схема з 14 вагонів на маршруті руху Київ — Ізмаїл:
7 плацкартних (№№ 4—9, 11—14);
6 купейних (№№ 4—9, 11—17);
1 вагони класу «Люкс» (№ 10).
В складі потяга курсував 2 рази на тиждень (щоп'ятниці, щосуботи від Києва та щосуботи, щонеділі від Березине) 1 плацкартний вагон безпересадкового сполучення сполученням Київ — Березине. Розчеплення та об'єднання з потягом здійснюювалось по станції Арциз, від якої під локомотивом ЧМЕ3 прямував до станції Березине під № 688/687 та зворотно. Пасажири, які не мають наміру їхати безпересадковим вагоном через те, що він іде не в той день тижня або бажаючи заощадити кошти, можуть за тим самим розкладом проїхати до Березине, зробивши одну пересадку в Арцизі на автобус.
Схема потяга може відрізнятися від наведеної в залежності від сезону (зима, літо). Точну схему на конкретну дату можна подивитися в розділі «Оn-line резервування та придбання квитків» на офіційному вебсайті ПАТ «Укрзалізниця».
Нумерація вагонів з Києва і Ізмаїла — від локомотива потяга.
Вагон №8 у цьому складі кожного разу або 2018, або 2019 року.
Події
25 липня 2018 року через крадіжку кабеля на станції Одеса-Мала затримали потяг.
Примітки
Див. також
Фірмовий пасажирський потяг
Укрзалізниця
Одеська залізниця
Південно-Західна залізниця
Швидкісні поїзди України
Фірмові поїзди
Поїзди України
|
845200
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD
|
Отуазон
|
Отуазон — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Бургундія-Франш-Конте, департамент Верхня Сона. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 320 км на південний схід від Парижа, 30 км на північ від Безансона, 15 км на південь від Везуля.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 121 оподатковане домогосподарство, у яких проживали 300,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Верхня Сона
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Верхня Сона
|
3450661
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE
|
Наварро
|
Наварро — іспанське прізвище. Відомі носії:
Алехандро Перес Наварро (1991) — іспанський футболіст, центральний захисник.
Ісмаель Наварро (1985) — іспанський борець греко-римського стилю.
Карла Суарес Наварро — іспанська тенісистка
Карлос Наварро — прем'єр-міністр Іспанії
Манель Наварро — каталонський співак, учасник Євробачення-2017;
Маурісіо Наварро — канадський футбольний суддя
Ньєвес Наварро — італійська й іспанська акторка
Пітер Наварро — американський економіст
Серхіо Наварро — іспанський футбольний тренер
Сільвія Наварро — мексиканська акторка
Сільвія Наварро — іспанська гандболістка
Фернандо Наварро — іспанський футболіст
Хаві Наварро — іспанський футболіст
Хоакін Наварро Хіменес — іспанський футболіст
Хосе Леонардо Наварро — мексиканський футболіст
Хуан Августін Урікоечеа Наварро — в. о. президента Сполучених Штатів Колумбії
Хуан Карлос Наварро — іспанський баскетболіст
Наварро (Аргентина) — місто в Аргентині
Наварро (округ, Техас) — округ (графство) у штаті Техас, США
Наварро (округ, Аргентина) — округ у провінції Буенос-Айрес в центральній Аргентині
Наварро (Техас) — місто у штаті Техас, США
|
7548720
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cranyan
|
Ọranyan
|
Ọranyan
Ọ̀rànmíyàn, also known as Ọranyan, was a legendary Yoruba king from the kingdom of Ile-Ife, and the founder of the Oyo empire. Although he was the youngest of the descendants of Oduduwa, he became the prime heir of Oduduwa upon his return to claim his grandfather's throne.
According to Yoruba history, he founded Oyo as its first Alaafin in the year 1300 after he had left Benin where he had been crowned the first Oba of Benin.
Following the Oba Oranyan's death, his family is fabled to have erected the commemorative stele known as the Staff of Oranmiyan - Opa Oranmiyan in the Yoruba language - at the place where their grandfather died. This obelisk Is 5.5m tall and about 1.2m in circumference at its base. During a storm in 1884 about 1.2m was broken off from its top and it has fallen down twice and been re-erected on each occasion. It currently stands in a grove in Mopa, Ile-Ife. Radiocarbon tests have shown that this royal marker was erected centuries before the start of the Oduduwa dynasty.
Early life
Not much is known about Oranmiyan's childhood and most of the information about his early life comes from Ife sources. He is called a man of two fathers - Oduduwa and Ogun - who both had relations with his mother Lakange Anihunka (a slave captured by Ogun in one of his war expeditions).
The legend further compounds the controversy by stating that Oranmiyan was two-tone in complexion: half his body was light-skinned (like Ogun's), while the other half was ebony-black (like Oduduwa's). From a scientific perspective, this description may suggest he had vitiligo. Regardless, due to this, he was given the name Oranmiyan (or Oran ni Omo ni yan, which means "The child has chosen to be controversial"). His other name Odede signifies a great hunter, something which he was known to be throughout his early life in Ife. He was also a great warrior like his two fathers. He was the first Odole Oduduwa (youth of the house of oduduwa) as he was a strong and outspoken prince of the Oduduwa lineage. His strength and talent in battle made him take up the role of defending Ife - which had no standing military at the time - as the first Akogun of Ife.
Oranmiyan at Benin
The Ooni of Ife at the time sent his son Oranmiyan to Igodomigodo. Oranmiyan camped at a place called Use, meaning "making of a city" or "politicking", and began to rule Benin from there. His foreign style of management didn't go down well with the chiefs, and they sent agents to spy on him. All this made Oranmiyan declare that only a son of the soil could cope with the attitude of the Igodomigodo people. He called the land Ile - Ibinu, meaning "Land of Vexation".
On leaving Ile-Ibinu (later Ibini, and corrupted to "Benin" by the Portuguese), he stopped briefly at Egor where he took Erinmwide, the daughter of the Enogie (or Duke) of Egor, as a wife. Eweka I was the result of this union. Oranmiyan was never to return to Benin. In his place, Eweka I became king [Oba of Benin]become known as the first Oba of Benin, the new dynasty known as the "God King". which is still ruling today.
Oranmiyan at Oyo
After leaving Benin at about 1290, he moved north with his ever loyal entourage and settled close to the river Moshi (a tributary to the Niger River). He founded a city there, Oyo-Ile, which his descendants then expanded into the Oyo Empire. He engaged in war with the Bariba, his immediate neighbors to the north, and subsequently married Torosi, a Tapa princess, who became the mother of Sango Akata Yẹri-Yẹri. He also married Moremi Ajasoro.
Oranyan festival
The first ever Oranyan Festival of Arts, Culture and Tourism was initiated in 2012 by his descendant and reigning successor, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi III of Oyo, who mandated that subsequently the festival was to be celebrated annually between the 8th and 15th days of the month of September in Oyo, Nigeria.
References
Alaafins of Oyo
Oonis of Ife
12th-century births
13th-century Nigerian people
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
People from Ife
Yoruba warriors
13th-century monarchs in Africa
12th-century Nigerian people
12th-century monarchs in Africa
Nigerian city founders
Yoruba kings
|
1265736
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD168287
|
HD168287
|
HD168287 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу A2, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 6,7.
Вона розташована на відстані близько 223,9 світлових років від Сонця.
Пекулярний хімічний склад
Зоряна атмосфера HD168287 має підвищений вміст
Sr
.
Див. також
Перелік HgMn-зір
Ртутно-манганова зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (18h-20h)
Хімічно пекулярна зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію
Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію
Перелік Am-зір
Am-зоря
Джерела
Хімічно пекулярні зорі
Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу A2
2
|
1559373
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD
|
Юзеф Рейхан
|
Юзеф Рейхан
Юзеф (Йосиф) Рейхан (1762, Замостя — 10 травня 1818, Львів) — польський художник, портретист.
Біографія
Народився в родині вихідця з Саксонії, який оселився в Польщі під час правління Августа III художника Мацея Рейхана, у якого отримав перші уроки живопису.
Продовжив навчання в художній майстерні в Королівському палаці у Варшаві під керівництвом Марчелло Баччареллі.
Учасник повстання Костюшка. В 1794 у служив в артилерії заколотників. Під час боїв при штурмі Варшави отримав важке поранення.
Після придушення повстання перебував на лікуванні в маєток Чорторийських у Пулавах.
В 1798 у Юзеф Рейхан оселився у Львові, де жив і творив до своєї смерті в 1818 році.
Був похований на 8 полі Личаківського кладовища.
Крім портретів, створив ряд картин на релігійну та жанрову тематику.
Нащадками Юзефа були польські художники — син Алоїзій Рейхан і онук Станіслав Рейхан.
Посилання
Aleksander Medyński. Ilustrowany przewodnik po cmentarzu Łyczakowskim
Рейхан
Рейхан
Рейхан
Польські художники-портретисти
|
2846213
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/459%20Signe
|
459 Signe
|
459 Signe
Signe (minor planet designation: 459 Signe), provisional designation , is a stony asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 22 October 1900. The asteroid was presumably named after Signy, a character of the Scandinavian Völsunga saga and Norse mythology. Signy is the daughter of Völsung and sister of Sigmund.
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
000459
Discoveries by Max Wolf
Named minor planets
000459
19001022
|
18270726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alashkert%2C%20Armenia
|
Alashkert, Armenia
|
Alashkert, Armenia
Alashkert is a village in the Armavir Province of Armenia.
Toponymy
Prior to 1935 the village was known as Kyarimarkh. The village was then known as Sovetakan between 1935 and 2008. In 2008, the village was renamed Alashkert, after the historic Western Armenian town of Alashkert, from which many of its inhabitants had escaped in 1918.
History
The village was populated by Iranian Azerbaijanis who were forcibly settled in Alashkert as part of raising Muslim dominance in the region. Armenian migrants settled in the region in 1918 after having escaped from Western Armenia.
References
External links
Populated places in Armavir Province
|
1350525
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81
|
Міскантус
|
Міскантус
Міскант (міскантус) — рід рослин родини тонконогові. Охоплює 17 видів багаторічних трав родом з субтропічних і тропічних регіонів Африки та Азії. Швидкоростуча енергетична культура, багаторічна трава, яка вважається однією із енергетичних рослин європейської кліматичної зони. В США насадження місканту дали у 2.4 рази більше біомаси аніж просо на сусідніх тестових полях. Рослини невибагливі до ґрунту, вологи та температури, а врожайність їх сягає 30-35 т с.р./га з високим вмістом целюлози..
Види
Міскант флоридський Miscanthus floridulus
Міскант гігантський Miscanthus giganteus — ця рослина на більшості земельних площ України може дати значний ефект як за кількістю біомаси, так і за найменшими затратами з вирощування; рослина також відновлює деградовані ґрунти.
Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Amur silver-grass)
Міскант китайський Miscanthus sinensis
Міскант фарбувальний Miscanthus tinctorius
Miscanthus transmorrisonensis
Див. також
Список родів родини тонконогових
Целюлозний етанол
Примітки
Посилання
Т. О. Щербакова, Д. Б. Рахметов. Морфологічні особливості монокарпічних пагонів видів роду Miscanthus Anderss у зв'язку з інтродукцією в Лісостепу та Поліссі України // Інтродукція рослин, 2014, № 2. ISSN 1605-6574
Просові
Роди злакових
|
241192
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%20%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97
|
Гімн Чорногорії
|
Гімн Чорногорії
«Oj, svijetla majska zoro» — державний гімн Чорногорії. Перед тим як стати гімном, це була популярна народна пісня чорногорців з багатьма варіантами тексту. Найстаріший з відомих варіантів тексту датується 1863 роком.
Текст
Див. також
Герб Чорногорії
Прапор Чорногорії
Джерела
Јован Б. Маркуш ГРБОВИ, ЗАСТАВЕ и ХИМНЕ у Црној Гори
Посилання
Аудіозапис гімну (mp3)
Національні символи Чорногорії
Чорногорія
Чорногорія
Музика Чорногорії
|
4492828
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE-%D0%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE
|
Пабло Харільо-Ерреро
|
Пабло Харільо-Ерреро — іспанський фізик, фахівець з експериментальної фізики конденсованих середовищ. Доктор філософії (2005), професор Массачусетського технологічного інституту
,
де викладає з 2008 року.
Закінчив з фізики Університет Валенсії (1999).
Потім він два роки навчався у Каліфорнійському університеті в Сан-Дієго, де здобув ступінь магістра в 2001 році.
В 2005 році у Делфтському технічному університеті у Нідерландах здобув докторську ступінь, і навчася у постдокторантурі.
В 2006 році перейшов до Колумбійського університету, де працював співробітником Нанодослідницької ініціативи.
У січні 2008 року перейшов до Массачусетського технологічного інституту доцентом фізики.
В 2018 році здобув звання професора фізики.
Нагороди та визнання
2006: премія Іспанського королівського товариства для молодих дослідників;
2008: NSF Career Award;
2009: стипендія Слоуна;
2009: стипендія Девіда і Люсіль Пакард;
2010: премія молодого вченого з фізики напівпровідників;
2011: премія DOE початківцям;
2012: президентська премія для вчених та інженерів;
2013: премія молодим дослідникам;
2014: премія дослідникам квантових матеріалів ;
2018: премія «Прорив року» за версією ;
2020: премія дослідникам квантових матеріалів від Фонду Мура;
2020: премія Олівера Баклі з фізики конденсованих речовин
2020: премія Вольфа з фізики;
2020: медаль );
2021: ;
2021: премія за наукові відкриття НАН США;
2021: ;
2021: премія NIMS, Національний інститут матеріалознавства, Японія
Доробок
Примітки
Члени Американського фізичного товариства
Високоцитовані науковці (за ISI)
|
4991199
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29
|
Лиман (Курська область)
|
Лиман (Курська область)
Лиман — присілок в Золотухинському районі Курської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 105 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Донська сільрада.
Історія
Населений пункт розташований на території українського етнічного та культурного краю Східна Слобожанщина.
Від 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Донська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Золотухинського району
|
23979080
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumarl%C3%AAb%20County
|
Qumarlêb County
|
Qumarlêb County is a county in the northeast of the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, south-central Qinghai province, China.
Geography and climate
With an elevation of around , Qumarlêb County has an alpine climate (Köppen ETH), with long, very cold winters, and short, cool and rainy summers. Average low temperatures are below freezing from mid September to late May; however, due to the wide diurnal temperature variation, average highs are only below freezing from mid/late November until early March. Despite frequent rain during summer, when a majority of days sees rain, no month has less than 50 percent of possible sunshine; with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 51 percent in June to 78 percent in November, the county seat receives 2,782 hours of bright sunshine annually. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean is . Over three-fourths of the annual precipitation of is delivered from June to September.
Administrative divisions
Qumarlêb County is divided to 1 town and 5 townships.
Gallery
References
External links
County-level divisions of Qinghai
Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
|
60379973
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavray-sur-Sienne
|
Gavray-sur-Sienne
|
Gavray-sur-Sienne is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France. It was established on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Gavray (the seat), Le Mesnil-Amand, Le Mesnil-Rogues and Sourdeval-les-Bois.
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Communes of Manche
|
64075040
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/252nd%20Infantry%20Division%20%28Wehrmacht%29
|
252nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
|
252nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 252nd Infantry Division was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.
History
Mobilization, 1939
The 252nd Infantry Division was formed on 26 August 1939, the day of German general mobilization, as a division of the fourth Aufstellungswelle. Its initial personnel was formed using supplementary formations from Wehrkreis VIII:
Infantry Regiment 452 was formed using the Supplement Battalions 28 Leobschütz, 38 Freiwaldau, and 84 Cosel.
Infantry Regiment 461 was formed using the Supplement Battalions 7 Jauer, 49 Wohlau, and 83 Jauer.
Infantry Regiment 472 was formed using the Supplement Battalions 30 Görlitz, 51 Freystadt, and 54 Glogau.
Furthermore, the 252nd Infantry Division was equipped with Artillery Regiment 252.
The initial divisional commander of the 252nd Infantry Division was Diether von Boehm-Bezing.
Invasion of Poland, 1939
After mobilization, the 252nd Infantry Division was assigned to the reserves of Gerd von Rundstedt's Army Group South, which oversaw the 8th, 10th, and 14th Armies during the Invasion of Poland. The 252nd Infantry Division did not see combat in Poland, and was only of note for temporary occupation duty in the country.
Western border, 1939 – 1940
After service in Poland, the 252nd Infantry Division took position in the Saarpfalz region during the Phoney War.
On 1 February 1940, the division passed two battalions and an artillery battery to divisions of the eighth Aufstellungswelle. The division later passed about a third of the division's strength to the newly formed 134th Infantry Division of the eleventh Aufstellungswelle on 8 October 1940. The formations lost to the 134th Division were later replaced within the 252nd Division by fresh units.
France, 1940
During the Battle of France, the 252nd Infantry Division remained with Army Group C, which oversaw the static Wehrmacht formations that were to continue to oppose the Maginot Line and to not take part in the war of movement. After other German formations broke the Allied flank in the north, the 252nd Infantry Division served with some distinction in the attacks against the Maginot defenses.
In July 1940, the 252nd Infantry Division was deployed east, towards the demarcation line with the Soviet Union.
Eastern Front, 1941 – 1945
1941
The 252nd Infantry Division served under the XXXXIII Army Corps of the 4th Army during the beginning phase of Operation Barbarossa. It subsequently advanced via the Białystok area in July, was pulled into the reserves of Army Group Center until September, then put into the line once more under XXXXVI Corps at Vyazma. The 252nd Infantry Division subsequently participated in the Battle of Moscow.
On 1 November 1941, the division stood halfway between Vyazma and Mozhaysk, remaining in the second line behind the German forward positions. Parts of the 252nd Infantry Division were put into the line near the VII Army Corps by 5 November, opposite the 5th and 33rd Soviet Armies to the left and right, respectively. The forward formations of the 252nd Infantry Divisions were shifted north by 13 November, moving behind the 10th Panzer Division to a position now directly opposite the Soviet 5th Army, as the 10th Panzer Division operated against both the Soviet 5th Army and the 16th Army, the 5th Army's right neighbor. Between the two Soviet armies was Istra, some 40 kilometers northwest of Moscow.
On 11 November 1941, Infantry Regiment 452 was dissolved and replaced by Infantry Regiment 7, which had previously served in the 28th Infantry Division but had become unnecessary as the 28th Division was restructured into a Jäger Division.
The Soviet 16th Army was dislodged from its positions and forced northeast by 16 November. By now, the entire 252nd Infantry Division had been called into the line to assist its superior formation, the IX Army Corps. Istra itself was taken by the 26 November, and the 16th, 5th, and 33rd Soviet Armies (right to left from the Soviet perspective) were forced into a tight defensive ring around Moscow's urban core. The German advance died between Istra and Moscow in the first week of December 1941, and Istra's recapture by the Soviet forces on 11 December signalled the beginning of the Soviet counterattack.
1942
From January 1942 to January 1943, the 252nd Infantry Division held a sector near Gzhatsk. On 5 February 1942, Hans Schaefer became the new divisional commander.
1943
On 23 January 1943, Walter Melzer replaced Hans Schaefer as divisional commander.
On 25 February 1943, Grenadier Regiment 472 (formerly: Infantry Regiment 472) was dissolved and its two battalions given to Grenadier Regiments 7 and 461. As a result, the 252nd Infantry Division became a binary division with a total of six infantry battalions. From February to October 1943, the 252nd Infantry Division fought defensive battles in the Yelnya area.
On 6 August 1943, the 252nd Infantry Division was attacked simultaneously by nine Soviet divisions and two armored brigades. The 252nd Infantry Division, numbering around 10,000 at the time, was shelled by over 50,000 projectiles in a window of 150 minutes. Ultimately, the Soviet attack was repelled with severe Red Army casualties, including thousands of soldiers and almost 100 tanks, but German losses too were severe. Between 6 August 1943 and the end of the year, Grenadier Regiment 7 lost 37 of its 40 officers dead or wounded, and all three of the regiment's battalion commanders of August were killed in action before the end of the year.
In November 1943, the 252nd Infantry Division was transferred to the 3rd Panzer Army.
1944
On 4 April 1944, the 252nd Infantry Division underwent major restructuring. Its heavily battered infantry formations were consolidated into Grenadier Regiment 7, and the 461st and 472nd Regiments were subsequently disbanded. As replacement, the division was refreshed with Grenadier Regiment 70 and Grenadier Regiment 544. These two regiments were the consolidated remnants of the severely damaged 73rd Infantry Division and 389th Infantry Division, respectively.
Starting on 23 June 1944, the Soviet Red Army launched a massive summer offensive, Operation Bagration. The newly reinforced 252nd Infantry Division was employed in the German defensive operations against Bagration and received commendations from the German high command for its conduct during these operations.
On 7 July 1944, the Grenadier Regiment 472 was redeployed and staffed with one battalion from each of the other regiments. The Grenadier Regiments 70 and 544 were dissolved and the old Grenadier Regiment 461 was restored. As a result, the 252nd Infantry Division was fully returned to a ternary model, but the total number of battalions within the division did not actually change.
On 9 October 1944, Paul Drekmann became divisional commander.
On 18 October 1944, the division was strengthened by Grenadier Regiment 1072 and Combat March Battalion 1039.
In late 1944, the 252nd Infantry Division participated in the retreat across Lithuania and Poland, and was eventually trapped in Danzig and on the Hel peninsula.
1945
On 30 March 1945, large parts of the 252nd Infantry Division were captured when the Red Army captured besieged Danzig as part of the Soviet East Pomeranian Offensive. Small parts of the division's personnel had been successfully evacuated to Bornholm, but the division itself stopped existing as a functional military formation. The remnants of the divisions trapped on the Hel peninsula surrendered to the Red Army on 8 May 1945. The last commanding officer of the division was Oberst Georg von Unold.
Superior formations
Noteworthy individuals
Divisional commanders
Diether von Boehm-Bezing: divisional commander of the 252nd Infantry Division (26 August 1939 – 5 February 1942).
Hans Schaefer: divisional commander of the 252nd Infantry Division (5 February 1942 – 23 January 1943).
Walter Melzer: divisional commander of the 252nd Infantry Division (23 January 1943 – 9 October 1944).
Paul Drekmann: divisional commander of the 252nd Infantry Division (9 October 1944 – 24 March 1945).
Georg von Unold: divisional commander of the 252nd Infantry Division (post assumed 24 March 1945).
Others
Armin Scheiderbauer: "Adventures in My Youth: A German Soldier on the Eastern Front 1941–45". A biography based on his serving an infantry officer with the 252nd Infantry Division from 1942 - 1945.
Alexander Schmorell, Hans Scholl, Willi Graf, Jürgen Wittgenstein and Hubert Furtwängler: White Rose members.
References
Infantry divisions of Germany during World War II
Military units and formations established in 1939
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
|
2815736
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%20%28%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%29
|
Вільчкув (Сьредський повіт)
|
Вільчкув (Сьредський повіт)
Вільчкув — село в Польщі, у гміні Мальчиці Сьредського повіту Нижньосілезького воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Вроцлавського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Сьредського повіту (Нижньосілезьке воєводство)
|
63638195
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341%20Bologna%20FC%201909%20season
|
1940–41 Bologna FC 1909 season
|
1940–41 Bologna FC 1909 season
During the 1940–41 season Bologna Associazione Giuoco del Calcio competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia.
Summary
Even with the war the season started four months before, Bologna won its fourth title; This was the last trophy for the club until the 60s: the next season Bologna grab the 7th spot and the, due to war, the tournament was in fact suspended. Also, Uruguayan striker Puricelli repeated his feat as capocannoniere with 22 goals At the end of the tournament, Felsner returned to his country Germany in a first signal of the end of an era for the club.
Squad
Competitions
Serie A
League table
Matches
Coppa Italia
Round of 32
Eightfinals
Quarterfinals
Statistics
Squad statistics
Players statistics
Source:
Appearances
26.Piero Andreoli
24.Michele Andreolo
2.Narciso Benetti
34.Amedeo Biavati
11.Arturo Boniforti
1.Tolmino Casadio
4.Giordano Corsi
20.Giovanni Ferrari
29.Pietro Ferrari
15.Dino Fiorini
1.Antonio Innocenti
14.Bruno Maini
27.Aurelio Marchese
8.Mario Montesanto
32.Mario Pagotto
30.Héctor Puricelli
31.Carlo Reguzzoni
30.Secondo Ricci
25.Raffaele Sansone
5.Mario Sdraulig
5.Glauco Vanz
Goalscorers
7.Piero Andreoli
2.Michele Andreolo
8.Amedeo Biavati
2.Giovanni Ferrari
1.Bruno Maini
1.Aurelio Marchese
28.Héctor Puricelli
18.Carlo Reguzzoni
2.Raffaele Sansone
3.Mario Sdraulig
References
Bibliography
External links
Bologna FC 1909 seasons
Italian football championship-winning seasons
Bologna
|
5070015
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0
|
Юзеф Антоній Пухала
|
Юзеф Антоній Пухала гербу Пухала — земський писар Брацлавського воєводства, королівський камергер 1784 р., радник генеральної коронної конфедерації в Тарговицькій конфедерації.
У 1782 році був патроном Головного коронного трибуналу в Любліні.
Примітки
Джерела
Korwin [Kossakowski] S., Trzeci Maj i Targowica, Kraków 1890
Rodzina, herbarz szlachty polskiej, t. XV, Warszawa 1931
Урядники земські (I Річ Посполита)
Писарі земські Брацлавські
Урядники судові I Речі Посполитої
Шамбеляни королівські
|
1481099
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8
|
Потівіруси
|
Потівіруси (Potyviridae) — РНК-вмісні віруси рослин.
Морфологія віріонів
Віріони мають форму звивистої нитки довжиною 680–900 нм, діаметр 12-15 нм. Трансляційно-ротаційна (спіральна) симетрія, крок спіралі 3,4 нм. Зовнішня ліпідна оболонка відсутня.
Фізико — хімічні та фізичні властивості
Плавуча густина віріону CsCl = 1.31 г/см³. Коефіцієнт седиментації S = 137-160S.
Геном
Геном становить 5% маси віріону. Тип нуклеїнової кислоти: одноланцюгова, лінійна, сенс(+) РНК. Довжина геному 8500-10000 нуклеотидів. Розмір геному 9.3-10.8 kb. До 5’-кінця ковалентно приєднаний білок VPg, а 3’-кінець поліаденільований (20-160 аденозинових залишків). Одна ORF, кодує суцільний поліпротеїн, що потім розрізається протеазою.
Склад віріону
Білки становлять 95% від маси віріону. З геномної (+)РНК транслюється поліпротеїн, який розрізається вірусними протеазами на 10 функціональних білків (у порядку з N- до C-кінця поліпротеїну):
Р1-pro (Р1 proteinase), протеїназна активність.
HC- pro (Helper component proteinase), має протеїназну активність, бере участь у кріпленні віріона до стилету тлі.
Білок Р3.
6K1 (6 kDa protein 1), необхідний для реплікації.
СІ (Cytoplasmic inclusion protein, 70 kDa), АТФазна та геліказна активність.
6K2 (6 kDa), необхідний для реплікації.
VPg (Viral genome-linked protein, 24 kDa), ковалентно зв'язується з 5’-кінцем геномної РНК.
NIa (Nuclear inclusion protein A, 49 kDa), має РНК-звязуючу і протеолітичну активності.
NIb (Nuclear inclusion protein B) є РНК-залежною РНК-полімеразою.
СР, капсидний білок (28-47 kDa), також бере участь у транспорті вірусу з клітини в клітину, при передачі попелицями.
Ліпіди і вуглеводи не виявлені.
Антигенні властивості
Антигенною детермінантою є епітоп капсидного білка (СР), за рахунок чого може виявлятись за допомогою ІФА.
Біологічні властивості
Віруси викликають утворення цитоплазматичних білкових включень у вигляді циліндричних тілець. В основному ці включення формуються білком СІ, інколи агрегацією білка HC- pro; можливі включення у ядрі, що формуються комплексом білків NIa та NIb.
Представники Potyviridae уражують види більш ніж 30 родин рослин, серед яких багато цінних овочевих та плодових культур.
Шляхи передачі: тлею (неперсистентно), кліщами, грибками.
Викликає строкатість квіток тюльпанів.
Посилання
Potyviridae
Позитивно спрямовані одноланцюгові РНК-віруси
Родини вірусів
|
5244404
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96
|
Коренегоніальні
|
Коренегоніальні (Rhizogoniales) — порядок мохоподібних мохоподібних.
Опис
Більшість таксонів у межах ряду — плеврокарпії з базальним розгалуженням.
Таксономія
До порядку внесено дві родини. Це Rhizogoniaceae і Calomniaceae:
Calomniaceae
Calomnion Hook. f. & Wilson
Cryptopodium Brid.
Pyrrhobryum Mitt.
Rhizogoniaceae
Goniobryum Lindb.
Rhizogonium Brid.
Примітки
Порядки мохів
|
43563248
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegri%C4%8Dka%20Nature%20Park
|
Jegrička Nature Park
|
Jegrička Nature Park
The Jegrička Nature Park (Serbian: Парк природе Јегричка / Park prirode Jegrička) is a nature park in the north of Serbia along the Jegrička river the Bačka region of the Vojvodina province. The river is often lyrically referred to as "the umbilical cord of the Bačka wetlands" and is therefore declared a nature park. It covers the area along the river's banks and runs through four municipalities: Bačka Palanka, Vrbas, Temerin and Žabalj.
In the late 2000s the sections of the river which flow through the settlements, like Ravno Selo and Zmajevo, were dredged and cleaned from silt, while the banks were adapted into the esplanades with the benches, gazebos and tables. But by 2011 the river was clogged with the garbage again. The water in the park is threatened by the domestic waste, sewage water, cutting and burning of the reed, drainage of the pesticides from the surrounding fields and poaching.
Flora
The nature park is renowned for having large carpets of white water lilies. Other species include marsh fern and greater bladderwort.
Fauna
The river is rich in different fish species, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. It host different species of water fowl and is home to the endangered Ferruginous duck. The river is rich in common carp, northern pike, wels catfish and zander and a section of the river is transformed into the Jegrička fish pond. The section of the park is declared an important bird area.
References
Protected areas of Serbia
Nature parks in Serbia
Bačka
|
558788
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
|
Михайлов Григорій Якович
|
Михайлов Григорій Якович (*1898, Товкачівка — †23 липня, 1938, тюрма НКВС СССР) — український письменник, драматург, кіносценарист. Член літературних товариств у радянській зоні окупації України.
Жертва сталінського терору.
Життєпис
Народився у Товкачівці Чернігівської губернії, поблизу Прилуки.
Закінчив Київський комерційний інститут.
Убитий у тюрмі НКВД СРСР 1938.
Творчість
Автор п'єс: «Хіба такої ночі можна спати?» (1916), «Кум» (1927), кіносценаріїв, інсценізацій творів Шолом Алейхема.
Література
Мистецтво України: Біографічний довідник. К., 1997. — С.414.
Українські письменники
Уродженці Чернігівської губернії
Розстріляне відродження
Кіносценаристи
Репресовані в СРСР
Репресовані українські письменники
Репресовані
Жертви Великого терору з Росії
|
4953116
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
|
Кеада
|
Кеада — печера (розщелина) на захід від Спарти, в горах Тайгет, куди кидали бранців, зокрема Аристомена. За інформацією Фукідіда до неї був кинутий труп полководця Павсанія.
За Страбоном печера служила в'язницею.
В Афінах Кеаді відповідала яма . У Фессалії таке ж місце називалося Коракес («крук»).
Етимологія
Згідно з інформацією Роберта Бекеса слова і («розщелина, що утворилася від землетрусу») відносяться ще до догрецького субстрату.
Археологія
Опис
Ототожнюється з розщелиною, розташованою на території сучасного села , за 10 км на північний захід від сучасного міста Спарта, на південній стороні дороги Спарті — Каламата, на пагорбі висотою 750 м над рівнем моря, що підноситься біля самого входу в Лангаду, поперечної ущелини, що розтинає Тайгет та з'єднує Лаконію з Мессенією. Ущелина Лангада є єдиним природним шляхом, що веде через гірський хребет Тайгет, і відома з давніх-давен. Довжина дослідженої ділянки расзщелини близько 50 м, ширина 1,5-3,5 м, висота стін — 18-25 м. Нинішній вхід шириною близько 0,5 м знаходиться приблизно на 30 метровій висоті над автомобільною дорогою. Початковий вхід ще вищій відмітці сьогодні не видно. В даний час до розщелини від дороги ведуть сходи в 120 ступенів. Тектонічна розщелина розкривається з північного сходу на південний захід. Разщелина розширена вилуговуванням вапняків поверхневими атмосферними водами.
Дно розщелини заповнене людськими кістками. Основна маса людських кісток зосереджена у найглибшій частині печери. Кістки також були знайдені в природних ущелинах або поглибленнях значно вище за сучасного дна. Згідно з висновками антропологічного дослідження, тут знаходяться, головним чином, кістяки зрілих чоловіків і лише незначної кількості жінок, які опинилися там цілими тілами, а не розчленованими кістками.
Історія досліджень
Ернст Курціус та ототожнювали Кеаду з ущелиною Тайгета біля села поблизу Містри.
У 1879 році розщелину у Тріпі відвідав французький археолог Олів'є Рає, професор історії античного мистецтва Колеж де Франс, який опублікував докладний опис розщелини та людських кісток. Його ідентифікацію прийняли та у німецькому виданні Павсанія.
У 1983 році з ініціативи відомого історика та археолога організовано рекогносцирувальні роботи з дослідження розщелини у Тріпі за участю антропологічного музею медичного інституту Афінського університету. Згідно з Темелісом, розщелина використовувалася як місце страти переважно під час Мессенських воєн (VIII—V ст. до зв. е.). На основі ретельних спостережень Олів'є Рає та повідомлень античних авторів Темеліс ототожнив розщелину у Тріпі з давньою Кеадою.
У 2003 році міністерство культури Греції затвердило трирічну програму вивчення Кеади. За результатами досліджень, оприлюдненим антропологом Теодоросом Піціосом, професором медичного інституту Афінського університету, на поверхню піднято фрагменти 46 скелетів дорослих чоловіків віком від 18 до 35 років, які датуються методом радіовуглецевого датування VI та V ст. до н. е.
Примітки
Місця страт
Географія Стародавньої Греції
Печери Греції
Спарта
|
4018133
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0
|
Хуліо Вільяльба
|
Хуліо Вільяльба (11 вересня 1998, Сьюдад-дель-Есте) — парагвайський футболіст, нападник клубу «Гуаякіль». Відомий за виступами в клубах «Серро Портеньйо», «Альтах» та «Боруссія» (Менхенгладбах), а також у складі молодіжної збірної Парагваю.
Клубна кар'єра
Народився 11 вересня 1998 року в місті Сьюдад-дель-Есте. Вихованець футбольної школи клубу «Серро Портеньйо». Дорослу футбольну кар'єру розпочав 2016 року в основній команді того ж клубу. У січні 2017 року підписав контракт з німецьким клубом «Боруссія» з Менхенгладбаха, але практично відразу повернувся до «Серро Портеньйо» на правах оренди, де грав ще протягом півроку. У середині 2017 року повернувся до «Боруссії», і протягом сезону 2017—2018 року дебютував у складі команди, проте цей матч так і залишився єдиним в основі менгедладбаського клубу. У 2020 році на правах оренди Хуліо Вільяльба грав у складі клубу австрійської Бундесліги «Альтах», проте на початку сезону 2020—2021 повернувся до складу «Боруссії». З 2021 року Хуліо Вільяльба грає у складі еквадорського клубу «Гуаякіль».
Виступи за збірні
2015 року дебютував у складі юнацької збірної Парагваю (U-17). У 2015 році брав участь в юнацькому чемпіонаті Південної Америки, на якому зіграв 8 матчів. У цьому ж році грав на юнацькому чемпіонаті світу, на якому зіграв 3 матчі, та забив 2 голи.
2016 року залучався до складу молодіжної збірної Парагваю. На молодіжному рівні зіграв у 3 офіційних матчах, забив 1 гол.
Примітки
Посилання
парагвайські футболісти
Гравці молодіжної збірної Парагваю з футболу
Футболісти «Серро Портеньйо»
Футболісти «Боруссії» (Менхенгладбах)
Футболісти «Альтаха»
парагвайські футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери в Німеччині
Футбольні легіонери в Австрії
Футболісти «Гуаякіля»
Футбольні легіонери в Еквадорі
|
3128790
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1%20%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%20IV
|
ГЕС Мукеріан IV
|
ГЕС Мукеріан IV – гідроелектростанція на північному заході Індії у штаті Пенджаб. Знаходячись між ГЕС Мукеріан III та ГЕС Мукеріан Stage II (18 МВт), входить до складу каскаду на річці Біас, яка впадає праворуч до Сатледжу (найбільший лівий доплив Інду).
Станція Мукеріан IV є однією з п’яти, котрі споруджені на каналі Мукеріан, який бере початок від греблі Шах-Нехар. Ця бетонна споруда довжиною 562 метра перекрила річку по її виходу на рівнину, за п’ять кілометрів нижче від греблі Понг, та утворила невелике сховище з об’ємом 4,2 млн м3. Звідси вода спрямовується у прокладену по лівобережжю дериваційну трасу довжиною майже чотири десятки кілометрів.
За вісім кілометрів після станції Мукеріан III канал перекриває чергова водозабірна споруда, від якої ресурс подається до машинного залу. Праворуч від нього створена обвідна ділнка каналу довжиною біля 0,5 км, облаштований у якій шлюз дозволяє за необхідності скидати воду в обхід станції Мукеріан ІV.
Основне обладнання становлять три турбіни типу Каплан потужністю по 19,5 МВт, які працюють при напорі у 22 метра та забезпечують виробництво 326 млн кВт-год електроенергії на рік.
Відпрацьована вода прямує далі по каналу, котрий через 10 км приєднується до Біасу. У другій половині 2010-х за пару кілометрів до завершення каналу від нього зробили бічне відгалуження довжиною біля 4 км, на якому запустили ГЕС Мукеріан Stage II.
Примітки
Мукеріан
|
4624791
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29
|
Бажениха (Нижньогородська область)
|
Бажениха (Нижньогородська область)
Бажениха — присілок в Ветлузькому районі Нижньогородської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 0 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Волиновська сільрада.
Історія
Від 2009 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Волиновська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Ветлузького району
|
46916166
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallikeste
|
Tallikeste
|
Tallikeste is a village in Estonia, in Võru Parish, which belongs to Võru County.
References
Villages in Võru County
|
2499654
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%94%D0%B2%20%D0%92%27%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
|
Лебедєв В'ячеслав Іванович
|
Лебедєв В'ячеслав Іванович (нар. 1 квітня 1950) — російський вчений-апіолог, фахівець з бджільництва. Доктор сільськогосподарських наук, кандидат біологічних наук, професор (1996). У 2011—2015 рр. директор НДІ бджільництва, зараз його науковий керівник. Лауреат Державної премії РФ в області науки і техніки (2000) і премії Уряду РФ в галузі освіти (2003).
Закінчив Рязанський державний педагогічний інститут (1972).
У 1979 р. отримав вчений ступінь кандидата біологічних наук. У 1993 році захистив дисертацію на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора сільськогосподарських наук.
З 1995 року професор кафедри генетики та розведення сільськогосподарських тварин Рязанського державного агротехнологічного університету.
Вчений секретар російської Міжвідомчої координаційної ради з апітерапії з її заснування 1997 року.
З 2015 року науковий керівник НДІ бджільництва.
Входить до редколегії журналу «Пчеловодство».
Член-кореспондент Петровської академії наук і мистецтв.
Почесний доктор (2013).
Почесний працівник агропромислового комплексу Рязанської області (2010).
Посилання
Професору Лебедєву В'ячеславу Івановичу — 65 років! // Журнал «Пчеловодство»
Російські пасічники
Апіологи
Російські науковці
Російські професори
Персоналії:Апітерапія
Доктори сільськогосподарських наук
Кандидати біологічних наук СРСР
Співробітники НДІ бджільництва (РФ)
|
1872478
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0
|
Міа Сара
|
Міа Сарапочелло, відома як Міа Сара (19 червня 1967, Бруклін, Нью-Йорк, США) — американська акторка та модель італійського походження. Відома ролями в таких фільмах, як «Легенда» (1985), «Вихідний день Ферріса Бюллера» (1986), «Дочка темряви» (1990), «Патруль часу» (1994).
Життєпис
Народилася в Брукліні (Нью-Йорк) в родині Джерома Сарапочелло, фотографа і художника, і Діани Сарапочелло, стилістки і фотографки. Навчалася у школі Святої Анни, в Брукліні.
Кар'єра
Почала кар'єру в 1985 році у 17 років з головної ролі принцеси Лілі у фантастичному фільмі «Легенда» з Томом Крузом. Пізніше зіграла подругу Феріса Буеллера Слоан у фільмі «Вихідний день Ферріса Буеллера» Знімалася у мінісеріалі «Queenie», у фільмі 1992 року «Чужа серед нас» режисера Сідні Люмета. У 1994 році знялася у блокбастері «Патруль часу», за який була удостоєна премії «Сатурн» у номінації «Найкраща жіноча роль другого плану»..
Особисте життя
У березні 1996 року одружилася з Джейсоном Коннері, з яким знялася у фільмі «Експрес до Пекіна». У червні 1997 року народила сина Дешіла Куїнна Коннері. Шлюб закінчився розлученням у 2002 році. Згодом пошлюбила Брайана Генсона, старшого сина Джима Генсона, у них є донька Амелія Джейн Генсон.
Фільмографія
Нагороди
Премія «Сатурн»
1995: «Найкраща жіноча роль другого плану» («Патруль часу»)
Примітки
Посилання
Американські кіноакторки
Американські телеакторки
Американські жінки-моделі
Американці італійського походження
Уродженці Брукліна
|
180669
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80
|
Ахієзер
|
Ахієзер: — єврейське прізвище.
Відомі носії
Ахієзер Ілля Олександрович (1938—1989) — фізик-теоретик. Син О. Ахієзера. Доктор фізико-математичних наук (1966), професор (1970).
Ахієзер Олександр Ілліч (1911—2000) — український фізик-теоретик, Батько І. Ахієзера, брат Н. Ахієзера. Доктор фізико-математичних наук (1940), професор (1941), академік НАН України (1964). Заслужений діяч наук УРСР (1986).
Ахієзер Олена Борисівна (* 1970) — кандидат технічних наук, професор.
Ахієзер Наум Ілліч (1901—1980) — український та радянський математик. Доктор фізико-математичних наук (1936), професор (1941). Брат О. Ахієзера.
Примітки
Єврейські прізвища
|
15031904
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalmont%2C%20Indiana
|
Coalmont, Indiana
|
Coalmont, Indiana
Coalmont is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Lewis Township, Clay County, Indiana, United States. It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 402.
History
A post office was established at Coalmont in 1901. Deposits of coal in the area caused the name to be selected.
Geography
Coalmont is located in southwestern Clay County at . Its western border is the Sullivan County line. Indiana State Road 159 runs north–south through the center of the community, and IN 48 forms the southern edge of the CDP. Shakamak State Park is directly to the south. Jasonville is to the southeast on routes 159 and 48, and Hymera is to the west on IN 48.
Demographics
Famous Residents
Everett Sanders, the future personal secretary to President Coolidge, was born near Coalmont in 1882.
References
Census-designated places in Clay County, Indiana
Census-designated places in Indiana
Terre Haute metropolitan area
|
259020
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F
|
Частини особливого призначення
|
Частини особливого призначення (ЧОП) — воєнізовані більшовицькі загони, створені в 1919 році при заводських партосередках, райкомах, губкомах партії.
Частини призначалися для боротьби з антибільшовицькими виступами населення. Діяли в тісному контакті з загонами ЧК, частинами ВОХР та ВНУС. У 1921 році були включені до міліційних частин Червоної армії. Тоді налічували понад 350 тисяч вояків, мали у своєму складі піхотні, кавалерійські, артилерійські та бронечастини. В 1924–1925 розформовані.
Див. також
Червоний терор
Література
Посилання
Частини особливого призначення //
Історія СРСР
Спецслужби СРСР
засновані 1919
|
4884308
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD
|
Анна Клеман
|
Анна Клеман
Анна Софія Клеман (24 листопада 1862, Карлскруна, Блекінґе, Швеція — 8 квітня 1940, Транос, Єнчепінг, Швеція) — шведська страхова агентка, феміністка і пацифістка, відома діяльністю із захисту прав жінок, особливо щодо боротьби за виборчі права жінок. Брала участь у Стокгольмській жіночій суфражистській конференції 1911 року та представляла Швецію на Міжнародній жіночій мирній конференції 1915 року в Гаазі.
Коли 1919 року було створено благодійну організацію Врятуємо дітей, входила до правління її шведського відділення, врешті-решт ставши його головою.
Життєпис
Народилася 1862 року в Карлскруні, дочка командира Карла Клемана (1820—1872) та Йоганни Августи Грам (1825—1904). Її молодша сестра Еллен Клеман (1867—1943) також брала активну участь у жіночому русі.
На 1895 рік вже працювала в стокгольмській страховій компанії «Туле». Від 1903 перебувала в Асоціації студентів і робітників, а від 1906 до 1911 року входила до правління Національної асоціації з виборчого права жінок. Була прихильницею виборчих прав жінок, активна учасниця Стокгольмського суфражистського конгресу 1911 року. Також брала участь у Жіночому мирному конгресі жінок у Гаазі 1915 року та конгресі Міжнародної жіночої ліги за мир та свободу в Цюриху 1919 року.
Як письменниця, публікувала від 1916 року статті на підтримку виборчого права жінок у спеціалізованому журналі «Rösträtt för kvinnor».
Брала активну участь і в пацифістському русі, від 1915 по 1918 рік очолювала шведське відділення Міжнародної жіночої ліги за мир та свободу. 1925 року взяла участь у з'їзді Міжнародної ради жінок, організованому Національною жіночою суфражистською асоціацією у Вашингтоні, розповідаючи про його дискусії в журналі «Hertha», присвяченому жіночому руху.
Померла 1940 року в Стокгольмі.
Примітки
Персоналії:Карлскруна
Пацифісти
Шведські суфражистки
Жінки XIX століття
Жінки XX століття
|
1434428
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2
|
Горнослав
|
Горнослав — село в Пловдивській області Болгарії. Входить до складу общини Асеновград.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2011 року у селі проживали особи, усі — болгари.
Розподіл населення за віком у 2011 році:
Динаміка населення:
Примітки
Села Пловдивської області
|
28053812
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezovje%20nad%20Zre%C4%8Dami
|
Bezovje nad Zrečami
|
Bezovje nad Zrečami is a small settlement in the Municipality of Zreče in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Bezovje to Bezovje nad Zrečami in 1953.
References
External links
Bezovje nad Zrečami on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Zreče
|
93670
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%20377
|
IC 377
|
IC 377 — галактика типу S (спіральна галактика) у сузір'ї Ерідан.
Цей об'єкт міститься в оригінальній редакції індексного каталогу.
Посилання
IC 377 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
IC 377 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
http://www.seds.org/~spider/ngc/revngcic.cgi?IC+377
IC 377 в базі SIMBAD
IC 377 в базі Vizier
IC 377 в базі NASA Extragalactic Database
Бази даних про об'єкти NGC/IC
IC 377
IC 377
IC 377
|
1250574
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/48456%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD
|
48456 Вільгельмвін
|
48456 Вільгельмвін (48456 Wilhelmwien) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 12 вересня 1991 року.
Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,146.
Названо на честь Вільгельма Віна (1864 — 1928) - німецького фізика, лауреата Нобелівської премії (1911) за дослідження явищ випромінювання і поглинання електромагнітних хвиль абсолютно чорним тілом (закон Віна).
Примітки
Див. також
Список астероїдів (48401-48500)
Посилання
Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net
Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1991
Головний пояс астероїдів
|
641873
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
|
Багмет Михайло Олександрович
|
Багмет Михайло Олександрович (1948) — проректор з науково-педагогічної роботи та питань розвитку Чорноморського державного університету ім. Петра Могили, доктор історичних наук, професор. Академік Української академії історичних наук, академік Української академії політичних наук, Заслужений діяч науки і техніки України, відмінник освіти України, директор Миколаївського центру політичних досліджень.
Життєпис
Народився у 1948 р. на Чернігівщині.
У 1976 р. закінчив історичний факультет Київського державного університету ім. Т. Г. Шевченка.
Член Президії Громадської Ради освітян і науковців України. Входить до складу Науково-експертної колегії з проблем соціально-економічного розвитку при Кабінеті Міністрів України.
Докторську дисертацію захистив на тему «Проблеми формування національної самосвідомості молоді України у 60-ті- 80- і роки: Тенденції, деформації, уроки».
Науковий доробок
Автор більше 300 різнопланових публікацій з проблем державотворення, історії та теорії політичної думки, національних відносин і виборчих технологій, керує аспірантурою з політичних та історичних напрямів.
Примітки
Посилання
Багмет М. О. «Хлібозаготівельна політика в Україні наприкінці 20-х рр. ХХ ст. — переддень Голодомору 1932—1933 рр.»
Джерела
Народились 1948
Уродженці Чернігівської області
Випускники історичного факультету Київського університету
Заслужені діячі науки і техніки України
Відмінники освіти України
Науковці Чорноморського національного університету імені Петра Могили
Персоналії за алфавітом
Українські історики
Українські педагоги
Педагоги Миколаєва
Педагоги XX століття
|
12430354
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman%20cuckoo-dove
|
Andaman cuckoo-dove
|
Andaman cuckoo-dove
The Andaman cuckoo-dove (Macropygia rufipennis) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is characterized by its small body and rusty color. Its call is a repeated cooing "koo". Due to habitat loss and hunting, the species is becoming rare, yet it is listed as Least Concern. The Department of Environment and Forests, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Zoological Survey of India are monitoring, surveying, and bringing awareness to the species’ population. The species is frequently discovered in or around forest areas, with a diet that consists of mostly fruits and berries. The Andaman cuckoo-dove’s breeding season is believed to be from February to April, but little information is known about this species.
Description
It is characterized by its slim build, small head, long tail, and rust color throughout its body. The call of the Andaman cuckoo-dove is a repeat of the double-noted “whoo-whup.” The first note is slurred and the second is shorter and more pitched.
Conservation and status
The Andaman cuckoo-dove has a large range, which exempts it from being classified as vulnerable under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria. Its species is still suspected of having a decreasing population trend due to habitat degradation and hunting. The decline is still not considered a rapid enough change to meet the criteria for vulnerable status—less than a 30% decline over ten years or three generations. The population of this species has not been accurately measured, yet the decrease is not deemed significant enough to justify vulnerable status. Consequently, the species is currently categorized as Least Concern.
Efforts to protect the threatened bird species have been initiated by the Department of Environment and Forests, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Zoological Survey of India as they are all currently monitoring the bird population. The departments proposed conducting surveys to assess population size and studied both habitat and ecological parameters. The department's goal is to take measurements of how much the forest is degrading, identify the species population decline, and ban hunting by spreading awareness with campaigns.
Habitat
The Andaman Cuckoo-Dove lives in heavy evergreen and secondary forests. They are commonly found yet hidden in forests, along forest edges, and typically remain closer to the canopy. They have a high forest dependence and normally occur at altitudes that range from 0 to 100 meters. These species are endemic to India and distributed in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) of these cuckoo-dove species are Nicobar, Nancowry and Trinkat.
Ecology
Diet
The primary food source for the species is predominantly fruits and berries, particularly sourced from Vitis spp and Leae spp.
Breeding
The breeding season occurs from February to April. Males with enlarged testes had been collected in February, March, and April. The nesting sites, nests, and eggs are not previously known to science. This species has very little recent information on its status, but they are reported to be not uncommon. This is because there has not been a rapid enough decline since 2017, so they do not meet the criteria to be considered globally threatened but are still in danger. The restricted-range species are present in the Andaman Islands EBA.
References
Andaman cuckoo-dove
Andaman cuckoo-dove
Near threatened animals
Near threatened biota of Asia
Andaman cuckoo-dove
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Andaman cuckoo-dove
|
2896236
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris%20Mater%20%28seminary%29
|
Redemptoris Mater (seminary)
|
Redemptoris Mater (seminary)
Redemptoris Mater is the name for certain diocesan Roman Catholic seminaries which operate under the auspices of the Neocatechumenal Way and have as their mission the formation of diocesan priests for the "New Evangelization". These seminaries are distributed worldwide.
History and development
Redemptoris Mater seminaries are a fruit of the Second Vatican Council, as well as a product of the initiative of Pope John Paul II. The Second Vatican Council's decree on the ministry and life of priests, Presbyterorum ordinis, says:
Let priests remember, therefore, that the care of all churches must be their intimate concern. Hence, priests of such dioceses rich in vocations should show themselves willing and ready, with the permission of their own ordinaries, to volunteer for work in other regions, missions or endeavors which are poor in numbers of clergy. ... To accomplish this purpose there should be set up international seminaries ... by means of which, according to their particular statutes and always saving the right of bishops, priests may be trained and incardinated for the good of the whole Church.
Pio Laghi, then Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, said:
The decree Presbyterorum Ordinis (n. 10) considers that to resolve the problem of the great shortage of priests in certain regions, "it is appropriate also to institute international seminaries". This idea has found application in the Redemptoris Mater seminaries which prepare diocesan priests for the new evangelization according to the programme of the Neo-Catechumenal Way.
The first of these seminaries was started in Rome in 1988. It was canonically erected by Ugo Poletti, who was at that time the Vicar General of Rome.
Characteristics
Redemptoris Mater seminaries are diocesan seminaries, erected according to canon law by the diocesan bishop, and the students who undergo formation at these seminaries are ordained to the secular clergy of the diocese. The specific characteristics of Redemptoris Mater seminaries are:
an international character, i.e., with vocations coming from different nations;
a missionary spirit, i.e., that upon ordination, the priests are available to go wherever the ordinary sends them; and
that they have a connection to the Neocatechumenal Way.
Although the students receive the same theological formation as the other seminarians of the diocese, they go on mission for about two years during formation. After ordination, the ordinary of their diocese may appoint them to a parish or for any other service in the diocese; he may also send them to serve in other dioceses of the world where bishops have asked for help. In the latter case, the ordinary and the requesting bishop would formalise their agreement according to canon law.
These seminaries have a direct relationship to the Neocatechumenal Way, which sees its formation as fostering an "adult faith": the Neocatechumenal Way prepares and awakens its vocations in many young people before they enter the seminary. It accompanies them during their time of formation; once ordained as priests it continues to sustain them in their permanent formation, which then becomes a means of evangelization for the "far away", an instrument for the implantatio ecclesiae.
Worldwide locations
In 2013, with seven new seminaries opened, the number Redemptoris Mater seminaries worldwide rose to a hundred. In 2019, the number of seminaries rose to about 120.
In Africa:
Ivory Coast (Yopougon)
Angola (Luanda)
Cameroon (Douala)
Zambia (Kitwe)
Democratic Republic of Congo (Goma)
Madagascar (Morondava)
Gabon (Libreville)
Tanzania (Dar es Salaam)
South Africa (Cape Town)
Uganda (Kampala)
In Asia:
China (Macau)
India (Bangalore, Ranchi, Pune)
Israel (at Domus Galilaeae)
Taiwan (Kaohsiung)
Philippines (Manila)
Lebanon (Beirut)
Pakistan (Karachi)
South Korea (Seoul)
In Australia:
Australia (Perth, Sydney),
In Europe:
Italy (Rome, Macerata, Padua, Cosenza, Pinerolo, Florence, Trieste, Campobasso)
Belgium (Namur, Brussels)
Spain (Madrid, Castellón, Córdoba, Granada, Oviedo, Murcia, León, Pamplona, Burgos)
Poland (Warsaw, Łódź)
Germany (Berlin, Cologne/Bonn)
Hungary (Eger)
Slovakia (Žilina)
Czech Republic (České Budějovice)
Romania (Satu Mare)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo)
Croatia (Pula)
Switzerland (Lugano)
France (Strasbourg, Marseille, Avignon, Paris, Bayonne)
Denmark (Copenhagen)
Netherlands (Amsterdam/Haarlem, Roermond)
Austria (Vienna)
Albania (Lezhë)
Portugal (Lisbon, Porto, Évora, Beja)
United Kingdom (London)
Ireland (Dundalk, Armagh Diocese)
Finland (Helsinki)
Estonia (Tallinn)
Ukraine (Kyiv, Vinnitsa, Uzhhorod)
Latvia (Rīga)
In North America:
Canada (Toronto, Québec, Vancouver).
Costa Rica (San José)
Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo)
El Salvador (San Salvador)
Jamaica (Kingston)
Mexico (Mexico D.F., Guadalajara)
Nicaragua (Managua)
United States (Newark, Brooklyn, Denver, Washington D.C., Boston, Dallas, Miami, Philadelphia, Bridgeport)
In South America:
Bolivia (La Paz)
Brazil (Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Belém)
Colombia (Medellín, Bogotá),
Ecuador (Esmeraldas in Quito)
Paraguay (Asunción)
Perú (Callao, Arequipa)
Venezuela (Caracas, Carupano)
Uruguay (Montevideo)
Football tournaments
In 2007, 2009 and again in 2010, Redemptoris Mater Sydney seminary team won first place in the Clericus Cup football tournament. In the year 2008 they won second place. At the end of July, 2018, Corpus Christi College of Melbourne won an inter-seminary soccer tournament for the first time after beating Holy Spirit Seminary of Brisbane 1 - 0 in the final.
References
Neocatechumenal Way
Catholic seminaries
|
3282221
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%2C%2032
|
Богдана Хмельницького, 32
|
Богдана Хмельницького, 32
Будинок Крушевської — київський прибутковий будинок на вулиці Богдана Хмельницького, 32. Розташований поруч із Будинком Самонова (№ 30/10).
Споруда — характерний зразок прибуткового будинку початку ХХ сторіччя, одна з найкращих у стилі пізнього класицистичного модерну.
Історія
Первісна забудова садиби була малоповерховою, дерев'яною. Станом на 1882 рік нею володів Назар Фаворов. Близько 1899 року ділянку придбав київський архітектор Микола Самонов. 1904 року син архітектора продав садибу підприємцеві й меценатові Олександрові Терещенкові.
Після смерті Терещенка 1911 року власницею стала Єлизавета Крушевська. 1913 року на її замовлення спорудили прибутковий будинок за проектом архітектора Кароля Іваницького. Будинок був телефонізований.
1913 року тут розмістили одну з найкращих крамниць варшавської фірми стильних меблів «Щербинський і Ко». Після її відкриття у найпопулярнішій тоді міській газеті «Киевская мысль» з'явилася стаття «Красень Київ» про крамницю і новий будинок:
Приблизно в 1915-1919 роках у квартирі № 10 на шостому поверсі мешкав архітектор Кароль Іваницький.
Після встановлення радянської влади в Києві більшовики націоналізували споруду.
1918 року будинок значно пошкодила пожежа.
Відбудували 1925 року. Після Другої світової війни на першому поверсі було розміщено міжміський телефонний переговорний пункт.
Архітектура
Чоловий фасад оформлений у стилі модерну з неокласичними елементами. Центральна вісь на рівні третього-шостого поверхів акцентована циліндричним еркером . Бічні осі виділені розкріповками та віконними прорізами.
У ліпленому і змодельованому в цеглі декорі фасаду використано класичні мотиви — фестони.
Центральний еркер фланковано розкріпованими під руст лізенами.
Простінки між трьома прямокутними вікнами підкреслені доричними пілястрами на базах. Під вікнами четвертого поверху на осях пілястр розмістили гліфи, а над п'ятим поверхом — стрічки й рельєфну композицію з аканта і квітів, над вікнами шостого поверху — вінок із троянд і два фестони (гірлянди).
Будинок увінчує масивний карниз великого виносу. Під ним — орнамент з іоніків, модульйонів і тонких .
На центральній осі розташовано отвір проїзду у двір. Портал входу у проїзді фланкований колонами з іонічними капітелями, які прикрашені гірляндами. Під прямокутним сандриком розміщений десюдепорт із рельєфним фестоном із квітів та листя.
Балкони прикрашені ажурними металевими огорожами, орнамент яких утворений чергуванням вертикального стрижня й овалу.
Будівля, зведена у формі каре (квадрата) із внутрішнім подвір'ям, має вигляд «будинку-колодязя», подібного до прибуткового будинку Ханенків на Терещенківській вулиці, 13.
Примітки
Джерела
Вулиця Богдана Хмельницького (Київ)
Прибуткові будинки Києва
Визначні місця Києва
Споруди, збудовані 1913
Пам'ятки архітектури Шевченківського району
Засновані в Києві 1913
Архітектура модерну у Києві
|
60328842
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynisca%20rouxae
|
Cynisca rouxae
|
Cynisca rouxae is a worm lizard species in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is endemic to the Ivory Coast.
Etymology
The specific name, rouxae (genitive, feminine, singular), is in honor of French herpetologist Mme. Rolande Roux-Estève.
Habitat
The preferred habitats of C. rouxae are forest and savanna.
Reproduction
C. rouxae is oviparous.
References
Further reading
Brygoo E-R (1990). "Les types d'Amphisbaenidés, Pygopodidés, Xantusiidés (Reptiles, Sauriens) du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle – Catalogue critique". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Ser. 4) A (3-4), suppl.: 3–8. (in French).
Gans C (2005). "Checklist and Bibliography of the Amphisbaenia of the World". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (289): 1–130. (Cynisca rouxae, p. 29).
Hahn DE (1979). "A new species of Cynisca (Amphisbaenidae) from the Ivory Coast" Copeia 1979 (1): 122–125. (Cynisca rouxae, new species).
Rödel M-O, Grabow K (1996). "Zur Kenntnis von Cynisca rouxae Hahn, 1979 (Contributions to the knowledge of Cynisca rouxae Hahn, 1979)". Salamandra 32 (1): 13–22. (in German, with an abstract in English).
Cynisca (lizard)
Reptiles described in 1979
Taxa named by Donald E. Hahn
Endemic fauna of Ivory Coast
|
3765345
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepi
|
Nepi
|
Nepi (anciently Nepet or Nepete) is a town and comune in the province of Viterbo, Lazio, central Italy. The town lies southeast of the city of Viterbo and about southwest from Civita Castellana.
The town is known for its mineral springs, sold and bottled under the Acqua di Nepi brand throughout Italy.
History
The region was already occupied in the 8th century BC; neighbouring Pizzo had been occupied in the Bronze Age. Nepet became Roman before 386 BC, when Livy speaks of it and Sutrium as the keys of Etruria. In that year it was surrendered to the Etruscans and recovered by the Romans, who beheaded the authors of its surrender. It became a colony in 383 BC. It was among the twelve Latin colonies that refused further help to Rome in 209 BC. After the Social War it became a municipium. It is hardly mentioned in Imperial times, except as a station on the road (Via Amerina) which diverged from the Via Cassia near the modern Settevene and ran to Amelia and Todi.
In the 8th century AD it was the seat of a duchy for a short while. During the late 9th to early 10th century, it was, along with much of central Italy, threatened by the Saracens.
Reported origin of the catnip plant (Nepeta cataria).
Main sights
Borgia Castle, a 15th-century reconstruction of a feudal manor. It has massive walls and four towers, one of which can be visited, and was once the property of Lucrezia Borgia.
Cathedral of the Assunta, built in the 12th century over a pagan temple. It was rebuilt in 1831 after French troops set it on fire during the Napoleonic Wars. Of the ancient structure only the crypt remains, which includes a primitive pagan altar.
Town hall, designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger in the 15th century, was finally completed in the 18th. The base was of stone, embellished by a porch, and the upper part had windows and a balcony with a bell-tower. Immediately in front is a fountain presumed to have been designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Inside, an archaeological museum contains locally-found items.
Santa Savinilla Catacombs (800 B.C.)
San Pietro church
San Rocco plague church
References
Sources
di Gennaro, F., Cerasuolo, O., Colonna, C., Rajala, U., Stoddart, S. K. F. and Whitehead, N. 2002. "Recent research on the city and territory of Nepi." Papers of the British School at Rome 70: 29-77.
Edwards, C., Malone, C. A. T. and Stoddart, S. K. F. 1995. "Reconstructing a gateway city: the place of Nepi in the study of south-eastern Etruria. "In Christie, N. (ed), Settlement and economy in Italy. 1500 BC - AD 1500. Oxbow monograph 41. Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp. 431–440
Cities and towns in Lazio
Castles in Italy
|
2828181
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96
|
Тилічкі
|
Тилічкі — село в Польщі, у гміні Ліпінки-Лужицькі Жарського повіту Любуського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Зеленогурського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Жарського повіту
|
2318984
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%20%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
|
Гассієв Мурат Георгійович
|
Гассієв Мурат Георгійович (12 жовтня 1993, Владикавказ, Росія) — осетинський російський боксер-професіонал, що виступає в першій важкій вазі. Чемпіон світу в першій важкій вазі за версією IBF (2016 — 2018) та WBA (2018).
Професійна кар'єра
Гассієв проти Лебедєва
Про бій було оголошено у серпні 2016 року. Гассієв здобув право на цей бій, перебуваючи в стані офіційного претендента за версією IBF. Лебедєв, будучи чемпіоном світу по версієх IBF та WBA (Super) мав захищати обидва пояси, однак перед боєм стало відомо, що WBA дала позитивну відповідь на запит боксера не захищати цей пояс. Перші два раунди проходили в повільному темпі, боксери придивлялися один до одного, почергово викидаючи комбінації. Починаючи з третього раунду Гассієв став активно пресингувати чемпіона. Визначальним можна назвати п'ятий раунд, Гассієв провів сильний удар по печінці суперника, чим відправив його у нокдаун (другий у кар'єрі Лебедєва). Далі бій проходив у рівній боротьбі з великою кількістю ударів. Судді віддали перемогу Гассієву роздільним рішенням: 116—112, 116—111, 113—114. Після бою Лєбєдєв заявив, що був переконаний, що перемагає, а також що сподівається на реванш.
Таблиця боїв
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="9"|26 Перемог (19 Нокаутів), 1 Поразка
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="80px"|Результат
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="50px"|Рекорд
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="250px"|Суперник
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="45px"|Спосіб
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="45px"|Раунд, час
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="130px"|Дата
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="250px"|Місце проведення
| align="center" style=" background: #e3e3e3" width="470px"|Примітки
|-align=center
|Поразка
|26-1
|align=left| Олександр Усик
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|26–0
|align=left| Юніер Дортікос
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|25–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|24–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|23–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|style="background:#DDD"|NC
|22–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|22–0
|align=left|
|
|, 1:55
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|21–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|20–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|19–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|18–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|17–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|16–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|15–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|14–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|13–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|12–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|11–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|10–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|9–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|8–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|7–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|6–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|5–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|4–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|3–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|2–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Перемога
|1–0
|align=left|
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
Примітки
Посилання
Мурат Гассієв на сайті Boxrec.com
!colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"|Міжнародні титули
|-
|-
Уродженці Владикавказа
Російські боксери
Боксери першої важкої ваги
Чемпіони світу з боксу в першій важкій вазі
Чемпіони IBF
Чемпіони WBA
Російські чемпіони світу
|
1036645
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83-%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%29
|
Ідзу-Осіма (острів)
|
Ідзу-Осіма (острів)
Острів Ідзу-Осіма («Великий острів Ідзу») або Осіма («Великий острів») — острів вулканічного походження в західній частині Тихого океану. Складова групи островів Ідзу, найбільший острів групи. Належить містечку Осіма області Осіма префектури Токіо, Японія. Сполучення зі столицею здійснюється поромами і літаками.
Географія
Станом на 2007 рік площа острова становила 91,06 км², населення — 8472 особи, довжина берегової лінії — 53 км. Острів віддалений від японської столиці на 110 км і від порту Сімода но півострові Ідзу на 40 км. В центрі острова лежить вулкан Міхара, заввишки 764 м. Під час останнього виверження вулкана 1986 року все населення острова було евакуйоване. Острів входить до складу Національного парку Фудзі-Хаконе-Ідзу.
Клімат
Острів знаходиться у зоні, котра характеризується вологим субтропічним кліматом. Найтепліший місяць — серпень із середньою температурою 25 °C (77 °F). Найхолодніший місяць — січень, із середньою температурою 6.7 °С (44 °F).
Адміністрація
Острів управляється субпрефектурою Осіма Токійського столичного уряду. Місто Осіма (大島町, Ōshima-machi) є місцевим урядом острова.
Місто Осіма складається з шести традиційних хуторів Оката (岡田), Мотоматі (元町), Сензу, Номаші, Сасікідзі та Хабумінато (波浮港), з Мотоматі як адміністративним центром.
Доступ
Ідзу-Осіма є популярним місцем для туристів як з Токіо, так і з Сідзуоки через його близькість до материка. Існує кілька поромів, які вирушають з пірсу Такесіба Санбасі, поблизу Хамамацучо, Токіо, до порту Мотомати. Пороми також вирушають з Атамі до Сідзуоки до порту Мотоматі. Обидві смуги обслуговуються Tōkai Kisen.
З аеропорту Осіма до аеропорту Тьофу виконується кілька рейсів на день.
Галерея
Примітки
Джерела та література
Посилання
Офіційна сторінка села Осіма
Острови Ідзу
|
2617635
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internazionali%20BNL%20d%27Italia%202003%2C%20%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C%20%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4
|
Internazionali BNL d'Italia 2003, жінки, одиночний розряд
|
Internazionali BNL d'Italia 2003, жінки, одиночний розряд
Серена Вільямс була чинною чемпіонкою, але не змогла захистити свій титул, оскільки в півфіналі її перемогла Амелі Моресмо.
Кім Клейстерс виграла титул, перемігши у фіналі Амелі Моресмо з рахунком 3–6, 7–6(7–3), 6–0. Це був третій титул Клейстерс у тому сезоні і 13-й загалом за кар'єру.
Сіяні гравчині
Перші вісім сіяних гравчинь виходять без боротьби в друге коло.
Сітка
Фінальна частина
Верхня половина
Секція 1
Секція 2
Нижня половина
Секція 3
Секція 4
Посилання
Main and Qualifying Draws
Telecom Italia Masters 2003
Internazionali BNL d'Italia
|
11448355
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek%20El-Sayed
|
Tarek El-Sayed
|
Tarek El-Sayed
Tarek El Sayed (born 9 October 1978) is a retired Egyptian football player who played for El Zamalek for most of his football career. He also played for Itesalat, and he played for Tersana in the Egyptian Second Division and retired after one season.
El Sayed made several appearances for the Egypt national football team, including nine qualifying matches for various FIFA World Cups.
Career
Zamalek
El Sayed played with El Zamalek for 13 seasons during which he dominated the left wing position. At the end of 2007-2008 season and after winning the Egyptian cup, El Zamalek did not include either Tarek or his teammate Besheer El-Tabei in the new season's team roster, and so both were free agents.
Itesalat
Shocked to be abandoned by his former team, he moved to Itesalat. He stayed at Itesalat for only half a season and scored 2 goals.
Tersana
In January 2009, El Sayed agreed to move to Tersana to help the team avoid relegation to the second division. El Sayed scored 2 goals for Tersana by the end of that season, but the club was eventually relegated. El Sayed announced that he would transfer to another team; however, when his transfer to either El Geish or El-Entag El-Harby did not materialize, he decided to retire.
In 2009, Tersana manager Yehia El Sayed convinced Tarek El Sayed to return to football and to lead Tersana in the Egyptian Second Division.
Career statistics
International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.
Honours
Zamalek
Egyptian Premier League: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04
Egypt Cup: 1999, 2002, 2008
Egyptian Super Cup: 2001, 2002
African Cup Winners' Cup: 2000
CAF Champions League: 2002
CAF Super Cup: 2003
Afro-Asian Club Championship: 1997
Arab Champions League: 2003
Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup: 2003
Egypt
African Cup of Nations: 2006, 2008
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Egyptian men's footballers
Egypt men's international footballers
2002 African Cup of Nations players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
Zamalek SC players
Tersana SC players
Egyptian Premier League players
Men's association football wingers
Footballers from Cairo
|
654161
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%20%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
|
Валамаз (Красногорський район)
|
Валамаз (Красногорський район)
Валамаз — село (в минулому смт) в Красногорському районі Удмуртії, Росія.
Населення
Населення — 851 особа (2010; 1079 в 2002).
Національний склад станом на 2002 рік:
росіяни — 86 %
Примітки
Посилання
www.panoramio.com
Населені пункти Красногорського району (Удмуртія)
Села Удмуртії
|
3817796
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
|
Коржанський Микола Йосипович
|
Коржанський Микола Йосипович
Микола Йосипович Коржанський (3 серпня 1928, Нараївка — 5 травня 2008, Київ) — український і російський правознавець, доктор юридичних наук з 1984 року, професор з 1985 року.
Біографія
Народився 3 серпня 1928 року в селі Нараївці Гайсинського району (тепер Вінницька область, Україна) в селянській сім'ї. Після строкової служби в Радянській армії, у 1957—1961 роках навчався у Свердловському юридичному інституті. По закінченню навчання працював слідчим в органах прокуратури.
З 1964 року — аспірант у Свердловському юридичному інституті. 1966 року захистив кандидатську дисертацію на тему: «Кримінальна відповідальність за придбання або збут майна, здобутого злочином». У 1967—1969 роках — викладач цього інституту. У 1969—1993 роках був доцентом, потім професором кафедри кримінального права Вищої слідчої школи МВС СРСР і РФ. 1980 року захистив докторську дисертацію на тему: «Об'єкт та предмет кримінально-правової охорони».
З 1993 по 2003 рік — професор кримінального права Національної академії внутрішніх справ України. З 2003 року працював у Дніпропетровському державному університеті внутрішніх справ провідним науковим співробітником науково-дослідної лаболаторії протидії злочинності, а з 2006 року — професор кафедри кримінально-правових дисциплін юридичного факультету Навчально-наукового інституту права та безпеки університету.
Помер в Києві 5 травня 2008 року.
Наукова діяльність
Досліджував теоретичні проблеми об'єкта і предмета кримінально-правової охорони, зокрема уточнив поняття безпосереднього об'єкта злочину й класифікував його види. Опублікував 36 монографій, 5 коментарів до Кримінального кодексу України, 4 підручники, понад 20 навчальних посібників. Серед робіт:
«Об'єкт посягання і кваліфікація злочинів» (1976);
«Предмет злочину» (1976);
«Об'єкт і предмет кримінально-правової охорони» (1980, Москва);
«Нариси теорії кримінального права» (1992);
«Коментар Кримінального кодексу України» (1994, у співавторстві);
«Кримінальне право України. Частина загальна: курс лекцій» (1996);
«Завдання і дія кримі нального закону» (1996);
«Популярний коментар Кримінального кодексу» (1997);
«Кваліфікація злочинів» (1998);
«Корислива злочинна діяльність» (1998);
«Кримінальне право України. Частина особлива: курс лекцій» (1998).
«Проблеми кримінального права» (2003, Дніпропетровськ);
«Об'єкт і предмет злочину» (2005, Дніпропетровськ).
</div>
Підготува 23 кандидатів 2-х докторів юридичних наук.
Література
Ювіляри України. Події та особистості XXI століття 2009.
Уродженці Гайсинського району
Випускники Уральського юридичного університету
Українські правознавці
Російські правознавці
Радянські правознавці
Правознавці XX століття
Правознавці XXI століття
Російські педагоги
Радянські педагоги
Українські педагоги
Педагоги XX століття
Педагоги XXI століття
Радянські професори
Українські професори
Доктори юридичних наук СРСР
Доктори юридичних наук України
Викладачі Національної академії внутрішніх справ України
Професори Дніпра
|
19899270
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziedzice%2C%20Masovian%20Voivodeship
|
Dziedzice, Masovian Voivodeship
|
Dziedzice, Masovian Voivodeship
Dziedzice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielsk, within Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Dziedzice
|
33597106
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurchi%20Bashi
|
Qurchi Bashi
|
Qurchi Bashi is a city in, and the capital of, Kamareh District of Khomeyn County, Markazi province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Khorram Dasht Rural District.
At the 2006 census, its population was 1,522 in 416 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,497 people in 446 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,374 people in 436 households.
Notes
References
Cities in Markazi province
Populated places in Khomeyn County
|
63372906
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuudek%C3%BCla
|
Kuudeküla
|
Kuudeküla is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.
References
Villages in Viljandi County
|
380812
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20park
|
State park
|
State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at the sub-national level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under the administration of the government of each U.S. state, some of the Mexican states, and in Brazil. The term is also used in the Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales. The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, and Belgium, is provincial park. Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies.
State parks are thus similar to national parks, but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g., regional parks or county parks. In general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with a few exceptions such as the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California, and Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska, the largest state park in the United States.
State parks by country
United States
There are 6,792 state park units in the United States, according to the National Association of State Park Directors (NASPD). There are some 813 million annual visits to the country's state parks. The NASPD further counts over of trail, 217,367 campsites, and 8,277 cabins and lodges across U.S. state parks. The largest state park system in the United States is Alaska State Parks, with over 100 sites encompassing 3.3 million acres.
Many states include designations beyond "state park" in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas, state beaches, and state nature reserves. Some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites. To encourage tourism in rural areas, several states have simple lodges, inns, hotels, or motels (usually with a restaurant) for lodging at some parks. These typically use "Resort" in the name, such as "_ Resort State Park" in West Virginia state parks and "_ State Resort Park" in neighboring Kentucky state parks, which has 17 such resort parks, the most of any state. Other states use the Resort name inconsistently (like DeGray Lake Resort State Park, the only one out of three resorts in Arkansas state parks), or have only one such park (South Carolina state parks' Hickory Knob State Resort Park), or do not use the designation at all (such as the lodges of Georgia state parks). The term "lodge" may also refer to a hiking lodge, essentially a large cabin for hikers rather than a large facility with private rooms and a restaurant. Other lodging may include yurts and tipis.
Not all parks owned by a state are necessarily part of its state-park system, such as Stone Mountain Park near Atlanta. Some Texas state parks are a land lease from the U.S. government, while Mackinac National Park was handed down to become the first of the Michigan state parks. As with national parks, facilities at state parks are often leased to concessionaires to operate. Breaks Interstate Park is operated under an interstate compact by Virginia state parks, although it is also one of the Kentucky state parks, straddling both sides of the state line. Other multi-state parks are legally two separate parks with the same name and more informal cooperation between them.
History
The title of oldest state park in the United States is claimed by Niagara Falls State Park in New York, established in 1885. Several public parks previously or currently maintained at the state level pre-date it. Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by the state of Georgia as a public park since 1825, although it did not gain the title "State Park" until 1931. In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the federal government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890. In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its northern forests as "The State Park" but, needing money, sold most of it to lumber companies within 20 years. Mackinac National Park was established in 1875 as the second U.S. national park before being converted to a state park in 1895. The first state park with the designation of "state park" was Itasca State Park in Minnesota, established in 1891.
Many state park systems date to the 1930s, when around 800 state parks (and several national ones) across the country were developed with assistance from federal job-creation programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration.
Brazil
See also
Lists of state parks by U.S. state
National Wilderness Preservation System (United States)
References
Further reading
Ahlgren, Carol. "The Civilian Conservation Corps and Wisconsin State Park Development." Wisconsin Magazine of History (1988): 184–204. in JSTOR
Landrum, Ney C. The State Park Movement in America: A Critical Review (2013) excerpt and text search
Larson, Zeb. "Silver Falls State Park and the Early Environmental Movement." Oregon Historical Quarterly (2011) 112#1 pp: 34-57 in JSTOR
Newton, Norman T. "The State Park Movement: 1864-1933;" and "State Parks and the Civilian Conservation Corps, Parkways and Their Offspring." in Design on the Land: the Development of Landscape Architecture (Harvard UP 1971)
Parker, Eugene Phillip. "When Forests Trumped Parks: The Maryland Experience, 1906-1950." Maryland Historical Magazine (2006) 101#2 pp: 203–224.
|
2887263
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiprostyle
|
Amphiprostyle
|
Amphiprostyle
In classical architecture, amphiprostyle (from the Greek (amphi), on both sides, and (prostylos), a portico) denotes an ancient temple with a portico both at the front and the rear, where the columns on the narrow sides are not between antae. The number of columns rarely exceeded four in the front and four in the rear. The best-known example is the tetrastyle small Temple of Athena Nike at Athens. Other known examples are the Temple of Artemis Agrotera outside Athens, and the hexastyle Temple of the Athenians at Delos.
Amphiprostyle temples without columns on the sides may be termed "apteral" (from the Greek απτερος, "wingless": α-, "without" + πτερον, "wing"). The Athena Nike temple is one such example.
See also
Prostyle
Distyle in antis
Temple of Venus and Roma
Notes
References
Sources
Ancient Greek architecture
|
4502431
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80
|
Бахчеліевлер
|
Бахчеліевлер (що означає «будинки з садами») — великий житловий район середнього класу у Стамбулі, Туреччина, у фракійській стороні міста.
Охоплює 5% території Стамбула та є домівкою для понад 570 000 людей.
До 1992 року був у складі району Бакиркьой.
Географія
Бахчеліевлер межує з Кючюкчекмедже на сході, Багджиларом на півночі, Гюнгьореном на сході та Бакиркеєм на півдні.
Має у складі мікрорайони:
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Історія
До 1950-х років на території, де сьогодні розташований район Бахчеліевлер , існували села Кокасінан і Єнібосна.
Ділянка, на якій розташований Бахчеліевлер, утворена продовженням Бакиркьой на північ від траси О-1 (колишня Е-5).
Населення Бахчеліевлера, як і населення його сусідніх районів, з 1960-х років дуже швидко зросло.
Населення, яке становило 8500 в 1960 році, зросло до 20881 в 1965 році.
В 1975 році населення Бахчелієвлера перевищило 100 тисяч.
Посилання
Bahçelievler Belediyesi
Bahçelievler Kaymakamlığı
T.C. İstanbul Valiliği (Harika İstanbul) / Bahçelievler ve Tanıtımı
Місцевості Стамбула
|
4600190
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comodon
|
Comodon
|
Comodon — вимерлий рід ссавців пізнього юрського періоду з формації Моррісон у штаті Вайомінг. Скам'янілості цього таксону присутні в стратиграфічній зоні 5.
Систематика
Comodon was originally named Phascolodon by Simpson (1925). Однак назва Phascolodon вже використовувалась для інфузорії, описаної в 1859 році, і замість неї назва Comodon («зуб з Комо-Блафф») була створена Kretzoi & Kretzoi (2000). Тим часом Cifelli & Dykes (2001) придумали заміну назви Phascolotheridium для Phascolodon, не знаючи про статтю Kretzoi та Kretzoi (2000).
Примітки
Роди ссавців
Ссавці юрського періоду
|
4981363
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mase
|
Mase
|
Mase
Мейсон Дарелл Бета (27 серпня 1975, Джексонвілл, Флорида, США), відоміший під своїм мононімом Mase (раніше Murda Mase і стилізований як Ma$e), — американський репер. Наприкінці 1990-х він записувався на лейблі Bad Boy Records разом із його засновником Шоном «Puff Daddy» Комбсом, і досяг значного успіху. Мейс мав загалом п'ять платинових синглів, п'ять синглів №1 та шість Топ-10 синглів Billboard Hot 100, включаючи «Can't Nobody Hold Me Down», «Mo Money Mo Problems», «Been Around the World», «Fel So Good», «What You Want» і «Lookin' at Me». І «Can't Nobody Hold Me Down», і «Mo Money Mo Problems» посіли перше місце в Billboard Hot 100.
Раннє життя
Мейсон Дарелл Бета народився 27 серпня 1975 року в Джексонвіллі, штат Флорида. 1980 року його мати переїхала з дітьми в Гарлем (Нью-Йорк), де Мейс провів більшу частину свого дитинства. У віці 15 років Мейсон почав багатообіцяючу баскетбольну кар'єру, ставши провідним розігруючим захисником своєї команди, де він грав разом із Кемероном Джайлзом, який згодом став відомим як Cam'ron. Він сподівався приєднатися до Національної баскетбольної асоціації (НБА), але не зміг потрапити до коледжу Дивізіону I через низькі академічні результати. Він навчався в Університеті штату Нью-Йорк у Purchase, де зрозумів, що навряд чи вийде в НБА, і натомість почав більше зосереджуватися на написанні музики і регулярних виступах у місцевих нічних клубах. Зрештою Мейс кинув коледж і повністю зосередилася на своїй музичній кар'єрі.
Кар'єра
Мейс і його друг дитинства Cam'ron почали читати реп як хобі під іменами Murda Mase і Killa Cam, ненадовго сформувавши групу, відому як Children of the Corn з реперами Big L, Herb McGruff, Six Figga Digga та Bloodshed.
Після зустрічі з Puff Daddy в Атланті, Мейз підписав контракт на 250 000 доларів з його лейблом Bad Boy Records. Протягом тижня після підписання контракту з лейблом він скоротив своє сценічне ім’я з Murda Mase на просто Mase. Згодом він з'явився на численних хітах виконавців Bad Boy Records.
Дебютний альбом Мейса 1997 року Harlem World отримав чотирикратний платиновий статус RIAA. Альбом породив хіти-сингли, такі як «Feel So Good» і «Lookin' at Me», які обидва досягли №1 у реп-чартах Billboard, а також «What You Want», який посів 3-е місце в чартах.
Другий альбом Мейза, Double Up, вийшов 1999 року на Bad Boy і розійшовся тиражем у 107 000 копій за перший тиждень, дебютувавши на 11-му місці в чартах. У Double Up тексти Mase стали більш агресивними. Альбом був сертифікований золотим.
20 квітня 1999 року під час інтерв'ю Funkmaster Flex на нью-йоркській радіостанції Hot 97 Мейс оголосив про свій відхід з музики, щоб виконати «покликання від Бога». Він стверджував, що «веде людей, друзів, дітей та інших стежкою до пекла», заявивши, що пішов, щоб знайти Бога у своєму серці та піти за ним.
Після п’ятирічної перерви в музиці, під час якої він став священиком, Масе повернувся до музики з своїм новии альбомом Welcome Back влітку 2004 року. Welcome Back супроводжувався однойменним синглом і вийшов 24 серпня 2004 року через Bad Boy Records і розповсюджений Universal Music Group. Він дебютував під номером 4 в чартах, продавши 188 000 примірників за перший тиждень випуску, і зрештою став золотим, продавши 559 000 примірників у Сполучених Штатах. Альбом відобразив новий християнський спосіб життя та «чистіший» образ Мейса. Після цього він вирішив знову піти з музики, хоча інколи з'являвся в піснях інших виконавців і випускав мікстейпи.
24 листопада 2017 року Мейс випустив пісню «The Oracle», дисс-трек на свого друга Cam'ron, у відповідь на випади Cam'ron'а на нього на його мікстейпі The Program. 2022 року Мейс став артистом новоспеченого Death Row Records .
Спадщина і вплив
Мелодійний стиль Мейза мав тривалий вплив на хіп-хоп. Багато реперів, як-от Pusha T, Fabolous і Каньє Вест, надихалися лінивим, але мелодійним стилем Mase. Jay-Z та Дрейк запозичили рядки Мейза у своїх піснях. Каньє Вест назвав Мейза своїм улюбленим репером.
Дискографія
Студійні альбоми
Harlem World (1997)
Double Up (1999)
Welcome Back (2004)
Фільмографія
Примітки
Посилання
El Elyon International Church
Народились 1975
Народились 27 серпня
Американські письменники
Піснярі штату Флорида
Піснярі штату Нью-Йорк
Американські кіноактори
Репери США
Американські репери-чоловіки
Репери із Флориди
Музиканти Джексонвілла
Музиканти Гарлема
Афроамериканські піснярі
Американські чоловіки-піснярі
|
21343997
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Distillation (disambiguation)
|
Distillation (disambiguation)
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture.
Distillation may also refer to:
Chemistry
Azeotropic distillation
Batch distillation
Continuous distillation
Destructive distillation
Dry distillation
Entanglement distillation
Extractive distillation
Fractional distillation
Multi-stage flash distillation
Reactive distillation
Salt-effect distillation
Spinning band distillation
Steam distillation
Vacuum distillation
Computer science
Distillation (machine learning)
Environmental science
Global distillation, the process by which chemicals such as pollutants are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth
Publications
Distillation Design
Distillations (magazine), a magazine published by the Science History Institute
Music
Distillation (Erin McKeown album), 2000
Distillation (Wishbone Ash album), 1997
See also
Distiller (disambiguation)
Distillery (disambiguation)
|
2126188
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8
|
Фенестрани
|
Фенестрани — хімічні сполуки, що можуть розглядатися як спіросполуки, які мають містки з вуглецевих атомів, що з‘єднують α і α'-положення.
Джерела
Посилання
IUPAC: Фенестрани.
Хімічна термінологія
Хімічні сполуки
Вуглеводні
Алкани
|
3848053
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6bdenitz
|
Nöbdenitz
|
Nöbdenitz is a village and a former municipality in the district Altenburger Land, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Schmölln.
Geography
Neighboring municipalities
Municipalities near Nöbdenitz are Drogen, Löbichau, Posterstein, the city of Schmölln, Vollmershain, and Wildenbörten.
Municipal arrangement
The municipality of Nöbdenitz consists of 5 subdivisions: Nöbdenitz, Burkersdorf (in Schmölln), Lohma, Untschen, and Zagkwitz.
Business and transportation
Nöbdenitz has a train station on the line that goes from Gera to Gößnitz as well as to Altenburg.
History
Within the German Empire (1871–1918), Nöbdenitz was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg.
References
Altenburger Land
Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
Former municipalities in Thuringia
|
1958082
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n%20Pardo
|
Sebastián Pardo
|
Sebastián Pardo
Sebastián Eduardo Pardo Campos (born 1 January 1982) is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Club career
Pardo was born in Quillota. He began his career at Universidad de Chile, and joined Eredivisie's Feyenoord in 2002–03, debuting on 10 September 2002, against Excelsior Rotterdam (4–1 win), scoring his first goal for Feyenoord in that match. He was largely used as a backup at Feyenoord during the five years he spent there, and joined Excelsior in 2007–08.
In July 2008, he returned to Chile to play again for Universidad de Chile. On 9 June 2009, he announced his retirement from football, because of family problems.
International career
Pardo represented Chile at under-17 level in the 1999 South American Championship in Uruguay and Chile at under-20 level in both the 2001 South American Championship in Ecuador and the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina.
At senior level, Pardo represented Chile once, in 2002.
Controversies
Previous to 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship, Pardo and seven other players were arrested in a brothel what must to be closed. The incident was known as "El episodio de las luces rojas" (Chapter of the red lights) due to the excuse employed by Jaime Valdés.
After the tournament, the eight players (Valdés, Millar, Salgado, Órdenes, Soto, Droguett, Campos and Pardo) were suspended for three international matches.
Honours
Universidad de Chile
Primera División de Chile: 1999, 2000, 2009 Apertura
Copa Chile: 1998, 2000
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
People from Quillota
Footballers from Valparaíso Region
Chilean men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Chile men's international footballers
Chile men's under-20 international footballers
Chile men's youth international footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Primera B de Chile players
Eredivisie players
Club Universidad de Chile footballers
Feyenoord players
Excelsior Rotterdam players
Unión Temuco footballers
Coquimbo Unido footballers
Chilean expatriate men's footballers
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
|
49855028
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20butterflies%20of%20Azerbaijan
|
List of butterflies of Azerbaijan
|
List of butterflies of Azerbaijan
This is a list of butterflies of Azerbaijan. About 230 species are known from Azerbaijan.
Hesperiidae
Pyrginae
Carcharodus alceae
Carcharodus floccifera
Carcharodus lavatherae
Carcharodus orientalis
Carcharodus stauderi
Erynnis marloyi
Erynnis tages unicolor
Muschampia poggei
Muschampia tersa
Muschampia tessellum
Pyrgus alveus
Pyrgus armoricanus
Pyrgus carthami
Pyrgus cinarae
Pyrgus cirsii
Pyrgus jupei
Pyrgus melotis
Pyrgus serratulae major
Pyrgus sidae
Spialia orbifer
Spialia phlomidis
Hesperiinae
Eogenes alcides
Gegenes nostrodamus
Hesperia comma comma
Ochlodes sylvanus
Thymelicus acteon
Thymelicus hyrax
Thymelicus lineola
Thymelicus sylvestris syriaca
Papilionidae
Parnassiinae
Parnassius mnemosyne nubilosus
Parnassius apollo tkatshukovi
Papilioninae
Iphiclides podalirius persica
Papilio machaon syriacus
Papilio alexanor orientalis
Pieridae
Dismorphiinae
Leptidea sinapis
Leptidea juvernica
Leptidea duponcheli maiae
Coliadinae
Colias alfacariensis
Colias chlorocoma
Colias aurorina
Colias thisoa
Colias croceus
Gonepteryx rhamni miljanowskii
Gonepteryx farinosa turcirana
Pierinae
Anthocharis cardamines
Anthocharis carolinae
Anthocharis damone eunomia
Anthocharis gruneri armeniaca
Aporia crataegi
Euchloe ausonia taurica
Pieris bowdeni
Pieris brassicae
Pieris caucasica
Pieris ergane detersa
Pieris krueperi krueperi
Pieris napi pseudorapae
Pieris napi suffusa
Pieris rapae transcaucasica
Pontia callidice chrysidice
Pontia chloridice
Pontia edusa edusa
Zegris eupheme menestho
Lycaenidae
Lycaeninae
Lycaena phlaeas
Lycaena virgaureae armeniaca
Lycaena tityrus
Lycaena alciphron melibeus
Lycaena candens
Lycaena thersamon
Lycaena kurdistanica
Lycaena ochimus
Lycaena asabinus
Lycaena thetis
Lycaena phoenicura
Polyommatinae
Agriades pyrenaicus dardanus
Aricia agestis azerbaidzhana
Aricia anteros
Aricia artaxerxes allous
Aricia crassipuncta
Aricia isaurica latimargo
Celastrina argiolus
Cupido argiades
Cupido minimus
Cupido osiris
Cupido staudingeri
Cyaniris bellis antiochena
Eumedonia eumedon
Freyeria trochylus
Glaucopsyche alexis lugens
Iolana iolas lessei
Kretania alcedo
Kretania eurypilus
Kretania sephirus
Kretania zephyrinus ordubadi
Lampides boeticus
Leptotes pirithous
Lysandra bellargus
Lysandra corydonius caucasica
Neolysandra coelestina coelestina
Neolysandra diana
Phengaris arion zara
Phengaris nausithous
Phengaris rebeli monticola
Plebejidea loewii
Plebejus argus bellus
Plebejus christophi transcaucasicus
Plebejus idas altarmenus
Polyommatus alcestis
Polyommatus alticola
Polyommatus altivagans
Polyommatus amandus
Polyommatus aserbeidschanus
Polyommatus cyaneus
Polyommatus damon
Polyommatus damonides
Polyommatus daphnis versicolor
Polyommatus demavendi
Polyommatus dorylas
Polyommatus eriwanensis
Polyommatus eros
Polyommatus firdussi
Polyommatus huberti
Polyommatus icarus
Polyommatus iphigenia
Polyommatus myrrha
Polyommatus neglecta
Polyommatus ninae
Polyommatus pseudorjabovi
Polyommatus ripartii
Polyommatus surakovi
Polyommatus thersites
Polyommatus turcicus
Polyommatus vanensis
Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri
Tarucus balkanicus
Turanana endymion
Theclinae
Callophrys armeniaca
Callophrys chalybeitincta
Callophrys danchenkoi
Callophrys paulae
Callophrys rubi
Neozephyrus quercus
Satyrium abdominalis
Satyrium acaciae
Satyrium hyrcanicum
Satyrium ilicis
Satyrium ledereri
Satyrium spini melantho
Satyrium w-album
Tomares callimachus
Tomares romanovi
Nymphalidae
Libytheinae
Libythea celtis
Heliconiinae
Argynnis paphia
Argynnis pandora
Brenthis hecate
Brenthis daphne
Brenthis ino
Boloria euphrosyne dagestanica
Boloria dia
Boloria caucasica
Fabriciana adippe taurica
Fabriciana niobe gigantea
Issoria lathonia
Speyeria aglaja ottomana
Nymphalinae
Aglais io
Aglais urticae turcica
Euphydryas aurinia
Melitaea arduinna kocaki
Melitaea athalia athalia
Melitaea aurelia
Melitaea caucasogenita
Melitaea cinxia
Melitaea diamina
Melitaea didyma
Melitaea interrupta
Melitaea persea
Melitaea phoebe ottonis
Melitaea telona
Melitaea trivia caucasi
Melitaea turkmenica
Nymphalis antiopa
Nymphalis polychloros
Nymphalis xanthomelas
Polygonia c-album
Polygonia egea
Vanessa atalanta
Vanessa cardui
Limenitinae
Limenitis camilla
Limenitis reducta reducta
Neptis rivularis ludmilla
Apaturinae
Thaleropis ionia
Satyrinae
Arethusana arethusa
Brintesia circe venusta
Chazara bischoffi
Chazara briseis armena
Chazara persephone
Coenonympha arcania
Coenonympha glycerion alta
Coenonympha leander obscura
Coenonympha lyllus
Coenonympha pamphilus marginata
Coenonympha saadi
Coenonympha symphyta
Erebia aethiops melusina
Erebia graucasica
Erebia medusa psodea
Esperarge climene
Hipparchia fatua
Hipparchia parisatis
Hipparchia pellucida
Hipparchia statilinus
Hipparchia syriaca
Hyponephele lupinus
Hyponephele lycaon
Hyponephele lycaonoides
Hyponephele naricoides
Lasiommata maera orientalis
Lasiommata megera megerina
Maniola jurtina strandiana
Melanargia galathea satnia
Melanargia larissa astanda
Melanargia russiae
Minois dryas
Pararge aegeria tircis
Proterebia afra hyrcana
Pseudochazara beroe rhena
Pseudochazara daghestana
Pseudochazara geyeri
Pseudochazara pelopea
Pseudochazara schahrudensis
Pseudochazara thelephassa
Satyrus amasinus
Satyrus effendi
References
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Fauna of Azerbaijan
Butterflies
|
161911
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration
|
Emigration
|
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanently move to a country). A migrant emigrates from their old country, and immigrates to their new country. Thus, both emigration and immigration describe migration, but from different countries' perspectives.
Demographers examine push and pull factors for people to be pushed out of one place and attracted to another. There can be a desire to escape negative circumstances such as shortages of land or jobs, or unfair treatment. People can be pulled to the opportunities available elsewhere. Fleeing from oppressive conditions, being a refugee and seeking asylum to get refugee status in a foreign country, may lead to permanent emigration.
Forced displacement refers to groups that are forced to abandon their native country, such as by enforced population transfer or the threat of ethnic cleansing. Refugees and asylum seekers in this sense are the most marginalized extreme cases of migration, facing multiple hurdles in their journey and efforts to integrate into the new settings. Scholars in this sense have called for cross-sector engagement from businesses, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, and other stakeholders within the receiving communities.
History
Patterns of emigration have been shaped by numerous economic, social, and political changes throughout the world in the last few hundred years. For instance, millions of individuals fled poverty, violence, and political turmoil in Europe to settle in the Americas and Oceania during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Likewise, millions left South China in the Chinese diaspora during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
"Push" and "pull" factors
Demographers distinguish factors at the origin that push people out, versus those at the destination that pull them in. Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as pull factors, or circumstances encouraging a person to leave. Diversity of push and pull factors inform management scholarship in their efforts to understand migrant movement.
Push factors
Poor living conditions or overcrowding
Lack of employment or entrepreneurial opportunities
Lack of educational opportunities
Threat of arrest or punishment
Persecution or intolerance based on race, religion, gender or sexual orientation
Political corruption, lack of government transparency or freedom of speech
Inability to find a spouse for marriage
Lack of freedom to choose religion, or to choose no religion
Resource depletion, scarcity or austerity
Military draft, warfare or terrorism
Expulsion by armed force or coercion
Recession or economic collapse
Famine or drought
Cultural fights with other cultural groups
Pull factors
Higher quality of life, economic growth or lower cost of living
Encouragement to join relatives or fellow countrymen; chain migration
Quick wealth (as in a gold rush)
More job opportunities or promise of higher pay
Prosperity or economic surplus
Educational opportunity (including university for adults or K-12 for children)
Prepaid travel (as from relatives)
Building a new nation (historically)
Building specific cultural or religious communities
Political freedom
Cultural opportunities
Greater opportunity to find a spouse
Favorable climate
Ease of crossing boundaries
Reduced tariff
Criticism
Some scholars criticize the "push-pull" approach to understanding international migration. Regarding lists of positive or negative factors about a place, Jose C. Moya writes "one could easily compile similar lists for periods and places where no migration took place."
Emigration waves by country
Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe
Yerida (Jewish emigration from Israel)
Swedish emigration to the United States
Statistics
Unlike immigration, in many countries few if any records have been recorded or maintained in regard to persons leaving a country either on a temporary or permanent basis. Therefore, estimates on emigration must be derived from secondary sources such as immigration records of the receiving country or records from other administrative agencies.
The rate of emigration has continued to grow, reaching 280 million in 2017.
In Armenia, for example, the migration is calculated by counting people arriving or leaving the country via airplane, train, railway or other means of transportation. Here, the emigration index is high: 1.5% of population leaves the country annually. In fact, it is one of the countries, where emigration has become a part of culture since 20th century. For example, between 1990 and 2005 approximately 700,000–1,300,000 Armenians left the country. The highly rising numbers of emigration are a direct response to socio-political and economic areas of the country. The internal migration (migration in country) is big (28.7%), while international migration is 71.3% of the total migration by people aging 15 and above. It is important to understand the reasons for both types of migration and the availability of the options. For example, in Armenia, everything is localized in the capital city Yerevan, thus, internal migration is from the villages and small cities to the biggest city of the country. The reason for the migration can be work or study. International migration follows the same reasoning of migration: work or study. The main destinations for it are Russia, France and US.
Emigration restrictions
Some countries restrict the ability of their citizens to emigrate to other countries. After 1668, the Qing Emperor banned Han Chinese migration to Manchuria. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the Willow Palisade, a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from encroaching on Manchu and Mongol lands.
The Soviet Socialist Republics of the later Soviet Union began such restrictions in 1918, with laws and borders tightening until even illegal emigration was nearly impossible by 1928. To strengthen this, they set up internal passport controls and individual city Propiska ("place of residence") permits, along with internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the 101st kilometre, rules which greatly restricted mobility within even small areas.
At the end of World War II in 1945, the Soviet Union occupied several Central European countries, together called the Eastern Bloc, with the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas aspiring to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave. Before 1950, over 15 million people emigrated from the Soviet-occupied eastern European countries and immigrated into the west in the five years immediately following World War II. By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Restrictions implemented in the Eastern Bloc stopped most east–west migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990. However, hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually immigrated to West Germany through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East and West Berlin, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement. The emigration resulted in massive "brain drain" from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961. In 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall, effectively closing the loophole. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, followed by German reunification and within two years the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling international movement was also emulated by China, Mongolia, and North Korea. North Korea still tightly restricts emigration, and maintains one of the strictest emigration bans in the world, although some North Koreans still manage to illegally emigrate to China. Other countries with tight emigration restrictions at one time or another included Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Somalia, Afghanistan, Burma, Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia from 1975 to 1979), Laos, North Vietnam, Iraq, South Yemen and Cuba.
See also
Canvas ceiling
Deportation
Diaspora
Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
Émigré
Exile
Expatriate
Feminization of migration
Immigration
Foot voting
Human capital flight
Human migration
Settlement
International Organization for Migration
Migration Letters
Political asylum
Political migration
Population transfer
Refugee
Separation barrier
Snowbird (people)
Xenophobia
Notes
References
Further reading
Labour market efficiency and emigration in Slovakia and EU neighbouring countries,
External links
Translation from Galician to English of 4 Classic Emigration Ballads
Human migration
Population
|
22558681
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding%20%28surname%29
|
Redding (surname)
|
Redding (surname)
Redding is an English surname, derived from the town of Reading. At the time the 1881 British Census was enumerated, the frequency of the surname Redding was highest in Buckinghamshire (12.8 times the national average), followed by Huntingdonshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Cambridgeshire, Warwickshire, Anglesey, Bedfordshire and Rutland.
List of persons with the surname
Ann Holmes Redding (born 1952), former Episcopal priest who was defrocked in 2009 for converting to Islam years earlier
Benjamin B. Redding (1824–1882), Canadian-born California politician
Cory Redding (born 1980), American football player
Cyrus Redding (1785–1870), British journalist and wine writer
Devine Redding (born 1996), American football player
Dick Redding (1890–1948), American baseball player
Gene Redding (born 1945), American singer
George Redding (1900–1974), Canadian ice hockey player
Jheri Redding (1907–1998), American hair care entrepreneur
Louis L. Redding (1901–1998), American civil rights advocate
Noel Redding (1945–2003), English musician
Oscar Redding (born c. 1974), Australian actor and director
Otis Redding (1941–1967), American soul singer
Phil Redding (1890–1928), American baseball player
Reggie Redding (born 1988), American basketball player
Reggie Redding (American football) (born 1968), American football player
Rob Redding (born 1976), American commentator
Scott Redding (born 1993), English Grand Prix motorcycle racer
Teo Redding (born 1994), American football player
Tim Redding (born 1978), American baseball player
Fictional characters
Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding, character in The Shawshank Redemption
Burr Redding, inmate on TV's Oz
William Redding, character in the Splinter Cell series of video games and novels
Blake Redding played by Logan Paul in a 2016 YouTube Originals movie The Thinning
See also
Redding (disambiguation)
Charles Redding Pitt (born 1944), American attorney and former chairman of the Alabama Democratic Party
Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls (1834–1912), American attorney, politician, judge and brigadier general in the Confederate States Army
Sidney Redding Mason (1925-2009), American businessman and politician
The Reddings, funk, soul and disco band, with Dexter Redding and Otis Redding III, both sons of Otis Redding
The Redding Brothers, indie rock trio, comprising Gabriel, Josiah and Micah Redding
References
External links
Redding Surname Meaning at the Internet Surname Database
English-language surnames
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.