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brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some recommendations for US national parks to visit?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. Yosemite National Park\n2. Yellowstone National Park\n3. Zion National Park\n4. Bryce Canyon National Park\n5. Glacier National Park",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some recommendations for US national parks to visit? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me whether these are European countries or Asian countries: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, The Philippines",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Not all of them are European countries or Asian countries! Brazil, South Africa, Canada are not part of Europe or Asia. \n\nThese are the European countries: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal\n\nAnd these are Asian countries: China, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, The Philippines",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me whether these are European countries or Asian countries: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, The Philippines |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Olive oil has long been a common ingredient in Mediterranean cuisine, including ancient Greek and Roman cuisine. Wild olives, which originated in Asia Minor, were collected by Neolithic people as early as the 8th millennium BC.[better source needed] Besides food, olive oil has been used for religious rituals, medicines, as a fuel in oil lamps, soap-making, and skincare application.[citation needed] The Spartans and other Greeks used oil to rub themselves while exercising in the gymnasia. From its beginnings early in the 7th century BC, the cosmetic use of olive oil quickly spread to all of the Hellenic city-states, together with athletes training in the nude, and lasted close to a thousand years despite its great expense. Olive oil was also popular as a form of birth control; Aristotle in his History of Animals recommends applying a mixture of olive oil combined with either oil of cedar, ointment of lead, or ointment of frankincense to the cervix to prevent pregnancy. What is the history of olive oil?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Besides food, olive oil has been used for religious rituals, medicines, as a fuel in oil lamps, soap-making, and skincare applications.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Olive oil has long been a common ingredient in Mediterranean cuisine, including ancient Greek and Roman cuisine. Wild olives, which originated in Asia Minor, were collected by Neolithic people as early as the 8th millennium BC.[better source needed] Besides food, olive oil has been used for religious rituals, medicines, as a fuel in oil lamps, soap-making, and skincare application.[citation needed] The Spartans and other Greeks used oil to rub themselves while exercising in the gymnasia. From its beginnings early in the 7th century BC, the cosmetic use of olive oil quickly spread to all of the Hellenic city-states, together with athletes training in the nude, and lasted close to a thousand years despite its great expense. Olive oil was also popular as a form of birth control; Aristotle in his History of Animals recommends applying a mixture of olive oil combined with either oil of cedar, ointment of lead, or ointment of frankincense to the cervix to prevent pregnancy. What is the history of olive oil? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the most common sorting algorithms?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bubble sort.\nInsertion sort.\nMerge sort.\nQuick sort.\nHeap sort.\nCounting sort.\nRadix sort.\nBucket sort.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the most common sorting algorithms? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Collins graduated from the Alabama School of Fine Arts in Birmingham in 1980 as a Theater Arts major. She completed her bachelor of arts degree from Indiana University Bloomington in 1985 with a double major in theater and telecommunications. In 1989, Collins earned her Master of Fine Arts in dramatic writing from the New York University Tisch School of the Arts. Extract the majors of Suzanne Collins from the text. Separate them with a comma.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Theater Arts, Theater, Telecommunications, Fine Arts in dramatic writing",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Collins graduated from the Alabama School of Fine Arts in Birmingham in 1980 as a Theater Arts major. She completed her bachelor of arts degree from Indiana University Bloomington in 1985 with a double major in theater and telecommunications. In 1989, Collins earned her Master of Fine Arts in dramatic writing from the New York University Tisch School of the Arts. Extract the majors of Suzanne Collins from the text. Separate them with a comma. |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Walnut trees, genus Juglans, are plants which mostly grow in the northern hemisphere. They can reach ten to forty meters (30-130 ft) in height. They are used for timber. The wood is very hard, and dark in color. It is mostly used in furniture.\n\nThe fruit is eaten and can be used to make oil. The fruit of Juglans are called walnuts. Material of the walnut's outer casing was used by Native American tribes to poison fish.\n\nWalnut trees grow from Europe eastwards to the Himalayas and southwest China. In America they are found in places from Canada to Argentina. What are all the locations that walnut trees grow, listed in this article.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Walnut trees grow East-West between Europe and China as well as North-South between Canada to Argentina.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Walnut trees, genus Juglans, are plants which mostly grow in the northern hemisphere. They can reach ten to forty meters (30-130 ft) in height. They are used for timber. The wood is very hard, and dark in color. It is mostly used in furniture.
The fruit is eaten and can be used to make oil. The fruit of Juglans are called walnuts. Material of the walnut's outer casing was used by Native American tribes to poison fish.
Walnut trees grow from Europe eastwards to the Himalayas and southwest China. In America they are found in places from Canada to Argentina. What are all the locations that walnut trees grow, listed in this article. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Slit drum, Lute",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lute is string, Slit drum is percussion.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Slit drum, Lute |
classification | [
{
"content": "Please classify each of the following as numbers or letters: 1, A, 5, B, C, D, 99, 88, -2, Z, E, 4",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "These are numbers: 1, 5, 99, 88, -2, 4.\nThese are letters: A, B, C, D, Z, E.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Please classify each of the following as numbers or letters: 1, A, 5, B, C, D, 99, 88, -2, Z, E, 4 |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the biggest fish in the ocean?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Whale Sharks are the biggest fish in the ocean coming in at 23 feet. Several species of whales are much larger, but they are technically mammals.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the biggest fish in the ocean? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the main differences between traditional fishing with a spinning rod or baitcasting rod and fly fishing?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The main differences between the two methods of fishing are the types of lures that are used and in the way the lure is delivered by a cast of the rod. In traditional or spin fishing, the lure itself is weighted and this weight provides the leverage necessary to cast out into the water. In contrast, fly fishing the lures are typically called flies and are very light. Because they are so light, a heavier line is used and the weight of the line is what allows the fly to be cast out and delivered to the water. Spin fishing lures are often measured in ounces of weight and are often made of metal or plastic. They can range in size and design depending on the target species of fish. Fly fishing flies are typically very lightweight hairs, threads, or other materials tied to a hook. The fly fishing line weights are measured in grains.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the main differences between traditional fishing with a spinning rod or baitcasting rod and fly fishing? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The Night Buffalo (orig. Spanish El Búfalo de la Noche) is a novel by Guillermo Arriaga.\n\nPlot summary\nAfter Gregorio commits suicide, his friend Manuel finds himself unraveling his late friend’s world, and what led him to suicide. Gregorio’s tortuous relationship with his girlfriend is now inherited by Manuel; he becomes involved with his late friend’s girlfriend. Gregorio has missed appointments, left strange messages, and has been harassed by a vengeful policeman. Given this plot summary from The Night Buffalo, what caused Manuel to discover these occurrences caused by his late friend?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Gregorio committed suicide, this caused Manuel to go down a path of discoveries uncovering what led him to suicide.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Night Buffalo (orig. Spanish El Búfalo de la Noche) is a novel by Guillermo Arriaga.
Plot summary
After Gregorio commits suicide, his friend Manuel finds himself unraveling his late friend’s world, and what led him to suicide. Gregorio’s tortuous relationship with his girlfriend is now inherited by Manuel; he becomes involved with his late friend’s girlfriend. Gregorio has missed appointments, left strange messages, and has been harassed by a vengeful policeman. Given this plot summary from The Night Buffalo, what caused Manuel to discover these occurrences caused by his late friend? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "In 1961 which Henry Mancini record won Grammy record of year",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Moon River",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In 1961 which Henry Mancini record won Grammy record of year |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the different ways to work with Subject Matter Experts to build a presentation?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Clarify the goal of the presentation.\nDetermine a clear call to action for the audience.\nAnswer the question, \"why will this call to action benefit the audience?\"\nFocus on message before building slides.\nFocus on the flow of the presentation when reviewing and editing. \nPay attention to transitions.\nHelp the subject matter expert build slides.\nDevelop a point of view on the content and make suggestions based on that point of view \nand your knowledge of what the audience needs.\nDevelop a script.\nPractice the presentation. Edit the script after practicing when you see improvements.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the different ways to work with Subject Matter Experts to build a presentation? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the three main nutrient groups?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The three main nutrient groups, also called macronutrients and macros for short, are protein, carbohydrates, and fat.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the three main nutrient groups? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some passwords I should not be using?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Passwords should be long (at least 16 characters), be difficult to guess, contain numbers and symbols and be easy to remember.\n\nSome examples of bad passwords are:\n- password\n- jordan23\n- 123456\n- password1\n- letmein",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some passwords I should not be using? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "In mathematics, a simple Lie group is a connected non-abelian Lie group G which does not have nontrivial connected normal subgroups. The list of simple Lie groups can be used to read off the list of simple Lie algebras and Riemannian symmetric spaces.\n\nTogether with the commutative Lie group of the real numbers, \n\\mathbb {R} , and that of the unit-magnitude complex numbers, U(1) (the unit circle), simple Lie groups give the atomic \"blocks\" that make up all (finite-dimensional) connected Lie groups via the operation of group extension. Many commonly encountered Lie groups are either simple or 'close' to being simple: for example, the so-called \"special linear group\" SL(n) of n by n matrices with determinant equal to 1 is simple for all n > 1.\n\nThe first classification of simple Lie groups was by Wilhelm Killing, and this work was later perfected by Élie Cartan. The final classification is often referred to as Killing-Cartan classification. Describe Lie Algebra",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Unfortunately, there is no universally accepted definition of a simple Lie group. In particular, it is not always defined as a Lie group that is simple as an abstract group. Authors differ on whether a simple Lie group has to be connected, or on whether it is allowed to have a non-trivial center, or on whether \n�\n\\mathbb {R} is a simple Lie group.\n\nThe most common definition is that a Lie group is simple if it is connected, non-abelian, and every closed connected normal subgroup is either the identity or the whole group. In particular, simple groups are allowed to have a non-trivial center, but \n�\n\\mathbb {R} is not simple.\n\nIn this article the connected simple Lie groups with trivial center are listed. Once these are known, the ones with non-trivial center are easy to list as follows. Any simple Lie group with trivial center has a universal cover, whose center is the fundamental group of the simple Lie group. The corresponding simple Lie groups with non-trivial center can be obtained as quotients of this universal cover by a subgroup of the center.\n\nAlternatives\nAn equivalent definition of a simple Lie group follows from the Lie correspondence: A connected Lie group is simple if its Lie algebra is simple. An important technical point is that a simple Lie group may contain discrete normal subgroups. For this reason, the definition of a simple Lie group is not equivalent to the definition of a Lie group that is simple as an abstract group.\n\nSimple Lie groups include many classical Lie groups, which provide a group-theoretic underpinning for spherical geometry, projective geometry and related geometries in the sense of Felix Klein's Erlangen program. It emerged in the course of classification of simple Lie groups that there exist also several exceptional possibilities not corresponding to any familiar geometry. These exceptional groups account for many special examples and configurations in other branches of mathematics, as well as contemporary theoretical physics.\n\nAs a counterexample, the general linear group is neither simple, nor semisimple. This is because multiples of the identity form a nontrivial normal subgroup, thus evading the definition. Equivalently, the corresponding Lie algebra has a degenerate Killing form, because multiples of the identity map to the zero element of the algebra. Thus, the corresponding Lie algebra is also neither simple nor semisimple. Another counter-example are the special orthogonal groups in even dimension. These have the matrix \n−\n�\n-I in the center, and this element is path-connected to the identity element, and so these groups evade the definition. Both of these are reductive groups.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In mathematics, a simple Lie group is a connected non-abelian Lie group G which does not have nontrivial connected normal subgroups. The list of simple Lie groups can be used to read off the list of simple Lie algebras and Riemannian symmetric spaces.
Together with the commutative Lie group of the real numbers,
\mathbb {R} , and that of the unit-magnitude complex numbers, U(1) (the unit circle), simple Lie groups give the atomic "blocks" that make up all (finite-dimensional) connected Lie groups via the operation of group extension. Many commonly encountered Lie groups are either simple or 'close' to being simple: for example, the so-called "special linear group" SL(n) of n by n matrices with determinant equal to 1 is simple for all n > 1.
The first classification of simple Lie groups was by Wilhelm Killing, and this work was later perfected by Élie Cartan. The final classification is often referred to as Killing-Cartan classification. Describe Lie Algebra |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name five capital cities in the USA.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Five capital cities in the USA are Tallahassee, Austin, Sacramento, Atlanta, and Raleigh.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name five capital cities in the USA. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "I have a question regarding git. I first have a master branch, based on which i created a working branch called feature; we normally send pull request to merge the changes in feature branch to master branch. But then the team has renamed master branch to main, how should i deal with my feature branch, in order to sync with the new main branch and later pull request to merge the changes in feature to main branch instead of master branch.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here is some suggestions to do this:\n1. First create a local “feature” branch from the remote “feature” branch\n\t\tgit branch -u origin/feature feature\n2. Merge the local “main” branch to the local feature branch\n\t\tgit checkout feature\n\t\tgit merge main\n3. Resolve any conflicts, sync feature with main\n4. Commit and push to remote feature\n5. Create a pull request to merge from remote feature branch to remote main branch",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I have a question regarding git. I first have a master branch, based on which i created a working branch called feature; we normally send pull request to merge the changes in feature branch to master branch. But then the team has renamed master branch to main, how should i deal with my feature branch, in order to sync with the new main branch and later pull request to merge the changes in feature to main branch instead of master branch. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a hadron?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A hadron is a subatomic particles made of up two or more smaller particles called quarks. Hadrons interact via the strong nuclear force. Examples of hadrons include the proton and the neutron.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a hadron? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Apple directly sub-contracts hardware production to external OEM companies, maintaining a high degree of control over the end product. The iPhone contains most of the hardware parts of a typical modern smartphone. Some hardware elements, such as 3D Touch and the Taptic Engine, are unique to the iPhone. The main hardware of the iPhone is the touchscreen, with current models offering screens of 4.7 inches and larger. All iPhones include a rear-facing camera; the front-facing camera dates back to the iPhone 4. The iPhone 7 Plus introduced multiple lenses to the rear-facing camera. A range of sensors are also included on the device, such as a proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, accelerometer, gyroscopic sensor, magnetometer, facial recognition sensor or fingerprint sensor (depending on the model) and barometer. In 2022, Apple added satellite communications to the iPhone, with the release of the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro. From the passage provided, extract the year when iPhones first came with satellite communications.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "iPhones first came with satellite communications in 2022 with the release of the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Apple directly sub-contracts hardware production to external OEM companies, maintaining a high degree of control over the end product. The iPhone contains most of the hardware parts of a typical modern smartphone. Some hardware elements, such as 3D Touch and the Taptic Engine, are unique to the iPhone. The main hardware of the iPhone is the touchscreen, with current models offering screens of 4.7 inches and larger. All iPhones include a rear-facing camera; the front-facing camera dates back to the iPhone 4. The iPhone 7 Plus introduced multiple lenses to the rear-facing camera. A range of sensors are also included on the device, such as a proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, accelerometer, gyroscopic sensor, magnetometer, facial recognition sensor or fingerprint sensor (depending on the model) and barometer. In 2022, Apple added satellite communications to the iPhone, with the release of the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro. From the passage provided, extract the year when iPhones first came with satellite communications. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "A swim brief or racing brief is any briefs-style male swimsuit such as those worn in competitive swimming, diving and water polo. The popularity of the Australian Speedo brand racing brief has led to the use of its name in many countries around the world to refer to any racing brief, regardless of the maker. Occasionally, the speedo genericized trademark is applied to square cut swimsuits,[citation needed] but in general the generic term is used in reference to swimming briefs. Swim briefs are also referred to as competition briefs, swimming trunks, bathers, togs, racer bathers, posing briefs, racing briefs, and colloquially in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as \"budgie smugglers\".\n\nLike underwear briefs, swim briefs feature a triangular shaped front and a solid back providing form-fitting coverage. They typically are worn below the lower waist. They are generally secured by thin banding at the upper thighs, and a drawstring around the waist and/or an elastic waistband. Swim briefs are often made of a nylon and spandex (Lycra) composite, while some longer-lasting suits are made from polyester and still others from other materials. Most swim briefs have a beige or white front lining made of a similar fabric. Given the paragraph, what is the term budgie smuggler colloquially use to describe?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In Australia, New Zealand and United Kingdom a \"budgie smuggler\" is used to describe a swimming brief",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| A swim brief or racing brief is any briefs-style male swimsuit such as those worn in competitive swimming, diving and water polo. The popularity of the Australian Speedo brand racing brief has led to the use of its name in many countries around the world to refer to any racing brief, regardless of the maker. Occasionally, the speedo genericized trademark is applied to square cut swimsuits,[citation needed] but in general the generic term is used in reference to swimming briefs. Swim briefs are also referred to as competition briefs, swimming trunks, bathers, togs, racer bathers, posing briefs, racing briefs, and colloquially in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as "budgie smugglers".
Like underwear briefs, swim briefs feature a triangular shaped front and a solid back providing form-fitting coverage. They typically are worn below the lower waist. They are generally secured by thin banding at the upper thighs, and a drawstring around the waist and/or an elastic waistband. Swim briefs are often made of a nylon and spandex (Lycra) composite, while some longer-lasting suits are made from polyester and still others from other materials. Most swim briefs have a beige or white front lining made of a similar fabric. Given the paragraph, what is the term budgie smuggler colloquially use to describe? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name the novel for which Douglas Stuart won the Booker.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Shuggie Bain",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name the novel for which Douglas Stuart won the Booker. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes, and fruiting \"cones\" and heads. Banksias range in size from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. They are found in a wide variety of landscapes: sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts. Given the reference text about the genus Banksia, tell me how many species of Banksia there are and what size they can grow to.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are around 170 species of Banksia. Banksias range in size from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes, and fruiting "cones" and heads. Banksias range in size from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. They are found in a wide variety of landscapes: sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts. Given the reference text about the genus Banksia, tell me how many species of Banksia there are and what size they can grow to. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What's the best way to learn how to snowboard?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are many options available to learn how to snowboard. You can seek out professional lessons from an instructor, often available at your local ski resort. You can also read articles online, or watch online videos from professional instructors. Another option would be to get lessons from a friend who's snowboarded for a long time. While this can be an easy and inexpensive option, it may not be as effective as learning from a professional. Friends who snowboard may know how to snowboard well, but, they may not be great instructors. Plus, it's often easy to get frustrated with people you know really well. You can avoid those headaches by getting a professional lesson. It will reduce your stress level and likely make you a better snowboarder in a shorter period of time. Have fun on the slopes and stay safe!",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What's the best way to learn how to snowboard? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Dance is an art form consisting of sequences of body movements with aesthetic and often symbolic value, either improvised or purposefully selected.[nb 1] Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, done simultaneously with music or with instruments; or by its historical period or place of origin. How would you describe Dance?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dance is an art consisting of precision sequence of body movements either improvised or intentionally selected. Dance can be described by the category of choreography and repertoire of movements done simultaneously with music or with instruments. It can also be defined by its historical period or place of origin. Students studying the performing art of dance often attend a Dance conservatory or university. An example of a highly regarded dance conservatory is Point Park University in Pittsburgh, Pa.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Dance is an art form consisting of sequences of body movements with aesthetic and often symbolic value, either improvised or purposefully selected.[nb 1] Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, done simultaneously with music or with instruments; or by its historical period or place of origin. How would you describe Dance? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What's a relaxing activity to do when visiting Seoul, South Korea?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Secret Garden guided tour is a tranquil stroll through the Changdeokgung palace in Seoul. Featuring pavilions and several ponds, you can explore the grounds once walked upon by princes and kings. In addition to a reservation for a guided tour, you will also need a ticket into the palace that can be purchased separately. Reservations may be made online or on-site, but reserving online will provide more timeframes and a better guarantee of entrance on your desired day.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What's a relaxing activity to do when visiting Seoul, South Korea? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of the following are ice cream toppings and which are salad dressings: thousand island, chocolate sauce, hot fudge, balsamic vinaigrette, whipped cream, and Caesar.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The ice cream toppings are chocolate sauce, hot fudge, and whipped cream. The salad dressings are thousand island, balsamic vinaigrette, and Caesar.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of the following are ice cream toppings and which are salad dressings: thousand island, chocolate sauce, hot fudge, balsamic vinaigrette, whipped cream, and Caesar. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "How to decide what type of dog you want to purchase or adopt?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You should make sure you pick a dog that best suits your lifestyle. Size, activity, age and breed all play a factor in the type of furry friend you want to keep around. Bigger dogs tend to require more space and more time outside to release their energy, otherwise, you'll see it unleashed inside your home. Smaller dogs tend to be more manageable but just be careful not to sit on them. If you have an active lifestyle, you'll likely want to keep to a dog that will also be happy to be outside and run around. If you tend to stay in more, a less active/older dog could be better suited for you.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How to decide what type of dog you want to purchase or adopt? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the movie The Airzone Solution",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Airzone Solution (stylized as The AirZone Solution?), is a 1993 British sci-fi-thriller film, produced by BBV. It was written by Nicholas Briggs and directed by Bill Baggs. It stars Colin Baker, Nicola Bryant, Peter Davison, Sylvester McCoy, Jon Pertwee and Heather Tracy.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the movie The Airzone Solution |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the difference between an alligator and a crocodile?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alligators and crocodiles have many similarities, including both having short legs, powerful tails, and long snouts, but there are also a number of ways to tell them apart. First, they are usually found in different locations, with alligators preferring freshwater areas and crocodiles being found in saltwater habitats. Second, their snouts are shaped differently, with alligators having a broad, U-shaped snout, where the snout of crocodiles is more narrow and V-shaped. You can often see some of the bottom teeth on a crocodile, even when its mouth is shut, but not on an alligator. Finally, alligators usually appear to be more black or dark gray, with crocodiles appearing more tan or olive.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the difference between an alligator and a crocodile? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How should I maintain my bicycle?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Keep your bicycle clean. Most important of all, keep your bicycle’s drivetrain clean. A bicycle’s drivetrain is the chain, chainrings and pulleys which make the rear wheel turn. If you can, wipe down the drivetrain with a cleaning lubricant made for bicycle drivetrains after each long ride, or every other short ride. Doing so will ensure that your ride is noticeably more enjoyable. Shifting will remain smooth and reliable, and pedaling will be easier. Dirty drivetrains are squeaky and loud. Your clean drivetrain will be nice and quiet. Your clean drivetrain will also last much longer since you are regularly cleaning away the dirt and other road grit and sweat which collects in the chain and grinds away everything it touches. If you are unable to maintain your bicycle, take it to the local bike shop at least once a year for maintenance and tune up. You won’t regret it.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How should I maintain my bicycle? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Are electric vehicles better for the environment than cars powered by fossil fuels?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The rise of electric vehicles (or EVs) has been fueled by many factors -- including innovation, acceleration, design and tax breaks -- but the underlying assumption that electric vehicles are less harmful to the environment and may even mitigate global warming has been a primary motivator for hundreds of thousands of buyers.\n\nDespite the virtuous aura of owning an electric vehicle, the jury is still out on whether EVs have a net positive impact on the environment or will do anything to curtail climate change. That's because, while the experience of driving an EV may feel like a zero-compromise embrace of green energy, the vast industrial network needed to build and power EVs diminishes the halo effect. On the other hand, the fossil fuels that power traditional vehicles are definitely contributing to global warming and leave the world vulnerable to oil shocks and pressure from oil-producing countries. \n\nWhether EVs are better or worse for the environment is still to be determined. But a more insidious trend is the growing size and power of electric vehicles. Smaller vehicles, traveling fewer miles, represents a proven formula for reducing emissions and reversing climate change. But already, we're seeing the advent of electric trucks and SUVs, which are heavier, loaded with bells and whistles so they require more and more power to move people around. Coupled with the problem of drivers feeling like their EV gives them the right to drive as much as they want and you can see a reality emerging where the problem of Americans driving giant gas guzzlers is being replaced with American driving giant, power-sucking EVs. And that's leading us even faster down the road to environmental disaster.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Are electric vehicles better for the environment than cars powered by fossil fuels? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Provide a bulleted list of things to think about when buying a house",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The following are things to think about when buying a house:\n1. Location\n2. Purchase price and mortgage rates\n3. Floor Plan / Layout\n4. Design / Finishings\n5. Garage space\n6. Storage space\n7. How long one plans to live there\n8. Property taxes\n9. Insurance rates\n10. Maintenance costs",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Provide a bulleted list of things to think about when buying a house |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Hallmarking dates back to the 14th century when Edward I of England passed a law requiring any item made of silver, which was offered for sale to be at least of equal quality as that of the coin of the realm (silver currency). The four wardens of the Goldsmiths’ Company were tasked with visiting workshops in the City of London to assay (test) silver articles. If these articles were found to be below standard they were originally forfeit to the king, but if they passed, each article received the king's mark of authentication which was the mark of a leopard's head. By 1478, there were several hundred workshops and merchants manufacturing silver articles in the City of London. It was not possible for the wardens to visit them all so the merchants were ordered to bring their items to Goldsmiths’ Hall for testing and marking and a permanent assay office was established in the building. This is the origin of the term hallmark – struck with the king's mark at Goldsmiths’ Hall.\n\nIn 1544 the Goldsmith's Company adopted the king's mark as their town mark and the mark of the leopard's head is now internationally recognized as the mark of this assay office. From the passage provided, extract when hallmarking was first observed in England.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hallmarking was first observed in England in the 14th century.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Hallmarking dates back to the 14th century when Edward I of England passed a law requiring any item made of silver, which was offered for sale to be at least of equal quality as that of the coin of the realm (silver currency). The four wardens of the Goldsmiths’ Company were tasked with visiting workshops in the City of London to assay (test) silver articles. If these articles were found to be below standard they were originally forfeit to the king, but if they passed, each article received the king's mark of authentication which was the mark of a leopard's head. By 1478, there were several hundred workshops and merchants manufacturing silver articles in the City of London. It was not possible for the wardens to visit them all so the merchants were ordered to bring their items to Goldsmiths’ Hall for testing and marking and a permanent assay office was established in the building. This is the origin of the term hallmark – struck with the king's mark at Goldsmiths’ Hall.
In 1544 the Goldsmith's Company adopted the king's mark as their town mark and the mark of the leopard's head is now internationally recognized as the mark of this assay office. From the passage provided, extract when hallmarking was first observed in England. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Anzad, Alto flute",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alto flute is woodwind, Anzad is string.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Anzad, Alto flute |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What wine is the Oregon Willamette Valley known for?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Oregon's Willamette Valley is known best for producing renowned Pinot Noirs.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What wine is the Oregon Willamette Valley known for? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What would the fantasy city look like",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "An ideal city is a city by the water, full of bike lanes, art galleries, art workshops, coffee shops, wine bars and outdoor courtyards where people linger for hours as the times stays still. An ideal city has no notion of time other than the sun going up and going down.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What would the fantasy city look like |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are five cities in the state of North Carolina?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Five cities in North Carolina are Charlotte, Raleigh, Boone, Durham, and Asheville.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are five cities in the state of North Carolina? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "From November 17 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, Shockley proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Julius Edgar Lilienfeld's patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a \"grid\" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. To acknowledge this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain jointly received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\". Given the this paragraph about the invention of transistors, why did lawyers at Bell Labs advise Shockley against filing a patent for his field-effect transistors?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The idea had previously been proposed and patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| From November 17 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, Shockley proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Julius Edgar Lilienfeld's patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. To acknowledge this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain jointly received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". Given the this paragraph about the invention of transistors, why did lawyers at Bell Labs advise Shockley against filing a patent for his field-effect transistors? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Skydiving includes free falling (usually from an airplane) through the air prior to opening a parachute. Typically skydives are carried out from around 4,000m (or 12,500ft) offering 40 to 50 seconds of freefall time. Longer free fall times can be achieved by exiting an aircraft at altitudes much higher than 4,000m, but very high jumps require pressurized air within the aircraft, and bottled oxygen for the diver. Given this paragraph about skydiving, give me the average time skydiver spends in freefall.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Typically skydives are carried out from around 4,000m (or 12,500ft) offering 40 to 50 seconds of freefall time.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Skydiving includes free falling (usually from an airplane) through the air prior to opening a parachute. Typically skydives are carried out from around 4,000m (or 12,500ft) offering 40 to 50 seconds of freefall time. Longer free fall times can be achieved by exiting an aircraft at altitudes much higher than 4,000m, but very high jumps require pressurized air within the aircraft, and bottled oxygen for the diver. Given this paragraph about skydiving, give me the average time skydiver spends in freefall. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as a drink or food: coffee, apple, water, soda, banana, pineapple, champagne",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Coffee: Drink\nApple: Food\nWater: Drink\nSoda: Drink\nBanana: Food\nPineapple: Food\nChampagne: Drink",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as a drink or food: coffee, apple, water, soda, banana, pineapple, champagne |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the four standard sizes of beds in the United States?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "From smallest to largest, the four bed sizes are twin, full, queen, and king.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the four standard sizes of beds in the United States? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Fyre Festival was a fraudulent luxury music festival founded by con artist Billy McFarland and rapper Ja Rule. It was created with the intent of promoting the company's Fyre app for booking music talent. The festival was scheduled to take place on April 28–30 and May 5–7, 2017, on the Bahamian island of Great Exuma. Given this paragraph about Fyre Festival, would you say that it was a successful event?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, Fyre Festival was a fraudulent luxury music festival founded by con artist Billy McFarland and rapper Ja Rule",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Fyre Festival was a fraudulent luxury music festival founded by con artist Billy McFarland and rapper Ja Rule. It was created with the intent of promoting the company's Fyre app for booking music talent. The festival was scheduled to take place on April 28–30 and May 5–7, 2017, on the Bahamian island of Great Exuma. Given this paragraph about Fyre Festival, would you say that it was a successful event? |
classification | [
{
"content": "where is Shelburne?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Shelburne lies at the southwest corner of Nova Scotia, at roughly the same latitude as Portland, Maine in the United States. The Mi'kmaq call the large and well-sheltered harbour Logumkeegan or Sogumkeagum.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| where is Shelburne? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of these sports involve a ball: swimming, baseball, javelin, hockey, cycling, high jump, tennis, , netball, basketball, and handball.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hockey, tennis, baseball, basketball, netball, and handball involve a ball. High jump, javelin, swimming, and cycling do not involve a ball.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of these sports involve a ball: swimming, baseball, javelin, hockey, cycling, high jump, tennis, , netball, basketball, and handball. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "In the comic book series Calvin and Hobbes, who are Calvin and Hobbes named after?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Author Bill Watterson named Calvin after French theologian John Calvin and Hobbes after English philosopher Thomas Hobbes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In the comic book series Calvin and Hobbes, who are Calvin and Hobbes named after? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Alfred Jingle appears in which Dickens novel",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Pickwick Papers",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Alfred Jingle appears in which Dickens novel |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What do you think a conversation between two AI bots would look like?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "I do not know but I would like to imagine the two bots are both trained on enormous corpse of data available online. If the datasets are different, the conversation could go very interesting and unexpected for humans ways. The common ML algorithms might be similar or shared so I wonder if the reasoning behind the bots will be similar and a pattern could be drawn on them.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What do you think a conversation between two AI bots would look like? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Mariano Sánchez Martínez (born 28 January 1978) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.\n\nHe appeared in 108 Segunda División games over three seasons, scoring two goals for Cartagena.\n\nClub career\nBorn in San Pedro del Pinatar, Region of Murcia, Sánchez did not reach the Segunda División B until he was 26, in 2004, arriving at CD Alcoyano from amateurs AD Mar Menor-San Javier. In the following year he moved to another club at that level, FC Cartagena, helping it promote to Segunda División in his fourth season.\n\nSánchez made his debut in the competition on 29 August 2009 at the age of 31 years and seven months, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Girona FC. He scored his first league goal on 22 May 2010 in the 3–5 home loss to Levante UD, and never appeared in less than 34 league matches during his three seasons in that tier, suffering relegation in his last and renewing his contract for a further two years in June 2012.\n\nOn 14 May 2014, the 36-year-old Sánchez announced he would retire at the end of the campaign while hoping to help his team promote, which eventually did not befell.\n\nPersonal life\nSánchez rejected an offer to play youth football for Real Murcia when he was 18, after deciding to move to Madrid to study architecture. Not being able to enter Real Madrid's youth system, he chose to retire from football.\n\nAfter his playing days, Sánchez continued to work as an architect. Still as an active player, he was the figurehead behind the creation of the sports complex Pinatar Arena, in his hometown. Is he still an active football player?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, he retired at the age of 36 on May 14, 2014. However he is still working as an architect which he studied during his graduation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Mariano Sánchez Martínez (born 28 January 1978) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
He appeared in 108 Segunda División games over three seasons, scoring two goals for Cartagena.
Club career
Born in San Pedro del Pinatar, Region of Murcia, Sánchez did not reach the Segunda División B until he was 26, in 2004, arriving at CD Alcoyano from amateurs AD Mar Menor-San Javier. In the following year he moved to another club at that level, FC Cartagena, helping it promote to Segunda División in his fourth season.
Sánchez made his debut in the competition on 29 August 2009 at the age of 31 years and seven months, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Girona FC. He scored his first league goal on 22 May 2010 in the 3–5 home loss to Levante UD, and never appeared in less than 34 league matches during his three seasons in that tier, suffering relegation in his last and renewing his contract for a further two years in June 2012.
On 14 May 2014, the 36-year-old Sánchez announced he would retire at the end of the campaign while hoping to help his team promote, which eventually did not befell.
Personal life
Sánchez rejected an offer to play youth football for Real Murcia when he was 18, after deciding to move to Madrid to study architecture. Not being able to enter Real Madrid's youth system, he chose to retire from football.
After his playing days, Sánchez continued to work as an architect. Still as an active player, he was the figurehead behind the creation of the sports complex Pinatar Arena, in his hometown. Is he still an active football player? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Pfizer (2021).svg\nCorporate logo since 2021\nPfizer World Headquarters Entrance.jpg\nHeadquarters on 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan\nType\tPublic\nTraded as\t\nNYSE: PFE\nS&P 100 component\nS&P 500 component\nIndustry\t\nPharmaceutical\nBiotechnology\nFounded\t1849; 174 years ago in New York City\nFounders\t\nCharles Pfizer\nCharles F. Erhart\nHeadquarters\tNew York City, U.S.\nArea served\tWorldwide\nKey people\tAlbert Bourla (CEO)\nProducts\t\nPharmaceutical drugsvaccines\nRevenue\tIncrease US$100.3 billion (2022)\nOperating income\tIncrease US$31.40 billion (2022)\nNet income\tIncrease US$31.37 billion (2022)\nTotal assets\tIncrease US$197.2 billion (2022)\nTotal equity\tIncrease US$95.66 billion (2022)\nNumber of employees\tc. 83,000 (2022) Extract the stock ticker from the following text",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "NYSE: PFE",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Pfizer (2021).svg
Corporate logo since 2021
Pfizer World Headquarters Entrance.jpg
Headquarters on 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan
Type Public
Traded as
NYSE: PFE
S&P 100 component
S&P 500 component
Industry
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
Founded 1849; 174 years ago in New York City
Founders
Charles Pfizer
Charles F. Erhart
Headquarters New York City, U.S.
Area served Worldwide
Key people Albert Bourla (CEO)
Products
Pharmaceutical drugsvaccines
Revenue Increase US$100.3 billion (2022)
Operating income Increase US$31.40 billion (2022)
Net income Increase US$31.37 billion (2022)
Total assets Increase US$197.2 billion (2022)
Total equity Increase US$95.66 billion (2022)
Number of employees c. 83,000 (2022) Extract the stock ticker from the following text |
summarization | [
{
"content": "According to the Global Competitiveness Report of 2019, Morocco Ranked 32nd in the world in terms of Roads, 16th in Sea, 45th in Air and 64th in Railways. This gives Morocco the best infrastructure rankings in the African continent.\n\nModern infrastructure development, such as ports, airports, and rail links, is a top government priority. To meet the growing domestic demand, the Moroccan government invested more than $15 billion from 2010 to 2015 in upgrading its basic infrastructure.\n\nMorocco has one of the best road systems on the continent. Over the past 20 years, the government has built approximately 1770 kilometers of modern roads, connecting most major cities via toll expressways. The Moroccan Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics, and Water aims to build an additional 3380 kilometers of expressway and 2100 kilometers of highway by 2030, at an expected cost of $9.6 billion. It focuses on linking the southern provinces, notably the cities of Laayoune and Dakhla to the rest of Morocco.\n\nIn 2014, Morocco began the construction of the first high-speed railway system in Africa linking the cities of Tangiers and Casablanca. It was inaugurated in 2018 by the King following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the first phase of what is planned to eventually be a 1,500 kilometeres (930 mi) high-speed rail network in Morocco. An extension of the line to Marrakesh is already being planned.\n\nMorocco also has the largest port in Africa and the Mediterranean called Tanger-Med, which is ranked the 18th in the world with a handling capacity of over 9 million containers. It is situated in the Tangiers free economic zone and serves as a logistics hub for Africa and the world. What's the Moroccan infrastructure ?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Morocco has the best infrastructure in Africa.Morocco is ranked 32 in the world in terms of Roads, 16th in Sea , 45th in Air and 64 in Railways. A High-speed railway system was inaugurated in 2018. It's linking the cities of Tangiers and Casablanca. An extension of the line is already planned.\nMorocco has also the largest port in Africa called Tanger Med. It's ranked 18th in the world.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| According to the Global Competitiveness Report of 2019, Morocco Ranked 32nd in the world in terms of Roads, 16th in Sea, 45th in Air and 64th in Railways. This gives Morocco the best infrastructure rankings in the African continent.
Modern infrastructure development, such as ports, airports, and rail links, is a top government priority. To meet the growing domestic demand, the Moroccan government invested more than $15 billion from 2010 to 2015 in upgrading its basic infrastructure.
Morocco has one of the best road systems on the continent. Over the past 20 years, the government has built approximately 1770 kilometers of modern roads, connecting most major cities via toll expressways. The Moroccan Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics, and Water aims to build an additional 3380 kilometers of expressway and 2100 kilometers of highway by 2030, at an expected cost of $9.6 billion. It focuses on linking the southern provinces, notably the cities of Laayoune and Dakhla to the rest of Morocco.
In 2014, Morocco began the construction of the first high-speed railway system in Africa linking the cities of Tangiers and Casablanca. It was inaugurated in 2018 by the King following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the first phase of what is planned to eventually be a 1,500 kilometeres (930 mi) high-speed rail network in Morocco. An extension of the line to Marrakesh is already being planned.
Morocco also has the largest port in Africa and the Mediterranean called Tanger-Med, which is ranked the 18th in the world with a handling capacity of over 9 million containers. It is situated in the Tangiers free economic zone and serves as a logistics hub for Africa and the world. What's the Moroccan infrastructure ? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "In Sweden, as well as Norway, a trollkors or troll cross is a bent piece of iron worn as an amulet to ward off malevolent magic, allegedly stemming from medieval Sweden. According to those claiming its authenticity it represented the Norse symbol of protection; thus if a Norseman wore this symbol, they believed that chances of falling into danger would decrease. However, although commonly thought of as a part of Swedish folklore, it was first created—as an item of jewelry—by the smith Kari Erlands from western Dalarna, sometime in the late 1990s. It was claimed to have been a copy of a protective rune found at her grandparents' farm, but this has not been verified. While it does bear some resemblance to the othala rune in Elder Futhark and Anglo-Saxon runic writing systems, it is more likely that Erlands mistook a Bumerke for a protective symbol. Based on the given text, please tell me which region and country a Troll Cross originated in, and what its intent is.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Troll Cross originated in the western Dalarna region of Sweden. It is worn as an amulet or piece of jewelry to ward off malevolent magic.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In Sweden, as well as Norway, a trollkors or troll cross is a bent piece of iron worn as an amulet to ward off malevolent magic, allegedly stemming from medieval Sweden. According to those claiming its authenticity it represented the Norse symbol of protection; thus if a Norseman wore this symbol, they believed that chances of falling into danger would decrease. However, although commonly thought of as a part of Swedish folklore, it was first created—as an item of jewelry—by the smith Kari Erlands from western Dalarna, sometime in the late 1990s. It was claimed to have been a copy of a protective rune found at her grandparents' farm, but this has not been verified. While it does bear some resemblance to the othala rune in Elder Futhark and Anglo-Saxon runic writing systems, it is more likely that Erlands mistook a Bumerke for a protective symbol. Based on the given text, please tell me which region and country a Troll Cross originated in, and what its intent is. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the qualities of a good manager?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Qualities that make a good manager could vary. Different managers bring different things to the table in different situations to help the team and company. Here are a few qualities that are generally useful:\n1. Hiring: Primary job for a manager is to build a good team which is not possible without hiring the team.\n2. Building trust: It's important for a manager to build trust with each individual on their team but also within the team members themselves to create a culture for collaboration\n3. Problem solving: Managers must be able to recognize problems and help the team find resolutions either by directly helping them or finding the right help for the team\n4. Prioritization: Teams often have more work than they have people and managers play a critical role in prioritizing tasks to ensure the higher impact tasks are done first.\n5. Flexibility: Managers must be willing to play different roles as the situation demands it ranging from hands on domain expertise to conflict resolution to culture builder.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the qualities of a good manager? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is called a Capital charge in finance?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "If a unit trust manager takes the management charges out of the fund's capital instead of the income it has generated, it is called a capital charge.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is called a Capital charge in finance? |
classification | [
{
"content": "What are some popular movies from the 1980s?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Some popular movies that were released in the 1980s are Sixteen Candles, The Breakfast Club, Pretty in Pink, Scarface, The Outsiders, Heathers, Stand By Me, ET, The Princess Bride, The Terminator, Aliens, Friday the 13th, St. Elmo's Fire, Children of the Corn, Grease 2, Purple Rain, Clue, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Lucas, Gremlins, Better Off Dead and Some Kind of Wonderful",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some popular movies from the 1980s? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Can you explain the Keto diet and ketosis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The keto diet, short for the ketogenic diet, focuses on high-fat and low-carbohydrate consumption in order to achieve a state of ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state in which fat stores in the liver produce ketones to use as energy instead of glucose from carbohydrates. The idea here is to force the body to burn fat for energy instead of carbs, which contributes to weight loss and other healthy effects such as enhanced blood sugar and energy levels. It is worth noting that this diet requires a lifestyle that is often difficult to maintain and breaking it can lead to adverse effects. Some professionals advocate for moderation, balance and regular exercise rather than attempting to maintain ketosis.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can you explain the Keto diet and ketosis? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is a procedural software cost estimation model developed by Barry W. Boehm. The model parameters are derived from fitting a regression formula using data from historical projects (63 projects for COCOMO 81 and 163 projects for COCOMO II). What is COCOMO",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "COCOMO is a software cost/effort estimation tool built on regression algorithm",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is a procedural software cost estimation model developed by Barry W. Boehm. The model parameters are derived from fitting a regression formula using data from historical projects (63 projects for COCOMO 81 and 163 projects for COCOMO II). What is COCOMO |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Riot Games' single player game that was released in 2021?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ruined King: A League of Legends Story",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Riot Games' single player game that was released in 2021? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "On 17 March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russian Commissioner for Children's Rights, alleging responsibility for the unlawful deportation and transfer of children during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The warrant against Putin is the first against the leader of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.\n\nThe 123 member states of the ICC are obliged to detain and transfer Putin and Lvova-Belova if either sets foot on their territory. Who is responsible for deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "President of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russian Commissioner for Children's Rights are directly responsible the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This crime against humanity along with many other atrocities (like Bucha massacre) has been committed by Russians during the Russian invasion of Ukraine that started on February 24, 2022.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| On 17 March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russian Commissioner for Children's Rights, alleging responsibility for the unlawful deportation and transfer of children during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The warrant against Putin is the first against the leader of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.
The 123 member states of the ICC are obliged to detain and transfer Putin and Lvova-Belova if either sets foot on their territory. Who is responsible for deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Port of Hamina-Kotka (Finnish Hamina-Kotkan satama) is a major seaport in Kotka and Hamina in Kymenlaakso, Finland, on the northern shore of Gulf of Finland. After its creation by merging the ports of Kotka and Hamina in 2011, the Port of Hamina-Kotka has become Finland's biggest port. It serves containers, liquid and dry bulk, gas, RoRo cargo and project shipments and is important for Finnish export industries and transit traffic to Russia. The main export goods in addition to liquid and dry bulk are paper and pulp.\n\nThe Port of Hamina-Kotka is operated by HaminaKotka Satama Oy, a limited liability company founded in 2011 owned by the towns of Kotka (60%) and Hamina (40%). It consists of six ports:\n\nPort of Hamina, Hamina\nPort of Mussalo, Kotka\nHietanen, Kotka\nHietanen Etelä (Puolanlaituri), Kotka\nKantasatama, Kotka\nPort of Sunila, Kotka\nThere are frequent connections to ports of Gothenburg, Tallinn, Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Tilbury, Hull, St. Petersburg and Antwerp.\n\nKotka Harbour is also a railway station and terminus of the railway between Kouvola and Kotka. What are the six ports that make up the port of Hamina-Kotka?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Port of Hamina, Hamina\nPort of Mussalo, Kotka\nHietanen, Kotka\nHietanen Etelä (Puolanlaituri), Kotka\nKantasatama, Kotka\nPort of Sunila, Kotka",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Port of Hamina-Kotka (Finnish Hamina-Kotkan satama) is a major seaport in Kotka and Hamina in Kymenlaakso, Finland, on the northern shore of Gulf of Finland. After its creation by merging the ports of Kotka and Hamina in 2011, the Port of Hamina-Kotka has become Finland's biggest port. It serves containers, liquid and dry bulk, gas, RoRo cargo and project shipments and is important for Finnish export industries and transit traffic to Russia. The main export goods in addition to liquid and dry bulk are paper and pulp.
The Port of Hamina-Kotka is operated by HaminaKotka Satama Oy, a limited liability company founded in 2011 owned by the towns of Kotka (60%) and Hamina (40%). It consists of six ports:
Port of Hamina, Hamina
Port of Mussalo, Kotka
Hietanen, Kotka
Hietanen Etelä (Puolanlaituri), Kotka
Kantasatama, Kotka
Port of Sunila, Kotka
There are frequent connections to ports of Gothenburg, Tallinn, Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Tilbury, Hull, St. Petersburg and Antwerp.
Kotka Harbour is also a railway station and terminus of the railway between Kouvola and Kotka. What are the six ports that make up the port of Hamina-Kotka? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the name of the wine that can only be named for its specific growing location in France?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Champagne is the only type of wine that can use that name if it is grown and produced in Champagne, France.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the name of the wine that can only be named for its specific growing location in France? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of different types of cold coffee beverages.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Blended (also known as frappe)\n- Cà phê đen (Vietnamese iced coffee)\n- Cold brew\n- Iced coffee\n- Iced espresso\n- Iced latte (with or without flavoring)\n- Nitro cold brew",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of different types of cold coffee beverages. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as a French or Italian company: Campari, Dior, Hermes, Ferrari, Prada",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Campari: Italian\nDior: French\nHermes: French\nFerrari: Italian\nPrada: Italian",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as a French or Italian company: Campari, Dior, Hermes, Ferrari, Prada |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who is Ali G?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ali G is a fictional character created and performed by Sacha Baron Cohen. In fiction, he grew up in Staines, and was part of a group called \"Da West Staines Massiv\" He is depicted as a British stereotype of suburban chav acting in a way that they think is typical of black people. Ali G first appeared in a TV series called The 11 O'Clock Show where he would interview famous people who do not realise they are being set up. Due to his popularity, a standalone TV series called Da Ali G Show and a film Ali G Indahouse were also created.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is Ali G? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa, the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. Due to migration and imperial expansion, it grew to include many other primarily Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities, including Amhara, Oromos, Somalis, Tigray, Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw and Harari, among others. One of the first kingdoms to rise to power in the territory was the kingdom of D'mt in the 10th century BC, which established its capital at Yeha. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the Red Sea, subjugating Yemen and Meroe. In the early fourth century, during the reign of Ezana, Christianity was declared the state religion. Ezana's reign is also when the Aksumites first identified themselves as \"Ethiopians\", and not long after, Philostorgius became the first foreign author to call the Aksumites Ethiopians. The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum. It eventually became isolated, its economy slumped and Aksum's commercial domination of the region ended. The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at Lalibela before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it to dominate the Horn of Africa. Portuguese missionaries arrived at this time Please give me a short bulleted list of key points about Ethiopia?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Ethiopia is one of the older countries in Africa.\n- In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum\n- During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa, the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. Due to migration and imperial expansion, it grew to include many other primarily Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities, including Amhara, Oromos, Somalis, Tigray, Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw and Harari, among others. One of the first kingdoms to rise to power in the territory was the kingdom of D'mt in the 10th century BC, which established its capital at Yeha. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the Red Sea, subjugating Yemen and Meroe. In the early fourth century, during the reign of Ezana, Christianity was declared the state religion. Ezana's reign is also when the Aksumites first identified themselves as "Ethiopians", and not long after, Philostorgius became the first foreign author to call the Aksumites Ethiopians. The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum. It eventually became isolated, its economy slumped and Aksum's commercial domination of the region ended. The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at Lalibela before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it to dominate the Horn of Africa. Portuguese missionaries arrived at this time Please give me a short bulleted list of key points about Ethiopia? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do banks make money?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Traditionally, banks accept deposits and loan that money to borrowers providing a time arbitrage on the velocity of money which regulates in profit. In more recent years, banks have diversified their profit centers by investing those deposits in fixed income securities. There has even been a proliferation of into multiple types of banks. Some of these banks include investment banks which transact in the capital markets pairing investors with capital seeking counterparties. The most innovative banks are starting to see how data can become a profit center as well as allow them to provide a better customer experience.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do banks make money? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which is a bird or fish: Blackcap, Black swallower",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Black swallower is a fish, Blackcap is a bird",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which is a bird or fish: Blackcap, Black swallower |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is lucid dream and how can someone learn to do it?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lucid dreaming is the ability to be consciously awake in your dreams. This allows you to make active decisions in your dreams and even shape the dream world. It is very useful for not just entertainment (e.g. who doesn't like to fly like a bird?) but also for self-help (e.g. practice facing your fears like public speaking) and discovery. To best way to get better at lucid dreaming is to keep a dream journal (writing down your dreams very morning). I also suggest you buy the original book \"Lucid Dreaming\" by Stephen LaBerge.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is lucid dream and how can someone learn to do it? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are common gaming consoles used to play video games?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Common gaming consoles used to play video games include personal computers, Xbox, and Playstation",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are common gaming consoles used to play video games? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who was the US president when WWII ended?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Harry S. Truman was the US president at the end of World War II",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who was the US president when WWII ended? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What things could a high school graduate do in a gap year between high school and college?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Go to community college, take different classes and see which subjects he likes.\n\nTravel / backpacking in a very different part of the world.\n\nGet a job, earn some money and get work experience.\n\nTake on a passion project and try to make it work.\n\nVolunteer at a non-profit in an area he might want to pursue as a career.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What things could a high school graduate do in a gap year between high school and college? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Ekwe, Balalaika",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Balalaika is string, Ekwe is percussion.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Ekwe, Balalaika |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How should I sleep train my baby?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Make sure the room is dark enough. If you hold out your hand at arm's length, you should not be able to see the outline of your fingers. Get a sound machine so that outside noises do not disturb them. Use a sleep sack or a swaddle as a safe method of keeping the baby warm. Lastly, maintain a consistent routine every night which may include reading books, giving a bath, feeding them milk, and/or singing a song.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How should I sleep train my baby? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "I do not trust you",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Oopss..i am trying my best to understand more details and trying to be more accurate day by day but I do understand that it may take some time to build trust with a machine learning model like myself. I can tell you that I do not have personal biases or agendas, and my response here is purely based on the information and context provided to me. \nI would love to see the statement to changing to \"I trust you\" :)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I do not trust you |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the words of House Fowler?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "\"Let Me Soar\"",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the words of House Fowler? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that the earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view \"uniformitarianism\" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was better accepted in Europe. The combination of evidence and eloquence in Principles convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of \"deep time\" for understanding the earth and environment. What is Sir Charles Lyell best known for?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sir Charles Lyell is best known as the author of Principles of Geology (1830-1833)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that the earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view "uniformitarianism" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was better accepted in Europe. The combination of evidence and eloquence in Principles convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "deep time" for understanding the earth and environment. What is Sir Charles Lyell best known for? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify these items as likely to be found in a bedroom vs likely to be found in a park: laptop, water glass, grass, trail, water, rocks, pillow, curtains.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Laptop, water glass, pillow and curtains are all more likely to be found in a bedroom.\n\nGrass, trail, and rocks are more likely to be found in a park.\n\nWater is likely to be found in a bedroom in a glass for drinking, but could also be found in a park in the form of a lake or stream.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify these items as likely to be found in a bedroom vs likely to be found in a park: laptop, water glass, grass, trail, water, rocks, pillow, curtains. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Pig, Arabian ostrich",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pig is domesticated, Arabian ostrich is wild",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Pig, Arabian ostrich |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Traditional dried fruit such as raisins, figs, dates, apricots and apples have been a staple of Mediterranean diets for millennia. This is due partly to their early cultivation in the Middle Eastern region known as the Fertile Crescent, made up by parts of modern Iran, Iraq, southwest Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and northern Egypt. Drying or dehydration also happened to be the earliest form of food preservation: grapes, dates, and figs that fell from the tree or vine would dry in the hot sun. Early hunter-gatherers observed that these fallen fruit took on an edible form, and valued them for their stability as well as their concentrated sweetness. \nThe earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes. These early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.\nThe date palm was one of the first cultivated trees. It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago. It grew abundantly in the Fertile Crescent and it was so productive (an average date palm produces 50 kg (100 lbs) of fruit a year for 60 years or more) that dates were the cheapest of staple foods. Because they were so valuable, they were well recorded in Assyrian and Babylonian monuments and temples. The villagers in Mesopotamia dried them and ate them as sweets. Whether fresh, soft-dried or hard-dried, they helped to give character to meat dishes and grain pies. They were valued by travelers for their energy and were recommended as stimulants against fatigue.\nFigs were also prized in early Mesopotamia, Palestine, Israel, and Egypt where their daily use was probably greater than or equal to that of dates. As well as appearing in wall paintings, many specimens have been found in Egyptian tombs as funerary offerings. In Greece and Crete, figs grew very readily and they were the staple of poor and rich alike, particularly in their dried form.\nGrape cultivation first began in Armenia and the eastern regions of the Mediterranean in the 4th century BC. Raisins were produced by drying grapes in the hot desert sun. Very quickly, viticulture and raisin production spread across northern Africa including Morocco and Tunisia. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians popularized the production of raisins, probably due to the perfect arid environment for sun drying. They put them in jars for storage and allotted them to the different temples by the thousands. They also added them to breads and various pastries, some made with honey, some with milk and eggs.\nFrom the Middle East, these fruits spread through Greece to Italy where they became a major part of the diet. Ancient Romans consumed raisins in spectacular quantities and at all levels of society, including them as a key part of their common meals, along with olives and fresh fruits. Raisined breads were common for breakfast and were consumed with their grains, beans, and cultured milks. Raisins were so valued that they transcended the food realm and became rewards for successful athletes, as well as premium barter currency.\nHaving dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: \"She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year.\"\nFigs were also extremely popular in Rome. Dried figs were added to bread and formed a major part of the winter food of country people. They were rubbed with spices such as cumin, anise and fennel seeds, or toasted sesame, wrapped in fig leaves and stored in jars. Today, major producing regions include Israel, Jerusalem, Gaza and many other Arabic countries. Dried figs are rich in vitamins, phosphorus and various other important minerals.\nPlums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices. What are the earliest records of dried fruits in history?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Traditional dried fruit such as raisins, figs, dates, apricots and apples have been a staple of Mediterranean diets for millennia. This is due partly to their early cultivation in the Middle Eastern region known as the Fertile Crescent, made up by parts of modern Iran, Iraq, southwest Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and northern Egypt. Drying or dehydration also happened to be the earliest form of food preservation: grapes, dates, and figs that fell from the tree or vine would dry in the hot sun. Early hunter-gatherers observed that these fallen fruit took on an edible form, and valued them for their stability as well as their concentrated sweetness.
The earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes. These early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.
The date palm was one of the first cultivated trees. It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago. It grew abundantly in the Fertile Crescent and it was so productive (an average date palm produces 50 kg (100 lbs) of fruit a year for 60 years or more) that dates were the cheapest of staple foods. Because they were so valuable, they were well recorded in Assyrian and Babylonian monuments and temples. The villagers in Mesopotamia dried them and ate them as sweets. Whether fresh, soft-dried or hard-dried, they helped to give character to meat dishes and grain pies. They were valued by travelers for their energy and were recommended as stimulants against fatigue.
Figs were also prized in early Mesopotamia, Palestine, Israel, and Egypt where their daily use was probably greater than or equal to that of dates. As well as appearing in wall paintings, many specimens have been found in Egyptian tombs as funerary offerings. In Greece and Crete, figs grew very readily and they were the staple of poor and rich alike, particularly in their dried form.
Grape cultivation first began in Armenia and the eastern regions of the Mediterranean in the 4th century BC. Raisins were produced by drying grapes in the hot desert sun. Very quickly, viticulture and raisin production spread across northern Africa including Morocco and Tunisia. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians popularized the production of raisins, probably due to the perfect arid environment for sun drying. They put them in jars for storage and allotted them to the different temples by the thousands. They also added them to breads and various pastries, some made with honey, some with milk and eggs.
From the Middle East, these fruits spread through Greece to Italy where they became a major part of the diet. Ancient Romans consumed raisins in spectacular quantities and at all levels of society, including them as a key part of their common meals, along with olives and fresh fruits. Raisined breads were common for breakfast and were consumed with their grains, beans, and cultured milks. Raisins were so valued that they transcended the food realm and became rewards for successful athletes, as well as premium barter currency.
Having dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: "She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year."
Figs were also extremely popular in Rome. Dried figs were added to bread and formed a major part of the winter food of country people. They were rubbed with spices such as cumin, anise and fennel seeds, or toasted sesame, wrapped in fig leaves and stored in jars. Today, major producing regions include Israel, Jerusalem, Gaza and many other Arabic countries. Dried figs are rich in vitamins, phosphorus and various other important minerals.
Plums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices. What are the earliest records of dried fruits in history? |
classification | [
{
"content": "What countries are these names most likely to be found among native-born citizens? John Smith, Elise Monet, Helmut Schneider, Jing Li, Raj Patel",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "England or United States, France, Germany, China, India",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What countries are these names most likely to be found among native-born citizens? John Smith, Elise Monet, Helmut Schneider, Jing Li, Raj Patel |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What city in Mexico is often referred to as San Pancho?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "San Francisco",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What city in Mexico is often referred to as San Pancho? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12.271.794 habitants on January 1, 2023, or about 19% of the population of France, making the region France's primate city. The Paris Region had a GDP of €739 billion ($743 billion) in 2019, the highest in Europe. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world. Extract the habitants for the Paris Region.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Paris region has 12,271,794 habitants.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12.271.794 habitants on January 1, 2023, or about 19% of the population of France, making the region France's primate city. The Paris Region had a GDP of €739 billion ($743 billion) in 2019, the highest in Europe. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world. Extract the habitants for the Paris Region. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Is social media good for you ?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are conflicting views on the impact of social media. On the positive end, social media has enabled stronger connections between humans, democratized media creation and access and become a source of entertainment for millions around the world. On the negative end, it has fostered division between people with differing opinions, used as a means to spread misinformation, contributed to self-esteem issues stemming from mischaracterization of life and contributed towards productivity loss.\n\nIn summary, it is safe to conclude that the benefits of social media outdo its negative impact.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is social media good for you ? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell if these are grown in trees or bushes: apples, strawberries, bananas, pineapples, coconut, raspberries, blueberries.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Apples: trees, strawberries: bushes, bananas: trees, pineapples: bushes, coconuts: trees, raspberries: bushes, blueberries: bushes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell if these are grown in trees or bushes: apples, strawberries, bananas, pineapples, coconut, raspberries, blueberries. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "In the series, A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Arryn?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Artys I Arryn",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In the series, A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Arryn? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as a professional golfer or professional football player: Jon Rahm, Patrick Mahomes, Tom Brady, Max Homa, Scottie Scheffler, Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy, Josh Allen, Jacoby Brissett.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jon Rahm is a professional golfer.\nPatrick Mahomes is a professional football player.\nTom Brady is a professional football player.\nMax Homa is a professional golfer.\nScottie Scheffler is a professional golfer.\nTiger Woods is a professional golfer.\nRory McIlroy is a professional golfer.\nJosh Allen is a professional football player.\nJacoby Brissett is a professional football player.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as a professional golfer or professional football player: Jon Rahm, Patrick Mahomes, Tom Brady, Max Homa, Scottie Scheffler, Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy, Josh Allen, Jacoby Brissett. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do you care for a pet?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It really depends on the type of pet. But generally, they require food, exercise, water, a place to live and sleep appropriate to their species, and attention. Some pets require more attention than others. For example, a turtle is probably pretty self-sufficient, while a border collie will expect significant interaction.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do you care for a pet? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Think up five popular cities to visit on vacation in the United States",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Five cities tourists like to visit are New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami and Chicago",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Think up five popular cities to visit on vacation in the United States |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Give me a one line summary of the story below: \n\nA long long time ago the Queen of Odisha heard that there was a master stone sculptor who made such stunning statues of the gods that people would weep from happiness at the beauty of the statues if they saw them. One summer day, while resting indolently with the King in the main hall of the royal palace, the Queen suddenly had a thought. \"How nice it would be, King, if we could build some beautiful statutes of Lord Jagannath so that the people can come worship Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subadhra. What do you think?\" \n\nThe King thought for a few minutes, and then nodded in agreement. \"What do you have in mind, my Queen?\" And so, soon the stone sculptor was summoned to appear before the Court for an appointment to build in his way the statutes of the gods. Soon the monsoon season started and the sculptor appeared in front of the court, awaiting his appointment. He was a humble man from the mountainous regions of Odisha. Even at his best-dressed, one couldn't help but notice his rough hands, and the small sprinkling of dust that seemed ever present in his hair. \n\nThe King and Queen graciously waited as the sculptor bowed and then asked \"Your majesties, what can I do for you?\" The Queen leaned forward in her throne and her voice rang out in the court \"We have heard, o Master Sculptor, of your skills from people far and wide across the Kingdom. We dream of having you put your skills to use to build beautiful statues that will represent Lord Jagannath, Subhadra, and Balabhadra for our people to worship.\"\n\nThe sculptor was silent. As his silence extended, ministers of the court began to feel restless. \"Speak up! How can you be silent when the Queen graces you so!\" But still, the sculptor was silent. \n\nThe King and Queen sat patiently in their thrones as they waited for the sculptor to respond. Perhaps the enormity of the task was too much. Perhaps, the sculptor was thinking of what he should ask for in return. Or even more, perhaps, the sculptor was awed and honored by the request. \n\nAt last, as the shadows from the late afternoon sun began to stretch across the floors of the hall, the sculptor shifted his weight, and opened his mouth to speak. \"Your majesties, you grace me with such a request, I cannot help but oblige. It is an honor.\" At this, the Queen sat as straight as a rod, listening for the words that would come next. \"But, I can do this on one condition only. I will work in a closed hall, where none may enter - regardless of whether they can hear me working or otherwise. None may enter until I open the doors from within and proclaim to all that the statues are completed.\"\n\nThe ministers gasped - what a strange request from this man. Was he a fool? What if he just slept and ate and didn't do any work? How could the King and Queen trust that he would do the work he was promising to do? The Queen looked on thoughtfully. She glanced at the King, and it seemed to her that he agreed on this condition without reservation. She looked at the sculptor and then nodded her assent. \"We decree that you shall build these statues in a hall set aside, into which no one shall enter until your work is complete and you proclaim that to us after opening the doors of the hall from within.\"",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Queen of Odisha invites a master stone sculptor to build statutes to the gods, Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra, with the promise that no one will disturb the sculptor until the sculptor finishes the statues and tells everyone that he has finished the statues.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a one line summary of the story below:
A long long time ago the Queen of Odisha heard that there was a master stone sculptor who made such stunning statues of the gods that people would weep from happiness at the beauty of the statues if they saw them. One summer day, while resting indolently with the King in the main hall of the royal palace, the Queen suddenly had a thought. "How nice it would be, King, if we could build some beautiful statutes of Lord Jagannath so that the people can come worship Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subadhra. What do you think?"
The King thought for a few minutes, and then nodded in agreement. "What do you have in mind, my Queen?" And so, soon the stone sculptor was summoned to appear before the Court for an appointment to build in his way the statutes of the gods. Soon the monsoon season started and the sculptor appeared in front of the court, awaiting his appointment. He was a humble man from the mountainous regions of Odisha. Even at his best-dressed, one couldn't help but notice his rough hands, and the small sprinkling of dust that seemed ever present in his hair.
The King and Queen graciously waited as the sculptor bowed and then asked "Your majesties, what can I do for you?" The Queen leaned forward in her throne and her voice rang out in the court "We have heard, o Master Sculptor, of your skills from people far and wide across the Kingdom. We dream of having you put your skills to use to build beautiful statues that will represent Lord Jagannath, Subhadra, and Balabhadra for our people to worship."
The sculptor was silent. As his silence extended, ministers of the court began to feel restless. "Speak up! How can you be silent when the Queen graces you so!" But still, the sculptor was silent.
The King and Queen sat patiently in their thrones as they waited for the sculptor to respond. Perhaps the enormity of the task was too much. Perhaps, the sculptor was thinking of what he should ask for in return. Or even more, perhaps, the sculptor was awed and honored by the request.
At last, as the shadows from the late afternoon sun began to stretch across the floors of the hall, the sculptor shifted his weight, and opened his mouth to speak. "Your majesties, you grace me with such a request, I cannot help but oblige. It is an honor." At this, the Queen sat as straight as a rod, listening for the words that would come next. "But, I can do this on one condition only. I will work in a closed hall, where none may enter - regardless of whether they can hear me working or otherwise. None may enter until I open the doors from within and proclaim to all that the statues are completed."
The ministers gasped - what a strange request from this man. Was he a fool? What if he just slept and ate and didn't do any work? How could the King and Queen trust that he would do the work he was promising to do? The Queen looked on thoughtfully. She glanced at the King, and it seemed to her that he agreed on this condition without reservation. She looked at the sculptor and then nodded her assent. "We decree that you shall build these statues in a hall set aside, into which no one shall enter until your work is complete and you proclaim that to us after opening the doors of the hall from within." |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The Great Ray Charles is the second studio album by American musician Ray Charles, released in 1957 by Atlantic Records. An instrumental jazz album, it features cover art designed by Marvin Israel. Later CD re-issues of The Great Ray Charles often include six out of the eight songs from the 1961 album The Genius After Hours, as bonus tracks. What type of music is featured in the album The Great Ray Charles",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "instrumental jazz",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Great Ray Charles is the second studio album by American musician Ray Charles, released in 1957 by Atlantic Records. An instrumental jazz album, it features cover art designed by Marvin Israel. Later CD re-issues of The Great Ray Charles often include six out of the eight songs from the 1961 album The Genius After Hours, as bonus tracks. What type of music is featured in the album The Great Ray Charles |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name three different bug type Pokemon.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Five bug type Pokemon are Metapod, Pinsir, and Caterpie.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name three different bug type Pokemon. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Find an item from each category bellow that somehow relates to a tangerine.\n\nplace:\nanimal\nvehicle\nfeeling\nfood\ntech\nsong\nmovie",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "place: tangier\nanimal: tiger\nvehicle: Cinderella's carriage \nfeeling: summer with family\nfood: marmalade\ntech: ear pods\nsong: tangerine, Led Zeppelin\nmovie: Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Find an item from each category bellow that somehow relates to a tangerine.
place:
animal
vehicle
feeling
food
tech
song
movie |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do I turn on my Tesla Y?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "When you open a door to enter Model Y, the touchscreen powers on and you can operate all controls. To drive Model Y: Press the brake pedal - Model Y powers on and is ready to drive.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do I turn on my Tesla Y? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as mainstream media or social media: Twitter, Reddit, CNN, MSNBC, Instagram, Fox News",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Twitter: Social Media\nReddit: Social Media\nCNN: Mainstream Media\nMSNBC: Mainstream Media\nInstagram: Social Media\nFox News: Mainstream Media",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as mainstream media or social media: Twitter, Reddit, CNN, MSNBC, Instagram, Fox News |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some ways to improve the value of your home?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are several things you do can to increase the value of your home. First, you can focus on what is known as \"curb appeal\", essentially making the outside and surrounding of your house attractive. Ensure that the landscaping is well maintained, fix any broken doors or windows, and painting the outside so that the house does not look dull. In the interior of your house, the best places to focus will be in your bathrooms and kitchen. Further, you can replace major appliances and components such as water heaters, furnaces, or the roof to increase the value. Another way to increase the value of your home is by making it bigger. Often, pricing for homes is done by looking at the area of the house, so by adding on new rooms or extra space, you can also increase the overall value of the house.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some ways to improve the value of your home? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How many kids does Apu have on the Simpsons?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "8",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How many kids does Apu have on the Simpsons? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Advocates of autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced environmental impacts, increased security, and lower costs of ownership. Some cited advantages satisfy tenets of green building, not independence per se (see below). Off-grid buildings often rely very little on civil services and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disaster or military attacks. For example, Off-grid buildings would not lose power or water if public supplies were compromised. Given this paragraph about autonomous buildings, why would they be safer during a military attack?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Autonomous buildings often rely on less civil services and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disasters or military attacks.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Advocates of autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced environmental impacts, increased security, and lower costs of ownership. Some cited advantages satisfy tenets of green building, not independence per se (see below). Off-grid buildings often rely very little on civil services and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disaster or military attacks. For example, Off-grid buildings would not lose power or water if public supplies were compromised. Given this paragraph about autonomous buildings, why would they be safer during a military attack? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How many albums has Taylor Swift released?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "10 albums.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How many albums has Taylor Swift released? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Is the sun a star or a planet?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The sun is not a planet but a star. It is not only the nearest and sole star in our solar system, it also happens to be its center.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is the sun a star or a planet? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Peter Yanowitz (born September 13, 1967, Chicago, Illinois, United States), also known as Pedro Yanowitz, is an American musician, songwriter, and visual artist. Yanowitz was the original drummer of The Wallflowers, and for Natalie Merchant on her first three solo records Tigerlily, Ophelia, and Live in Concert. He also played drums for Money Mark, the Black Sabbath tribute band Hand of Doom with Melissa Auf der Maur, and with Nina Nastasia, on her album Dogs. Other artists Yanowitz has played drums with include: Yoko Ono, Allen Ginsberg, and Wilco . Yanowitz was also the bass player, songwriter, and producer for the band Morningwood. Currently, Yanowitz is the drummer of Exclamation Pony with Ryan Jarman, peter also performed as 'Schlatko', the drummer of The Angry Inch in the Tony award winning Broadway musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch, starring Neil Patrick Harris, Andrew Rannells, Michael C. Hall, John Cameron Mitchell, Darren Criss, and Taye Diggs. Which musical instrument does Peter Yanowitz play?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Drums",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Peter Yanowitz (born September 13, 1967, Chicago, Illinois, United States), also known as Pedro Yanowitz, is an American musician, songwriter, and visual artist. Yanowitz was the original drummer of The Wallflowers, and for Natalie Merchant on her first three solo records Tigerlily, Ophelia, and Live in Concert. He also played drums for Money Mark, the Black Sabbath tribute band Hand of Doom with Melissa Auf der Maur, and with Nina Nastasia, on her album Dogs. Other artists Yanowitz has played drums with include: Yoko Ono, Allen Ginsberg, and Wilco . Yanowitz was also the bass player, songwriter, and producer for the band Morningwood. Currently, Yanowitz is the drummer of Exclamation Pony with Ryan Jarman, peter also performed as 'Schlatko', the drummer of The Angry Inch in the Tony award winning Broadway musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch, starring Neil Patrick Harris, Andrew Rannells, Michael C. Hall, John Cameron Mitchell, Darren Criss, and Taye Diggs. Which musical instrument does Peter Yanowitz play? |
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