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closed_qa	[ { "content": "Anostraca is one of the four orders of crustaceans in the class Branchiopoda; its members are referred to as fairy shrimp. They live in vernal pools and hypersaline lakes across the world, and they have even been found in deserts, ice-covered mountain lakes and Antarctic ice. They are usually 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) long (exceptionally up to 170 mm or 6.7 in). Most species have 20 body segments, bearing 11 pairs of leaf-like phyllopodia (swimming legs), and the body lacks a carapace. They swim \"upside-down\" and feed by filtering organic particles from the water or by scraping algae from surfaces, with the exception of Branchinecta gigas, or \"giant fairy shrimp\", which is itself a predator of other species of anostracans. They are an important food for many birds and fish, and some are cultured and harvested for use as fish food. There are 300 species spread across 8 families. Where can you find Anostraca?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The crustaceans Anostraca can be be found in vernal pools and hypersaline lakes, as well as deserts, ice-covered mountain lakes and Antarctic ice.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Anostraca is one of the four orders of crustaceans in the class Branchiopoda; its members are referred to as fairy shrimp. They live in vernal pools and hypersaline lakes across the world, and they have even been found in deserts, ice-covered mountain lakes and Antarctic ice. They are usually 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) long (exceptionally up to 170 mm or 6.7 in). Most species have 20 body segments, bearing 11 pairs of leaf-like phyllopodia (swimming legs), and the body lacks a carapace. They swim "upside-down" and feed by filtering organic particles from the water or by scraping algae from surfaces, with the exception of Branchinecta gigas, or "giant fairy shrimp", which is itself a predator of other species of anostracans. They are an important food for many birds and fish, and some are cultured and harvested for use as fish food. There are 300 species spread across 8 families. Where can you find Anostraca?
brainstorming	[ { "content": "Name a list of animals that you would expect to find on a farm.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Domesticated farm animals may include cows, pigs, sheep, chicken, turkey and ducks.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Name a list of animals that you would expect to find on a farm.
summarization	[ { "content": "Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne; German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] (listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are the two pillars of modern physics. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed \"the world's most famous equation\". His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in \"Einstein\" becoming synonymous with \"genius\". Einsteinium, one of the synthetic elements in the periodic table, was named in his honor.\n\nIn 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis ('miracle year'), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. These outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special relativity, and demonstrated mass–energy equivalence. Einstein thought that the laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with those of the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special theory of relativity. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields; he published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. What were the four groundbreaking papers that Albert Einstein published", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Albert Einstein, 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are the two pillars of modern physics. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed \"the world's most famous equation\". His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in \"Einstein\" becoming synonymous with \"genius\". Einsteinium, one of the synthetic elements in the periodic table, was named in his honor.\n\nIn 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis ('miracle year'), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. These outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special relativity, and demonstrated mass–energy equivalence. Einstein thought that the laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with those of the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special theory of relativity. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields; he published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne; German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] (listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are the two pillars of modern physics. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming synonymous with "genius". Einsteinium, one of the synthetic elements in the periodic table, was named in his honor. In 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis ('miracle year'), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. These outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special relativity, and demonstrated mass–energy equivalence. Einstein thought that the laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with those of the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special theory of relativity. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields; he published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. What were the four groundbreaking papers that Albert Einstein published
closed_qa	[ { "content": "When provided with a programming problem in natural language, Codex is capable of generating solution code. It is also able to describe input code in English and translate code between programming languages.\n\nAccording to its website, GitHub Copilot includes assistive features for programmers, such as the conversion of code comments to runnable code and autocomplete for chunks of code, repetitive sections of code, and entire methods and/or functions. GitHub reports that Copilot’s autocomplete feature is accurate roughly half of the time; with some Python function header code, for example, Copilot correctly autocompleted the rest of the function body code 43% of the time on the first try and 57% of the time after ten attempts.\n\nGitHub states that Copilot’s features allow programmers to navigate unfamiliar coding frameworks and languages by reducing the amount of time users spend reading documentation. What are the features offered by Github Copilot?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "GitHub Copilot includes assistive features for programmers, such as the conversion of code comments to runnable code and autocomplete for chunks of code, repetitive sections of code, and entire methods and/or functions.", "role": "assistant" } ]	When provided with a programming problem in natural language, Codex is capable of generating solution code. It is also able to describe input code in English and translate code between programming languages. According to its website, GitHub Copilot includes assistive features for programmers, such as the conversion of code comments to runnable code and autocomplete for chunks of code, repetitive sections of code, and entire methods and/or functions. GitHub reports that Copilot’s autocomplete feature is accurate roughly half of the time; with some Python function header code, for example, Copilot correctly autocompleted the rest of the function body code 43% of the time on the first try and 57% of the time after ten attempts. GitHub states that Copilot’s features allow programmers to navigate unfamiliar coding frameworks and languages by reducing the amount of time users spend reading documentation. What are the features offered by Github Copilot?
general_qa	[ { "content": "What are the main components of a drum set?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Drum sets, as the name would suggest, are comprised of a set of drums, cymbals, and other percussion instruments played together by the musician, usually known as a drummer. While drum sets vary widely in size depending on drummer preference and musical style, there are a number of key components included in almost every drum set:\n\nKick drum: this is a large bass drum played with a mallet driven by a foot pedal, often used as the base on top of which other drums and/or cymbals are attached. \n\nSnare drum: this is a high pitched drum with springs stretched over the bottom head, creating a unique clap noise.\n\nToms: these are drums attached to the kick drum or sitting on stands on the floor that are often used in drum fills.\n\nHi-hat cymbal: this is a set of two cymbals that can be controlled using a foot pedal, opening or closing to create a different sound when struck. Hi-hats are used to keep the beat.\n\nRide cymbal: this is a large, heavy cymbal used as an alternative to hi-hats, creating a splashier sound.\n\nCrash cymbal: this is a medium or large cymbal often struck to make a loud, climactic crashing noise.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What are the main components of a drum set?
general_qa	[ { "content": "Why do people shake hands?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "In many cultures shaking hands is used as a form of greeting as well as a sign to ratify when an agreement was reached. It's believed people started shaking hands as a way to demonstrate they don't hold weapons in their right hand and that they mean well. Traditionally handshake is performed with right hands, sometimes right hand is supported by the left hand to convey extra respect.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Why do people shake hands?
classification	[ { "content": "For the list given, classify which items are considered vegan, vegitarian and non vegetarian: milk, tofu, curd, chicken, mutton, bacon, clam, tomato, potato, onion, egg, beef, pork, mango, apple, salmon, soy milk, paneer", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Vegan : tofu, soy milk, tomato, potato, onion, mango, apple\nVegetarian: milk, curd, paneer, tofu, soy milk, tomato, potato, onion, mango, apple\nNon vegetarian: chicken, mutton, bacon, clam,egg, beef, pork, salmon", "role": "assistant" } ]	For the list given, classify which items are considered vegan, vegitarian and non vegetarian: milk, tofu, curd, chicken, mutton, bacon, clam, tomato, potato, onion, egg, beef, pork, mango, apple, salmon, soy milk, paneer
open_qa	[ { "content": "Which Dutch artist painted “Girl with a Pearl Earring”?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Vermeer", "role": "assistant" } ]	Which Dutch artist painted “Girl with a Pearl Earring”?
general_qa	[ { "content": "What does SRO mean for concert tickets?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "SRO refers to Standing Room Only and describes tickets for a section with no seating. These tickets are sometimes sold at a discount at concerts or broadway shows. People may prefer standing sections as they are often closer to the stage and give a more energetic experience.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What does SRO mean for concert tickets?
classification	[ { "content": "When driving a car, categorize the following as either \"increasing safety\" or \"decreasing safety\": Wearing Seatbelt, Drinking Alcohol, Texting, Aligning Mirrors, Airbags", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Wearing Seatbelt: Increasing Safety\nDrinking Alcohol: Decreasing Safety\nTexting: Decreasing Safety\nAligning Mirrors: Increasing Safety\nAirbags: Increasing Safety", "role": "assistant" } ]	When driving a car, categorize the following as either "increasing safety" or "decreasing safety": Wearing Seatbelt, Drinking Alcohol, Texting, Aligning Mirrors, Airbags
information_extraction	[ { "content": "The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place from 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The U.S. Navy under Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank J. Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chūichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondō north of Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet. Military historian John Keegan called it \"the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare\", while naval historian Craig Symonds called it \"one of the most consequential naval engagements in world history, ranking alongside Salamis, Trafalgar, and Tsushima Strait, as both tactically decisive and strategically influential\" What was the Battle of Midway?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the Pacific Naval Campaign of WW2 and occurred June 4-7, 1942. The US Navy, under Chester Nimitz defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy and sunk 4 of their aircraft carriers. This was a significant setback for the Japanese and marked the first major defeat of the Imperial Japanese fleet in WW2.", "role": "assistant" } ]	The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place from 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The U.S. Navy under Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank J. Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chūichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondō north of Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare", while naval historian Craig Symonds called it "one of the most consequential naval engagements in world history, ranking alongside Salamis, Trafalgar, and Tsushima Strait, as both tactically decisive and strategically influential" What was the Battle of Midway?
classification	[ { "content": "Which of the following bodies of water are below sea level: Dead Sea, Lake Ontario, Sea of Galilee, the Hudson Bay, Lake Assal?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Dead Sea, the Sea of Galilee, and Lake Assal are all below sea level.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Which of the following bodies of water are below sea level: Dead Sea, Lake Ontario, Sea of Galilee, the Hudson Bay, Lake Assal?
creative_writing	[ { "content": "Why do people like the game Diplomacy?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Diplomacy is a strategic board game that does not rely on dice or other game elements to introduce randomness into results of gameplay. In the game Diplomacy, players negotiate, form alliances, and betray each other in an effort to occupy geographic provinces and control of \"supply centers\" to win the game. \n\nPeople like playing the game Diplomacy because it is unique compared to other strategic board games. In Diplomacy, all players submit their \"orders\" to move their pieces around the board into a box and those orders are adjudicated at the same time, making it difficult to gain an advantage over another player without communicating and planning out moves with other players. The only variable in the game is each player's ability to convince the other players to do what they want. Some people find this aspect of negotiation-based game play compelling, while others find the \"anything goes\" nature of these negotiations repelling. Therefore, Diplomacy is sometimes referred to as the \"game that ruins friendships.\"", "role": "assistant" } ]	Why do people like the game Diplomacy?
open_qa	[ { "content": "Where is Meherpur Sadar", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Meherpur Sadar (Bengali: মেহেরপুর সদর) is an upazila of Meherpur District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh. Meherpur is the smallest district of Bangladesh in the South-western part within the Khulna Division. Before the partition in 1947, Meherpur was a part of the Nadia district of undivided India. Before 1984, it was a subdivision of Kushtia district. Meherpur consists of 1 municipality, 9 wards and 72 mahallas, 3 upazilas, 18 union parishads, 277 villages, 190 mouzas. The upazilas are Meherpur Sadar, Gangni and Mujibnagar.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Where is Meherpur Sadar
closed_qa	[ { "content": "Ecsenius tessera is a species of combtooth blenny in the genus Ecsenius. It is found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean, around Vanuatu. It can reach a maximum length of 4.5 centimetres. Blennies in this species feed primarily off of plants, including benthic algae and weeds. Where is Ecsenius tessera commonly found?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Ecsenius tessera is commonly found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean, close to Vanuatu.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Ecsenius tessera is a species of combtooth blenny in the genus Ecsenius. It is found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean, around Vanuatu. It can reach a maximum length of 4.5 centimetres. Blennies in this species feed primarily off of plants, including benthic algae and weeds. Where is Ecsenius tessera commonly found?
closed_qa	[ { "content": "Wagyu \n\nCattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.: 209 Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertilizer. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.: 2 \n\nJapan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of the intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported.: 7 At first, there was little interest in cross-breeding these with the native stock, but from about 1900, it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910 when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower.: 7 From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as \"Improved Japanese Cattle\". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as individual breeds in 1944.: 8 They are collectively known as wagyū, and are:: 66 : 420 \n\nThe Japanese Black (黒毛和種, kuroge washu), which constitutes over 90% of beef cattle in Japan; regional strains within the breed include the Tottori, Tajima, Shimane and Okayama.\nThe Japanese Brown or Japanese Red (褐毛和種, akage washu or akaushi), the other main breed, representing about 5% of all beef cattle;: 17 reared in southern Japan, in Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku island, and in Kumamoto Prefecture on Kyushu island.: 8 \nThe Japanese Polled (無角和種, mukaku washu), found principally in Yamaguchi Prefecture: 8 \nThe Japanese Shorthorn (日本短角和種, nihon tankaku washu), reared in northern Japan, mainly in Iwate Prefecture; it constitutes less than one percent of all wagyu cattle.[ Given a reference text about Wagyu, tell me the different types of cattle that are together known as wagyu.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The different types of cattle that are known as Wagyu are:\n- The Japanese Black\n- The Japanese Brown\n- The Japanese Polled\n- The Japanese Shorthorn", "role": "assistant" } ]	Wagyu Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.: 209 Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertilizer. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.: 2 Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of the intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported.: 7 At first, there was little interest in cross-breeding these with the native stock, but from about 1900, it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910 when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower.: 7 From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as individual breeds in 1944.: 8 They are collectively known as wagyū, and are:: 66 : 420 The Japanese Black (黒毛和種, kuroge washu), which constitutes over 90% of beef cattle in Japan; regional strains within the breed include the Tottori, Tajima, Shimane and Okayama. The Japanese Brown or Japanese Red (褐毛和種, akage washu or akaushi), the other main breed, representing about 5% of all beef cattle;: 17 reared in southern Japan, in Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku island, and in Kumamoto Prefecture on Kyushu island.: 8 The Japanese Polled (無角和種, mukaku washu), found principally in Yamaguchi Prefecture: 8 The Japanese Shorthorn (日本短角和種, nihon tankaku washu), reared in northern Japan, mainly in Iwate Prefecture; it constitutes less than one percent of all wagyu cattle.[ Given a reference text about Wagyu, tell me the different types of cattle that are together known as wagyu.
classification	[ { "content": "What is following the file format Delta Lake follows to write records? CSV, JSON, PARQUET, AVRO, ORC", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Delta lake writes data in Parquet format. A transaction layer is on top of it to enforce ACID property, schema evaluation, time travel and few other benefits.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is following the file format Delta Lake follows to write records? CSV, JSON, PARQUET, AVRO, ORC
open_qa	[ { "content": "What is impala?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The impala or rooibok is a medium-sized antelope found in eastern and southern Africa.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is impala?
open_qa	[ { "content": "Name a few famous movies from 2013", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A few examples of famous films are \"Her\", \"The Wolf of Wall Street\", and \"12 Years a Slave\" which won the Oscar for Best Picture", "role": "assistant" } ]	Name a few famous movies from 2013
open_qa	[ { "content": "How many episodes in season one of Game of Thrones did Tim Van Patten direct?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Tim Van Patten directed the first two episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones: Winter is Coming and The Kingsroad.", "role": "assistant" } ]	How many episodes in season one of Game of Thrones did Tim Van Patten direct?
information_extraction	[ { "content": "Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or sometimes just power point tracking (PPT), is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. The technique is most commonly used with photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, but can also be used with wind turbines, optical power transmission and thermophotovoltaics.\n\nPV solar systems have varying relationships to inverter systems, external grids, battery banks, and other electrical loads. The central problem addressed by MPPT is that the efficiency of power transfer from the solar cell depends on the amount of available sunlight, shading, solar panel temperature and the load's electrical characteristics. As these conditions vary, the load characteristic (impedance) that gives the highest power transfer changes. The system is optimized when the load characteristic changes to keep power transfer at highest efficiency. This optimal load characteristic is called the maximum power point (MPP). MPPT is the process of adjusting the load characteristic as the conditions change. Circuits can be designed to present optimal loads to the photovoltaic cells and then convert the voltage, current, or frequency to suit other devices or systems.\n\nSolar cells' non-linear relationship between temperature and total resistance can be analyzed based on the Current-voltage (I-V) curve and the power-voltage (P-V) curves. MPPT samples cell output and applies the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power. MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power converter system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including power grids, batteries, or motors. Solar inverters convert DC power to AC power and may incorporate MPPT.\n\nThe power at the MPP (Pmpp) is the product of the MPP voltage (Vmpp) and MPP current (Impp).\n\nIn general, the P-V curve of a partially shaded solar array can have multiple peaks, and some algorithms can get stuck in a local maximum rather than the global maximum of the curve. Why is MPPT necessary?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The efficiency of transferring the power from the photovoltaic (PV) solar systems depends on many factors which change frequently. MPPT system purpose is to continuously adjust the parameters under which the system work to achieve the most efficient transfer of power from the solar system to the load.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or sometimes just power point tracking (PPT), is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. The technique is most commonly used with photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, but can also be used with wind turbines, optical power transmission and thermophotovoltaics. PV solar systems have varying relationships to inverter systems, external grids, battery banks, and other electrical loads. The central problem addressed by MPPT is that the efficiency of power transfer from the solar cell depends on the amount of available sunlight, shading, solar panel temperature and the load's electrical characteristics. As these conditions vary, the load characteristic (impedance) that gives the highest power transfer changes. The system is optimized when the load characteristic changes to keep power transfer at highest efficiency. This optimal load characteristic is called the maximum power point (MPP). MPPT is the process of adjusting the load characteristic as the conditions change. Circuits can be designed to present optimal loads to the photovoltaic cells and then convert the voltage, current, or frequency to suit other devices or systems. Solar cells' non-linear relationship between temperature and total resistance can be analyzed based on the Current-voltage (I-V) curve and the power-voltage (P-V) curves. MPPT samples cell output and applies the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power. MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power converter system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including power grids, batteries, or motors. Solar inverters convert DC power to AC power and may incorporate MPPT. The power at the MPP (Pmpp) is the product of the MPP voltage (Vmpp) and MPP current (Impp). In general, the P-V curve of a partially shaded solar array can have multiple peaks, and some algorithms can get stuck in a local maximum rather than the global maximum of the curve. Why is MPPT necessary?
open_qa	[ { "content": "What is the difference between oxfords and derbys?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Oxfords traditionally have closed lacing and are seen as more formal. Derbys on the other hand have an open lacing system and are thus more informal", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is the difference between oxfords and derbys?
closed_qa	[ { "content": "Ernest Joseph \"Trey\" Anastasio III (born September 30, 1964) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Phish, which he co-founded in 1983. He is credited by name as composer of 152 Phish original songs, 141 of them as a solo credit, in addition to 41 credits attributed to the band as a whole. In addition to his work with Phish, Anastasio has released 11 solo albums, and been part of several side projects including the Trey Anastasio Band, Oysterhead, Ghosts of the Forest, Phil Lesh and Friends, and Surrender to the Air. Given this reference text, how old was Trey Anastasio when he co-founded Phish?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Based on this passage, Trey was most likely 19 years old. He was born at the end of September in 1964 so there is a 25% chance that he was 20 years old when he co-founded Phish.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Ernest Joseph "Trey" Anastasio III (born September 30, 1964) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Phish, which he co-founded in 1983. He is credited by name as composer of 152 Phish original songs, 141 of them as a solo credit, in addition to 41 credits attributed to the band as a whole. In addition to his work with Phish, Anastasio has released 11 solo albums, and been part of several side projects including the Trey Anastasio Band, Oysterhead, Ghosts of the Forest, Phil Lesh and Friends, and Surrender to the Air. Given this reference text, how old was Trey Anastasio when he co-founded Phish?
classification	[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Tenor violin, Bass flute", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Bass flute is woodwind, Tenor violin is string.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Tenor violin, Bass flute
open_qa	[ { "content": "In music, what key is the relative minor to the key of B major?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "G# minor is B major's relative minor.", "role": "assistant" } ]	In music, what key is the relative minor to the key of B major?
open_qa	[ { "content": "What is a less known rule or move in Chess?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "En passant", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is a less known rule or move in Chess?
open_qa	[ { "content": "What is a compound statement?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A compound statement contains two independent clauses of words that can each be their own statement independently", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is a compound statement?
summarization	[ { "content": "Cystatin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CST11 gene.\n\nThe cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity.\n\nThere are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions.\n\nThe cystatin locus on chromosome 20 contains the majority of the type 2 cystatin genes and pseudogenes. This gene is located in the cystatin locus and encodes an epididymal-specific protein whose specific function has not been determined. Alternative splicing yields two variants encoding distinct isoforms. What is CST 11", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Cystatin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CST11 gene.\n\nThe cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Cystatin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CST11 gene. The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions. The cystatin locus on chromosome 20 contains the majority of the type 2 cystatin genes and pseudogenes. This gene is located in the cystatin locus and encodes an epididymal-specific protein whose specific function has not been determined. Alternative splicing yields two variants encoding distinct isoforms. What is CST 11
classification	[ { "content": "Classify the below companies based on their market capitalization.\nReliance, Adani Enterprise, Tanla, Globus Spirits, Apollo Hospitals, NELCO, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Small Cap - Tanla, Globus Spirits, NELCO\nMid Cap - Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd\nLarge Cap - Reliance, Adani Enterprise, Apollo Hospitals", "role": "assistant" } ]	Classify the below companies based on their market capitalization. Reliance, Adani Enterprise, Tanla, Globus Spirits, Apollo Hospitals, NELCO, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd
general_qa	[ { "content": "How do I get to Juneau, Alaska?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "There are no roads that lead directly to Juneau, Alaska. That leaves two options, by boat or by plane. Remote Alaskan villages and cities like Juneau are one of the reasons bush pilots are so prevalent in the state.", "role": "assistant" } ]	How do I get to Juneau, Alaska?
classification	[ { "content": "Which is a species of fish? Tetra or Quart", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Tetra", "role": "assistant" } ]	Which is a species of fish? Tetra or Quart
classification	[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Semantron, Saw sam sai", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Saw sam sai is string, Semantron is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Semantron, Saw sam sai
closed_qa	[ { "content": "The White Brigade (Dutch: Witte Brigade, French: Brigade blanche) was a Belgian resistance group, was founded on 23 July 1940 in Antwerp by Marcel Louette, who was nicknamed \"Fidelio\". The group was originally known as \"De Geuzengroep\" and changed its name again after the Liberation of Belgium to Witte Brigade-Fidelio as the term \"white brigade\" had emerged as a generic term to describe the resistance.\n\nThe name was chosen in opposition to the \"Black Brigade\", a collaborator group led by SS-Untersturmführer Reimond Tollenaere, who was responsible for the propaganda of pro-German Flemish National League. The Witte Brigade was based in Antwerp but had smaller branches in Gent, Lier, Aalst, Brussels, Waasland, Wallonia and in the coastal region. What was the White Brigade", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The White Brigade (Dutch: Witte Brigade, French: Brigade blanche) was a Belgian resistance group, was founded on 23 July 1940 in Antwerp by Marcel Louette, who was nicknamed \"Fidelio\". The group was originally known as \"De Geuzengroep\" and changed its name again after the Liberation of Belgium to Witte Brigade-Fidelio as the term \"white brigade\" had emerged as a generic term to describe the resistance.", "role": "assistant" } ]	The White Brigade (Dutch: Witte Brigade, French: Brigade blanche) was a Belgian resistance group, was founded on 23 July 1940 in Antwerp by Marcel Louette, who was nicknamed "Fidelio". The group was originally known as "De Geuzengroep" and changed its name again after the Liberation of Belgium to Witte Brigade-Fidelio as the term "white brigade" had emerged as a generic term to describe the resistance. The name was chosen in opposition to the "Black Brigade", a collaborator group led by SS-Untersturmführer Reimond Tollenaere, who was responsible for the propaganda of pro-German Flemish National League. The Witte Brigade was based in Antwerp but had smaller branches in Gent, Lier, Aalst, Brussels, Waasland, Wallonia and in the coastal region. What was the White Brigade
brainstorming	[ { "content": "Give me the list of British artists born before 1700", "role": "user" }, { "content": "These are the British artists born before 1700:\n\n- Hans Holbein the Younger (1497/8–1543) – German artist and printmaker who became court painter in England\n- Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder (c. 1520 – c. 1590) – Flemish printmaker and painter for the English court of the mid-16th century\n- George Gower (1540–1596) – English portrait painter\n- Nicholas Hilliard (1547–1619) – English goldsmith, limner, portrait miniature painter\n- Rowland Lockey (c. 1565 – 1616) – English goldsmith, portrait miniaturist, painter\n- Isaac Oliver (c. 1565 – 1617) – French-born English portrait miniature painter\n- Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641) – Flemish Baroque painter, watercolourist and etcher who became court painter in England\n- Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–1677) – Czech etcher\n- Samuel Cooper (c. 1608 – 1672) – English miniature painter\n- John Michael Wright (1617–1694) – British baroque portrait painter\n- Peter Lely (1618–1680) – Dutch painter and portrait artist in England\n- Francis Barlow (c. 1626 – 1704) – English painter, etcher, and illustrator\n- David Loggan (1635–1692) – English baroque painter, born in Danzig\n- Godfrey Kneller (1646/9–1723) – portrait painter in England\n- Edward Pierce (1630–1695)\n- Francis Place (1647–1728) – English potter and engraver\n- James Thornhill (1675–1734) – English painter of historical subjects\n- Jonathan Richardson (1665–1745) – English portrait painter\n- Peter Monamy (1681–1749) – English marine painter\n- John Wootton (1682–1764) – English painter of sporting subjects, battle scenes and landscapes\n- Pieter Andreas Rysbrack (1685 or 1690–1748) – Flemish painter working in London\n- John Michael Rysbrack (1694–1770) – Flemish sculptor working in London\n- John Vanderbank (1694–1739) – English portrait painter and book illustrator\n- William Hogarth (1697–1764) – English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic and editorial cartoonist", "role": "assistant" } ]	Give me the list of British artists born before 1700
open_qa	[ { "content": "What is JavaScript?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior, often incorporating third-party libraries. All major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute the code on users' devices.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is JavaScript?
creative_writing	[ { "content": "How do you cook the perfect pizza?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The first thing you must do is preheat your oven up as high as it will go. It takes longer than you think to heat your oven up all the way! You want to give your oven at least 30 minutes to preheat. If you have a pizza stone, make sure it’s inside the preheating oven.\nFor highend ovens, this can be up to 550 degrees F. For regular ovens, they are not going above 475 F. Pizza is traditionally cooked in 900 or 1,000 degree ovens. We can’t get our ovens at home quite that hot, but we want to get as close as we can. Figure out what your oven can do and crank up the heat.\nStart out with about 12-16 ounces of dough. Any pizza dough, homemade or store bought, will work for this recipe.\nPlace your ball of dough in the center of your work surface and use your hands to press it down, starting from the center. Keep gently patting out the dough, moving the dough outward from the center. I like to leave a pretty healthy crust on the edges of my dough.\nContinue patting and stretching the dough gently with your hands until it is about 12 inches across. Of course you can use a rolling pin if you want! (Use your hands to lift up the edges of the pizza when you are done to get more a lip for the crust.)\nAt this point, transfer the dough to a square of parchment paper. I highly recommend using parchment paper because it’s SO much easier transferring your pizza into the oven.\nStretch and arrange the dough on the parchment paper. The dough shrinks a bit when you pick it up to transfer, just gently stretch it out again.\nDrizzle a bit of olive oil over the top of your dough. Use your hands or a pastry brush to rub the oil all over the top of the dough, especially the edges of the crust. This layer of oil helps the toppings stay separate from the dough, helping it cook more evenly. It also tastes delicious, especially on your crust. \nOnce the oven is up to temperature, we are going to do a 1 to 2 minute par bake.\nSome of my favorite pizza toppings:\nJust Cheese: Any will work: Mozzarella, Fontina, Parmesan, and Gorgonzola would be amazing.\nPepperoni\nMeat Lovers: Pepperoni, salami, Italian sausage, ham, bacon\nHawaiian: Canadian bacon, pineapple\nMargherita: fresh mozzarella, fresh basil, tomatoes\nBBQ: Use barbecue sauce instead of tomato sauce, then rotisserie chicken, red onions, bacon\nVeggie pizza: spinach, tomato, corn, peppers, red onion, mushrooms\nBuffalo: Use Frank’s sauce instead of tomato sauce, then add rotisserie chicken, garlic, blue cheese, red onions\nOnce your pizza is in the oven, you need to cook it for about 8-12 minutes. This is of course going to depend on how hot your oven is, and how thick your pizza is. The crust should be golden brown, and the cheese should be bubbly and also starting to brown. If you don’t have a pizza stone, use a spatula to lift the edge of your pizza to make sure that it is browning all across the center on bottom. If the bottom is still white, you are looking at a doughy pizza. Leave it in longer.", "role": "assistant" } ]	How do you cook the perfect pizza?
general_qa	[ { "content": "What is the official language in Brazil?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Many assume that in Brazil the official language is Spanish because it's the official language in many countries in South America, but in Brazil the official language is Portuguese. Brazil is the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is the official language in Brazil?
open_qa	[ { "content": "What is the main tax-related difference between a brokerage account and an IRA ?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The main difference tax-related difference between a brokerage account and an IRA is that the gains made on investments in a brokerage account are subject to capital gains taxes while gains in an IRA are not.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is the main tax-related difference between a brokerage account and an IRA ?
closed_qa	[ { "content": "Housman received his BA in 1966 and MA in 1971 from Brandeis University. As one of the first postdocs in the lab of Harvey Lodish at MIT, Housman showed that all mammalian proteins begin with a methionine residue transferred from a specific met-initiator tRNA. Between 1973 and 1975 he taught at the University of Toronto and was on the staff of the Ontario Cancer Institute. He joined the MIT faculty in 1975. In his lab at MIT, he mentored Jim Gusella and Daniel Haber. Where did David Houseman go to college?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "David Houseman received his BA and MA in 1966 from Brandeis University.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Housman received his BA in 1966 and MA in 1971 from Brandeis University. As one of the first postdocs in the lab of Harvey Lodish at MIT, Housman showed that all mammalian proteins begin with a methionine residue transferred from a specific met-initiator tRNA. Between 1973 and 1975 he taught at the University of Toronto and was on the staff of the Ontario Cancer Institute. He joined the MIT faculty in 1975. In his lab at MIT, he mentored Jim Gusella and Daniel Haber. Where did David Houseman go to college?
open_qa	[ { "content": "What are the toxic house plants for cats?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "If you have cats as pets, be careful about having these house plants around. Ingesting part of these plants can be very dangerous for your feline friends.\n- Lilies such as easter lilies, stargazers, daylilies, etc. can cause kidney failure and death\n- Sago palm leaves can release a toxin that causes liver damage\n- Desert rose can affect heart rate and cause vomiting\n- Bulbs of plants such as daffodils and tulips can cause convulsions, diarrhea, and vomiting\n- a toxic chemical from azaleas can lead to coma, cardiovascular collapse and death", "role": "assistant" } ]	What are the toxic house plants for cats?