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Abstract | What is seafood defined as? | Seafood | true | 9FOOD
| [
0
] | [
"Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans.",
"Seafood prominently includes fish and shellfish.",
"Shellfish include various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.",
"Historically, sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a lesser extent these days.",
"Edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in Asia (see the category of sea vegetables).",
"In North America, although not generally in the United Kingdom, the term \"seafood\" is extended to fresh water organisms eaten by humans, so all edible aquatic life may be referred to as seafood.",
"For the sake of completeness, this article includes all edible aquatic life.",
"The harvesting of wild seafood is known as fishing and the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture, mariculture, or in the case of fish, fish farming.",
"Seafood is often distinguished from meat, although it is still animal and is excluded in a strict vegetarian diet.",
"Seafood is an important source of protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas.",
"Most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animal.",
"Some seafoods (kelp) are used as food for other plants (fertilizer).",
"In these ways, seafoods are indirectly used to produce further food for human consumption.",
"Products, such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are also extracted from seafoods.",
"Some seafood is feed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets, such as cats, and a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for non-food purposes (leather)."
] | [
0
] |
Cézanne and Cubism | How many times did the heads of the crouching tiger figure change? | Les Demoiselles d'Avignon | true | 3ART
| [
18
] | [
"Both Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) and Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) were accorded major posthumous retrospective exhibitions at the Salon d'Automne in Paris between 1903 and 1907, and both were important influences on Picasso and instrumental to his creation of \"Les Demoiselles.\"",
"According to the English art historian, collector and author of \"The Cubist Epoch\", Douglas Cooper, both of those artists were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907. Cooper goes on to say however \"Les Demoiselles\" is often erroneously referred to as the first cubist painting.",
"He explains, ",
"The \"Demoiselles\" is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture.",
"This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.",
"The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit.",
"Nevertheless, the \"Demoiselles\" is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it.",
"Although not well known to the general public prior to 1906, Cézanne's reputation was highly regarded in avant-garde circles, as evidenced by Ambroise Vollard's interest in showing and collecting his work, and by Leo Stein's interest.",
"Picasso was familiar with much of Cézanne's work that he saw at Vollard's gallery and at the Stein's.",
"After Cézanne died in 1906, his paintings were exhibited in Paris in a large scale museum-like retrospective in September 1907.",
"The 1907 Cézanne retrospective at the Salon d'Automne greatly impacted the direction that the avant-garde in Paris took, lending credence to his position as one of the most influential artists of the 19th century and to the advent of Cubism.",
"The 1907 Cézanne exhibition was enormously influential in establishing Cézanne as an important painter whose ideas were particularly resonant especially to young artists in Paris.",
"Both Picasso and Braque found the inspiration for their proto-Cubist works in Paul Cézanne, who said to observe and learn to see and treat nature as if it were composed of basic shapes like \"cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones.\"",
"Cézanne's explorations of geometric simplification and optical phenomena inspired Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, Le Fauconnier, Gris and others to experiment with ever more complex multiple views of the same subject, and, eventually to the fracturing of form.",
"Cézanne thus sparked one of the most revolutionary areas of artistic enquiry of the 20th century, one which was to affect profoundly the development of modern art.",
"Picasso drew each of the figures in \"Les Demoiselles\" differently.",
"The woman pulling the curtain on the far right is rendered with heavy paint.",
"Composed of sharp geometric shapes, her head is the most strictly cubist of all five.",
"The heads of the crouching figure underwent at least two revisions from an Iberian figure to its current state.",
"Much of the critical debate that has taken place over the years centers on attempting to account for this multiplicity of styles within the work.",
"The dominant understanding for over five decades, espoused most notably by Alfred Barr, the first director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and organizer of major career retrospectives for the artist, has been that it can be interpreted as evidence of a transitional period in Picasso's art, an effort to connect his earlier work to Cubism, the style he would help invent and develop over the next five or six years."
] | [
5
] |
Composition | What color table did Gachet rest his elbow on in Van Gogh's painting? | Portrait of Dr. Gachet | false | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"Van Gogh painted Gachet resting his right elbow on a red table, head in hand.",
"Two yellow books as well as the purple medicinal herb foxglove are displayed on the table.",
"The foxglove in the painting is a plant from which digitalis is extracted for the treatment of certain heart complaints, perhaps an attribute of Gachet as a doctor.",
"The doctor's \"sensitive face\", which Van Gogh famously wrote to Paul Gauguin carried \"the heartbroken expression of our time\", is described by Robert Wallace as the portrait's focus.",
"Wallace described the ultramarine blue coat of Gachet, set against a background of hills painted a lighter blue, as highlighting the \"tired, pale features and transparent blue eyes that reflect the compassion and melancholy of the man.\"",
"Van Gogh himself claimed this expression of melancholy \"would seem to look like a grimace to many who saw the canvas\".",
"With the \"Portrait of Dr. Gachet\", Van Gogh sought to create a \"modern portrait,\" which he wrote to his sister \"impassions me most - much, much more than all the rest of my \"métier\".\"",
"Elaborating on this quote, Van Gogh scholar Jan Hulsker noted \"...much later generations experience it not only as psychologically striking, but also as a very unconventional and 'modern' portrait.\"",
"He also wrote, \"My self-portrait is done in nearly the same way but the blue is the fine blue of the Midi, and the clothes are a light lilac,\" which would refer to one of his final self-portraits painted in September the year previous.",
"Van Gogh also wrote to Wilhelmina regarding the Portraits of Madame Ginoux he painted first in Arles in 1888 and again in February 1890 while at the hospital in Saint-Rémy.",
"The second set were styled after the portrait of the same figure by Gauguin, and Van Gogh described Gachet's enthusiasm upon viewing the version painted earlier that year, which the artist had carried with him to the home in Auvers.",
"Van Gogh subsequently carried compositional elements from this portrait to that of Dr. Gachet, including the table-top with two books and pose of the figure with head leaning on one hand."
] | [
0
] |
Culture | What is Cantopop music? | Hong Kong | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
9
] | [
"Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where \"East meets West\", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony.",
"Concepts like \"feng shui\" are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.",
"Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it, due to its similarity to the word for \"die\" in Cantonese.",
"The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.",
"Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade, and calls itself an \"entertainment hub\".",
"Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s.",
"Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li.",
"A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.",
"Homegrown films such as \"Chungking Express\", \"Infernal Affairs\", \"Shaolin Soccer\", \"Rumble in the Bronx\", \"In the Mood for Love\" and \"Echoes of the Rainbow\" have gained international recognition.",
"Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.",
"The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra.",
"The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong.",
"Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.",
"Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB.",
"There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.",
"The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world.",
"Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.",
"The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the \"Far Eastern Economic Review\" points to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.",
"Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area.",
"It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.",
"There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium.",
"Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming."
] | [
0
] |
In China | What is Chunar often referred to as? | Kebab | false | 9FOOD
| [
0
] | [
"Chuanr (), often referred to as \"chua'r\" in Pekingese and throughout the North, or kawap (كاۋاپ) in Uyghur, is a variation of kebab originating from the Uyghurs in the Western province of Xinjiang and a popular dish in Chinese Islamic cuisine.",
"The dish has since spread across the rest of the country and become a popular street food.",
"Although the most traditional form of chuanr uses lamb or mutton, other types of meat, such as chicken, beef, pork, and seafood, may be used as well.",
"Small pieces of meat are skewered and either roasted or deep-fried.",
"Common spices and condiments include cumin called \"ziran\", pepper, sesame, and sesame oil.",
"During Chinese New Year, it is common to find fruit kebabs candied and covered with a hard candy sugar coating.",
"At the famous Wángfǔjǐng in Beijing, it is very common to find many kinds of fruit kebabs of everything from bananas, strawberries, and seasonal Chinese fruits, as well as scorpions, squids, and various Japanese-flavored kebabs all year long."
] | [
0
] |
28 June 1932 | The assembly met in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall in what year? | Thailand | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
5
] | [
"Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of Siam did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested within the person of the monarch.",
"This had been the case since the foundation of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 12th century: as the king was seen as a \"Dharmaraja\" or \"King who rules in accordance with Dharma\" (the Buddhist law of righteousness).",
"However on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the Khana Ratsadon (or People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution, in which the 150 years of absolute rule of the House of Chakri was ended.",
"In its stead the group advocated a constitutional form of monarchy with an elected legislature.",
"The \"Draft Constitution\" of 1932 signed by King Prajadhipok, created Thailand's first legislature, a People's Assembly with 70 appointed members.",
"The assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall.",
"The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly; however they later changed their minds.",
"By the time the \"permanent\" constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for 15 November 1933.",
"The new constitution also changed the composition of the assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon) together compromising 156 members."
] | [
0
] |
Tumbler | How was the Tumbler in Batman Begins created? | Batman Begins | false | 6MOVIES
| [
1,
2,
3,
4,
6,
7,
8
] | [
"Crowley started the process of designing the Tumbler for the film by model bashing.",
"Crowley used the nose cone of a P-38 Lightning model to serve as the chassis for the Tumbler's turbine engine.",
"Six models of the Tumbler were built to 1:12 scale in the course of four months.",
"Following the scale model creation, a crew of over 30 people, including Crowley and engineers Chris Culvert and Annie Smith, carved a full-size replica of the Tumbler out of a large block of Styrofoam in two months.",
"The Styrofoam model was used to create a steel \"test frame\", which had to stand up to several standards: have a speed of over , go from 0 to in 5 seconds, possess a steering system to make sharp turns at city corners, and withstand a self-propelled launch of up to .",
"On the first jump test, the Tumbler's front end collapsed and had to be completely rebuilt.",
"The basic configuration of the newly designed Tumbler included a 5.7-liter Chevy V8 engine, a truck axle for the rear axle, front tires by Hoosier (which are actually dirt racing tires used on the right rear of open wheel sprint cars), 4 rear 44/18.5-16.5 Interco Super Swamper TSL tires (44\" tall, 18.5\" wide, mounted on a 16.5\" wheel) and the suspension system of Baja racing trucks.",
"The design and development process took nine months and cost several million dollars.",
"With the design process complete, four street-ready race cars were constructed, with each vehicle possessing 65 panels and costing $250,000 to build.",
"Two of the four cars were specialized versions.",
"One version was the flap version, which had hydraulics and flaps to detail the close-up shots where the vehicle propelled itself through the air.",
"The other version was the jet version, in which an actual jet engine was mounted onto the vehicle, fueled by six propane tanks.",
"The visibility inside the vehicle was poor, so monitors were connected to cameras on the vehicle body.",
"The professional drivers for the Tumblers practiced driving the vehicles for six months before they drove on the streets of Chicago for the film's scenes.",
"The interior of the Tumbler was an immobile studio set and not actually the interior of a street-capable Tumbler.",
"The cockpit was over-sized to fit cameras for scenes filmed in the Tumbler interior.",
"In addition, another version of the Tumbler was a miniature model that was 1:6 scale of the actual Tumbler.",
"This miniature model had an electric motor and was used to show the Tumbler flying across ravines and between buildings.",
"However, the actual Tumbler was used for the waterfall sequence."
] | [
5
] |
Series overview | Why do both brother's show affection towards Elena? | The Vampire Diaries | false | 1TV
| [
2
] | [
"The series follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), a teenage girl who falls deeply in love with a 163-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley).",
"Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's vicious and malevolent older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns with a plan to wreak havoc on the town, seeking revenge against his younger brother for turning him into a vampire against his will.",
"Both brothers begin to show affection towards Elena, mainly because of her resemblance to their past love Katherine Pierce.",
"It is revealed that Elena is a descendant of Katherine, who eventually returns with plans against the trio.",
"Elena undergoes many hardships and deaths of close family members and loved ones through her high school experience.",
"The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century.",
"Additional story lines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town, most notably Elena's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert (Steven R. McQueen), her best friends Bonnie Bennett (Katerina Graham) and Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola), and their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino) and Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig).",
"The town's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families, all comprising a \"Founders' Council\".",
"Some of the founding families of Mystic Falls include the Salvatores, the Gilberts, the Fells, the Forbes, and the Lockwoods.",
"They guard the town mainly from vampires, although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves, witches, ghosts, Originals and hybrids."
] | [
1
] |
Cast and characters | How did Polly acheive her divorce? | How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life) | true | 1TV
| [
0
] | [
" Sarah Chalke as Polly, the single and divorced mother.",
" Elizabeth Perkins as Elaine Green, Polly's mother and Natalie's grandmother.",
" Rachel Eggleston as Natalie Tatham, Polly's daughter and Elaine's granddaughter.",
" Brad Garrett as Max Green, Elaine's husband and Polly's step-father.",
" Jon Dore as Julian Tatham, Polly's ex-husband.",
" Stephanie Hunt as Jenn, Polly's co-worker and friend."
] | [
5
] |
Abstract | Where can shooting take place? | Shooting | false | 4SPORT
| [
3
] | [
"Shooting is the act or process of firing firearms or other projectile weapons such as bows or crossbows.",
"Even the firing of artillery, rockets, and missiles can be called shooting.",
"A person who specializes in shooting is a marksman.",
"Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting, in shooting sports, or in combat."
] | [
4
] |
Independence and civil wars | What is the name of Argentina's first Supreme Director? | Argentina | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
3
] | [
"Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty, the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.",
"In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba, but failed to overcome those of the Banda Oriental, Upper Peru and Paraguay, which later became independent states.",
"Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the Centralists and the Federalists—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.",
"The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas as Argentina's first Supreme Director.",
"In 1816 the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence.",
"One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on the North, and General José de San Martín took an army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru.",
"In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was soon abrogated by federalists.",
"The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the end of the Supreme Director rule.",
"In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution, with Bernardino Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the country.",
"However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.",
"Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas.",
"During his regime he faced a French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), and a combined Anglo-French blockade (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.",
"His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo, beat him out of power.",
"As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution.",
"Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda."
] | [
0
] |
Significant changes to Utzon's design | What is the reason for Utzon's designs being changed in the Sydney Opera House? | Sydney Opera House | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
6,
7
] | [
" The major hall, which was originally to be a multipurpose opera/concert hall, became solely a concert hall, called the Concert Hall.",
"The minor hall, originally for stage productions only, incorporated opera and ballet functions and was called the Opera Theatre, later renamed the Joan Sutherland Theatre.",
"As a result, the Joan Sutherland Theatre is inadequate to stage large-scale opera and ballet.",
"A theatre, a cinema and a library were also added.",
"These were later changed to two live drama theatres and a smaller theatre \"in the round\".",
"These now comprise the Drama Theatre, the Playhouse, and the Studio, respectively.",
"These changes were primarily because of inadequacies in the original competition brief, which did not make it adequately clear how the Opera House was to be used.",
"The layout of the interiors was changed, and the stage machinery, already designed and fitted inside the major hall, was pulled out and largely thrown away, as detailed in the 1968 BBC TV documentary \"Autopsy on a Dream\", which \"chronicles the full spectrum of controversy surrounding the construction of the Sydney Opera House\".",
" Externally, the cladding to the podium and the paving (the podium was originally not to be clad down to the water, but to be left open).",
" The construction of the glass walls (Utzon was planning to use a system of prefabricated plywood mullions, but a different system was designed to deal with the glass).",
" Utzon's plywood corridor designs, and his acoustic and seating designs for the interior of both major halls, were scrapped completely.",
"His design for the Concert Hall was rejected as it only seated 2000, which was considered insufficient.",
"Utzon employed the acoustic consultant Lothar Cremer, and his designs for the major halls were later modelled and found to be very good.",
"The subsequent Todd, Hall and Littlemore versions of both major halls have some problems with acoustics, particularly for the performing musicians.",
"The orchestra pit in the Joan Sutherland Theatre is cramped and dangerous to musicians' hearing.",
"The Concert Hall has a very high roof, leading to a lack of early reflections onstage—perspex rings (the \"acoustic clouds\") hanging over the stage were added shortly before opening in an (unsuccessful) attempt to address this problem."
] | [
0
] |
Origins | Cher Yam Tian told crabs and bottled chili sauce beginning with what methods? | Chilli crab | true | 9FOOD
| [
0
] | [
"In 1956, Cher Yam Tian and her husband Lim Choo Ngee began selling stir-fried crabs mixed with bottled chilli and tomato sauce from a pushcart.",
"This was an improvised recipe; the original one did not involve bottled chilli sauce.",
"A successful business selling this dish prompted the establishment of a non-mobile restaurant situated in Palm Beach.",
"In September 2009, Ng Yen Yen, Malaysia's Tourism Minister, controversially claimed that, among other dishes, that \"Chilli crab is Malaysian\", accusing \"other countries\" of \"hijacking our food\".",
"Evidence supporting her claim has yet to be put forth."
] | [
0
] |
Release | When did Looper premier | Looper (film) | false | 6MOVIES
| [
1
] | [
"",
"\"Looper\" premiered on September 6, 2012 at the opening night of the Toronto International Film Festival.",
"The film was then released theatrically in the United States on , 2012 by FilmDistrict, who obtained the domestic rights from production company Endgame Entertainment at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.",
"In turn, FilmDistrict chose to release the film with TriStar Pictures.",
"The Chinese release of the film reintegrates a substantial number of scenes set in Shanghai.",
"The move was requested by Chinese production company DMG Entertainment in order to further appeal to Chinese audiences.",
"Several of these scenes were shortened or cut for the American release.",
"Johnson released a free audio commentary on SoundCloud to be downloaded and listened to during the film, with the warning: \"Needless to say, this is NOT to be listened to on a first viewing, or before you've seen the film.\""
] | [
2
] |
Abstract | "Chasing Cars" had sold how many copies by November 2011? | Chasing Cars | true | 0MUSIC
| [
10
] | [
"\"Chasing Cars\" is the second single from Snow Patrol's fourth album, \"Eyes Open.\"",
"It was recorded in 2005 and released on 6 June 2006 in the US and 24 July 2006 in the UK as the album's second single.",
"The song gained significant popularity in the US after being featured in the second season finale of the popular medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy.",
"\"It became notable as one of the songs that revealed the impact of legal downloads on single sales in the UK, selling consistently for years after its release.",
"The song is Snow Patrol's biggest-selling single to date, ending 2006 as the UK's 14th best-selling single of the year and that year had the distinction of being the last song performed live on the BBC's \"Top of the Pops\".",
"In 2007, on the strength of downloads, it was the UK's 34th best-selling single of 2007.",
"The song peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart, and number 5 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100.",
"At the 2007 Grammy Awards, \"Chasing Cars\" was nominated for Best Rock Song, and at the 2007 Brit Awards, the song was nominated for Best British Single.",
"In 2009, the PPL announced \"Chasing Cars\" was the most widely played song of the decade in the UK.",
"As of 26 August 2013, the song has spent 111 weeks on the official UK Top 75 Singles Chart and 154 on the Top 100 and has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the UK by October 2013.",
"It also sold 3,131,000 copies in the US by November 2011, making it one of the top 10 best-selling songs by a British artist in the digital era.",
"In a 2009 Channel 4 poll it was voted the number one \"song of the noughties\"."
] | [
5
] |
Frame | In what year did the Mona Lisa get fitted? | Mona Lisa | true | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"Because the \"Mona Lisa\"'s poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping.",
"In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honor the anniversary of Leonardo's 500th birthday, the \"Mona Lisa\" was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces.",
"This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further.",
"In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects.",
"In 2004–2005, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp.",
"The \"Mona Lisa\" has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries.",
"In 1909, the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame, a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the \"Mona Lisa\".",
"The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed."
] | [
0
] |
Background | Who plays FBI Agent Derek Morgan on the TV show "Criminal Minds"? | Criminal Minds | false | 1TV
| [
0
] | [
"When the series premiered in 2005, it featured FBI Agents Jason Gideon (Mandy Patinkin), Aaron Hotchner (Thomas Gibson), Elle Greenaway (Lola Glaudini), Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore), Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler), Jennifer Jareau (A. J. Cook), and Penelope Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness).",
"During season one, Vangsness was not a part of the main cast, but instead appeared as a recurring star.",
"Since season two, she has been promoted to the main cast.",
"In season two (2006-07), Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show, as she was unhappy living in Los Angeles and wished to return to Brooklyn.",
"She is replaced by Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster), the daughter of an ambassador (Kate Jackson).",
"Although fans were initially wary of Lola Glaudini's departure, Paget Brewster's role in the show has received large praise from fans.",
"In season three, Patinkin announced his departure from the show, because he was deeply disturbed with the content depicted in the show.",
"He left apologetic letters for his fellow cast members explaining his reasons and wishing them luck.",
"He is replaced by David Rossi (Joe Mantegna), a former FBI agent and best-selling author.",
"Although fans were devastated with Mandy Patinkin's decision to leave, Joe Mantegna's role in the show has been well received, and fans eventually accepted him and his character.",
"In season four (2008-09), A. J. Cook became pregnant with her first child, fathered by her husband, Nathan Andersen.",
"Her pregnancy was written into the show, where Jennifer goes on maternity leave after giving birth to a son named Henry (played by A. J. Cook's real-life son, Mekhai Andersen).",
"Jordan Todd (Meta Golding), an FBI Agent from the Counterterrorism Unit, serves as Communications Liaison until Jennifer returns.",
"In season six, Jennifer is forced by Section Chief Erin Strauss (Jayne Atkinson) to accept a promotion at The Pentagon, causing her to leave the Behavioral Analysis Unit.",
"In episode ten, she is replaced by Ashley Seaver (Rachel Nichols), the daughter of a horrific serial killer known as \"The Redmond Ripper\".",
"Ashley transfers to the Domestic Trafficking Task Force after she graduates from the FBI academy.",
"Later in season six, Emily is seemingly killed off, although she actually survives, she does not appear at all for the rest of the season.",
"Also in season six, Jennifer returns twice as a special guest star.",
"In May 2011, CBS chose not to renew Rachel Nichols' contract for season seven (2011-12), due to her character's negative reception from fans.",
"The cause of A. J. Cook's and Paget Brewster's departure was CBS making a controversial decision to release them from their contracts, which caused numerous angry letters sent from the fans to the studio.",
"Because of this, A. J. Cook and Paget Brewster were re-hired by CBS, reprising as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss, respectively.",
"In February 2012, Paget Brewster announced her departure from the show after season seven and is replaced in season eight (2012-13) by Alex Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn), a professor at Georgetown University.",
"Paget Brewster made a guest appearance in the show's 200th episode, reprising as Emily Prentiss."
] | [
3
] |
Tourism | In which ocean is Easter Island located? | Chile | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
9
] | [
"Tourism in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades.",
"In 2005, tourism grew by 13.6 percent, generating more than 4.5 billion dollars of which 1.5 billion is attributed to foreign tourists.",
"According to the National Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country.",
"Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent, mainly Argentina; followed by a growing number from the United States, Europe, and Brazil with a growing number of Asians from South Korea and PR China.",
"The main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country: San Pedro de Atacama, in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture, the altiplano lakes, and the Valley of the Moon.",
"In Putre, also in the north, there is the Chungará Lake, as well as the Parinacota and the Pomerape volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively.",
"Throughout the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute, including Portillo, Valle Nevado and Termas de Chillán.",
"The main tourist sites in the south are national parks (the most popular is Conguillío National Park in the Araucanía) and the coastal area around Tirúa and Cañete with the Isla Mocha and the Nahuelbuta National Park, Chiloé Archipelago and Patagonia, which includes Laguna San Rafael National Park, with its many glaciers, and the Torres del Paine National Park.",
"The central port city of Valparaíso, which is World Heritage with its unique architecture, is also popular.",
"Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist destinations.",
"For locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.",
"Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, La Serena and Coquimbo are the main summer centres in the north, and Pucón on the shores of Lake Villarrica is the main centre in the south.",
"Because of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valparaíso Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists.",
"Viña del Mar, Valparaíso's northern affluent neighbor, is popular because of its beaches, casino, and its annual song festival, the most important musical event in Latin America.",
"Pichilemu in the O'Higgins Region is widely known as South America's \"best surfing spot\" according to Fodor's.",
"In November 2005 the government launched a campaign under the brand \"Chile: All Ways Surprising\" intended to promote the country internationally for both business and tourism.",
"Museums in Chile such as the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts built in 1880, feature works by Chilean artists."
] | [] |
Abstract | When did 2 Broke Girls start airing? | 2 Broke Girls | true | 1TV
| [
5
] | [
"2 Broke Girls is an American television sitcom created for Warner Bros. Television by Michael Patrick King and Whitney Cummings.",
"It premiered on CBS in the United States on September 19, 2011, during the 2011–12 television season.",
"On March 27, 2013, CBS announced that \"2 Broke Girls\" has been renewed for a third season, to air during the 2013–14 television season.",
"The series is set in the Williamsburg neighborhood of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, United States.",
"Its plot line follows the misadventures of the roommates Max Black (Kat Dennings) and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs), who are both financially poor, and their efforts to start a cupcake business.",
"The first episode aired at 9:30 pm (E/P) after \"Two and a Half Men\" on September 19, 2011.",
"Later episodes followed \"How I Met Your Mother\" on Monday nights at 8:30 pm (E/P).",
"The series has received a generally positive response since its debut.",
"It was nominated for three 2012 Emmy Awards, winning for Art Direction.",
"On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed 2 Broke Girls for a fourth season."
] | [
2
] |
Websites | what park's and recreation character is featured on www.ronswansongrill.com? | Parks and Recreation | true | 1TV
| [
14
] | [
"http://www.pawneeindiana.com/ — Fictional city of Pawnee website.",
"http://www.hoosiermate.com/ — Dating website featured in the third season episode \"Soulmates.",
"\"",
"http://www.scarecrowboat.com/ — Website for Andy's band Mouse Rat (formerly Scarecrow Boat), Pawnee, Indiana's #1 band.",
"http://www.entertainment720.com/ — Website for Tom and Jean-Ralphio's failed business venture, Entertainment 7wenty.",
"http://www.awesomesaucewedding.com/ — Andy and April's wedding site.",
"http://www.knope2012.com/ — Knope 2012 campaign site.",
"http://www.snakeholelounge.com/ — Website for the Snakehole Lounge, \"Pawnee's sickest nightclub.",
"\"",
"https://www.twitter.com/munchmeat2015 — Twitter account featured in \"The Debate.",
"\"",
"http://annsolo.tumblr.com — Ann's personal blog (Tumblr), seen in the fifth season episode \"Ann's Decision.",
"\"",
"http://www.rentaswag.com — Tom's high-end clothes rental for teens, tweens and everything in betweens",
"http://www.ronswansongrill.com — Ron Swanson's grilling webpage"
] | [
0
] |
Architecture | What was designed by Calvert Vaux? | Metropolitan Museum of Art | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
1
] | [
"After negotiations with the City of New York in 1871, the Met was granted the land between the East Park Drive, Fifth Avenue, and the 79th and 85th Street Transverse Roads in Central Park.",
"A red-brick and stone \"mausoleum\" was designed by American architect Calvert Vaux and his collaborator Jacob Wrey Mould.",
"Vaux's ambitious building was not well received; the building's High Victorian Gothic style being already dated prior to completion, and the president of the Met termed the project \"a mistake.\"",
"Within 20 years, a new architectural plan engulfing the Vaux building was already being executed.",
"Since that time, many additions have been made including the distinctive Beaux-Arts Fifth Avenue facade, Great Hall, and Grand Stairway.",
"These were designed by architect and Met trustee Richard Morris Hunt, but completed by his son, Richard Howland Hunt in 1902 after his father's death.",
"The wings that completed the Fifth Avenue facade in the 1910s were designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White.",
"The modernistic glass sides and rear of the museum are the work of Roche-Dinkeloo.",
"Kevin Roche has been the architect for the master plan and expansion of the museum for the past 42 years.",
"He is responsible for designing all of its new wings and renovations including but not limited to the American Wing, Greek and Roman Court, and recently opened Islamic Wing.",
"As of 2010, the Met measures almost long and with more than of floor space, more than 20 times the size of the original 1880 building.",
"The museum building is an accretion of over 20 structures, most of which are not visible from the exterior.",
"The City of New York owns the museum building and contributes utilities, heat, and some of the cost of guardianship."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | When did "Forest Gump" come out? | Forrest Gump | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"Forrest Gump is a 1994 American epic romantic comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom.",
"The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis and starred Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise and Sally Field.",
"The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump, a naïve and slow-witted yet athletically prodigious native of Alabama who witnesses, and in some cases influences, some of the defining events of the latter half of the 20th century in the United States; more specifically, the period between Forrest's birth in 1944 and 1982.",
"The film differs substantially from Winston Groom's novel on which it is based, including Gump's personality and several events that were depicted.",
"Filming took place in late 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.",
"Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate the protagonist into archived footage and to develop other scenes.",
"A comprehensive soundtrack was featured in the film, using music intended to pinpoint specific time periods portrayed on screen.",
"Its commercial release made it a top-selling soundtrack, selling over 12 million copies worldwide.",
"Released in the United States on July 6, 1994, \"Forrest Gump\" received critical acclaim and became a commercial success as the top grossing film in North America released that year, being the first major success for Paramount Pictures since the studio's sale to Viacom earlier in the year.",
"The film earned over $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run.",
"The film won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director for Robert Zemeckis, Best Actor for Tom Hanks, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing.",
"It also garnered multiple other awards and nominations, including Golden Globe Awards, People's Choice Awards and Young Artist Awards, among others.",
"Since the film's release, varying interpretations have been made of the film's protagonist and its political symbolism.",
"In 1996, a themed restaurant, Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, opened based on the film, and has since expanded to multiple locations worldwide.",
"The scene of Gump running across the country is often referred to when real-life people attempt the feat.",
"In 2011, the Library of Congress selected \"Forrest Gump\" for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."
] | [
2
] |
Assessment of the battle | Which were the first successful landings across the English Channel? | Invasion of Normandy | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0
] | [
"The Normandy landings were the first successful opposed landings across the English Channel in over eight centuries.",
"They were costly in terms of men, but the defeat inflicted on the Germans was one of the largest of the war.",
"Strategically, the campaign led to the loss of the German position in most of France and the secure establishment of a new major front.",
"In larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern front, who were facing the bulk of the German forces and, to a certain extent, contributed to the shortening of the conflict there.",
"Although there was a shortage of artillery ammunition, at no time were the Allies critically short of any necessity.",
"This was a remarkable achievement considering they did not hold a port until Cherbourg fell.",
"By the time of the breakout the Allies also enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers of troops (approximately 7:2) and armoured vehicles (approximately 4:1) which helped overcome the natural advantages the terrain gave to the German defenders.",
"Allied intelligence and counterintelligence efforts were successful beyond expectations.",
"The Operation Fortitude deception before the invasion kept German attention focused on the Pas de Calais, and indeed high-quality German forces were kept in this area, away from Normandy, until July.",
"Prior to the invasion, few German reconnaissance flights took place over Britain, and those that did saw only the dummy staging areas.",
"Ultra decrypts of German communications had been helpful as well, exposing German dispositions and revealing their plans such as the Mortain counterattack.",
"Allied air operations also contributed significantly to the invasion, via close tactical support, interdiction of German lines of communication (preventing timely movement of supplies and reinforcements—particularly the critical Panzer units), and rendering the Luftwaffe ineffective in Normandy.",
"Although the impact upon armoured vehicles was less than expected, air activity intimidated these units and cut their supplies.",
"Despite initial heavy losses in the assault phase, Allied morale remained high.",
"Casualty rates among all the armies were tremendous, and the Commonwealth forces had to use a recently created category—Double Intense—to be able to describe them."
] | [] |
Success of athletes | Which season was it when Gilles Marini and Shawn Johnson tied in the last episode? | Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) | true | 1TV
| [
22
] | [
"Athletes have historically been far more successful as a group than other celebrities on the show.",
"At the end of the spring 2011 season, 28 athletes have competed on the show, representing 20% of the contestants.",
"They've won six competitions and placed second four times; a collective success (win or runner-up) rate of 36%.",
"In other words, better than one third of the athletes who have appeared on the show have finished either first or second.",
"This is far better than the rate for reality-show contestants, supermodels, actors, politicians and other celebrities.",
"Musicians/singers, at 27%, are the second most successful group.",
"It is speculated by the cast and staff on the show as well as the athletes themselves, that they have several advantages in some key areas:",
"Physical ability – Many of the physical abilities associated with gifted athleticism such as strength, agility, quickness, balance, stamina and more generally, body control and muscle coordination, are also considered useful and advantageous qualities in competitive dancing.",
"Training and coaching – Athletes are familiar with effective and efficient training techniques.",
"Professional dancer Cheryl Burke states, \"They are used to being coached and they respond to criticism better than, say, actors\".",
"Casting director Deena Katz says, \"They know their limits and don't overtrain like some others do\", and so they avoid injuries, which hamper many of the contestants.",
"Competitive instinct – Successful athletes are competitive individuals and therefore comfortable in an environment which encourages \"bettering\" an opponent.",
"In addition, they are familiar with performing under pressure and in some cases, thrive on it.",
"Highly successful, elite athletes are capable of performing at their highest level when it is most important.",
"They are able to focus and possibly even \"raise\" the quality of their performance during the biggest of competitions, whereas other contestants may falter under the same pressure.",
"There are disadvantages as well, particularly with the larger athletes such as football and basketball players.",
"Some of these athletes have difficulty making their over-sized frames look graceful on the dance floor.",
"However, this can also be an advantage: since this struggle with their large size is often plainly apparent during their performances, voters will tend to give them more leeway in this area, while an actor or singer with known dance background or training may be held to a higher standard in the voters' minds.",
"In every season finale in which an athlete was present, and was either tied for the top of the leader board or one point behind the leader said athlete went on to win the season.",
"This has happened on five occasions:",
"Season 3: Emmitt Smith and Mario Lopez tied in the finale, with both scoring 89/90",
"Season 5: Helio Castroneves scored one point behind Mel B in the finale, scoring 84/90 to her 85/90 (Castroneves is the only, male, non-NFL player for this to occur to)",
"Season 8: Shawn Johnson and Gilles Marini tied in the finale, with both scoring 88/90 (Johnson is the only female athlete for this to occur to)",
"Season 12: Hines Ward and Chelsea Kane tied in the finale, with both scoring 89/90 (Kane, however, landed in third place)",
"Season 14: Donald Driver scored one point behind Katherine Jenkins in the finale, scoring 89/90 to her 90/90"
] | [
2
] |
Soviet spies | Who was the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command? | Manhattan Project | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
6
] | [
"The prospect of sabotage was always present, and sometimes suspected when there were equipment failures.",
"While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage.",
"However, on 10 March 1945, a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line, and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down.",
"With so many people involved, security was a difficult task.",
"A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project's security issues.",
"By 1943, it was clear that the Soviet Union was attempting to penetrate the project.",
"Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash, the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command, investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley.",
"Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley, Haakon Chevalier, about passing information to the Soviet Union.",
"The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs, a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos.",
"The 1950 revelation of Fuchs' espionage activities damaged the United States' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada.",
"Subsequently, other instances of espionage were uncovered, leading to the arrest of Harry Gold, David Greenglass and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.",
"Other spies like George Koval and Theodore Hall remained unknown for decades.",
"The value of the espionage is difficult to quantify, as the principal constraint on the Soviet atomic bomb project was a shortage of uranium ore.",
"The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort."
] | [
3
] |
New Year's Eve celebrations | Where is the site of the annual New Year's Even Ball drop? | Times Square | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
0
] | [
"Times Square is the site of the annual New Year's Eve ball drop.",
"On December 31, 1907, a ball signifying New Year's Day was first dropped at Times Square, and the Square has held the main New Year's celebration in New York City ever since.",
"On that night, hundreds of thousands of people congregate to watch the Waterford Crystal ball being lowered on a pole atop the building, marking the start of the new year.",
"It replaced a lavish fireworks display from the top of the building that was held from 1904 to 1906, but stopped by city officials because of the danger of fire.",
"Beginning in 1908, and for more than eighty years thereafter, Times Square sign maker Artkraft Strauss was responsible for the ball-lowering.",
"During World War II, a minute of silence, followed by a recording of church bells pealing, replaced the ball drop because of wartime blackout restrictions.",
"Today, Countdown Entertainment and One Times Square handle the New Year's Eve event in conjunction with the Times Square Alliance.",
"A new energy-efficient LED ball, celebrating the centennial of the ball drop, debuted for the arrival of 2008.",
"The 2008/2009-ball, which was dropped on New Year's Eve (Wednesday, December 31, 2008) for the arrival of 2009, is larger and has become a permanent installation as a year-round attraction, being used for celebrations such as Valentine's Day and Halloween.",
"On average, about one million revelers crowd Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebrations.",
"However, for the millennium celebration on December 31, 1999, published reports stated approximately two million people overflowed Times Square, flowing from 6th Avenue to 8th Avenue and all the way back on Broadway and Seventh Avenues to 59th Street, making it the largest gathering in Times Square since August 1945 during celebrations marking the end of World War II."
] | [
4
] |
Protective equipment | What does "brassard" mean? | Archery | false | 4SPORT
| [
1
] | [
"Most archers wear a bracer (also known as an arm-guard) to protect the inside of the bow arm from being hit by the string and prevent clothing from catching the bow string.",
"The bracer does not brace the arm; the word comes from the armoury term \"brassard\", meaning an armoured sleeve or badge.",
"The Navajo people have developed highly ornamented bracers as non-functional items of adornment.",
"Some archers (mostly women) also wear protection on their chests, called chestguards or plastrons.",
"The myth of the Amazons was that they had one breast removed to solve this problem.",
"Roger Ascham mentions one archer, presumably with an unusual shooting style, who wore a leather guard for his face.",
"The drawing digits are normally protected by a leather tab, glove, or thumb ring.",
"A simple tab of leather is commonly used, as is a skeleton glove.",
"Medieval Europeans probably used a complete leather glove.",
"Eurasiatic archers who used the thumb or Mongolian draw protected their thumbs, usually with leather according to the author of \"Arab Archery\", but also with special rings of various hard materials.",
"Many surviving Turkish and Chinese examples are works of considerable art.",
"Some are so highly ornamented that the users could not have used them to loose an arrow.",
"Possibly these were items of personal adornment, and hence value, remaining extant whilst leather had virtually no intrinsic value and would also deteriorate with time.",
"In traditional Japanese archery a special glove is used, provided with a ridge which is used to draw the string."
] | [
0
] |
Food and nutrition | How many different flavors has Agriculture Canada identified in it's flavour wheel? | Maple syrup | false | 9FOOD
| [
15
] | [
"The basic ingredient in maple syrup is the sap from the xylem of sugar maple or various other species of maple trees.",
"It consists primarily of sucrose and water, with small amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose from the invert sugar created in the boiling process.",
"Organic acids, the most notable one being malic acid, make the syrup slightly acidic.",
"Maple syrup has a relatively low mineral content, consisting largely of potassium and calcium, but also contains nutritionally significant amounts of zinc and manganese.",
"Maple syrup also contains trace amounts of amino acids, which may contribute to the \"buddy\" flavour of syrup produced late in the season, as the amino acid content of sap increases at this time.",
"Additionally, maple syrup contains a wide variety of volatile organic compounds, including vanillin, hydroxybutanone, and propionaldehyde.",
"It is not yet known exactly what compounds are responsible for maple syrup's distinctive flavour, however its primary flavour contributing compounds are maple furanone, strawberry furanone, and maltol.",
"Maple syrup is similar to sugar with respect to calorie content, but is a source of manganese, with 13 grams containing about 0.44 milligrams, or 22 percent of the US Food and Drug Administration Daily Value (DV%) of 2 milligrams.",
"It is also a source of zinc with 13 grams containing 0.55 milligrams or 3.7 percent of the DV% of 15 milligrams.",
"Compared to honey, maple syrup has 15 times more calcium and 1/10 as much sodium.",
"Scientists have found that maple syrup's natural phenols – potentially beneficial antioxidant compounds – inhibit two carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes that are relevant to type 2 diabetes.",
"In the study, 34 new compounds were discovered in pure maple syrup, five of which have never before been seen in nature.",
"Among the five new compounds is quebecol, a phenolic compound created when the maple sap is boiled to create syrup.",
"British culinary expert Delia Smith described maple syrup as \"a unique ingredient, smooth- and silky-textured, with a sweet, distinctive flavour – hints of caramel with overtones of toffee will not do – and a rare colour, amber set alight.",
"Maple flavour is, well, maple flavour, uniquely different from any other.\"",
"Agriculture Canada has developed a \"flavour wheel\" that details 91 unique flavours that can be present in maple syrup.",
"These flavours are divided into 13 families: vanilla, empyreumatic (burnt), milky, fruity, floral, spicy, foreign deterioration or environment, maple, confectionery, plants forest-humus-cereals, herbaceous, or ligneous.",
"These flavours are evaluated using a procedure similar to wine tasting.",
"Other culinary experts praise its unique flavour.",
"Maple syrup and its various artificial imitations are widely used as toppings for pancakes, waffles, and French toast in North America.",
"They can also be used to flavour a variety of foods, including fritters, ice cream, hot cereal, fresh fruit, and sausages.",
"It is also used as sweetener for granola, applesauce, baked beans, candied sweet potatoes, winter squash, cakes, pies, breads, tea, coffee, and hot toddies.",
"Maple syrup can also be used as a replacement for honey in wine (mead)."
] | [
5
] |
Terminal City | When was the studio space renovated as a sports club? | Grand Central Terminal | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
18
] | [
"The construction of Grand Central created a mini-city within New York, including the Commodore Hotel and various office buildings.",
"It spurred construction throughout the neighborhood in the 1920s including the Chrysler Building.",
"In 1928, the New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building (now called the Helmsley Building) straddling Park Avenue on the north side of the Terminal.",
"There is a \"secret\" platform, number 61, under the station.",
"This was once used to convey President Franklin D. Roosevelt directly into the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.",
"This platform was part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria.",
"It was mentioned in \"The New York Times\" in 1929 but was first used by General Pershing in 1938.",
"From 1939 to 1964 CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building, particularly above the main waiting room.",
"The space contained two production studios (41 and 42), two \"program control\" facilities (43 and 44), network master control, and facilities for local station WCBS-TV.",
"In 1958, the first major videotape operations facility in the world opened in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor of the main terminal building.",
"The facility used fourteen Ampex VR-1000 videotape recorders.",
"The \"CBS Evening News\" began its broadcasts there with Douglas Edwards.",
"Many historic news events were broadcast from this location, such as John Glenn's Mercury-Atlas 6 space mission and Walter Cronkite's coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.",
"Edward R. Murrow's \"See It Now\" originated from Grand Central, including his famous broadcasts on Senator Joseph McCarthy.",
"The Murrow broadcasts were recreated in George Clooney's movie \"Good Night, and Good Luck\", although the CBS News and corporate offices were not actually in the same building as the film implies.",
"The long-running panel show \"What's My Line?\"",
"was first broadcast from the GCT studios, as were \"The Goldbergs\" and \"Mama\".",
"The facility's operations were later moved to the CBS Broadcast Center.",
"In 1966, the former studio space was converted to a sports club with two tennis courts and was operated by Donald Trump from 1984 to 2009.",
"The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court."
] | [
2
] |
The war years | What year was Matisse's student Rudolf Levy killed? | Henri Matisse | false | 3ART
| [
16
] | [
"He and his wife of 41 years separated in 1939.",
"In 1941, he underwent surgery in which a colostomy was performed.",
"Afterwards he started using a wheelchair, and until his death he was cared for by a Russian woman, Lydia Delektorskaya, formerly one of his models.",
"With the aid of assistants he set about creating cut paper collages, often on a large scale, called \"gouaches découpés\".",
"His Blue Nudes series feature prime examples of this technique he called \"painting with scissors\"; they demonstrate the ability to bring his eye for colour and geometry to a new medium of utter simplicity, but with playful and delightful power.",
"In the 1940s he also worked as a graphic artist and produced black-and-white illustrations for several books and over one hundred original lithographs at the Mourlot Studios in Paris.",
"In 1941, a nursing student named Monique Bourgeois responded to an ad placed by Matisse for a nurse.",
"A platonic friendship developed between Matisse and Bourgeois.",
"He discovered that she was an amateur artist, and taught her about perspective.",
"After Bourgeois left the position, Matisse sometimes contacted her to request that she model for him.",
"Bourgeois became a Dominican nun in 1946.",
"Matisse was much admired and repeatedly referred to by the Greek Nobelist poet Odysseas Elytis.",
"Elytis was introduced to Matisse through their common friend Tériade, during the work on the \"Cutouts\".",
"Matisse had painted the wall of the dining room of Tériade's residence, the \"Villa Natacha\" in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, which Elytis also mentioned in his poems.",
"Matisse, thoroughly unpolitical, was shocked when he heard that his daughter Marguerite, who had been active in the Résistance during the war, was tortured (almost to death) in a Rennes prison and sentenced to the Ravensbrück concentration camp.",
"(Marguerite avoided further imprisonment by escaping from the Ravensbrück-bound train, which was halted during an Allied air strike; she survived in the woods until rescued by fellow resisters.",
")Matisse's student Rudolf Levy was killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944.",
"In 1947 he published \"Jazz\", a limited-edition artist's book of about one hundred prints of colourful paper cut collages, accompanied by his written thoughts.",
"Tériade, a noted twentieth-century art publisher, arranged to have Matisse's cutouts rendered as pochoir (stencil) prints."
] | [
0
] |
Origin and early evolution | Are gene sequences used to reconstruct baterial phylogeny? | Bacteria | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
3
] | [
"The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago.",
"For about 3 billion years, all organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life.",
"Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species.",
"However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage.",
"Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes.",
"Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea.",
"This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alpha-proteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g.",
"in ancient \"amitochondrial\" protozoa).",
"Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms.",
"This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.",
"There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events.",
"Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a \"second-generation\" plastid.",
"This is known as secondary endosymbiosis."
] | [] |
Flooding and clearing | How can you breathe using a snorkel while submerged under water? | Snorkeling | true | 4SPORT
| [
1
] | [
"The most common type of snorkel is a simple tube that is allowed to flood when underwater.",
"The snorkeler expels water from the snorkel either with a sharp exhalation on return to the surface (\"blast clearing\") or by tilting the head back shortly before reaching the surface and exhaling until reaching or breaking the surface (\"displacement method\") and facing forward again before inhaling the next breath.",
"The displacement method expels water by displacing its presence in the snorkel with air; it is a technique that takes practice but clears the snorkel with less effort, but only works when surfacing.",
"Clearing splash water while at the surface requires blast clearing.",
"Some snorkels have a sump in the mouthpiece to allow a small volume of water to remain in the snorkel without being inhaled when the snorkeler breathes.",
"Some also have a one-way output valve in the sump, which automatically drains the sump as it fills with water.",
"A few snorkels have float-operated valves attached to the top end of the tube to keep water out when a wave passes, but these cause problems when diving as the snorkel must then be equalised during descent, using part of the diver's inhaled air supply.",
"Some recent designs have a splash deflector on the top end that prevents entry of any water that splashes over the open end of the tube, thereby keeping it relatively free from water.",
"Finswimmers usually don't use snorkels with a sump valve, as they learn to spit water out through the tube, allowing greater speed and lowering the stress of eventual swallowing of small quantities of water, which would impede their competition performance.",
"There is actually a method to re-train former snorkelers to use sump valve, splash deflector and noseclip to become a proficient finswimmer.",
"Common problem with all assistive mechanical clearing mechanisms is their tendency to fail if infrequently used, stored for long periods, environmental fouling, or due to lack of maintenance.",
"Modern designs use silicone rubber in the mouthpiece and one-way clearing and float valves due to its resistance to degradation and its long service life.",
"Natural rubber was formerly used, but slowly oxidizes and breaks down due to ultraviolet light exposure from the sun.",
"It eventually loses its flexibility, becomes brittle and cracks, which can cause clearing valves to stick in the open or closed position, and float valves to leak due to a failure of the valve seat to seal.",
"In even older designs, some snorkels were made with small \"ping pong\" balls in a cage mounted to the open end of the tube to prevent water ingress.",
"These are no longer sold or recommended because they are unreliable and considered hazardous.",
"Similarly, diving masks with a built-in snorkel are considered unsafe and obsolete.",
"Application of a grease to valve seats can aid in sealing, but is mechanically washed away over time.",
"A heavy application can cause valves to stick closed and trap grit (foul), which will cause the valve to leak.",
"Environmental fouling can be caused by beach sand or loose-floating plant or animal matter becoming lodged in the valve, preventing proper operation.",
"Although swimming with a snorkel is much easier than without, it is important that a novice swimmer also learn surface breathing and floating without a snorkel, in the event that the clearing mechanisms fail, rendering the snorkel useless as a breathing aid."
] | [
5
] |
Post-production | Who composed the soundtrack for The Terminator? | The Terminator | false | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
"After production finished on \"The Terminator\", some post-production shots were needed.",
"These included scenes showing the Terminator outside Sarah Connor's apartment, Reese being zipped into a body bag, and the Terminator's head being crushed in a press.",
"The film's soundtrack was synthesizer music composed by Brad Fiedel.",
"Fiedel described the film's music as being about \"a mechanical man and his heartbeat\".",
"Almost all the music in the film was performed live.",
"\"The Terminator\"s theme is played over the opening credits and is played in various points in the film in sped up versions: a slowed down version when Reese dies, and a piano version during the love scene.",
"Fiedel created music for when Reese and Connor escape from the police station that would be appropriate for a \"heroic moment\".",
"Cameron turned down this theme, as he believed it would lose the audience's excitement.",
"The soundtrack to the film was released in 1984."
] | [
3
] |
Alleged copyright infringement | What was the name of Robert Hughes' brother? | Prison Break | true | 1TV
| [
2
] | [
"On October 24, 2006, the Associated Press reported that Donald and Robert Hughes filed a lawsuit against Fox Broadcasting Company and the show's executive producer and creator, Paul Scheuring, for copyright infringement, seeking unspecified damages and other costs.",
"They claimed that in 2001, they had sent Fox their manuscript which was based on their own experiences of a prison break at a juvenile facility.",
"In the 1960s, Donald Hughes planned and successfully executed a prison escape for his brother, Robert Hughes, who was wrongfully incarcerated."
] | [
0
] |
Accolades | What artist received the 2011 ARIA Music Awards Single of the Year? | Somebody That I Used to Know | true | 0MUSIC
| [
2
] | [
"On 15 July 2011, the song finished third in the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition, with the winning song, \"Cameo Lover\", by Kimbra.",
"Earlier that year, Gotye had first noticed Kimbra when both were short-listed as finalists for the competition.",
"At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, \"Somebody That I Used To Know\" won Single of the Year, Best Pop Release, Best Video (for Natasha Pincus), Engineer of the Year (for François Tétaz) and Producer of the Year (for Gotye).",
"Gotye also won Best Male Artist for the song while Kimbra won Best Female Artist for her previous single, \"Cameo Lover\".",
"At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, \"Somebody That I Used To Know\" won Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year and Gotye won Songwriter of the Year.",
"It is also nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for \"Choice Rock Song\" and \"Choice Break-Up Song\".",
"The song was nominated at the 55th Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, winning both awards."
] | [
0
] |
Season 8 | Where does Ted move after the wedding? | How I Met Your Mother | true | 1TV
| [
18
] | [
"Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney, causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together.",
"The summer is spent with Ted, Barney and Robin enjoying their current relationships however all subsequently break up with their partners.",
"Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin, Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity.",
"Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together, despite Barney's wishes.",
"Barney then begins dating Robin's hated co-worker Patrice (Ellen D. Williams), a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him.",
"In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin, who says yes.",
"Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents, which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time.",
"Lily's father Mickey becomes Marvin's nanny, freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends.",
"The Captain, ex-husband of Ted's old girlfriend Zoey, offers Lily a job as an art consultant due to her identifying a painting that made a huge profit for him.",
"Lily accepts, happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge.",
"The Captain offers Lilly a year's work in Rome, which she accepts with Marshall's blessing.",
"However, just before Barney and Robin's wedding, Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted, a development that would require them to stay in the US.",
"Ted briefly dates Jeanette (Abby Elliott), a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of \"New York Magazine\" due to his design of GNB headquarters.",
"He quickly realizes he's made a mistake and breaks up with her.",
"Ted's feelings of loneliness grow, especially as he is now the only single member of the group, and he decides he is truly ready to settle down.",
"He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin's wedding, but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument.",
"During a chance meeting on the subway, Cindy offers the services of her roommate's wedding band; said roommate is Ted's future wife.",
"As the week of the wedding approaches, Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted.",
"Guilty, Ted realizes he can't be around Barney and Robin after they're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding.",
"The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin's wedding, including the mother of Ted's children (revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti), who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella."
] | [
4
] |
Reception | Was The Kid With a Bike received well | The Kid with a Bike | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"The film received near universal acclaim.",
"It scored a 96% \"Certified Fresh\" approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 109 reviews; the film review aggregate site described the critical consensus that the film \"is a heart-wrenching, thematically and spiritually rich drama.\"",
"Jonathan Romney wrote in \"Screen Daily\": \"After the slightly sub-par \"Lorna's Silence\" (2008), the brothers are back on peerless form with this story of innocence betrayed and befriended, which must count as one of the best films about childhood since \"Kes\" – or for that matter \"Bicycle Thieves\", to which it surely nods.\"",
"Romney further commented: \"Shooting as usual with cinematographer Alain Marcoen, and in their familiar stamping ground of Seraing, the brothers this time bring a somewhat different, airier look to their locations, more suburban than in the past.",
"Marcoen's camerawork, also, is rather more free-wheeling than the tightly constrained (and often imitated) tightness of \"The Son\".\"",
"At the 2011 London Film Festival it was among \"Sight & Sound\"s 30 recommendations; according to them, \"The Dardenne brothers may be the most consistently high-achieving filmmakers of our time – the kings, if you like, of poetic neorealism.",
"Like all their films, \"Le Gamin au vélo\" (\"The Kid with a Bike\") is near perfect.\"",
"Upon its March 2012 UK release, Peter Bradshaw gave it (four stars out of 5) and said it \"revive the memory of De Sica's 1948 classic \"Bicycle Thieves\"\"; it is a \"heartfelt, boldly direct film composed in the social-realist key signature of C major, revisiting the film-makers' classic themes of parenthood, trust and love.",
"\"On the negative side, one critic called the film \"trite\" and its thinking \"lazy\", while another reviewer called it \"formulaic\" and \"superficial\"."
] | [] |
Abstract | If I wanted to go to Navy Pier, where would I go? | Navy Pier | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
0
] | [
"Navy Pier is a long pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan.",
"It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area.",
"The pier was built in 1916 at a cost of $4.5 million.",
"It was a part of the Plan of Chicago developed by architect and city planner Daniel Burnham and his associates.",
"As Municipal Pier #2 (Municipal Pier #1 was never built), Navy Pier was planned and built to serve as a mixed-purpose piece of public infrastructure.",
"Its primary purpose was as a cargo facility for lake freighters, and warehouses were built up and down the Pier.",
"However, the Pier was also designed to provide docking space for passenger excursion steamers, and in the pre–air conditioning era parts of the Pier, especially its outermost tip, were designed to serve as cool places for public gathering and entertainment.",
"The Pier even had its own tram.",
"Today, Navy Pier is Chicago's number one tourist attraction."
] | [
4
] |
Television, films and video games | Which American television series used the song "Party Rock Anthem"? | Party Rock Anthem | true | 0MUSIC
| [
2
] | [
"In popular culture.",
"Television, films and video games.",
"\"Party Rock Anthem\" was used in several TV series such as in the first episode of \"Awkward\", in the season 3, episode 8 of \"Glee\", in the season 5, episode 12 of \"Gossip Girl\", in the season 3 finale of \"Parenthood\", episode 5 of 2 Broke Girls, in season 4, episode 14 of \"Parks and Recreation\", in the eighth season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" and in the \"South Park\" episode \"City Sushi\".",
"It was also used in the opening titles for the Australian reality game show, \"The Renovators\".",
"There is a spoof of the song in the popular YouTube web series \"The Annoying Orange\" episode \"Party Rock\".",
"The song was also used in a Bat Mitzvah sketch in a \"Saturday Night Live\" episode hosted by Channing Tatum and in Australia's Got Talent 2011 sung by Timomatic.",
"Quest Crew danced to it on the season 6 finale of \"America's Best Dance Crew\".",
"On the episode 8 of \"America's Best Dance Crews season 7, contestants 8Flavahz danced to the song.",
"The song was covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes with lyric changes in the 2011 film ' and appears on its .",
"It was also featured in the trailer for the 2011 Lionsgate film \"Madea's Big Happy Family\".",
"It is also heard in the video games \"Just Dance 3\" and \"FIFA Street\".",
"The videogame \"Dance Central 2\" uses it on the DLC, which was released on February 28, 2012.",
"In \"World of Warcraft\", the dance emote for the male Pandaren is based on this song's choreography."
] | [] |
Influence | Where can murals be found? | Mexican muralism | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
1
] | [
"After nearly a century since the beginning of the movement, Mexican artists still produce murals and other forms of art with the same “mestizo” message.",
"Murals can be found in government buildings, former churches and schools in nearly every part of the country.",
"One recent example is a cross cultural project in 2009 to paint a mural in the municipal market of Teotitlán del Valle, a small town in the state of Oaxaca.",
"High school and college student from Georgia, United States, collaborated with town authorities to design and paint a mural to promote nutrition, environmental protection, education and the preservation of Zapotec language and customs.",
"Mexican muralism brought mural painting back to the forefront of Western art in the 20th century with its influence spreading abroad, especially promoting the idea of mural painting as a form of promoting social and political ideas.",
"It offered an alternative to non-representational abstraction after World War I with figurative works that reflect society and its immediate concerns.",
"While most Mexican muralists had little desire to be part of the international art scene, their influence spread to other parts of the Americas.",
"Notable muralists influenced by Mexican muralism include Carlos Mérida of Guatemala, Oswaldo Guayasamín of Ecuador and Candido Portinari of Brazil .",
"Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros all spent time in the United States.",
"Orozco was the first to paint murals in the late 1920s at Pomona College in Claremont, California, staying until 1934 and becoming popular with academic institutions.",
"During the Great Depression, the Works Progress Administration employed artists to paint murals, which paved the way for Mexican muralists to find commissions in the country.",
"Rivera lived in the United States from 1930 to 1934.",
"During this time, he put on an influential show of his easel work at the Museum of Modern Art.",
"The success of Orozco and Rivera prompted U.S. artists to study in Mexico and opened doors for many other Mexican artists to find work in the country.",
"Siqueiros did not fare as well.",
"He was exiled to the US from Mexico in 1932, moving to Los Angeles.",
"During this time, he painted three murals, but they were painted over.",
"América Tropical, the only surviving public mural by David Alfaro Siqueiros in the United States is being conserved and construction of an adjoining visitor center is expected to be completed by 2012 or 2013.",
"The concept of mural as political message was transplanted to the United States, especially in the former Mexican territory of the Southwest.",
"It served as inspiration to the later Chicano Mural Movement but the political messages are different."
] | [
4
] |
Track listing | Where can you get the album for Blow Me (One Last Kiss)? | Blow Me (One Last Kiss) | true | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
" Digital download",
" \"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)\" — 4:16",
"\"Blow Me (One Last Kiss) (Fred Falke Radio Edit)",
" CD/Digital single",
" \"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)\" — 4:16",
" \"The King Is Dead but the Queen Is Alive\" (Pink, Billy Mann, Butch Walker, Niklas \"Nikey\" Olovson, Robin Lynch) — 3:44"
] | [
4
] |
A modern sport | When was the last Indian Yahi tribe named Ishi get out of hiding from California? | Archery | true | 4SPORT
| [
7
] | [
"The 1840s saw the first attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport.",
"The first Grand National Archery Society meeting was held in York in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardised as the 'York Round' - a series of shoots at 60, 80, and 100 yards.",
"Horace A. Ford helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques.",
"He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856.",
"Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such as croquet and tennis became more popular among the middle class.",
"By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the 1900 Paris Olympics.",
"In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century.",
"The last of the Yahi Indian tribe, a native known as Ishi, came out of hiding in California in 1911.",
"His doctor, Saxton Pope, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them.",
"The Pope and Young Club, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations.",
"Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the Club was patterned after the prestigious Boone and Crockett Club and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.",
"From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.",
"They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow.",
"These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority.",
"In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding.",
"Much of this expertise is available in the \"Traditional Bowyer's Bibles\" (see Additional reading).",
"Modern game archery owes much of its success to Fred Bear, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer."
] | [
2
] |
History | What is spectroscopy? | Astrophysics | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
8
] | [
"Although astronomy is as ancient as recorded history itself, it was long separated from the study of terrestrial physics.",
"In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its goal.",
"Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle.",
"In the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.",
"At the end of the 19th century, it was discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of spectral lines were observed (regions where there was less or no light).",
"Laboratory experiments with hot gases showed that the same lines could be observed in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements.",
"In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars (chiefly hydrogen) were also found on Earth.",
"Indeed, the element helium was first discovered in the spectrum of the Sun and only later found on Earth, hence its name.",
"During the 20th century, spectroscopy (the study of these spectral lines) advanced, particularly as a result of the advent of quantum physics that was necessary to understand the astronomical and experimental observations.",
"See also:",
" Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure",
" Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae",
" Timeline of black hole physics",
" Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity"
] | [
0
] |
Release aids | Are operations controlled by finger or foot? | Archery | true | 4SPORT
| [
1
] | [
"A release aid is a mechanical device designed to give a crisp and precise loose of arrows from a compound bow.",
"In the most commonly used, the string is released by a finger-operated trigger mechanism, held in the archer's hand or attached to their wrist.",
"In another type, known as a back-tension release, the string is automatically released when drawn to a pre-determined tension."
] | [] |
Abstract | When was "Starships" released? | Starships (song) | false | 0MUSIC
| [
1
] | [
"Starships (song)\"Starships\" is a song by Trinidadian-American singer-songwriter and rapper Nicki Minaj, taken from her second studio album \"\".",
"It was released on February 14, 2012 by Young Money, Cash Money, Universal Republic as the lead single from the album.",
"The song was written by Minaj, Nadir Khayat, Carl Falk, Rami Yacoub and Wayne Hector, and was produced by RedOne, Yacoub, and Falk.",
"\"Starships\" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented its production, though found it generic and criticized Minaj's transition towards pop music.",
"The song is Minaj's most successful single to date, peaking inside the top five in over fifteen countries.",
"It remains her most certified single to date, and has become one of the best-selling singles of all time.",
"The song also made US \"Billboard\" history, debuting in the US top ten and then spending a total of 21 consecutive weeks in the top ten.",
"Minaj has performed the song live in a number of appearances, and was the encore performance on the .",
"The corresponding music video was shot Oahu Island, Hawaii.",
"Directed by Anthony Mandler, the song features Nicki on a beach in a bikini, and near the end of the video, it shows her and a \"party-esque\" dancing to the song and performing.",
"The music video was critically acclaimed from music critics, many praising the kaleidoscope effects in the video and the fun, carefree style.",
"However, some critics noticed its postponed release, because the video for her single \"Beez in the Trap\" was released before \"Starships\" was.",
"With all the success, the song has also sparked controversy surrounding a pulled live performance.",
"The song was included in the 2012 videogame \"Dance Central 3\" and is included in the best-selling videogame \"Just Dance 2014\".",
"It is also one of the select few songs available on \"Just Dance 2014\"'s demo version.",
"In September 2013 electronic artist Clive Tanaka filed suit against Nicki Minaj and the writers of the song, claiming it infringed on his own composition and recording, \"Neu Chicago\"."
] | [
2
] |
Critter Country | When did Critter Country open? | Disneyland | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
0
] | [
"Critter Country opened in 1972 as \"Bear Country\", and was renamed in 1988.",
"Formerly the area was home to Indian Village, where indigenous tribespeople demonstrated their dances and other customs.",
"Today, the main draw of the area is Splash Mountain, a log-flume journey inspired by the Uncle Remus stories of Joel Chandler Harris and the animated segments of Disney's Academy Award-winning 1946 film, \"Song of the South\".",
"In 2003, a dark ride called The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh replaced the Country Bear Jamboree, which closed in 2001.",
"The attraction is still open in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom."
] | [
2
] |
Diver propulsion | Why are some sleds faired? | Scuba diving | false | 4SPORT
| [
6
] | [
"Personal mobility is enhanced by fins and optionally diver propulsion vehicles.",
"Fins have a large blade area and use the more powerful leg muscles, so are much more efficient for propulsion and manoeuvring thrust than arm and hand movements, but require skill to provide fine control.",
"Streamlining dive gear will reduce drag and improve mobility.",
"Balanced trim which allows the diver to align in any desired direction also improves streamlining by presenting the smallest section area to the direction of movement and allows propulsion thrust to be used more efficiently.",
"Occasionally a diver may be towed using a \"sled\", an unpowered device towed behind a surface vessel which conserves the diver's energy and allows more distance to be covered for a given air consumption and bottom time.",
"The depth is usually controlled by the diver by using diving planes or by tilting the whole sled.",
"Some sleds are faired to reduce drag on the diver."
] | [
1
] |
Cast | Which person was the target of cyborg's mission to destroy? | The Terminator | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"Arnold Schwarzenegger as The Terminator, a cyborg disguised as a human being sent back in time to assassinate Sarah Connor.",
"Schwarzenegger speaks only 18 lines in the film, and less than 100 words.",
"James Cameron said that \"Somehow, even his accent worked...",
"It had a strange synthesized quality, like they hadn't gotten the voice thing quite worked out.",
"\"",
"Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor, the Terminator's target who is soon to be the mother of the future Resistance leader John Connor.",
"Michael Biehn as Kyle Reese, a human Resistance fighter sent back in time to protect Sarah.",
"Paul Winfield as Ed Traxler, a police Lieutenant who questions Sarah.",
"Lance Henriksen as Hal Vukovich, a police detective who questions Sarah.",
"Earl Boen as Dr. Silberman, a criminal psychologist.",
"Additional actors included Bess Motta as Ginger Ventura; Rick Rossovich as Matt Buchanan; Dick Miller as the gun shop clerk; Shawn Schepps as Nancy; Bruce M. Kerner as the desk sergeant; Schwarzenegger's friend and workout partner, professional bodybuilder Franco Columbu as a Terminator in 2029; and Bill Paxton, Brad Rearden, and Brian Thompson as punks who are confronted by the Terminator; Marianne Muellerleile as one of the other women with the name \"Sarah Connor\" who was shot by the Terminator."
] | [] |
Conservation | How many laboratory tests verified da Vinci's "Lady with an Ermine"? | Lady with an Ermine | true | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"The \"Lady with an Ermine\" has been subjected to two detailed laboratory examinations.",
"The first was in the Warsaw Laboratories, the findings being published by K. Kwiatkowski in 1955.",
"The painting underwent examination and restoration again in 1992, at the Washington National Gallery Laboratories under the supervision of David Bull.",
"The painting is in oil on a thin walnut wood panel, about thick, prepared with a layer of white gesso and a layer of brownish underpaint.",
"The panel is in good condition apart from a break to the upper left side of the painting.",
"Its size has never been altered, as indicated by a narrow unpainted strip on all four sides of the painting.",
"The background was thinly overpainted with unmodulated black, probably between 1830 and 1870, when the damaged corner was restored.",
"Eugène Delacroix was suggested to have painted the background.",
"Its previous colour was a bluish grey.",
"The signature \"LEONARD D'AWINCI\" (which is Polish phonetical transcription of the name \"da Vinci\") in the upper left corner is not original.X-ray and microscopic analysis have revealed the charcoal-pounced outline of the pricked preparatory drawing on the prepared undersurface, a technique Leonardo learned in the studio of Verrocchio.",
"Apart from the black of the background and some abrasion caused by cleaning, the painted surface reveals the painting is almost entirely by the artist's hand.",
"There has been some slight retouching of her features in red, and the edge of the veil in ochre.",
"Some scholars believe there also was some later retouching of the hands.",
"Leonardo's fingerprints have been found in the surface of the paint, indicating he used his fingers to blend his delicate brushstrokes."
] | [
5
] |
Classification | What are the differences between leptons and quarks? | Electron | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
3
] | [
"In the Standard Model of particle physics, electrons belong to the group of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be fundamental or elementary particles.",
"Electrons have the lowest mass of any charged lepton (or electrically charged particle of any type) and belong to the first-generation of fundamental particles.",
"The second and third generation contain charged leptons, the muon and the tau, which are identical to the electron in charge, spin and interactions, but are more massive.",
"Leptons differ from the other basic constituent of matter, the quarks, by their lack of strong interaction.",
"All members of the lepton group are fermions, because they all have half-odd integer spin; the electron has spin ."
] | [
0
] |
Adana | How can one try a "less hot" version? | Kebab | false | 9FOOD
| [
2
] | [
"Adana kebabı (or kıyma kebabı) is a long, hand-minced meat kebab mounted on a wide iron skewer and grilled over charcoal.",
"It is generally \"hot\" or piquant.",
"A \"less hot\" version is generally called urfa kebabı."
] | [
5
] |
Air | How much international passenger traffic goes through the Tan Son Nhat airport? | Vietnam | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"Vietnam operates 21 major civil airports, including three international gateways: Noi Bai in Hanoi, Da Nang International Airport in Da Nang, and Tan Son Nhat in Ho Chi Minh City.",
"Tan Son Nhat is the nation's largest airport, handling 75% of international passenger traffic.",
"According to a state-approved plan, Vietnam will have 10 international airports by 2015 – besides the aforementioned three, these include Lien Khuong International Airport, Phu Bai International Airport, Cam Ranh International Airport, Phu Quoc International Airport, Cat Bi International Airport, Cần Thơ International Airport and Long Thanh International Airport.",
"The planned Long Thanh International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100 million passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2020.",
"Vietnam Airlines, the state-owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 69 passenger aircraft, and aims to operate 150 by 2020.",
"Several private airlines are also in operation in Vietnam, including Air Mekong, Jetstar Pacific Airlines, VASCO and VietJet Air."
] | [
5
] |
Bird anatomy | Where do birds have scales? | Anatomy | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
12
] | [
"Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight.",
"Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic rate, a light skeletal system and powerful muscles.",
"The long bones are thin, hollow and very light.",
"Air sac extensions from the lungs occupy the centre of some bones.",
"The sternum is wide and usually has a keel and the caudal vertebrae are fused.",
"There are no teeth and the narrow jaws are adapted into a horn-covered beak.",
"The eyes are relatively large, particularly in nocturnal species such as owls.",
"They face forwards in predators and sideways in ducks.",
"The feathers are outgrowths of the epidermis and are found in localized bands from where they fan out over the skin.",
"Large flight feathers are found on the wings and tail, contour feathers cover the bird's surface and fine down occurs on young birds and under the contour feathers of water birds.",
"The only cutaneous gland is the single uropygial gland near the base of the tail.",
"This produces an oily secretion that waterproofs the feathers when the bird preens.",
"There are scales on the legs and feet and claws on the tips of the toes."
] | [
4
] |
History | How much was the final cost of Disneyland Tokyo? | Tokyo Disneyland | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
3
] | [
"In April 1979, the first basic contract for the construction of Disneyland in Tokyo was signed.",
"Japanese engineers and architects flocked to California to tour Disneyland and prepare to construct the new operating dreamland in Tokyo.",
"Just one year later, construction of the park began and was covered by hundreds of media reporters as an indication of the high expectations for the park in the future.",
"Though successful in the building process, the final cost of Disneyland Tokyo almost doubled the estimated budget costing 180 billion yen rather than the projected 100 billion yen.",
"Despite this discrepancy, Disneyland Tokyo has been a constant source of pride since opening day over 30 years ago."
] | [
5
] |
Media | Can you own private satellite dishes in Singapore? | Singapore | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
9
] | [
"Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.",
"MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-to-air radio stations in Singapore.",
"There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels offered by Mediacorp.",
"The channels are Channel 5 (English channel), Channel News Asia (English channel), Okto (English channel), Channel 8 (Chinese channel), Channel U (Chinese channel), Suria (Malay channel) and Vasantham (Indian channel).",
"Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with channels from all around the world and Singtel's MioTV provides an IPTV service.",
"Singapore Press Holdings, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.",
"Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being too regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as Freedom House.",
"In 2010, Reporters Without Borders, a France-based international non-governmental organisation, ranked Singapore 136 out of 178 in its Press Freedom Index, just below Mexico.",
"The Media Development Authority regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.",
"Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.",
"Television is censored, and shows like Sex and the City and Queer as Folk (UK TV series) are banned.",
"There are 3.4 million users of the internet in Singapore, one of the highest internet penetration rates in the world.",
"The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet, but it maintains a list of one hundred websites (mostly pornographic) that it blocks as a 'symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet'.",
"As the block covers only home internet access, users may still visit the blocked websites from their office computers."
] | [] |
Mythology | Which Pharaoh built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx 1000 years after it was built? | Great Sphinx of Giza | false | 3ART
| [
5
] | [
"Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2134 BC).",
"He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx temple, the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV (c. 2613–2494 BC).",
"The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations.",
"Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period.",
"In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god \"Hor-em-akhet\" (Hellenized: \"Harmachis\") or Horus at the Horizon, which represented the pharaoh in his role as the \"Shesep-ankh\" (English: \"Living Image\") of the god Atum.",
"Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction, and dedicated it to the cult of \"Hor-em-akhet\"."
] | [] |
Abstract | What was the name of the executive music producer? | Inside Llewyn Davis | true | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
"Inside Llewyn Davis is a 2013 American comedy-drama film written, directed and edited by Joel and Ethan Coen.",
"The film stars Oscar Isaac, Carey Mulligan, and John Goodman, and was produced by Scott Rudin, Ethan and Joel Coen.",
"T Bone Burnett was the executive music producer.",
"The film is about one week in the life of a singer who is active in New York's folk music scene in 1961.",
"Although Llewyn Davis is a fictional character, the story was partly inspired by the autobiography of folk singer Dave Van Ronk.",
"Most of the folk songs performed in the film are sung in full and recorded live.",
"The film won the Grand Prix at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, where it screened on May 19, 2013.",
"It received a limited release in the United States on December 6, 2013, and was given a wide release on January 10, 2014.",
"It received critical acclaim and was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Cinematography and Best Sound Mixing, the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical, and two other nominations."
] | [
0
] |
International competitions | Who oganizes the international competition if football, the world cup? | Association football | false | 4SPORT
| [
0
] | [
"The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA.",
"This competition takes place over every four years.",
"Approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals.",
"The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.",
"The most recent tournament, the 2010 FIFA World Cup, was held in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July, the first to be held on the African continent.",
"There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles.",
"Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup.",
"Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides.",
"The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level.",
"In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;.",
"A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.",
"After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams.",
"These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC).",
"The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup.",
"This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself.",
"The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America.",
"The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup."
] | [
3
] |
In the studio | Who was the producer behind The Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand"? | I Want to Hold Your Hand | true | 0MUSIC
| [
9
] | [
"The Beatles started recording \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" at EMI Studios in Studio 2 on 17 October 1963.",
"This song, along with the single's flip side, \"This Boy\", was the first Beatles song to be recorded with four-track technology.",
"The two songs were recorded on the same day, and each needed seventeen takes to complete.",
"Also, the Beatles were experimenting with organ-sounding guitars, which was achieved by extreme compression on John Lennon's rhythm guitar.",
"Mono and stereo mixing was done by George Martin on 21 October 1963; further stereo mixes were done on 8 June 1965, for compilations released by EMI affiliates in Australia and the Netherlands, and on 7 November 1966.",
"\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was one of two Beatles songs (along with \"She Loves You\" as \"\"Sie liebt dich\"\") to be later recorded in German, entitled \"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\".",
"Both songs were translated by Luxembourger musician Camillo Felgen, under the pseudonym of \"Jean Nicolas\".",
"Odeon, the German arm of EMI (the parent company of the Beatles' record label, Parlophone) was convinced that the Beatles' records would not sell in Germany unless they were sung in German.",
"The Beatles detested the idea, and when they were due to record the German version on 27 January 1964 at EMI's Pathe Marconi Studios in Paris (where the Beatles were performing 18 days of concerts at the Olympia Theatre) they chose to boycott the session.",
"Their record producer, George Martin, having waited some hours for them to show up, was outraged and insisted that they give it a try.",
"Two days later, the Beatles recorded \"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\", one of the few times in their career that they recorded outside of London.",
"However, Martin later conceded: \"They were right, actually, it wasn’t necessary for them to record in German, but they weren’t graceless, they did a good job\".",
"\"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\" appeared in full stereo in the United States on the Capitol LP \"Something New\" and years later on the Capitol CD compilation called \"The Capitol Albums, Volume 1\".",
"The German-language track was a big hit in Germany at the time, but today, like all the other German-lyrics versions of English-language pop songs that were popular in that country during the 1950s and 1960s, it is generally considered as a cultural curiosity from a by-gone era at best.",
"The English versions are much better known in Germany today; the Beatles' Red and Blue albums of the 1970s already featured the English hits on the German pressings."
] | [
3
] |
Roasting | How does the roasting process change the coffee seed? | Coffee | false | 9FOOD
| [
3
] | [
"The next step in the process is the roasting of the green coffee.",
"Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state, and with rare exceptions all coffee is roasted before it is consumed.",
"It can be sold roasted by the supplier, or it can be home roasted.",
"The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee seed both physically and chemically.",
"The seed decreases in weight as moisture is lost and increases in volume, causing it to become less dense.",
"The density of the seed also influences the strength of the coffee and requirements for packaging.",
"The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the seed reaches approximately , though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates.",
"During roasting, caramelization occurs as intense heat breaks down starches, changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, which alters the color of the seed.",
"Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process and may disappear entirely in darker roasts.",
"During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at , other oils start to develop.",
"One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about , which is largely responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor."
] | [
5
] |
Art market | How much did the "Reclining Figure: Festival" sell for? | Henry Moore | false | 3ART
| [
3
] | [
"By the end of his career, Moore was the world's most successful living artist at auction.",
"In 1982, four years before his death, Sotheby's in New York sold a 6 ft \"Reclining Figure\" (1945), for $1.2 million to collector Wendell Cherry.",
"Although a first record of $4.1 million was set in 1990, Moore's market slumped during the recession that followed.",
"His eight-foot bronze, \"Reclining Figure: Festival\" (1951) sold for a record £19.1 million at Christie's, making him the second most expensive 20th-century British artist after Francis Bacon."
] | [
5
] |
1857–1900 | What were the most influential innovations in the Central Park design? | Central Park | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
12
] | [
"Central Park was not a part of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811; however, between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population.",
"Since it was not part of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr., surveyed the park and the only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible.",
"The bolt is in a rock just north of the Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse and south of Center Drive.",
"As the city expanded, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city.",
"New York City's need for a great public park was voiced by the poet and editor of the \"Evening Post\" (now the \"New York Post\"), William Cullen Bryant, and by the first American landscape architect, Andrew Jackson Downing, who began to publicize the city's need for a public park in 1844.",
"A stylish place for open-air driving, similar to the Bois de Boulogne in Paris or London's Hyde Park, was felt to be needed by many influential New Yorkers, and, after an abortive attempt in 1850-51 to designate Jones's Wood, in 1853 the New York legislature settled upon a area from 59th to 106th Streets for the creation of the park, at a cost of more than US$5 million for the land alone.",
"The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, and in 1857 the commission held a landscape design contest.",
"Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the \"Greensward Plan\", which was selected as the winning design.",
"According to Olmsted, the park was \"\"of great importance as the first real Park made in this country—a democratic development of the highest significance…,\"\" a view probably inspired by his stay and various trips in Europe during 1850.",
"He visited several parks during these trips and was particularly impressed by Birkenhead Park and Derby Arboretum in England.",
"Several influences came together in the design.",
"Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn (Cambridge, Massachusetts) and Green-Wood (Brooklyn, New York) had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes.",
"The most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the \"separate circulation\" systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles.",
"The \"crosstown\" commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, (today called \"transverses\"), screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance.",
"The Greensward plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy neo-gothic cast iron; no two are alike.",
"The ensemble of the formal line of the Mall's doubled allées of elms culminating at Bethesda Terrace, whose centerpiece is the Bethesda Fountain, with a composed view beyond of lake and woodland, was at the heart of the larger design.",
"Execution of the \"Greensward Plan\" was the responsibility of a number of individuals, including Jacob Wrey Mould (architect), Ignaz Anton Pilat (master gardener), George Waring (engineer), and Andrew Haswell Green (politician), in addition to Olmsted and Vaux.",
"Before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants,most of whom were quite poor and either free African Americans or residents of English or Irish origin.",
"Most of them lived in small villages, such as Seneca Village, Harsenville, or the Piggery District; or in the school and convent at Mount St. Vincent's Academy.",
"Around 1,600 residents occupying the area at the time, were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857.",
"Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park.",
"During the construction of the park, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, many of whom were appointees of the city's Democratic machine.",
"In 1860, he was forced out for the first of many times as Central Park's superintendent, and Andrew Haswell Green, the former president of New York City's board of education took over as the chairman of the commission.",
"Despite the fact that he had relatively little experience, he still managed to accelerate the construction, as well as to finalize the negotiations for the purchase of an additional at the north end of the park, between 106th and 110th Streets, which would be used as the \"rugged\" part of the park, its swampy northeast corner dredged, and reconstructed as the Harlem Meer.",
"Between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome, and the park was substantially completed.",
"Construction combined the modern with the ageless: up-to-date steam-powered equipment and custom-designed wheeled tree moving machines augmented massive numbers of unskilled laborers wielding shovels.",
"The work was extensively documented with technical drawings and photographs.",
"During this period, more than 18,500 cubic yards (14,000 m³) of topsoil had been transported in from New Jersey, because the original soil was not fertile or substantial enough to sustain the various trees, shrubs, and plants called for by the Greensward Plan.",
"When the park was officially completed in 1873, more than ten million cartloads of material had been transported out of the park, including soil and rocks.",
"More than four million trees, shrubs and plants representing approximately 1,500 species were transplanted to the park.",
"More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.",
"Sheep grazed on the Sheep Meadow from the 1860s until 1934, when they were moved to Prospect Park in Brooklyn,and were soon moved to a farm near Otisville, New York as it was feared they would be used for food by impoverished Depression-era New Yorkers.",
"[htt"
] | [
0
] |
Etymology | Who claimed the root of the word "span" came from the Phoenician word meaning "to forge metal"? | Spain | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
5
] | [
"The origins of the Roman name \"Hispania\", from which the modern name \"España\" was derived, are uncertain and are possibly unknown due to the inadequate evidence.",
"\"Hispania\" may derive from the poetic use of the term \"Hesperia\", reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a \"western land\" or \"land of the setting sun\" (\"Hesperia\", \"Ἑσπερία\" in Greek) and Spain, being still further west, as \"Hesperia ultima\".",
"It may also be a derivation of the Punic \"I-Shpania\" (אי שפניא), meaning \"island of rabbits\", \"land of rabbits\" or \"edge\", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a coney at her feet, and Strabo called it the \"land of the rabbits\".",
"There is also the claim that \"Hispania\" derives from the Basque word \"Ezpanna\" meaning \"edge\" or \"border\", another reference to the fact that the Iberian peninsula constitutes the southwest of the European continent.",
"The Renaissance scholar Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word \"Hispania\" evolved from the Iberian word \"Hispalis\", meaning \"city of the western world\".",
"Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term \"span\" is the Phoenecian word \"spy\", meaning \"to forge metals\".",
"Therefore \"i-spn-ya\" would mean \"the land where metals are forged\".",
"Two 15th century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abrabanel and Shelomó ibn Verga, have given a different explanation as to how Spain derived its name.",
"Don Isaac Abrabanel was one of the principal persons of Spain’s Jewish community and one of the king’s trusted courtiers who witnessed the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492.",
"Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem.",
"This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had been given a kingdom in Spain.",
"He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, who also ruled over a kingdom in Spain.",
"Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España (Spain) took its name.",
"Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c. 350 BCE."
] | [
3
] |
Popularity | How do you serve a fajita? | Fajita | true | 9FOOD
| [
8
] | [
"The first culinary evidence of the fajitas with the cut of meat, the cooking style (directly on a campfire or on a grill), and the Spanish nickname going back as far as the 1930s in the ranch lands of South and West Texas.",
"During cattle roundups, beef were butchered regularly to feed the hands.",
"Throwaway items such as the hide, the head, the entrails, and meat trimmings such as skirt were given to the Mexican cowboys called vaqueros as part of their pay.",
"Hearty border dishes like barbacoa de cabeza (head barbecue), menudo (tripe stew), and fajitas or arracheras (grilled skirt steak) have their roots in this practice.",
"Considering the limited number of skirts per carcass and the fact the meat wasn't available commercially, the fajita tradition remained regional and relatively obscure for many years, probably only familiar to vaqueros, butchers, and their families.",
"The food became popular in Tex-Mex restaurants in Houston, Austin, and San Antonio.",
"In southern Arizona, the term was unknown except as a cut of meat until the 1990s, when Mexican fast food restaurants started using the word in their marketing.",
"In recent years, fajitas have become popular at American casual dining restaurants as well as in home cooking.",
"In many restaurants, the fajita meat is brought to the table sizzling loudly on a metal platter or skillet, with the tortillas and condiments."
] | [
5
] |
Reception | Where are competitors' insights revealed? | Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series) | true | 1TV
| [
2
] | [
"Analyst Arthur Perkins credits the show's success with four factors:",
"Numerous cameras (up to 72) allow tight editing and capturing every action",
"A \"confessional booth\" reveals insights into competitors' characters",
"Ramsay's \"\"enfant terrible\"\" personality, impeccable credentials, and overall showmanship",
"Casting relatively unknown chefs",
"Perkins compared Ramsay's unusual showmanship to that of P. T. Barnum of the famed Ringling Brothers circus:"
] | [
4
] |
Categories | What are the three main categories used to organize the elements? | Periodic table | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
"The elements can be conveniently classified according to their shared physical and chemical properties into the major categories of metals, metalloids and nonmetals.",
"Metals are generally located to the left and bottom of the periodic table.",
"They are ordinarily shiny, highly conducting solids which form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic compounds with nonmetals.",
"Nonmetals are located to the right and top.",
"They are mostly coloured or colourless insulating gases that form covalent compounds with one another.",
"In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties.",
"Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into similar subcategories that show a left to right gradation in metallic to non-metallic properties.",
"The metals are divided into the highly reactive alkali metals, through the less reactive alkaline earth metals, lanthanides and actinides, via the archetypal transition metals, and ending in the physically and chemically weak other metals.",
"The nonmetals are simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals which, being nearest the metalloids, show some incipient metallic character; the diatomic nonmetals, which are essentially nonmetallic; and the monatomic noble gases, which are almost completely inert and nonmetallic.",
"Specialized groupings such as the refractory metals and the noble metals, which are subsets (in this example) of the transition metals, are also known and occasionally denoted.",
"Placing the elements into categories and subcategories based on shared properties is imperfect.",
"There is a spectrum of properties within each category and it is not hard to find overlaps at the boundaries, as is the case with most classification schemes.",
"Beryllium, for example, is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or other metal.",
"Radon is classified as a nonmetal and a noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is more characteristic of a metal.",
"Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories, or crystalline structures.",
"Categorising the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be drawn on the periodic table to show elements having like properties, such as the metals and the nonmetals, or the gaseous elements."
] | [
0
] |
Nonalcoholic beverages | Is Kvass made from Rye? | Yeast | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
1
] | [
"Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except the fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink.",
"\"Kvass\", a fermented drink made from rye, is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable, but low alcoholic content.",
"Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of \"kombucha\", a fermented sweetened tea.",
"Species of yeasts found in the tea can vary, and may include: \"Brettanomyces bruxellensis\", \"Candida stellata\", \"Schizosaccharomyces pombe\", \"Torulaspora delbrueckii\" and \"Zygosaccharomyces bailii\".",
"\"Kombucha\" is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name \"chajnyj grib\" (Чайный гриб), which means \"tea mushroom\".",
"\"Kefir\" and \"kumis\" are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria."
] | [] |
In modern culture | What is Bulgogi similar to? | Bulgogi | false | 9FOOD
| [
3
] | [
"",
"\"Bulgogi\" is served in barbecue restaurants in Korea, and there are \"bulgogi\" flavoured fast-food hamburgers sold at many South Korean fast-food restaurants.",
"The hamburger patty is marinated in \"bulgogi\" sauce and served with lettuce, tomato, onion, and sometimes cheese.",
"It is similar to a teriyaki burger in flavour.",
"The October 2011 issue of Jamie magazine featured a stall selling bulgogi steak baguettes outside Arsenal FC's Emirates Stadium.",
"The same stall was featured in Nicholas Lander's food column in the Financial Times in October 2012.",
"Texas Rangers outfielder Shin-Soo Choo endorsed bulgogi in an advertisement in the March 12th, 2014 issue of The New York Times."
] | [
0
] |
Home media releases | In Region A, when will the DVD be available for the Vampire Diaries: Season 4? | The Vampire Diaries | true | 1TV
| [
10
] | [
"Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray in Regions A and B.",
"Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes featurettes, webisodes, and a downloadable audiobook of L.J.",
"Smith's \"The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening\".",
"It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23, 2010.",
"Following that release, Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31, 2010, and Region 3 on September 1, 2010.",
"In Region A, it was released on Blu-ray on August 31, 2010.",
"Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 23, 2010, Brazil on August 26, 2010 and Australia on September 1, 2010.",
"\"The Vampire Diaries Season 2\" will be available in DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2011.",
"Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 22, 2011, Brazil on August 25, 2011.",
"\"The Vampire Diaries: Season 3\" will be available on DVD and Blu-ray on September 11 and A and on September 5, 2012 for Regions 4 and B.",
"The Vampire Diaries: Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu-ray in A as of September 15, 2013."
] | [
2
] |
Effectiveness | What does Mars effect mean? | Astrology | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
9
] | [
"Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity, and as such, is regarded as pseudoscience.",
"Where astrology has made falsifiable predictions, it has been falsified.",
"Shawn Carlson's double-blind chart matching test, in which twenty eight astrologers agreed to match over 100 natal charts to psychological profiles generated by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) test, is one of the most renowned tests of astrology.",
"The experimental protocol used in Carlson's study was agreed to by a group of physicists and astrologers prior to the experiment.",
"Astrologers, nominated by the National Council for Geocosmic Research, acted as the astrological advisors, and helped to ensure, and agreed, that the test was fair.",
"They also chose twentysix of the twentyeight astrologers for the tests, the other two being interested astrologers who volunteered afterwards.",
"The astrologers, from Europe and the United States, helped to draw up the central proposition of natal astrology to be tested.",
"Published in \"Nature\" in 1985, the study found that predictions based on natal astrology were no better than chance, and that the testing \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\".",
"In 1955, astrologer and psychologist Michel Gauquelin stated that although he had failed to find evidence to support such indicators as the zodiacal signs and planetary aspects in astrology, he had found positive correlations between the diurnal positions of some of the planets and success in some professions which astrology traditionally associates with those planets.",
"The best-known of Gauquelin's findings is based on the positions of Mars in the natal charts of successful athletes and became known as the \"Mars effect\".",
"A study conducted by seven French scientists attempted to replicate the claim, but found no statistical evidence.",
"They attributed the effect to selective bias on Gauquelin's part, accusing him of attempting to persuade them to add or delete names from their study.",
"Geoffrey Dean has suggested that the effect may be caused by self-reporting of birth dates by parents rather than any issue with the study by Gauquelin.",
"The suggestion is that a small subset of the parents may have had changed birth times to be consistent with better astrological charts for a related profession.",
"The sample group was taken from a time where belief in astrology was more common.",
"Gauquelin had failed to find the Mars effect in more recent populations, where a nurse or doctor recorded the birth information.",
"The number of births under astrologically undesirable conditions was also lower, indicating more evidence that parents choose dates and times to suit their beliefs.",
"Dean, a scientist and former astrologer, and psychologist Ivan Kelly conducted a large scale scientific test, involving more than one hundred cognitive, behavioural, physical and other variables, but found no support for astrology.",
"Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted pooling 40 studies consisting of 700 astrologers and over 1,000 birth charts.",
"Ten of the tests, which had a total of 300 participating, involved the astrologers picking the correct chart interpretation out of a number of others which were not the astrologically correct chart interpretation (usually 3 to 5 others).",
"When the date and other obvious clues were removed no significant results were found to suggest there was any preferred chart."
] | [
0
] |
Military personnel | Who is the Director of Military Plans and Policy? | The Invisible War | false | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
" Major General Mary Kay Hertog, Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office",
" Dr. Kaye Whitley, Former Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office",
" Rear Admiral Anthony Kurta, Director, Military Plans and Policy",
" General Claudia Kennedy, US Army (Retired)",
" Brigadier General Wilma L. Vaught, US Air Force (Retired)",
" Brigadier General Loree Sutton, M.D., US Army (Retired)",
" Major General Dennis Laich, US Army (Retired)"
] | [
3
] |
Lyric video | When was the lyric video released? | Wide Awake (Katy Perry song) | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"A lyric video of the track was released on May 20, 2012, when Perry was set to premiere the song at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards.",
"The video implemented the use of the Facebook timeline and displayed a range of posts about the release of the album \"Teenage Dream\", the seven singles from \"California Gurls\" to \"Part of Me\", and the various achievements for the singles and the album.",
"The lyric video received positive reviews from critics with many praising Perry's different approach to lyric videos on YouTube.",
"Contessa Gayles from AOL Music commented that the video \"is practically a music video in itself\".",
"Jenna Rubenstein from MTV Buzzworthty stated, \"it's a clever and emotional way to recall her past successes and offer fans some closure on this chapter of the Katy Perry journey.\""
] | [
2
] |
Pacific (1942–43) | What year were the Japanese defeated? | World War II | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
15
] | [
"Pacific (1942–43).",
"By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and Rabaul, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners.",
"Despite stubborn resistance at Corregidor, the US possession of the Philippines was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile.",
"On 16 April, in Burma 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.",
"Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea, Java Sea and Indian Ocean, and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia.",
"The only real Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha in early January 1942.",
"These easy victories over unprepared opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.",
"In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia.",
"The Allies, however, prevented the invasion by intercepting and defeating the Japanese naval forces in the Battle of the Coral Sea.",
"Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid, was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.",
"In early June, Japan put its operations into action but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and force dispositions and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy.",
"With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua.",
"The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as a first step towards capturing Rabaul, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.",
"Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna-Gona.",
"Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal.",
"By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops.",
"In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations.",
"The first, an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942, went disastrously, forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943.",
"The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front-lines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results."
] | [
0
] |
Marketing | When did director David Fincher finish the footage for the film "Fight Club?" | Fight Club | false | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"Filming concluded in December 1998, and David Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare \"Fight Club\" for a screening with senior executives.",
"They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film.",
"Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response: \"So many incidences of \"Fight Club\" were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down.\"",
"Nevertheless, \"Fight Club\" was originally slated to be released in July 1999 but was later changed to August 6, 1999.",
"The studio further delayed the film's release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process.",
"Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year.",
"Marketing executives at 20th Century Fox faced difficulties in marketing \"Fight Club\" and at one point considered marketing it as an art film.",
"They considered that the film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Brad Pitt would attract female filmgoers.",
"Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers.",
"Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan.",
"The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with the title \"Fight Club\" embossed on it as the film's main marketing image; the proposal was considered \"a bad joke\" by Fox executives.",
"Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately.",
"Instead, the studio financed a $20 million large-scale campaign to provide a press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film's fight scenes.",
"The studio advertised \"Fight Club\" on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film.",
"Linson believed that the \"ill-conceived one-dimensional\" marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to \"Fight Club\"s lukewarm box office performance in the United States."
] | [
2
] |
Regional varieties | What is base for the broth in Udon? | Udon | false | 9FOOD
| [
16
] | [
"There are wide variations in both thickness and shape for udon noodles.",
" Inaniwa udon (稲庭うどん): a thin type from Akita Prefecture.",
" Mimi udon (耳うどん, literally \"ear udon\"): a lucky preserved food in Kuzu, Tochigi.",
"It looks similar to ears.",
" Himokawa (ひもかわ): an extreme flat and wide type from Kiryū, Gunma.",
" Hōtō (rarely 餺飥, commonly ほうとう): a flat and wide type, usually cooked with vegetables, particularly Japanese \"kabocha\" squash, from Yamanashi Prefecture.",
" Kishimen (棊子麺, or more commonly きし麺): a flat type from the Nagoya.",
" Ise udon (伊勢うどん): a soft type, usually eaten with sweet soy sauce, from Ise, Mie.",
" In Kansai region, a soft and medium thickness type is popular.",
" Sanuki udon (讃岐うどん): a thick and rather stiff type from Kagawa Prefecture.",
" Hakata udon (博多うどん): a thick and soft type from the Fukuoka.",
" Dango-jiru (団子汁): similar to the above \"Hohtoh\", from Ōita Prefecture.",
"Nominally a \"dumpling soup\", it resembles very thick, flat udon.",
" Okinawa soba (沖縄そば): also called \"suba\", a regional Okinawan noodle made by adding some vegetal ash to the flour, similar to how ramen is made.",
"However, it is very similar to udon.",
" There is also a dish called \"udon\" in Palau, because of the former Japanese administration.",
"The broth is soy sauce–based like Japanese udon.",
"However, as there were many immigrants from Okinawa, it uses less broth like Okinawa soba.",
"Most notably, the noodle is that of spaghetti, as it is easier to acquire there."
] | [
0
] |
Music | Which writer/composer will do the score for "The Avengers?" | The Avengers (2012 film) | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"In November 2011, Marvel announced that Alan Silvestri, who scored \"Captain America: The First Avenger\", would write and compose the score for \"The Avengers\".",
"Silvestri said, \"I've worked on films where there have been a number of stars and certainly worked on films where there have been characters of equal weight in terms of their level of importance and profile in the film, but this one is somewhat extreme in that regard because each of these characters has their own world and it's a very different situation.",
"It's very challenging to look for a way to give everyone the weight and consideration they need, but at the same time the film is really about the coming together of these characters, which implies that there is this entity called the Avengers which really has to be representative of all of them together.\"",
"Silvestri developed the score with the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London, England.",
"Whedon said, \"The score is very old-fashioned, which is why was letter-perfect for this movie because he can give you the heightened emotion, the [Hans Zimmer school of 'I'm just feeling a lot right now!'",
"but he can also be extraordinarily cue and character specific, which I love.",
"\"In March 2012, American alternative rock band Soundgarden announced through its Facebook page that its song \"Live to Rise\" would be included on the film's soundtrack.",
"Additionally, the Indian rock band Agnee released a music video for its single \"Hello Andheron\", which serves as the theme song for the film's Indian release.",
"The following day, Marvel revealed details for the soundtrack, which was released May 1, 2012, the same day as the score."
] | [] |
Cultural artifacts: Dispute between Peru and Yale University | Who currently owns the La Casa Concha? | Machu Picchu | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
14
] | [
"In 1912 and 1914–15, Bingham excavated treasures from Machu Picchu—ceramic vessels, silver statues, jewelry, and human bones—and took them from Peru to Yale University in the United States for further study, supposedly for a period of 18 months.",
"Yale has retained the artifacts until now, under the argument that Peru did not have the infrastructure or proper conditions to take care of the pieces.",
"Eliane Karp, an anthropologist who is married to the former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo, accused Yale of profiting from Peru's cultural heritage by claiming title to thousands of pieces removed by Bingham.",
"Many have been on display at Yale's Peabody Museum since their removal.",
"Yale returned some of the artifacts to Peru, but the university kept the remainder, claiming its position was supported by federal case law involving Peruvian antiquities.",
"On 19 September 2007, the \"Courant\" reported that Peru and Yale had reached an agreement regarding the requested return of the artifacts.",
"The agreement includes sponsorship of a joint traveling exhibition and construction of a new museum and research center in Cusco about which Yale will advise Peruvian officials.",
"Yale acknowledges Peru's title to all the excavated objects from Machu Picchu, but Yale will share rights with Peru in the research collection, part of which will remain at Yale as an object of continuing study.",
"On 19 June 2008, National Geographic Society's vice-president Terry Garcia was quoted by the daily publication, \"La República\".",
"\"We were part of this agreement.",
"National Geographic was there, we know what was said, the objects were lent and should be returned.",
"\"On 21 November 2010, Yale University agreed in principle to the return of the controversial artifacts to their original home in Peru.",
"As of November 2012, the third and final batch of thousands of artifacts were delivered.",
"La Casa Concha (The Shell House) located close to Cusco's colonial center will be the permanent site where the Yale University artifacts will be exhibited.",
"Owned by the National University of San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, La Casa Concha will also feature a study area for local and foreign students."
] | [
3
] |
Casualties | How many Vietnamese civilians died in the Vietnam War? | Vietnam War | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
1
] | [
"Estimates of the number of casualties vary, with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths.195,000–430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war.",
"50,000–65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war.",
"The Army of the Republic of Vietnam lost between 171,331 and 220,357 men during the war.",
"The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974.",
"Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent.",
"In addition, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported \"enemy\" killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000.",
"A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related deaths for all of Vietnam.",
"Between 200,000 and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war.",
"About 60,000 Laotians also died, and 58,220 U.S. service members were killed."
] | [
5
] |
Abstract | When was the term 'luge' first recorded? | Luge | true | 4SPORT
| [
7
] | [
"A luge is a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleds supine (face up) and feet-first.",
"Steering is done by flexing the sled's runners with the calf of each leg or exerting opposite shoulder pressure to the seat.",
"Racing sleds weigh 21–25 kilograms (46–55 lb) for singles and 25–30 kilograms (55–66 lb) for doubles.",
"Luge is also the name of an Olympic sport.",
"Lugers can reach speeds of 140 km per hour (87 mph).",
"Manuel Pfister of Austria, reached a top speed of 154 km per hour (95.69 mph) on the track in Whistler, Canada prior to the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics.",
"Lugers compete against a timer and are timed to a thousandth of a second, making luge one of the most precisely timed sports in the world.",
"The first recorded use of the term \"luge\" is 1905, from the Savoy/Swiss dialect of French \"luge\" meaning \"small coasting sled\", and is possibly from a Gaulish word with the same root as English sled."
] | [
2
] |
Abstract | What was the construction cost of the Navy Pier? | Navy Pier | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
2
] | [
"Navy Pier is a long pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan.",
"It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area.",
"The pier was built in 1916 at a cost of $4.5 million.",
"It was a part of the Plan of Chicago developed by architect and city planner Daniel Burnham and his associates.",
"As Municipal Pier #2 (Municipal Pier #1 was never built), Navy Pier was planned and built to serve as a mixed-purpose piece of public infrastructure.",
"Its primary purpose was as a cargo facility for lake freighters, and warehouses were built up and down the Pier.",
"However, the Pier was also designed to provide docking space for passenger excursion steamers, and in the pre–air conditioning era parts of the Pier, especially its outermost tip, were designed to serve as cool places for public gathering and entertainment.",
"The Pier even had its own tram.",
"Today, Navy Pier is Chicago's number one tourist attraction."
] | [
0
] |
Competitions | What is the People's Rebuplic of China's Wushu competition? | Wushu (sport) | true | 4SPORT
| [
9
] | [
"List of major international and regional competitions featuring wushu:",
" World Wushu Championships",
" World Junior Wushu Championships",
" World Games",
" World Combat Games",
" Asian Games",
" East Asian Games",
" Southeast Asian Games",
" European Wushu Championships, organised by the European Wushu Federation",
" National Games of the People's Republic of China",
" South Asian Games",
" Mediterranean Games",
" Lusofonia Games"
] | [
0
] |
Naval warfare | Why did the Korean War feature few naval battles? | Korean War | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0
] | [
"Because neither Korea had a large navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles; mostly the combatant navies served as naval artillery for their in-country armies.",
"A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the US Navy cruiser USS \"Juneau\", the Royal Navy cruiser HMS \"Jamaica\", and the frigate HMS \"Black Swan\" fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them.",
"During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea and sank supply and ammunition ships to deny the sea to North Korea.",
"Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to US and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines the North Koreans employed for defensive purposes.",
"During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost (two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug) all of them to mines, while 87 other warships suffered from slight to moderate damage from North Korean coastal artillery.",
"The USS \"Juneau\" sank ammunition ships that had been present in her previous battle.",
"The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship \"PC 703\" sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon.",
"Three other supply ships were sunk by \"PC-703\" two days later in the Yellow Sea."
] | [
1
] |
History | What does spectroscopy study and focus on? | Astrophysics | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
8
] | [
"Although astronomy is as ancient as recorded history itself, it was long separated from the study of terrestrial physics.",
"In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its goal.",
"Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle.",
"In the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.",
"At the end of the 19th century, it was discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of spectral lines were observed (regions where there was less or no light).",
"Laboratory experiments with hot gases showed that the same lines could be observed in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements.",
"In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars (chiefly hydrogen) were also found on Earth.",
"Indeed, the element helium was first discovered in the spectrum of the Sun and only later found on Earth, hence its name.",
"During the 20th century, spectroscopy (the study of these spectral lines) advanced, particularly as a result of the advent of quantum physics that was necessary to understand the astronomical and experimental observations.",
"See also:",
" Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure",
" Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae",
" Timeline of black hole physics",
" Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity"
] | [
0
] |
Function and construction | What are the theories behind Stonehenge? | Stonehenge | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
5,
6
] | [
"Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records.",
"Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate.",
"This multiplicity of theories, some of them very colourful, are often called the \"mystery of Stonehenge\".",
"A number of myths surround the stones.",
"There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders.",
"Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise.",
"However, conventional techniques, using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs, have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size.",
"Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site.",
"More recently two major new theories have been proposed.",
"Professor Geoffrey Wainwright OBE, FSA, president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and Professor Timothy Darvill, OBE of Bournemouth University have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing – the primeval equivalent of Lourdes.",
"They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves.",
"However they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well.",
"Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions.",
"A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the \"Amesbury Archer\" grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany; and the \"Boscombe Bowmen\" probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France.",
"On the other hand, Professor Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon.",
"He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead.",
"A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased.",
"Both explanations were first mooted in the 12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth (below), who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument.",
"Whatever religious, mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge, its design includes a celestial observatory function, which might have allowed prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion.",
"Another theory, brought forth in 2012, suggests that the monument was intended to unify the different peoples of the British island.",
"This theory suggests that the massive amount of labour involved in the construction of Stonehenge necessitated inter-regional cooperation, especially as many of the stones were moved over very long distances, for example from quarries in Wales."
] | [
0
] |
Conching | What is the consistency of the chocolate before conching? | Chocolate | false | 9FOOD
| [
3
] | [
"The penultimate process is called \"conching\".",
"A conche is a container filled with metal beads, which act as grinders.",
"The refined and blended chocolate mass is kept in a liquid state by frictional heat.",
"Chocolate prior to conching has an uneven and gritty texture.",
"The conching process produces cocoa and sugar particles smaller than the tongue can detect, hence the smooth feel in the mouth.",
"The length of the conching process determines the final smoothness and quality of the chocolate.",
"High-quality chocolate is conched for about 72 hours, lesser grades about four to six hours.",
"After the process is complete, the chocolate mass is stored in tanks heated to approximately until final processing."
] | [
0
] |
Online promotion | "Falling Skies" came after what series? | Falling Skies | true | 1TV
| [
5
] | [
"Online promotion.",
"For the first season, character videos were made available online.",
"The videos explore the main characters of the series.",
"As part of the promotional campaign, a vehicle, with the TNT logo and called \"Falling Skies Technical\", was released as a free gift in the social networking game \"Mafia Wars\" on June 14, 2011.",
"Following the second season premiere on June 17, 2012, a live after-show titled \"2nd Watch\" hosted by Wil Wheaton premiered.",
"The series airs after encore presentations of \"Falling Skies\" on TNT's official site.",
"Wheaton discusses the latest episode with actors and producers of the series."
] | [
0
] |
Critical response | What are some of the awards Leto won for his role? | Dallas Buyers Club | false | 6MOVIES
| [
7
] | [
"Upon its premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, \"Dallas Buyers Club\" received universal acclaim by critics and audiences, who greatly praised the film for its acting (particularly for McConaughey and Leto), screenplay and direction.",
"Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 93% based on reviews from 177 critics, with an average score of 7.7 out of 10, with the site's consensus stating, \"\"Dallas Buyers Club\" rests squarely on Matthew McConaughey's scrawny shoulders, and he carries the burden gracefully with what might be a career-best performance.\"",
"On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 84 based on 45 reviews, indicating universal acclaim.",
"Richard Corliss of \"Time\" magazine considered McConaughey's portrayal to be a \"bold, drastic and utterly persuasive inhabiting of a doomed fighter\", remarking that \"if the camera occasionally suffers a fashionable case of the jitters, the movie transcends its agitated verismo to impart dramatic and behavioral truth\".",
"Leto's portrayal of Rayon, a drug-addicted trans woman with AIDS who befriends McConaughey's character Ron Woodroof, received critical acclaim.",
"The writers created Rayon, to show \"Woodroof’s gradual acceptance of a subculture he had dismissed.\"",
"\"Time\"'s Richard Corliss noted, \"Leto captures the sweet intensity and almost saintly good humor of a glamorous, poignant and downright divoon creature — a blithe Camille who may surrender her health but never her panache.\"",
"Leto was awarded a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a variety of film critics' circle awards, including his first Academy Award.",
"After the Academy award, the casting of a non-transgender actor, as opposed to a transgender actor, was widely critiqued as a missed opportunity, with some LGBT activists criticizing the choice as misogynistic.",
"The \"L.A. Times\" compared the issue to white actors appropriating, and exploiting, people of color roles of East Asians, and Africans in the past; and \"The Guardian\" noted transgender actors are often relegated to roles such as prostitutes, corpses and \"freaks.\""
] | [
0
] |
Third use: college classroom | What position did Caveny stay as? | Navy Pier | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
1
] | [
"With the war over, Navy Pier went to the University of Illinois, which used the facility beginning in 1946 for a two-year undergraduate program primarily serving returning veterans.",
"From the former Navy staff, Caveny stayed as the Undergraduate Division Dean, and Wolleson as the Dean of Students.",
"During its University of Illinois days, Navy Pier was also the site of a string of public events.",
"The International Exhibitions of the early 1960s drew attractions from around the world, including circus and folkloric dance acts, arts and crafts, and international cuisine.",
"In 1965, the University moved to the Chicago Circle campus, and the Pier again fell into disuse."
] | [
0
] |
Reception | How many people visited the exhibition during its four-month run? | Das Boot | false | 6MOVIES
| [
5
] | [
"The film drew highest critical acclaim and is seen as one of the greatest of all German films.",
"For its unsurpassed authenticity in tension and realism, it is regarded internationally as pre-eminent among all submarine films.",
"The film was ranked #25 in \"Empire\" magazine's \"The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema\" in 2010.",
"It currently holds a 98% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, well into the 32-nd year of its release (as of July 2013).",
"In late 2007, there was an exhibition about the film \"Das Boot\", as well as about the real U-Boat \"U-96\", at the Haus der Geschichte (House of German History) in Bonn.",
"Over 100,000 people visited the exhibition during its four-month run."
] | [
5
] |
Home media | Name the 3 countries where the Blu-ray collection of all four seasons including "The Final Break" has been released. | Prison Break | true | 1TV
| [
7
] | [
"The DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets of each season were released after their television broadcast in various regions.",
"At the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced that the complete first season of \"Prison Break\" was to be released on Blu-ray in early 2007.",
"The release date was later announced to be November 13, 2007 and \"Prison Break\" became the first television show to be released on Blu-ray Disc by Fox.",
"The Blu-ray box set contains six discs and includes all the DVD box set's special features.",
"A DVD set containing the first three seasons was released on May 19, 2008 in Region 2.",
"The television movie, \"\", was included in the Season 4 set in Regions 2 and 4, but was released separately in Region 1.",
"\"The Final Break\" was later released separately in Regions 2 and 4.",
"In France, Germany and the United Kingdom, a Blu-ray package of all four seasons including \"The Final Break\" has been released.",
"Over a year after its initial release, Season 4 was later re-issued in Region 4 without \"The Final Break\" included."
] | [
4
] |
Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics | What is the date that "Conclusions from the capillarity phenoma" published? | Albert Einstein | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
1
] | [
"Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to \"Annalen der Physik\" was on capillary attraction.",
"It was published in 1901 with the title \"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen\", which translates as \"Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena\".",
"Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view.",
"These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.",
"His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena."
] | [
0
] |
Related media | When did "The Glee Project" start airing? | Glee (TV series) | false | 1TV
| [
7
] | [
"In January 2010, it was announced that open auditions would be held for three new roles to be introduced in \"Glee\" second season.",
"They were open to amateurs and professionals aged sixteen to twenty-six, and were intended to be the subject of a multi-part television special, set to air in the lead-in to the second season premiere in fall 2010, with the new cast members revealed in the first episode.",
"Murphy commented: \"Anybody and everybody now has a chance to be on a show about talented underdogs.",
"We want to be the first interactive musical comedy on television.\"",
"On June 22, 2010, Josef Adalian of \"New York\" magazine revealed that the reality show would not go ahead, due to Murphy's desire to concentrate on the main series, and fear that the distraction of the reality show may damage \"Glee\".",
"Adalian reported that the production team would still choose several winners from the entrants and invite them to appear on \"Glee\" for at least one episode.",
"In June 2010, it was announced that Oxygen would host a reality series set to air in June 2011, featuring performers competing for a spot on Glee.",
"\"The Glee Project\" started airing on June 12, 2011, and the final episode was broadcast on August 21, 2011.",
"The winning prize was a seven-episode guest-starring role in \"Glee\" third season, which was awarded to two contestants, with a two-episode role given to two other finalists.",
"On June 7, 2010, UK broadcaster Channel 4 aired \"\" on its E4 station.",
"The documentary explored the American show choir phenomenon which inspired \"Glee\".",
"Narrated by Nick Grimshaw, it went behind the scenes with real-life glee clubs and detailed celebrity show choir alumni including Lance Bass, Ashton Kutcher, Blake Lively and Anne Hathaway.",
"It was selected as recommended viewing by \"The Guardian\", with the comment: \"it's a fascinating look at the real-life New Directions, and it's equally as crackers as its TV champion.\"",
"The newspaper's Lucy Mangan reviewed the documentary positively, writing: \"It will, one way or another, fill your heart to bursting\", and commenting that: \"\"Glee\", it turns out, is not a gloriously ridiculous, highly polished piece of escapism.",
"It is cinéma vérité.\"",
"It was watched by 411,000 viewers, a 2.3% audience share.",
"In summer 2010, Channel 5 in the United Kingdom aired \"Don't Stop Believing\", a reality talent show inspired by \"Glee\" success.",
"The series featured live shows in which established and new musical performance groups competed against each other, performing well-known songs in new arrangements, with viewers voting on the winner.",
"Solo singers were also sought to join a group to represent the United Kingdom on the American glee club circuit.",
"Five's controller Richard Woolfe stated: \"There's an explosion in musical performance groups and \"Don't Stop Believing\" will tap into that exciting groundswell.\"",
"The show was hosted by Emma Bunton, who told \"The Belfast Telegraph\" that she is a \"huge fan\" of \"Glee\".",
"The show's judges were former \"EastEnders\" actress Tamsin Outhwaite, Blue member Duncan James, singer Anastacia and \"High School Musical\" choreographer Charles \"Chucky\" Klapow."
] | [
2
] |
Roads and transportation | The Incas build a road to where? | Machu Picchu | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
0
] | [
"As part of their road system, the Incas built a road to the Machu Picchu region.",
"Today, thousands of tourists walk the Inca Trail to visit Machu Picchu each year.",
"They congregate at Cusco before starting on the two-, four- or five-day journey on foot from Kilometer 82 or Kilometer 104 (two-day trip) near the town of Ollantaytambo in the Urubamba valley, walking up through the Andes mountain range to the isolated city.",
"The people of Machu Picchu were connected to long-distance trade, as shown by non-local artifacts found at the site.",
"As an example, Bingham found unmodified obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway.",
"In the 1970s, Burger and Asaro determined that these obsidian samples were from the \"Titicaca\" or Chivay obsidian source, and that the samples from Machu Picchu showed long-distance transport of this obsidian type in pre-Hispanic Peru."
] | [
4
] |
Dance in Egypt | Egyptian belly dance has two main styles, what are they? | Egypt | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"Today, Egypt is often considered the home of belly dance.",
"Egyptian belly dance has two main styles - raqs baladi and raqs sharqi.",
"There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with raqs baladi.",
"Samia Gamal was the most famous dancer in Egypt."
] | [
0
] |
Development | Who is the main lead role in the movie "Gravity"? | Gravity (film) | true | 6MOVIES
| [
13
] | [
"Alfonso Cuarón wrote the screenplay with his son Jonás.",
"Cuarón told \"Wired\" magazine, \"I watched the Gregory Peck movie \"Marooned\" over and over as a kid.\"",
"That film is about the first crew of an experimental space station returning to Earth in an Apollo capsule that suffers a thruster malfunction.",
"Cuarón attempted to develop his project at Universal Pictures, where it stayed in development for several years.",
"After the rights to the project were sold, the project began development at Warner Bros, who acquired the project.",
"In February 2010, it attracted the attention of Angelina Jolie, who had rejected a sequel to \"Wanted\".",
"Later in the month, she rejected \"Wanted 2\", partially because the studio did not want to pay the fee she had received for her latest two movies and because she wanted to direct her Bosnian war film \"In the Land of Blood and Honey\".",
"In March, Robert Downey, Jr. entered talks to be cast in the male lead role.",
"In mid-2010, Marion Cotillard tested for the female lead role.",
"By August 2010, Scarlett Johansson and Blake Lively were in the running for the role.",
"In September, Cuarón received approval from Warner Bros. to offer the role without a screen test to Natalie Portman, who was being praised for her performance in the recently released \"Black Swan\".",
"Portman rejected the project because of scheduling conflicts and Warner Bros. then approached Sandra Bullock for the role.",
"In November 2010, Downey left the project to star in \"How to Talk to Girls\"a project in development with Shawn Levy attached to direct.",
"The following December, with Bullock signed for the co-lead role, George Clooney replaced Downey.",
"The problem of shooting long scenes in a zero-g environment was a challenge.",
"Eventually, the team decided to use computer-generated imagery for the spacewalk scenes and automotive robots to move Bullock's character for interior space station scenes.",
"This meant that shots and blocking had to be planned well in advance for the robots to be programmed.",
"It also made the production period much longer than expected.",
"When the script was finished, Cuarón assumed it would take about a year to complete the film, but it took four and a half years."
] | [
3
] |
Etymology and origins | Where was pho possibly first mentioned in English writing? | Pho | false | 9FOOD
| [
4
] | [
"Reviews of 19th and 20th century Indochinese literature have found that pho entered the mainstream sometime in the 1910s.",
"Georges Dumoutier's extensive 1907 account of Vietnamese cuisine omits any mention of pho, while Nguyễn Công Hoan recalls its sale by street vendors in 1913.",
"A 1931 dictionary is the first to define ' as a soup: \"from the word '.",
"A dish consisting of small slices of rice cake boiled with beef.",
"\"Possibly the earliest English-language reference to pho was in the book \"Recipes of All Nations\", edited by Countess Morphy in 1935: In the book, pho is described as \"an Annamese soup held in high esteem ... made with beef, a veal bone, onions, a bayleaf, salt, and pepper, and a small teaspoon of \"nuoc-mam\"\".",
"\"There are two prevailing theories on the origin of the word \"\" and, by extension, the dish itself.",
"As author Nguyễn Dư notes, both questions are significant to Vietnamese identity."
] | [
4
] |
Popular interest | Where is Moore's former home? | Henry Moore | false | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"Today, the Henry Moore Foundation manages the artist's former home at Perry Green in Hertfordshire as a visitor destination, with 70 acres of sculpture grounds as well as his restored house and studios.",
"It also runs the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds which organises exhibitions and research activities in international sculpture.",
"Popular interest in Moore's work was perceived by some to have declined for a while in the UK but has been revived in recent times by exhibitions including Henry Moore at Tate Britain in 2010 and Moore at Kew and Hatfield in 2007 and 2011 respectively.",
"The Foundation he endowed continues to play an essential role in promoting contemporary art in the United Kingdom and abroad through its grants and exhibitions programme."
] | [
4
] |
Geography | Which area of Peru has frequent rain during the summer? | Peru | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
14
] | [
"Peru covers of western South America.",
"It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.",
"The Andes Mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.",
"The \"costa\" (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers.",
"The \"sierra\" (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the \"Altiplano\" plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the Huascarán.",
"The third region is the \"selva\" (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east.",
"Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.",
"Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins.",
"Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently.",
"Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the \"sierra\".",
"Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.",
"Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.",
"Peru does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current cause great climatic diversity within the country.",
"The \"costa\" has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.",
"In the \"sierra\", rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.",
"The \"selva\" is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.",
"Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003; 5,855 of them endemic."
] | [] |
Chemistry as science | Why is Robert Boyle known as the founding father of chemistry? | Chemistry | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
2
] | [
" as science.",
"Under the influence of the new empirical methods propounded by Sir Francis Bacon and others, a group of chemists at Oxford, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and John Mayow began to reshape the old alchemical traditions into a scientific discipline.",
"Boyle in particular is regarded as the founding father of chemistry due to his most important work, the classic chemistry text \"The Sceptical Chymist\" where the differentiation is made between the claims of alchemy and the empirical scientific discoveries of the new chemistry.",
"He formulated Boyle's law, rejected the classical \"four elements\" and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms and chemical reactions that could be subject to rigorous experiment.",
"The theory of phlogiston (a substance at the root of all combustion) was propounded by the German Georg Ernst Stahl in the early 18th century and was only overturned by the end of the century by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, the chemical analogue of Newton in physics; who did more than any other to establish the new science on proper theoretical footing, by elucidating the principle of conservation of mass and developing a new system of chemical nomenclature used to this day.",
"Prior to his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, specifically relating to the nature of 'air' which was discovered to be composed of many different gases.",
"The Scottish chemist Joseph Black (the first experimental chemist) and the Dutchman J.",
"B. van Helmont discovered carbon dioxide, or what Black called 'fixed air' in 1754; Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen and elucidated its properties and Joseph Priestley and, independently, Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolated pure oxygen.",
"English scientist John Dalton proposed the modern theory of atoms; that all substances are composed of indivisible 'atoms' of matter and that different atoms have varying atomic weights.",
"The development of the electrochemical theory of chemical combinations occurred in the early 19th century as the result of the work of two scientists in particular, J. J. Berzelius and Humphry Davy, made possible by the prior invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta.",
"Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current.",
"British William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen.",
"J.",
"A. R. Newlands devised an early table of elements, which was then developed into the modern periodic table of elements by the German Julius Lothar Meyer and the Russian Dmitri Mendeleev in the 1860s.",
"The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table.",
"Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea which proved that living organisms were, in theory, reducible to chemistry.",
"Other crucial 19th century advances were; an understanding of valence bonding (Edward Frankland in 1852) and the application of thermodynamics to chemistry (J. W. Gibbs and Svante Arrhenius in the 1870s)."
] | [
1
] |
Ming era | In what year were the Manchus able to cross the Great Wall? | Great Wall of China | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
14
] | [
"The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu.",
"The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire.",
"The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China.",
"Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River.",
"Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth.",
"Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall.",
"As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls.",
"Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.",
"Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram-earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders.",
"During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called \"Liaodong Wall\".",
"Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north.",
"While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.",
"Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600.",
"Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhaiguan pass, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland.",
"The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng's rebels.",
"Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest.",
"The gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by the commanding Ming general Wu Sangui on May 25 who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing.",
"The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and defeated both the rebel-founded Shun Dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing Dynasty rule over all of China.",
"Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued.",
"On the other hand, the so-called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria.",
"Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control."
] | [
0
] |
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