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Saalim Abdul Hakim (born February 1, 1990) is a former American football wide receiver. He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He played college football at Palomar College and Tarleton State. He is the younger brother of former NFL wide receiver and punt returner Az-Zahir Hakim. Amateur career Hakim did not play organized football on any level until his senior year of high school. Hakim spent his first three years of high school at a Muslim school in Atlanta which did not have a football team. He then transferred to Palo Verde High School in Nevada. After graduating high school, he played college football at Palomar College in San Marcos, California before earning a scholarship to play for Cary Fowler at Tarleton State University in Stephenville, Texas. Hakim spent one season as a reserve at Tarleton State before leaving for the pros. Professional career Las Vegas Locomotives He played the 2011 season with the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League. He played four games in which he recorded 3 receptions, 81 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. Dallas Cowboys On April 30, 2012, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent. Hakim missed two weeks of training camp due to a finger injury and was released by the team before the start of the regular season. St. Louis Rams On November 7, 2012, he signed with the St. Louis Rams. New Orleans Saints On December 18, 2012, he was promoted from the practice squad to the active roster after the team placed strong safety Corey White on injured reserve due to a knee injury. On August 31, 2013, he was released. New York Jets On October 10, 2013, he signed with the New York Jets to join the practice squad. On December 13, 2013, Hakim was placed on the Jets active roster, after a season-ending injury to receiver Stephen Hill. On October 26, 2014, Hakim made a diving tackle on Buffalo Bills rookie receiver Sammy Watkins, who slowed down on his way to the endzone in celebration. Watkins was downed at the five after having gained 84-yards on the play. On August 29, 2015 Hakim was one of twelve players to be cut by the New York Jets. Detroit Lions On September 8, 2015, Saalim was signed to the Detroit Lions' practice squad. On September 17, 2015, he was released from practice squad. Kansas City Chiefs On October 13, 2015, Saalim was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad. On November 9, 2015, he was promoted to the active roster. On November 28, 2015, he was waived. Cleveland Browns Hakim signed with the Cleveland Browns on April 25, 2016. On May 2, 2016, he was released. Personal life His brother is former NFL wide receiver Az-Zahir Hakim, was selected in the fourth round, 96th overall pick by the St. Louis Rams in the 1998 NFL Draft. Hakim is a devout Muslim who prays five times daily. References External links Palomar bio Tarleton bio St. Louis Rams bio New Orleans Saints bio New York Jets bio	educated at	{ "answer_start": [ 557 ], "text": [ "Palo Verde High School" ] }
Saalim Abdul Hakim (born February 1, 1990) is a former American football wide receiver. He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He played college football at Palomar College and Tarleton State. He is the younger brother of former NFL wide receiver and punt returner Az-Zahir Hakim. Amateur career Hakim did not play organized football on any level until his senior year of high school. Hakim spent his first three years of high school at a Muslim school in Atlanta which did not have a football team. He then transferred to Palo Verde High School in Nevada. After graduating high school, he played college football at Palomar College in San Marcos, California before earning a scholarship to play for Cary Fowler at Tarleton State University in Stephenville, Texas. Hakim spent one season as a reserve at Tarleton State before leaving for the pros. Professional career Las Vegas Locomotives He played the 2011 season with the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League. He played four games in which he recorded 3 receptions, 81 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. Dallas Cowboys On April 30, 2012, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent. Hakim missed two weeks of training camp due to a finger injury and was released by the team before the start of the regular season. St. Louis Rams On November 7, 2012, he signed with the St. Louis Rams. New Orleans Saints On December 18, 2012, he was promoted from the practice squad to the active roster after the team placed strong safety Corey White on injured reserve due to a knee injury. On August 31, 2013, he was released. New York Jets On October 10, 2013, he signed with the New York Jets to join the practice squad. On December 13, 2013, Hakim was placed on the Jets active roster, after a season-ending injury to receiver Stephen Hill. On October 26, 2014, Hakim made a diving tackle on Buffalo Bills rookie receiver Sammy Watkins, who slowed down on his way to the endzone in celebration. Watkins was downed at the five after having gained 84-yards on the play. On August 29, 2015 Hakim was one of twelve players to be cut by the New York Jets. Detroit Lions On September 8, 2015, Saalim was signed to the Detroit Lions' practice squad. On September 17, 2015, he was released from practice squad. Kansas City Chiefs On October 13, 2015, Saalim was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad. On November 9, 2015, he was promoted to the active roster. On November 28, 2015, he was waived. Cleveland Browns Hakim signed with the Cleveland Browns on April 25, 2016. On May 2, 2016, he was released. Personal life His brother is former NFL wide receiver Az-Zahir Hakim, was selected in the fourth round, 96th overall pick by the St. Louis Rams in the 1998 NFL Draft. Hakim is a devout Muslim who prays five times daily. References External links Palomar bio Tarleton bio St. Louis Rams bio New Orleans Saints bio New York Jets bio	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "wide receiver" ] }
Saalim Abdul Hakim (born February 1, 1990) is a former American football wide receiver. He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He played college football at Palomar College and Tarleton State. He is the younger brother of former NFL wide receiver and punt returner Az-Zahir Hakim. Amateur career Hakim did not play organized football on any level until his senior year of high school. Hakim spent his first three years of high school at a Muslim school in Atlanta which did not have a football team. He then transferred to Palo Verde High School in Nevada. After graduating high school, he played college football at Palomar College in San Marcos, California before earning a scholarship to play for Cary Fowler at Tarleton State University in Stephenville, Texas. Hakim spent one season as a reserve at Tarleton State before leaving for the pros. Professional career Las Vegas Locomotives He played the 2011 season with the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League. He played four games in which he recorded 3 receptions, 81 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. Dallas Cowboys On April 30, 2012, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent. Hakim missed two weeks of training camp due to a finger injury and was released by the team before the start of the regular season. St. Louis Rams On November 7, 2012, he signed with the St. Louis Rams. New Orleans Saints On December 18, 2012, he was promoted from the practice squad to the active roster after the team placed strong safety Corey White on injured reserve due to a knee injury. On August 31, 2013, he was released. New York Jets On October 10, 2013, he signed with the New York Jets to join the practice squad. On December 13, 2013, Hakim was placed on the Jets active roster, after a season-ending injury to receiver Stephen Hill. On October 26, 2014, Hakim made a diving tackle on Buffalo Bills rookie receiver Sammy Watkins, who slowed down on his way to the endzone in celebration. Watkins was downed at the five after having gained 84-yards on the play. On August 29, 2015 Hakim was one of twelve players to be cut by the New York Jets. Detroit Lions On September 8, 2015, Saalim was signed to the Detroit Lions' practice squad. On September 17, 2015, he was released from practice squad. Kansas City Chiefs On October 13, 2015, Saalim was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad. On November 9, 2015, he was promoted to the active roster. On November 28, 2015, he was waived. Cleveland Browns Hakim signed with the Cleveland Browns on April 25, 2016. On May 2, 2016, he was released. Personal life His brother is former NFL wide receiver Az-Zahir Hakim, was selected in the fourth round, 96th overall pick by the St. Louis Rams in the 1998 NFL Draft. Hakim is a devout Muslim who prays five times daily. References External links Palomar bio Tarleton bio St. Louis Rams bio New Orleans Saints bio New York Jets bio	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 55 ], "text": [ "American football" ] }
José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1768–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule. Early life Jose Joaquin de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1768 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as Viceroy of Buenos Aires. Military career Arredondo entered the Royal Spanish Guards as a cadet in 1787 and was detached for service in New Spain. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given the command of the infantry regiment of Vera Cruz. In 1811 he was made military commandant of Huasteca and governor of Nuevo Santander. Arredondo enforced a rigid interpretation of the Laws of War regarding guerrillas, partisans and insurgents. He applied his rules of warfare in proactive campaigns against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's revolt of 1811 and the criollos revolts of 1813, taking part in Ignacio Elizondo's plot to capture Miguel Hidalgo. Arredondo was rewarded for his actions in suppressing the revolutionaries with an appointment as commandant of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas (comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Santander and the New Kingdom of León); the region had a predominantly royalist population (see below), and the independence movement would not be supported by a majority of the population in those provinces until the late 1810s, after Servando Teresa de Mier's fight for Mexican independence. Texas As part of the New Kingdom of León, the area of Texas then called Tejas was a bulwark against the large-scale marauding attacks of hostile Indian nations such as the Apaches and the Comanches. Because of long-term hostility between the Indians and the Europeans in the area, much of the New Kingdom of León and Tejas had a population almost wholly European in origin, unlike other parts of New Spain. Spanish authorities supported the settlement of Tejas, the frontier of the Kingdom between Indian territory and the growing American nation. Thus, while the southern areas of the New Kingdom of León remained royalist, the northern areas were mostly ambivalent about supporting either the revolution or the royalist cause. This neutrality disappeared when independence fervor spread among the population following brutal suppression tactics by the Spanish colonial authorities and the threat of an even more absolutist government in the province. First Texas Rebellion In 1811, José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara, an idealistic mestizo blacksmith from Nuevo Santander, dedicated himself to the Hidalgo Independence movement. With his substantial contacts in the region and his personal militancy he received a commission as a Lt. Colonel in Hidalgo's Army of the Americas and traveled to Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia to enlist aid supporting his own goals for the independence movement in Texas. In Washington and Philadelphia he met Caribbean adventurer José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois who was wanted by Spanish authorities in Texas. Upon both his departure and then his return trip through the Neutral Ground on the Texas-Louisiana border, Gutiérrez was encouraged by numerous sympathetic factions who supported the revolutionary cause. In Natchitoches, which had a long-standing predominantly American settlement, he made plans to invade the rest of Texas from the east. He enjoined another adventurer and former US Army Lieutenant, Colonel Augustus William Magee, to carry out the mission in the field. William Shaler, later an American consul to Havana, Europe and Algiers, as well as a writer, was attached to Gutiérrez's expedition by the United States government to oversee the revolutionaries' invasion of Spanish Texas. Shaler, a friend of Secretary of State Robert Smith, had been appointed by President James Madison as a confidential agent; he advised Gutiérrez and Magee with the direct involvement of upper levels of the American government as high as Secretary of State James Monroe; officially, however, the United States maintained a stance of disapproving the invasion.From their headquarters in the Neutral Ground, Gutiérrez and Magee openly advertised for revolutionary recruits from Louisiana and Texas for the "Republican Army of the North". They mustered them to participate in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition and adopted a solid emerald green flag, thought to have been introduced by Colonel Magee, who was of Protestant Irish descent. Volunteers were offered forty dollars a month and a square league (4,428 acres) of to-be-captured land. From San Antonio the Texas governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, followed developments through his intelligence network and lobbied intensively for more aid from his superiors and comrades-in-arms south of the Rio Grande to prepare for the invasion and limit distribution of rebel propaganda. Governor Salcedo was treated condescendingly by his protocol-oriented and bureaucratic uncle, Commandant General Nemesio Salcedo.On 12 August 1812, the Republican Army of the North, consisting of about 150 men, crossed the Sabine River and took Nacogdoches with little opposition. Capt. Bernardino Montero, the commander of Nacogdoches, was unable to recruit a single civilian militiaman for the royalist cause, as the majority of the province erupted in support of the fledgling independence movement. When he retreated toward San Antonio, all but ten of his soldiers deserted and joined the revolutionary army. By late fall the Republican Army of the North controlled the area between the Sabine and Guadalupe Rivers. After receiving reinforcements and conducting negotiations, Salcedo and Lt. Governor Muñoz de Echavarria deployed along the Guadalupe River east of San Antonio to meet the invading Republican Army. Learning of this, Gutiérrez and Magee turned south down the Guadalupe River valley, proceeded to La Bahia where they took control without much resistance; soon after Gov. Salcedo began a prolonged siege of the Presidio La Bahia where the rebels were grouped. Neither side could budge the other, tying up the meager forces of both armies.Following several weeks of attrition warfare, stalemate, and negotiations, Col. Magee died under uncertain circumstances, probably related to actions by Gutierrez, who didn't trust him. Meanwhile, Gov. Salcedo and Col. Simon de Herrera had lifted the siege and returned to San Antonio, leading to a further loss of confidence among the royalists and more defections. The main Republican army, now commanded by Virginian Col. Samuel Kemper, who had taken over after Magee's death, and buttressed by more recruits from the Neutral Ground and allied coastal Lipan and Tonkawa Indians, had moved along the San Antonio River towards the capital city of San Antonio, where they defeated Col. Herrera's royalist forces at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (also known as the Battle of Rosalis or the Battle of Salado Creek). When the Republican Army moved toward San Antonio, Gov. Salcedo composed a twelve-point plan of honorable surrender and delivered it to Col. Gutiérrez, who was encamped at Mission Concepcion.The terms of the surrender were refused by Guttierrez, who ordered the execution of Herrera and several other officers even as they dined with several of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers. Gutierrez then released all the other rebel prisoners, formed a provisional government with himself as governor, and organized a tribunal which found Salcedo and Herrera guilty of treason against the Hidalgo movement, condemning them to death. The Anglo officers protested the decision and endeavored to convince the self-appointed generalissimo and governor to spare them and send them either to prison in southern Mexico or to exile in Louisiana. Instead, the prisoners were placed under the escort of the Mexican rebel Capt. Antonio Delgado who summarily executed them along with 12 others and mutilated the corpses, leaving them lying at the site without burial; even going so far as to steal their belongings. Delgado returned to San Antonio, where he boasted of the butchery, which was announced publicly on the military parade grounds. The brutal atrocity of these events sickened most of the Anglo-Tejano and American forces supporting the independence movement; all the Anglo officers and recruits were horrified, and a party of them rushed to the execution site and gave the victims a Christian burial. Subsequently, most of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers immediately abandoned the cause and returned to eastern Texas, Louisiana and further points east. Samuel Kemper, James Gaines, Warren D.C. Hall and others were so shocked they took furloughs and returned to Nacogdoches. Nonetheless, the appeals of Col. Miguel Menchaca and other Mexican leaders persuaded some to stay and continue fighting for the cause of Mexican independence. On 6 April 1813, Gutiérrez declared the province of Texas independent of Spain and on 18 April proclaimed the first Constitution of Texas, which was more Centralist than Republican. This only further demoralized the remaining Anglo-Tejano and American volunteers, who provided the backbone of the army. The Republican Army of the North, through influence of the putatively independent state of Texas, now initiated its plans for full-scale independence and prepared to meet a counter-offensive from the south, where outrage over the execution of Salcedo and Herrera caused previously neutral criollo forces to join the loyalist troops. Arredondo's revenge To meet the threat represented by the recently separated province, the Spanish crown appointed General José Joaquín de Arredondo to command the Eastern and Western Divisions of the Provincias Internas. He quickly re-organized the royalist forces, appointed new officers, drilled his troops, and awaited for additional supplies while planning for a vast implementation of his counter-insurgency tactics. The anger of the royalist criollos toward the Gutierrez regime, however, was such that many wanted quick and violent retribution by marching toward San Antonio to capture and execute the first "President Protector of the State of Texas."Consequently, Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo, a one-time rebel who had been repelled by the revolutionaries' dishonorable behavior and now fought for the royalists, organized a volunteer regiment of criollos in June. Against orders, he marched his force toward San Antonio to engage the Republican Army. On 16 June, the Republican Army, under an Anglo-Tejano called Henry Perry, met and routed Elizondo's forces, which suffered 400 men killed and many prisoners taken at the Battle of Alazan Creek outside San Antonio. He retreated to the Rio Grande, where he was reprimanded by Gen. Arredondo, who nevertheless joined forces with him. Meanwhile, the high-handed methods of Gutierrez, the mistreatment of the Spanish loyalists, and the anti-Republican policies of the Gutierrez regime had resulted in a total loss of confidence in President Gutierrez amongst the Anglo-Tejano and American community. On 4 Aug 1813, Gutiérrez was deposed by these elements, who installed their chief propagandist, a formal naval officer and member of the Spanish Cortes from Santo Domingo, José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois. With the Texas government paralyzed by these events, Arredondo launched his campaign. Arredondo now had about 1,800 troops in his army, buttressed with criollos who were provoked by the senseless slayings of Salcedo and his company. He immediately left for San Antonio de Bexar, resolved to apply his concepts of counter-insurgency warfare on the entire Tejano population. Heavily supplied for a long campaign, his army marched forth. Battle of Medina On August 18, 1813, under José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois the Army of the North and the Royal Spanish forces under Arredondo met in the four-hour-long Battle of Medina. The Spanish Army completely destroyed the 1,400-man Army of the North. Arredondo listed enemy casualties as 600 killed, and several hundred were captured. Arredondo summarily gathered the names of the captured men, executed the rank and file, and tortured the officers for further information and then executed them, and ordered their corpses or parts of their bodies hung in trees. No effort was made to bury the remains of the Republican Army's dead, which lay on the battlefield for nine years. He later revised the number to 1,000 killed. In San Antonio, he quickly rounded up the families of the Texian soldiers, and had some of them publicly executed in the plaza of San Antonio and their heads posted on the plaza's perimeter. He spent the next year pursuing the remaining rebel leaders, including the civilian leadership of the Texas Republic, sparing few, and destroying all of the farms, buildings, and mills of the province except for a few located in San Antonio and newly built citadels such as that near Goliad. The approximately 2,500 men killed in the Republican Army's campaign exceeded the total number of Texians killed during the entire Texas Revolution twenty-three years later in 1836, and the death or expulsion of at least 3,000 other Anglo-Tejano and American settlers resulted effectively in an ethnic cleansing of the entire province. After his victories, Arredondo appointed Cristóbal Domínguez as interim governor, and having completing his assignment in Texas, returned south to Monterrey. He subsequently crushed the filibustering expedition of Francisco Javier Mina by overrunning his defenses at the village of Soto la Marina in October 1817. He remained the primary military commander of the Coahuila and Texas area for the next several years. Resettlement of Texas The utter crushing of the Texas province had removed the primary obstacle to the marauding Indian nations further north. Between 1817 and 1821, expeditions of Comanche and Apache Indians numbering several thousand penetrated deep into the provinces further south of Texas. Ravaged by the war of Independence and the subsequent Indian raids, the Kingdom of León fell backward in wealth and population, and along with the rest of Mexico essentially entered into a period of intense depression and anarchy. Consequently, on January 17, 1821, General Arredondo approved the petition of Moses Austin to bring three hundred settlers into an area of 211,000 acres (850 km2) in Texas. They were required officially to convert to Catholicism and provide arms and men for defending the routes into Mexico further south, although only one tenth of the settlers ever converted. Later, this settlement was expanded to encourage more emigration by Americans from the United States into northern Mexico. Mexican allegiance When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821, to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Saltillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence. See also Timeline of the Texas Revolution Notes Further reading Coronado, Raúl, A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-674-07261-9 Crisp, James E., Sleuthing the Alamo, Oxford University Press (2005) ISBN 0-19-516349-4 Derr, Mark-"The Frontiersman; Davy Crockett" William Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-09656-5 Davis, William C.; Lone Star Rising-The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic; Free Press; ISBN 0-684-86510-6 Davis, William C; Three Roads to the Alamo; Harper Collins; ISBN 0-06-017334-3 Dingus, Anne, The Truth About Texas, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0 Folsom, Bradley, Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain (Latin American and Caribbean Arts and Culture)”, University of Oklahoma Press (2017) ASIN B06XC3BS6Z Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9 Hardin, Stephen L., Texian Iliad, Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1 Lord, Walter, A Time to Stand,; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7 Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S.; A Line in the Sand-The Alamo in Blood and Memory; Simon & Schuster; ISBN 0-684-83544-4 External links Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 375 ], "text": [ "Barcelona" ] }
José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1768–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule. Early life Jose Joaquin de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1768 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as Viceroy of Buenos Aires. Military career Arredondo entered the Royal Spanish Guards as a cadet in 1787 and was detached for service in New Spain. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given the command of the infantry regiment of Vera Cruz. In 1811 he was made military commandant of Huasteca and governor of Nuevo Santander. Arredondo enforced a rigid interpretation of the Laws of War regarding guerrillas, partisans and insurgents. He applied his rules of warfare in proactive campaigns against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's revolt of 1811 and the criollos revolts of 1813, taking part in Ignacio Elizondo's plot to capture Miguel Hidalgo. Arredondo was rewarded for his actions in suppressing the revolutionaries with an appointment as commandant of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas (comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Santander and the New Kingdom of León); the region had a predominantly royalist population (see below), and the independence movement would not be supported by a majority of the population in those provinces until the late 1810s, after Servando Teresa de Mier's fight for Mexican independence. Texas As part of the New Kingdom of León, the area of Texas then called Tejas was a bulwark against the large-scale marauding attacks of hostile Indian nations such as the Apaches and the Comanches. Because of long-term hostility between the Indians and the Europeans in the area, much of the New Kingdom of León and Tejas had a population almost wholly European in origin, unlike other parts of New Spain. Spanish authorities supported the settlement of Tejas, the frontier of the Kingdom between Indian territory and the growing American nation. Thus, while the southern areas of the New Kingdom of León remained royalist, the northern areas were mostly ambivalent about supporting either the revolution or the royalist cause. This neutrality disappeared when independence fervor spread among the population following brutal suppression tactics by the Spanish colonial authorities and the threat of an even more absolutist government in the province. First Texas Rebellion In 1811, José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara, an idealistic mestizo blacksmith from Nuevo Santander, dedicated himself to the Hidalgo Independence movement. With his substantial contacts in the region and his personal militancy he received a commission as a Lt. Colonel in Hidalgo's Army of the Americas and traveled to Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia to enlist aid supporting his own goals for the independence movement in Texas. In Washington and Philadelphia he met Caribbean adventurer José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois who was wanted by Spanish authorities in Texas. Upon both his departure and then his return trip through the Neutral Ground on the Texas-Louisiana border, Gutiérrez was encouraged by numerous sympathetic factions who supported the revolutionary cause. In Natchitoches, which had a long-standing predominantly American settlement, he made plans to invade the rest of Texas from the east. He enjoined another adventurer and former US Army Lieutenant, Colonel Augustus William Magee, to carry out the mission in the field. William Shaler, later an American consul to Havana, Europe and Algiers, as well as a writer, was attached to Gutiérrez's expedition by the United States government to oversee the revolutionaries' invasion of Spanish Texas. Shaler, a friend of Secretary of State Robert Smith, had been appointed by President James Madison as a confidential agent; he advised Gutiérrez and Magee with the direct involvement of upper levels of the American government as high as Secretary of State James Monroe; officially, however, the United States maintained a stance of disapproving the invasion.From their headquarters in the Neutral Ground, Gutiérrez and Magee openly advertised for revolutionary recruits from Louisiana and Texas for the "Republican Army of the North". They mustered them to participate in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition and adopted a solid emerald green flag, thought to have been introduced by Colonel Magee, who was of Protestant Irish descent. Volunteers were offered forty dollars a month and a square league (4,428 acres) of to-be-captured land. From San Antonio the Texas governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, followed developments through his intelligence network and lobbied intensively for more aid from his superiors and comrades-in-arms south of the Rio Grande to prepare for the invasion and limit distribution of rebel propaganda. Governor Salcedo was treated condescendingly by his protocol-oriented and bureaucratic uncle, Commandant General Nemesio Salcedo.On 12 August 1812, the Republican Army of the North, consisting of about 150 men, crossed the Sabine River and took Nacogdoches with little opposition. Capt. Bernardino Montero, the commander of Nacogdoches, was unable to recruit a single civilian militiaman for the royalist cause, as the majority of the province erupted in support of the fledgling independence movement. When he retreated toward San Antonio, all but ten of his soldiers deserted and joined the revolutionary army. By late fall the Republican Army of the North controlled the area between the Sabine and Guadalupe Rivers. After receiving reinforcements and conducting negotiations, Salcedo and Lt. Governor Muñoz de Echavarria deployed along the Guadalupe River east of San Antonio to meet the invading Republican Army. Learning of this, Gutiérrez and Magee turned south down the Guadalupe River valley, proceeded to La Bahia where they took control without much resistance; soon after Gov. Salcedo began a prolonged siege of the Presidio La Bahia where the rebels were grouped. Neither side could budge the other, tying up the meager forces of both armies.Following several weeks of attrition warfare, stalemate, and negotiations, Col. Magee died under uncertain circumstances, probably related to actions by Gutierrez, who didn't trust him. Meanwhile, Gov. Salcedo and Col. Simon de Herrera had lifted the siege and returned to San Antonio, leading to a further loss of confidence among the royalists and more defections. The main Republican army, now commanded by Virginian Col. Samuel Kemper, who had taken over after Magee's death, and buttressed by more recruits from the Neutral Ground and allied coastal Lipan and Tonkawa Indians, had moved along the San Antonio River towards the capital city of San Antonio, where they defeated Col. Herrera's royalist forces at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (also known as the Battle of Rosalis or the Battle of Salado Creek). When the Republican Army moved toward San Antonio, Gov. Salcedo composed a twelve-point plan of honorable surrender and delivered it to Col. Gutiérrez, who was encamped at Mission Concepcion.The terms of the surrender were refused by Guttierrez, who ordered the execution of Herrera and several other officers even as they dined with several of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers. Gutierrez then released all the other rebel prisoners, formed a provisional government with himself as governor, and organized a tribunal which found Salcedo and Herrera guilty of treason against the Hidalgo movement, condemning them to death. The Anglo officers protested the decision and endeavored to convince the self-appointed generalissimo and governor to spare them and send them either to prison in southern Mexico or to exile in Louisiana. Instead, the prisoners were placed under the escort of the Mexican rebel Capt. Antonio Delgado who summarily executed them along with 12 others and mutilated the corpses, leaving them lying at the site without burial; even going so far as to steal their belongings. Delgado returned to San Antonio, where he boasted of the butchery, which was announced publicly on the military parade grounds. The brutal atrocity of these events sickened most of the Anglo-Tejano and American forces supporting the independence movement; all the Anglo officers and recruits were horrified, and a party of them rushed to the execution site and gave the victims a Christian burial. Subsequently, most of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers immediately abandoned the cause and returned to eastern Texas, Louisiana and further points east. Samuel Kemper, James Gaines, Warren D.C. Hall and others were so shocked they took furloughs and returned to Nacogdoches. Nonetheless, the appeals of Col. Miguel Menchaca and other Mexican leaders persuaded some to stay and continue fighting for the cause of Mexican independence. On 6 April 1813, Gutiérrez declared the province of Texas independent of Spain and on 18 April proclaimed the first Constitution of Texas, which was more Centralist than Republican. This only further demoralized the remaining Anglo-Tejano and American volunteers, who provided the backbone of the army. The Republican Army of the North, through influence of the putatively independent state of Texas, now initiated its plans for full-scale independence and prepared to meet a counter-offensive from the south, where outrage over the execution of Salcedo and Herrera caused previously neutral criollo forces to join the loyalist troops. Arredondo's revenge To meet the threat represented by the recently separated province, the Spanish crown appointed General José Joaquín de Arredondo to command the Eastern and Western Divisions of the Provincias Internas. He quickly re-organized the royalist forces, appointed new officers, drilled his troops, and awaited for additional supplies while planning for a vast implementation of his counter-insurgency tactics. The anger of the royalist criollos toward the Gutierrez regime, however, was such that many wanted quick and violent retribution by marching toward San Antonio to capture and execute the first "President Protector of the State of Texas."Consequently, Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo, a one-time rebel who had been repelled by the revolutionaries' dishonorable behavior and now fought for the royalists, organized a volunteer regiment of criollos in June. Against orders, he marched his force toward San Antonio to engage the Republican Army. On 16 June, the Republican Army, under an Anglo-Tejano called Henry Perry, met and routed Elizondo's forces, which suffered 400 men killed and many prisoners taken at the Battle of Alazan Creek outside San Antonio. He retreated to the Rio Grande, where he was reprimanded by Gen. Arredondo, who nevertheless joined forces with him. Meanwhile, the high-handed methods of Gutierrez, the mistreatment of the Spanish loyalists, and the anti-Republican policies of the Gutierrez regime had resulted in a total loss of confidence in President Gutierrez amongst the Anglo-Tejano and American community. On 4 Aug 1813, Gutiérrez was deposed by these elements, who installed their chief propagandist, a formal naval officer and member of the Spanish Cortes from Santo Domingo, José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois. With the Texas government paralyzed by these events, Arredondo launched his campaign. Arredondo now had about 1,800 troops in his army, buttressed with criollos who were provoked by the senseless slayings of Salcedo and his company. He immediately left for San Antonio de Bexar, resolved to apply his concepts of counter-insurgency warfare on the entire Tejano population. Heavily supplied for a long campaign, his army marched forth. Battle of Medina On August 18, 1813, under José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois the Army of the North and the Royal Spanish forces under Arredondo met in the four-hour-long Battle of Medina. The Spanish Army completely destroyed the 1,400-man Army of the North. Arredondo listed enemy casualties as 600 killed, and several hundred were captured. Arredondo summarily gathered the names of the captured men, executed the rank and file, and tortured the officers for further information and then executed them, and ordered their corpses or parts of their bodies hung in trees. No effort was made to bury the remains of the Republican Army's dead, which lay on the battlefield for nine years. He later revised the number to 1,000 killed. In San Antonio, he quickly rounded up the families of the Texian soldiers, and had some of them publicly executed in the plaza of San Antonio and their heads posted on the plaza's perimeter. He spent the next year pursuing the remaining rebel leaders, including the civilian leadership of the Texas Republic, sparing few, and destroying all of the farms, buildings, and mills of the province except for a few located in San Antonio and newly built citadels such as that near Goliad. The approximately 2,500 men killed in the Republican Army's campaign exceeded the total number of Texians killed during the entire Texas Revolution twenty-three years later in 1836, and the death or expulsion of at least 3,000 other Anglo-Tejano and American settlers resulted effectively in an ethnic cleansing of the entire province. After his victories, Arredondo appointed Cristóbal Domínguez as interim governor, and having completing his assignment in Texas, returned south to Monterrey. He subsequently crushed the filibustering expedition of Francisco Javier Mina by overrunning his defenses at the village of Soto la Marina in October 1817. He remained the primary military commander of the Coahuila and Texas area for the next several years. Resettlement of Texas The utter crushing of the Texas province had removed the primary obstacle to the marauding Indian nations further north. Between 1817 and 1821, expeditions of Comanche and Apache Indians numbering several thousand penetrated deep into the provinces further south of Texas. Ravaged by the war of Independence and the subsequent Indian raids, the Kingdom of León fell backward in wealth and population, and along with the rest of Mexico essentially entered into a period of intense depression and anarchy. Consequently, on January 17, 1821, General Arredondo approved the petition of Moses Austin to bring three hundred settlers into an area of 211,000 acres (850 km2) in Texas. They were required officially to convert to Catholicism and provide arms and men for defending the routes into Mexico further south, although only one tenth of the settlers ever converted. Later, this settlement was expanded to encourage more emigration by Americans from the United States into northern Mexico. Mexican allegiance When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821, to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Saltillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence. See also Timeline of the Texas Revolution Notes Further reading Coronado, Raúl, A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-674-07261-9 Crisp, James E., Sleuthing the Alamo, Oxford University Press (2005) ISBN 0-19-516349-4 Derr, Mark-"The Frontiersman; Davy Crockett" William Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-09656-5 Davis, William C.; Lone Star Rising-The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic; Free Press; ISBN 0-684-86510-6 Davis, William C; Three Roads to the Alamo; Harper Collins; ISBN 0-06-017334-3 Dingus, Anne, The Truth About Texas, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0 Folsom, Bradley, Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain (Latin American and Caribbean Arts and Culture)”, University of Oklahoma Press (2017) ASIN B06XC3BS6Z Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9 Hardin, Stephen L., Texian Iliad, Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1 Lord, Walter, A Time to Stand,; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7 Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S.; A Line in the Sand-The Alamo in Blood and Memory; Simon & Schuster; ISBN 0-684-83544-4 External links Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online	place of death	{ "answer_start": [ 3757 ], "text": [ "Havana" ] }
José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1768–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule. Early life Jose Joaquin de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1768 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as Viceroy of Buenos Aires. Military career Arredondo entered the Royal Spanish Guards as a cadet in 1787 and was detached for service in New Spain. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given the command of the infantry regiment of Vera Cruz. In 1811 he was made military commandant of Huasteca and governor of Nuevo Santander. Arredondo enforced a rigid interpretation of the Laws of War regarding guerrillas, partisans and insurgents. He applied his rules of warfare in proactive campaigns against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's revolt of 1811 and the criollos revolts of 1813, taking part in Ignacio Elizondo's plot to capture Miguel Hidalgo. Arredondo was rewarded for his actions in suppressing the revolutionaries with an appointment as commandant of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas (comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Santander and the New Kingdom of León); the region had a predominantly royalist population (see below), and the independence movement would not be supported by a majority of the population in those provinces until the late 1810s, after Servando Teresa de Mier's fight for Mexican independence. Texas As part of the New Kingdom of León, the area of Texas then called Tejas was a bulwark against the large-scale marauding attacks of hostile Indian nations such as the Apaches and the Comanches. Because of long-term hostility between the Indians and the Europeans in the area, much of the New Kingdom of León and Tejas had a population almost wholly European in origin, unlike other parts of New Spain. Spanish authorities supported the settlement of Tejas, the frontier of the Kingdom between Indian territory and the growing American nation. Thus, while the southern areas of the New Kingdom of León remained royalist, the northern areas were mostly ambivalent about supporting either the revolution or the royalist cause. This neutrality disappeared when independence fervor spread among the population following brutal suppression tactics by the Spanish colonial authorities and the threat of an even more absolutist government in the province. First Texas Rebellion In 1811, José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara, an idealistic mestizo blacksmith from Nuevo Santander, dedicated himself to the Hidalgo Independence movement. With his substantial contacts in the region and his personal militancy he received a commission as a Lt. Colonel in Hidalgo's Army of the Americas and traveled to Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia to enlist aid supporting his own goals for the independence movement in Texas. In Washington and Philadelphia he met Caribbean adventurer José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois who was wanted by Spanish authorities in Texas. Upon both his departure and then his return trip through the Neutral Ground on the Texas-Louisiana border, Gutiérrez was encouraged by numerous sympathetic factions who supported the revolutionary cause. In Natchitoches, which had a long-standing predominantly American settlement, he made plans to invade the rest of Texas from the east. He enjoined another adventurer and former US Army Lieutenant, Colonel Augustus William Magee, to carry out the mission in the field. William Shaler, later an American consul to Havana, Europe and Algiers, as well as a writer, was attached to Gutiérrez's expedition by the United States government to oversee the revolutionaries' invasion of Spanish Texas. Shaler, a friend of Secretary of State Robert Smith, had been appointed by President James Madison as a confidential agent; he advised Gutiérrez and Magee with the direct involvement of upper levels of the American government as high as Secretary of State James Monroe; officially, however, the United States maintained a stance of disapproving the invasion.From their headquarters in the Neutral Ground, Gutiérrez and Magee openly advertised for revolutionary recruits from Louisiana and Texas for the "Republican Army of the North". They mustered them to participate in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition and adopted a solid emerald green flag, thought to have been introduced by Colonel Magee, who was of Protestant Irish descent. Volunteers were offered forty dollars a month and a square league (4,428 acres) of to-be-captured land. From San Antonio the Texas governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, followed developments through his intelligence network and lobbied intensively for more aid from his superiors and comrades-in-arms south of the Rio Grande to prepare for the invasion and limit distribution of rebel propaganda. Governor Salcedo was treated condescendingly by his protocol-oriented and bureaucratic uncle, Commandant General Nemesio Salcedo.On 12 August 1812, the Republican Army of the North, consisting of about 150 men, crossed the Sabine River and took Nacogdoches with little opposition. Capt. Bernardino Montero, the commander of Nacogdoches, was unable to recruit a single civilian militiaman for the royalist cause, as the majority of the province erupted in support of the fledgling independence movement. When he retreated toward San Antonio, all but ten of his soldiers deserted and joined the revolutionary army. By late fall the Republican Army of the North controlled the area between the Sabine and Guadalupe Rivers. After receiving reinforcements and conducting negotiations, Salcedo and Lt. Governor Muñoz de Echavarria deployed along the Guadalupe River east of San Antonio to meet the invading Republican Army. Learning of this, Gutiérrez and Magee turned south down the Guadalupe River valley, proceeded to La Bahia where they took control without much resistance; soon after Gov. Salcedo began a prolonged siege of the Presidio La Bahia where the rebels were grouped. Neither side could budge the other, tying up the meager forces of both armies.Following several weeks of attrition warfare, stalemate, and negotiations, Col. Magee died under uncertain circumstances, probably related to actions by Gutierrez, who didn't trust him. Meanwhile, Gov. Salcedo and Col. Simon de Herrera had lifted the siege and returned to San Antonio, leading to a further loss of confidence among the royalists and more defections. The main Republican army, now commanded by Virginian Col. Samuel Kemper, who had taken over after Magee's death, and buttressed by more recruits from the Neutral Ground and allied coastal Lipan and Tonkawa Indians, had moved along the San Antonio River towards the capital city of San Antonio, where they defeated Col. Herrera's royalist forces at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (also known as the Battle of Rosalis or the Battle of Salado Creek). When the Republican Army moved toward San Antonio, Gov. Salcedo composed a twelve-point plan of honorable surrender and delivered it to Col. Gutiérrez, who was encamped at Mission Concepcion.The terms of the surrender were refused by Guttierrez, who ordered the execution of Herrera and several other officers even as they dined with several of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers. Gutierrez then released all the other rebel prisoners, formed a provisional government with himself as governor, and organized a tribunal which found Salcedo and Herrera guilty of treason against the Hidalgo movement, condemning them to death. The Anglo officers protested the decision and endeavored to convince the self-appointed generalissimo and governor to spare them and send them either to prison in southern Mexico or to exile in Louisiana. Instead, the prisoners were placed under the escort of the Mexican rebel Capt. Antonio Delgado who summarily executed them along with 12 others and mutilated the corpses, leaving them lying at the site without burial; even going so far as to steal their belongings. Delgado returned to San Antonio, where he boasted of the butchery, which was announced publicly on the military parade grounds. The brutal atrocity of these events sickened most of the Anglo-Tejano and American forces supporting the independence movement; all the Anglo officers and recruits were horrified, and a party of them rushed to the execution site and gave the victims a Christian burial. Subsequently, most of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers immediately abandoned the cause and returned to eastern Texas, Louisiana and further points east. Samuel Kemper, James Gaines, Warren D.C. Hall and others were so shocked they took furloughs and returned to Nacogdoches. Nonetheless, the appeals of Col. Miguel Menchaca and other Mexican leaders persuaded some to stay and continue fighting for the cause of Mexican independence. On 6 April 1813, Gutiérrez declared the province of Texas independent of Spain and on 18 April proclaimed the first Constitution of Texas, which was more Centralist than Republican. This only further demoralized the remaining Anglo-Tejano and American volunteers, who provided the backbone of the army. The Republican Army of the North, through influence of the putatively independent state of Texas, now initiated its plans for full-scale independence and prepared to meet a counter-offensive from the south, where outrage over the execution of Salcedo and Herrera caused previously neutral criollo forces to join the loyalist troops. Arredondo's revenge To meet the threat represented by the recently separated province, the Spanish crown appointed General José Joaquín de Arredondo to command the Eastern and Western Divisions of the Provincias Internas. He quickly re-organized the royalist forces, appointed new officers, drilled his troops, and awaited for additional supplies while planning for a vast implementation of his counter-insurgency tactics. The anger of the royalist criollos toward the Gutierrez regime, however, was such that many wanted quick and violent retribution by marching toward San Antonio to capture and execute the first "President Protector of the State of Texas."Consequently, Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo, a one-time rebel who had been repelled by the revolutionaries' dishonorable behavior and now fought for the royalists, organized a volunteer regiment of criollos in June. Against orders, he marched his force toward San Antonio to engage the Republican Army. On 16 June, the Republican Army, under an Anglo-Tejano called Henry Perry, met and routed Elizondo's forces, which suffered 400 men killed and many prisoners taken at the Battle of Alazan Creek outside San Antonio. He retreated to the Rio Grande, where he was reprimanded by Gen. Arredondo, who nevertheless joined forces with him. Meanwhile, the high-handed methods of Gutierrez, the mistreatment of the Spanish loyalists, and the anti-Republican policies of the Gutierrez regime had resulted in a total loss of confidence in President Gutierrez amongst the Anglo-Tejano and American community. On 4 Aug 1813, Gutiérrez was deposed by these elements, who installed their chief propagandist, a formal naval officer and member of the Spanish Cortes from Santo Domingo, José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois. With the Texas government paralyzed by these events, Arredondo launched his campaign. Arredondo now had about 1,800 troops in his army, buttressed with criollos who were provoked by the senseless slayings of Salcedo and his company. He immediately left for San Antonio de Bexar, resolved to apply his concepts of counter-insurgency warfare on the entire Tejano population. Heavily supplied for a long campaign, his army marched forth. Battle of Medina On August 18, 1813, under José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois the Army of the North and the Royal Spanish forces under Arredondo met in the four-hour-long Battle of Medina. The Spanish Army completely destroyed the 1,400-man Army of the North. Arredondo listed enemy casualties as 600 killed, and several hundred were captured. Arredondo summarily gathered the names of the captured men, executed the rank and file, and tortured the officers for further information and then executed them, and ordered their corpses or parts of their bodies hung in trees. No effort was made to bury the remains of the Republican Army's dead, which lay on the battlefield for nine years. He later revised the number to 1,000 killed. In San Antonio, he quickly rounded up the families of the Texian soldiers, and had some of them publicly executed in the plaza of San Antonio and their heads posted on the plaza's perimeter. He spent the next year pursuing the remaining rebel leaders, including the civilian leadership of the Texas Republic, sparing few, and destroying all of the farms, buildings, and mills of the province except for a few located in San Antonio and newly built citadels such as that near Goliad. The approximately 2,500 men killed in the Republican Army's campaign exceeded the total number of Texians killed during the entire Texas Revolution twenty-three years later in 1836, and the death or expulsion of at least 3,000 other Anglo-Tejano and American settlers resulted effectively in an ethnic cleansing of the entire province. After his victories, Arredondo appointed Cristóbal Domínguez as interim governor, and having completing his assignment in Texas, returned south to Monterrey. He subsequently crushed the filibustering expedition of Francisco Javier Mina by overrunning his defenses at the village of Soto la Marina in October 1817. He remained the primary military commander of the Coahuila and Texas area for the next several years. Resettlement of Texas The utter crushing of the Texas province had removed the primary obstacle to the marauding Indian nations further north. Between 1817 and 1821, expeditions of Comanche and Apache Indians numbering several thousand penetrated deep into the provinces further south of Texas. Ravaged by the war of Independence and the subsequent Indian raids, the Kingdom of León fell backward in wealth and population, and along with the rest of Mexico essentially entered into a period of intense depression and anarchy. Consequently, on January 17, 1821, General Arredondo approved the petition of Moses Austin to bring three hundred settlers into an area of 211,000 acres (850 km2) in Texas. They were required officially to convert to Catholicism and provide arms and men for defending the routes into Mexico further south, although only one tenth of the settlers ever converted. Later, this settlement was expanded to encourage more emigration by Americans from the United States into northern Mexico. Mexican allegiance When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821, to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Saltillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence. See also Timeline of the Texas Revolution Notes Further reading Coronado, Raúl, A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-674-07261-9 Crisp, James E., Sleuthing the Alamo, Oxford University Press (2005) ISBN 0-19-516349-4 Derr, Mark-"The Frontiersman; Davy Crockett" William Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-09656-5 Davis, William C.; Lone Star Rising-The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic; Free Press; ISBN 0-684-86510-6 Davis, William C; Three Roads to the Alamo; Harper Collins; ISBN 0-06-017334-3 Dingus, Anne, The Truth About Texas, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0 Folsom, Bradley, Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain (Latin American and Caribbean Arts and Culture)”, University of Oklahoma Press (2017) ASIN B06XC3BS6Z Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9 Hardin, Stephen L., Texian Iliad, Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1 Lord, Walter, A Time to Stand,; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7 Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S.; A Line in the Sand-The Alamo in Blood and Memory; Simon & Schuster; ISBN 0-684-83544-4 External links Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 211 ], "text": [ "Spain" ] }
José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1768–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule. Early life Jose Joaquin de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1768 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as Viceroy of Buenos Aires. Military career Arredondo entered the Royal Spanish Guards as a cadet in 1787 and was detached for service in New Spain. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given the command of the infantry regiment of Vera Cruz. In 1811 he was made military commandant of Huasteca and governor of Nuevo Santander. Arredondo enforced a rigid interpretation of the Laws of War regarding guerrillas, partisans and insurgents. He applied his rules of warfare in proactive campaigns against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's revolt of 1811 and the criollos revolts of 1813, taking part in Ignacio Elizondo's plot to capture Miguel Hidalgo. Arredondo was rewarded for his actions in suppressing the revolutionaries with an appointment as commandant of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas (comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Santander and the New Kingdom of León); the region had a predominantly royalist population (see below), and the independence movement would not be supported by a majority of the population in those provinces until the late 1810s, after Servando Teresa de Mier's fight for Mexican independence. Texas As part of the New Kingdom of León, the area of Texas then called Tejas was a bulwark against the large-scale marauding attacks of hostile Indian nations such as the Apaches and the Comanches. Because of long-term hostility between the Indians and the Europeans in the area, much of the New Kingdom of León and Tejas had a population almost wholly European in origin, unlike other parts of New Spain. Spanish authorities supported the settlement of Tejas, the frontier of the Kingdom between Indian territory and the growing American nation. Thus, while the southern areas of the New Kingdom of León remained royalist, the northern areas were mostly ambivalent about supporting either the revolution or the royalist cause. This neutrality disappeared when independence fervor spread among the population following brutal suppression tactics by the Spanish colonial authorities and the threat of an even more absolutist government in the province. First Texas Rebellion In 1811, José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara, an idealistic mestizo blacksmith from Nuevo Santander, dedicated himself to the Hidalgo Independence movement. With his substantial contacts in the region and his personal militancy he received a commission as a Lt. Colonel in Hidalgo's Army of the Americas and traveled to Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia to enlist aid supporting his own goals for the independence movement in Texas. In Washington and Philadelphia he met Caribbean adventurer José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois who was wanted by Spanish authorities in Texas. Upon both his departure and then his return trip through the Neutral Ground on the Texas-Louisiana border, Gutiérrez was encouraged by numerous sympathetic factions who supported the revolutionary cause. In Natchitoches, which had a long-standing predominantly American settlement, he made plans to invade the rest of Texas from the east. He enjoined another adventurer and former US Army Lieutenant, Colonel Augustus William Magee, to carry out the mission in the field. William Shaler, later an American consul to Havana, Europe and Algiers, as well as a writer, was attached to Gutiérrez's expedition by the United States government to oversee the revolutionaries' invasion of Spanish Texas. Shaler, a friend of Secretary of State Robert Smith, had been appointed by President James Madison as a confidential agent; he advised Gutiérrez and Magee with the direct involvement of upper levels of the American government as high as Secretary of State James Monroe; officially, however, the United States maintained a stance of disapproving the invasion.From their headquarters in the Neutral Ground, Gutiérrez and Magee openly advertised for revolutionary recruits from Louisiana and Texas for the "Republican Army of the North". They mustered them to participate in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition and adopted a solid emerald green flag, thought to have been introduced by Colonel Magee, who was of Protestant Irish descent. Volunteers were offered forty dollars a month and a square league (4,428 acres) of to-be-captured land. From San Antonio the Texas governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, followed developments through his intelligence network and lobbied intensively for more aid from his superiors and comrades-in-arms south of the Rio Grande to prepare for the invasion and limit distribution of rebel propaganda. Governor Salcedo was treated condescendingly by his protocol-oriented and bureaucratic uncle, Commandant General Nemesio Salcedo.On 12 August 1812, the Republican Army of the North, consisting of about 150 men, crossed the Sabine River and took Nacogdoches with little opposition. Capt. Bernardino Montero, the commander of Nacogdoches, was unable to recruit a single civilian militiaman for the royalist cause, as the majority of the province erupted in support of the fledgling independence movement. When he retreated toward San Antonio, all but ten of his soldiers deserted and joined the revolutionary army. By late fall the Republican Army of the North controlled the area between the Sabine and Guadalupe Rivers. After receiving reinforcements and conducting negotiations, Salcedo and Lt. Governor Muñoz de Echavarria deployed along the Guadalupe River east of San Antonio to meet the invading Republican Army. Learning of this, Gutiérrez and Magee turned south down the Guadalupe River valley, proceeded to La Bahia where they took control without much resistance; soon after Gov. Salcedo began a prolonged siege of the Presidio La Bahia where the rebels were grouped. Neither side could budge the other, tying up the meager forces of both armies.Following several weeks of attrition warfare, stalemate, and negotiations, Col. Magee died under uncertain circumstances, probably related to actions by Gutierrez, who didn't trust him. Meanwhile, Gov. Salcedo and Col. Simon de Herrera had lifted the siege and returned to San Antonio, leading to a further loss of confidence among the royalists and more defections. The main Republican army, now commanded by Virginian Col. Samuel Kemper, who had taken over after Magee's death, and buttressed by more recruits from the Neutral Ground and allied coastal Lipan and Tonkawa Indians, had moved along the San Antonio River towards the capital city of San Antonio, where they defeated Col. Herrera's royalist forces at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (also known as the Battle of Rosalis or the Battle of Salado Creek). When the Republican Army moved toward San Antonio, Gov. Salcedo composed a twelve-point plan of honorable surrender and delivered it to Col. Gutiérrez, who was encamped at Mission Concepcion.The terms of the surrender were refused by Guttierrez, who ordered the execution of Herrera and several other officers even as they dined with several of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers. Gutierrez then released all the other rebel prisoners, formed a provisional government with himself as governor, and organized a tribunal which found Salcedo and Herrera guilty of treason against the Hidalgo movement, condemning them to death. The Anglo officers protested the decision and endeavored to convince the self-appointed generalissimo and governor to spare them and send them either to prison in southern Mexico or to exile in Louisiana. Instead, the prisoners were placed under the escort of the Mexican rebel Capt. Antonio Delgado who summarily executed them along with 12 others and mutilated the corpses, leaving them lying at the site without burial; even going so far as to steal their belongings. Delgado returned to San Antonio, where he boasted of the butchery, which was announced publicly on the military parade grounds. The brutal atrocity of these events sickened most of the Anglo-Tejano and American forces supporting the independence movement; all the Anglo officers and recruits were horrified, and a party of them rushed to the execution site and gave the victims a Christian burial. Subsequently, most of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers immediately abandoned the cause and returned to eastern Texas, Louisiana and further points east. Samuel Kemper, James Gaines, Warren D.C. Hall and others were so shocked they took furloughs and returned to Nacogdoches. Nonetheless, the appeals of Col. Miguel Menchaca and other Mexican leaders persuaded some to stay and continue fighting for the cause of Mexican independence. On 6 April 1813, Gutiérrez declared the province of Texas independent of Spain and on 18 April proclaimed the first Constitution of Texas, which was more Centralist than Republican. This only further demoralized the remaining Anglo-Tejano and American volunteers, who provided the backbone of the army. The Republican Army of the North, through influence of the putatively independent state of Texas, now initiated its plans for full-scale independence and prepared to meet a counter-offensive from the south, where outrage over the execution of Salcedo and Herrera caused previously neutral criollo forces to join the loyalist troops. Arredondo's revenge To meet the threat represented by the recently separated province, the Spanish crown appointed General José Joaquín de Arredondo to command the Eastern and Western Divisions of the Provincias Internas. He quickly re-organized the royalist forces, appointed new officers, drilled his troops, and awaited for additional supplies while planning for a vast implementation of his counter-insurgency tactics. The anger of the royalist criollos toward the Gutierrez regime, however, was such that many wanted quick and violent retribution by marching toward San Antonio to capture and execute the first "President Protector of the State of Texas."Consequently, Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo, a one-time rebel who had been repelled by the revolutionaries' dishonorable behavior and now fought for the royalists, organized a volunteer regiment of criollos in June. Against orders, he marched his force toward San Antonio to engage the Republican Army. On 16 June, the Republican Army, under an Anglo-Tejano called Henry Perry, met and routed Elizondo's forces, which suffered 400 men killed and many prisoners taken at the Battle of Alazan Creek outside San Antonio. He retreated to the Rio Grande, where he was reprimanded by Gen. Arredondo, who nevertheless joined forces with him. Meanwhile, the high-handed methods of Gutierrez, the mistreatment of the Spanish loyalists, and the anti-Republican policies of the Gutierrez regime had resulted in a total loss of confidence in President Gutierrez amongst the Anglo-Tejano and American community. On 4 Aug 1813, Gutiérrez was deposed by these elements, who installed their chief propagandist, a formal naval officer and member of the Spanish Cortes from Santo Domingo, José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois. With the Texas government paralyzed by these events, Arredondo launched his campaign. Arredondo now had about 1,800 troops in his army, buttressed with criollos who were provoked by the senseless slayings of Salcedo and his company. He immediately left for San Antonio de Bexar, resolved to apply his concepts of counter-insurgency warfare on the entire Tejano population. Heavily supplied for a long campaign, his army marched forth. Battle of Medina On August 18, 1813, under José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois the Army of the North and the Royal Spanish forces under Arredondo met in the four-hour-long Battle of Medina. The Spanish Army completely destroyed the 1,400-man Army of the North. Arredondo listed enemy casualties as 600 killed, and several hundred were captured. Arredondo summarily gathered the names of the captured men, executed the rank and file, and tortured the officers for further information and then executed them, and ordered their corpses or parts of their bodies hung in trees. No effort was made to bury the remains of the Republican Army's dead, which lay on the battlefield for nine years. He later revised the number to 1,000 killed. In San Antonio, he quickly rounded up the families of the Texian soldiers, and had some of them publicly executed in the plaza of San Antonio and their heads posted on the plaza's perimeter. He spent the next year pursuing the remaining rebel leaders, including the civilian leadership of the Texas Republic, sparing few, and destroying all of the farms, buildings, and mills of the province except for a few located in San Antonio and newly built citadels such as that near Goliad. The approximately 2,500 men killed in the Republican Army's campaign exceeded the total number of Texians killed during the entire Texas Revolution twenty-three years later in 1836, and the death or expulsion of at least 3,000 other Anglo-Tejano and American settlers resulted effectively in an ethnic cleansing of the entire province. After his victories, Arredondo appointed Cristóbal Domínguez as interim governor, and having completing his assignment in Texas, returned south to Monterrey. He subsequently crushed the filibustering expedition of Francisco Javier Mina by overrunning his defenses at the village of Soto la Marina in October 1817. He remained the primary military commander of the Coahuila and Texas area for the next several years. Resettlement of Texas The utter crushing of the Texas province had removed the primary obstacle to the marauding Indian nations further north. Between 1817 and 1821, expeditions of Comanche and Apache Indians numbering several thousand penetrated deep into the provinces further south of Texas. Ravaged by the war of Independence and the subsequent Indian raids, the Kingdom of León fell backward in wealth and population, and along with the rest of Mexico essentially entered into a period of intense depression and anarchy. Consequently, on January 17, 1821, General Arredondo approved the petition of Moses Austin to bring three hundred settlers into an area of 211,000 acres (850 km2) in Texas. They were required officially to convert to Catholicism and provide arms and men for defending the routes into Mexico further south, although only one tenth of the settlers ever converted. Later, this settlement was expanded to encourage more emigration by Americans from the United States into northern Mexico. Mexican allegiance When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821, to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Saltillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence. See also Timeline of the Texas Revolution Notes Further reading Coronado, Raúl, A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-674-07261-9 Crisp, James E., Sleuthing the Alamo, Oxford University Press (2005) ISBN 0-19-516349-4 Derr, Mark-"The Frontiersman; Davy Crockett" William Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-09656-5 Davis, William C.; Lone Star Rising-The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic; Free Press; ISBN 0-684-86510-6 Davis, William C; Three Roads to the Alamo; Harper Collins; ISBN 0-06-017334-3 Dingus, Anne, The Truth About Texas, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0 Folsom, Bradley, Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain (Latin American and Caribbean Arts and Culture)”, University of Oklahoma Press (2017) ASIN B06XC3BS6Z Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9 Hardin, Stephen L., Texian Iliad, Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1 Lord, Walter, A Time to Stand,; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7 Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S.; A Line in the Sand-The Alamo in Blood and Memory; Simon & Schuster; ISBN 0-684-83544-4 External links Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online	military rank	{ "answer_start": [ 7846 ], "text": [ "general" ] }
José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1768–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule. Early life Jose Joaquin de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1768 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as Viceroy of Buenos Aires. Military career Arredondo entered the Royal Spanish Guards as a cadet in 1787 and was detached for service in New Spain. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given the command of the infantry regiment of Vera Cruz. In 1811 he was made military commandant of Huasteca and governor of Nuevo Santander. Arredondo enforced a rigid interpretation of the Laws of War regarding guerrillas, partisans and insurgents. He applied his rules of warfare in proactive campaigns against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's revolt of 1811 and the criollos revolts of 1813, taking part in Ignacio Elizondo's plot to capture Miguel Hidalgo. Arredondo was rewarded for his actions in suppressing the revolutionaries with an appointment as commandant of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas (comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Santander and the New Kingdom of León); the region had a predominantly royalist population (see below), and the independence movement would not be supported by a majority of the population in those provinces until the late 1810s, after Servando Teresa de Mier's fight for Mexican independence. Texas As part of the New Kingdom of León, the area of Texas then called Tejas was a bulwark against the large-scale marauding attacks of hostile Indian nations such as the Apaches and the Comanches. Because of long-term hostility between the Indians and the Europeans in the area, much of the New Kingdom of León and Tejas had a population almost wholly European in origin, unlike other parts of New Spain. Spanish authorities supported the settlement of Tejas, the frontier of the Kingdom between Indian territory and the growing American nation. Thus, while the southern areas of the New Kingdom of León remained royalist, the northern areas were mostly ambivalent about supporting either the revolution or the royalist cause. This neutrality disappeared when independence fervor spread among the population following brutal suppression tactics by the Spanish colonial authorities and the threat of an even more absolutist government in the province. First Texas Rebellion In 1811, José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara, an idealistic mestizo blacksmith from Nuevo Santander, dedicated himself to the Hidalgo Independence movement. With his substantial contacts in the region and his personal militancy he received a commission as a Lt. Colonel in Hidalgo's Army of the Americas and traveled to Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia to enlist aid supporting his own goals for the independence movement in Texas. In Washington and Philadelphia he met Caribbean adventurer José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois who was wanted by Spanish authorities in Texas. Upon both his departure and then his return trip through the Neutral Ground on the Texas-Louisiana border, Gutiérrez was encouraged by numerous sympathetic factions who supported the revolutionary cause. In Natchitoches, which had a long-standing predominantly American settlement, he made plans to invade the rest of Texas from the east. He enjoined another adventurer and former US Army Lieutenant, Colonel Augustus William Magee, to carry out the mission in the field. William Shaler, later an American consul to Havana, Europe and Algiers, as well as a writer, was attached to Gutiérrez's expedition by the United States government to oversee the revolutionaries' invasion of Spanish Texas. Shaler, a friend of Secretary of State Robert Smith, had been appointed by President James Madison as a confidential agent; he advised Gutiérrez and Magee with the direct involvement of upper levels of the American government as high as Secretary of State James Monroe; officially, however, the United States maintained a stance of disapproving the invasion.From their headquarters in the Neutral Ground, Gutiérrez and Magee openly advertised for revolutionary recruits from Louisiana and Texas for the "Republican Army of the North". They mustered them to participate in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition and adopted a solid emerald green flag, thought to have been introduced by Colonel Magee, who was of Protestant Irish descent. Volunteers were offered forty dollars a month and a square league (4,428 acres) of to-be-captured land. From San Antonio the Texas governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, followed developments through his intelligence network and lobbied intensively for more aid from his superiors and comrades-in-arms south of the Rio Grande to prepare for the invasion and limit distribution of rebel propaganda. Governor Salcedo was treated condescendingly by his protocol-oriented and bureaucratic uncle, Commandant General Nemesio Salcedo.On 12 August 1812, the Republican Army of the North, consisting of about 150 men, crossed the Sabine River and took Nacogdoches with little opposition. Capt. Bernardino Montero, the commander of Nacogdoches, was unable to recruit a single civilian militiaman for the royalist cause, as the majority of the province erupted in support of the fledgling independence movement. When he retreated toward San Antonio, all but ten of his soldiers deserted and joined the revolutionary army. By late fall the Republican Army of the North controlled the area between the Sabine and Guadalupe Rivers. After receiving reinforcements and conducting negotiations, Salcedo and Lt. Governor Muñoz de Echavarria deployed along the Guadalupe River east of San Antonio to meet the invading Republican Army. Learning of this, Gutiérrez and Magee turned south down the Guadalupe River valley, proceeded to La Bahia where they took control without much resistance; soon after Gov. Salcedo began a prolonged siege of the Presidio La Bahia where the rebels were grouped. Neither side could budge the other, tying up the meager forces of both armies.Following several weeks of attrition warfare, stalemate, and negotiations, Col. Magee died under uncertain circumstances, probably related to actions by Gutierrez, who didn't trust him. Meanwhile, Gov. Salcedo and Col. Simon de Herrera had lifted the siege and returned to San Antonio, leading to a further loss of confidence among the royalists and more defections. The main Republican army, now commanded by Virginian Col. Samuel Kemper, who had taken over after Magee's death, and buttressed by more recruits from the Neutral Ground and allied coastal Lipan and Tonkawa Indians, had moved along the San Antonio River towards the capital city of San Antonio, where they defeated Col. Herrera's royalist forces at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (also known as the Battle of Rosalis or the Battle of Salado Creek). When the Republican Army moved toward San Antonio, Gov. Salcedo composed a twelve-point plan of honorable surrender and delivered it to Col. Gutiérrez, who was encamped at Mission Concepcion.The terms of the surrender were refused by Guttierrez, who ordered the execution of Herrera and several other officers even as they dined with several of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers. Gutierrez then released all the other rebel prisoners, formed a provisional government with himself as governor, and organized a tribunal which found Salcedo and Herrera guilty of treason against the Hidalgo movement, condemning them to death. The Anglo officers protested the decision and endeavored to convince the self-appointed generalissimo and governor to spare them and send them either to prison in southern Mexico or to exile in Louisiana. Instead, the prisoners were placed under the escort of the Mexican rebel Capt. Antonio Delgado who summarily executed them along with 12 others and mutilated the corpses, leaving them lying at the site without burial; even going so far as to steal their belongings. Delgado returned to San Antonio, where he boasted of the butchery, which was announced publicly on the military parade grounds. The brutal atrocity of these events sickened most of the Anglo-Tejano and American forces supporting the independence movement; all the Anglo officers and recruits were horrified, and a party of them rushed to the execution site and gave the victims a Christian burial. Subsequently, most of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers immediately abandoned the cause and returned to eastern Texas, Louisiana and further points east. Samuel Kemper, James Gaines, Warren D.C. Hall and others were so shocked they took furloughs and returned to Nacogdoches. Nonetheless, the appeals of Col. Miguel Menchaca and other Mexican leaders persuaded some to stay and continue fighting for the cause of Mexican independence. On 6 April 1813, Gutiérrez declared the province of Texas independent of Spain and on 18 April proclaimed the first Constitution of Texas, which was more Centralist than Republican. This only further demoralized the remaining Anglo-Tejano and American volunteers, who provided the backbone of the army. The Republican Army of the North, through influence of the putatively independent state of Texas, now initiated its plans for full-scale independence and prepared to meet a counter-offensive from the south, where outrage over the execution of Salcedo and Herrera caused previously neutral criollo forces to join the loyalist troops. Arredondo's revenge To meet the threat represented by the recently separated province, the Spanish crown appointed General José Joaquín de Arredondo to command the Eastern and Western Divisions of the Provincias Internas. He quickly re-organized the royalist forces, appointed new officers, drilled his troops, and awaited for additional supplies while planning for a vast implementation of his counter-insurgency tactics. The anger of the royalist criollos toward the Gutierrez regime, however, was such that many wanted quick and violent retribution by marching toward San Antonio to capture and execute the first "President Protector of the State of Texas."Consequently, Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo, a one-time rebel who had been repelled by the revolutionaries' dishonorable behavior and now fought for the royalists, organized a volunteer regiment of criollos in June. Against orders, he marched his force toward San Antonio to engage the Republican Army. On 16 June, the Republican Army, under an Anglo-Tejano called Henry Perry, met and routed Elizondo's forces, which suffered 400 men killed and many prisoners taken at the Battle of Alazan Creek outside San Antonio. He retreated to the Rio Grande, where he was reprimanded by Gen. Arredondo, who nevertheless joined forces with him. Meanwhile, the high-handed methods of Gutierrez, the mistreatment of the Spanish loyalists, and the anti-Republican policies of the Gutierrez regime had resulted in a total loss of confidence in President Gutierrez amongst the Anglo-Tejano and American community. On 4 Aug 1813, Gutiérrez was deposed by these elements, who installed their chief propagandist, a formal naval officer and member of the Spanish Cortes from Santo Domingo, José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois. With the Texas government paralyzed by these events, Arredondo launched his campaign. Arredondo now had about 1,800 troops in his army, buttressed with criollos who were provoked by the senseless slayings of Salcedo and his company. He immediately left for San Antonio de Bexar, resolved to apply his concepts of counter-insurgency warfare on the entire Tejano population. Heavily supplied for a long campaign, his army marched forth. Battle of Medina On August 18, 1813, under José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois the Army of the North and the Royal Spanish forces under Arredondo met in the four-hour-long Battle of Medina. The Spanish Army completely destroyed the 1,400-man Army of the North. Arredondo listed enemy casualties as 600 killed, and several hundred were captured. Arredondo summarily gathered the names of the captured men, executed the rank and file, and tortured the officers for further information and then executed them, and ordered their corpses or parts of their bodies hung in trees. No effort was made to bury the remains of the Republican Army's dead, which lay on the battlefield for nine years. He later revised the number to 1,000 killed. In San Antonio, he quickly rounded up the families of the Texian soldiers, and had some of them publicly executed in the plaza of San Antonio and their heads posted on the plaza's perimeter. He spent the next year pursuing the remaining rebel leaders, including the civilian leadership of the Texas Republic, sparing few, and destroying all of the farms, buildings, and mills of the province except for a few located in San Antonio and newly built citadels such as that near Goliad. The approximately 2,500 men killed in the Republican Army's campaign exceeded the total number of Texians killed during the entire Texas Revolution twenty-three years later in 1836, and the death or expulsion of at least 3,000 other Anglo-Tejano and American settlers resulted effectively in an ethnic cleansing of the entire province. After his victories, Arredondo appointed Cristóbal Domínguez as interim governor, and having completing his assignment in Texas, returned south to Monterrey. He subsequently crushed the filibustering expedition of Francisco Javier Mina by overrunning his defenses at the village of Soto la Marina in October 1817. He remained the primary military commander of the Coahuila and Texas area for the next several years. Resettlement of Texas The utter crushing of the Texas province had removed the primary obstacle to the marauding Indian nations further north. Between 1817 and 1821, expeditions of Comanche and Apache Indians numbering several thousand penetrated deep into the provinces further south of Texas. Ravaged by the war of Independence and the subsequent Indian raids, the Kingdom of León fell backward in wealth and population, and along with the rest of Mexico essentially entered into a period of intense depression and anarchy. Consequently, on January 17, 1821, General Arredondo approved the petition of Moses Austin to bring three hundred settlers into an area of 211,000 acres (850 km2) in Texas. They were required officially to convert to Catholicism and provide arms and men for defending the routes into Mexico further south, although only one tenth of the settlers ever converted. Later, this settlement was expanded to encourage more emigration by Americans from the United States into northern Mexico. Mexican allegiance When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821, to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Saltillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence. See also Timeline of the Texas Revolution Notes Further reading Coronado, Raúl, A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-674-07261-9 Crisp, James E., Sleuthing the Alamo, Oxford University Press (2005) ISBN 0-19-516349-4 Derr, Mark-"The Frontiersman; Davy Crockett" William Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-09656-5 Davis, William C.; Lone Star Rising-The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic; Free Press; ISBN 0-684-86510-6 Davis, William C; Three Roads to the Alamo; Harper Collins; ISBN 0-06-017334-3 Dingus, Anne, The Truth About Texas, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0 Folsom, Bradley, Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain (Latin American and Caribbean Arts and Culture)”, University of Oklahoma Press (2017) ASIN B06XC3BS6Z Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9 Hardin, Stephen L., Texian Iliad, Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1 Lord, Walter, A Time to Stand,; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7 Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S.; A Line in the Sand-The Alamo in Blood and Memory; Simon & Schuster; ISBN 0-684-83544-4 External links Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "José" ] }
José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1768–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule. Early life Jose Joaquin de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1768 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as Viceroy of Buenos Aires. Military career Arredondo entered the Royal Spanish Guards as a cadet in 1787 and was detached for service in New Spain. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given the command of the infantry regiment of Vera Cruz. In 1811 he was made military commandant of Huasteca and governor of Nuevo Santander. Arredondo enforced a rigid interpretation of the Laws of War regarding guerrillas, partisans and insurgents. He applied his rules of warfare in proactive campaigns against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's revolt of 1811 and the criollos revolts of 1813, taking part in Ignacio Elizondo's plot to capture Miguel Hidalgo. Arredondo was rewarded for his actions in suppressing the revolutionaries with an appointment as commandant of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas (comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Santander and the New Kingdom of León); the region had a predominantly royalist population (see below), and the independence movement would not be supported by a majority of the population in those provinces until the late 1810s, after Servando Teresa de Mier's fight for Mexican independence. Texas As part of the New Kingdom of León, the area of Texas then called Tejas was a bulwark against the large-scale marauding attacks of hostile Indian nations such as the Apaches and the Comanches. Because of long-term hostility between the Indians and the Europeans in the area, much of the New Kingdom of León and Tejas had a population almost wholly European in origin, unlike other parts of New Spain. Spanish authorities supported the settlement of Tejas, the frontier of the Kingdom between Indian territory and the growing American nation. Thus, while the southern areas of the New Kingdom of León remained royalist, the northern areas were mostly ambivalent about supporting either the revolution or the royalist cause. This neutrality disappeared when independence fervor spread among the population following brutal suppression tactics by the Spanish colonial authorities and the threat of an even more absolutist government in the province. First Texas Rebellion In 1811, José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara, an idealistic mestizo blacksmith from Nuevo Santander, dedicated himself to the Hidalgo Independence movement. With his substantial contacts in the region and his personal militancy he received a commission as a Lt. Colonel in Hidalgo's Army of the Americas and traveled to Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia to enlist aid supporting his own goals for the independence movement in Texas. In Washington and Philadelphia he met Caribbean adventurer José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois who was wanted by Spanish authorities in Texas. Upon both his departure and then his return trip through the Neutral Ground on the Texas-Louisiana border, Gutiérrez was encouraged by numerous sympathetic factions who supported the revolutionary cause. In Natchitoches, which had a long-standing predominantly American settlement, he made plans to invade the rest of Texas from the east. He enjoined another adventurer and former US Army Lieutenant, Colonel Augustus William Magee, to carry out the mission in the field. William Shaler, later an American consul to Havana, Europe and Algiers, as well as a writer, was attached to Gutiérrez's expedition by the United States government to oversee the revolutionaries' invasion of Spanish Texas. Shaler, a friend of Secretary of State Robert Smith, had been appointed by President James Madison as a confidential agent; he advised Gutiérrez and Magee with the direct involvement of upper levels of the American government as high as Secretary of State James Monroe; officially, however, the United States maintained a stance of disapproving the invasion.From their headquarters in the Neutral Ground, Gutiérrez and Magee openly advertised for revolutionary recruits from Louisiana and Texas for the "Republican Army of the North". They mustered them to participate in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition and adopted a solid emerald green flag, thought to have been introduced by Colonel Magee, who was of Protestant Irish descent. Volunteers were offered forty dollars a month and a square league (4,428 acres) of to-be-captured land. From San Antonio the Texas governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, followed developments through his intelligence network and lobbied intensively for more aid from his superiors and comrades-in-arms south of the Rio Grande to prepare for the invasion and limit distribution of rebel propaganda. Governor Salcedo was treated condescendingly by his protocol-oriented and bureaucratic uncle, Commandant General Nemesio Salcedo.On 12 August 1812, the Republican Army of the North, consisting of about 150 men, crossed the Sabine River and took Nacogdoches with little opposition. Capt. Bernardino Montero, the commander of Nacogdoches, was unable to recruit a single civilian militiaman for the royalist cause, as the majority of the province erupted in support of the fledgling independence movement. When he retreated toward San Antonio, all but ten of his soldiers deserted and joined the revolutionary army. By late fall the Republican Army of the North controlled the area between the Sabine and Guadalupe Rivers. After receiving reinforcements and conducting negotiations, Salcedo and Lt. Governor Muñoz de Echavarria deployed along the Guadalupe River east of San Antonio to meet the invading Republican Army. Learning of this, Gutiérrez and Magee turned south down the Guadalupe River valley, proceeded to La Bahia where they took control without much resistance; soon after Gov. Salcedo began a prolonged siege of the Presidio La Bahia where the rebels were grouped. Neither side could budge the other, tying up the meager forces of both armies.Following several weeks of attrition warfare, stalemate, and negotiations, Col. Magee died under uncertain circumstances, probably related to actions by Gutierrez, who didn't trust him. Meanwhile, Gov. Salcedo and Col. Simon de Herrera had lifted the siege and returned to San Antonio, leading to a further loss of confidence among the royalists and more defections. The main Republican army, now commanded by Virginian Col. Samuel Kemper, who had taken over after Magee's death, and buttressed by more recruits from the Neutral Ground and allied coastal Lipan and Tonkawa Indians, had moved along the San Antonio River towards the capital city of San Antonio, where they defeated Col. Herrera's royalist forces at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (also known as the Battle of Rosalis or the Battle of Salado Creek). When the Republican Army moved toward San Antonio, Gov. Salcedo composed a twelve-point plan of honorable surrender and delivered it to Col. Gutiérrez, who was encamped at Mission Concepcion.The terms of the surrender were refused by Guttierrez, who ordered the execution of Herrera and several other officers even as they dined with several of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers. Gutierrez then released all the other rebel prisoners, formed a provisional government with himself as governor, and organized a tribunal which found Salcedo and Herrera guilty of treason against the Hidalgo movement, condemning them to death. The Anglo officers protested the decision and endeavored to convince the self-appointed generalissimo and governor to spare them and send them either to prison in southern Mexico or to exile in Louisiana. Instead, the prisoners were placed under the escort of the Mexican rebel Capt. Antonio Delgado who summarily executed them along with 12 others and mutilated the corpses, leaving them lying at the site without burial; even going so far as to steal their belongings. Delgado returned to San Antonio, where he boasted of the butchery, which was announced publicly on the military parade grounds. The brutal atrocity of these events sickened most of the Anglo-Tejano and American forces supporting the independence movement; all the Anglo officers and recruits were horrified, and a party of them rushed to the execution site and gave the victims a Christian burial. Subsequently, most of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers immediately abandoned the cause and returned to eastern Texas, Louisiana and further points east. Samuel Kemper, James Gaines, Warren D.C. Hall and others were so shocked they took furloughs and returned to Nacogdoches. Nonetheless, the appeals of Col. Miguel Menchaca and other Mexican leaders persuaded some to stay and continue fighting for the cause of Mexican independence. On 6 April 1813, Gutiérrez declared the province of Texas independent of Spain and on 18 April proclaimed the first Constitution of Texas, which was more Centralist than Republican. This only further demoralized the remaining Anglo-Tejano and American volunteers, who provided the backbone of the army. The Republican Army of the North, through influence of the putatively independent state of Texas, now initiated its plans for full-scale independence and prepared to meet a counter-offensive from the south, where outrage over the execution of Salcedo and Herrera caused previously neutral criollo forces to join the loyalist troops. Arredondo's revenge To meet the threat represented by the recently separated province, the Spanish crown appointed General José Joaquín de Arredondo to command the Eastern and Western Divisions of the Provincias Internas. He quickly re-organized the royalist forces, appointed new officers, drilled his troops, and awaited for additional supplies while planning for a vast implementation of his counter-insurgency tactics. The anger of the royalist criollos toward the Gutierrez regime, however, was such that many wanted quick and violent retribution by marching toward San Antonio to capture and execute the first "President Protector of the State of Texas."Consequently, Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo, a one-time rebel who had been repelled by the revolutionaries' dishonorable behavior and now fought for the royalists, organized a volunteer regiment of criollos in June. Against orders, he marched his force toward San Antonio to engage the Republican Army. On 16 June, the Republican Army, under an Anglo-Tejano called Henry Perry, met and routed Elizondo's forces, which suffered 400 men killed and many prisoners taken at the Battle of Alazan Creek outside San Antonio. He retreated to the Rio Grande, where he was reprimanded by Gen. Arredondo, who nevertheless joined forces with him. Meanwhile, the high-handed methods of Gutierrez, the mistreatment of the Spanish loyalists, and the anti-Republican policies of the Gutierrez regime had resulted in a total loss of confidence in President Gutierrez amongst the Anglo-Tejano and American community. On 4 Aug 1813, Gutiérrez was deposed by these elements, who installed their chief propagandist, a formal naval officer and member of the Spanish Cortes from Santo Domingo, José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois. With the Texas government paralyzed by these events, Arredondo launched his campaign. Arredondo now had about 1,800 troops in his army, buttressed with criollos who were provoked by the senseless slayings of Salcedo and his company. He immediately left for San Antonio de Bexar, resolved to apply his concepts of counter-insurgency warfare on the entire Tejano population. Heavily supplied for a long campaign, his army marched forth. Battle of Medina On August 18, 1813, under José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois the Army of the North and the Royal Spanish forces under Arredondo met in the four-hour-long Battle of Medina. The Spanish Army completely destroyed the 1,400-man Army of the North. Arredondo listed enemy casualties as 600 killed, and several hundred were captured. Arredondo summarily gathered the names of the captured men, executed the rank and file, and tortured the officers for further information and then executed them, and ordered their corpses or parts of their bodies hung in trees. No effort was made to bury the remains of the Republican Army's dead, which lay on the battlefield for nine years. He later revised the number to 1,000 killed. In San Antonio, he quickly rounded up the families of the Texian soldiers, and had some of them publicly executed in the plaza of San Antonio and their heads posted on the plaza's perimeter. He spent the next year pursuing the remaining rebel leaders, including the civilian leadership of the Texas Republic, sparing few, and destroying all of the farms, buildings, and mills of the province except for a few located in San Antonio and newly built citadels such as that near Goliad. The approximately 2,500 men killed in the Republican Army's campaign exceeded the total number of Texians killed during the entire Texas Revolution twenty-three years later in 1836, and the death or expulsion of at least 3,000 other Anglo-Tejano and American settlers resulted effectively in an ethnic cleansing of the entire province. After his victories, Arredondo appointed Cristóbal Domínguez as interim governor, and having completing his assignment in Texas, returned south to Monterrey. He subsequently crushed the filibustering expedition of Francisco Javier Mina by overrunning his defenses at the village of Soto la Marina in October 1817. He remained the primary military commander of the Coahuila and Texas area for the next several years. Resettlement of Texas The utter crushing of the Texas province had removed the primary obstacle to the marauding Indian nations further north. Between 1817 and 1821, expeditions of Comanche and Apache Indians numbering several thousand penetrated deep into the provinces further south of Texas. Ravaged by the war of Independence and the subsequent Indian raids, the Kingdom of León fell backward in wealth and population, and along with the rest of Mexico essentially entered into a period of intense depression and anarchy. Consequently, on January 17, 1821, General Arredondo approved the petition of Moses Austin to bring three hundred settlers into an area of 211,000 acres (850 km2) in Texas. They were required officially to convert to Catholicism and provide arms and men for defending the routes into Mexico further south, although only one tenth of the settlers ever converted. Later, this settlement was expanded to encourage more emigration by Americans from the United States into northern Mexico. Mexican allegiance When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821, to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Saltillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence. See also Timeline of the Texas Revolution Notes Further reading Coronado, Raúl, A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-674-07261-9 Crisp, James E., Sleuthing the Alamo, Oxford University Press (2005) ISBN 0-19-516349-4 Derr, Mark-"The Frontiersman; Davy Crockett" William Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-09656-5 Davis, William C.; Lone Star Rising-The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic; Free Press; ISBN 0-684-86510-6 Davis, William C; Three Roads to the Alamo; Harper Collins; ISBN 0-06-017334-3 Dingus, Anne, The Truth About Texas, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0 Folsom, Bradley, Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain (Latin American and Caribbean Arts and Culture)”, University of Oklahoma Press (2017) ASIN B06XC3BS6Z Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9 Hardin, Stephen L., Texian Iliad, Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1 Lord, Walter, A Time to Stand,; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7 Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S.; A Line in the Sand-The Alamo in Blood and Memory; Simon & Schuster; ISBN 0-684-83544-4 External links Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 121 ], "text": [ "Spanish" ] }
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing Dukhi Duniya and Chingari. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India became independent and partitioned in 1947, Surjeet was the Secretary of CPI in Punjab. Although he sported a Sikh turban, throughout his life, Surjeet remained an atheist. Role in the Communist Party The seven and a half decades-long political life of Harkishan Singh Surjeet began with his staunch fight against British colonial rule. He played a pioneering role in developing the farmer's movement and the Communist Party in Punjab before emerging as a national leader of the Communist Party of India and the All India Kisan Sabha. It culminated with his leading role in the CPI(M) for an eventful four decades. Surjeet began his revolutionary career influenced by the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh. He hoisted the tricolour in March 1932 at the district court in Hoshiarpur at the age of 16. He was arrested and sent to a reformatory school for juvenile offenders. He came in touch with the early Communist pioneers in Punjab after his release. He joined the Communist Party in 1934 and became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1935. He was elected as the secretary of the Punjab State Kisan Sabha in 1938. The same year, he was externed from Punjab and went to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh where he started a monthly paper, `Chingari’. He went underground after the outbreak of the second world war and was arrested in 1940. He was imprisoned in the notorious Lahore Red Fort where he was kept for three months in solitary confinement in terrible conditions. Later he was shifted to Deoli detention camp where he remained till 1944. During the partition, he tirelessly worked for communal harmony in violence-torn Punjab. Just after independence, Surjeet was forced to go underground for four years. Several other communist leaders like A K Gopalan were arrested under the preventive detention laws. In the 1950s he led the historic anti-betterment levy movement in Punjab in 1959. His work with farmers led to his election as General Secretary and then President of the All India Kisan Sabha. He also worked in the Agricultural Workers Union. When the CPI split in 1964, Surjeet sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Surjeet was one of the nine members of the original CPI(M) Polit Bureau. General Secretary He continued to rise within the party until he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPI(M) in 1992, a post he held till 2005, retiring at the age of 89. Surjeet is known for his steadfast opposition to the BJP and communalism. He was instrumental in forming a number of anti-BJP coalitions in the 1990s and for ensuring left support the present UPA government. [2] After retiring from his post as General Secretary, Surjeet continued to play an active role in Indian national politics. Many times, including after the 2004 Lok Sabha election and during the 1996-1998 United Front government, his role has been that of a cunning king-maker in parliamentary politics, mending and assembling broad coalitions. With his health declining, Surjeet was, for the first time, not included in the CPI(M) Politburo at the party's 19th congress in early April 2008. He was instead designated as Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Surjeet died in New Delhi on 1 August 2008 of cardiac arrest. Surjeet, aged 92, had been convalescing at the Metro Hospital in Noida since 25 July 2008. Lok Sabha Election Results under leadership of Surjeet Novel A literary work in Punjab titled Bhauu, which has uncanny resemblance to the life of Surjeet was written by Darshan Singh, a close associate of Surjeet. The novel remained unknown till it was printed by the mainstream media. The newspaper article sparked a flurry of coverage and it was then reported by most Indian newspapers. Though the author Darshan Singh claimed that the novel was not based on the life of Surjeet, he termed his novel "virtual reality". He did say that "novels have been written about American presidents without naming them". The main character is named Karam Singh Kirti, with Kirti meaning a worker in Punjabi - a term often used by the left wing in Punjab. The Communist Part of India (Marxist), with which Surjeet was affiliated, was unhappy at the description of Surjeet in the novel. References External links DeshSewak A Punjabi newspaper started by Surjeet.	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 385 ], "text": [ "Jalandhar" ] }
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing Dukhi Duniya and Chingari. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India became independent and partitioned in 1947, Surjeet was the Secretary of CPI in Punjab. Although he sported a Sikh turban, throughout his life, Surjeet remained an atheist. Role in the Communist Party The seven and a half decades-long political life of Harkishan Singh Surjeet began with his staunch fight against British colonial rule. He played a pioneering role in developing the farmer's movement and the Communist Party in Punjab before emerging as a national leader of the Communist Party of India and the All India Kisan Sabha. It culminated with his leading role in the CPI(M) for an eventful four decades. Surjeet began his revolutionary career influenced by the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh. He hoisted the tricolour in March 1932 at the district court in Hoshiarpur at the age of 16. He was arrested and sent to a reformatory school for juvenile offenders. He came in touch with the early Communist pioneers in Punjab after his release. He joined the Communist Party in 1934 and became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1935. He was elected as the secretary of the Punjab State Kisan Sabha in 1938. The same year, he was externed from Punjab and went to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh where he started a monthly paper, `Chingari’. He went underground after the outbreak of the second world war and was arrested in 1940. He was imprisoned in the notorious Lahore Red Fort where he was kept for three months in solitary confinement in terrible conditions. Later he was shifted to Deoli detention camp where he remained till 1944. During the partition, he tirelessly worked for communal harmony in violence-torn Punjab. Just after independence, Surjeet was forced to go underground for four years. Several other communist leaders like A K Gopalan were arrested under the preventive detention laws. In the 1950s he led the historic anti-betterment levy movement in Punjab in 1959. His work with farmers led to his election as General Secretary and then President of the All India Kisan Sabha. He also worked in the Agricultural Workers Union. When the CPI split in 1964, Surjeet sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Surjeet was one of the nine members of the original CPI(M) Polit Bureau. General Secretary He continued to rise within the party until he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPI(M) in 1992, a post he held till 2005, retiring at the age of 89. Surjeet is known for his steadfast opposition to the BJP and communalism. He was instrumental in forming a number of anti-BJP coalitions in the 1990s and for ensuring left support the present UPA government. [2] After retiring from his post as General Secretary, Surjeet continued to play an active role in Indian national politics. Many times, including after the 2004 Lok Sabha election and during the 1996-1998 United Front government, his role has been that of a cunning king-maker in parliamentary politics, mending and assembling broad coalitions. With his health declining, Surjeet was, for the first time, not included in the CPI(M) Politburo at the party's 19th congress in early April 2008. He was instead designated as Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Surjeet died in New Delhi on 1 August 2008 of cardiac arrest. Surjeet, aged 92, had been convalescing at the Metro Hospital in Noida since 25 July 2008. Lok Sabha Election Results under leadership of Surjeet Novel A literary work in Punjab titled Bhauu, which has uncanny resemblance to the life of Surjeet was written by Darshan Singh, a close associate of Surjeet. The novel remained unknown till it was printed by the mainstream media. The newspaper article sparked a flurry of coverage and it was then reported by most Indian newspapers. Though the author Darshan Singh claimed that the novel was not based on the life of Surjeet, he termed his novel "virtual reality". He did say that "novels have been written about American presidents without naming them". The main character is named Karam Singh Kirti, with Kirti meaning a worker in Punjabi - a term often used by the left wing in Punjab. The Communist Part of India (Marxist), with which Surjeet was affiliated, was unhappy at the description of Surjeet in the novel. References External links DeshSewak A Punjabi newspaper started by Surjeet.	place of death	{ "answer_start": [ 4189 ], "text": [ "Noida" ] }
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing Dukhi Duniya and Chingari. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India became independent and partitioned in 1947, Surjeet was the Secretary of CPI in Punjab. Although he sported a Sikh turban, throughout his life, Surjeet remained an atheist. Role in the Communist Party The seven and a half decades-long political life of Harkishan Singh Surjeet began with his staunch fight against British colonial rule. He played a pioneering role in developing the farmer's movement and the Communist Party in Punjab before emerging as a national leader of the Communist Party of India and the All India Kisan Sabha. It culminated with his leading role in the CPI(M) for an eventful four decades. Surjeet began his revolutionary career influenced by the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh. He hoisted the tricolour in March 1932 at the district court in Hoshiarpur at the age of 16. He was arrested and sent to a reformatory school for juvenile offenders. He came in touch with the early Communist pioneers in Punjab after his release. He joined the Communist Party in 1934 and became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1935. He was elected as the secretary of the Punjab State Kisan Sabha in 1938. The same year, he was externed from Punjab and went to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh where he started a monthly paper, `Chingari’. He went underground after the outbreak of the second world war and was arrested in 1940. He was imprisoned in the notorious Lahore Red Fort where he was kept for three months in solitary confinement in terrible conditions. Later he was shifted to Deoli detention camp where he remained till 1944. During the partition, he tirelessly worked for communal harmony in violence-torn Punjab. Just after independence, Surjeet was forced to go underground for four years. Several other communist leaders like A K Gopalan were arrested under the preventive detention laws. In the 1950s he led the historic anti-betterment levy movement in Punjab in 1959. His work with farmers led to his election as General Secretary and then President of the All India Kisan Sabha. He also worked in the Agricultural Workers Union. When the CPI split in 1964, Surjeet sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Surjeet was one of the nine members of the original CPI(M) Polit Bureau. General Secretary He continued to rise within the party until he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPI(M) in 1992, a post he held till 2005, retiring at the age of 89. Surjeet is known for his steadfast opposition to the BJP and communalism. He was instrumental in forming a number of anti-BJP coalitions in the 1990s and for ensuring left support the present UPA government. [2] After retiring from his post as General Secretary, Surjeet continued to play an active role in Indian national politics. Many times, including after the 2004 Lok Sabha election and during the 1996-1998 United Front government, his role has been that of a cunning king-maker in parliamentary politics, mending and assembling broad coalitions. With his health declining, Surjeet was, for the first time, not included in the CPI(M) Politburo at the party's 19th congress in early April 2008. He was instead designated as Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Surjeet died in New Delhi on 1 August 2008 of cardiac arrest. Surjeet, aged 92, had been convalescing at the Metro Hospital in Noida since 25 July 2008. Lok Sabha Election Results under leadership of Surjeet Novel A literary work in Punjab titled Bhauu, which has uncanny resemblance to the life of Surjeet was written by Darshan Singh, a close associate of Surjeet. The novel remained unknown till it was printed by the mainstream media. The newspaper article sparked a flurry of coverage and it was then reported by most Indian newspapers. Though the author Darshan Singh claimed that the novel was not based on the life of Surjeet, he termed his novel "virtual reality". He did say that "novels have been written about American presidents without naming them". The main character is named Karam Singh Kirti, with Kirti meaning a worker in Punjabi - a term often used by the left wing in Punjab. The Communist Part of India (Marxist), with which Surjeet was affiliated, was unhappy at the description of Surjeet in the novel. References External links DeshSewak A Punjabi newspaper started by Surjeet.	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "India" ] }
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing Dukhi Duniya and Chingari. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India became independent and partitioned in 1947, Surjeet was the Secretary of CPI in Punjab. Although he sported a Sikh turban, throughout his life, Surjeet remained an atheist. Role in the Communist Party The seven and a half decades-long political life of Harkishan Singh Surjeet began with his staunch fight against British colonial rule. He played a pioneering role in developing the farmer's movement and the Communist Party in Punjab before emerging as a national leader of the Communist Party of India and the All India Kisan Sabha. It culminated with his leading role in the CPI(M) for an eventful four decades. Surjeet began his revolutionary career influenced by the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh. He hoisted the tricolour in March 1932 at the district court in Hoshiarpur at the age of 16. He was arrested and sent to a reformatory school for juvenile offenders. He came in touch with the early Communist pioneers in Punjab after his release. He joined the Communist Party in 1934 and became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1935. He was elected as the secretary of the Punjab State Kisan Sabha in 1938. The same year, he was externed from Punjab and went to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh where he started a monthly paper, `Chingari’. He went underground after the outbreak of the second world war and was arrested in 1940. He was imprisoned in the notorious Lahore Red Fort where he was kept for three months in solitary confinement in terrible conditions. Later he was shifted to Deoli detention camp where he remained till 1944. During the partition, he tirelessly worked for communal harmony in violence-torn Punjab. Just after independence, Surjeet was forced to go underground for four years. Several other communist leaders like A K Gopalan were arrested under the preventive detention laws. In the 1950s he led the historic anti-betterment levy movement in Punjab in 1959. His work with farmers led to his election as General Secretary and then President of the All India Kisan Sabha. He also worked in the Agricultural Workers Union. When the CPI split in 1964, Surjeet sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Surjeet was one of the nine members of the original CPI(M) Polit Bureau. General Secretary He continued to rise within the party until he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPI(M) in 1992, a post he held till 2005, retiring at the age of 89. Surjeet is known for his steadfast opposition to the BJP and communalism. He was instrumental in forming a number of anti-BJP coalitions in the 1990s and for ensuring left support the present UPA government. [2] After retiring from his post as General Secretary, Surjeet continued to play an active role in Indian national politics. Many times, including after the 2004 Lok Sabha election and during the 1996-1998 United Front government, his role has been that of a cunning king-maker in parliamentary politics, mending and assembling broad coalitions. With his health declining, Surjeet was, for the first time, not included in the CPI(M) Politburo at the party's 19th congress in early April 2008. He was instead designated as Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Surjeet died in New Delhi on 1 August 2008 of cardiac arrest. Surjeet, aged 92, had been convalescing at the Metro Hospital in Noida since 25 July 2008. Lok Sabha Election Results under leadership of Surjeet Novel A literary work in Punjab titled Bhauu, which has uncanny resemblance to the life of Surjeet was written by Darshan Singh, a close associate of Surjeet. The novel remained unknown till it was printed by the mainstream media. The newspaper article sparked a flurry of coverage and it was then reported by most Indian newspapers. Though the author Darshan Singh claimed that the novel was not based on the life of Surjeet, he termed his novel "virtual reality". He did say that "novels have been written about American presidents without naming them". The main character is named Karam Singh Kirti, with Kirti meaning a worker in Punjabi - a term often used by the left wing in Punjab. The Communist Part of India (Marxist), with which Surjeet was affiliated, was unhappy at the description of Surjeet in the novel. References External links DeshSewak A Punjabi newspaper started by Surjeet.	member of political party	{ "answer_start": [ 147 ], "text": [ "Communist Party of India (Marxist)" ] }
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing Dukhi Duniya and Chingari. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India became independent and partitioned in 1947, Surjeet was the Secretary of CPI in Punjab. Although he sported a Sikh turban, throughout his life, Surjeet remained an atheist. Role in the Communist Party The seven and a half decades-long political life of Harkishan Singh Surjeet began with his staunch fight against British colonial rule. He played a pioneering role in developing the farmer's movement and the Communist Party in Punjab before emerging as a national leader of the Communist Party of India and the All India Kisan Sabha. It culminated with his leading role in the CPI(M) for an eventful four decades. Surjeet began his revolutionary career influenced by the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh. He hoisted the tricolour in March 1932 at the district court in Hoshiarpur at the age of 16. He was arrested and sent to a reformatory school for juvenile offenders. He came in touch with the early Communist pioneers in Punjab after his release. He joined the Communist Party in 1934 and became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1935. He was elected as the secretary of the Punjab State Kisan Sabha in 1938. The same year, he was externed from Punjab and went to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh where he started a monthly paper, `Chingari’. He went underground after the outbreak of the second world war and was arrested in 1940. He was imprisoned in the notorious Lahore Red Fort where he was kept for three months in solitary confinement in terrible conditions. Later he was shifted to Deoli detention camp where he remained till 1944. During the partition, he tirelessly worked for communal harmony in violence-torn Punjab. Just after independence, Surjeet was forced to go underground for four years. Several other communist leaders like A K Gopalan were arrested under the preventive detention laws. In the 1950s he led the historic anti-betterment levy movement in Punjab in 1959. His work with farmers led to his election as General Secretary and then President of the All India Kisan Sabha. He also worked in the Agricultural Workers Union. When the CPI split in 1964, Surjeet sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Surjeet was one of the nine members of the original CPI(M) Polit Bureau. General Secretary He continued to rise within the party until he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPI(M) in 1992, a post he held till 2005, retiring at the age of 89. Surjeet is known for his steadfast opposition to the BJP and communalism. He was instrumental in forming a number of anti-BJP coalitions in the 1990s and for ensuring left support the present UPA government. [2] After retiring from his post as General Secretary, Surjeet continued to play an active role in Indian national politics. Many times, including after the 2004 Lok Sabha election and during the 1996-1998 United Front government, his role has been that of a cunning king-maker in parliamentary politics, mending and assembling broad coalitions. With his health declining, Surjeet was, for the first time, not included in the CPI(M) Politburo at the party's 19th congress in early April 2008. He was instead designated as Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Surjeet died in New Delhi on 1 August 2008 of cardiac arrest. Surjeet, aged 92, had been convalescing at the Metro Hospital in Noida since 25 July 2008. Lok Sabha Election Results under leadership of Surjeet Novel A literary work in Punjab titled Bhauu, which has uncanny resemblance to the life of Surjeet was written by Darshan Singh, a close associate of Surjeet. The novel remained unknown till it was printed by the mainstream media. The newspaper article sparked a flurry of coverage and it was then reported by most Indian newspapers. Though the author Darshan Singh claimed that the novel was not based on the life of Surjeet, he termed his novel "virtual reality". He did say that "novels have been written about American presidents without naming them". The main character is named Karam Singh Kirti, with Kirti meaning a worker in Punjabi - a term often used by the left wing in Punjab. The Communist Part of India (Marxist), with which Surjeet was affiliated, was unhappy at the description of Surjeet in the novel. References External links DeshSewak A Punjabi newspaper started by Surjeet.	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 80 ], "text": [ "politician" ] }
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing Dukhi Duniya and Chingari. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India became independent and partitioned in 1947, Surjeet was the Secretary of CPI in Punjab. Although he sported a Sikh turban, throughout his life, Surjeet remained an atheist. Role in the Communist Party The seven and a half decades-long political life of Harkishan Singh Surjeet began with his staunch fight against British colonial rule. He played a pioneering role in developing the farmer's movement and the Communist Party in Punjab before emerging as a national leader of the Communist Party of India and the All India Kisan Sabha. It culminated with his leading role in the CPI(M) for an eventful four decades. Surjeet began his revolutionary career influenced by the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh. He hoisted the tricolour in March 1932 at the district court in Hoshiarpur at the age of 16. He was arrested and sent to a reformatory school for juvenile offenders. He came in touch with the early Communist pioneers in Punjab after his release. He joined the Communist Party in 1934 and became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1935. He was elected as the secretary of the Punjab State Kisan Sabha in 1938. The same year, he was externed from Punjab and went to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh where he started a monthly paper, `Chingari’. He went underground after the outbreak of the second world war and was arrested in 1940. He was imprisoned in the notorious Lahore Red Fort where he was kept for three months in solitary confinement in terrible conditions. Later he was shifted to Deoli detention camp where he remained till 1944. During the partition, he tirelessly worked for communal harmony in violence-torn Punjab. Just after independence, Surjeet was forced to go underground for four years. Several other communist leaders like A K Gopalan were arrested under the preventive detention laws. In the 1950s he led the historic anti-betterment levy movement in Punjab in 1959. His work with farmers led to his election as General Secretary and then President of the All India Kisan Sabha. He also worked in the Agricultural Workers Union. When the CPI split in 1964, Surjeet sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Surjeet was one of the nine members of the original CPI(M) Polit Bureau. General Secretary He continued to rise within the party until he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPI(M) in 1992, a post he held till 2005, retiring at the age of 89. Surjeet is known for his steadfast opposition to the BJP and communalism. He was instrumental in forming a number of anti-BJP coalitions in the 1990s and for ensuring left support the present UPA government. [2] After retiring from his post as General Secretary, Surjeet continued to play an active role in Indian national politics. Many times, including after the 2004 Lok Sabha election and during the 1996-1998 United Front government, his role has been that of a cunning king-maker in parliamentary politics, mending and assembling broad coalitions. With his health declining, Surjeet was, for the first time, not included in the CPI(M) Politburo at the party's 19th congress in early April 2008. He was instead designated as Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Surjeet died in New Delhi on 1 August 2008 of cardiac arrest. Surjeet, aged 92, had been convalescing at the Metro Hospital in Noida since 25 July 2008. Lok Sabha Election Results under leadership of Surjeet Novel A literary work in Punjab titled Bhauu, which has uncanny resemblance to the life of Surjeet was written by Darshan Singh, a close associate of Surjeet. The novel remained unknown till it was printed by the mainstream media. The newspaper article sparked a flurry of coverage and it was then reported by most Indian newspapers. Though the author Darshan Singh claimed that the novel was not based on the life of Surjeet, he termed his novel "virtual reality". He did say that "novels have been written about American presidents without naming them". The main character is named Karam Singh Kirti, with Kirti meaning a worker in Punjabi - a term often used by the left wing in Punjab. The Communist Part of India (Marxist), with which Surjeet was affiliated, was unhappy at the description of Surjeet in the novel. References External links DeshSewak A Punjabi newspaper started by Surjeet.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Harkishan Singh Surjeet" ] }
Harkishan Singh Surjeet (23 March 1916 – 1 August 2008) was an Indian Communist politician from Punjab, who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1992 to 2005 and was a member of the party's Polit Bureau from 1964 to 2008. Early life and pre-1947 career Harkishan Singh Surjeet was born in 1916 in a Jat Sikh family in the village of Bundala, Jalandhar district of Punjab. He started his political career in the national liberation movement in his early teens, as a follower of the revolutionary socialist Bhagat Singh and in 1930 joined his Naujawan Bharat Sabha. In 1936, Surjeet joined the Communist Party of India. He was a co-founder of the Kisan Sabha (Farmer's Union) in Punjab. In the pre-war years he started publishing Dukhi Duniya and Chingari. During the War, Surjeet was imprisoned by the colonial authorities. When India became independent and partitioned in 1947, Surjeet was the Secretary of CPI in Punjab. Although he sported a Sikh turban, throughout his life, Surjeet remained an atheist. Role in the Communist Party The seven and a half decades-long political life of Harkishan Singh Surjeet began with his staunch fight against British colonial rule. He played a pioneering role in developing the farmer's movement and the Communist Party in Punjab before emerging as a national leader of the Communist Party of India and the All India Kisan Sabha. It culminated with his leading role in the CPI(M) for an eventful four decades. Surjeet began his revolutionary career influenced by the martyrdom of Bhagat Singh. He hoisted the tricolour in March 1932 at the district court in Hoshiarpur at the age of 16. He was arrested and sent to a reformatory school for juvenile offenders. He came in touch with the early Communist pioneers in Punjab after his release. He joined the Communist Party in 1934 and became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1935. He was elected as the secretary of the Punjab State Kisan Sabha in 1938. The same year, he was externed from Punjab and went to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh where he started a monthly paper, `Chingari’. He went underground after the outbreak of the second world war and was arrested in 1940. He was imprisoned in the notorious Lahore Red Fort where he was kept for three months in solitary confinement in terrible conditions. Later he was shifted to Deoli detention camp where he remained till 1944. During the partition, he tirelessly worked for communal harmony in violence-torn Punjab. Just after independence, Surjeet was forced to go underground for four years. Several other communist leaders like A K Gopalan were arrested under the preventive detention laws. In the 1950s he led the historic anti-betterment levy movement in Punjab in 1959. His work with farmers led to his election as General Secretary and then President of the All India Kisan Sabha. He also worked in the Agricultural Workers Union. When the CPI split in 1964, Surjeet sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Surjeet was one of the nine members of the original CPI(M) Polit Bureau. General Secretary He continued to rise within the party until he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPI(M) in 1992, a post he held till 2005, retiring at the age of 89. Surjeet is known for his steadfast opposition to the BJP and communalism. He was instrumental in forming a number of anti-BJP coalitions in the 1990s and for ensuring left support the present UPA government. [2] After retiring from his post as General Secretary, Surjeet continued to play an active role in Indian national politics. Many times, including after the 2004 Lok Sabha election and during the 1996-1998 United Front government, his role has been that of a cunning king-maker in parliamentary politics, mending and assembling broad coalitions. With his health declining, Surjeet was, for the first time, not included in the CPI(M) Politburo at the party's 19th congress in early April 2008. He was instead designated as Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Surjeet died in New Delhi on 1 August 2008 of cardiac arrest. Surjeet, aged 92, had been convalescing at the Metro Hospital in Noida since 25 July 2008. Lok Sabha Election Results under leadership of Surjeet Novel A literary work in Punjab titled Bhauu, which has uncanny resemblance to the life of Surjeet was written by Darshan Singh, a close associate of Surjeet. The novel remained unknown till it was printed by the mainstream media. The newspaper article sparked a flurry of coverage and it was then reported by most Indian newspapers. Though the author Darshan Singh claimed that the novel was not based on the life of Surjeet, he termed his novel "virtual reality". He did say that "novels have been written about American presidents without naming them". The main character is named Karam Singh Kirti, with Kirti meaning a worker in Punjabi - a term often used by the left wing in Punjab. The Communist Part of India (Marxist), with which Surjeet was affiliated, was unhappy at the description of Surjeet in the novel. References External links DeshSewak A Punjabi newspaper started by Surjeet.	Commons gallery	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Harkishan Singh Surjeet" ] }
John Herbert Meade, 7th Earl of Clanwilliam (27 September 1919 – 24 December 2009), was an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Meade was the second son of Admiral Sir Herbert Meade and his wife Margaret Glyn. His father inherited Uppark, Sussex in 1930 and adapted the additional surname of Fetherstonhaugh, and it was this estate that John considered home.Following in the naval tradition of his father and grandfather, he was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and sailed as a midshipman in 1934. In 1940, he was promoted from acting sublieutenant to sublieutenant in the Royal Navy, but his naval career ended abruptly when he was placed on the retired list on 8 March 1942. He spent the rest of World War II working in a munitions factory in Birmingham.On 24 August 1946, he was gazetted a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps. However, his time in the Army was unhappy, and after World War II, he moved to South Africa and ran an abalone canning company. He reportedly sighted some of the treasure of the Grosvenor while diving for abalone. Meade returned to England for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, where he served as an usher.He resigned his Army commission on 14 November 1953, retiring with the honorary rank of captain.In 1956, Meade married Maxine (d. 2004), daughter of James Adrian Hayden-Scott and former wife of Michael Levien, by whom he had three children: Lady Rowena Katherine Meade (b. 1957), married Patrick James Crichton-Stuart in 1991 Patrick Meade, 8th Earl of Clanwilliam (b. 1960) Lady Tania Frances Meade (b. 1963), married James Alwyn Compton in 1989He lived in Tisbury, Wiltshire. On 30 March 1989, he succeeded his first cousin as Earl of Clanwilliam, and took his seat in the British House of Lords (as Baron Clanwilliam). He spoke on a variety of subjects, including soil conservation, a topic in which he took great interest, as a gardener. Lord Clanwilliam was a political conservative. In 2000, he helped organise the Tisbus minibus service for Tisbury. After the death of the Countess, he helped complete a recipe book on which she had collaborated with Graham Rust.The Earl died on Christmas Eve, 2009, and was succeeded by his son Patrick, theretofore styled Lord Gillford. References External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Meade	child	{ "answer_start": [ 1482 ], "text": [ "Patrick Meade, 8th Earl of Clanwilliam" ] }
John Herbert Meade, 7th Earl of Clanwilliam (27 September 1919 – 24 December 2009), was an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Meade was the second son of Admiral Sir Herbert Meade and his wife Margaret Glyn. His father inherited Uppark, Sussex in 1930 and adapted the additional surname of Fetherstonhaugh, and it was this estate that John considered home.Following in the naval tradition of his father and grandfather, he was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and sailed as a midshipman in 1934. In 1940, he was promoted from acting sublieutenant to sublieutenant in the Royal Navy, but his naval career ended abruptly when he was placed on the retired list on 8 March 1942. He spent the rest of World War II working in a munitions factory in Birmingham.On 24 August 1946, he was gazetted a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps. However, his time in the Army was unhappy, and after World War II, he moved to South Africa and ran an abalone canning company. He reportedly sighted some of the treasure of the Grosvenor while diving for abalone. Meade returned to England for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, where he served as an usher.He resigned his Army commission on 14 November 1953, retiring with the honorary rank of captain.In 1956, Meade married Maxine (d. 2004), daughter of James Adrian Hayden-Scott and former wife of Michael Levien, by whom he had three children: Lady Rowena Katherine Meade (b. 1957), married Patrick James Crichton-Stuart in 1991 Patrick Meade, 8th Earl of Clanwilliam (b. 1960) Lady Tania Frances Meade (b. 1963), married James Alwyn Compton in 1989He lived in Tisbury, Wiltshire. On 30 March 1989, he succeeded his first cousin as Earl of Clanwilliam, and took his seat in the British House of Lords (as Baron Clanwilliam). He spoke on a variety of subjects, including soil conservation, a topic in which he took great interest, as a gardener. Lord Clanwilliam was a political conservative. In 2000, he helped organise the Tisbus minibus service for Tisbury. After the death of the Countess, he helped complete a recipe book on which she had collaborated with Graham Rust.The Earl died on Christmas Eve, 2009, and was succeeded by his son Patrick, theretofore styled Lord Gillford. References External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Meade	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 13 ], "text": [ "Meade" ] }
John Herbert Meade, 7th Earl of Clanwilliam (27 September 1919 – 24 December 2009), was an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Meade was the second son of Admiral Sir Herbert Meade and his wife Margaret Glyn. His father inherited Uppark, Sussex in 1930 and adapted the additional surname of Fetherstonhaugh, and it was this estate that John considered home.Following in the naval tradition of his father and grandfather, he was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and sailed as a midshipman in 1934. In 1940, he was promoted from acting sublieutenant to sublieutenant in the Royal Navy, but his naval career ended abruptly when he was placed on the retired list on 8 March 1942. He spent the rest of World War II working in a munitions factory in Birmingham.On 24 August 1946, he was gazetted a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps. However, his time in the Army was unhappy, and after World War II, he moved to South Africa and ran an abalone canning company. He reportedly sighted some of the treasure of the Grosvenor while diving for abalone. Meade returned to England for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, where he served as an usher.He resigned his Army commission on 14 November 1953, retiring with the honorary rank of captain.In 1956, Meade married Maxine (d. 2004), daughter of James Adrian Hayden-Scott and former wife of Michael Levien, by whom he had three children: Lady Rowena Katherine Meade (b. 1957), married Patrick James Crichton-Stuart in 1991 Patrick Meade, 8th Earl of Clanwilliam (b. 1960) Lady Tania Frances Meade (b. 1963), married James Alwyn Compton in 1989He lived in Tisbury, Wiltshire. On 30 March 1989, he succeeded his first cousin as Earl of Clanwilliam, and took his seat in the British House of Lords (as Baron Clanwilliam). He spoke on a variety of subjects, including soil conservation, a topic in which he took great interest, as a gardener. Lord Clanwilliam was a political conservative. In 2000, he helped organise the Tisbus minibus service for Tisbury. After the death of the Countess, he helped complete a recipe book on which she had collaborated with Graham Rust.The Earl died on Christmas Eve, 2009, and was succeeded by his son Patrick, theretofore styled Lord Gillford. References External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Meade	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "John" ] }
Saeko Okayama (岡山沙英子, Okayama Saeko, born 12 April 1982 in Hiroshima Prefecture) is a Japanese long jumper. She holds a personal best jump of 6.59 metres. She was a bronze medalist at the 2011 Asian Championships and a three-time national champion at the Japanese Championships.Her mother Emiko Koumaru is also a former Long jumper, having competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. She was also the 1966 Japanese Championships champion and former Japanese record holder. Personal bests International competition National titles National Championships Long jump: 2012, 2013, 2015 National Sports Festival 100 m: 1999 (U19) Long jump: 1999 (U19), 2010, 2011, 2015 National Corporate Championships Long jump: 2007 National High School Championships Long jump: 2000 References External links Saeko Okayama at World Athletics Saeko Okayama at JAAF (in Japanese)	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 60 ], "text": [ "Hiroshima Prefecture" ] }
Saeko Okayama (岡山沙英子, Okayama Saeko, born 12 April 1982 in Hiroshima Prefecture) is a Japanese long jumper. She holds a personal best jump of 6.59 metres. She was a bronze medalist at the 2011 Asian Championships and a three-time national champion at the Japanese Championships.Her mother Emiko Koumaru is also a former Long jumper, having competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. She was also the 1966 Japanese Championships champion and former Japanese record holder. Personal bests International competition National titles National Championships Long jump: 2012, 2013, 2015 National Sports Festival 100 m: 1999 (U19) Long jump: 1999 (U19), 2010, 2011, 2015 National Corporate Championships Long jump: 2007 National High School Championships Long jump: 2000 References External links Saeko Okayama at World Athletics Saeko Okayama at JAAF (in Japanese)	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 87 ], "text": [ "Japan" ] }
Live at the London Palladium is a live double album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released March 15, 1977, on Tamla Records. Recording sessions took place live at several concerts at the London Palladium in London, England, in October 1976, with the exception of the hit single "Got to Give It Up", which was recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio Marvin's Room on January 31, 1977. Live at the London Palladium features intimate performances by Gaye of many of his career highlights, including early hits for Motown and recent material from his previous three studio albums. As with his previous live album, Marvin Gaye Live!, production of the record was handled entirely by Gaye, except for the studio portion, "Got to Give It Up", which was managed by Art Stewart.Live at the London Palladium received a surprising and significant amount of critical recognition for a live album following its initial release. Critical reviews of the album were positive compared to the mild receptiveness Gaye's previous studio album I Want You received. As Gaye's most successful live release, the album also became one of his most commercially successful albums during his tenure at Motown's Tamla label, as well as a Billboard chart hit. Following digital remastering, Live at the London Palladium was reissued on August 24, 1999, by Motown on compact disc. Background In October 1976, Marvin Gaye had begun recuperating from personal issues. He had recently gone through a divorce with his first wife, and sister of Motown-CEO Berry Gordy, Anna Gordy, and married his second wife, Janis Hunter. Hunter had previously inspired many of Gaye's romantic-themed albums including 1973's Let's Get It On and his previous album, the erotic I Want You. Gaye was also going through drug addiction to help cope with stage fright. By 1976, Gaye, while still a popular artist in America - his "I Want You" single hit the American top twenty - he was slowly starting a steep climb down as disco began to dominate popular music, but while American fans were moving on to other sounds, the British audience was still very appreciative of Gaye's fame and music, as Gaye would take advantage of this and perform a series of shows in Britain.Live at the London Palladium was recorded during several live shows performed by Gaye in England's capital city, London. The performances won rave reviews by the British press in London, the first of which took place on October 3, 1976, and continued throughout the rest of that month. Music Though he wasn't over his stage fright and often mumbled words on stage, when performing and singing, Gaye, then 37, still could dazzle an audience with his charm, wit and show-stopping talent as was heard on the album.Featuring a variety of songs from newer material encompassing from Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You, to older songs (featured in three segues of medleys) from his early to mid-1960s heyday to his famed What's Going On period in 1970–1971, his legendary duets and a trio of songs from his Let's Get It On album, Gaye performed for the British audience. Highlights include the performances of "Come Get to This", "Let's Get It On" (on which Gaye moaned during a break of the song to the delight of several female fans who were heard squealing, as heard on the album) and "Distant Lover". Live at the London Palladium's three epic medleys, which all exceeded nine minutes, featured Gaye's intimate interactions with the audience and reflections on his songs. An Allmusic reviewer later wrote of Gaye's performance, "you can feel the sultry passion in his voice as his singing drifts close to moaning and his ad libbing approaches tasteful, amorous aural lovemaking", and continued to write in a review of Live at the London Palladium that the "between-song moments" when Gaye addressed the audience revealed "just how shaken Gaye is at this troubled point in his career. Listen carefully and you can sense the struggling instability that would erupt cathartically a year later with Here, My Dear."After the concert was over following Gaye saying "Thank you!" over and over almost in sing-song medley as the band opened and closed with the intro to "I Want You", Gaye launches into the studio effort, his one attempt at making a convincing "disco record", the funk track, "Got to Give It Up". Recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio, Marvin's Room, the singer vocalized a song where the author is longing to get out of his shy cover and get on the dance floor with reckless abandon. The original song runs for nearly twelve minutes, however, a single version of "Got to Give It Up" was released featuring a four-and-a-half minute A-side. Reception "Got to Give It Up", which became a #1 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B/Soul singles chart, as well as a #1 hit on the Hot Dance/Disco chart, later influenced songs composed and performed by Michael Jackson. The first of which, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", featuring The Jackson 5, had Michael singing in the same manner, style and voice pitch as Gaye had during the closing chant in "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout/get funky what it's all about!", while his solo #1 hit, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", was strongly influenced by "Got to Give It Up". Soon after, Live at the London Palladium became one of Gaye's best-selling and most commercially successful albums during his late-Motown period, reaching the top of the Soul Albums chart and peaking at #3 on the Pop Albums chart. Critical recognition of the album was also favorable and continued following the album's reissue on compact disc. In late 1977, Live at the London Palladium remained in the top 10 for thirteen weeks and went on to sell two million copies becoming one of the top ten best-selling albums of that year in America. The album was Gaye's last official live release until a July 1980 show at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a CD in 2003 though live bootleg copies of Gaye's 1979 Japan tour and 1983 North American tour have been released in small labels over the years. Track listing Original LP Original 1977 US vinyl LP double album. Side one "Intro Theme" (Ross, Ware) – 2:32 "All the Way Round" (Ross, Ware) – 5:15 "Since I Had You" (Gaye, Ware) – 4:15 "Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:02 "Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 6:40 Side two "Trouble Man" (Gaye) – 6:17 Medley I – 8:40: "Ain't That Peculiar" "You're a Wonderful One" "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" "Pride & Joy" "Little Darling (I Need You)" "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" "Hitch Hike" "You" "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" Medley II – 9:40: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" "God Is Love" "What's Going On" "Save the Children" Side three Medley III (Performed by Gaye & Florence Lyles) – 12:01 "You're All I Need to Get By" "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" "Your Precious Love" "It Takes Two" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "Distant Lover" (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 5:20 "Closing Theme / I Want You" (Ross, Ware) – 3:00 Side four "Got to Give It Up" (Gaye) – 11:53 CD reissue 1999 compact disc reissue. "Intro Theme" – 2:34 "All the Way Round" – 3:50 "Since I Had You" – 4:59 "Come Get to This" – 2:24 "Let's Get It On" – 6:21 "Trouble Man" – 5:39 "Medley I: Ain't That Peculiar/You're a Wonderful One/Stubborn Kind of Fellow/Pride & Joy/Little Darling (I Need You)/I Heard It Through the Grapevine/Hitch Hike/You/Too Busy Thinking About My Baby/How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" – 8:49 "Medley II: Inner City Blues/God Is Love/What's Going On/Save the Children" – 9:49 "Medley III: You're All I Need to Get By/Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing/Your Precious Love/It Takes Two/Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – 10:27 "Thanks" – 1:05 "Distant Lover" – 6:31 "Closing Theme: I Want You" – 3:47 "Got to Give It Up" – 11:52 Charts Album Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles Personnel Odell Brown - synthesizer Elmira Amos - percussion Jack Ashford - tambourine Frankie Beverly - spoons and milk bottle Gerald "Get Down" Brown - bass guitar Walter Cox - vocals Terry Evans - guitar Bobby Gant - vocals Frankie Gaye - background vocals Marvin Gaye - vocals, keyboards, RMI bass synthesizer, juice bottle, producer (tracks: A1 to C3) David Ly - saxophone Florence Lyles - duet vocalist Gwanda Hambrick - vocals Fernando Harkness - saxophone Jan Hunter - background vocals Hiro Ito – photography Johnny McGhee - guitar Nolan Andrew Smith - trumpet Michael Stanton - electric piano Art Stewart – producer (tracks: D1) Melvin Webb - conga Bugsy Wilcox - drums Richard D. Young – photography See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.) Notes References Harry Weinger (1999). Live at the London Palladium (CD reissue) album liner notes. UMG Recordings, Inc.	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 46 ], "text": [ "album" ] }
Live at the London Palladium is a live double album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released March 15, 1977, on Tamla Records. Recording sessions took place live at several concerts at the London Palladium in London, England, in October 1976, with the exception of the hit single "Got to Give It Up", which was recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio Marvin's Room on January 31, 1977. Live at the London Palladium features intimate performances by Gaye of many of his career highlights, including early hits for Motown and recent material from his previous three studio albums. As with his previous live album, Marvin Gaye Live!, production of the record was handled entirely by Gaye, except for the studio portion, "Got to Give It Up", which was managed by Art Stewart.Live at the London Palladium received a surprising and significant amount of critical recognition for a live album following its initial release. Critical reviews of the album were positive compared to the mild receptiveness Gaye's previous studio album I Want You received. As Gaye's most successful live release, the album also became one of his most commercially successful albums during his tenure at Motown's Tamla label, as well as a Billboard chart hit. Following digital remastering, Live at the London Palladium was reissued on August 24, 1999, by Motown on compact disc. Background In October 1976, Marvin Gaye had begun recuperating from personal issues. He had recently gone through a divorce with his first wife, and sister of Motown-CEO Berry Gordy, Anna Gordy, and married his second wife, Janis Hunter. Hunter had previously inspired many of Gaye's romantic-themed albums including 1973's Let's Get It On and his previous album, the erotic I Want You. Gaye was also going through drug addiction to help cope with stage fright. By 1976, Gaye, while still a popular artist in America - his "I Want You" single hit the American top twenty - he was slowly starting a steep climb down as disco began to dominate popular music, but while American fans were moving on to other sounds, the British audience was still very appreciative of Gaye's fame and music, as Gaye would take advantage of this and perform a series of shows in Britain.Live at the London Palladium was recorded during several live shows performed by Gaye in England's capital city, London. The performances won rave reviews by the British press in London, the first of which took place on October 3, 1976, and continued throughout the rest of that month. Music Though he wasn't over his stage fright and often mumbled words on stage, when performing and singing, Gaye, then 37, still could dazzle an audience with his charm, wit and show-stopping talent as was heard on the album.Featuring a variety of songs from newer material encompassing from Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You, to older songs (featured in three segues of medleys) from his early to mid-1960s heyday to his famed What's Going On period in 1970–1971, his legendary duets and a trio of songs from his Let's Get It On album, Gaye performed for the British audience. Highlights include the performances of "Come Get to This", "Let's Get It On" (on which Gaye moaned during a break of the song to the delight of several female fans who were heard squealing, as heard on the album) and "Distant Lover". Live at the London Palladium's three epic medleys, which all exceeded nine minutes, featured Gaye's intimate interactions with the audience and reflections on his songs. An Allmusic reviewer later wrote of Gaye's performance, "you can feel the sultry passion in his voice as his singing drifts close to moaning and his ad libbing approaches tasteful, amorous aural lovemaking", and continued to write in a review of Live at the London Palladium that the "between-song moments" when Gaye addressed the audience revealed "just how shaken Gaye is at this troubled point in his career. Listen carefully and you can sense the struggling instability that would erupt cathartically a year later with Here, My Dear."After the concert was over following Gaye saying "Thank you!" over and over almost in sing-song medley as the band opened and closed with the intro to "I Want You", Gaye launches into the studio effort, his one attempt at making a convincing "disco record", the funk track, "Got to Give It Up". Recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio, Marvin's Room, the singer vocalized a song where the author is longing to get out of his shy cover and get on the dance floor with reckless abandon. The original song runs for nearly twelve minutes, however, a single version of "Got to Give It Up" was released featuring a four-and-a-half minute A-side. Reception "Got to Give It Up", which became a #1 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B/Soul singles chart, as well as a #1 hit on the Hot Dance/Disco chart, later influenced songs composed and performed by Michael Jackson. The first of which, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", featuring The Jackson 5, had Michael singing in the same manner, style and voice pitch as Gaye had during the closing chant in "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout/get funky what it's all about!", while his solo #1 hit, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", was strongly influenced by "Got to Give It Up". Soon after, Live at the London Palladium became one of Gaye's best-selling and most commercially successful albums during his late-Motown period, reaching the top of the Soul Albums chart and peaking at #3 on the Pop Albums chart. Critical recognition of the album was also favorable and continued following the album's reissue on compact disc. In late 1977, Live at the London Palladium remained in the top 10 for thirteen weeks and went on to sell two million copies becoming one of the top ten best-selling albums of that year in America. The album was Gaye's last official live release until a July 1980 show at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a CD in 2003 though live bootleg copies of Gaye's 1979 Japan tour and 1983 North American tour have been released in small labels over the years. Track listing Original LP Original 1977 US vinyl LP double album. Side one "Intro Theme" (Ross, Ware) – 2:32 "All the Way Round" (Ross, Ware) – 5:15 "Since I Had You" (Gaye, Ware) – 4:15 "Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:02 "Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 6:40 Side two "Trouble Man" (Gaye) – 6:17 Medley I – 8:40: "Ain't That Peculiar" "You're a Wonderful One" "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" "Pride & Joy" "Little Darling (I Need You)" "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" "Hitch Hike" "You" "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" Medley II – 9:40: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" "God Is Love" "What's Going On" "Save the Children" Side three Medley III (Performed by Gaye & Florence Lyles) – 12:01 "You're All I Need to Get By" "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" "Your Precious Love" "It Takes Two" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "Distant Lover" (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 5:20 "Closing Theme / I Want You" (Ross, Ware) – 3:00 Side four "Got to Give It Up" (Gaye) – 11:53 CD reissue 1999 compact disc reissue. "Intro Theme" – 2:34 "All the Way Round" – 3:50 "Since I Had You" – 4:59 "Come Get to This" – 2:24 "Let's Get It On" – 6:21 "Trouble Man" – 5:39 "Medley I: Ain't That Peculiar/You're a Wonderful One/Stubborn Kind of Fellow/Pride & Joy/Little Darling (I Need You)/I Heard It Through the Grapevine/Hitch Hike/You/Too Busy Thinking About My Baby/How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" – 8:49 "Medley II: Inner City Blues/God Is Love/What's Going On/Save the Children" – 9:49 "Medley III: You're All I Need to Get By/Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing/Your Precious Love/It Takes Two/Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – 10:27 "Thanks" – 1:05 "Distant Lover" – 6:31 "Closing Theme: I Want You" – 3:47 "Got to Give It Up" – 11:52 Charts Album Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles Personnel Odell Brown - synthesizer Elmira Amos - percussion Jack Ashford - tambourine Frankie Beverly - spoons and milk bottle Gerald "Get Down" Brown - bass guitar Walter Cox - vocals Terry Evans - guitar Bobby Gant - vocals Frankie Gaye - background vocals Marvin Gaye - vocals, keyboards, RMI bass synthesizer, juice bottle, producer (tracks: A1 to C3) David Ly - saxophone Florence Lyles - duet vocalist Gwanda Hambrick - vocals Fernando Harkness - saxophone Jan Hunter - background vocals Hiro Ito – photography Johnny McGhee - guitar Nolan Andrew Smith - trumpet Michael Stanton - electric piano Art Stewart – producer (tracks: D1) Melvin Webb - conga Bugsy Wilcox - drums Richard D. Young – photography See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.) Notes References Harry Weinger (1999). Live at the London Palladium (CD reissue) album liner notes. UMG Recordings, Inc.	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 1967 ], "text": [ "disco" ] }
Live at the London Palladium is a live double album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released March 15, 1977, on Tamla Records. Recording sessions took place live at several concerts at the London Palladium in London, England, in October 1976, with the exception of the hit single "Got to Give It Up", which was recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio Marvin's Room on January 31, 1977. Live at the London Palladium features intimate performances by Gaye of many of his career highlights, including early hits for Motown and recent material from his previous three studio albums. As with his previous live album, Marvin Gaye Live!, production of the record was handled entirely by Gaye, except for the studio portion, "Got to Give It Up", which was managed by Art Stewart.Live at the London Palladium received a surprising and significant amount of critical recognition for a live album following its initial release. Critical reviews of the album were positive compared to the mild receptiveness Gaye's previous studio album I Want You received. As Gaye's most successful live release, the album also became one of his most commercially successful albums during his tenure at Motown's Tamla label, as well as a Billboard chart hit. Following digital remastering, Live at the London Palladium was reissued on August 24, 1999, by Motown on compact disc. Background In October 1976, Marvin Gaye had begun recuperating from personal issues. He had recently gone through a divorce with his first wife, and sister of Motown-CEO Berry Gordy, Anna Gordy, and married his second wife, Janis Hunter. Hunter had previously inspired many of Gaye's romantic-themed albums including 1973's Let's Get It On and his previous album, the erotic I Want You. Gaye was also going through drug addiction to help cope with stage fright. By 1976, Gaye, while still a popular artist in America - his "I Want You" single hit the American top twenty - he was slowly starting a steep climb down as disco began to dominate popular music, but while American fans were moving on to other sounds, the British audience was still very appreciative of Gaye's fame and music, as Gaye would take advantage of this and perform a series of shows in Britain.Live at the London Palladium was recorded during several live shows performed by Gaye in England's capital city, London. The performances won rave reviews by the British press in London, the first of which took place on October 3, 1976, and continued throughout the rest of that month. Music Though he wasn't over his stage fright and often mumbled words on stage, when performing and singing, Gaye, then 37, still could dazzle an audience with his charm, wit and show-stopping talent as was heard on the album.Featuring a variety of songs from newer material encompassing from Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You, to older songs (featured in three segues of medleys) from his early to mid-1960s heyday to his famed What's Going On period in 1970–1971, his legendary duets and a trio of songs from his Let's Get It On album, Gaye performed for the British audience. Highlights include the performances of "Come Get to This", "Let's Get It On" (on which Gaye moaned during a break of the song to the delight of several female fans who were heard squealing, as heard on the album) and "Distant Lover". Live at the London Palladium's three epic medleys, which all exceeded nine minutes, featured Gaye's intimate interactions with the audience and reflections on his songs. An Allmusic reviewer later wrote of Gaye's performance, "you can feel the sultry passion in his voice as his singing drifts close to moaning and his ad libbing approaches tasteful, amorous aural lovemaking", and continued to write in a review of Live at the London Palladium that the "between-song moments" when Gaye addressed the audience revealed "just how shaken Gaye is at this troubled point in his career. Listen carefully and you can sense the struggling instability that would erupt cathartically a year later with Here, My Dear."After the concert was over following Gaye saying "Thank you!" over and over almost in sing-song medley as the band opened and closed with the intro to "I Want You", Gaye launches into the studio effort, his one attempt at making a convincing "disco record", the funk track, "Got to Give It Up". Recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio, Marvin's Room, the singer vocalized a song where the author is longing to get out of his shy cover and get on the dance floor with reckless abandon. The original song runs for nearly twelve minutes, however, a single version of "Got to Give It Up" was released featuring a four-and-a-half minute A-side. Reception "Got to Give It Up", which became a #1 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B/Soul singles chart, as well as a #1 hit on the Hot Dance/Disco chart, later influenced songs composed and performed by Michael Jackson. The first of which, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", featuring The Jackson 5, had Michael singing in the same manner, style and voice pitch as Gaye had during the closing chant in "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout/get funky what it's all about!", while his solo #1 hit, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", was strongly influenced by "Got to Give It Up". Soon after, Live at the London Palladium became one of Gaye's best-selling and most commercially successful albums during his late-Motown period, reaching the top of the Soul Albums chart and peaking at #3 on the Pop Albums chart. Critical recognition of the album was also favorable and continued following the album's reissue on compact disc. In late 1977, Live at the London Palladium remained in the top 10 for thirteen weeks and went on to sell two million copies becoming one of the top ten best-selling albums of that year in America. The album was Gaye's last official live release until a July 1980 show at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a CD in 2003 though live bootleg copies of Gaye's 1979 Japan tour and 1983 North American tour have been released in small labels over the years. Track listing Original LP Original 1977 US vinyl LP double album. Side one "Intro Theme" (Ross, Ware) – 2:32 "All the Way Round" (Ross, Ware) – 5:15 "Since I Had You" (Gaye, Ware) – 4:15 "Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:02 "Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 6:40 Side two "Trouble Man" (Gaye) – 6:17 Medley I – 8:40: "Ain't That Peculiar" "You're a Wonderful One" "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" "Pride & Joy" "Little Darling (I Need You)" "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" "Hitch Hike" "You" "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" Medley II – 9:40: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" "God Is Love" "What's Going On" "Save the Children" Side three Medley III (Performed by Gaye & Florence Lyles) – 12:01 "You're All I Need to Get By" "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" "Your Precious Love" "It Takes Two" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "Distant Lover" (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 5:20 "Closing Theme / I Want You" (Ross, Ware) – 3:00 Side four "Got to Give It Up" (Gaye) – 11:53 CD reissue 1999 compact disc reissue. "Intro Theme" – 2:34 "All the Way Round" – 3:50 "Since I Had You" – 4:59 "Come Get to This" – 2:24 "Let's Get It On" – 6:21 "Trouble Man" – 5:39 "Medley I: Ain't That Peculiar/You're a Wonderful One/Stubborn Kind of Fellow/Pride & Joy/Little Darling (I Need You)/I Heard It Through the Grapevine/Hitch Hike/You/Too Busy Thinking About My Baby/How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" – 8:49 "Medley II: Inner City Blues/God Is Love/What's Going On/Save the Children" – 9:49 "Medley III: You're All I Need to Get By/Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing/Your Precious Love/It Takes Two/Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – 10:27 "Thanks" – 1:05 "Distant Lover" – 6:31 "Closing Theme: I Want You" – 3:47 "Got to Give It Up" – 11:52 Charts Album Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles Personnel Odell Brown - synthesizer Elmira Amos - percussion Jack Ashford - tambourine Frankie Beverly - spoons and milk bottle Gerald "Get Down" Brown - bass guitar Walter Cox - vocals Terry Evans - guitar Bobby Gant - vocals Frankie Gaye - background vocals Marvin Gaye - vocals, keyboards, RMI bass synthesizer, juice bottle, producer (tracks: A1 to C3) David Ly - saxophone Florence Lyles - duet vocalist Gwanda Hambrick - vocals Fernando Harkness - saxophone Jan Hunter - background vocals Hiro Ito – photography Johnny McGhee - guitar Nolan Andrew Smith - trumpet Michael Stanton - electric piano Art Stewart – producer (tracks: D1) Melvin Webb - conga Bugsy Wilcox - drums Richard D. Young – photography See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.) Notes References Harry Weinger (1999). Live at the London Palladium (CD reissue) album liner notes. UMG Recordings, Inc.	follows	{ "answer_start": [ 1021 ], "text": [ "I Want You" ] }
Live at the London Palladium is a live double album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released March 15, 1977, on Tamla Records. Recording sessions took place live at several concerts at the London Palladium in London, England, in October 1976, with the exception of the hit single "Got to Give It Up", which was recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio Marvin's Room on January 31, 1977. Live at the London Palladium features intimate performances by Gaye of many of his career highlights, including early hits for Motown and recent material from his previous three studio albums. As with his previous live album, Marvin Gaye Live!, production of the record was handled entirely by Gaye, except for the studio portion, "Got to Give It Up", which was managed by Art Stewart.Live at the London Palladium received a surprising and significant amount of critical recognition for a live album following its initial release. Critical reviews of the album were positive compared to the mild receptiveness Gaye's previous studio album I Want You received. As Gaye's most successful live release, the album also became one of his most commercially successful albums during his tenure at Motown's Tamla label, as well as a Billboard chart hit. Following digital remastering, Live at the London Palladium was reissued on August 24, 1999, by Motown on compact disc. Background In October 1976, Marvin Gaye had begun recuperating from personal issues. He had recently gone through a divorce with his first wife, and sister of Motown-CEO Berry Gordy, Anna Gordy, and married his second wife, Janis Hunter. Hunter had previously inspired many of Gaye's romantic-themed albums including 1973's Let's Get It On and his previous album, the erotic I Want You. Gaye was also going through drug addiction to help cope with stage fright. By 1976, Gaye, while still a popular artist in America - his "I Want You" single hit the American top twenty - he was slowly starting a steep climb down as disco began to dominate popular music, but while American fans were moving on to other sounds, the British audience was still very appreciative of Gaye's fame and music, as Gaye would take advantage of this and perform a series of shows in Britain.Live at the London Palladium was recorded during several live shows performed by Gaye in England's capital city, London. The performances won rave reviews by the British press in London, the first of which took place on October 3, 1976, and continued throughout the rest of that month. Music Though he wasn't over his stage fright and often mumbled words on stage, when performing and singing, Gaye, then 37, still could dazzle an audience with his charm, wit and show-stopping talent as was heard on the album.Featuring a variety of songs from newer material encompassing from Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You, to older songs (featured in three segues of medleys) from his early to mid-1960s heyday to his famed What's Going On period in 1970–1971, his legendary duets and a trio of songs from his Let's Get It On album, Gaye performed for the British audience. Highlights include the performances of "Come Get to This", "Let's Get It On" (on which Gaye moaned during a break of the song to the delight of several female fans who were heard squealing, as heard on the album) and "Distant Lover". Live at the London Palladium's three epic medleys, which all exceeded nine minutes, featured Gaye's intimate interactions with the audience and reflections on his songs. An Allmusic reviewer later wrote of Gaye's performance, "you can feel the sultry passion in his voice as his singing drifts close to moaning and his ad libbing approaches tasteful, amorous aural lovemaking", and continued to write in a review of Live at the London Palladium that the "between-song moments" when Gaye addressed the audience revealed "just how shaken Gaye is at this troubled point in his career. Listen carefully and you can sense the struggling instability that would erupt cathartically a year later with Here, My Dear."After the concert was over following Gaye saying "Thank you!" over and over almost in sing-song medley as the band opened and closed with the intro to "I Want You", Gaye launches into the studio effort, his one attempt at making a convincing "disco record", the funk track, "Got to Give It Up". Recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio, Marvin's Room, the singer vocalized a song where the author is longing to get out of his shy cover and get on the dance floor with reckless abandon. The original song runs for nearly twelve minutes, however, a single version of "Got to Give It Up" was released featuring a four-and-a-half minute A-side. Reception "Got to Give It Up", which became a #1 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B/Soul singles chart, as well as a #1 hit on the Hot Dance/Disco chart, later influenced songs composed and performed by Michael Jackson. The first of which, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", featuring The Jackson 5, had Michael singing in the same manner, style and voice pitch as Gaye had during the closing chant in "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout/get funky what it's all about!", while his solo #1 hit, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", was strongly influenced by "Got to Give It Up". Soon after, Live at the London Palladium became one of Gaye's best-selling and most commercially successful albums during his late-Motown period, reaching the top of the Soul Albums chart and peaking at #3 on the Pop Albums chart. Critical recognition of the album was also favorable and continued following the album's reissue on compact disc. In late 1977, Live at the London Palladium remained in the top 10 for thirteen weeks and went on to sell two million copies becoming one of the top ten best-selling albums of that year in America. The album was Gaye's last official live release until a July 1980 show at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a CD in 2003 though live bootleg copies of Gaye's 1979 Japan tour and 1983 North American tour have been released in small labels over the years. Track listing Original LP Original 1977 US vinyl LP double album. Side one "Intro Theme" (Ross, Ware) – 2:32 "All the Way Round" (Ross, Ware) – 5:15 "Since I Had You" (Gaye, Ware) – 4:15 "Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:02 "Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 6:40 Side two "Trouble Man" (Gaye) – 6:17 Medley I – 8:40: "Ain't That Peculiar" "You're a Wonderful One" "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" "Pride & Joy" "Little Darling (I Need You)" "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" "Hitch Hike" "You" "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" Medley II – 9:40: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" "God Is Love" "What's Going On" "Save the Children" Side three Medley III (Performed by Gaye & Florence Lyles) – 12:01 "You're All I Need to Get By" "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" "Your Precious Love" "It Takes Two" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "Distant Lover" (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 5:20 "Closing Theme / I Want You" (Ross, Ware) – 3:00 Side four "Got to Give It Up" (Gaye) – 11:53 CD reissue 1999 compact disc reissue. "Intro Theme" – 2:34 "All the Way Round" – 3:50 "Since I Had You" – 4:59 "Come Get to This" – 2:24 "Let's Get It On" – 6:21 "Trouble Man" – 5:39 "Medley I: Ain't That Peculiar/You're a Wonderful One/Stubborn Kind of Fellow/Pride & Joy/Little Darling (I Need You)/I Heard It Through the Grapevine/Hitch Hike/You/Too Busy Thinking About My Baby/How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" – 8:49 "Medley II: Inner City Blues/God Is Love/What's Going On/Save the Children" – 9:49 "Medley III: You're All I Need to Get By/Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing/Your Precious Love/It Takes Two/Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – 10:27 "Thanks" – 1:05 "Distant Lover" – 6:31 "Closing Theme: I Want You" – 3:47 "Got to Give It Up" – 11:52 Charts Album Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles Personnel Odell Brown - synthesizer Elmira Amos - percussion Jack Ashford - tambourine Frankie Beverly - spoons and milk bottle Gerald "Get Down" Brown - bass guitar Walter Cox - vocals Terry Evans - guitar Bobby Gant - vocals Frankie Gaye - background vocals Marvin Gaye - vocals, keyboards, RMI bass synthesizer, juice bottle, producer (tracks: A1 to C3) David Ly - saxophone Florence Lyles - duet vocalist Gwanda Hambrick - vocals Fernando Harkness - saxophone Jan Hunter - background vocals Hiro Ito – photography Johnny McGhee - guitar Nolan Andrew Smith - trumpet Michael Stanton - electric piano Art Stewart – producer (tracks: D1) Melvin Webb - conga Bugsy Wilcox - drums Richard D. Young – photography See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.) Notes References Harry Weinger (1999). Live at the London Palladium (CD reissue) album liner notes. UMG Recordings, Inc.	producer	{ "answer_start": [ 69 ], "text": [ "Marvin Gaye" ] }
Live at the London Palladium is a live double album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released March 15, 1977, on Tamla Records. Recording sessions took place live at several concerts at the London Palladium in London, England, in October 1976, with the exception of the hit single "Got to Give It Up", which was recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio Marvin's Room on January 31, 1977. Live at the London Palladium features intimate performances by Gaye of many of his career highlights, including early hits for Motown and recent material from his previous three studio albums. As with his previous live album, Marvin Gaye Live!, production of the record was handled entirely by Gaye, except for the studio portion, "Got to Give It Up", which was managed by Art Stewart.Live at the London Palladium received a surprising and significant amount of critical recognition for a live album following its initial release. Critical reviews of the album were positive compared to the mild receptiveness Gaye's previous studio album I Want You received. As Gaye's most successful live release, the album also became one of his most commercially successful albums during his tenure at Motown's Tamla label, as well as a Billboard chart hit. Following digital remastering, Live at the London Palladium was reissued on August 24, 1999, by Motown on compact disc. Background In October 1976, Marvin Gaye had begun recuperating from personal issues. He had recently gone through a divorce with his first wife, and sister of Motown-CEO Berry Gordy, Anna Gordy, and married his second wife, Janis Hunter. Hunter had previously inspired many of Gaye's romantic-themed albums including 1973's Let's Get It On and his previous album, the erotic I Want You. Gaye was also going through drug addiction to help cope with stage fright. By 1976, Gaye, while still a popular artist in America - his "I Want You" single hit the American top twenty - he was slowly starting a steep climb down as disco began to dominate popular music, but while American fans were moving on to other sounds, the British audience was still very appreciative of Gaye's fame and music, as Gaye would take advantage of this and perform a series of shows in Britain.Live at the London Palladium was recorded during several live shows performed by Gaye in England's capital city, London. The performances won rave reviews by the British press in London, the first of which took place on October 3, 1976, and continued throughout the rest of that month. Music Though he wasn't over his stage fright and often mumbled words on stage, when performing and singing, Gaye, then 37, still could dazzle an audience with his charm, wit and show-stopping talent as was heard on the album.Featuring a variety of songs from newer material encompassing from Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You, to older songs (featured in three segues of medleys) from his early to mid-1960s heyday to his famed What's Going On period in 1970–1971, his legendary duets and a trio of songs from his Let's Get It On album, Gaye performed for the British audience. Highlights include the performances of "Come Get to This", "Let's Get It On" (on which Gaye moaned during a break of the song to the delight of several female fans who were heard squealing, as heard on the album) and "Distant Lover". Live at the London Palladium's three epic medleys, which all exceeded nine minutes, featured Gaye's intimate interactions with the audience and reflections on his songs. An Allmusic reviewer later wrote of Gaye's performance, "you can feel the sultry passion in his voice as his singing drifts close to moaning and his ad libbing approaches tasteful, amorous aural lovemaking", and continued to write in a review of Live at the London Palladium that the "between-song moments" when Gaye addressed the audience revealed "just how shaken Gaye is at this troubled point in his career. Listen carefully and you can sense the struggling instability that would erupt cathartically a year later with Here, My Dear."After the concert was over following Gaye saying "Thank you!" over and over almost in sing-song medley as the band opened and closed with the intro to "I Want You", Gaye launches into the studio effort, his one attempt at making a convincing "disco record", the funk track, "Got to Give It Up". Recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio, Marvin's Room, the singer vocalized a song where the author is longing to get out of his shy cover and get on the dance floor with reckless abandon. The original song runs for nearly twelve minutes, however, a single version of "Got to Give It Up" was released featuring a four-and-a-half minute A-side. Reception "Got to Give It Up", which became a #1 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B/Soul singles chart, as well as a #1 hit on the Hot Dance/Disco chart, later influenced songs composed and performed by Michael Jackson. The first of which, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", featuring The Jackson 5, had Michael singing in the same manner, style and voice pitch as Gaye had during the closing chant in "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout/get funky what it's all about!", while his solo #1 hit, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", was strongly influenced by "Got to Give It Up". Soon after, Live at the London Palladium became one of Gaye's best-selling and most commercially successful albums during his late-Motown period, reaching the top of the Soul Albums chart and peaking at #3 on the Pop Albums chart. Critical recognition of the album was also favorable and continued following the album's reissue on compact disc. In late 1977, Live at the London Palladium remained in the top 10 for thirteen weeks and went on to sell two million copies becoming one of the top ten best-selling albums of that year in America. The album was Gaye's last official live release until a July 1980 show at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a CD in 2003 though live bootleg copies of Gaye's 1979 Japan tour and 1983 North American tour have been released in small labels over the years. Track listing Original LP Original 1977 US vinyl LP double album. Side one "Intro Theme" (Ross, Ware) – 2:32 "All the Way Round" (Ross, Ware) – 5:15 "Since I Had You" (Gaye, Ware) – 4:15 "Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:02 "Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 6:40 Side two "Trouble Man" (Gaye) – 6:17 Medley I – 8:40: "Ain't That Peculiar" "You're a Wonderful One" "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" "Pride & Joy" "Little Darling (I Need You)" "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" "Hitch Hike" "You" "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" Medley II – 9:40: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" "God Is Love" "What's Going On" "Save the Children" Side three Medley III (Performed by Gaye & Florence Lyles) – 12:01 "You're All I Need to Get By" "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" "Your Precious Love" "It Takes Two" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "Distant Lover" (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 5:20 "Closing Theme / I Want You" (Ross, Ware) – 3:00 Side four "Got to Give It Up" (Gaye) – 11:53 CD reissue 1999 compact disc reissue. "Intro Theme" – 2:34 "All the Way Round" – 3:50 "Since I Had You" – 4:59 "Come Get to This" – 2:24 "Let's Get It On" – 6:21 "Trouble Man" – 5:39 "Medley I: Ain't That Peculiar/You're a Wonderful One/Stubborn Kind of Fellow/Pride & Joy/Little Darling (I Need You)/I Heard It Through the Grapevine/Hitch Hike/You/Too Busy Thinking About My Baby/How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" – 8:49 "Medley II: Inner City Blues/God Is Love/What's Going On/Save the Children" – 9:49 "Medley III: You're All I Need to Get By/Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing/Your Precious Love/It Takes Two/Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – 10:27 "Thanks" – 1:05 "Distant Lover" – 6:31 "Closing Theme: I Want You" – 3:47 "Got to Give It Up" – 11:52 Charts Album Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles Personnel Odell Brown - synthesizer Elmira Amos - percussion Jack Ashford - tambourine Frankie Beverly - spoons and milk bottle Gerald "Get Down" Brown - bass guitar Walter Cox - vocals Terry Evans - guitar Bobby Gant - vocals Frankie Gaye - background vocals Marvin Gaye - vocals, keyboards, RMI bass synthesizer, juice bottle, producer (tracks: A1 to C3) David Ly - saxophone Florence Lyles - duet vocalist Gwanda Hambrick - vocals Fernando Harkness - saxophone Jan Hunter - background vocals Hiro Ito – photography Johnny McGhee - guitar Nolan Andrew Smith - trumpet Michael Stanton - electric piano Art Stewart – producer (tracks: D1) Melvin Webb - conga Bugsy Wilcox - drums Richard D. Young – photography See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.) Notes References Harry Weinger (1999). Live at the London Palladium (CD reissue) album liner notes. UMG Recordings, Inc.	performer	{ "answer_start": [ 69 ], "text": [ "Marvin Gaye" ] }
Live at the London Palladium is a live double album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released March 15, 1977, on Tamla Records. Recording sessions took place live at several concerts at the London Palladium in London, England, in October 1976, with the exception of the hit single "Got to Give It Up", which was recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio Marvin's Room on January 31, 1977. Live at the London Palladium features intimate performances by Gaye of many of his career highlights, including early hits for Motown and recent material from his previous three studio albums. As with his previous live album, Marvin Gaye Live!, production of the record was handled entirely by Gaye, except for the studio portion, "Got to Give It Up", which was managed by Art Stewart.Live at the London Palladium received a surprising and significant amount of critical recognition for a live album following its initial release. Critical reviews of the album were positive compared to the mild receptiveness Gaye's previous studio album I Want You received. As Gaye's most successful live release, the album also became one of his most commercially successful albums during his tenure at Motown's Tamla label, as well as a Billboard chart hit. Following digital remastering, Live at the London Palladium was reissued on August 24, 1999, by Motown on compact disc. Background In October 1976, Marvin Gaye had begun recuperating from personal issues. He had recently gone through a divorce with his first wife, and sister of Motown-CEO Berry Gordy, Anna Gordy, and married his second wife, Janis Hunter. Hunter had previously inspired many of Gaye's romantic-themed albums including 1973's Let's Get It On and his previous album, the erotic I Want You. Gaye was also going through drug addiction to help cope with stage fright. By 1976, Gaye, while still a popular artist in America - his "I Want You" single hit the American top twenty - he was slowly starting a steep climb down as disco began to dominate popular music, but while American fans were moving on to other sounds, the British audience was still very appreciative of Gaye's fame and music, as Gaye would take advantage of this and perform a series of shows in Britain.Live at the London Palladium was recorded during several live shows performed by Gaye in England's capital city, London. The performances won rave reviews by the British press in London, the first of which took place on October 3, 1976, and continued throughout the rest of that month. Music Though he wasn't over his stage fright and often mumbled words on stage, when performing and singing, Gaye, then 37, still could dazzle an audience with his charm, wit and show-stopping talent as was heard on the album.Featuring a variety of songs from newer material encompassing from Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You, to older songs (featured in three segues of medleys) from his early to mid-1960s heyday to his famed What's Going On period in 1970–1971, his legendary duets and a trio of songs from his Let's Get It On album, Gaye performed for the British audience. Highlights include the performances of "Come Get to This", "Let's Get It On" (on which Gaye moaned during a break of the song to the delight of several female fans who were heard squealing, as heard on the album) and "Distant Lover". Live at the London Palladium's three epic medleys, which all exceeded nine minutes, featured Gaye's intimate interactions with the audience and reflections on his songs. An Allmusic reviewer later wrote of Gaye's performance, "you can feel the sultry passion in his voice as his singing drifts close to moaning and his ad libbing approaches tasteful, amorous aural lovemaking", and continued to write in a review of Live at the London Palladium that the "between-song moments" when Gaye addressed the audience revealed "just how shaken Gaye is at this troubled point in his career. Listen carefully and you can sense the struggling instability that would erupt cathartically a year later with Here, My Dear."After the concert was over following Gaye saying "Thank you!" over and over almost in sing-song medley as the band opened and closed with the intro to "I Want You", Gaye launches into the studio effort, his one attempt at making a convincing "disco record", the funk track, "Got to Give It Up". Recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio, Marvin's Room, the singer vocalized a song where the author is longing to get out of his shy cover and get on the dance floor with reckless abandon. The original song runs for nearly twelve minutes, however, a single version of "Got to Give It Up" was released featuring a four-and-a-half minute A-side. Reception "Got to Give It Up", which became a #1 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B/Soul singles chart, as well as a #1 hit on the Hot Dance/Disco chart, later influenced songs composed and performed by Michael Jackson. The first of which, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", featuring The Jackson 5, had Michael singing in the same manner, style and voice pitch as Gaye had during the closing chant in "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout/get funky what it's all about!", while his solo #1 hit, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", was strongly influenced by "Got to Give It Up". Soon after, Live at the London Palladium became one of Gaye's best-selling and most commercially successful albums during his late-Motown period, reaching the top of the Soul Albums chart and peaking at #3 on the Pop Albums chart. Critical recognition of the album was also favorable and continued following the album's reissue on compact disc. In late 1977, Live at the London Palladium remained in the top 10 for thirteen weeks and went on to sell two million copies becoming one of the top ten best-selling albums of that year in America. The album was Gaye's last official live release until a July 1980 show at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a CD in 2003 though live bootleg copies of Gaye's 1979 Japan tour and 1983 North American tour have been released in small labels over the years. Track listing Original LP Original 1977 US vinyl LP double album. Side one "Intro Theme" (Ross, Ware) – 2:32 "All the Way Round" (Ross, Ware) – 5:15 "Since I Had You" (Gaye, Ware) – 4:15 "Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:02 "Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 6:40 Side two "Trouble Man" (Gaye) – 6:17 Medley I – 8:40: "Ain't That Peculiar" "You're a Wonderful One" "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" "Pride & Joy" "Little Darling (I Need You)" "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" "Hitch Hike" "You" "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" Medley II – 9:40: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" "God Is Love" "What's Going On" "Save the Children" Side three Medley III (Performed by Gaye & Florence Lyles) – 12:01 "You're All I Need to Get By" "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" "Your Precious Love" "It Takes Two" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "Distant Lover" (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 5:20 "Closing Theme / I Want You" (Ross, Ware) – 3:00 Side four "Got to Give It Up" (Gaye) – 11:53 CD reissue 1999 compact disc reissue. "Intro Theme" – 2:34 "All the Way Round" – 3:50 "Since I Had You" – 4:59 "Come Get to This" – 2:24 "Let's Get It On" – 6:21 "Trouble Man" – 5:39 "Medley I: Ain't That Peculiar/You're a Wonderful One/Stubborn Kind of Fellow/Pride & Joy/Little Darling (I Need You)/I Heard It Through the Grapevine/Hitch Hike/You/Too Busy Thinking About My Baby/How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" – 8:49 "Medley II: Inner City Blues/God Is Love/What's Going On/Save the Children" – 9:49 "Medley III: You're All I Need to Get By/Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing/Your Precious Love/It Takes Two/Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – 10:27 "Thanks" – 1:05 "Distant Lover" – 6:31 "Closing Theme: I Want You" – 3:47 "Got to Give It Up" – 11:52 Charts Album Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles Personnel Odell Brown - synthesizer Elmira Amos - percussion Jack Ashford - tambourine Frankie Beverly - spoons and milk bottle Gerald "Get Down" Brown - bass guitar Walter Cox - vocals Terry Evans - guitar Bobby Gant - vocals Frankie Gaye - background vocals Marvin Gaye - vocals, keyboards, RMI bass synthesizer, juice bottle, producer (tracks: A1 to C3) David Ly - saxophone Florence Lyles - duet vocalist Gwanda Hambrick - vocals Fernando Harkness - saxophone Jan Hunter - background vocals Hiro Ito – photography Johnny McGhee - guitar Nolan Andrew Smith - trumpet Michael Stanton - electric piano Art Stewart – producer (tracks: D1) Melvin Webb - conga Bugsy Wilcox - drums Richard D. Young – photography See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.) Notes References Harry Weinger (1999). Live at the London Palladium (CD reissue) album liner notes. UMG Recordings, Inc.	record label	{ "answer_start": [ 509 ], "text": [ "Motown" ] }
Live at the London Palladium is a live double album by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released March 15, 1977, on Tamla Records. Recording sessions took place live at several concerts at the London Palladium in London, England, in October 1976, with the exception of the hit single "Got to Give It Up", which was recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio Marvin's Room on January 31, 1977. Live at the London Palladium features intimate performances by Gaye of many of his career highlights, including early hits for Motown and recent material from his previous three studio albums. As with his previous live album, Marvin Gaye Live!, production of the record was handled entirely by Gaye, except for the studio portion, "Got to Give It Up", which was managed by Art Stewart.Live at the London Palladium received a surprising and significant amount of critical recognition for a live album following its initial release. Critical reviews of the album were positive compared to the mild receptiveness Gaye's previous studio album I Want You received. As Gaye's most successful live release, the album also became one of his most commercially successful albums during his tenure at Motown's Tamla label, as well as a Billboard chart hit. Following digital remastering, Live at the London Palladium was reissued on August 24, 1999, by Motown on compact disc. Background In October 1976, Marvin Gaye had begun recuperating from personal issues. He had recently gone through a divorce with his first wife, and sister of Motown-CEO Berry Gordy, Anna Gordy, and married his second wife, Janis Hunter. Hunter had previously inspired many of Gaye's romantic-themed albums including 1973's Let's Get It On and his previous album, the erotic I Want You. Gaye was also going through drug addiction to help cope with stage fright. By 1976, Gaye, while still a popular artist in America - his "I Want You" single hit the American top twenty - he was slowly starting a steep climb down as disco began to dominate popular music, but while American fans were moving on to other sounds, the British audience was still very appreciative of Gaye's fame and music, as Gaye would take advantage of this and perform a series of shows in Britain.Live at the London Palladium was recorded during several live shows performed by Gaye in England's capital city, London. The performances won rave reviews by the British press in London, the first of which took place on October 3, 1976, and continued throughout the rest of that month. Music Though he wasn't over his stage fright and often mumbled words on stage, when performing and singing, Gaye, then 37, still could dazzle an audience with his charm, wit and show-stopping talent as was heard on the album.Featuring a variety of songs from newer material encompassing from Gaye's 1976 album, I Want You, to older songs (featured in three segues of medleys) from his early to mid-1960s heyday to his famed What's Going On period in 1970–1971, his legendary duets and a trio of songs from his Let's Get It On album, Gaye performed for the British audience. Highlights include the performances of "Come Get to This", "Let's Get It On" (on which Gaye moaned during a break of the song to the delight of several female fans who were heard squealing, as heard on the album) and "Distant Lover". Live at the London Palladium's three epic medleys, which all exceeded nine minutes, featured Gaye's intimate interactions with the audience and reflections on his songs. An Allmusic reviewer later wrote of Gaye's performance, "you can feel the sultry passion in his voice as his singing drifts close to moaning and his ad libbing approaches tasteful, amorous aural lovemaking", and continued to write in a review of Live at the London Palladium that the "between-song moments" when Gaye addressed the audience revealed "just how shaken Gaye is at this troubled point in his career. Listen carefully and you can sense the struggling instability that would erupt cathartically a year later with Here, My Dear."After the concert was over following Gaye saying "Thank you!" over and over almost in sing-song medley as the band opened and closed with the intro to "I Want You", Gaye launches into the studio effort, his one attempt at making a convincing "disco record", the funk track, "Got to Give It Up". Recorded at Gaye's Los Angeles studio, Marvin's Room, the singer vocalized a song where the author is longing to get out of his shy cover and get on the dance floor with reckless abandon. The original song runs for nearly twelve minutes, however, a single version of "Got to Give It Up" was released featuring a four-and-a-half minute A-side. Reception "Got to Give It Up", which became a #1 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B/Soul singles chart, as well as a #1 hit on the Hot Dance/Disco chart, later influenced songs composed and performed by Michael Jackson. The first of which, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", featuring The Jackson 5, had Michael singing in the same manner, style and voice pitch as Gaye had during the closing chant in "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout/get funky what it's all about!", while his solo #1 hit, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough", was strongly influenced by "Got to Give It Up". Soon after, Live at the London Palladium became one of Gaye's best-selling and most commercially successful albums during his late-Motown period, reaching the top of the Soul Albums chart and peaking at #3 on the Pop Albums chart. Critical recognition of the album was also favorable and continued following the album's reissue on compact disc. In late 1977, Live at the London Palladium remained in the top 10 for thirteen weeks and went on to sell two million copies becoming one of the top ten best-selling albums of that year in America. The album was Gaye's last official live release until a July 1980 show at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released as a CD in 2003 though live bootleg copies of Gaye's 1979 Japan tour and 1983 North American tour have been released in small labels over the years. Track listing Original LP Original 1977 US vinyl LP double album. Side one "Intro Theme" (Ross, Ware) – 2:32 "All the Way Round" (Ross, Ware) – 5:15 "Since I Had You" (Gaye, Ware) – 4:15 "Come Get to This" (Gaye) – 2:02 "Let's Get It On" (Gaye, Townsend) – 6:40 Side two "Trouble Man" (Gaye) – 6:17 Medley I – 8:40: "Ain't That Peculiar" "You're a Wonderful One" "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" "Pride & Joy" "Little Darling (I Need You)" "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" "Hitch Hike" "You" "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" Medley II – 9:40: "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" "God Is Love" "What's Going On" "Save the Children" Side three Medley III (Performed by Gaye & Florence Lyles) – 12:01 "You're All I Need to Get By" "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" "Your Precious Love" "It Takes Two" "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" "Distant Lover" (G. Fuqua, Gaye, Greene) – 5:20 "Closing Theme / I Want You" (Ross, Ware) – 3:00 Side four "Got to Give It Up" (Gaye) – 11:53 CD reissue 1999 compact disc reissue. "Intro Theme" – 2:34 "All the Way Round" – 3:50 "Since I Had You" – 4:59 "Come Get to This" – 2:24 "Let's Get It On" – 6:21 "Trouble Man" – 5:39 "Medley I: Ain't That Peculiar/You're a Wonderful One/Stubborn Kind of Fellow/Pride & Joy/Little Darling (I Need You)/I Heard It Through the Grapevine/Hitch Hike/You/Too Busy Thinking About My Baby/How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" – 8:49 "Medley II: Inner City Blues/God Is Love/What's Going On/Save the Children" – 9:49 "Medley III: You're All I Need to Get By/Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing/Your Precious Love/It Takes Two/Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – 10:27 "Thanks" – 1:05 "Distant Lover" – 6:31 "Closing Theme: I Want You" – 3:47 "Got to Give It Up" – 11:52 Charts Album Weekly charts Year-end charts Singles Personnel Odell Brown - synthesizer Elmira Amos - percussion Jack Ashford - tambourine Frankie Beverly - spoons and milk bottle Gerald "Get Down" Brown - bass guitar Walter Cox - vocals Terry Evans - guitar Bobby Gant - vocals Frankie Gaye - background vocals Marvin Gaye - vocals, keyboards, RMI bass synthesizer, juice bottle, producer (tracks: A1 to C3) David Ly - saxophone Florence Lyles - duet vocalist Gwanda Hambrick - vocals Fernando Harkness - saxophone Jan Hunter - background vocals Hiro Ito – photography Johnny McGhee - guitar Nolan Andrew Smith - trumpet Michael Stanton - electric piano Art Stewart – producer (tracks: D1) Melvin Webb - conga Bugsy Wilcox - drums Richard D. Young – photography See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.) Notes References Harry Weinger (1999). Live at the London Palladium (CD reissue) album liner notes. UMG Recordings, Inc.	form of creative work	{ "answer_start": [ 596 ], "text": [ "live album" ] }
Cenate Sotto (Bergamasque: Senàt Sota) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,947 and an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi).The municipality of Cenate Sotto contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cascina Serbello, Tesolta, Quadra, Veneziane, and Brugaletti. Cenate Sotto borders the following municipalities: Cenate Sopra, San Paolo d'Argon, Scanzorosciate, Trescore Balneario. Demographic evolution References External links www.comune.cenatesotto.bg.it/	shares border with	{ "answer_start": [ 545 ], "text": [ "Cenate Sopra" ] }
Cenate Sotto (Bergamasque: Senàt Sota) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,947 and an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi).The municipality of Cenate Sotto contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cascina Serbello, Tesolta, Quadra, Veneziane, and Brugaletti. Cenate Sotto borders the following municipalities: Cenate Sopra, San Paolo d'Argon, Scanzorosciate, Trescore Balneario. Demographic evolution References External links www.comune.cenatesotto.bg.it/	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "Province of Bergamo" ] }
Cenate Sotto (Bergamasque: Senàt Sota) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,947 and an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi).The municipality of Cenate Sotto contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cascina Serbello, Tesolta, Quadra, Veneziane, and Brugaletti. Cenate Sotto borders the following municipalities: Cenate Sopra, San Paolo d'Argon, Scanzorosciate, Trescore Balneario. Demographic evolution References External links www.comune.cenatesotto.bg.it/	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Cenate Sotto" ] }
Cenate Sotto (Bergamasque: Senàt Sota) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,947 and an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi).The municipality of Cenate Sotto contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cascina Serbello, Tesolta, Quadra, Veneziane, and Brugaletti. Cenate Sotto borders the following municipalities: Cenate Sopra, San Paolo d'Argon, Scanzorosciate, Trescore Balneario. Demographic evolution References External links www.comune.cenatesotto.bg.it/	Commons gallery	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Cenate Sotto" ] }
Cenate Sotto (Bergamasque: Senàt Sota) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,947 and an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi).The municipality of Cenate Sotto contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cascina Serbello, Tesolta, Quadra, Veneziane, and Brugaletti. Cenate Sotto borders the following municipalities: Cenate Sopra, San Paolo d'Argon, Scanzorosciate, Trescore Balneario. Demographic evolution References External links www.comune.cenatesotto.bg.it/	seismic classification	{ "answer_start": [ 157 ], "text": [ "3" ] }
Reeve Township may refer to the following places in the United States: Reeve Township, Daviess County, Indiana Reeve Township, Franklin County, Iowa	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 88 ], "text": [ "Daviess County" ] }
Reeve Township may refer to the following places in the United States: Reeve Township, Daviess County, Indiana Reeve Township, Franklin County, Iowa	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "Reeve Township, Daviess County, Indiana" ] }
The Bolivian Constituent Assembly, convened on August 6, 2006 in Sucre, with the purpose of drafting a new national constitution by December 14, 2007; extended from the original deadline of August 6, 2007. The Assembly approved the new Political Constitution of the State on 9 December 2007. It was put to a national referendum held on 25 January 2009, and went into force on 7 February 2009. Disputes over the content of this text and procedures of its approval aggravated political conflict in Bolivia, including violent conflicts in Sucre and Cochabamba. Opposition and conservative sectors including the "media luna" denounced the text claiming the procedure of its passage was illegal, passed with a third of constituent delegates absent (from minority conservative parties). Despite inclusive wording of the text, opponents have claimed the new document only represents indigenous peoples, discriminating against mixed (mestizo), white (European) populations.Prior Constituent Assemblies, or other bodies empowered with rewriting Bolivia's Constitution have taken place on at least 17 occasions since 1826. Process and structure of deliberations The Constituent Assembly was authorized by Law 3091, promulgated by President Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé on 6 July 2005, and by the Convocation Law of the Constituent Assembly (Law 3364), approved by Bolivia's National Congress on 6 March 2006. The latter law designated uninominal elections by the 70 districts used by the Chamber of Deputies, and plurinominal elections of five constituents from each department. Conflicts and controversies Two-thirds vote The Convocation Law required a two-thirds vote of the Assembly to approve the new Constitution. Debates over the specific interpretation of this provision occupied the Assembly from November 2006 to 14 February 2007. In drafting the regulations for the Assembly, the MAS proposed a simple majority vote should be required for most matters, with two-thirds required for sensitive matters. An initial regulation was passed on 17 November 2006 requiring a two-thirds majority votes only for the final text of the Constitution, and allowing reconsideration of up to three articles in which at least one-third of the Assembly proposed an alternative text. In mid-December, cabildos held in the media luna departments of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni and Pando threatened to refuse to abide by a constitution that was not approved by a two-thirds vote. Cochabamba prefect Manfred Reyes Villa also backed the two-thirds majority position in a pro-autonomy cabildo held on 15 December 2006, further sharpening the divisions that led to the January 2007 violence. On 24 January 2007 the Bolivian Senate broke a deadlock and elected Jose Villavicencio (the lone Senator of the National Unity Party) as its president by a 15-12 vote, unseating a close ally of Morales. With the loss of control of the Senate, Morales has backed down from his position that a simple majority of assembly members should determine the wording of individual articles in the new Constitution. As a compromise measure, Morales called for any issue that can not be resolved with a two-thirds vote in the Constituent Assembly should be put before the people in a referendum, saying "Let the people decide with their vote, without fear." The head of Podemos, former President Jorge Quiroga, praised Morales' suggestion, saying "It's an important advance. It's a sign of flexibility."After months of negotiations, on 8 February 2007 MAS announced that with the support of 18 members of the Podemos that they had reached the necessary consensus on the Assembly's voting procedures. The Assembly approved its regulations on 14 February 2007 with an overwhelming vote of 201 constituents (81%). The final rules required an absolute majority for the text overall, and a 2/3 vote in considering individual articles. Failure to achieve two-thirds would result in a Concertation commission to seek a new text; irreconciliable differencecs would be considered by popular referendum. Capital status of Sucre Sucre, the seat of the Assembly, was the country's sole capital prior to the 1899 civil war. In 2007, politicians from Sucre sought to re-establish Sucre as the sole capital and transfer all parts of the national government to the city. The Inter-Institutional Committee of the Interests of Chuquisaca was established in March 2007 for this purpose, and a proposal was presented to the Assembly's Regional Encuentro held in Sucre on 19 March.Marches were held in support of this demand on 10 March and 25 July, while an opposing mobilization was held in La Paz and El Alto on 20 July. Assembly members from La Paz threatened in July to abandon the plenary sessions if the issue was discussed, but Chuquisaca and media luna members inserted the issue in the minority reports of six commissions and the majority report of one.On 15 August, a MAS-sponsored resolution excluded the issue from being considered in plenary session. The following day the Inter-Institutional Committee began a civic strike and, on 17 August, an open cabildo called for consideration of the issue. Seven Chuquisaqueño assembly members began a hunger strike in support of full capital status. On 23 August, the conflict escalated with mass attacks on the headquarters of MAS-affiliated social movements in Sucre and on Assembly member Ignacio Mendoza (MAS, Chuquisaca), leading to the suspension of further plenary sessions. The 15 August resolution preventing discussion was annulled by court order on 8 September. The issue continued to occupy the Assembly in September and October until a multi-party accord was reached on 24 October, formally ratifying Sucre as constitutional capital and the seat of the judicial and electoral branches of government with honorary sessions of the legislature also held there. However, the Inter-Institutional Committee rejected this agreement as well. Its mobilizations against the Assembly continued through the rest of the body's meetings. Approval of new Political Constitution of the State On November 24, 2007 the Constituent Assembly approved a preliminary draft of the constitution in full. MAS and its allies have claimed the opposition boycotted the final stages of the Assembly vote and incited violent student protests against the assembly, forcing its move to a military school on the outskirts of the city for protection.On December 8, 2007 the Constituent Assembly moved its sessions to Oruro, citing safety concerns. Most members of opposition parties boycotted the meeting. 165 of the 255 delegates attended and participated in the voting. The final draft constitution was approved article by article in a marathon voting session through the night, completing approval of the draft on December 9, 2007. It was synthesized, cleaned up, and modified by an Editing Commission in La Paz. Leaders of several opposition parties and conservative civic committees in 5 departments stated they will not recognize the new text, claiming it was approved illegally. On December 14, 2007 the President of the Constituent Assembly, Silvia Lazarte and members of the Directory Panel presented the complete text to the Bolivian National Congress to legislate a referendum. The following day marches and rallies were held in the capital La Paz in favor of the new Constitution while in the departmental capital of Santa Cruz rallies were held in favor of an extra-constitutional "Autonomy Statute."The constitution was further modified by the Cochabamba Dialogue between the President and opposition Prefects in September 2008; and in Congress during negotiations for a referendum in October 2008.On October 23, 2008, the Bolivian Congress approved holding a referendum on a new constitution supported by President Morales to empower the allegedly long oppressed indigenous majority of the country. The referendum took take place on 25 January 2009. With a 61.7% majority, the constitution came into effect on February 7. References External links Asamblea Constituyente Bolivia Information Forum - The Constituent Assembly	country	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Bolivia" ] }
The Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union is a trade union in New Zealand. It has a membership of 620, and is affiliated with the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions. References ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7. External links Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union at the NZCTU. [1] Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine provides finding aid to article subject from the Special Collections, Washington State Historical Society (WSHS)	country	{ "answer_start": [ 76 ], "text": [ "New Zealand" ] }
Danza IIII: The Alpha – The Omega (also simply known as Danza IIII) is the fourth and final studio album by American mathcore band The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza. The album was released on October 16, 2012 through Black Market Activities. The record was heavily praised and was seen as a fitting finale for the band's existence. Following Danza IIII and the dissolution of the band, vocalist Jessie Freeland became a police officer in 2014 while guitarist Josh Travis would later go on to join metalcore band Emmure in 2016. Background The album was recorded as two-piece with Jessie Freeland on vocals and Josh Travis handling all instruments. Track 12, "The Alpha the Omega," features guest vocals by Phil Bozeman of Whitechapel and Alex Erian from Despised Icon. Bozeman's part was recorded by Brandon Cagle at Atomic Audio in Tampa, Florida, while Erian's part was recorded by Antoine Lussier at 357 Productions in Montreal, Quebec. The album's artwork was done by Michael J. Windsor, who has done artwork for bands such as The Red Chord and Pig Destroyer, as well as the novels The Da Vinci Code and Darkly Dreaming Dexter.On August 23, 2012, Joshua Travis made this statement, regarding the band's future: "For this album, Jessie and I were looking to create more of a visceral vibe than a completely technical vibe. There's parts that do still get a bit chaotic of course, but not nearly as much as the avid listener is used to. Everything about this record is way more to the point, with much more heart put into it rather than just seeing how many notes could be thrown into a part or seeking to create 'the heaviest shit ever' or any of that nonsense. The record being titled The Alpha – The Omega, to us symbolized the beginning and the end of Danza. Jessie and I hope you enjoy it as much as we enjoyed creating it for you all."While Danza IIII doesn't sway too far from the group's previous mathcore style the band is renowned for, it has also been heavily credited to be influenced by djent. Reception Danza IIII received critical acclaim upon release. Reviewing the album for Alternative Press, Matthew Colwell praised the album's melodic moments and favorably compared the song "Paul Bunyan and the Blue Ox" to the bands Periphery, The Dillinger Escape Plan, and Car Bomb. Colwell concluded his review by saying "For a final blow, Danza deliver the goods in every way with an uncompromising pile of riffs while continuing to show they're not a one-trick pony. Tech-metal is losing one of its best bands with IIII, but they couldn't have sent themselves off on a better note."MetalSucks reviewer Dave Mustein noted the band's maturity and how far they have progressed since their first album. Mustein praised the band's songwriting ability and referred to the melodic moments as "melancholic beauty" as well as the album's production for "sounding gritty but professional, digital but uncompressed." Mustein criticized the album's numerous samples, which decreased the impact of "Hold the Line" and stated "it's almost impossible to sit through the entirety of the glitchy, gimmicky 'Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid.'" Mustein concluded his review by calling the album "the most aggressive, the most dominant, the most confident, and the heaviest album of the year."Connor Welsh of New Transcendence referred to "You Won't" and "Rudy x 3" as sounding like B-sides from Danza III with some flair from Danza II. Welsh praised the album's dynamics as well as the "groovier and co-operative tone" of the guitar and bass. Jessie Freeland's vocal performance was also praised, especially on the title track. Welsh referred to the album as "a dense, chaotic, yet marvelously ethereal blending of mathy hardcore and groovy deathcore" and called the album a "mathcore masterpiece." Track listing Some versions of the album merge "This Cut Was the Deepest" together with "Disconnecting, Pt. 2" and split "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid" into two separate tracks. Personnel The Tony Danza Tapdance ExtravaganzaJessie Freeland – vocals Josh Travis – guitar, bass, drums, producer, engineer, backing vocals on "Don't Try This at Home"AdditionalPhil Bozeman (Whitechapel) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Alex Erian (Despised Icon) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Nicholas Scott – engineer, mixing, mastering Michael J. Windsor – art direction, illustration, design == References ==	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 99 ], "text": [ "album" ] }
Danza IIII: The Alpha – The Omega (also simply known as Danza IIII) is the fourth and final studio album by American mathcore band The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza. The album was released on October 16, 2012 through Black Market Activities. The record was heavily praised and was seen as a fitting finale for the band's existence. Following Danza IIII and the dissolution of the band, vocalist Jessie Freeland became a police officer in 2014 while guitarist Josh Travis would later go on to join metalcore band Emmure in 2016. Background The album was recorded as two-piece with Jessie Freeland on vocals and Josh Travis handling all instruments. Track 12, "The Alpha the Omega," features guest vocals by Phil Bozeman of Whitechapel and Alex Erian from Despised Icon. Bozeman's part was recorded by Brandon Cagle at Atomic Audio in Tampa, Florida, while Erian's part was recorded by Antoine Lussier at 357 Productions in Montreal, Quebec. The album's artwork was done by Michael J. Windsor, who has done artwork for bands such as The Red Chord and Pig Destroyer, as well as the novels The Da Vinci Code and Darkly Dreaming Dexter.On August 23, 2012, Joshua Travis made this statement, regarding the band's future: "For this album, Jessie and I were looking to create more of a visceral vibe than a completely technical vibe. There's parts that do still get a bit chaotic of course, but not nearly as much as the avid listener is used to. Everything about this record is way more to the point, with much more heart put into it rather than just seeing how many notes could be thrown into a part or seeking to create 'the heaviest shit ever' or any of that nonsense. The record being titled The Alpha – The Omega, to us symbolized the beginning and the end of Danza. Jessie and I hope you enjoy it as much as we enjoyed creating it for you all."While Danza IIII doesn't sway too far from the group's previous mathcore style the band is renowned for, it has also been heavily credited to be influenced by djent. Reception Danza IIII received critical acclaim upon release. Reviewing the album for Alternative Press, Matthew Colwell praised the album's melodic moments and favorably compared the song "Paul Bunyan and the Blue Ox" to the bands Periphery, The Dillinger Escape Plan, and Car Bomb. Colwell concluded his review by saying "For a final blow, Danza deliver the goods in every way with an uncompromising pile of riffs while continuing to show they're not a one-trick pony. Tech-metal is losing one of its best bands with IIII, but they couldn't have sent themselves off on a better note."MetalSucks reviewer Dave Mustein noted the band's maturity and how far they have progressed since their first album. Mustein praised the band's songwriting ability and referred to the melodic moments as "melancholic beauty" as well as the album's production for "sounding gritty but professional, digital but uncompressed." Mustein criticized the album's numerous samples, which decreased the impact of "Hold the Line" and stated "it's almost impossible to sit through the entirety of the glitchy, gimmicky 'Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid.'" Mustein concluded his review by calling the album "the most aggressive, the most dominant, the most confident, and the heaviest album of the year."Connor Welsh of New Transcendence referred to "You Won't" and "Rudy x 3" as sounding like B-sides from Danza III with some flair from Danza II. Welsh praised the album's dynamics as well as the "groovier and co-operative tone" of the guitar and bass. Jessie Freeland's vocal performance was also praised, especially on the title track. Welsh referred to the album as "a dense, chaotic, yet marvelously ethereal blending of mathy hardcore and groovy deathcore" and called the album a "mathcore masterpiece." Track listing Some versions of the album merge "This Cut Was the Deepest" together with "Disconnecting, Pt. 2" and split "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid" into two separate tracks. Personnel The Tony Danza Tapdance ExtravaganzaJessie Freeland – vocals Josh Travis – guitar, bass, drums, producer, engineer, backing vocals on "Don't Try This at Home"AdditionalPhil Bozeman (Whitechapel) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Alex Erian (Despised Icon) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Nicholas Scott – engineer, mixing, mastering Michael J. Windsor – art direction, illustration, design == References ==	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 117 ], "text": [ "mathcore" ] }
Danza IIII: The Alpha – The Omega (also simply known as Danza IIII) is the fourth and final studio album by American mathcore band The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza. The album was released on October 16, 2012 through Black Market Activities. The record was heavily praised and was seen as a fitting finale for the band's existence. Following Danza IIII and the dissolution of the band, vocalist Jessie Freeland became a police officer in 2014 while guitarist Josh Travis would later go on to join metalcore band Emmure in 2016. Background The album was recorded as two-piece with Jessie Freeland on vocals and Josh Travis handling all instruments. Track 12, "The Alpha the Omega," features guest vocals by Phil Bozeman of Whitechapel and Alex Erian from Despised Icon. Bozeman's part was recorded by Brandon Cagle at Atomic Audio in Tampa, Florida, while Erian's part was recorded by Antoine Lussier at 357 Productions in Montreal, Quebec. The album's artwork was done by Michael J. Windsor, who has done artwork for bands such as The Red Chord and Pig Destroyer, as well as the novels The Da Vinci Code and Darkly Dreaming Dexter.On August 23, 2012, Joshua Travis made this statement, regarding the band's future: "For this album, Jessie and I were looking to create more of a visceral vibe than a completely technical vibe. There's parts that do still get a bit chaotic of course, but not nearly as much as the avid listener is used to. Everything about this record is way more to the point, with much more heart put into it rather than just seeing how many notes could be thrown into a part or seeking to create 'the heaviest shit ever' or any of that nonsense. The record being titled The Alpha – The Omega, to us symbolized the beginning and the end of Danza. Jessie and I hope you enjoy it as much as we enjoyed creating it for you all."While Danza IIII doesn't sway too far from the group's previous mathcore style the band is renowned for, it has also been heavily credited to be influenced by djent. Reception Danza IIII received critical acclaim upon release. Reviewing the album for Alternative Press, Matthew Colwell praised the album's melodic moments and favorably compared the song "Paul Bunyan and the Blue Ox" to the bands Periphery, The Dillinger Escape Plan, and Car Bomb. Colwell concluded his review by saying "For a final blow, Danza deliver the goods in every way with an uncompromising pile of riffs while continuing to show they're not a one-trick pony. Tech-metal is losing one of its best bands with IIII, but they couldn't have sent themselves off on a better note."MetalSucks reviewer Dave Mustein noted the band's maturity and how far they have progressed since their first album. Mustein praised the band's songwriting ability and referred to the melodic moments as "melancholic beauty" as well as the album's production for "sounding gritty but professional, digital but uncompressed." Mustein criticized the album's numerous samples, which decreased the impact of "Hold the Line" and stated "it's almost impossible to sit through the entirety of the glitchy, gimmicky 'Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid.'" Mustein concluded his review by calling the album "the most aggressive, the most dominant, the most confident, and the heaviest album of the year."Connor Welsh of New Transcendence referred to "You Won't" and "Rudy x 3" as sounding like B-sides from Danza III with some flair from Danza II. Welsh praised the album's dynamics as well as the "groovier and co-operative tone" of the guitar and bass. Jessie Freeland's vocal performance was also praised, especially on the title track. Welsh referred to the album as "a dense, chaotic, yet marvelously ethereal blending of mathy hardcore and groovy deathcore" and called the album a "mathcore masterpiece." Track listing Some versions of the album merge "This Cut Was the Deepest" together with "Disconnecting, Pt. 2" and split "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid" into two separate tracks. Personnel The Tony Danza Tapdance ExtravaganzaJessie Freeland – vocals Josh Travis – guitar, bass, drums, producer, engineer, backing vocals on "Don't Try This at Home"AdditionalPhil Bozeman (Whitechapel) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Alex Erian (Despised Icon) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Nicholas Scott – engineer, mixing, mastering Michael J. Windsor – art direction, illustration, design == References ==	performer	{ "answer_start": [ 131 ], "text": [ "The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza" ] }
Danza IIII: The Alpha – The Omega (also simply known as Danza IIII) is the fourth and final studio album by American mathcore band The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza. The album was released on October 16, 2012 through Black Market Activities. The record was heavily praised and was seen as a fitting finale for the band's existence. Following Danza IIII and the dissolution of the band, vocalist Jessie Freeland became a police officer in 2014 while guitarist Josh Travis would later go on to join metalcore band Emmure in 2016. Background The album was recorded as two-piece with Jessie Freeland on vocals and Josh Travis handling all instruments. Track 12, "The Alpha the Omega," features guest vocals by Phil Bozeman of Whitechapel and Alex Erian from Despised Icon. Bozeman's part was recorded by Brandon Cagle at Atomic Audio in Tampa, Florida, while Erian's part was recorded by Antoine Lussier at 357 Productions in Montreal, Quebec. The album's artwork was done by Michael J. Windsor, who has done artwork for bands such as The Red Chord and Pig Destroyer, as well as the novels The Da Vinci Code and Darkly Dreaming Dexter.On August 23, 2012, Joshua Travis made this statement, regarding the band's future: "For this album, Jessie and I were looking to create more of a visceral vibe than a completely technical vibe. There's parts that do still get a bit chaotic of course, but not nearly as much as the avid listener is used to. Everything about this record is way more to the point, with much more heart put into it rather than just seeing how many notes could be thrown into a part or seeking to create 'the heaviest shit ever' or any of that nonsense. The record being titled The Alpha – The Omega, to us symbolized the beginning and the end of Danza. Jessie and I hope you enjoy it as much as we enjoyed creating it for you all."While Danza IIII doesn't sway too far from the group's previous mathcore style the band is renowned for, it has also been heavily credited to be influenced by djent. Reception Danza IIII received critical acclaim upon release. Reviewing the album for Alternative Press, Matthew Colwell praised the album's melodic moments and favorably compared the song "Paul Bunyan and the Blue Ox" to the bands Periphery, The Dillinger Escape Plan, and Car Bomb. Colwell concluded his review by saying "For a final blow, Danza deliver the goods in every way with an uncompromising pile of riffs while continuing to show they're not a one-trick pony. Tech-metal is losing one of its best bands with IIII, but they couldn't have sent themselves off on a better note."MetalSucks reviewer Dave Mustein noted the band's maturity and how far they have progressed since their first album. Mustein praised the band's songwriting ability and referred to the melodic moments as "melancholic beauty" as well as the album's production for "sounding gritty but professional, digital but uncompressed." Mustein criticized the album's numerous samples, which decreased the impact of "Hold the Line" and stated "it's almost impossible to sit through the entirety of the glitchy, gimmicky 'Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid.'" Mustein concluded his review by calling the album "the most aggressive, the most dominant, the most confident, and the heaviest album of the year."Connor Welsh of New Transcendence referred to "You Won't" and "Rudy x 3" as sounding like B-sides from Danza III with some flair from Danza II. Welsh praised the album's dynamics as well as the "groovier and co-operative tone" of the guitar and bass. Jessie Freeland's vocal performance was also praised, especially on the title track. Welsh referred to the album as "a dense, chaotic, yet marvelously ethereal blending of mathy hardcore and groovy deathcore" and called the album a "mathcore masterpiece." Track listing Some versions of the album merge "This Cut Was the Deepest" together with "Disconnecting, Pt. 2" and split "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid" into two separate tracks. Personnel The Tony Danza Tapdance ExtravaganzaJessie Freeland – vocals Josh Travis – guitar, bass, drums, producer, engineer, backing vocals on "Don't Try This at Home"AdditionalPhil Bozeman (Whitechapel) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Alex Erian (Despised Icon) – additional vocals on "The Alpha the Omega" Nicholas Scott – engineer, mixing, mastering Michael J. Windsor – art direction, illustration, design == References ==	record label	{ "answer_start": [ 220 ], "text": [ "Black Market Activities" ] }
Demelza McCloud (née Fellowes; born 5 August 1980) is an Australian netball player. She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. McCloud was selected in the Australian national team in 2004 and 2005. Domestically, she has played for the Adelaide Thunderbirds and Melbourne Kestrels in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy, and also played in New Zealand for the Otago Rebels in the 2007 National Bank Cup.With the advent of the trans-Tasman ANZ Championship, McCloud was rostered with the Canterbury Tactix in New Zealand for the inaugural season in 2008. For the 2009 season, she signed with the Queensland Firebirds.In 2009, McCloud was selected as part of the World 7 team where players from England, Jamaica, Samoa and Australia (not part of the Diamonds squad) formed a team to play against the Silver Ferns.In 2010, McCloud decided to retire from netball. However, in the first round of the 2010 ANZ Championship, she was called to play for the Melbourne Vixens to replace Julie Corletto. In that match, she played all four quarters at Goal Keeper. In late 2011, McCloud confirmed she would be returning to top level netball in 2012 for New Zealand franchise the Southern Steel in the ANZ Championship.In 2013 she played again for the Queensland Firebirds and was named in the Australian squad at the end of the season to play a series against the Malawi Queens.In 2015 she signed with the Tactix and plays with them currently. == References ==	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 57 ], "text": [ "Australia" ] }
Demelza McCloud (née Fellowes; born 5 August 1980) is an Australian netball player. She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. McCloud was selected in the Australian national team in 2004 and 2005. Domestically, she has played for the Adelaide Thunderbirds and Melbourne Kestrels in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy, and also played in New Zealand for the Otago Rebels in the 2007 National Bank Cup.With the advent of the trans-Tasman ANZ Championship, McCloud was rostered with the Canterbury Tactix in New Zealand for the inaugural season in 2008. For the 2009 season, she signed with the Queensland Firebirds.In 2009, McCloud was selected as part of the World 7 team where players from England, Jamaica, Samoa and Australia (not part of the Diamonds squad) formed a team to play against the Silver Ferns.In 2010, McCloud decided to retire from netball. However, in the first round of the 2010 ANZ Championship, she was called to play for the Melbourne Vixens to replace Julie Corletto. In that match, she played all four quarters at Goal Keeper. In late 2011, McCloud confirmed she would be returning to top level netball in 2012 for New Zealand franchise the Southern Steel in the ANZ Championship.In 2013 she played again for the Queensland Firebirds and was named in the Australian squad at the end of the season to play a series against the Malawi Queens.In 2015 she signed with the Tactix and plays with them currently. == References ==	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 68 ], "text": [ "netball" ] }
Demelza McCloud (née Fellowes; born 5 August 1980) is an Australian netball player. She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. McCloud was selected in the Australian national team in 2004 and 2005. Domestically, she has played for the Adelaide Thunderbirds and Melbourne Kestrels in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy, and also played in New Zealand for the Otago Rebels in the 2007 National Bank Cup.With the advent of the trans-Tasman ANZ Championship, McCloud was rostered with the Canterbury Tactix in New Zealand for the inaugural season in 2008. For the 2009 season, she signed with the Queensland Firebirds.In 2009, McCloud was selected as part of the World 7 team where players from England, Jamaica, Samoa and Australia (not part of the Diamonds squad) formed a team to play against the Silver Ferns.In 2010, McCloud decided to retire from netball. However, in the first round of the 2010 ANZ Championship, she was called to play for the Melbourne Vixens to replace Julie Corletto. In that match, she played all four quarters at Goal Keeper. In late 2011, McCloud confirmed she would be returning to top level netball in 2012 for New Zealand franchise the Southern Steel in the ANZ Championship.In 2013 she played again for the Queensland Firebirds and was named in the Australian squad at the end of the season to play a series against the Malawi Queens.In 2015 she signed with the Tactix and plays with them currently. == References ==	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 8 ], "text": [ "McCloud" ] }
Demelza McCloud (née Fellowes; born 5 August 1980) is an Australian netball player. She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. McCloud was selected in the Australian national team in 2004 and 2005. Domestically, she has played for the Adelaide Thunderbirds and Melbourne Kestrels in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy, and also played in New Zealand for the Otago Rebels in the 2007 National Bank Cup.With the advent of the trans-Tasman ANZ Championship, McCloud was rostered with the Canterbury Tactix in New Zealand for the inaugural season in 2008. For the 2009 season, she signed with the Queensland Firebirds.In 2009, McCloud was selected as part of the World 7 team where players from England, Jamaica, Samoa and Australia (not part of the Diamonds squad) formed a team to play against the Silver Ferns.In 2010, McCloud decided to retire from netball. However, in the first round of the 2010 ANZ Championship, she was called to play for the Melbourne Vixens to replace Julie Corletto. In that match, she played all four quarters at Goal Keeper. In late 2011, McCloud confirmed she would be returning to top level netball in 2012 for New Zealand franchise the Southern Steel in the ANZ Championship.In 2013 she played again for the Queensland Firebirds and was named in the Australian squad at the end of the season to play a series against the Malawi Queens.In 2015 she signed with the Tactix and plays with them currently. == References ==	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Demelza" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	official name	{ "answer_start": [ 22 ], "text": [ "Oost-Vlaanderen" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	native label	{ "answer_start": [ 22 ], "text": [ "Oost-Vlaanderen" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	language used	{ "answer_start": [ 15 ], "text": [ "Dutch" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	De Agostini ID	{ "answer_start": [ 22 ], "text": [ "Oost-Vlaanderen" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	country	{ "answer_start": [ 182 ], "text": [ "Belgium" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "East Flanders" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	head of government	{ "answer_start": [ 4346 ], "text": [ "Carina Van Cauter" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 170 ], "text": [ "province of Belgium" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	capital	{ "answer_start": [ 520 ], "text": [ "Ghent" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	official language	{ "answer_start": [ 15 ], "text": [ "Dutch" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	shares border with	{ "answer_start": [ 251 ], "text": [ "Zeeland" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	named after	{ "answer_start": [ 864 ], "text": [ "County of Flanders" ] }
East Flanders (Dutch: Oost-Vlaanderen [ˌoːst ˈflaːndərə(n)] (listen), French: (Province de) Flandre-Orientale [flɑ̃dʁ ɔʁjɑ̃tal], German: Ostflandern [ˈɔstˌflandɐn]) is a province of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi), divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent. History During the short-lived Napoleonic Empire, most of the area of the modern province was part of the Department of Escaut, named after the River Scheldt. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the entity was renamed after its geographical location in the eastern part of the historic County of Flanders (now in the western portion of the current Flemish Region). The provincial flag has a black lion with red tongue and claws, on a background of horizontal white and green stripes. This is a recent adaptation; formerly, East Flanders used the Flemish flag, a black lion on a yellow background, as in the current coat of arms. The old flag is still publicly used, e.g. for road signs. Geography The province has several geographic or tourist regions: Denderstreek Meetjesland Waasland Flemish ArdennesImportant rivers are the Scheldt and the Leie which merge in Ghent. The Dender merges into the Scheldt in the city of Dendermonde. Subdivisions East Flanders is divided into 6 administrative arrondissements (districts), subdivided into a total of 60 municipalities. In addition, there are 3 judicial and 3 electoral arrondissements. Demographics The province has a population of almost 1.5 million. It had 734,000 inhabitants in 1830, when it was the most populated province of Belgium, and about a million in 1900. Population growth halted around the 1980s, but has increased again in the 21st century. Population figures in recent years is as follows: The capital and biggest city is Ghent, also the second largest city in the Flemish Region. Other smaller cities are Aalst, Sint-Niklaas and Dendermonde in the east of the province. The eastern part of the province, part of the Flemish Diamond, is more densely populated than the western part. Economy The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 56.4 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,000 € or 109% of the EU27 average in the same year. Government The provincial council (provincieraad) consists of 72 members which were last elected in the 2012 elections. Previously it consisted of 84 members. The council currently consists of the following political parties: N-VA (Flemish nationalists): 21 members CD&V (Christian democrats): 15 members Open VLD (liberals): 15 members sp.a (social democrats): 9 members Vlaams Belang (far-right nationalists): 6 members Groen (greens): 6 membersSix people chosen by and from the council form the daily government, called the deputation (deputatie). The deputation of East Flanders is a coalition of the political parties CD&V, Open Vld and sp.a. The biggest party in the council, N-VA, is not included. The daily government is led by the governor, who is appointed by the Flemish Government. André Denys (VLD) has been the governor of East Flanders from 26 November 2004 until 21 January 2013. Jan Briers, who is not member of a political party but was nominated by N-VA, succeeded him on 1 February 2013. The province has a yearly budget of approximately 300 million euro. Governors 1830: Pierre De Ryckere 1830–1834: Werner de Lamberts-Cortenbach 1834–1836: Charles Vilain XIIII 1837–1843: Louis de Schiervel 1843–1848: Leander Desmaisières 1848–1871: Edouard De Jaegher (lib.) 1871–1879: Emile de T'Serclaes De Wommersom 1879–1885: Léon Verhaeghe de Naeyer (lib.) 1885–1919: Raymond de Kerchove d'Exaerde 1919–1921: Maurice Lippens (lib.) 1921–1929: André de Kerchove de Denterghem (lib.) 1929–1935: Karel Weyler (lib.) 1935–1938: Jules Ingenbleek (lib.) 1938–1939: Louis Frederiq (lib) 1939–1954: Maurice Van den Boogaerde 1954–1963: Albert Mariën (lib.) 1963–1984: Roger de Kinder (BSP) 1984–2004: Herman Balthazar (SP.A) 2004-2013: André Denys (VLD) 2013-2018: Jan Briers (none; nominated by N-VA) 2018–present: Carina Van Cauter (VLD)Timeline: References External links (in Dutch) Official Website	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "East Flanders" ] }
Alush Mërhori (23 February 1923 - 13 January 2011) was an Albanian footballer who played most of his professional career as forward for Besa Kavajë football club. He went on to compete with the club for 17 full seasons before joining the newly formed Partizani Tirana. Mërhori scored the only goal of the match in the 1949 Albanian Cup final against Tirana. He won 3 league and cup titles as a player for Partizani. == References ==	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 58 ], "text": [ "Albania" ] }
Alush Mërhori (23 February 1923 - 13 January 2011) was an Albanian footballer who played most of his professional career as forward for Besa Kavajë football club. He went on to compete with the club for 17 full seasons before joining the newly formed Partizani Tirana. Mërhori scored the only goal of the match in the 1949 Albanian Cup final against Tirana. He won 3 league and cup titles as a player for Partizani. == References ==	member of sports team	{ "answer_start": [ 136 ], "text": [ "Besa Kavajë" ] }
Alush Mërhori (23 February 1923 - 13 January 2011) was an Albanian footballer who played most of his professional career as forward for Besa Kavajë football club. He went on to compete with the club for 17 full seasons before joining the newly formed Partizani Tirana. Mërhori scored the only goal of the match in the 1949 Albanian Cup final against Tirana. He won 3 league and cup titles as a player for Partizani. == References ==	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 124 ], "text": [ "forward" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 568 ], "text": [ "guitarist" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 210 ], "text": [ "neofolk" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	record label	{ "answer_start": [ 2328 ], "text": [ "Tursa" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	member of	{ "answer_start": [ 223 ], "text": [ "Sol Invictus" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 23 ], "text": [ "Wakeford" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 17 ], "text": [ "Tony" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	instrument	{ "answer_start": [ 568 ], "text": [ "guitar" ] }
Anthony Charles "Tony" Wakeford (born 2 May 1959) is an English musician. Wakeford is a member of the left-wing and anti-fascist punk rock band Crisis, a co-founder of the band Death in June and founder of the neofolk band Sol Invictus. Biography Early work Wakeford was the bassist for the English punk rock band Crisis. An openly left-wing and anti-fascist band, Crisis performed at events organized by Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League. Crisis disbanded in 1980, but Wakeford later began touring with a new line-up of the band in 2017. Wakeford, Crisis guitarist Douglas Pearce and Patrick Leagas co-founded the band Death in June. In early 1984, Wakeford was fired from Death in June for "bringing his 'right-wing leanings into the group'"; at the time he had been a member of the National Front (UK). In 2007, Wakeford described his National Front membership as "probably the worst decision of my life". Wakeford had also been a member of the Odinic Rite, a neopagan organization. After being fired from Death in June, Wakeford formed the post-punk band Above the Ruins, and in October 1984, they released a nine song demo album on cassette, Songs of the Wolf, which was distributed through the London-based P.O. box BCM Grimnir, and from the National Front bookshop in Croydon. The band's lyrics denounced communism, capitalism and liberalism. The demo received a favorable review from Nationalism Today, the journal of the National Front. The following year, Above the Ruins contributed the song "The Killing Zone" to No Surrender, a compilation of recordings by white nationalist bands, and in late 1985, announced that their demo would be "soon to be available on record". In 1987, Wakeford distanced himself from right-wing views, and formed Sol Invictus. Years afterward, Wakeford denied ever having been a member of the National Front or Above the Ruins, but later admitted to having been a member of both. Sol Invictus In 1987, Wakeford formed the neofolk band Sol Invictus, adapting the band's name from a cult that predated Christianity. The band's music combines acoustic guitar playing and "neo-classical instrumentation" with elements of industrial music. Due to Wakeford's past political associations, Sol Invictus has been accused of neo-fascism. In 1990, Wakeford formed his own record label, Tursa. With distribution by World Serpent Distribution, Tursa released numerous albums by Sol Invictus, starting with Trees in Winter. After World Serpent dissolved in the 2000s, Cold Spring began distributing the band's albums. Discography References External links Tursa Records, Wakeford's label Tursa Records on My Space	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 56 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
Anne Packard (born 1933) is an American artist best known for atmospheric seascape paintings. Biography Packard was born in 1933 in Hyde Park, New York. While growing up in Hyde Park, she spent her childhood summers in Provincetown, Massachusetts.She comes from a family of artists, including her grandmother, Zella, and grandfather, Max Bohm, a 19th- and 20th-century romantic impressionist who was one of the founding members of an artist colony in Provincetown. She studied at Bard College in New York, and moved to Provincetown in 1977, where she apprenticed under Philip Malicoat.Her daughters Cynthia Packard and Leslie Packard are also notable painters. Her son, Michael Packard, is the only person in recorded history to have been inside a whale's mouth and survive; he was freed as the whale dislodged him from its mouth.Anne Packard opened the doors to Packard Gallery in 1988. The heritage building is located in the historic Gallery District in Provincetown and was once home to a Christian Science Church. Packard Gallery represents the works of Anne Packard and Leslie Packard, two generations of widely exhibited and collected painters. Anne, a renowned landscape artist, paints simple, sparsely-rendered scenes of the Outer Cape and Europe. Leslie paints still-lifes speaking with the simplicity of pure color and elegant form. References External links A portrait of Anne Packard, a short video on YouTube. Packard Gallery	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 133 ], "text": [ "Hyde Park" ] }
Anne Packard (born 1933) is an American artist best known for atmospheric seascape paintings. Biography Packard was born in 1933 in Hyde Park, New York. While growing up in Hyde Park, she spent her childhood summers in Provincetown, Massachusetts.She comes from a family of artists, including her grandmother, Zella, and grandfather, Max Bohm, a 19th- and 20th-century romantic impressionist who was one of the founding members of an artist colony in Provincetown. She studied at Bard College in New York, and moved to Provincetown in 1977, where she apprenticed under Philip Malicoat.Her daughters Cynthia Packard and Leslie Packard are also notable painters. Her son, Michael Packard, is the only person in recorded history to have been inside a whale's mouth and survive; he was freed as the whale dislodged him from its mouth.Anne Packard opened the doors to Packard Gallery in 1988. The heritage building is located in the historic Gallery District in Provincetown and was once home to a Christian Science Church. Packard Gallery represents the works of Anne Packard and Leslie Packard, two generations of widely exhibited and collected painters. Anne, a renowned landscape artist, paints simple, sparsely-rendered scenes of the Outer Cape and Europe. Leslie paints still-lifes speaking with the simplicity of pure color and elegant form. References External links A portrait of Anne Packard, a short video on YouTube. Packard Gallery	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 40 ], "text": [ "artist" ] }
Anne Packard (born 1933) is an American artist best known for atmospheric seascape paintings. Biography Packard was born in 1933 in Hyde Park, New York. While growing up in Hyde Park, she spent her childhood summers in Provincetown, Massachusetts.She comes from a family of artists, including her grandmother, Zella, and grandfather, Max Bohm, a 19th- and 20th-century romantic impressionist who was one of the founding members of an artist colony in Provincetown. She studied at Bard College in New York, and moved to Provincetown in 1977, where she apprenticed under Philip Malicoat.Her daughters Cynthia Packard and Leslie Packard are also notable painters. Her son, Michael Packard, is the only person in recorded history to have been inside a whale's mouth and survive; he was freed as the whale dislodged him from its mouth.Anne Packard opened the doors to Packard Gallery in 1988. The heritage building is located in the historic Gallery District in Provincetown and was once home to a Christian Science Church. Packard Gallery represents the works of Anne Packard and Leslie Packard, two generations of widely exhibited and collected painters. Anne, a renowned landscape artist, paints simple, sparsely-rendered scenes of the Outer Cape and Europe. Leslie paints still-lifes speaking with the simplicity of pure color and elegant form. References External links A portrait of Anne Packard, a short video on YouTube. Packard Gallery	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Packard" ] }
Anne Packard (born 1933) is an American artist best known for atmospheric seascape paintings. Biography Packard was born in 1933 in Hyde Park, New York. While growing up in Hyde Park, she spent her childhood summers in Provincetown, Massachusetts.She comes from a family of artists, including her grandmother, Zella, and grandfather, Max Bohm, a 19th- and 20th-century romantic impressionist who was one of the founding members of an artist colony in Provincetown. She studied at Bard College in New York, and moved to Provincetown in 1977, where she apprenticed under Philip Malicoat.Her daughters Cynthia Packard and Leslie Packard are also notable painters. Her son, Michael Packard, is the only person in recorded history to have been inside a whale's mouth and survive; he was freed as the whale dislodged him from its mouth.Anne Packard opened the doors to Packard Gallery in 1988. The heritage building is located in the historic Gallery District in Provincetown and was once home to a Christian Science Church. Packard Gallery represents the works of Anne Packard and Leslie Packard, two generations of widely exhibited and collected painters. Anne, a renowned landscape artist, paints simple, sparsely-rendered scenes of the Outer Cape and Europe. Leslie paints still-lifes speaking with the simplicity of pure color and elegant form. References External links A portrait of Anne Packard, a short video on YouTube. Packard Gallery	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Anne" ] }
Anne Packard (born 1933) is an American artist best known for atmospheric seascape paintings. Biography Packard was born in 1933 in Hyde Park, New York. While growing up in Hyde Park, she spent her childhood summers in Provincetown, Massachusetts.She comes from a family of artists, including her grandmother, Zella, and grandfather, Max Bohm, a 19th- and 20th-century romantic impressionist who was one of the founding members of an artist colony in Provincetown. She studied at Bard College in New York, and moved to Provincetown in 1977, where she apprenticed under Philip Malicoat.Her daughters Cynthia Packard and Leslie Packard are also notable painters. Her son, Michael Packard, is the only person in recorded history to have been inside a whale's mouth and survive; he was freed as the whale dislodged him from its mouth.Anne Packard opened the doors to Packard Gallery in 1988. The heritage building is located in the historic Gallery District in Provincetown and was once home to a Christian Science Church. Packard Gallery represents the works of Anne Packard and Leslie Packard, two generations of widely exhibited and collected painters. Anne, a renowned landscape artist, paints simple, sparsely-rendered scenes of the Outer Cape and Europe. Leslie paints still-lifes speaking with the simplicity of pure color and elegant form. References External links A portrait of Anne Packard, a short video on YouTube. Packard Gallery	relative	{ "answer_start": [ 335 ], "text": [ "Max Bohm" ] }
The 2000 Vuelta a Castilla y León was the 15th edition of the Vuelta a Castilla y León cycle race and was held on 31 July to 4 August 2000. The race started in Valladolid and finished in Bembibre. The race was won by Francisco Mancebo. Teams Fifteen teams of up to eight riders started the race: General classification == References ==	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Vuelta a Castilla y León" ] }
The 2000 Vuelta a Castilla y León was the 15th edition of the Vuelta a Castilla y León cycle race and was held on 31 July to 4 August 2000. The race started in Valladolid and finished in Bembibre. The race was won by Francisco Mancebo. Teams Fifteen teams of up to eight riders started the race: General classification == References ==	edition number	{ "answer_start": [ 42 ], "text": [ "15" ] }
The 2000 Vuelta a Castilla y León was the 15th edition of the Vuelta a Castilla y León cycle race and was held on 31 July to 4 August 2000. The race started in Valladolid and finished in Bembibre. The race was won by Francisco Mancebo. Teams Fifteen teams of up to eight riders started the race: General classification == References ==	winner	{ "answer_start": [ 217 ], "text": [ "Francisco Mancebo" ] }
The 2000 Vuelta a Castilla y León was the 15th edition of the Vuelta a Castilla y León cycle race and was held on 31 July to 4 August 2000. The race started in Valladolid and finished in Bembibre. The race was won by Francisco Mancebo. Teams Fifteen teams of up to eight riders started the race: General classification == References ==	start point	{ "answer_start": [ 160 ], "text": [ "Valladolid" ] }
Asymmetricata humeralis is a species of firefly found in India and Sri Lanka. Description Dorsum with pale brown elytra with darker brown base and apex. Pronotum entirely pale yellow with paired median brown spots. In male, the aedeagal sheath tergite is emarginated on its right side, whereas the distal apex of the sheath sternite is obliquely truncate. == References ==	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 29 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Asymmetricata humeralis is a species of firefly found in India and Sri Lanka. Description Dorsum with pale brown elytra with darker brown base and apex. Pronotum entirely pale yellow with paired median brown spots. In male, the aedeagal sheath tergite is emarginated on its right side, whereas the distal apex of the sheath sternite is obliquely truncate. == References ==	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Asymmetricata" ] }
Asymmetricata humeralis is a species of firefly found in India and Sri Lanka. Description Dorsum with pale brown elytra with darker brown base and apex. Pronotum entirely pale yellow with paired median brown spots. In male, the aedeagal sheath tergite is emarginated on its right side, whereas the distal apex of the sheath sternite is obliquely truncate. == References ==	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Asymmetricata humeralis" ] }
The Dubara Palace is located at the Simon Bolivar square in the north part of the Garden City district in downtown Cairo, Egypt. It is used for an evangelical church school. It is known as Villa Casdagli or Kasr EL-Dobara Experimental Language School, too. History The Dubara Palace played a major role in modern Egyptian history. It witnessed many conflicts and negotiations between 19th and 20th century royal Egyptian leaders and politicians, Egyptian nationalists, and British "imperialist occupation" administrators. Modeled after Central European hotels particulier in the same genre, Villa Casdagli, now a decaying relic of the past, was built during the first decade of the 20th century by Austrian architect Edward Matasek (1867-1912) reportedly for account of Emanuel Casdagli, a British educated Levantine family of Anatolian Greek origins as the name would suggest, dealing in the lucrative export import trade exporting cotton to England and importing Manchester textiles. [Possibly the house was originally built for banker Felix Suares and, following his death in April 1906, his heirs sold it circa 1909 to the Casdaglis] Although Kasr al-Dubara is today mainly a hotel, office and banking district, it was once Cairo's top drawer residential quarter and home to several members of the Egyptian royal family who built their palaces there, hence the names Kasr al-Nil, Kasr al-Aali, Kasr al-Dubara, etc. (Kasr meaning palace). No 1 Midan Kasr el Doubara in the early 1900s, probably about 1911. This villa had been the British Agency and was occupied by Lord Cromer and then Sir Eldon Gorst. During the first half of this century, Kasr al-Dubara was also the embassy district. When the Casdaglis (Emanuel, later his sons: Alexis and Theodore) were not 'at home' they leased their villa to senior diplomats or diplomatic agencies. In fact, one of Villa Casdagli's pre WW-II tenants was the American Embassy. It was not uncommon in those days for America to lease premises rather than outright buy them. But in March 1947 things changed, when, acting on instructions of the American State Department, US Ambassador Somerville Pinkney Tuck purchased part of the present day embassy compound. This was to become the first ever Egyptian real estate property owned by the American government. Situated at No. 5 Kasr al-Walda Pasha Street (later Amrika al-Latinia St.), Pinkey Tuck's new quarters were a stone's throw from Villa Casdagli. Like the latter villa, it too belonged to a wealthy merchant-businessman, this time a Syrian called Alexander Chedid Bey. Over the years and as American interests in Egypt expanded, the State Department purchased the contiguous properties including Villa Rolo which had also been built by Matasek. Turned into the American Library it was partly burnt down during the 1958 riots. Villas Chedid and Rolo were eventually pulled down, along with the apartment building which had replaced Villa Ades, to accommodate the impregnable American fortress which now occupies the entire hexagon. Behind Villa Casdagli stood, until recently, Villa (Polychroni) Cozzica which belonged to a wealthy Greek family by the same name. For a long time the Cozzicas held the monopoly of distilled alcohol in Egypt. The Villas situated No. 7 Sheikh al Arbain street and No 9 Sheikh al Barakat Street belonged to Héphestion Epaminondas Kyriazi (cf. Kyriazi Frères). The No 7 Sheikh al Arbain was first leased to Mohamed Mahmoud Pacha, Minister of Finance of Egypt and then to the German Legation in Cairo Villa Casdagli's artchitect In his younger days, Villa Casdagli's architect worked and apprenticed for a number of famous Austrian architects including Joseph von Wieser, Arnold Lotz, Ferdinand Fellner and Herman Helmer. It was most probably at the recommendation of Max Herz Bey, the Khedivial court's rising architect, that Matasek took part in the design of the Egyptian display for the 1892 (3?) Chicago World Fair. This was to be in the shape of a Cairo streetscape. From Chicago, Matasek traveled to Egypt where he joined the cabinet of Pattigelli Freres and later that of Maurice Cattaui Bey. Henceforth, Matasek occasionally crossed paths with his Austro-Hungarian compatriot and mentor, Herz Bey. By now Herz was firmly entrenched in the architectural annals of Egypt having built, restored and written about, several of Cairo's most distinguished monuments including the Islamic Museum and the Credit Foncier Bank on Abdelkhalek Sarwat Street. Both Herz Bey and his former protégé were members of the Comité; de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe. Once in Egypt, Matasek designed several of the city's commercial and residential landmarks. Amongst his more famous works is the (listed) Jewish Synagogue, No. 17 Adly Pasha Street in downtown Cairo. Another is the Austro-Hungarian Rudolf Hospital in the now popular district of Shubra. There is also the German School of which parts were pulled down by al-Ahram, the state-owned newspaper and publishing giant. Matasek also took part in the design of Credit Foncier's Cairo headquarters, today the Arab International Bank. Some of Matasek's minor works can be found in the Cairo suburb of Maadi. These include Villa Austria and Matasek's own house which he never occupied in view of his unexpected death during its construction. His fasswerk style villa was pulled down in 1995, weeks after the American Embassy (its last owner) sold it to a developer. Perhaps friends of Cairo's landmarks within the business community would like to participate in the “Adopt A Monument Program” starting with Villa Casdagli. Suffice to reinstate the villa’s inimitable Byzantine hall so that the restorer will be guaranteed a place in heaven right next to Saint George who is so well depicted in both the Villa’s celestial ceiling and the hall’s extraordinary cloister. The positive fallout from such an effort would be enormous striking a rich chord in this highly visible section of Cairo where it counts most. It would also be perceived as part of the city's effort to repair the moral and physical damage caused by decades of neglectful municipal administration and the onslaught of developers. In the case of Villa Casdagli an appropriate and highly visible plaque could be appended on its exterior evidencing this was once the American Embassy. Another plaque would indicate that the restoration of this hotel particulier to its formal splendor was made possible by the generous donations of e.g. Philanthropists & Co. In turn, the government, which suffers from a very serious image problem when it comes to saving our architectural cultural heritage, will have its chance to turn over a new leaf and show that it really means business. Midan Kasr al-Dubara (now Simón Bolívar) could become one of Cairo's most creditable landmarks bringing together the great liberator of South America, a restored Central European hotel particulier, the Mosque of Omar Makram where Egypt's rich and famous are chronically mourned, several infitah banks, the Semiramis Intercontinental Hotel and the dreaded Mogamaa building, a potent symbol of Egypt's titanic bureaucracy. A remarkable juxtapose if there was ever one! See also History of modern Egypt The Former American Embassy in Egypt VILLA CASDAGLI == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 122 ], "text": [ "Egypt" ] }
The Dubara Palace is located at the Simon Bolivar square in the north part of the Garden City district in downtown Cairo, Egypt. It is used for an evangelical church school. It is known as Villa Casdagli or Kasr EL-Dobara Experimental Language School, too. History The Dubara Palace played a major role in modern Egyptian history. It witnessed many conflicts and negotiations between 19th and 20th century royal Egyptian leaders and politicians, Egyptian nationalists, and British "imperialist occupation" administrators. Modeled after Central European hotels particulier in the same genre, Villa Casdagli, now a decaying relic of the past, was built during the first decade of the 20th century by Austrian architect Edward Matasek (1867-1912) reportedly for account of Emanuel Casdagli, a British educated Levantine family of Anatolian Greek origins as the name would suggest, dealing in the lucrative export import trade exporting cotton to England and importing Manchester textiles. [Possibly the house was originally built for banker Felix Suares and, following his death in April 1906, his heirs sold it circa 1909 to the Casdaglis] Although Kasr al-Dubara is today mainly a hotel, office and banking district, it was once Cairo's top drawer residential quarter and home to several members of the Egyptian royal family who built their palaces there, hence the names Kasr al-Nil, Kasr al-Aali, Kasr al-Dubara, etc. (Kasr meaning palace). No 1 Midan Kasr el Doubara in the early 1900s, probably about 1911. This villa had been the British Agency and was occupied by Lord Cromer and then Sir Eldon Gorst. During the first half of this century, Kasr al-Dubara was also the embassy district. When the Casdaglis (Emanuel, later his sons: Alexis and Theodore) were not 'at home' they leased their villa to senior diplomats or diplomatic agencies. In fact, one of Villa Casdagli's pre WW-II tenants was the American Embassy. It was not uncommon in those days for America to lease premises rather than outright buy them. But in March 1947 things changed, when, acting on instructions of the American State Department, US Ambassador Somerville Pinkney Tuck purchased part of the present day embassy compound. This was to become the first ever Egyptian real estate property owned by the American government. Situated at No. 5 Kasr al-Walda Pasha Street (later Amrika al-Latinia St.), Pinkey Tuck's new quarters were a stone's throw from Villa Casdagli. Like the latter villa, it too belonged to a wealthy merchant-businessman, this time a Syrian called Alexander Chedid Bey. Over the years and as American interests in Egypt expanded, the State Department purchased the contiguous properties including Villa Rolo which had also been built by Matasek. Turned into the American Library it was partly burnt down during the 1958 riots. Villas Chedid and Rolo were eventually pulled down, along with the apartment building which had replaced Villa Ades, to accommodate the impregnable American fortress which now occupies the entire hexagon. Behind Villa Casdagli stood, until recently, Villa (Polychroni) Cozzica which belonged to a wealthy Greek family by the same name. For a long time the Cozzicas held the monopoly of distilled alcohol in Egypt. The Villas situated No. 7 Sheikh al Arbain street and No 9 Sheikh al Barakat Street belonged to Héphestion Epaminondas Kyriazi (cf. Kyriazi Frères). The No 7 Sheikh al Arbain was first leased to Mohamed Mahmoud Pacha, Minister of Finance of Egypt and then to the German Legation in Cairo Villa Casdagli's artchitect In his younger days, Villa Casdagli's architect worked and apprenticed for a number of famous Austrian architects including Joseph von Wieser, Arnold Lotz, Ferdinand Fellner and Herman Helmer. It was most probably at the recommendation of Max Herz Bey, the Khedivial court's rising architect, that Matasek took part in the design of the Egyptian display for the 1892 (3?) Chicago World Fair. This was to be in the shape of a Cairo streetscape. From Chicago, Matasek traveled to Egypt where he joined the cabinet of Pattigelli Freres and later that of Maurice Cattaui Bey. Henceforth, Matasek occasionally crossed paths with his Austro-Hungarian compatriot and mentor, Herz Bey. By now Herz was firmly entrenched in the architectural annals of Egypt having built, restored and written about, several of Cairo's most distinguished monuments including the Islamic Museum and the Credit Foncier Bank on Abdelkhalek Sarwat Street. Both Herz Bey and his former protégé were members of the Comité; de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe. Once in Egypt, Matasek designed several of the city's commercial and residential landmarks. Amongst his more famous works is the (listed) Jewish Synagogue, No. 17 Adly Pasha Street in downtown Cairo. Another is the Austro-Hungarian Rudolf Hospital in the now popular district of Shubra. There is also the German School of which parts were pulled down by al-Ahram, the state-owned newspaper and publishing giant. Matasek also took part in the design of Credit Foncier's Cairo headquarters, today the Arab International Bank. Some of Matasek's minor works can be found in the Cairo suburb of Maadi. These include Villa Austria and Matasek's own house which he never occupied in view of his unexpected death during its construction. His fasswerk style villa was pulled down in 1995, weeks after the American Embassy (its last owner) sold it to a developer. Perhaps friends of Cairo's landmarks within the business community would like to participate in the “Adopt A Monument Program” starting with Villa Casdagli. Suffice to reinstate the villa’s inimitable Byzantine hall so that the restorer will be guaranteed a place in heaven right next to Saint George who is so well depicted in both the Villa’s celestial ceiling and the hall’s extraordinary cloister. The positive fallout from such an effort would be enormous striking a rich chord in this highly visible section of Cairo where it counts most. It would also be perceived as part of the city's effort to repair the moral and physical damage caused by decades of neglectful municipal administration and the onslaught of developers. In the case of Villa Casdagli an appropriate and highly visible plaque could be appended on its exterior evidencing this was once the American Embassy. Another plaque would indicate that the restoration of this hotel particulier to its formal splendor was made possible by the generous donations of e.g. Philanthropists & Co. In turn, the government, which suffers from a very serious image problem when it comes to saving our architectural cultural heritage, will have its chance to turn over a new leaf and show that it really means business. Midan Kasr al-Dubara (now Simón Bolívar) could become one of Cairo's most creditable landmarks bringing together the great liberator of South America, a restored Central European hotel particulier, the Mosque of Omar Makram where Egypt's rich and famous are chronically mourned, several infitah banks, the Semiramis Intercontinental Hotel and the dreaded Mogamaa building, a potent symbol of Egypt's titanic bureaucracy. A remarkable juxtapose if there was ever one! See also History of modern Egypt The Former American Embassy in Egypt VILLA CASDAGLI == References ==	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 1518 ], "text": [ "villa" ] }
The Dubara Palace is located at the Simon Bolivar square in the north part of the Garden City district in downtown Cairo, Egypt. It is used for an evangelical church school. It is known as Villa Casdagli or Kasr EL-Dobara Experimental Language School, too. History The Dubara Palace played a major role in modern Egyptian history. It witnessed many conflicts and negotiations between 19th and 20th century royal Egyptian leaders and politicians, Egyptian nationalists, and British "imperialist occupation" administrators. Modeled after Central European hotels particulier in the same genre, Villa Casdagli, now a decaying relic of the past, was built during the first decade of the 20th century by Austrian architect Edward Matasek (1867-1912) reportedly for account of Emanuel Casdagli, a British educated Levantine family of Anatolian Greek origins as the name would suggest, dealing in the lucrative export import trade exporting cotton to England and importing Manchester textiles. [Possibly the house was originally built for banker Felix Suares and, following his death in April 1906, his heirs sold it circa 1909 to the Casdaglis] Although Kasr al-Dubara is today mainly a hotel, office and banking district, it was once Cairo's top drawer residential quarter and home to several members of the Egyptian royal family who built their palaces there, hence the names Kasr al-Nil, Kasr al-Aali, Kasr al-Dubara, etc. (Kasr meaning palace). No 1 Midan Kasr el Doubara in the early 1900s, probably about 1911. This villa had been the British Agency and was occupied by Lord Cromer and then Sir Eldon Gorst. During the first half of this century, Kasr al-Dubara was also the embassy district. When the Casdaglis (Emanuel, later his sons: Alexis and Theodore) were not 'at home' they leased their villa to senior diplomats or diplomatic agencies. In fact, one of Villa Casdagli's pre WW-II tenants was the American Embassy. It was not uncommon in those days for America to lease premises rather than outright buy them. But in March 1947 things changed, when, acting on instructions of the American State Department, US Ambassador Somerville Pinkney Tuck purchased part of the present day embassy compound. This was to become the first ever Egyptian real estate property owned by the American government. Situated at No. 5 Kasr al-Walda Pasha Street (later Amrika al-Latinia St.), Pinkey Tuck's new quarters were a stone's throw from Villa Casdagli. Like the latter villa, it too belonged to a wealthy merchant-businessman, this time a Syrian called Alexander Chedid Bey. Over the years and as American interests in Egypt expanded, the State Department purchased the contiguous properties including Villa Rolo which had also been built by Matasek. Turned into the American Library it was partly burnt down during the 1958 riots. Villas Chedid and Rolo were eventually pulled down, along with the apartment building which had replaced Villa Ades, to accommodate the impregnable American fortress which now occupies the entire hexagon. Behind Villa Casdagli stood, until recently, Villa (Polychroni) Cozzica which belonged to a wealthy Greek family by the same name. For a long time the Cozzicas held the monopoly of distilled alcohol in Egypt. The Villas situated No. 7 Sheikh al Arbain street and No 9 Sheikh al Barakat Street belonged to Héphestion Epaminondas Kyriazi (cf. Kyriazi Frères). The No 7 Sheikh al Arbain was first leased to Mohamed Mahmoud Pacha, Minister of Finance of Egypt and then to the German Legation in Cairo Villa Casdagli's artchitect In his younger days, Villa Casdagli's architect worked and apprenticed for a number of famous Austrian architects including Joseph von Wieser, Arnold Lotz, Ferdinand Fellner and Herman Helmer. It was most probably at the recommendation of Max Herz Bey, the Khedivial court's rising architect, that Matasek took part in the design of the Egyptian display for the 1892 (3?) Chicago World Fair. This was to be in the shape of a Cairo streetscape. From Chicago, Matasek traveled to Egypt where he joined the cabinet of Pattigelli Freres and later that of Maurice Cattaui Bey. Henceforth, Matasek occasionally crossed paths with his Austro-Hungarian compatriot and mentor, Herz Bey. By now Herz was firmly entrenched in the architectural annals of Egypt having built, restored and written about, several of Cairo's most distinguished monuments including the Islamic Museum and the Credit Foncier Bank on Abdelkhalek Sarwat Street. Both Herz Bey and his former protégé were members of the Comité; de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe. Once in Egypt, Matasek designed several of the city's commercial and residential landmarks. Amongst his more famous works is the (listed) Jewish Synagogue, No. 17 Adly Pasha Street in downtown Cairo. Another is the Austro-Hungarian Rudolf Hospital in the now popular district of Shubra. There is also the German School of which parts were pulled down by al-Ahram, the state-owned newspaper and publishing giant. Matasek also took part in the design of Credit Foncier's Cairo headquarters, today the Arab International Bank. Some of Matasek's minor works can be found in the Cairo suburb of Maadi. These include Villa Austria and Matasek's own house which he never occupied in view of his unexpected death during its construction. His fasswerk style villa was pulled down in 1995, weeks after the American Embassy (its last owner) sold it to a developer. Perhaps friends of Cairo's landmarks within the business community would like to participate in the “Adopt A Monument Program” starting with Villa Casdagli. Suffice to reinstate the villa’s inimitable Byzantine hall so that the restorer will be guaranteed a place in heaven right next to Saint George who is so well depicted in both the Villa’s celestial ceiling and the hall’s extraordinary cloister. The positive fallout from such an effort would be enormous striking a rich chord in this highly visible section of Cairo where it counts most. It would also be perceived as part of the city's effort to repair the moral and physical damage caused by decades of neglectful municipal administration and the onslaught of developers. In the case of Villa Casdagli an appropriate and highly visible plaque could be appended on its exterior evidencing this was once the American Embassy. Another plaque would indicate that the restoration of this hotel particulier to its formal splendor was made possible by the generous donations of e.g. Philanthropists & Co. In turn, the government, which suffers from a very serious image problem when it comes to saving our architectural cultural heritage, will have its chance to turn over a new leaf and show that it really means business. Midan Kasr al-Dubara (now Simón Bolívar) could become one of Cairo's most creditable landmarks bringing together the great liberator of South America, a restored Central European hotel particulier, the Mosque of Omar Makram where Egypt's rich and famous are chronically mourned, several infitah banks, the Semiramis Intercontinental Hotel and the dreaded Mogamaa building, a potent symbol of Egypt's titanic bureaucracy. A remarkable juxtapose if there was ever one! See also History of modern Egypt The Former American Embassy in Egypt VILLA CASDAGLI == References ==	architect	{ "answer_start": [ 719 ], "text": [ "Edward Matasek" ] }
The Dubara Palace is located at the Simon Bolivar square in the north part of the Garden City district in downtown Cairo, Egypt. It is used for an evangelical church school. It is known as Villa Casdagli or Kasr EL-Dobara Experimental Language School, too. History The Dubara Palace played a major role in modern Egyptian history. It witnessed many conflicts and negotiations between 19th and 20th century royal Egyptian leaders and politicians, Egyptian nationalists, and British "imperialist occupation" administrators. Modeled after Central European hotels particulier in the same genre, Villa Casdagli, now a decaying relic of the past, was built during the first decade of the 20th century by Austrian architect Edward Matasek (1867-1912) reportedly for account of Emanuel Casdagli, a British educated Levantine family of Anatolian Greek origins as the name would suggest, dealing in the lucrative export import trade exporting cotton to England and importing Manchester textiles. [Possibly the house was originally built for banker Felix Suares and, following his death in April 1906, his heirs sold it circa 1909 to the Casdaglis] Although Kasr al-Dubara is today mainly a hotel, office and banking district, it was once Cairo's top drawer residential quarter and home to several members of the Egyptian royal family who built their palaces there, hence the names Kasr al-Nil, Kasr al-Aali, Kasr al-Dubara, etc. (Kasr meaning palace). No 1 Midan Kasr el Doubara in the early 1900s, probably about 1911. This villa had been the British Agency and was occupied by Lord Cromer and then Sir Eldon Gorst. During the first half of this century, Kasr al-Dubara was also the embassy district. When the Casdaglis (Emanuel, later his sons: Alexis and Theodore) were not 'at home' they leased their villa to senior diplomats or diplomatic agencies. In fact, one of Villa Casdagli's pre WW-II tenants was the American Embassy. It was not uncommon in those days for America to lease premises rather than outright buy them. But in March 1947 things changed, when, acting on instructions of the American State Department, US Ambassador Somerville Pinkney Tuck purchased part of the present day embassy compound. This was to become the first ever Egyptian real estate property owned by the American government. Situated at No. 5 Kasr al-Walda Pasha Street (later Amrika al-Latinia St.), Pinkey Tuck's new quarters were a stone's throw from Villa Casdagli. Like the latter villa, it too belonged to a wealthy merchant-businessman, this time a Syrian called Alexander Chedid Bey. Over the years and as American interests in Egypt expanded, the State Department purchased the contiguous properties including Villa Rolo which had also been built by Matasek. Turned into the American Library it was partly burnt down during the 1958 riots. Villas Chedid and Rolo were eventually pulled down, along with the apartment building which had replaced Villa Ades, to accommodate the impregnable American fortress which now occupies the entire hexagon. Behind Villa Casdagli stood, until recently, Villa (Polychroni) Cozzica which belonged to a wealthy Greek family by the same name. For a long time the Cozzicas held the monopoly of distilled alcohol in Egypt. The Villas situated No. 7 Sheikh al Arbain street and No 9 Sheikh al Barakat Street belonged to Héphestion Epaminondas Kyriazi (cf. Kyriazi Frères). The No 7 Sheikh al Arbain was first leased to Mohamed Mahmoud Pacha, Minister of Finance of Egypt and then to the German Legation in Cairo Villa Casdagli's artchitect In his younger days, Villa Casdagli's architect worked and apprenticed for a number of famous Austrian architects including Joseph von Wieser, Arnold Lotz, Ferdinand Fellner and Herman Helmer. It was most probably at the recommendation of Max Herz Bey, the Khedivial court's rising architect, that Matasek took part in the design of the Egyptian display for the 1892 (3?) Chicago World Fair. This was to be in the shape of a Cairo streetscape. From Chicago, Matasek traveled to Egypt where he joined the cabinet of Pattigelli Freres and later that of Maurice Cattaui Bey. Henceforth, Matasek occasionally crossed paths with his Austro-Hungarian compatriot and mentor, Herz Bey. By now Herz was firmly entrenched in the architectural annals of Egypt having built, restored and written about, several of Cairo's most distinguished monuments including the Islamic Museum and the Credit Foncier Bank on Abdelkhalek Sarwat Street. Both Herz Bey and his former protégé were members of the Comité; de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe. Once in Egypt, Matasek designed several of the city's commercial and residential landmarks. Amongst his more famous works is the (listed) Jewish Synagogue, No. 17 Adly Pasha Street in downtown Cairo. Another is the Austro-Hungarian Rudolf Hospital in the now popular district of Shubra. There is also the German School of which parts were pulled down by al-Ahram, the state-owned newspaper and publishing giant. Matasek also took part in the design of Credit Foncier's Cairo headquarters, today the Arab International Bank. Some of Matasek's minor works can be found in the Cairo suburb of Maadi. These include Villa Austria and Matasek's own house which he never occupied in view of his unexpected death during its construction. His fasswerk style villa was pulled down in 1995, weeks after the American Embassy (its last owner) sold it to a developer. Perhaps friends of Cairo's landmarks within the business community would like to participate in the “Adopt A Monument Program” starting with Villa Casdagli. Suffice to reinstate the villa’s inimitable Byzantine hall so that the restorer will be guaranteed a place in heaven right next to Saint George who is so well depicted in both the Villa’s celestial ceiling and the hall’s extraordinary cloister. The positive fallout from such an effort would be enormous striking a rich chord in this highly visible section of Cairo where it counts most. It would also be perceived as part of the city's effort to repair the moral and physical damage caused by decades of neglectful municipal administration and the onslaught of developers. In the case of Villa Casdagli an appropriate and highly visible plaque could be appended on its exterior evidencing this was once the American Embassy. Another plaque would indicate that the restoration of this hotel particulier to its formal splendor was made possible by the generous donations of e.g. Philanthropists & Co. In turn, the government, which suffers from a very serious image problem when it comes to saving our architectural cultural heritage, will have its chance to turn over a new leaf and show that it really means business. Midan Kasr al-Dubara (now Simón Bolívar) could become one of Cairo's most creditable landmarks bringing together the great liberator of South America, a restored Central European hotel particulier, the Mosque of Omar Makram where Egypt's rich and famous are chronically mourned, several infitah banks, the Semiramis Intercontinental Hotel and the dreaded Mogamaa building, a potent symbol of Egypt's titanic bureaucracy. A remarkable juxtapose if there was ever one! See also History of modern Egypt The Former American Embassy in Egypt VILLA CASDAGLI == References ==	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 189 ], "text": [ "Villa Casdagli" ] }
Thierry "Hazard" Gesteau (French pronunciation: [tiʁi ʒɛsto], [azaʁ]; born June 7, 1962), is a French singer-songwriter from Compiègne, Hauts-de-France. Biography Gesteau was born in Compiègne, and grew up in Sèvres. During the 1980s, he became the singer of the band GPS, an acronym of Garage Psychiatric Suburban (the group's guitarist, Tom "Backerfix" Darnal, became Mano Negra's keyboardist). Hazard released his first solo single "Poupée psychédélique" in 1988 but it passed unnoticed. Two years after, he released "Le Jerk !" which became a huge hit in summer 1990 (#2 in France). His first solo album Pop music was released in 1990 and had a great success thanks to the two titles mentioned above ("Poupée psychédélique" was re-released at the end of 1990, reaching #2 in France), but also with other songs which were much aired on radio such as "Les Brouillards de Londres", "Un Jour c'est oui, un Jour c'est non" and "Les Temps sont durs". A cover of Michel Polnareff's song, "Tout, Tout, pour ma chérie", is also included on this album. In 1994, Hazard launched his second album entitled Où sont passés les Beatniks? with the singles "Julie est trop prude" and "Où sont passés les Beatniks?" but they didn't meet with success. Discography References External links Thierry Hazard, on Bide et musique Thierry Hazard, on Myspace (fan site) Singles by Thierry Hazard, and peak positions in France	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Thierry" ] }
Thierry "Hazard" Gesteau (French pronunciation: [tiʁi ʒɛsto], [azaʁ]; born June 7, 1962), is a French singer-songwriter from Compiègne, Hauts-de-France. Biography Gesteau was born in Compiègne, and grew up in Sèvres. During the 1980s, he became the singer of the band GPS, an acronym of Garage Psychiatric Suburban (the group's guitarist, Tom "Backerfix" Darnal, became Mano Negra's keyboardist). Hazard released his first solo single "Poupée psychédélique" in 1988 but it passed unnoticed. Two years after, he released "Le Jerk !" which became a huge hit in summer 1990 (#2 in France). His first solo album Pop music was released in 1990 and had a great success thanks to the two titles mentioned above ("Poupée psychédélique" was re-released at the end of 1990, reaching #2 in France), but also with other songs which were much aired on radio such as "Les Brouillards de Londres", "Un Jour c'est oui, un Jour c'est non" and "Les Temps sont durs". A cover of Michel Polnareff's song, "Tout, Tout, pour ma chérie", is also included on this album. In 1994, Hazard launched his second album entitled Où sont passés les Beatniks? with the singles "Julie est trop prude" and "Où sont passés les Beatniks?" but they didn't meet with success. Discography References External links Thierry Hazard, on Bide et musique Thierry Hazard, on Myspace (fan site) Singles by Thierry Hazard, and peak positions in France	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 126 ], "text": [ "Compiègne" ] }
Thierry "Hazard" Gesteau (French pronunciation: [tiʁi ʒɛsto], [azaʁ]; born June 7, 1962), is a French singer-songwriter from Compiègne, Hauts-de-France. Biography Gesteau was born in Compiègne, and grew up in Sèvres. During the 1980s, he became the singer of the band GPS, an acronym of Garage Psychiatric Suburban (the group's guitarist, Tom "Backerfix" Darnal, became Mano Negra's keyboardist). Hazard released his first solo single "Poupée psychédélique" in 1988 but it passed unnoticed. Two years after, he released "Le Jerk !" which became a huge hit in summer 1990 (#2 in France). His first solo album Pop music was released in 1990 and had a great success thanks to the two titles mentioned above ("Poupée psychédélique" was re-released at the end of 1990, reaching #2 in France), but also with other songs which were much aired on radio such as "Les Brouillards de Londres", "Un Jour c'est oui, un Jour c'est non" and "Les Temps sont durs". A cover of Michel Polnareff's song, "Tout, Tout, pour ma chérie", is also included on this album. In 1994, Hazard launched his second album entitled Où sont passés les Beatniks? with the singles "Julie est trop prude" and "Où sont passés les Beatniks?" but they didn't meet with success. Discography References External links Thierry Hazard, on Bide et musique Thierry Hazard, on Myspace (fan site) Singles by Thierry Hazard, and peak positions in France	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 146 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
Thierry "Hazard" Gesteau (French pronunciation: [tiʁi ʒɛsto], [azaʁ]; born June 7, 1962), is a French singer-songwriter from Compiègne, Hauts-de-France. Biography Gesteau was born in Compiègne, and grew up in Sèvres. During the 1980s, he became the singer of the band GPS, an acronym of Garage Psychiatric Suburban (the group's guitarist, Tom "Backerfix" Darnal, became Mano Negra's keyboardist). Hazard released his first solo single "Poupée psychédélique" in 1988 but it passed unnoticed. Two years after, he released "Le Jerk !" which became a huge hit in summer 1990 (#2 in France). His first solo album Pop music was released in 1990 and had a great success thanks to the two titles mentioned above ("Poupée psychédélique" was re-released at the end of 1990, reaching #2 in France), but also with other songs which were much aired on radio such as "Les Brouillards de Londres", "Un Jour c'est oui, un Jour c'est non" and "Les Temps sont durs". A cover of Michel Polnareff's song, "Tout, Tout, pour ma chérie", is also included on this album. In 1994, Hazard launched his second album entitled Où sont passés les Beatniks? with the singles "Julie est trop prude" and "Où sont passés les Beatniks?" but they didn't meet with success. Discography References External links Thierry Hazard, on Bide et musique Thierry Hazard, on Myspace (fan site) Singles by Thierry Hazard, and peak positions in France	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 103 ], "text": [ "singer" ] }
Thierry "Hazard" Gesteau (French pronunciation: [tiʁi ʒɛsto], [azaʁ]; born June 7, 1962), is a French singer-songwriter from Compiègne, Hauts-de-France. Biography Gesteau was born in Compiègne, and grew up in Sèvres. During the 1980s, he became the singer of the band GPS, an acronym of Garage Psychiatric Suburban (the group's guitarist, Tom "Backerfix" Darnal, became Mano Negra's keyboardist). Hazard released his first solo single "Poupée psychédélique" in 1988 but it passed unnoticed. Two years after, he released "Le Jerk !" which became a huge hit in summer 1990 (#2 in France). His first solo album Pop music was released in 1990 and had a great success thanks to the two titles mentioned above ("Poupée psychédélique" was re-released at the end of 1990, reaching #2 in France), but also with other songs which were much aired on radio such as "Les Brouillards de Londres", "Un Jour c'est oui, un Jour c'est non" and "Les Temps sont durs". A cover of Michel Polnareff's song, "Tout, Tout, pour ma chérie", is also included on this album. In 1994, Hazard launched his second album entitled Où sont passés les Beatniks? with the singles "Julie est trop prude" and "Où sont passés les Beatniks?" but they didn't meet with success. Discography References External links Thierry Hazard, on Bide et musique Thierry Hazard, on Myspace (fan site) Singles by Thierry Hazard, and peak positions in France	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Hazard" ] }
Thierry "Hazard" Gesteau (French pronunciation: [tiʁi ʒɛsto], [azaʁ]; born June 7, 1962), is a French singer-songwriter from Compiègne, Hauts-de-France. Biography Gesteau was born in Compiègne, and grew up in Sèvres. During the 1980s, he became the singer of the band GPS, an acronym of Garage Psychiatric Suburban (the group's guitarist, Tom "Backerfix" Darnal, became Mano Negra's keyboardist). Hazard released his first solo single "Poupée psychédélique" in 1988 but it passed unnoticed. Two years after, he released "Le Jerk !" which became a huge hit in summer 1990 (#2 in France). His first solo album Pop music was released in 1990 and had a great success thanks to the two titles mentioned above ("Poupée psychédélique" was re-released at the end of 1990, reaching #2 in France), but also with other songs which were much aired on radio such as "Les Brouillards de Londres", "Un Jour c'est oui, un Jour c'est non" and "Les Temps sont durs". A cover of Michel Polnareff's song, "Tout, Tout, pour ma chérie", is also included on this album. In 1994, Hazard launched his second album entitled Où sont passés les Beatniks? with the singles "Julie est trop prude" and "Où sont passés les Beatniks?" but they didn't meet with success. Discography References External links Thierry Hazard, on Bide et musique Thierry Hazard, on Myspace (fan site) Singles by Thierry Hazard, and peak positions in France	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 26 ], "text": [ "French" ] }
Thierry "Hazard" Gesteau (French pronunciation: [tiʁi ʒɛsto], [azaʁ]; born June 7, 1962), is a French singer-songwriter from Compiègne, Hauts-de-France. Biography Gesteau was born in Compiègne, and grew up in Sèvres. During the 1980s, he became the singer of the band GPS, an acronym of Garage Psychiatric Suburban (the group's guitarist, Tom "Backerfix" Darnal, became Mano Negra's keyboardist). Hazard released his first solo single "Poupée psychédélique" in 1988 but it passed unnoticed. Two years after, he released "Le Jerk !" which became a huge hit in summer 1990 (#2 in France). His first solo album Pop music was released in 1990 and had a great success thanks to the two titles mentioned above ("Poupée psychédélique" was re-released at the end of 1990, reaching #2 in France), but also with other songs which were much aired on radio such as "Les Brouillards de Londres", "Un Jour c'est oui, un Jour c'est non" and "Les Temps sont durs". A cover of Michel Polnareff's song, "Tout, Tout, pour ma chérie", is also included on this album. In 1994, Hazard launched his second album entitled Où sont passés les Beatniks? with the singles "Julie est trop prude" and "Où sont passés les Beatniks?" but they didn't meet with success. Discography References External links Thierry Hazard, on Bide et musique Thierry Hazard, on Myspace (fan site) Singles by Thierry Hazard, and peak positions in France	name in native language	{ "answer_start": [ 1280 ], "text": [ "Thierry Hazard" ] }
Sex, Slander, and Salvation (Investigating The Family/Children of God) was a 1994 book edited by J. Gordon Melton and James R. Lewis, on the Family International. Sex, Slander, and Salvation consists of 17 chapters made up of essays and research papers revolving around the Family International religious movement. The introduction was written by James R. Lewis. Critical reception Robert Balch, critiquing the book in a 1996 issue of Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, wrote that the book suffered from a "methodological flaw running throughout the book." According to Balch sources of information were limited exclusively to committed members and Family literature failing to triangulate it with ex-member testimony. Balch also expressed concern about the scholars being subjected to impression management by the Family thus skewing their research data. Balch concluded that it was a book worth having for the information on the Family but also for the "serious questions it raises about bias in the way new religions are studied."Richard Singelenberg discussed the book in a review he wrote for the Journal of Contemporary Religion; he wrote favorably on it but identified two flaws he found in the book. One of these was the repeated characterization of law enforcement actions as "Gestapo Methods", including one time where it said the "Nazi jackboots are alive and well." Singelenberg also expressed concern at the paying of "scanty attention to the movement's doctrines on Judaism" and that there was no excuse for "excluding a thorough and detached analysis" of the movement's alleged anti-semitic beliefs. Despite these flaws Singelenberg concluded the book was a "reliable portrait of a movement in constant flux." Singelenberg lamented the fact that Sex, Slander, and Salvation was published just before David Berg's death and the Love Charter's reorganization of the Family International. Singelenberg emphasized the two events would be sure to have "profound effects" on the Family.James D. Chancellor, a Christian researcher who undertook his own study of The Family, wrote in Toward Reflexive Ethnography: Participating, Observing, Narrating (2001) that "a number of insightful articles" in Sex, Slander and Salvation were among "the most useful sources" he had consulted at the beginning of his own research.Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi in the 2001 book Misunderstanding Cults characterized the work as "made-to-order PR efforts (with a few scholarly papers which got in by honest mistakes on the part of both authors and editors)" and just one of the "extreme examples of the literature of apologetics that has dominated NRM research for years." Media Homes Stephen A. Kent and Theresa Krebs would later allege the use of "media homes" during the course of the researchers' studies for Sex, Slander and Salvation. "Media homes" were described by Kent and Krebs as follows: "Hand-picked individuals living in these well-funded facilities went through rehearsals about how to portray themselves and the group to media, scholars, and others who might scrutinize them." Kent and Krebs also noted question-and-answer pamphlets produced by the group to prevent members from "revealing sensitive information about the group." == References ==	author	{ "answer_start": [ 97 ], "text": [ "J. Gordon Melton" ] }
Sex, Slander, and Salvation (Investigating The Family/Children of God) was a 1994 book edited by J. Gordon Melton and James R. Lewis, on the Family International. Sex, Slander, and Salvation consists of 17 chapters made up of essays and research papers revolving around the Family International religious movement. The introduction was written by James R. Lewis. Critical reception Robert Balch, critiquing the book in a 1996 issue of Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, wrote that the book suffered from a "methodological flaw running throughout the book." According to Balch sources of information were limited exclusively to committed members and Family literature failing to triangulate it with ex-member testimony. Balch also expressed concern about the scholars being subjected to impression management by the Family thus skewing their research data. Balch concluded that it was a book worth having for the information on the Family but also for the "serious questions it raises about bias in the way new religions are studied."Richard Singelenberg discussed the book in a review he wrote for the Journal of Contemporary Religion; he wrote favorably on it but identified two flaws he found in the book. One of these was the repeated characterization of law enforcement actions as "Gestapo Methods", including one time where it said the "Nazi jackboots are alive and well." Singelenberg also expressed concern at the paying of "scanty attention to the movement's doctrines on Judaism" and that there was no excuse for "excluding a thorough and detached analysis" of the movement's alleged anti-semitic beliefs. Despite these flaws Singelenberg concluded the book was a "reliable portrait of a movement in constant flux." Singelenberg lamented the fact that Sex, Slander, and Salvation was published just before David Berg's death and the Love Charter's reorganization of the Family International. Singelenberg emphasized the two events would be sure to have "profound effects" on the Family.James D. Chancellor, a Christian researcher who undertook his own study of The Family, wrote in Toward Reflexive Ethnography: Participating, Observing, Narrating (2001) that "a number of insightful articles" in Sex, Slander and Salvation were among "the most useful sources" he had consulted at the beginning of his own research.Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi in the 2001 book Misunderstanding Cults characterized the work as "made-to-order PR efforts (with a few scholarly papers which got in by honest mistakes on the part of both authors and editors)" and just one of the "extreme examples of the literature of apologetics that has dominated NRM research for years." Media Homes Stephen A. Kent and Theresa Krebs would later allege the use of "media homes" during the course of the researchers' studies for Sex, Slander and Salvation. "Media homes" were described by Kent and Krebs as follows: "Hand-picked individuals living in these well-funded facilities went through rehearsals about how to portray themselves and the group to media, scholars, and others who might scrutinize them." Kent and Krebs also noted question-and-answer pamphlets produced by the group to prevent members from "revealing sensitive information about the group." == References ==	title	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Sex, Slander, and Salvation" ] }
Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist. Mayer was born in Bechtheim in Rhenish Hesse. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Giessen and Tübingen, where in 1865 he obtained his doctorate. He subsequently worked with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in Heidelberg, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895) and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839–1884) in Leipzig, and with Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892) in Vienna. In 1869 he was habilitated for physiology at Vienna, and during the next year became Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering's assistant in Prague. In 1872 he became an associate professor and in 1887 a full professor. From 1880 he was director at the newly founded institute of histology. Mayer made several important contributions particularly concerning the physiology of the heart and vessels, respiration and intestines. He was one of the first to describe chromaffin cells in the sympathetic nerve, and with Ewald Hering and Ludwig Traube, his name is associated with "Traube–Hering–Mayer waves", a phenomenon that deals with rhythmic variations in arterial blood pressure.In addition to his scholarly papers published in scientific journals, he made contributions to Salomon Stricker's Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere (1872) and to Ludimar Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie (1879). He was also author of Histologisches Taschenbuch (1887). Mayer died September 1910 in Prague. Publications Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe 6. Abhandlung: Über spontane Blutdruckschwankungen. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Anatomie, 1876, 74: 281–307 References Sigmund Mayer @ the Jewish Encyclopedia, retrieved 5 April 2009. Siegmund Mayer @ Who Named It, retrieved 5 April 2009. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd. 5, 1972. ISBN 3-7001-2146-6, S. 446f.	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 490 ], "text": [ "Vienna" ] }
Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist. Mayer was born in Bechtheim in Rhenish Hesse. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Giessen and Tübingen, where in 1865 he obtained his doctorate. He subsequently worked with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in Heidelberg, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895) and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839–1884) in Leipzig, and with Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892) in Vienna. In 1869 he was habilitated for physiology at Vienna, and during the next year became Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering's assistant in Prague. In 1872 he became an associate professor and in 1887 a full professor. From 1880 he was director at the newly founded institute of histology. Mayer made several important contributions particularly concerning the physiology of the heart and vessels, respiration and intestines. He was one of the first to describe chromaffin cells in the sympathetic nerve, and with Ewald Hering and Ludwig Traube, his name is associated with "Traube–Hering–Mayer waves", a phenomenon that deals with rhythmic variations in arterial blood pressure.In addition to his scholarly papers published in scientific journals, he made contributions to Salomon Stricker's Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere (1872) and to Ludimar Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie (1879). He was also author of Histologisches Taschenbuch (1887). Mayer died September 1910 in Prague. Publications Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe 6. Abhandlung: Über spontane Blutdruckschwankungen. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Anatomie, 1876, 74: 281–307 References Sigmund Mayer @ the Jewish Encyclopedia, retrieved 5 April 2009. Siegmund Mayer @ Who Named It, retrieved 5 April 2009. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd. 5, 1972. ISBN 3-7001-2146-6, S. 446f.	residence	{ "answer_start": [ 490 ], "text": [ "Vienna" ] }
Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist. Mayer was born in Bechtheim in Rhenish Hesse. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Giessen and Tübingen, where in 1865 he obtained his doctorate. He subsequently worked with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in Heidelberg, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895) and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839–1884) in Leipzig, and with Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892) in Vienna. In 1869 he was habilitated for physiology at Vienna, and during the next year became Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering's assistant in Prague. In 1872 he became an associate professor and in 1887 a full professor. From 1880 he was director at the newly founded institute of histology. Mayer made several important contributions particularly concerning the physiology of the heart and vessels, respiration and intestines. He was one of the first to describe chromaffin cells in the sympathetic nerve, and with Ewald Hering and Ludwig Traube, his name is associated with "Traube–Hering–Mayer waves", a phenomenon that deals with rhythmic variations in arterial blood pressure.In addition to his scholarly papers published in scientific journals, he made contributions to Salomon Stricker's Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere (1872) and to Ludimar Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie (1879). He was also author of Histologisches Taschenbuch (1887). Mayer died September 1910 in Prague. Publications Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe 6. Abhandlung: Über spontane Blutdruckschwankungen. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Anatomie, 1876, 74: 281–307 References Sigmund Mayer @ the Jewish Encyclopedia, retrieved 5 April 2009. Siegmund Mayer @ Who Named It, retrieved 5 April 2009. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd. 5, 1972. ISBN 3-7001-2146-6, S. 446f.	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Mayer" ] }
Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist. Mayer was born in Bechtheim in Rhenish Hesse. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Giessen and Tübingen, where in 1865 he obtained his doctorate. He subsequently worked with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in Heidelberg, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895) and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839–1884) in Leipzig, and with Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892) in Vienna. In 1869 he was habilitated for physiology at Vienna, and during the next year became Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering's assistant in Prague. In 1872 he became an associate professor and in 1887 a full professor. From 1880 he was director at the newly founded institute of histology. Mayer made several important contributions particularly concerning the physiology of the heart and vessels, respiration and intestines. He was one of the first to describe chromaffin cells in the sympathetic nerve, and with Ewald Hering and Ludwig Traube, his name is associated with "Traube–Hering–Mayer waves", a phenomenon that deals with rhythmic variations in arterial blood pressure.In addition to his scholarly papers published in scientific journals, he made contributions to Salomon Stricker's Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere (1872) and to Ludimar Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie (1879). He was also author of Histologisches Taschenbuch (1887). Mayer died September 1910 in Prague. Publications Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe 6. Abhandlung: Über spontane Blutdruckschwankungen. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Anatomie, 1876, 74: 281–307 References Sigmund Mayer @ the Jewish Encyclopedia, retrieved 5 April 2009. Siegmund Mayer @ Who Named It, retrieved 5 April 2009. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd. 5, 1972. ISBN 3-7001-2146-6, S. 446f.	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Siegmund" ] }
Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist. Mayer was born in Bechtheim in Rhenish Hesse. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Giessen and Tübingen, where in 1865 he obtained his doctorate. He subsequently worked with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in Heidelberg, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895) and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839–1884) in Leipzig, and with Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892) in Vienna. In 1869 he was habilitated for physiology at Vienna, and during the next year became Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering's assistant in Prague. In 1872 he became an associate professor and in 1887 a full professor. From 1880 he was director at the newly founded institute of histology. Mayer made several important contributions particularly concerning the physiology of the heart and vessels, respiration and intestines. He was one of the first to describe chromaffin cells in the sympathetic nerve, and with Ewald Hering and Ludwig Traube, his name is associated with "Traube–Hering–Mayer waves", a phenomenon that deals with rhythmic variations in arterial blood pressure.In addition to his scholarly papers published in scientific journals, he made contributions to Salomon Stricker's Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere (1872) and to Ludimar Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie (1879). He was also author of Histologisches Taschenbuch (1887). Mayer died September 1910 in Prague. Publications Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe 6. Abhandlung: Über spontane Blutdruckschwankungen. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Anatomie, 1876, 74: 281–307 References Sigmund Mayer @ the Jewish Encyclopedia, retrieved 5 April 2009. Siegmund Mayer @ Who Named It, retrieved 5 April 2009. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd. 5, 1972. ISBN 3-7001-2146-6, S. 446f.	name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Siegmund Mayer" ] }
Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist. Mayer was born in Bechtheim in Rhenish Hesse. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Giessen and Tübingen, where in 1865 he obtained his doctorate. He subsequently worked with Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) in Heidelberg, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895) and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839–1884) in Leipzig, and with Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892) in Vienna. In 1869 he was habilitated for physiology at Vienna, and during the next year became Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering's assistant in Prague. In 1872 he became an associate professor and in 1887 a full professor. From 1880 he was director at the newly founded institute of histology. Mayer made several important contributions particularly concerning the physiology of the heart and vessels, respiration and intestines. He was one of the first to describe chromaffin cells in the sympathetic nerve, and with Ewald Hering and Ludwig Traube, his name is associated with "Traube–Hering–Mayer waves", a phenomenon that deals with rhythmic variations in arterial blood pressure.In addition to his scholarly papers published in scientific journals, he made contributions to Salomon Stricker's Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere (1872) and to Ludimar Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie (1879). He was also author of Histologisches Taschenbuch (1887). Mayer died September 1910 in Prague. Publications Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe 6. Abhandlung: Über spontane Blutdruckschwankungen. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Anatomie, 1876, 74: 281–307 References Sigmund Mayer @ the Jewish Encyclopedia, retrieved 5 April 2009. Siegmund Mayer @ Who Named It, retrieved 5 April 2009. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd. 5, 1972. ISBN 3-7001-2146-6, S. 446f.	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 66 ], "text": [ "physiologist" ] }

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