question
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list | id
stringlengths 1
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76375",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "```\n\n 英語での記載にこだわる理由は何でしょうか？\n 今まで通り(日本語で)に記載して頂きたいです。\n \n```\n\nI have no idea what `にこだわる` means here.\n\nThe nuance is once day, my Japanese translator who suddenly switched to\nEnglish (instead of Japanese like normal) to translate a question, and she\nsubmitted it to the Japanese client.\n\nAfter that, I received above feedback from my client. My translator told me\nthat the question was a little bit tricky to translate to Japanese, so she\ndecided to go with English. It seems like the client was not happy with\nEnglish there, so I guess the `にこだわる` means something like `get stuck`,\ndoesn't it?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T13:26:08.390",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76365",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-05T05:27:23.123",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-05T05:27:23.123",
"last_editor_user_id": "38393",
"owner_user_id": "38393",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of にこだわる?",
"view_count": 251
}
|
[
{
"body": "While there is an argument to be made that this question can be answered by a\ndictionary lookup (as provided by macraf), I think that `こだわる` can be a little\nbit tricky sometimes and so this warrants an answer.\n\n`こだわる` can mean things across a fairly wide range of English words. Jisho\nprovides a [decent\ndefinition](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8B),\nalthough as always the monolingual dictionary has [more\ninfo](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8B-267279).\nVery broadly, it typically has to do with having a strong preference or\nconcern in a way that is unexpected. It can be unexpected because it's just\nnot something most people care about that much, unexpected because the actual\npreference is unusual, or both.\n\nFor example\n\n> 細かいことにこだわる\n\ndescribes being nitpicky about small details, or as Jisho aptly translates it\n\"splitting hairs\". It can also express explicit choices motivated by unusual\npreferences as above, which is what's happening in your case. For\n\n> 英語での記載にこだわる理由は何でしょうか？\n\na very literal translation might be\n\n> What is the reason that (you) insist on writing in English?\n\n`insist` here is the closest thing I can think of in English that captures the\nnuance of choosing something in spite of implied norms or better practices.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T01:34:47.783",
"id": "76375",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-05T01:34:47.783",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7705",
"parent_id": "76365",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
76365
|
76375
|
76375
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there kanji for いいですね?\n\nI see that よいですね can be written as 良いですね.\n\nIn context, is 良いですね understood and read as いいですね?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T14:31:08.843",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76366",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-04T14:48:56.370",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-04T14:48:56.370",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "29665",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"kanji",
"nuances",
"readings",
"adjectives"
],
"title": "Is there a kanji for いいですね?",
"view_count": 422
}
|
[
{
"body": "いいですね is a conversational expression which can be used with the meaning \"That\nsounds good!\", \"Good idea!\", \"Great!\", etc. When used in this sense, I would\nthink most people would write it with _kana_. (Often it would be strange to\nsay よいですね instead.)\n\nOn the other hand, writing 良いですね can also be read いいですね, but it feels like 良い\nis used with a more precise meaning of \"good\" (as opposed to \"not good\" or\n\"bad\"). So 良いですね looks like it should be used _when it could also be read as_\nよいですね (without sounding out-of-place).\n\nSo, いいですね can sometimes be written 良いですね, but I would think there are also\nuses of いいですね where it is better written in _kana_.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T14:47:41.697",
"id": "76367",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-04T14:47:41.697",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "76366",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
76366
| null |
76367
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "77038",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading a [web manga](https://www.pixiv.net/artworks/80391328), and came\nacross this panel:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/yVl9D.png)\n\nThe spring break (春休み) has just started for this character, and apparently she\nrefers to the following as poem (as in 詩を詠んでしまった):\n\n> 学校が\n>\n> あるから\n>\n> お休みが\n>\n> 染みるん\n>\n> だなあ\n\nMy translation:\n\n> It's because school days exist that holidays make a deep impression on you.\n\nWhich I understand.\n\nBut from the way the lines are broken, I can't see a 5-7-5 syllable pattern,\nso I'm not sure what distinguishing feature this thing has that makes it a\n\"poem\". It could have been some random text that someone has written and\nsigned with their name, right?\n\nIs there some kind of rhythm to read this that makes this particularly poetic\nor something?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T15:25:50.713",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76368",
"last_activity_date": "2020-05-04T03:44:10.690",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "18200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"manga",
"culture"
],
"title": "Why is \"学校があるからお休みが染みるんだなあ\" a poem?",
"view_count": 206
}
|
[
{
"body": "Correct, it is a [free verse poem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_verse).\nThere is no rhythm. For me, this reminds me of\n[相田みつを](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%94%B0%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A4%E3%82%92)\npoems. See [these images](https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2136756405322359501)\nand see if you agree with me!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-05-04T03:44:10.690",
"id": "77038",
"last_activity_date": "2020-05-04T03:44:10.690",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3059",
"parent_id": "76368",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
] |
76368
|
77038
|
77038
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I was learning how to count months and the online video gave the expression in\nboth hiragana and kanji.\n\nHere is an example:\n\n5 months\n\nごかげつ\n\n5ケ月\n\nWhy is that ケ there ?\n\nShould it not be ka ? As in か or カ ?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T15:47:17.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76369",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-04T15:47:17.703",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "29665",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Why is ケ here intead of か or カ?",
"view_count": 57
}
|
[] |
76369
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76377",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From [this link](https://qiita.com/maskedw/items/e73df32007934e75d9e3),\n\n> ずらずらとでてくるので、無関係そうな所は除外しています。`ignoring nonexistent directory \"/dammy/xxx\"`\n> という **あたり** がそれっぽいですね\n\nThere is [another\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/21774/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A-at-\nthe-end-of-the-sentence), where あたり is used in the following way:\n\n> 「(an example) + あたり + (speaker's comment or opinion)」\n\nwhich, as the answer indicates, is used to soften the tone. With this\ninterpretation, my understanding of this sentence would be something like:\n\n> Since the code is quite an endless stream, I am excluding bits that are not\n> related. Lines containing `ignoring nonexistent directory \"/dammy/xxx\"` seem\n> to be aplenty and I've removed a lot of them.\n\nJust doesn't seem right to me though.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T15:52:46.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76370",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-05T04:40:48.280",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "36831",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "How to interpret あたり in this sentence?",
"view_count": 142
}
|
[
{
"body": "This あたり refers to a location **around** something. The question you linked is\nusing あたり in a more abstract sense, but in your case, it simply refers to a\nphysical location on screen. The author is saying \"The place **around** the\nlines that say `ignoring nonexistent directory \"/dammy/xxx\"` seems relevant\".\n\nSince this is an output from a program, he used という, but this ～というあたり can be\nsafely replaced by simpler ～のあたり.\n\nSee also: [Difference between 辺り and\n周り](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57266/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T03:39:43.650",
"id": "76377",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-05T04:40:48.280",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-05T04:40:48.280",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76370",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
76370
|
76377
|
76377
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Whats the difference in using a たとえ in a sentence. For example:\n\n**たとえ** 行かなくてもいいんだ\n\n行かなくてもいいんだ\n\nFrom what I understand, even without using たとえ, the sentence already mean \"\n_even_ if you don't go, it's ok\". So what's the point in adding たとえ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T19:24:58.863",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76371",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T02:19:33.263",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-04T19:30:45.423",
"last_editor_user_id": "31222",
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference in adding a たとえ",
"view_count": 160
}
|
[
{
"body": "Let's compare some sentences:\n\n1A くびになっても真実を言うつもりだ。 1B たとえくびになっても真実を言うつもりだ。\n\n2A 本当だとしても証拠がない。 2B たとえ本当だとしても証拠がない。\n\n3A 彼が何と言っても言うことを聞くな。 3B たとえ彼が何と言っても言うことを聞くな。\n\n1: Even if it costs me my job, I will tell the truth.\n\n2: Even granting that it's true, there is no evidence.\n\n3: No matter what he says, you must not listen to him.\n\nIn these examples, the meaning of A and B are practically the same. Even\nthough A don't have \"たとえ\", they already imply the meaning of \"even\" (\"ても\"\nfunctions as \"even if\").\n\nBut B (using \"たとえ\") emphasize the part \"even if\". The first part of each\nsentences may not happen, but even if it happens, the second part wouldn't be\nchanged.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T04:02:01.323",
"id": "76378",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T02:19:33.263",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-06T02:19:33.263",
"last_editor_user_id": "36915",
"owner_user_id": "36915",
"parent_id": "76371",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76371
| null |
76378
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How to express \"such that\" at the **beginning** of a sentence. For example:\n\nI will clean the floor real good. **Such that** you will not see even a stain\non it.\n\nIn japanese:\n\n地をきれいにするさ。( _Such that_ ) これぽっちの染色も見えないように\n\nIs there a similar term in japanese? Or does the ように already sort of imply\n\"such that\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T22:06:11.383",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76373",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T12:04:39.753",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "How to express \"such that\" at the beginning of a sentence",
"view_count": 123
}
|
[
{
"body": "> Is there a similar term in japanese?\n\nYes. \nほどに or くらいに would work.\n\n地をきれいにするさ。これぽっちの染色も見えないくらいに。 \n地をきれいにするさ。これぽっちの染色も見えないほどに。\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, if I translate \"I will clean the floor real good. Such that you\nwill not see even a stain on it\" into Japanese, it's: \n床をきれいにするさ。これぽっちのしみも見えないくらいに。 \n床をきれいにするさ。これぽっちのしみも見えないほどに。\n\nfloor → 床 \nBecause 地 stands more for \"ground.\"\n\nstain → しみ \nBecause 染色 is \"coloring something.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T12:04:39.753",
"id": "76422",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T12:04:39.753",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38428",
"parent_id": "76373",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76373
| null |
76422
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76379",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> **こうなるとテストで露骨に手は抜けない。**\n\nI found\n[手が抜けない](https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E6%89%8B%E3%81%8C%E6%8A%9C%E3%81%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)\nand\n[手の抜けない](https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%8A%9C%E3%81%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84),\nbut I couldn't find **手は抜けない**. Is there any different meaning between\n**手は抜けない** and **手が抜けない**?\n\nThank you in advance for you kind guidance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-04T23:54:43.880",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76374",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-05T04:37:07.187",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35087",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "the meaning of 手は抜けない",
"view_count": 219
}
|
[
{
"body": "You should remember this set phrase as **手を抜く** , which means \"to cut corners\"\nor \"to get lazy\". 抜く is a simple transitive verb that means \"to omit\" here.\nIts variations can be explained by the basic grammar rules.\n\n * In potential form, を can be replaced by が, so we can say **手が抜ける** / **手が抜けない** as well as **手を抜ける** / **手を抜けない**. See: [The difference between が and を with the potential form of a verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/609/5010)\n * Since there is a rule called ga-no conversion, **手の抜けない** is also fine when it modifies something as a relative clause (e.g., 手の抜けない仕事 \"the task which you cannot cut corners on\"). See: [How does the の work in 「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)\n * When this set phrase has a negation, は can be used without a strong contrastive meaning, so **手は抜けない** is also fine. See: [Why is the topic marker often used in negative statements (ではない, ～とは思わない)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1077/5010)\n\nIn conclusion, 手は抜けない in your sentence is interchangeable with 手が抜けない and\n手を抜けない (but not 手の抜けない). There is no big difference in meaning.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T04:05:00.327",
"id": "76379",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-05T04:37:07.187",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-05T04:37:07.187",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76374",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
76374
|
76379
|
76379
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "When I was sixteen I got my first tattoo and I choose this kanji \" 兵 \" because\nI saw that stands for warrior. A couple of years after, I saw that the kanji\nstands more for \"soldiers\" than \"warrior\" (meaning a brave man).\n\nI don't know if the meaning is wrong or it can be disrespectful to the\njapanese culture.\n\nThank you for answering!\n\nM.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T09:08:07.433",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76380",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-05T09:30:04.577",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-05T09:30:04.577",
"last_editor_user_id": "34735",
"owner_user_id": "38402",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"kanji"
],
"title": "Question about the kanji 兵",
"view_count": 122
}
|
[] |
76380
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76390",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In found this sentence in a novel (甘城ブリリアントパーク). The person that is talked\nabout here is a fairly intelligent guy who is at the time of utterance\nvisiting a theme park. He has seen several mascots already which are all\ndesigned in a similar pattern. After he sees the outfit of yet another one\nthis sentence is expressed.\n\n> 「（オーソドックスなかわいさとでもいうのか。）きちんとツボを押さえているのは **さすがといったところだ** 。」\n\nAs far as I understood it the 「ツボを押さえている」means that he got the essential\npoints of the mascots' design pattern; however what follows is troubling me.\n(<https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E3%83%84%E3%83%9C%E3%82%92%E6%8A%BC%E3%81%95%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B>)\n\nUsually 「 **といったところ** 」is explained as \"a certain amount (that is not really\nimpressive)\"; therefore my question is: Does this last part imply that it is\npretty obvious for aforementioned protagonist to fully understand/grasp the\n\"general design pattern\" of the theme park?\n(<https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=11855>)\n(<https://j-nihongo.com/toittatokoroda/>)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T12:41:03.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76381",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T10:38:04.027",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35673",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Question about the possible nuances in this sentence",
"view_count": 117
}
|
[
{
"body": "In this sentence, 「といったところ」is \"it \"is worth\"/\"deserves\" ~~(to how much\nextent)\". So, 「さすがといったところ」means \"worth praise.\" or \"deserve acclaim\", or\nsomething alike which expresses her authenticity to \"so-called orthodox\ncuteness\".\n\n「ツボを押さえる」may come from \"acupuncture\". It is used to massage/press the\npoint/part which is effective to soften the fatigue of some body parts. ex)\nmassage around eyebrow may relieve eyestrain to some extent.\n\nSo「ツボを押さえる」, changed into the idiom expresses \"to the point\".( similar to\n\"tickling one's funny bone\" may mean 「笑いのツボを押さえる」)\n\nAll in all, the sentence should mean \"the mascot's cuteness hitting to the\nspot/point is well worth praise.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T01:08:22.900",
"id": "76390",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T10:38:04.027",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-06T10:38:04.027",
"last_editor_user_id": "34735",
"owner_user_id": "34735",
"parent_id": "76381",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
76381
|
76390
|
76390
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is the Japanese か more rounded than the Chinese 力 ?\n\nIt seems the Chinese character has a sharper corner there on the first stroke\nwhile the Japanese kanji seems to curve around the corner.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T12:57:09.027",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76382",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T01:42:15.883",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-06T01:42:15.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "29665",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "Is the Japanese か more rounded than the Chinese 力?",
"view_count": 193
}
|
[
{
"body": "The answer is yes. か is more rounded than 力.\n\nか (ka)： is Hiragana character.\n\n力 (ちから - Chikara)： \"power\", it is Kanji character.\n\nか and 力 are both Japanese. And 力 is also a kanji (Chinese character). But か is\nnot a Chinese character, and it is not a kanji, it is a hiragana letter in\nJapanese.\n\nThey are different! :D",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-05T13:00:49.417",
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76382
| null |
76384
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "What is the difference of the following:\n\na) 家はここから近いです \nb) ここは家から近いです \nc) ここから家は近いです \nd) 家からここは近いです\n\nEdit: \nThis is what I think of the Japanese above: a) my house is near here, b) this\nplace is near my house, c) from here my house is near, and d) from my house\nthis place is near. I am not sure if I am correct and I don’t know when to use\nthese sentences.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-05T14:10:51.247",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76385",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-04-10T11:38:16.273",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "38404",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-order"
],
"title": "When and how to use 家は, 家から, ここは, and ここから",
"view_count": 141
}
|
[] |
76385
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is the question: how to translate the following sentence to Japanese.\n\n> Inform that the hospital is located between the supermarket and the hotel\n> over there:\n>\n> **病院にあそこでスーパーとホテルの間があります。**\n\nI want to know if it is right that I use the particle **で** after あそこ and if I\ncommitted any other mistakes.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T00:02:07.837",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76388",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T12:57:56.940",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "38362",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "Help me translate this (particle で, etc.)",
"view_count": 107
}
|
[
{
"body": "I would say 病院はあのスーパーとホテルの間にあります。 - The hospital is between that supermarket\nand hotel. \n\nThe に particle indicates where something is, so by starting with 病院に, you are\nsaying there is something in the hospital.\n\nYou could say something like: \nこの病院にレストランがあります。- There is a restaurant in this hospital.\n\nThe particle で indicates a location where an activity takes place. For\ninstance: \nレストランで晩御飯（ばんごはん）を食べました。- I ate dinner at a restaurant.\n\nAlso note that the verb ある always takes the に particle, so to say something is\nsomewhere, you would say: \n[place]+に+[thing]+がある or \n[thing]+は+[place]+に+ある\n\nThese really are the very basics though, I would recommend you get some sort\nof beginner textbook and go through it, I used Genki myself and would\nrecommend it.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T12:46:42.240",
"id": "76399",
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76388
| null |
76399
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76407",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "2 things recently have just not made sense to me\n\n**1)** is from a visual novel. In one scene the main character is on a date\nwith his superior from work. She's confessing her love for him, but the main\ncharacter uses です ます the whole time. Even though they're literally on a date??\nHis superior uses the plain form too.\n\nAnother scene from the novel is a flashback to the main character being\n_rather intimate_ with his high school senpai. Again, the whole time he uses\nです ます and she doesn't.\n\n**2)** is an answer for this question about the difference between はい and はいです\n<https://hinative.com/en-US/questions/273470>\n\nOne answer said\n\n> はいです is some slung to break はい. we seldom use はいです except among very closed\n> or trusted relationship.\n\nI assume they meant slang, and ignoring whether はいです is common or not, I don't\nunderstand why the です version would be used in close relationships as opposed\nto the plain version.\n\n**So my questions are**\n\n**Could someone explain to me just how important it is to acknowledge that\nsomeone is your senpai? And what effect would it have if you DIDN'T use polite\nspeech with your superior, even when you're close to them?**\n\nI don't understand in the examples above why the character still seems to be\nrespecting that someone is their senpai even though they're outside of work or\nschool, and ESPECIALLY since they're on a date or being intimate.\n\n**And could someone explain why はいです would be more intimate than はい? If はいです\nisn't really a thing, then are there situations where using です ます is better\nfor a close relationship?**\n\nThank you! ありがとうございます",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T00:19:44.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76389",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "30841",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "Why do people use です／ます in some intimate situations?",
"view_count": 348
}
|
[
{
"body": "**Disclaimer:** I am by no means an expert, and am actually still learning\nJapanese myself, but I have been interested in these subjects for quite a long\ntime myself, so these are my own observations (I welcome any corrections by\nmore knowledgeable folks):\n\nWhen polite speech (です/ます/etc) is used and when it's not can be a very complex\nand subtle matter. New learners are often taught that it is about social\nstanding (senpai/kouhai, employer/employee, etc), and quite often it is, but\nthis is really only one of a multitude of factors that enter into things in\nreal-world interactions. Some of the other factors that often come into play\nare:\n\n * Social and emotional distance\n\nIs this someone you've just met, or have you known them since childhood? Are\nthey always friendly towards you, or are they usually cold and aloof? Are they\nsomebody you really like, or just somebody you talk to from time to time?\n\n * Confidence / Assertiveness\n\nPlain speech can sometimes express self-confidence or assertiveness (but in\nother contexts, this can come across as coarse, or aggressive). On the other\nhand, polite speech (in circumstances where it might not usually be used) can\nsometimes signal deference or timidity.\n\n * Gender (and gender expression)\n\nPolite speech is often seen as being more \"feminine\", and plain speech is\noften more \"masculine\". Sometimes this is used deliberately, for example, for\nwomen to project a more masculine image, or men to seem more effeminate.\n\n * Age\n\nYoung children pretty much exclusively use plain speech. As they become older,\nthey tend to develop more of a sense of the intricacies of social\nrelationships, and learn to use polite speech, but even once they understand\npolite speech thoroughly, the use of casual speech is still quite common\namongst most young adults, partly because of the people they tend to interact\nwith (largely peers), and I suspect to some extent as a way of establishing\ntheir own independence, etc. Older folks (no doubt conditioned by years of\nworkplace interactions, etc) often end up speaking more politely. (These are,\nof course, all very rough generalizations, and there are many many\nexceptions.)\n\n * Relative Age\n\nLikewise, the relative age between the speaker and the listener can be a\nfactor. In general, the more difference there is in age (either direction),\nthe more likely people will tend toward polite speech. (Some of this comes out\nof the \"social distance\" aspect as well. Age differences inherently add some\ndistance.)\n\n * Comfort level\n\nSome people who are less confident in social situations may default more\ntoward polite speech (as erring on the side of politeness is less likely to be\ntaken badly, etc). For some, this can even be an unconscious thing where their\nspeech patterns may change depending on their level of anxiety at any given\ntime. For others, talking more casually may be something reserved only for\nwhen they are truly comfortable with other people (and can be a sign of real\ntrust, etc).\n\n * Personal feelings towards the other person\n\nThe use of unusual polite or casual speech can sometimes signal that you are\nangry with someone, etc. (For example, if a husband or wife suddenly starts\ntalking politely to their spouse when they don't usually, that might indicate\nannoyance, or perhaps more serious relationship issues.) This can also be used\njokingly, of course.\n\n * Speaker's personality and background\n\nSome people just tend to speak more politely or more casually than others, as\na matter of their own personality and the way they present themselves to the\nworld. This may be a deliberate choice, or it may just be a factor of how they\nwere raised, etc. Sometimes, people who speak politely all the time can come\noff as \"stiff\" or \"off-putting\", but sometimes it can be seen as endearing,\netc, too. Those who tend to use casual speech a lot can project an image of\nbeing \"rough and tumble\" or \"keeping it real\", etc. (but sometimes also just\n\"coarse\" or \"rude\")\n\n * Social Situation\n\nThe particular situation one is in can, of course, play a factor, but an\nimportant thing to note here is that quite often, the current context or\nsituation (e.g. being on a date) actually does _not_ have as much to do with\nthis as one might think. In many cultures, the way one interacts with others\nis a question of what role they are playing at the current time, and changes\ndepending on the setting, but in Japanese, the way one interacts with another\nhas much more to do with who the two people are and their relationship as\npeople, which does not actually change just by going to a different location\nor doing a different activity.\n\nSo, given all this, why might someone be speaking politely even when on a\ndate? There are all kinds of possible reasons (maybe even more than one at the\nsame time):\n\n * At a basic level, he doesn't see their relationship as having changed significantly, just because they're on a date. (Particularly if this is a first date, etc, they're still primarily coworkers first, not suddenly friends or lovers just because of one date, etc.)\n * He wants to express that he respects her (not necessarily just as a boss, but also as a potential love interest).\n * He doesn't want to seem \"too familiar\" (i.e. creepy)\n * He's anxious about the current situation and can't relax enough to feel comfortable using more casual speech.\n * He actually isn't that interested in her romantically and doesn't want her to get the wrong idea (that speaking casually to her might indicate a desire to be closer).\n * He might have some emotional repression issues, etc, and using familiar speech in such a situation might feel like more of an emotional/personal expression than he's comfortable with.\n * It may just be habit, and habits are sometimes hard to break.\n * That's just the way he always talks, or the way he was brought up, and there's really no special meaning to be read into it.\n\nIt's also worth noting that the whole question of \"are we close enough for it\nto be ok to change the way we talk to each other?\" is a very common\nproblem/trope/etc in personal/romantic relationships (and in particular comes\nup _all the time_ in anime/manga/etc). There are no hard rules, and it can be\nvery confusing even for a lot of Japanese people to figure out, particularly\nif they're in the middle of the relationship themselves, so quite often every\nindividual has a slightly different answer.\n\nIt's also probably worth noting that in many cases, for those who are fluent\nin the language and social interactions, the choice of polite or casual speech\nisn't even necessarily a conscious thing a lot of the time; it's just\nautomatic, based on what \"feels\" right. Sometimes people may not even be able\nto explain why they use one or the other in a particular situation without\nstopping and pondering it themselves for a while first. So you can't\nnecessarily assume that the type of speech being used in a particular instance\nwas actually a deliberate choice, or always has a really logical reason.\n\nAs for 「はいです」 and such, the truth is that there are a number of common\nJapanese expressions that on their surface seem to be polite speech, but in\nactuality are only used in casual or intimate contexts. This is often because\nthe casual equivalent (「はい」) became so common over time that it ended up being\nthe normal way to say things even in polite speech, so then the more unusual\nform took on a more \"special\" meaning, just by nature of its being something\npeople don't normally say. In some ways this is similar to how seemingly\nneutral words like 「あなた」 (\"you\") can also end up having other meanings (e.g.\n\"honey\"/\"dear\") in more casual/intimate contexts.\n\nUnfortunately, these are usually just expressions you need to learn are\nspecial on a case-by-case basis..",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T22:02:13.917",
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76389
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76407
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76407
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I translated the sentence \"あれは魔術師に与えられた祝福” to something along the line of\n\"That is something that was given a blessing by a sorcerer\" but in the\ntranslation that I compared it to, the translator translated it to \"That is a\nblessing to sorcerer\" (Something that bestows blessing instead of being\nblessed, so in this case, it's the sorcerer getting blessed instead of the\n\"あれ” subject). So my question is what did I get wrong?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T07:38:59.073",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76392",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "38413",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-に",
"relative-clauses",
"passive-voice",
"ambiguous-relative-clauses"
],
"title": "The meaning of ”あれは魔術師に与えられた祝福”",
"view_count": 286
}
|
[
{
"body": "I agree with the other translator. What you are missing is that “られ” after the\nverb indicates passive voice, so the verb is acting on the sorcerer.\n\nI like this source that goes over a lot of the verb endings.\n\n<https://nihongoperapera.com/dirty-japanese-guide-ru-verbs.html>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T08:02:35.580",
"id": "76393",
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{
"body": "I am almost positive the sentence means \"That is a blessing, bestowed **by** a\nsorcerer.\" \n\nThe 魔術師に与えられた expands the word \"祝福\". The sentence could just be あれは祝福 - \"that\nis a blessing\", but there is extra information in that it was bestowed by a\nsorcerer, the 与えられる is passive form of 与える.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T13:14:01.320",
"id": "76401",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T13:14:01.320",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "あれは魔術師 **に** 与えられた祝福(だ) is **ambiguous**.\n\n * That is a blessing given **to** a sorcerer. \n(the same as あれは魔術師 **へ** 与えられた祝福だ, which is unambiguous)\n\n * That is a blessing given **by** a sorcerer. \n(the same as あれは魔術師{ **から/より** }与えられた祝福だ, which is unambiguous)\n\n(Replace \"blessing\" to \"blessed item\" if you like.)\n\nIn this case, both seem equally possible, so you have to decide the more\nplausible interpretation purely from the context. Likewise, 彼に渡された手紙 means\nboth \"the letter passed to him\" and \"the letter passed from him\" depending on\nthe context.\n\nJapanese relative clauses work by dropping a particle, and sometimes have\ninherent ambiguity like this. There are many similar questions on this site.\n\n * [Clarification about how 惚れた should be translated](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60895/5010)\n * [が in subordinate clauses](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30171/5010)\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** Here's the detailed breakdown.\n\n> * 誰かが魔術師に祝福を与えた。 \n> Someone gave a blessing to a sorcerer.\n> * (誰か[によって](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/54990/5010))魔術師に祝福 **が**\n> 与えられた。 \n> A blessing was given to a sorcerer (by someone).\n> * 魔術師に与えられた祝福 \n> the blessing which was given to a sorcerer\n>\n\n> * 魔術師が誰かに祝福を与えた。 \n> A sorcerer gave a blessing to someone.\n> * (誰かが)魔術師に祝福 **を** 与えられた。 \n> Someone was given a blessing by a sorcerer.\n> * 魔術師に与えられた祝福 \n> the blessing which was given by a sorcerer\n>\n\nNotice the particle in bold (が/を) has been dropped.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-07T04:16:41.080",
"id": "76413",
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}
] |
76392
| null |
76413
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was doing some translating work, and I came across this sentence:\n\n> 私はぼんやりとお弁当箱を取り出して、その場に広げた。\n\nI was sure that the first part of the sentence means \"I took my lunch box out\nabsent-mindedly\", but I can't come to a satisfactory conclusion with the part\nafter the comma.\n\nAt first, I thought it was just \"opening it (the lunch box)\" or something\nalong those lines, but time after time I feel unsatisfied about it.\n\nPlease help!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T08:16:20.867",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76394",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T12:18:13.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "38414",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What does その場に広げる means in this context?",
"view_count": 128
}
|
[
{
"body": "You might be confused with because you are not cognizant of the bento-box is\nwrapped with cloth so-called\n[\"Furoshiki\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furoshiki).\n\nDue to this, you might feel need to express the process of \"unwrapping\".\n\nSo, in my opinion,「その場に広げた」would be translated into _\"unwrap the box and\nspread out (for eating) on the spot\"_.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T12:18:13.017",
"id": "76398",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T12:18:13.017",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "34735",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
76394
| null |
76398
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76396",
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"body": "I saw a sentence:\n\nメガネの向こうで流れた一滴はお茶だったのか、 **はたまた** - the drops that flowed on the guy (with\nglasses), is it tea\n\nWhat does はたまた mean?\n\nI looked at jisho and it means \"or\". But that can't possibly be the case here.\nAny help appreciated",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T09:30:00.167",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76395",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T11:35:15.133",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-06T09:38:14.987",
"last_editor_user_id": "31222",
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "はたまた meaning at end of sentence",
"view_count": 104
}
|
[
{
"body": "Yes it's just \"or (else)\", but the remaining part is left unsaid because it's\nobvious (涙だったのか) in this context. Isn't this possible also in English?\n\n> お茶だったのか、はたまた…。 \n> Was it tea, or...?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T11:20:01.603",
"id": "76396",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76395",
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"score": 4
}
] |
76395
|
76396
|
76396
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76412",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm reading Japanese Harry Potter (賢者の石）I am nearly at the end and there is\nthis grammar that I have encountered twice so far that I have no idea how to\ninterpret. The two sentences with this grammar that I have found:\n\n 1. 男が、街中でハリーとしっかり握手までしてそのまま一言も言わずに立ち去った。\n 2. ちょうどあの日にクイレルに会っているし、「漏れ鍋」で握手までしたじゃないか。\n\nMy attempted translation would be:\n\n1: In the middle of town, a man shook hands firmly with Harry and then left\nwithout saying a single word. 2: It was that very same day when he met Quirrel\nat Leaky Cauldron and shook hands with him (wasn't it?).\n\nI find it strange that both times this structure was paired with the word 握手\nalthough I feel like that's probably just a coincidence.\n\nI have no idea what the までして (I'm assuming it's from までする) means here. Using\nまで as \"until\" makes no sense to me here and using the meaning \"even\" which\napparently まで can have as well makes little sense to me either. Any help is\nappreciated, thank you.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T11:42:40.487",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76397",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T04:02:42.090",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38417",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of ~までして/までした in these sentences",
"view_count": 234
}
|
[
{
"body": "Both まで basically means \"even\". 握手までする means \"even to shake hands\", \"to bother\nto shake hands\", \"to go as far as to shake hands\" etc.\n\nThe second sentence is straightforward:\n\n> ちょうどあの日にクイレルに会っているし、「漏れ鍋」で握手までしたじゃないか。 \n> You've met Quirrell on that very day, and you even shook hands (with him)\n> at _Leaky Cauldron_!\n\nI understand it's a little difficult to use _even_ directly in the first\nsentence, but \"he **even** shook hands (and...)\" is the basic meaning. You may\nrephrase it like \"even though he shook hands\" or \"after even shaking hands\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T04:02:42.090",
"id": "76412",
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76397
|
76412
|
76412
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{
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"body": "「オドキリ」、「キョウジュ」、「アーポン」、「ブリガミ」と「ヒルネリ」という名前のついたエルフがいます。「キョウジュ」、「ブリガミ」と「ヒルネリ」の名前の語呂合わせはわかります。「オドキリ」と「アーポン」は？?\n\nThere are elfs with names \"Odokiri\", \"Kyouju\", \"Aapon\", \"Burigami\" and\n\"Hiruneri\". I understand the wordplay of names \"Kyouju\", \"Burigami\" and\n\"Hiruneri\". ヒルネリ => 昼寝 (this elf likes to sleep) ブリガミ => ぶりぶり + がみがみ (this elf\noften in bad mood) キョウジュ => 教授 (this elf is very smart). I'm trying to\nunderstand the meaning of other names - \"Odokiri\" (maybe from おどおど or 驚く) and\n\"Aapon\" (doesn't have distinguishing feature, 普通).",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T13:13:05.817",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76400",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T00:47:04.167",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-07T12:55:31.723",
"last_editor_user_id": "35662",
"owner_user_id": "35662",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-requests",
"names"
],
"title": "名前の語呂合わせはなんですか / Wordplay in names",
"view_count": 181
}
|
[
{
"body": "I guess 「オドキリ 」is composed of onomatopoeia「オドオド」: \"Because they are getting\nnervous, they look uneasy/restless\" +\n「[ドッキリ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A/)」」:\n\"they are getting surprised because it's unexpected.\" And concatenate them\naltogether into the ligature-like name 「オドキリ 」. It seems \"he is not confident\"\nin total.\n\nI have no idea about what「アーポン」means. I can find an idol\ncalled[「あーぽん」](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%94%B0%E5%BD%A9%E8%8F%AF),\nthe nickname of 「[彩華](あやか）. Is real name still hid like her? Or the name\ndescribes elf's appearance rather than their personality?\n\nI think you have correctly analyzed other elfs' wordplay.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T00:47:04.167",
"id": "76441",
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76400
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76441
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{
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"body": "I'm not understanding this use of the ～さえ～ば pattern. This example comes from a\nmanga.\n\n> 両親のもとへ 帰ってからの生活は 拍子抜けするほど 普通だった\n>\n> 母が仕事優先で 家庭を省みないことも\n>\n> 父が体裁さえ 保てていれば 家庭に無関心なことも\n>\n> 今のわたしには 割り切れるように なっていて\n>\n> 昔みたいに 寂しさや息苦しさは もう感じなかった\n\nMy interpretation of the third part is like \"If my dad would save face, he\nwould be indifferent to family matters\", but that doesn't make sense. It seems\nopposite that being indifferent to family would save face.\n\nDoes this pattern not work how I think it does? Or maybe am I misinterpreting\n体裁を保つ?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T15:31:29.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76402",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T23:45:32.643",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "18035",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Don't understand this use of ～さえ～ば",
"view_count": 185
}
|
[
{
"body": "It seems the author of the manga omitted too much and failed to convey the\nmeaning properly. Below is my guess.\n\n* * *\n\nI think that 体裁 there is not 父の体裁 but 家庭の体裁.\n\n「母が仕事優先で家庭を省みないこと」も \n「 **父が家庭の体裁さえ保てていれば良いという程に家庭に無関心であること** 」も \n今のわたしには割り切れるようになっている\n\nThe speaker's father is indifferent to his family, to the extent that he\nthinks it is alright as long as the family looks happy at least to others even\nif it is actually almost broken.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T18:41:29.377",
"id": "76406",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-06T19:14:00.667",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-06T19:14:00.667",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "「～さえ～ば」 is used to express a sufficient condition: \"as long as ...\", and\n「体裁を保つ」 means \"to keep up appearances\", \"to maintain a good public image\",\n\"save face\", etc.\n\nThe line 「父が体裁さえ保てていれば家庭に無関心なこと」 more or less translates to:\n\n> (that) as long as he can keep up his appearances, my dad doesn't care\n> anything about family matters\n\nThe translation might be potentially a little bit ambiguous as to its meaning,\nbut the import of the line is _not_ that the dad's neglect of his family\nenables him to save his face (that would make no apparent sense, as you\nobserved), but that he is a usually absentee father (perhaps with a high-\nprofile job) who would decide to get involved in family matters only if not\ndoing so would jeopardize his precious, all-important public image. (Like\npaying a store manager a fair sum so that word doesn't get out that his son\nshoplifted a magazine or something. Or more subtle things like playing a good,\nhands-on father while people are watching -- it's a pretty common trope in\nfiction, though I'm sure there are a lot of instances in real-life too.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T23:45:32.643",
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76402
|
76439
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76406
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{
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"body": "I find it suspicious they look similar and both function to give explanations.\nIs it just coincidence or is ので kind of like the て form/mid-sentence form of\nのだ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T15:54:46.607",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76403",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T13:56:43.593",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "22363",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"particles",
"no-da"
],
"title": "Is ので the same as のだ?",
"view_count": 321
}
|
[
{
"body": "ので has similar meaning to から in that they can both mean \"because, given\nthat...\" \n\nのだ, or のです are versions of んだ/んです that are more often used in writing and they\ndon't really mean \"because\", they just imply the speaker or writer is\nexplaining or emphasizing things. It's quite hard to explain, you can read up\non it here: \n<https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99-ndesu-%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0-nda-meaning/> \nor here \n<http://maggiesensei.com/2010/09/08/request-lesson-when-and-how-to-\nuse-%E3%82%93n-%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E2%86%92%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%EF%BC%89/>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-06T17:49:11.803",
"id": "76405",
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{
"body": "Yes, ので is related to のだ. This の sort of means 'thing' or '(the) thing is' in\nthe sense of 'it is the case is that...'.\n\nFor this reason, the difference between さむい？ and さみいの？is that the first is a\nsimple question, whereas the latter implies that you have reason to think that\nthe other person is cold. Perhaps they are wearing a heavy jacket or they\nasked to put the heater on. Hence the second question is more like \"is it that\nyou are cold?\".\n\nんだ or のだ has a sense of explaining what the situation is. Hence you often here\npeople starting with something like _今思ったんだけど_ _so I was just thinking,..._\nAnother example might be _スーパーに行くんだったら_ _if you're going to the\nsupermarket...(and it seems like you are)_\n\nので is the て-form of this construction. It provides a sense of explanation,\nwhich is why it is similar to から and means something 'since' or 'because it is\nthe case that'. This meaning is slightly different from から because in the\nconstruction **AのでB** I feel that it implies that the listener is aware of the\ncircumstances or would agree with the statement A, for which B is a\nconsequence.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T13:20:53.607",
"id": "76451",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T13:56:43.593",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-08T13:56:43.593",
"last_editor_user_id": "7953",
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"score": 1
}
] |
76403
| null |
76405
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76411",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When writing out numbers, I've seen novels especially writing in weird\nformats. For example:\n\n> * 19- 一九\n> * 10- 一〇\n>\n\nI am assuming pronunciation wise, it is really じゅうきゅう and じゅう respectively.\nWhat's the motivation in using such a format rather than 十九 or 十. Is this the\npreferred way of writing when it comes to novels?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T02:07:47.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76408",
"last_activity_date": "2020-10-03T06:35:47.400",
"last_edit_date": "2020-10-03T06:35:47.400",
"last_editor_user_id": "18772",
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Number representation in novels",
"view_count": 126
}
|
[
{
"body": "Yes this is one of the common ways to write numbers in vertical writing. 一九\nand 十九 are both common, but the former style is usually preferred in the\nfollowing situations:\n\n 1. When you write a code number, zip number, telephone number, room number, etc. (Imagine when you read 19 as \"one nine\" rather than \"nineteen\".)\n 2. When the number is larger than 100 (三千五百二十七 is harder to read than 三五二七)\n 3. In mathematical or statistical contexts\n 4. When you write many numbers in a page (in a list of dates, cooking recipe, etc.)\n\nSee [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/17450/5010) and [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18293/5010) for details.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-07T03:35:06.397",
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76408
|
76411
|
76411
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76410",
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"body": "I am not sure what ごと means in this context and I am also not too sure about\nwhat's exactly the topic in this later sentence.\n\n> A.彼を見捨てろってことか？\n>\n> B.あくまで客観的に見て．．．今後の状況危険性を考えたら…という話。もちろんその危険 **ごと** 面倒見てこその本当の友達なのかもしれないけど。\n\nI would have translated it as\n\nA.You are saying, we should abandon him?\n\nB.Well, yes. If you look at the things objectively, if you think about the\nfutur risks, than... Of course, you might also say, a true friend will stay by\nyour side because of the risks.\n\nI am not to confident in the last part of my translation... So ごと would add\nnothing new? Is it just a roundabout way to say risky \"things\"?Which kinda\nget's lost in translation? Another meaning for ごと that I found was \"including\"\nbut I couldn't find a site that explains how you would use this kind of ごと and\nI am not sure if thats what the sentence is conveying.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T02:21:40.533",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76409",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T03:19:23.570",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "31652",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "what does ごと here mean?",
"view_count": 838
}
|
[
{
"body": "This ごと is a suffix that attaches to a noun and means \"along with ～\",\n\"including ～\", etc. It's normally written in hiragana, but it's 共 in kanji,\nnot 事.\n\n * 皮 **ごと** ブドウをたべる \nto eat grapes along with the skin\n\n * サイア人を惑星ベジータ **ごと** 消滅させる \nto vanish Saiyans along with Planet Vegeta (from [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68001/5010))\n\n * ～の面倒をその危険 **ごと** みる \nto look after someone along with the risks he/she has\n\n>\n> もちろんその危険ごと面倒見て[こその](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24755/5010)本当の友達なのかもしれないけど。 \n> Of course, you might say you cannot call someone a true friend if he does\n> not look after you along with your risk.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T03:19:23.570",
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76409
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76410
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"body": "Good morning, My first post here - I would like to say \"we are allowed to do\nexercise outside\" - I had a go, is it correct? そとたいぞおうをゆるされる - or do I need\nします in there too? What is the structure grammatically for \"be allowed to +\nverb\"? Many thanks in advance, RA",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T05:52:33.447",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76414",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-11T16:28:14.453",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "38405",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "To be allowed to do x y z",
"view_count": 218
}
|
[
{
"body": "> そとたいぞおうをゆるされる - or do I need します in there too?\n\nThis should be something like\n\nそと **での** たいそう **が** ゆるされる\n\n\"taiso\" usually means some kind of callisthenics, normally うんどう will mean\nexercise in general.\n\nそとでの **うんどう** が ゆるされる\n\n> What is the structure grammatically for \"be allowed to + verb\"?\n\nゆるされる makes it sound like you are under someone's control, so you can use for\nexample してもいい\n\nそとで うんどう **しても いい**",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T23:06:56.897",
"id": "76437",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T09:51:13.753",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-08T09:51:13.753",
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{
"body": "For the sake of completeness, if you want to state that you got _explicit\npermission_ from someone (for example a teacher) to do something, I think that\nthe causative form could be used. According to this definition (emphasis mine,\nsource [here](https://kawakawalearningstudio.com/all/how-to-make-and-use-\njapanese-causative-form/)):\n\n> Japanese Causative Form is a set of conjugation patterns used to describe\n> either making/causing a person (or animal) to do something, or **letting a\n> person (or animal) do something**.\n\nApplied to your sentence, it would read:\n\n> [先生{せんせい}は私{わたし}に]外{そと}で運動{うんどう}させます。The teacher makes me do exercise\n> outside / The teacher allows me to do exercise outside.\n\nNote that using the causative verb along with くれる makes it clear that the\nteacher is _allowing_ me to do exercise outside, rather than _having_ me to do\nexercise. I.e., it marks that the causative is used with the meaning\"let\nsomeone do\" rather than \"make/cause someone to do\":\n\n> [先生{せんせい}は私{わたし}に]外{そと}で運動{うんどう}させてくれます。 The teacher allows me to do\n> exercise outside.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-10T23:12:11.110",
"id": "76487",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-10T23:12:11.110",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "> \"We are allowed to do exercise outside.\"\n\nYou could say:\n\n> 「[外]{そと}で[運動]{うんどう}することが[許]{ゆる}されています。」 \n> 「外で運動することを許されています。」\n\nこと is a nominaliser and turns the verb 運動する into the noun form so that it can\nbe followed by the case particle が or を.\n\n(許され **ている** expresses the _state_ of being permitted. 許される would sound more\nlike an action or event of being permitted.)\n\nor:\n\n> 「外で運動できます。」 _Lit._ (We) are able to exercise outside.\n\nor, as @Ben suggested:\n\n> 「外で運動してもいいです。」 _Lit._ It's okay if (we) exercise outside. → (We) may\n> exercise outside.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T16:28:14.453",
"id": "76513",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
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76414
| null |
76437
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{
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"body": "I came across this phrase while playing a Japanese game:\n\n> ダメだわ、全然食欲がわかないわ……\n\nI was just wondering what does 食欲がわかない mean in this context, furthermore, I\nwant to know about what Kanji is わかない.\n\nAppreciate the help!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T07:16:40.067",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76415",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T08:43:13.697",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "38414",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What does 食欲がわく translate into?",
"view_count": 171
}
|
[
{
"body": "I found this:\n<https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E9%A3%9F%E6%AC%B2%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8F>\n\nWhich says it means to work up one's appetite\n\nAnd I found this:\n<https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E9%A3%9F%E6%AC%B2%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8F>\n\nFor what the Kanji might be: 湧{わ｝く\n\nDoes \"I can't work up an appetite\" make sense in the context of your game?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T08:31:42.647",
"id": "76417",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T08:31:42.647",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "30841",
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},
{
"body": "食欲がわく _literally_ means \"appetite springs up (in one's mind/heart)\" → \"have a\ngood appetite\", \"feel hungry\" or \"feel like eating\". The わく here is like\n\"spring up\", close to 生じる or 出る.\n\nわく in the phrase 食欲がわく should be 湧く (rather than 沸く, \"to boil\") in Kanji, but\nit's _usually_ written in Hiragana.\n\nA few examples of this わく(湧く) from プログレッシブ和英中辞典:\n\n> わく【湧く】 \n> Ⅱ〔心の中に起こる〕 \n> あなたの話を聞いて勇気［希望］が **わいた** 。 \n> Your words have filled me with courage [hope]. / What you said has given me\n> courage [hope]. \n> 恐怖心が **湧いた** 。 Fear sprang up in 「my heart [me]. \n> 見る物すべてに興味が **わいた** 。 I took interest in everything I saw. \n> それには全く好奇心が **わか** なかった。 It failed to excite my curiosity.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T08:38:08.287",
"id": "76419",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T08:43:13.697",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-07T08:43:13.697",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "76415",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
76415
| null |
76419
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76420",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm having trouble making sense of this sentence. From what I've looked up, I\nthink it's probably either \"meme\" talk, a dialect joke, or some combination of\nthe two. Here's the full sentence:\n\nバカがガードがばがばになっからなマジで。\n\nThis is from a manga. Two highschool girls are talking, and one of them bought\na love potion from the internet. Her friend is doubtful of its effectiveness,\nbut she says \"no, no, it seriously works\", mentioning that she'd even tested\nit on girls. She describes its effectiveness as バカ効き a few times throughout\nthe manga so far because it ends up having unexpectedly erotic results.\n\nIf I'm breaking the sentence apart correctly, she's describing マジで; in other\nwords, she's talking about how マジ the effectiveness of the love potion is. If\nthat's correct, the description is バカがガードがばがばになっから.\n\nがばがば could mean \"oversized\", \"gag\", or \"baggy (like clothing)\" according to\nGoogle. I assume ガード is just \"guard\", like the kind a person might let down if\nunder the effects of a love potion, though that doesn't seem to make sense\nhere. For なっから I found a meaning on fukapedia that says it's 深谷地方の方言 and is\nequivalent to とても or たいへん... but that again doesn't seem to fit properly.\n\nI'd really appreciate any help with the word definitions themselves, or a hint\nas to how I might be breaking it down improperly. Thanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T08:37:55.983",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76418",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T23:37:37.907",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31227",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"slang",
"manga",
"definitions"
],
"title": "ガードがばがばになっから meaning",
"view_count": 1274
}
|
[
{
"body": "* **バカが** : \"You fool!\" \n * **が** : not a subject marker but a vocative-like particle; see [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/72075/5010)\n * **ガード** : [noun] \"guard\" (in this context, refers to psychological defense or skepticism against the seducer)\n * **がばがば** : [onomatopoeic na-adj] describes how something is wide open, very loose or leaky\n * **に** : destination/target marker (\"to\")\n * **なっから** : colloquialism for なるから (forget the little-known dialect; なっから is slangy but common in standard Japanese) \n * **なる** : \"to become\"\n * **から** : \"you know\"; \"listen\"; \"mind you\"; \"I warned you\" (see [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/58119/5010))\n * **な** : sentence-end particle\n * **マジで** : \"seriously\"; \"really\"\n\nNote that the subject of the sentence is ガード rather than バカ. The very literal\ntranslation is \"You're silly, the (recipient's) defense will be extremely\nloose, you know, seriously.\" The sentence effectively means anyone who takes\nthis potion will forget how to defend themselves.\n\n**EDIT:** We also say すっか/すっから (するか/するから), やっか/やっから (やるか/やるから), みっか/みっから\n(みるか/みるから), and less commonly くっか/くっから (くるか/くるから).",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T09:12:44.770",
"id": "76420",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T23:37:37.907",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-07T23:37:37.907",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76418",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
] |
76418
|
76420
|
76420
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76423",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Whenever I play Fate/Grand Order, one thing I often hear when I use that\ngame's version of Nero Claudius is her using 余 when referring to herself.\nLooking it up shows me that this particular pronoun has an archaic and formal\nflavor to it, as well as having an oratory function. That last bit is what's\nkinda got me scratching my head.\n\nIn what way is 余 oratory? What the proper way to use and understand 余, as a\npronoun, and in what context is it most often used?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T10:11:23.167",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76421",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T09:06:12.673",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3172",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"archaic-language",
"first-person-pronouns"
],
"title": "What is the proper way to use 余[よ] as a personal pronoun?",
"view_count": 594
}
|
[
{
"body": "余 is one for a classic king or a person of equivalent status.\n\nHere are some characters whose first person pronoun is 余:\n\n * 徳川茂々（『銀魂』） Tokugawa Shigeshige (from Gintama,) **a shogun**\n * メルエム（ハンター×ハンター） Meruem (from Hunter x Hunter,) **the king** of the Chimera Ants\n\nMoreover, though I can't remember certain character, 余 is also known as\n**殿様(lord)** -ish pronoun.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T12:50:33.553",
"id": "76423",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T12:50:33.553",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38428",
"parent_id": "76421",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "余 is a first-person pronoun that is virtually heard only in fiction today. Its\nuser is limited to a king, an emperor, a _shogun_ , a demon load or someone of\nequal status in fantasy/historical works. A female person may use it, too.\n\nI think it's oratorical because it's a highly stilted pronoun mainly used in\nofficial audiences, meetings, speeches, etc. When a user of 余 talks to his\nclose friends or children, he may use 私, わし or even 俺 instead. (Of course this\ndepends on the character.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T09:06:12.673",
"id": "76450",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T09:06:12.673",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76421",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76421
|
76423
|
76423
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76438",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In this paragraph:\n\n>\n> ちなみに私の語学力は日英ほぼ同レベルだけど、会話だけは日本語のほうが得意。つまり日本語力の問題ではない。仲良い友達も日本人が多い。英語という逃げ込む場所があるから違いが\n> **身にしみる** だけで、もし日本語しかわからなかったら自分は人見知りなんだと思うだろう。\n\nMy interpretation of 身にしみる is for something to really penetrate through to\nyour heart. Something you think about deeply or 'touches home' (jisho.org)\n\nMy translation of this paragraph is something like:\n\n> Incidentally, my Japanese and English skills are about the same. Only at the\n> conversation level is my Japanese better. Basically, it's not a language\n> problem. I also have a lot of close Japanese friends!\n\nHere's where I trip up. The last sentence has three components that I really\ncan't put together:\n\n 1. Since I escape to English\n 2. Just from really feeling that difference\n 3. You'd probably think I was a shy person if I spoke just Japanese",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T13:40:10.663",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76424",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T23:11:11.927",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "36831",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"phrases"
],
"title": "How to interpret 身にしみる in this sentence?",
"view_count": 88
}
|
[
{
"body": "Although there may be nicer expressions, the simplest translation of this\n身に染みる would be \"to realize\" or \"to become keenly aware\". This だけで means \"it's\njust that ～\" rather than \"just from/by ～ing\".\n\n> 英語という逃げ込む場所があるから違いが身にしみるだけで、もし日本語しかわからなかったら自分は人見知りなんだと思うだろう。\n>\n> (It's just that) I am realizing this difference because I have a refuge area\n> called 'English'; if I spoke only Japanese, I would probably think of myself\n> as a shy person.\n\nThe difference she is referring to is that, in Japanese, it is\nculturally/constitutionally harder to get along with people you first meet in\na business setting. She's saying she could notice this cultural difference\nbecause she somehow could communicate smoothly in English. (I'm not sure how\ntrue her opinion is...)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T23:11:11.927",
"id": "76438",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T23:11:11.927",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76424",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
76424
|
76438
|
76438
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "How to verbalize \"should have\" in the given example below.\n\n```\n\n I should have ordered chicken (Because the fish I ordered is terrible)\n \n```\n\nThere are 2 ways that I can think of and the is 鶏肉を注文したはず or 鶏肉を注文するべき\n\nBut to me, these 2 sentences doesn't sound very right because if I explicitly\nsay 魚がまずいので鶏肉を注文 **はず** , the はず part just doesn't fit the bill (does not\nsound right). The question is, is there a better word to use in such a\nsituation?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T13:41:28.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76425",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T16:34:42.757",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "\"Should have\" in japanese",
"view_count": 231
}
|
[] |
76425
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know that in a normal context, 町 means town.\n\nBut I'm pretty sure it's different in Japanese addresses, where it typically\ngoes like:\n\n＿＿県＿＿市＿＿区＿＿町＿＿＿＿＿＿\n\nI know that 県 means prefecture, 市 means city, and 区 means ward.\n\nBut how do you say 町 in English? I've been searching around and I couldn't\nfind an answer.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T14:26:03.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76426",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T10:01:18.423",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-07T22:25:03.373",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "38431",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"translation",
"words",
"terminology",
"daily-life"
],
"title": "How do you say 町 (in addresses) in English?",
"view_count": 454
}
|
[
{
"body": "### ＿都/道/府/県 ＿市 ＿区 ＿町\n\n町 is just part of the name of an area in 市/区, so it can be written as `(-)cho`\nor `(-)machi` depending on its actual name. An area name does not always\ncontain 町.\n\n```\n\n 東京都町田市小山町（Oyamacho / Oyama-cho）\n 東京都町田市金森（Kanamori）\n 東京都千代田区一番町（Ichibancho / Ichiban-cho）\n 東京都千代田区飯田橋（Iidabashi）\n 大阪府大阪市中央区松屋町（Matsuyamachi / Matsuya-machi）\n 大阪府大阪市中央区北浜（Kitahama）\n \n```\n\nNote:\n\n * 区 is only for the special wards of Tokyo (特別区 / 東京都区部 / 東京23区) and wards of designated cities (政令指定都市の行政区). Normal cities do not have 区.\n * Each of the special wards of Tokyo is equivalent to a single city. Therefore it does not have 市 in its address name.\n\n* * *\n\n### ＿都/道/府/県 ＿郡 ＿町\n\n町 belonging to 郡 is an independent municipality in the same manner as 市 is, so\nyou can call it a `town`. However, it is often written as `-cho` or `-machi`\ntoo.\n\n```\n\n 神奈川県足柄下郡箱根町（Hakone Town / Hakone-machi）強羅（Goura）\n 愛知県海部郡蟹江町（Kanie Town / Kanie-cho）八幡（Hachiman）\n 愛知県海部郡蟹江町（Kanie Town / Kanie-cho）本町（Honmachi）\n \n```\n\nSome towns have 町 inside them like 蟹江町本町 above, but again they are just part\nof the names of smaller sections in towns.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T19:19:40.087",
"id": "76434",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T19:19:40.087",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "37098",
"parent_id": "76426",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "The suffix 町 \"town\" can be part of a place name, like 都・道・府・県 and 市・区. As a\nrule of thumb (for example in addresses), I would say 町 is _not_ translated,\nbut just transliterated as _-chō_ or _-machi_ , depending on the actual\nreading. That said, in some circumstances it may be translated (for example in\nfiction or, say, brochures for foreign residents), in which case _Town_ seems\nto be standard, for example 平内町 _Hiranai Town_. (Similarly, 市 = City or 区 =\nWard.)\n\nIf you want to look up the reading of a place name (for example if 町 is read\n_-chō_ or _-machi_ ) a very convenient way is to use the website of the Post\nOffice <https://www.post.japanpost.jp/zipcode/>. By the way, there seems to be\na strong bias to either reading from prefecture to prefecture, for example 福岡県\nhas 1 _-chō_ vs. 69 _-machi_ whereas 北海道 has 1 _-machi_ vs. 160 _-chō_.\n\nFor more info see also [@kaboc's excellent\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/76434/1628).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T22:22:18.957",
"id": "76436",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T10:01:18.423",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-08T10:01:18.423",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "76426",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
76426
| null |
76434
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was playing a Japanese video game when I came across this line:\n\n> 私は立ち上がり、お弁当箱をしまった\n\nI was just wondering, can I translate お弁当箱をしまった as \"carry the bentou box\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T14:42:34.613",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76427",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T15:30:08.333",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-08T15:30:08.333",
"last_editor_user_id": "38414",
"owner_user_id": "38414",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What does 弁当箱をしまった mean?",
"view_count": 129
}
|
[
{
"body": "It's not する, it's しまう. \nしまう + た → しまった\n\nしまう = pack up",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T14:54:54.963",
"id": "76428",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T14:54:54.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "76427",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
76427
| null |
76428
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76433",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "What is the etymology of レントゲン (X-Ray) < From Genki II Lesson 12>?\n\nIs it a borrowed word <外来語> from another language?\n\nTranslate suggests using X線 instead of レントゲン, but I'm not sure what the\ndifferences are. (Is レントゲン older?)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T17:19:15.253",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76431",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-09T04:05:02.363",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-07T19:52:37.710",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "4245",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"word-choice",
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Etymology of レントゲン?",
"view_count": 2259
}
|
[
{
"body": "I guess, this word based on name of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, german physicist,\nwho first detect electromagnetic radiation in this (X-ray) range. It's\nsimilliar with russian colloquial word for X-ray detector ー \"Рентген\"\n(pronounce like \"ˈrentjən\").",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T19:05:19.563",
"id": "76432",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T19:05:19.563",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38434",
"parent_id": "76431",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "レントゲン is named after the inventor of the X-ray, Wilhelm Röntgen (ウィルヘルム・レントゲン)\n— who named them X-rays, whence the confusion.\n\nA number of words in Japanese medical terminology were adopted from German (a\npopular example being カルテ from German _Karte_ ). I guess it would not be\nsurprising if レントゲン was also imported already as a medical term for X-ray,\nfrom German _Röntgenbild_ (\"Röntgen image\").",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-07T19:09:59.870",
"id": "76433",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-07T19:24:45.977",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-07T19:24:45.977",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "76431",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 19
},
{
"body": "Its just the German word for it. German does not use X-Ray, it's\nRöntgenstrahlung or just Röntgen for short. You can even use it as a verb.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T15:56:10.773",
"id": "76453",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T15:56:10.773",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38451",
"parent_id": "76431",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "Japanese people sometimes localize loan words keeping only the proper noun and\nomitting the common noun. \nEg: \nRöntgenstrahlung → レントゲン線 → レントゲン \nBaumkuchen → バウムクーヘン → バウム",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-09T04:05:02.363",
"id": "76459",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-09T04:05:02.363",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38461",
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}
] |
76431
|
76433
|
76433
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76449",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What's the difference in using どうしようもない and 気がしてならない. For example:\n\n> どうしようもなく行きたい\n>\n> 行きたい気がしてならない\n\nI think both of them translate to \"I can't help but want to go\".",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T00:25:22.100",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76440",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-11T15:19:31.673",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "どうしようもない vs 気がしてならない",
"view_count": 178
}
|
[
{
"body": "どうしようもなく行きたい means you have an uncontrollably strong desire to go (\"I reeaally\nwant to goooo!! I can't hold it!!\").\n\n行きたい気がしてならない means you cannot get the desire out of your head, but it does not\nhave to be strong (\"I don't know why but somehow I do feel like going.\" / \"I\ncan't help feeling like going.\").\n\nSee also:\n\n * [Contrasting 〜てならない、〜てしょうがない and 〜てたまらない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2766/5010)\n * [～てたまらない、～てならない、～しようがない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/59585/5010)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T08:39:57.580",
"id": "76449",
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{
"body": "> I think both of them translate to \"I can't help but want to go\".\n\nNo. \n\"どうしようもなく行きたい\" does but \"行きたい気がしてならない\" doesn't. \nFurthermore, \"行きたい気がしてならない\" is invalid.\n\nYou should think of \"～気がしてならない\" as \"I assume... \" or \"I believe...\" (with \"I\ndon't know what actually happens.\") \nYou can't assume your feeling. \nYou totally know the fact you want to go, right?\n\nI think it's confusing \"～気がしてならない\" is explained along with the word \"feeling.\" \nYes, it can be translated into \"I can't help but feeling..,\" but it's more\nrelated to forecasting or sensing than feeling emotion. \nEmotion itself hardly comes with \"～気がしてならない.\"\n\nX 辛い気がしてならない \nX 悲しい気がしてならない\n\nSo far I've explained with my native sense, but some corpuses would help you\nmore. \nI like this but more are listed\n[here](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/756/resources-for-\nlearning-japanese/1074#1074). \n<http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/>\n\nSome examples from the corpus above:\n\n> 「どうもフィーリクスに騙されているような気がしてならない。」 \n> \"I strongly suspect I'm duped by フィーリクス.\"\n>\n> 「いつの日か、あなたが答を知る気がしてならないの」 \n> \"I highly believe you'll know the answer someday.\"\n\n* * *\n\n> Doesn't the sentence translate to \"I get the feeling (someone) wants to\n> go\".Or should たがっている気がしてならない be used here?\n\nIn that case, たがっている気がしてならない should be used, like:\n\n「彼女が遊園地に行きたがっている気がしてならない。」 \n\"I get the feeling she wants to go to the amusement park.\"\n\nThen it makes sense",
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"body": "I was trying to decode this text on my mom’s chopsticks. I think it is はろうきてぃ.\nIs it a coincidence that it kind of sounds like “Hello Kitty” when I plug it\ninto Google Translate, but translates to, “I’m excited”?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7UwuW.jpg)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-08T02:15:48.440",
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"last_editor_user_id": "78",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"puns"
],
"title": "Is “Hello Kitty” a pun for “I’m excited”?",
"view_count": 483
}
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[
{
"body": "> Is it a coincidence that it kind of sounds like “Hello Kitty” when I plug it\n> into Google Translate, but translates to, “I’m excited”?\n\nYes. \nI mean, it's a disastrous translation. \nMachine translations often cause things like that.\n\nはろうきてぃ is just ハローキティ written in hiragana. \nThe reason it's written in hiragana is because katakana doesn't look Japan-\nish. \nEspecially for Japan-specific items like chopsticks, the seller probably\nthinks hiragana matches it better.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T03:42:40.520",
"id": "76444",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T03:53:19.077",
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{
"body": "Playing around myself over at Google Translate, I find that はろうきてぃ with the\nproperly small **ぃ** translates to _\"Hello\"_. [See for yourself\nhere](https://translate.google.com/#view=home&op=translate&sl=auto&tl=en&text=%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86%E3%81%8D%E3%81%A6%E3%81%83).\nI only get _\"I'm excited\"_ if I forget to make the ぃ small and enter it as a\nfull-sized **い** instead. [See\nhere](https://translate.google.com/#view=home&op=translate&sl=auto&tl=en&text=%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86%E3%81%8D%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84).\n\nThis is still a bizarre result, and I'm really not sure where the Google\ntranslation database got this \"correlation\". Ultimately, it's like Spoonail\nsaid: Google translate is **bloody awful** at translating in various\nconditions -- including short strings.\n\nMoral of the story: **Don't use Google Translate to try to study short\nstrings.** To be fair, it seems to do a better job with longer texts. But for\nshort things, _caveat lector_.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T05:33:11.903",
"id": "76446",
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76446
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{
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"body": "> * 給料を下げられた。\n> * 給料を引き下げられた。\n>\n\nこの二つの文は意味として違いますか？ どちらの方が使いますか？",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T02:19:58.420",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76443",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-08T08:31:09.853",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-08T08:26:08.070",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "38443",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "給料を 下げられた vs 引き下げられた",
"view_count": 64
}
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[
{
"body": "They are basically interchangeable. In formal documents or such, 引き下げ would be\npreferred, but when you casually refer to your own salary, they would make\nalmost no difference.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-08T08:31:09.853",
"id": "76447",
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76447
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76458",
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"body": "I was watching some Let's-players on YouTube, where I saw this sentence:\n\n> それすら来ないと言うことは……きっと、よほどのことがあったに違いない。\n\nI'd like to know what the first part of it means. Moreover, the entire meaning\nof the sentence is still a little fuzzy to me.\n\nFor some context, here's the sentence before it:\n\n> 「璃紗の、あの性格上……元気じゃなくても、相手に心配かけないように、無理してでも元気だって返事をするに決まってるわ」",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T15:13:14.500",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76452",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-09T00:29:49.553",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-08T15:25:47.870",
"last_editor_user_id": "38414",
"owner_user_id": "38414",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"phrases",
"sentence"
],
"title": "What does それすら来ないと言うこと means?",
"view_count": 173
}
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[
{
"body": "This sentence uses the `AということはB((ということ)だ)` construction, which means \"The\nfact that A means B\", \"If A, then it means B\", etc.\n\n * [〜ということ and just 〜こと](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33759/5010)\n * [I'm having trouble translating this sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/58953/5010)\n * [ということは… ということだ grammar](https://learnjapanesedaily.com/japanese-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A0-grammar-toiukotoha-toiukotoda.html)\n\nIn your sentence, A corresponds to それすら来ない and B corresponds to\nきっとよほどのことがあったに違いない. それすら is just それ (\"it\") followed by すら (\"even\"). それ refers\nto a 返事 from 璃紗. Note that すら can replace the subject marker が, just like は\nand も. よほどのこと is \"something very unusual/extraordinary\".\n\n> それすら来ないと言うことは……きっと、よほどのことがあったに違いない。 \n> Even one reply has not come...it must mean something very unusual happened\n> (to her).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-09T00:29:49.553",
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"body": "There are constructions for existence that depend on animated object or not.\n\n鳥がいます - There is a bird (animate).\n\n椅子があります - There is a chair (inanimate).\n\nHow do you treat human-like robots? Are they animate or inanimate? Is it\nrelated to biological nature of the object or to ability to move? What about\ncars? They can move as well but have no limbs.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-08T19:14:44.713",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76456",
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"owner_user_id": "36880",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Are human-like robots animate or inanimate?",
"view_count": 95
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[] |
76456
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76477",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "My question is **_not_** whether the reading of 三分 (3 minutes) is さんぷん.\n\nI've learned that if ん is followed by an m, p or b sound - then ん is\npronounced as m.\n\nHowever, I always hear sanpun and not sampun when listening.\n\nAm I just not able to distinct the two sounds?\n\nShould it be pronounced sanpun or sampun?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-09T10:34:39.333",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76460",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-10T07:41:08.197",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-10T07:41:08.197",
"last_editor_user_id": "7705",
"owner_user_id": "37024",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"pronunciation",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "三分 (3 minutes) pronunciation is sanpun or sampun?",
"view_count": 541
}
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[
{
"body": "Sometimes foreign speakers can hear the difference native Japanese speakers\ndon't really care about. I have seen speakers of other languages are confused\nbecause, to them, Japanese people are pronouncing が and ぜ in different ways.\nHowever, this is something ordinary Japanese speakers are not even aware of.\n\n * [Why doesn't Japanese have a special Katakana form for “hu”?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16272/5010)\n * [Why do Japanese speakers have difficulty pronouncing “L”?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/9333/5010)\n * [Confusion with pronounciation in some words: 'm' and 'n' sounds when there is 'g'](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/54535/5010)\n * [\"z\" sound, which to choose?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68584/5010)\n\nInterestingly, people often unconsciously pronounce one sound in two or more\nways, believing it's the exact same sound ( _allophone_ ). See the \"spin vs\npin\" example in the first link above.\n\nI am a native Japanese speaker, but my ears probably cannot tell the\ndifference between \"sampun\" and \"sanpun\" pronounced by you. It's just the same\nsound, ん, to my ears. So my advice here is \"Don't worry\". If you care, it may\nbe safe to follow the [basic\nrule](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/15625/5010), but I don't know how\nstrictly native Japanese speakers are following this rule (again, I cannot\nhear the difference). You may want to have your pronunciation checked by a\nnative speaker.\n\nTo take another example, Korean people say they are generally bad at\ndistinguishing き and ぎ in Japanese. This was confusing to me because, to my\nears, they were distinguishing き and ぎ under some rule when they speak their\nnative language, Korean.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-10T00:54:35.647",
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"body": "In [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/76458/7944) it is\nincidentally mentioned that よほどのこと means \"something very\nunusual/extraordinary\". I'm struggling to find this definition in a\ndictionary, no matter whether I look up the whole phrase or just よほど on its\nown. Though I did find it in a thesaurus with a synonym of 珍しい quite some way\ndown the list.\n\nIt seems to come up most often in a Google search as よほどのことがない限り. Would it be\nsafe to say that this can be treated as a set phrase? I see in the answer I\nlinked that it is used as よほどのことがあった so I guess that's not quite the right\nanswer.\n\nIn summary\n\n 1. How does よほどのこと come to mean \"something very unusual\"?\n 2. In which contexts/grammatical constructs is it safe to use?\n 3. Is it a common phrase?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-09T11:08:36.750",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76461",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-10T01:52:19.153",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Meaning and usage of よほどのこと",
"view_count": 624
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[
{
"body": "First of all, let me guess where your confusion comes from. Probably you have\nnot looked up「よっぽど」yet.\n\nDo you know that「余(っ)程」is read as\n「[よほど](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%99%E7%A8%8B/) or\n[よっぽど](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%99%E7%A8%8B/)」and have same\nmeaning, so I think naruto mentioned entry No.1 of「よっぽど」in the dictionary I\nlinked.\n\nAnyway,I will give my best shot to your summary:\n\n 1. I am not sure about its etymology though, 「よほど/よっぽど」means \"to a great degree\" mainly. You might think「よほど/よっぽど疲れてたんだな」if your friends started to sleep on the couch just after coming back to the house. This one intensifies how tired they are.\n 2. It depends on the context, in a different setting, I think it's more of a set phrase\n\n・「普段{ふだん}は冷静{れいせい}な彼{かれ}が血相{けっそう}を変えて出ていった。余程{よほど/よっぽど}のことがあったに違いない。」:\n\n_\"He, who usually was a calm guy, left with his face burning red. There must\nhave been something serious had happened to him.\"_\n\nIn this sentence, you can guess something wrong might have happened to him\nseeing his face. It's saying more of something urgent than something\nunexpected.\n\n 3. I think it is kind of a common phrase.「よほどのことがない限り。」would describe both \"unless a very important thing happens\" and \"it is really unlikely to happen\". \n\n* * *\n\nInterestingly, the headline of [this article](https://gentosha-\ngo.com/articles/-/25552) explicitly states the possibility by quantity :\n「新型{しんがた}コロナでも「東京オリンピック中止」の可能性は1%未満か」. So the possibility of cancellation of\nTokyo Olympic (this year?) is estimated to be less than 1%.\n\nAnd the author also states in the middle of article 「 **よほどのことがない限り**\n、開催するでしょう。まさに「国家の威信にかけても」という感じですよね。」: The Olympic Game will be held unless\nsomething unusual happens. It is like a \"on nation's pride\".",
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"creation_date": "2020-04-09T23:21:03.843",
"id": "76475",
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"body": "よほどの/よほどな is a very common adjective that means \"unusual/extraordinary\n**(enough to explain/justify something)** \". The part in parentheses is\nimportant; this adjective is used in relation to another exceptional/unlikely\nevent that needs explanation or justification. よっぽどの/よっぽどな is a synonym\n(sounds more colloquial). よほど/よっぽど also works as a standalone adverb.\n\n余程 mainly modifies words related to \"situation\", such as こと, 事情, 状況, わけ, and\n理由. But 余程のこと by itself is not a set phrase, and 余程 can modify almost any\nnoun, as shown below.\n\nGood Examples:\n\n * 余程の{理由/こと/事情}がない限り出席してください。 \nPlease attend unless you have a very good reason not to do so.\n\n * 余程の力で叩かないとこの扉は壊れないはずだ。 \nThis door should not break unless you hit it with a extreme force.\n\n * 娘を喜ばせるには、よっぽどのプレゼントじゃないとダメだろう。 \nI'll need a really good/special present to please my daughter.\n\n * 彼が泣いた? よっぽどだったんだな。 \nHe cried? Then it must have been very intense.\n\n * よっぽどお金がないんだろう、彼は毎日パンだけ食べている。 \nI guess he has very little money; he is eating only bread every day.\n\nWRONG examples:\n\n * × 彼は余程の人です。(This does not mean \"He is unusual.\")\n * × 彼はよっぽど強い。(This does not mean \"He is very strong.\" Use とても/すごく/etc instead.)\n\nActually these might have been acceptable many years ago, but you should not\nsay them in modern Japanese.",
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76478
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76463",
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"body": "I'm looking for some help in understanding the sentence below. To provide a\nbit more context one of the characters シュン made a ”変態発言” and then the\nfollowing exchange occurred:\n\n> Girl 1「”変態”って何ですか？」\n>\n> Girl 2「”さなぎから蝶になる”って意味よ」\n>\n> Girl 3「正確には完全変態」\n>\n> Girl 4「せんぱいって完全変態するんだぁ」\n>\n> Girl 1「シュン君は完全変態 **で** 、生まれ変わったように頑張るんですね」\n\nI get the idea behind the exchange where 完全変態 is used to mean something like\nComplete Pervert(referring to him being a pervert) / Complete Metamorphosis(as\nin a type of metamorphosis in which the larva does not resemble the adult).\nHowever what I've gotten myself confused on is how to properly parse the last\nsentence.\n\nI think I've just confused myself but anyway, is this で just simply であって and\nnot the で that is used with definitions like 動作・作用の原因・理由を表す,\n動作・作用の手段・方法・材料などを表す。…を使って.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-09T12:12:10.807",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76462",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-09T12:51:32.550",
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"owner_user_id": "38466",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "で in 完全変態で、生まれ変わったように",
"view_count": 93
}
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"body": "Girl 1: What does “hentai” mean?\n\nGirl 2: It’s when a pupa turns into a butterfly.\n\nGirl 3: Technically that’s “total hentai”.\n\nGirl 4: Huh, so senpai goes through total hentai.\n\nGirl 1: I see. Shun-kun is a total hentai, and that’s why he tries his best as\nthough he was reborn.\n\nGirl 1 makes the connection that he tries as hard as he does because he’s a\ntotal hentai. I think this is a であって usage of で and it somewhat expresses a\ncause/reason. It’s a little different from 風で木が倒れた, where 風 is the 原因 for\n木が倒れた, and で would _not_ mean であって because 風 is not being equated with\nanything. In シュン君は完全変態で, there is an equation of two nouns, and hence this で\ncan be interpreted as the て form of だ. One of the usages of the て form is to\nexpress a cause, e.g. 多すぎて in “人が多すぎて友達が見当たらない” (There’s too many people -> I\ncan’t find my friend.)",
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"body": "Insight into 林檎 and 苹果\n\nAre both forms used by Japanese people?\n\nIf so, which form is more common?\n\nIs there some nuanced difference between them?\n\nI know 苹果 more closely reflects the Chinese 苹果.\n\nAlso it's interesting that _Rin Go_ resembles the Chinese Ping Guo and then\nthe kanji 檎 is pronounced as _Go_.\n\nI feel like the pronunciation _ringo_ came from the Chinese _píngguǒ_ , then\nthe new kanji was adopted. _Lin_ 林 was used as it sounds like _Ping_ 苹. Then 檎\ntook on the pronunciation 果.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-09T15:14:45.247",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Insight into 林檎 and 苹果",
"view_count": 265
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"body": "I'm not a native speaker, but I've been working in Japanese for decades, and\nworking on Japanese (i.e. studying it) for about a decade longer.\n\n> Are both forms [林檎 and 苹果] used by Japanese people?\n\nLet's look at these in turn.\n\n# 林檎\n\nShogakukan's 国語大辞典【こくごだいじてん】 (KDJ) is a great dictionary for learning about\netymologies and term histories, as this dictionary is one of the few to\ninclude such details. Kotobank includes KDJ material, but as we saw above for\n苹果, Kotobank's entry page doesn't have anything from the KDJ -- because the\nKDJ has no entry for this term.\n\nHowever, the KDJ _does_ have an entry for 林檎, as we see\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9E%97%E6%AA%8E-658685#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8).\nThis kanji spelling has multiple possible readings -- りゅうごう, りんご, and りんき. Due\nto an unfortunate website redesign several months ago, Kotobank's pages no\nlonger clearly indicate which dictionary definition is for which reading, so\nsometimes you have to read very carefully. I happen to have a local copy of\nthe KDJ with a less-obfuscated layout. Here are the basic details:\n\n### 林檎 -- りゅうごう reading\n\nFirst cited in 934 in the 10-scroll edition of the 和名【わみょう】類聚【るいじゅ】抄【しょう】, a\nreference work somewhere between a dictionary and an encyclopedia.\n\nThe reading りゅう for 林 is explained as an orthographic (spelling) variation for\nん, since this nasalized sound had various spellings in ancient times -- the ん\nkana is relatively recent, and is actually originally a 変体仮名【へんたいがな】 or\n\"variant kana\" for む.\n\n### 林檎 -- りんき reading\n\nFirst cited in roughly 1181 in the 色葉字類抄【いろはじるいしょう】, another early reference\nwork.\n\nThe き reading for 檎 is a non-standard variation of the expected 漢音【かんおん】 of\nきん. In general, 漢音【かんおん】 readings of kanji are slightly younger than the\n呉音【ごおん】 readings, so it makes sense historically that the りんき reading would be\nyounger.\n\n### 林檎 -- りんご reading\n\nFirst cited as the oldest variation in 918, in yet another early reference\nwork, the 本草和名【ほんぞうわみょう】.\n\nThe sense has changed somewhat over time. Back in 918, the apple that you and\nI are familiar with -- ''Malus domestica'' -- wasn't available yet in Japan,\nand thus this term referred instead to what is today called the 和林檎【わりんご】,\n''Malus asiatica'', also known in English as the \"Chinese pearleaf crabapple\".\nOnce ''Malus domestica'' became known in Japan, the term 林檎 was applied to\nthis as well.\n\n# 苹果\n\nMuch like Chocolate's comment on the question post, I never encountered 苹果\nuntil I took Chinese in university. This Chinese term has two spellings:\n\n * 蘋果 -- traditional\n * 苹果 -- simplified\n\nIn the first character in the simplified form, 苹, the main component under the\n艹 is a form of 平. In 苹, the two tick marks are slanting outward from the top.\nThe standard Japanese form of 平 has the two tick marks slanting inward from\nthe top. This is one clue that this might not be a very old Japanese term.\n\nAnother hint is that various monolingual Japanese dictionaries either don't\nhave any entry for 苹果, or just define it as a synonym for リンゴ. See the\nrelevant page at dictionary aggregator websites\n[Weblio](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C) and\n[Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C-613120).\n\n# Conclusion\n\nAt any rate, we can see that this term 林檎 has a long history in Japanese,\nwhile the term 苹果 appears to have a much scantier presence in the language.\n\nThe superficial similarities in the Japanese reading _ringo_ for 林檎, and the\nMandarin Chinese reading _píngguǒ_ for 苹果, are purely coincidental.",
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"body": "The entire line is:\n\n> 私の子よ…精々足掻け\n\nIs it saying to \"Struggle at most\"? If it is, what would be a more natural way\nto say it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-09T19:42:59.100",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76466",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-09T22:46:35.240",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What does 精々足掻け mean?",
"view_count": 64
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"body": "Originally, 「精々」 just meant \"to the best of one's ability\", \"as best as one\ncan\", etc., and in imperative (and similar) constructions could be used as\nsincere encouragement. It's still used in this manner sometimes, often by\npeople who are rather along in years.\n\nBut somewhere along the way, it picked up a sarcastic, scornful, condescending\nconnotation implying the speaker's doubt that the best effort of the person in\nquestion, in the action denoted by the accompanying verb, doesn't or won't\namount to much, or simply the speaker's contempt for the action itself.\n\n(There's also the \"at best/most\" sense, but that doesn't fit too well in this\ncontext.)\n\nHere's NHK's little treatment of this duality:\n<https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20150601_3.html>\n\nIt's hard to know for certain which use the quote at hand represents, but my\nmoney's on the sarcastic one, in which case I'd say it means something like:\n\n> Struggle, my child, whatever good that does.",
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"body": "I have heard that not only can people outside of Tohoku have trouble\nunderstanding the dialect, but I have also heard that people from different\nregions of Tohoku can't understand each other either. To what extent is this\ntrue? The common example I hear are between Aomori dialects like Tsugaru-ben,\nbut would people between regions like Miyagi and Yamagata have this same\ndifficulty? After doing some research, it seems that the sound changes are\nfairly similar, or at least known between dialects, so is this\nunintelligibility due to the accent or due to vocabulary and grammar\ndifferences?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-09T19:50:17.390",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"dialects"
],
"title": "Intelligibility between Tohoku dialects",
"view_count": 154
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"body": "Here are some data points on the subject (results from Google searches on\nterms \"東北方言 お互い 理解\") :\n\nFrom <https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11184915261>\n\n> 私は青森県民ですが、 秋田・岩手は割と似てるところもありますよ。 とはいえ、同じ青森でも津軽と南部は全く違う方言で、\n> お互いの高齢者が話してる内容は結構わかんない部分もあります。\n\ni.e \"I am from Aomori. It is pretty similar to Iwate. But even in Aomori:\nTsugaru and Nanbu region are so different, old people talking together would\nhave some trouble understanding each other\"\n\nFrom <https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q11153633351>\n\n> 同じ南部なので基本的には通じます。 ただ、同じ南部でも盛岡と八戸とで全く同じように話すかと言えばやっぱり違います。\n> また、岩手の伊達と南部でも互いに通じない言葉も多々ありますが、青森の南部VS津軽ほどではありません。岩手沿岸部や八戸などは独特のイントネーションが特徴です。正直、八戸も含め、沿岸部は標準語に近いとは言えません。\n\ni.e \"[Aomori and Iwate] have same Nanbu language and basically understand each\nother. But in Nanbu, Morioka and Hachinohe are not exactly the same. Also,\nthere are Nanbu words that are not understood in Date, but not to the extent\nof Nanbu vs. Tsugaru. Iwate seaside or Hachinohe have specific intonations.\nI'd say those two are pretty far from standard Japanese\"\n\nFrom <https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1397496063>\n\n> 同じ山形でも地域によって方言も違ってくるみたい\n\ni.e \"It seems there are language variations among Yamagata itself as well\"\n\nFrom <https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10107826150>\n\n> 盛岡市と青森市、年代によっては成立しません。 お年寄りの方は単語から違う方言を使います。 青森市と八戸市も、お年寄り同士は厳しいです。\n\ni.e \"Persons of a certain age of Morioka and Aomori could hardly understand\neach other. Same between older people from Aomori and Hachinohe\"\n\n* * *\n\nAnd here is a transcription (might not be 100% accurate, I don't know the\ntechnical terms) of the [chart from the Japanese wikipedia page on the topic,\nillustrating some differences in pronunciation between the\nlanguages](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80#%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%A1%A8):\n\n```\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | | Northern | Southern | East | West |\n | | Tōhoku | Tōhoku | Kantō | Kantō |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | [i]/[u] pronounced as | (Y) | (Y) | (Y) | (N) |\n | \"central vowels\" [ï]/[ɯ̈] | | | | |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | standard [ɛ] pronounced | (Y) | (Y) | (Y) | (N) |\n | as closed vowel [e] | | | | |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | mixing of [i] and [e] | (Y) | (Y) | (Y) | (N) |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | voicing of internal | (Y) | (Y) | (Y) | (N) |\n | consonants [k]/[t] | | | | |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | nazalization of internal | (Y) | (Y) | (N) | (N) |\n | \"dull consonants\" | | | | |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | merging of pairs | (Y) | (Y) | (N) | (N) |\n | shi/su, chi/tsu, ji/zu | (in [i]) | (in [u]) | | |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | syllabeme phenomenon | (Y) | (N) | (N) | (N) |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n | absence of accent | (N) | (Y) | (Y) | (N) |\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n \n```",
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"body": "I'm currently doing some N4 sample papers to prepare myself for the exams and\nI came across this questions;\n\n教室で先生が学生に話しています。学生は、工場で何を作っているときに、見学をしますか。\n\nIt's the second sentence which gets me. I pretty sure it means \" What did the\nstudents do when visiting the factory\" , but the placement of '何' before the\nuse of the gerunds is stumping me a bit. If I were to say this phrase, I would\nprobably structure it as follows\n\n\"教室で先生が学生に話しています。学生は、工場で見学を作っているときに、何をしますか。\"\n\nWould this sentence make sense or am I missing something here?\n\nThanks in advance kind people!\n\nよろしくお願いします！",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-09T23:19:28.967",
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"id": "76473",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-10T02:40:44.837",
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"owner_user_id": "32525",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"syntax",
"sentence"
],
"title": "Sentence structure. 学生は、工場で何を作っているときに、見学をしますか。",
"view_count": 107
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[
{
"body": "> 学生は、工場で何を作っているときに、見学をしますか。\n\nThis 何 is the object of 作る, so the basic question here is \"making what?\"\nrather than \"doing what?\" The subject of 見学をする is 学生, and the (implicit)\nsubject of 作っている is the workers of the factory.\n\nThus a literal translation would be \"The students will visit (the factory)\nwhen (the factory workers) are making _what_?\" This should look a little\nbroken in English, so you can rephrase it to \"What are they manufacturing\nduring our visit to the factory?\"\n\nYour attempt is semantically incorrect, but also note that 見学を作る makes no\nsense in Japanese. Although you can say \"to make a visit\" in English, the verb\nyou need to use with 見学 is always する or 行う. English has many set phrases that\nhave \"make\" (\"make a mistake\", \"make a complaint\", \"make a joke\", etc), but\nyou have to be careful when you translate them into Japanese. See\n[this](https://ell.stackexchange.com/a/42912/8629), too.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"body": "This style of communication is very different from English.\n\nWhen saying something to someone, 本当？？ is a common response.\n\nAlso, for example if someone said 決めた！, a common response might be 決めたんだ！\nできた！できたんだ！ ついた！ついたんだ！ etc.\n\nThis is weird when I do it in English. For example, speaking to my partner...\n\nHim: Oh, this is like this...\n\nMe: Oh, really??\n\nHim: Yeah...(I just said that dude wth)\n\nSo I have to remind myself not to do this in English.\n\nAny comments on the reason for this style of communication?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-09T23:20:58.853",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"culture"
],
"title": "Cultural question: Why「本当？」and「んだ？」are so popular?",
"view_count": 254
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"body": "Your question is a little bit vague, but I am going to try and answer the\nquestion I think you're asking.\n\nIt appears to me that your confusion stems from the fact that\n[backchanneling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backchannel_\\(linguistics\\)) is\nmuch more common - and oftentimes more emphatic - in Japanese than in English.\nThe Japanese term for this is [あいづち](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizuchi),\nand the discrepancy between its prevalence in Japanese and English is a\nreasonably well known pain point for speakers of either language trying to\nacquire the other one. Here's a [brief article about\nit](https://guidable.co/move_to_japan/back-channeling-in-japanese-aizuchi/).\n\nThere is some debate in the comments about how reasonable it is to be confused\nabout the usage of particular phrases like `本当？`, but I think this misses the\nforest for the trees. Different people are going to favor different\nexpressions, but what is important to remember here is that backchanneling is\na fairly significant part of conversation in Japanese, and that sometimes\nthings are said primarily just to backchannel and don't mean much of anything\nat all. To quote the wiki article I linked:\n\n> Aizuchi are frequently misinterpreted by non-native speakers as the listener\n> showing agreement or fully comprehending what is being said.\n\nYou should also take a look at [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4012/how-can-i-\ndifferentiate-agreement-with-the-person-and-agreement-with-the-idea), which is\nvery related.",
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"body": "I was doing some research into the difference between Japanese states,\nregions, prefectures, etc. today when I noticed that one of the regions is\ncalled ちゅうごく (中国).\n\nIs there a reason that one of the regions is given the same name as China ?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-10T13:56:57.090",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76481",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-11T11:17:04.603",
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"owner_user_id": "29665",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "Insight into one of Japan's regions which is called 中国",
"view_count": 301
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{
"body": "Being Chinese myself, I dont think these two meanings are connected in any\nway. Most likely just pure coincidence. Some evidence to consider:\n\n 1. The word goku in the chugoku actually does not mean \"country\", but means something closer to \"region\".\n\n 2. 中国 is actually abbreviation of 中华人民共和国（People's Republic of China), which did not exist until 1949. Although the word 中国 was used before 1949, as abbreviation of 中华民国，the predecessor of China, current government of taiwan.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-11T05:16:23.050",
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"body": "The word 「中國」 is a [_kango_](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kango) which\nliterally means _middle_ 「中」 _region_ 「國」.\n\n* * *\n\n[「[國]{こく}」](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=2021) ([Baxter-\nSagart\nOC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter%E2%80%93Sagart_%282014%29):\n**/*[C.q]ʷˤək/** , _state_ > _country_ ) is comprised of\n\n * semantic 「囗」 ( _picture of city walls_ > _surround_ , now written 「[圍]{囲}」)\n\n * simultaneously semantic and phonetic [「[或]{こく}」](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=894), which is a _picture of_\n\n * _a_ [_dagger-axe_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger-axe) [「戈」](http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=127) guarding\n\n * _a region_ represented by 「囗」(small centre-left square shape in 「或」) surrounded by _borders_ (represented by horizontal lines「㇐」 above and beneath 「囗」).\n\n「或」 thus represents the ancestral\n[morpheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme) of both 「國」 and 「[域]{よく}」 (\n**/*[ɢ]ʷrək/** , _area/region_ ), and 「國」 and 「域」 are\n[cognate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate). If you can't stop seeing the\nword _China_ in 「[中國地方]{ちゅうごくちほう}」, I suggest you mentally interpret it as\n「中域地方」.\n\nSince 「或」 originally represented the morpheme now written as 「國」, the word\nrepresented by 「中國」 was originally written as 「中或」. From 《尊》\n([《殷周金文集成》6014](http://www.guoxuedashi.com/yzjwjc/?bh=6014)):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/n95k5.png)\n\n>\n> [隹]{唯}[珷]{武}王旣[]{克}大邑商[]{則}【[⿺⿹人彡]{廷（筳）}】[]{告}【[⿰于弓]{于}】{{zh:天}}曰余[]{其}宅[]{兹}\n> **[]{中}或** 自[]{之}【[⿰]{乂}】【[⿸目十]{民}】\n>\n> _[For]{唯}[[King Wǔ]{武王}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou) had\n> [already]{旣} [[defeated]{克}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muye)\n> the [Great]{大} [State]{邑} of\n> [[Shāng]{商}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang). He [thus]{則} conducted\n> [ritual divination]{筳（筳篿）} and [prayed]{告} [to]{于}\n> [[Heaven]{天}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian), [saying]{曰}: \"[I]{余}\n> [shall]{其} [settle]{宅} in [these]{兹} [[central]{中}\n> [regions]{或（國・域）}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan), and [govern]{乂}\n> the [people]{民} [from]{自} [here]{之}.\"_\n\nPlease note that 「中或」 **doesn't mean China** (or the [Zhōu\nDynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) in this context), it\nmeans the _central regions_ of the state/\"nation\"/\"country\". The meaning\n_China_ for 「中國」 is a **Chinese-language** literary name, rather than a name\nused by the states surrounding China (such as Japan), until the formation of\nthe Chinese Republics. The literary name comes from ancient Chinese Dynasties\nconsidering the ruling power controlling the Central Plain Regions as holding\nthe [Mandate of Heaven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_of_heaven).\n\nChinese dynasties usually referred to themselves and the predecessor dynasty\nwith their _dynasty name_ or _capital city name_ (the above inscription\nreferred to Shāng as 「大邑商」), rather than the literary name 「中國」.\n\n* * *\n\nAccording to Japanese and English Wikipedia, the exact origin of the name is\nunknown. However, 「中國」 in the context of 「中國地方」 should also be taken with a\nmore literal meaning: _middle regions > middle provinces_ ( _koku_ ,\nprovincial administrative division in Ancient Japan). Some relevant\ndefinitions from\n[_kotobank_](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD-97172):\n\n> * 国の中央の部分。天子の都のある地方。\n>\n> * 律令制で、都からの距離によって国を遠国・中国・近国に分類したうちの一。\n>\n> * This definition implies that the name 「中国」 may come from a _proximity\n> relation from an administrative centre_ (with other _far provinces_ and\n> _near provinces_ ).\n>",
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76481
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"body": "I'm working through Nihongo so-matome N5 and I came across a phrase I don't\nquite understand.\n\n大切に使っています means \"I'm using it\" but I don't understand how that is different\nfrom 使っています. How does adding 大切に to the front of 使っていますchange the meaning? If\nthey are the same, what kind of situation would I use 大切に使っています instead of\n使っています?",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-10T14:49:20.533",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"translation"
],
"title": "How does adding 大切に to 使っています change its meaning?",
"view_count": 147
}
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[
{
"body": "Erik, ようこそ。\n\nThere are two separate things going on here.\n\nFirst off, the verb meaning \"to use\" is written as つかう in hiragana and 使う in\nkanji. There's no difference in meaning whatsoever, but this is a very common\nword and you're unlikely to see this verb written in hiragana outside of\nmaterials for children and Japanese learners.\n\nWhen you conjugate the verb into -ている・-ています form, it looks like this:\n\n> 使っている or 使っています\n>\n> つかっている or つかっています\n\nNote that when written in hiragana, the conjugation is つかっています, _not_ つっかています.\n\nNow, what about that word 大切? When used as a な-adjective, 大切 usually means\n\"important,\" but when you use it as an adverb (by affixing に to the end before\na phrase), it means \"carefully.\" So:\n\n> 使っています = I use it\n>\n> 大切に使っています = I use it carefully",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-10T15:32:36.533",
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76484
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"body": "I wanted to say \"Stores are closed at least until April, 13th\", and speaking\nwith two different Japanese people I had two different answers: one said that\n「せめて四月の十三日まで」 was right, the other said that it sounds odd and 「少なくとも四月の十三日まで」\nwould be better.\n\nI found that [they differ in\nstrenght/emotion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28482/is-there-\nany-difference-\nbetween-%E3%81%9B%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6-and-%E5%B0%91%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82),\nbut if that's the only difference both of them would be right depending on how\nthe speaker feels about the stores being closed.\n\nI tried to do a bit of research, and it seems that 「せめて」 is more linked to\nwanting/asking at least a certain quantity of something, like 「せめて一度は日本に行きたい」,\nbut I'm not sure if it can or not be used in the opening sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-10T15:03:45.783",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Differences between「せめて」 and 「少なくとも」",
"view_count": 225
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[
{
"body": "せめて is linked to wanting/asking as you wrote. It is used when someone\nasks/wants something that will still not be satisfactory even if it is\nrealised.\n\nFor example, in the situation where you say せめて四月十三日まで休業していただきたい, you actually\nwanted stores to be kept closed longer but had to settle for 13 April because\nit seemed difficult to request more, or only a shorter period seemed feasible\nfor some other reason.\n\n\"Stores are closed at least until April, 13th\" does not look like a request\nnor a desire, so せめて is not appropriate. Instead, we use 少なくとも, 最短で(も), 早くとも,\netc.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-11T07:29:02.147",
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76483
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76496
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"body": "A couple of weeks ago I learned in my course the usage of the て-Form which\nwere:\n\n * Chaining verbs together , all of which are written in the で-Form and the last one is written with the polite form. The last verb can indicate if the action happened in the past or present/future (ます／、ました)\n * Asking someone to do something, for example: **まって** ください\n * Saying that you are currently doing an action: アメリカに **すんで** います\n\nI want to learn about the other usages of the た-Form since I know that both\nforms are written very similarly. I tried to search online about the Usage and\nno luck. All I know about it is that it's the plain past form.\n\nSo, in practice, all I know is the I can write in two ways something I did in\nthe past:\n\n * ビルを のみました.\n * ビルを のんだ.\n\nMy main question is what are the main usages of the た-Form? Is it like the\nて-Form ? Is there a site that explains it more deeply ?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-10T19:45:25.487",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage",
"て-form",
"past"
],
"title": "Main usages of the た-Form",
"view_count": 374
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[
{
"body": "Thanks to the comments a little research, I am able to assemble a humble\nanswer. These are the main usages of the た-Form:\n\n * 1st one is the obvious, which is the option to say a verb in it's past tense plainly. \n\n> this raises a personal question **(which I do not want to discuss here)**\n> which is: can I chain multiple た-Forms like the て-Form?\n\n * 2nd is saying \"probably did something\" by doing this -> [た-Form + だろ／でしょう]. here's an example of a site I visit often to get a [verb's full conjugation(Drink Example)](http://www.japaneseverbconjugator.com/VerbDetails.asp?txtVerb=%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%80) -> 飲んだだろう ／ 飲んだでしょう\n * 3rd is taken from [user3856370's comment link page](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/40733/non-conventional-usage-of-the-past-tense/40888#40888); \"Discovery and Recall\". For a \"Discovery Expression\", we can conjugate ある／いる to the た-Form to add a \"discovery\" sound to it (Just as you hear in anime the verb 見つけ **た** ！).\n\nSummary: I think that た-Form, as said by jarmanso7, is much less flexible\nsince \"the た-Form is just the conjugation for a verb into its past form\",\nwhere's the て-Form is mainly used to chain various expressions [(This video,at\n0:23, explains what the て-Form is)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsBeKXmS-\nyc). It has no direct (what so ever) indication about the time the verb\noccurred. Rather, the nonて-Form that is attached to it, indicates the time and\nmeaning.\n\n * 食べて ください (\"Please eat\" expression)\n * (私は) 食べて 飲みました (\"I ate and drank\", the last verb indicating that the \"eating\" was done in the past).\n\nIn short, the て-Form was meant for modification, where's the た-Form is mainly\nused for past plain tense.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"body": "According to Kunihiro there are 9 usages for ーた form.\n\n 1. A situation completed in the past or that lasted for a certain length of time in the past:\n\n> `Haha ni tegami o kai-TA` ‘I WROTE a letter to my mother.’\n\n 2. Habitual repetition in the past:\n\n> `Ano koro wa yoku undoo si-TA` ‘I USED TO EXERCISE frequently in those\n> days.’\n\n 3. A situation that occurred under a certain circumstance in the past:\n\n> `Kaeru to sugu ni te o arat-TA` ‘I WOULD WASH my hands immediately after I\n> got home.’\n\n 4. A situation that materialized in the past and still exists:\n\n> `Ookiku nat-TA ne` ‘You’VE GROWN, haven’t you?’\n\n 5. Sudden discovery that a certain state has continuously existed (the so-called TA form of discovery; a special case of (4):\n\n> `A, soko ni i-TA no` ‘Oh, there you ARE!’\n\n 6. Sudden recalling of a future event or plan that the speaker has known as definite:\n\n> `A, asita siken ga at-TA` ‘Oh, I HAVE an exam tomorrow!’\n\n 7. A request for hearer’s confirmation of a fact (normally only in questions):\n\n> `Anata wa donata desi-TA ka` ‘Who ARE you?’\n\n 8. Proclamation or assertion of the realization of a situation which has not been realized:\n\n> `Yosi kat-TA` ‘All right, (I’m sold) I’LL BUY it!’\n\n 9. A command:\n\n> `Doi-TA, doi-TA` ‘STEP back! STEP back!’",
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"creation_date": "2021-09-05T06:49:16.000",
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90212
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"body": "> 「危機対応融資」は、災害や金融危機などで一時的に業績が悪化した場合に、融資を受けられる制度です。\n\nI don't think it make sense if \"悪化した場合\" is interpreted as past tense in this\nsentence.\n\nWill the original meaning be altered somehow if it is updated into \"悪化する場合\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-11T00:08:11.277",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the difference between \"悪化した場合\" and \"悪化する場合\"?",
"view_count": 90
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[
{
"body": "Yes,悪化した does make sense in the past tense and should maintain so. In fact it\nis the non-past tense (i.e.悪化する) that doesnt make sense.\n\nTo put it simply, 悪化した and not 悪化する because bussiness perfmance has been\nworsened (悪化した), not will be worsened(悪化する).\n\nIt only make sense to provide 危機対応融資 to bussiness whose performance has been\nworsened by natural disaster or financial crisis. Therefore, 悪化 is a thing in\nthe past and should be in past tense",
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76488
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76493
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76493
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"body": "I came across a statement in my Japanese book and wondered if someone could\nhelp me out with it.\n\n> ( )の中からより適当な方を選びなさい。\n\nI reckon this translates to from the ( ) choose the most appropriate option.\n\nBut why is からより used? Shouldn’t it be one or the other as they both have the\nsame meaning?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T03:08:51.500",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particle-から"
],
"title": "から and より used one after the other",
"view_count": 90
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[
{
"body": "No, they do not. Not in this context. から means from, and より means more, which\nis an adverb modifying 適当な.\n\n[Article 4 of the jisho page for\nより](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A) has an example sentence:\n\n> **より** いい物が見つからないので、今ある物で我慢しよう",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-11T04:27:17.400",
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76489
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76492
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{
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"body": "> 問題１ この工場は規模こそ小さいが、年商は数十億円に上がる。\n>\n> １．こそ ２．だの ３．さえも ４．ですら\n\n皆さん、どうしてこの文章にはこそを使いますか？\n\n今日こそか、これこそとか この場合は、ネガティブの意味だから、 こそはどういういみです？ どうして規模でされ使わないでしょうか？\n\n> 問題２ たばこは健康に害を及ぼし_________、いい影響は与えない。\n>\n> １．兼ねて ２．こそすれ ３．次第で ４．ずくめで\n\nこの文章はどういう意味ですか。\n\nそれに、こそすれの使い道を教えてお願いします。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-11T04:18:34.387",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "この工場は規模こそ小さいが、年商は数十億円に上がる。",
"view_count": 263
}
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[
{
"body": "「は」に置き換えても意味は大きく変わりません。「こそ」によって直前の語を強調しているだけです。\n\n**問題1**\n\n * この工場は規模 **こそ** 小さいが、年商は数十億円に上がる。\n * この工場は規模 **は** 小さいが、年商は数十億円に上がる。\n\n工場の規模が小さいにも関わらず年商が多いという対比が強調されています。\n\n**問題2**\n\n * たばこは健康に害を及ぼし **こそ** すれ、いい影響は与えない\n * たばこは健康に害を及ぼし **は** すれど(も)、いい影響は与えない\n\n害を及ぼしてばかりであることが強調されています。\n\n**こそすれ**\n\n「～こそすれ」は「～はするけれど」の「～」の部分（動作）を強調しつつ堅めに言い換えた表現です。\n\n「すれ」というのは「すれど」「すれども」の「ど(も)」が省略された形です。 \n「するけど」の堅い言葉と捉えておけば良いでしょう。\n\n次の三つはどれも似た意味であり、強調の度合いと表現の堅さが異なるだけです。\n\n * うちの子はゲームこそすれ、勉強はしない。\n * うちの子はゲームこそするが、勉強はしない。\n * うちの子はゲームはするけれど、勉強はしない。\n\n「～」の部分には名詞も使えますが、少し形が変わります、\n\n * 緊急事態宣言こそ発令されど(も)、都市封鎖はされていない。\n * 緊急事態宣言は発令されたが、都市封鎖はされていない。\n * 彼は今でこそ優秀であれど、元は落ちこぼれであった。\n * 彼は今では優秀だが、元は落ちこぼれだった。",
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{
"body": "その2つの例文に使われている「こそ」は、\n\n> こそ［係助］種々の語に付く。 \n> ２ ある事柄を一応認めておいて、それに対立的、あるいは、否定的な事柄を続ける。 \n> 「感謝 **こそすれ** 、恨むことはあるまい」 \n> 「賛成 **こそ** する **が** 、積極的ではない」 \n> [補説] 2は、現代語では、多く「こそあれ」「こそすれ」「こそするが」などの形で用いられる。 \n> ([デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D/#jn-79455))\n\nおよび、\n\n> こそ 〘副助〙 \n> ❷《「…こそすれ」「…にこそなれ」「…こそ…だが」などの形で》物事を他から取り立てて、それと対比的な物事が否定されることを予測させる。…こそ…けれど。 \n> 「喜び **こそすれ** 怒ったりはしない」 \n> 「男女の違い **こそあれ** 二人はうりふたつだ」 \n> 「害に **こそなれ** 薬にならない」 \n> 「物腰 **こそ** [慇懃]{いんぎん} **だが** 、根は腹黒い」 \n> (明鏡国語辞典)\n\nで説明されている用法です。問題１の、\n\n> この工場は規模 **こそ** 小さい **が** 、年商は数十億円に上がる。\n\nは、「規模が小さい」ということを認めておいて、それに対立する「年商は数億円に上がる」という事柄を続けるものです。また問題２の、\n\n> たばこは健康に害を及ぼし **こそすれ** 、いい影響は与えない。\n\nは、「たばこは健康に害を及ぼす」ということを認めたうえで、それとは対比的な「いい影響を与え...」ることを否定（「...ない」）するものです。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T13:23:15.613",
"id": "76506",
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"parent_id": "76491",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76491
| null |
76498
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76548",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "These are literally the first couple of lines, so all context is within the\nfollowing.\n\n> 尽きることのない青い空の下――\n>\n> 蝉が騒がしく鳴いている。\n>\n> 閑静な町を包む季節の音はどこまでも響き渡り、焼けただれたアスファルトからは陽炎が立ち上ぼる。\n>\n> 夏の太陽に照らされた坂道を転びそうになって走る少年がいる。\n>\n> うだるような暑さの中、夢中で向かう先にはなにがあるというのだろう……\n>\n> 擦れ違う者は、盛夏の輝きを背負って走る少年を仰ぎ見ていた。\n>\n> 溜息混じりの他人の視線など気にすることなく、少年はただ走る。\n>\n> 少年は、走ってゆく。\n\nup to these two lines in particular:\n\nうだるような暑さの中、夢中で向かう先にはなにがあるというのだろう……\n\n擦れ違う者は、盛夏の輝きを背負って走る少年を仰ぎ見ていた。\n\n * from who's perspective it the first observation made?\n\n * \"擦れ違う者\" is looking upwards at the running boy, but what is it? It is a non-omniscient narrator or a yet to be named 3rd party?\n\nthanks",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T06:54:56.773",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "22187",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "discerning who \"擦れ違う者\" is with minimal context",
"view_count": 150
}
|
[
{
"body": "The perspective of the first observation is simply the narrator of the story.\n\nA translation: \"What exactly is waiting for him to cause him to run under the\nsweltering heat?\"\n\n擦れ違う者 is just passersby that saw the boy recklessly running down the hill.\nIt's not any character specifically, just a general group of people.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T08:59:33.217",
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76495
|
76548
|
76548
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I recently watched a film called\n\n> パパはわるものチャンピオン\n\nand wondered whether the particle 'の' had been omitted between 'わるもの' and\n'チャンピオン' in the film's title. Similarly, my mind turned to phrases like\n\n> 東京大学\n\nIs there a reason for the lack of 'の' between these sets of nouns? Thank you!\n(Sorry to waste time with what is probably a very simple question...)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T07:43:40.693",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76497",
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"owner_user_id": "36655",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"nouns"
],
"title": "Is の omitted in these cases?",
"view_count": 60
}
|
[] |
76497
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76517",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was wondering about the meaning of 「(なら)まだしも」: I can't find it in my grammar\nbooks, but I found ([here](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A0%E3%81%97%E3%82%82-nara-madashimo-\nmeaning/), [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/48664/use-\nof-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A0%E3%81%97%E3%82%82-in-this-sentence) and others) that it\nmeans \"... would be acceptable; ... would be better\", followed by something\nwhich isn't acceptable/is worse, like 「一度ならまだしもここまで六回その言葉を間違えって書いた」 (from\n[here](http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=madashimo)).\n\nMy doubt is: can it, given the right wording, mean the opposite, like\n「XならまだしもB」, \"X wouldn't be acceptable, but I don't see the issue with B\"? My\ndoubt comes from this, from a story I'm having a lot of difficulties\nunderstanding (and this is the first time I saw this grammar construction);\ncontext: a boy was seen peeing outside school, and the protagonist takes\nresponsability, despite not being guilty, because the search for the culprit\nwas blocking classes and lunch break; his grandmother is speaking with the\nprincipal and viceprincipal:\n\n> 女が人前で尻をだすならまだしも、大の男が見附の十文字で金玉さらして立小便するってえの、いったいどこか都合悪いんでござんしょうかね\n\nI don't really understand the central part, from 「大の男」 to 「てえの」, but I'm\nguessing 「見附」 means something like \"in front across the street\"\n([Weblio](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E8%A6%8B%E9%99%84), meaning 3); I\nhave no clue about 「十文字」, but I think 「てえの」 is dialectal for 「というの」, so I\nguess it means something like \"an adult men showing his testicles (金玉) and\nurinating across the street\".\n\nI could take 「ならまだしも」 to mean \"X is acceptable, but B isn't\", so that would\nmean (I think) that a woman showing her butt in public would be (somehow)\nacceptable, but a man showing is testicles and urinating isn't; but\n「いったいどこか都合悪い」 seems to me to mean \"where the hell is the problem?\".\n\nSo, my general understanding of the sentences is something like \"A woman\nshowing her butt in public would be one thing, but where the hell is the\nproblem in a man showing his testicles and urinating across the street?\". But\nthis would reverse the meaning of 「ならまだしも」, and while the sentence does make\nsense in English (meaning-wise) I'm not really sure that what's the character\nis saying.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T09:03:47.890",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76499",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-04-11T20:32:30.197",
"last_editor_user_id": "35362",
"owner_user_id": "35362",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of まだしも",
"view_count": 386
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think you've got the general drift of the sentence right. But I'm hazy on\nthe meaning of \"見附の十文字\" too. \"見附\" is a pretty much outdated word that I hardly\nknew, and it seems it has lots of [different\nmeanings](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A6%8B%E4%BB%98%E3%83%BB%E8%A6%8B%E9%99%84-391471).\n(I'm guessing \"十文字\" means \"crossroads\" here? And \"見附\" \"guardhouse\" or \"right\nacross from/in front of ...\"? If someone knows, please tell me.) But that all\nis of little significance here. Let's get to the meat of the matter.\n\nThe implication of the pattern「ＸならまだしもＹ」 is a bit more complicated than simply\n\"the speaker thinks X would be acceptable or better than Y, which isn't\nacceptable/is worse\". In fact, I think, to determine what it is exactly that\nthe speaker thinks is \"acceptable or better than Y\", you must take the\nreferent of X in conjunction with what the rest of the sentence says, or\nindicates about the speaker's beliefs, instead of just looking at X alone.\nConsider, for example, the following pair of sentences:\n\n> (A) 一度の間違いならまだしも、三度も間違いをして叱られないのはおかしいと思う。\n>\n> (B) 三度の間違いならまだしも、たった一度の間違いで叱られるのはおかしいと思う。\n\nWith (A), the flaw of the \"speaker thinks X would be acceptable or better than\nY\" explanation causes no visible problem: the explanation squares with the\nspeaker's implied belief that one mistake is not as bad as three mistakes, and\na one-time offender might be spared a telling-off (but not so a three-timer,\nthey think). Okay, that makes sense. So far so good.\n\nBut in (B), if 「ＸならまだしもＹ」 entailed that \"the speaker thinks X would be\nacceptable or better than Y\", then the speaker's implied belief would be three\nmistakes are better than one, even though the sentence as a whole suggests\nnothing of the sort! (The sentence actually says the speaker would be fine\nwith people being scolded for making three mistakes, but not for only one\nmistake.)\n\nOne way to solve this problem I've come up with (which may have flaws of its\nown) is to supply X with some appropriate element from Ｙ (making adjustments\nas necessary), like shown below, and take the referent of the resulting\nexpression, not X alone, as what \"the speaker thinks would be acceptable or\nbetter than Y\".\n\n> (A') 一度の間違い［をして叱られない（の）］ならまだしも、三度も間違いをして叱られないのはおかしいと思う。\n>\n> (B') 三度の間違い［で叱られる（の）］ならまだしも、たった一度の間違いで叱られるのはおかしいと思う。\n\nApplying this to the sentence in your question, although it's a bit less\nstraightforward than the examples above, we get this:\n\n>\n> 女が人前で尻をだす［のが都合が悪いという（の）］ならまだしも、大の男が見附の十文字で金玉さらして立小便するってえの、いったいどこか都合悪いんでござんしょうかね\n\nThus, what, using 「まだしも」, the grandma says she finds acceptable, or is\nrelatively fine with, is not a woman's baring her rear in public, but actually\nrather the idea (or the stating of the idea) that a woman's baring her rear in\npublic is problematic/inappropriate.\n\nOr, another possible solution is to attribute to the expression 「ＸならまだしもＹ」 no\ninherent relatively-positive evaluation of X, as with the English expression\n\"X is one thing, but ...\", and think of the polarity (negativeness or\npositiveness) of the evaluation as wholly dependent on the context --「Ｘならまだしも」\nis just a device for providing a comparison through which the Y part is put in\nperspective.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T23:58:03.670",
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"score": 5
}
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76499
|
76517
|
76517
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "睨みあうサラスとユキを尻目 **に** 、平松がハンカチを差し出してくれた\n\nWhy isn't there a verb in going with the に in the sentence above? In fact,\nwhat does the first sentence even mean? (since there is not verb). Is the 差し出し\nverb shared between the sentences?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T09:33:08.513",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76500",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-11T09:33:08.513",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"sentence"
],
"title": "に without a verb in a sentence",
"view_count": 74
}
|
[] |
76500
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76540",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "乱暴にされているのに....\n\nGot the sentence above from a book. From what I understand, に marks the doer\nin a passive sentence. In other words, the sentence above would translate to\n\"done by violence\", which doesn't makes sense to me. What is this に trying to\nmark here?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T10:11:24.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76502",
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"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "に in passive sentence",
"view_count": 98
}
|
[
{
"body": "に, like most Japanese particles, can have a number of possible uses.\n\nIn a passive sentence, に _can_ mark the actor (similar to \"by\" in English),\nbut in a passive sentence, に can also be used in any of the same ways it can\nbe used in other sentences, too, so just because it _can_ be used that way\ndoesn't mean it necessarily _is_.\n\nIn this case, as you noted, interpreting it as indicating the person/thing\ndoing the action does not make a lot of sense, so that's probably not the\nright meaning. What is the right meaning? Well, 乱暴 can be an adjective\n(\"violent\"), に is commonly used to form adverbs from adjectives ( _adjective_\n+ に --> _adverb_ ), so without other context this seems like the\nstraightforward interpretation:\n\n> 乱暴 (\"violent\") + に (adverb) --> 乱暴に (\"violently\") \n> 乱暴に (\"violently\") + されている (\"is being done\") --> 乱暴にされている (\"is being done\n> violently\")",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T20:11:55.677",
"id": "76540",
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76502
|
76540
|
76540
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{
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"body": "This is an extract from 窓ぎわのトットちゃん。\n\nThe teacher is talking about how Totto-chan ended up drawing a ふさ around her\nrendition of the flag of Japan. She is presumably quite astonished at this and\nmy only guess is that these signs are used to express that astonishment? Not\nsure.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tdCzR.png)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T10:15:44.607",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76503",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "36831",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"orthography"
],
"title": "In vertical writing, what do these signs (that look like backticks) mean?",
"view_count": 36
}
|
[] |
76503
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76507",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's the difference between:\n\n笑わないでくれ\n\n笑ってくれないで",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T10:37:15.997",
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"id": "76504",
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"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"sentence"
],
"title": "conjugating before and after a くれ",
"view_count": 80
}
|
[
{
"body": "～ないでくれる means \"(someone) does me the favor of not doing (something).\" \n～てくれない means \"(someone) doesn't do me the favor of doing (something).\"\n\nCompare:\n\n笑わないでくれる -- \"does me the favor of not laughing\" \nYou want someone not to laugh, and they don't laugh. \nvs \n笑ってくれない -- \"doesn't do me the favor of laughing\" \nYou want someone to laugh, but they don't laugh.\n\n* * *\n\n「笑わないでくれ。」 would mean \"(Please) don't laugh.\" \n(くれ is the imperative form of くれる.)\n\nYou could use 「笑ってくれないで...」 to mean \"(I want someone to laugh, but) they don't\nlaugh, and...\" \n(ないで is one of the continuative forms of ない.)\n\n「笑わ **ないで** 。」 can mean \"(Please) don't laugh.\" but 「笑って **くれないで** 」 doesn't\nmean that.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T13:48:15.620",
"id": "76507",
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76504
|
76507
|
76507
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76510",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I got this sentence from My hero academia anime and I am confused on the usage\nof したる. The line is said in season 3 episode 9 at the 4 minute 45 second mark.\n\n```\n\n こいつらの方針が変わんねえうちに２～３人ぶっ殺して脱出したる！\n \n```\n\nThe english translation is, \"Before they change their minds, I'll take down a\nfew of them and escape!\"\n\nI came across this post, [Please help me understand this\nたる?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/40891/please-help-me-\nunderstand-this-%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B) , which could maybe seem like the answer\nto my question but I am not sure. Saying 脱出する seems much more natural here\nsince the character isn't in the act of already escaping yet。\n\nIs don't believe this to be an instance of 足る, being attached to する but I\ncould be wrong. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T15:11:46.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76509",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-11T15:48:14.177",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-11T15:43:53.613",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "33404",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"contractions"
],
"title": "How is たる being used here?",
"view_count": 119
}
|
[
{
"body": "This たる is a shorten form of てやる, which means \"I'll do ...\"\n\nSee also: [What is this colloquial / dialect form?\n〜たるけんね](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/11932/what-is-this-\ncolloquial-dialect-form-%e3%81%9f%e3%82%8b%e3%81%91%e3%82%93%e3%81%ad)\n\n(Yes, there is the answer already, but I think it's better more simple answer\nabout this たる exists, so I posted.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T15:27:47.643",
"id": "76510",
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"owner_user_id": "38428",
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76509
|
76510
|
76510
|
{
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"body": "As far as I can tell, this same question has been asked before\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/73622/what-is-the-right-\npronunciation-\nof-%e4%bd%95%e3%81%ab%e3%81%bf%e3%81%88%e3%81%be%e3%81%99%e3%81%8b).\n\nHowever, I am asking it nonetheless because I've noticed that the Genki\ntextbook uses both readings and I find the inconsistency weird on their part\nif the difference is only a matter of formality.\n\nSo, can anybody confirm that both readings are the same? Is there no usage\ndifference besides formality?\n\nI also ask because I've found [this\narticle](https://penzemi.com/%E3%80%8C%E4%BD%95%E3%81%AB%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AD%E3%81%BF%E6%96%B9/)\nthat seems to discuss the difference, but I cannot understand it.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T15:40:51.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76512",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-11T15:40:51.723",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35229",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Is 「何に」 read 「なにに」or 「なんに」?",
"view_count": 170
}
|
[] |
76512
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76518",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across the following question when preparing for the N2 exam:\n\n> マンションを買うときは実際に＿、心配だ。\n>\n> a 見た上で b 見て以来 c 見てからでないと\n\nI thought the answer is a but it's given as c.\n\nThat doesn't seem to be right since it's explicitly stated that for this\nconstruction,\n\n> 後には、否定的な意味の文がくる\n\nwhich 心配だ doesn't seem to fit.\n\nIs the answer wrong or maybe I didn't understand the sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-11T22:02:17.667",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76515",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4959",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"verbs",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Why choose 見てからでないと in this question?",
"view_count": 164
}
|
[
{
"body": "So, I'm not entirely sure why you think\n\n> 後には、否定的な意味の文がくる\n\nDoesn't fit with option `c` here. This just says that you can expect the\ngrammar in question to be followed by something with a negative meaning; it's\nnot for example suggesting that there has to be a [negative\nconjugation](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2) involved.\n`心配` may literally mean worry, but it's being used here to express the fact\nthat something is a bad idea - which seems negative enough to me.\n\nHowever, it's kind of a moot point in this case anyway because the other two\noptions don't really make sense.\n\n> マンションを買うときは実際に見た上で、心配だ。\n>\n> When (someone is) going to buy an apartment, (I) worry about it after\n> (they've) actually seen it. (?)\n>\n> マンションを買うときは実際に見て以来、心配だ\n>\n> When (someone is) going to buy an apartment, (I) worry about it since\n> (they've) actually seen it. (???)\n>\n> マンションを買うときは実際に見てからでないと、心配だ\n>\n> When (one is) going to buy an apartment, (I) worry about it unless (they\n> are) buying after having seen it.\n\nIt's pretty awkward to try and provide direct translations for these sentences\nbecause it's impossible to place all these implied subjects without more\ncontext, but if it helps you, here is a much more natural English translation\nfor option `c`.\n\n> When shopping for apartments, it's not a good idea to buy something you\n> haven't seen first.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T00:05:31.730",
"id": "76518",
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"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
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"parent_id": "76515",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
76515
|
76518
|
76518
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "「なにしてんだよ。」 appears in this book ISBN-13: 978-0143118336 On page 61, the longer\ncontext is\n\n>\n> 下の子どもの泣き声が聞こえた。いつの間にか、姿が見えなくなっている。あわてて辺りを見渡した私に、上の娘が、あの子、あんなところにいる、と笑いながら教えてくれた。はじめの仔猫のいた場所に、下の子どもはうずくまって泣いていた。仔猫を見つけて、勢いこんで茂みに飛び込んだのはよいが、仔猫はさっさとどこかに行ってしまい、残された子どもは茂みの外にどうやって出たらよいのか分からなくなって、泣きだしたのだった。\n> **なにしてんだよ** 。お前につかまえられるわけないのに。 娘はしゃがみ込んで茂みのなかにいる弟に呼びかける。 ばかみたい。早く出ておいでよ。\n\nI assume that 「なに」 is 「何」 「だ」 means the past 「よ」 and asks for agreement but\nhow does the 「してん」 work?\n\nI tried looking up the grammar in three places, but I can't figure it out.\n\n * <https://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?9T>\n * <https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AB%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%82%88>\n * <https://www.imabi.net/theparticleshite.htm>\n\nI'm sure the answer is really easy; I just don't know it.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T09:18:24.473",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76521",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-11-01T15:35:39.667",
"last_editor_user_id": "18772",
"owner_user_id": "31150",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "what does してん do here?",
"view_count": 280
}
|
[
{
"body": "なにしてんだよ is an informal contraction of 何をしているんだよ。\n\n_(By the way, you said \"だ means the past\" but that is incorrect. だ is the non-\npast copula)._",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T13:47:45.483",
"id": "76529",
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"score": 0
}
] |
76521
| null |
76529
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can きっと be used as “for sure” as in..\n\n> きっとこの状態でみんなは毎晩家でゆっくりお酒を飲んでいますね。 \n> For sure in these circumstances everybody’s drinking every night in their\n> house.\n\nIf the grammar is wrong please let me know and feel free to provide\nalternative correct sentences.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T09:32:18.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76522",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T23:45:52.697",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-12T11:59:18.767",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "38484",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Can きっと be used as for sure?",
"view_count": 148
}
|
[
{
"body": "\"(That's) for sure\" is good translation for「きっと」.\n\n「きっと」explains \"it is natural~\", \"it is certain~\", \"I'm pretty sure~\", etc.\n\nFrom\n[goo辞書](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8D%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8/#jn-52960)\n\n> * 話し手の決意や確信、また強い要望などを表す。確かに。必ず。「明日は―雨だろう」「―来てくださいね」\n>\n\nSo, whatever the phrase explains \"certainty\" is appropriate.\n\n\" ** _(For sure/True/Definitely), I believe everyone enjoy dining at home in\nthese circumstances._** \"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T23:45:52.697",
"id": "76545",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T23:45:52.697",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "34735",
"parent_id": "76522",
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] |
76522
| null |
76545
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between these two?\n\nN3 grammar masu form ＋ 切れる \nN3 grammar masu form ＋ 上げる",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T10:58:54.130",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76523",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T13:43:57.467",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-12T13:43:57.467",
"last_editor_user_id": "25875",
"owner_user_id": "38502",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What's the difference between ～きれる and ～あげる?",
"view_count": 164
}
|
[
{
"body": "`masu+きれる` means to be able to perform an action to its completion. \n`masu+あげる` means to fully complete a specific task (usually involving\nproduction).\n\nFor masu+きれる (or masu+きれない), the meaning is related to any action which has\nthe potential for degrees of completion. The きれる part refers specifically to\nwhether someone is able to complete it. For example, let's say you ordered a\nlarge meal. You might be able to eat all of it or not. Depending on the\noutcome, you would use 食べきれる or 食べきれない to express whether or not you were able\nto eat all of the meal, i.e. to finish the eating to its completion. Another\nexample:\n\n> 数えきれないほどの時間 countless hours (lit. so much time it cannot be fully counted).\n\nFor masu+あげる, there is typically a task which is being done. This is often\nused to describe the production of a finished item or thing, such as making or\nbuilding something. It involves the process of finishing off a task and\nemerging with a tangible final result. For example,\n\n> 論文を書き上げる to finish writing a thesis \n> マフラーを編み上げる to finish knitting the scarf\n\nSimply put, `masu+きれる` describes potential (can you complete the action),\nwhereas `masu+あげる` describes the completion of a task-based process.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T11:47:29.933",
"id": "76525",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T11:53:03.897",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-12T11:53:03.897",
"last_editor_user_id": "25875",
"owner_user_id": "25875",
"parent_id": "76523",
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"score": 1
}
] |
76523
| null |
76525
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "> 「彼が戦慄 **し** つぶやいた」\n\n[What is the role of し after the\nnoun?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/62447/what-is-the-role-\nof-%e3%81%97-after-the-noun)\n\nI already looked up the answer to this question. The 「 **し** 」is explained as\n\"\"to do Verb 2 with the purpose of carrying out Verb 1\" in construction that\nalso include 「 **に** 」. Although the sentence here does not contain such a\n「に」I assumed that they are at least related. In any case, I can't figure out\nin which way \"purpose of doing verb...\" would fit here...\n\nTherefore my question is what exactly does this \"purpose\" mean in sentences\nlike that.\n\n(My assumption is that \"purpose\" is something I usually assume with something\n\"positive\"; however in the explanation it could have the meaning of 「ため」)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T11:29:12.597",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76524",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T11:29:12.597",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35673",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "The meaning of 「し」in this sentence",
"view_count": 46
}
|
[] |
76524
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "『なるほど。数値を見る **に** 、一時的に顕在化した力は経路を通して再封印されたみたいだけどーー早めに機嫌を直しておいた方がよさそうね』\n\nHi. What does the に mean here? I would expect 見ると. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T11:55:36.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76526",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T11:55:36.857",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "36662",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-に"
],
"title": "What does the に in 数値を見るに mean?",
"view_count": 34
}
|
[] |
76526
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I want to ask \"Do you eat more in self-isolation/quarantine?\" and \"Do you\nexercise less in self-isolation/quarantine?\". What is the simplest translation\nfor these sentences and can I use something like「[japanese word for self-\nisolation/quarantine]の時、もっと食べますか?」for the first sentence?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T12:07:34.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76527",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T15:41:29.857",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38503",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"word-choice",
"word-requests",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "How to say \"self-isolation\" or \"quarantine\" in japanese",
"view_count": 5640
}
|
[
{
"body": "自主隔離{じしゅかくり} is one term for 'self-isolation' which has been used in Japanese\nmedia. For example, check this article\n[here](https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASN3G31Y0N3GUHBI006.html).\n\nFor 'quarantine', just 隔離{かくり} is sufficient.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T13:27:05.137",
"id": "76528",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T13:27:05.137",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "25875",
"parent_id": "76527",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "I have been using the term 自宅待機 during this Covid-19 crisis, which [according\nto Jisho.org](https://jisho.org/search/%E8%87%AA%E5%AE%85%E5%BE%85%E6%A9%9F),\nmeans:\n\n> 1. standing by at home (e.g. to prevent the spread of illness)\n> 2. being on furlough; being temporarily laid off\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T15:41:29.857",
"id": "76534",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T15:41:29.857",
"last_edit_date": null,
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] |
76527
| null |
76528
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76531",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I just stumbled across the following sentence:\n\n来週から家庭に布のマスクを **送り始める**\n\nAnd was wondering what kind of construct this 送り始める is. 送り is no verb-ending\nknown to me but looks like the stem of the -masu form (infinite?). Is this a\ncommon pattern to link two verbs? Is there any grammatical name for this\nconcept so I can find more information about it?\n\nSo far I only learnt that the te form can be used to combine two verbs:\n送って始める, but I guess in that case they are shifted in time?!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T13:53:43.453",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76530",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T14:06:31.597",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-12T13:59:58.313",
"last_editor_user_id": "25875",
"owner_user_id": "38504",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "Linking two verbs --> 送り始める",
"view_count": 112
}
|
[
{
"body": "`Verb Masu + 始める` is an example of a compound verb in which the dominant\nmeaning comes from Verb 1 and a qualification comes from Verb 1. In the case\nof 送り始める, the dominant meaning is taken from Verb 1 (送る to send) and the\nqualification comes from Verb 2 (始める to start, to begin). The overall meaning\nbecomes \"to start sending\" or \"to start to send\". Other examples:\n\n> 話し始める to begin to speak \n> 食べ始める to start eating \n> 降り始める to start falling\n\nThere are many other compound verbs in Japanese. A quick search on this site\nwill show up plenty of other instances.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T14:06:31.597",
"id": "76531",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T14:06:31.597",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "25875",
"parent_id": "76530",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
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76530
|
76531
|
76531
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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I tried to compare it with the English version on the web novel but the\ncontent didn't match, try to search it word by word still confused. [Here is\nthe whole passage](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8ZRSu.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T14:35:21.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76532",
"last_activity_date": "2020-09-11T03:03:30.377",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "what does 本体の宿り木たる霊樹が、いわば本体と言えるのだ。mean?",
"view_count": 103
}
|
[
{
"body": "(I understand this is a tricky sentence, but basically [we don't do\ntranslations.](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/796/what-\nquestions-are-not-allowed-on-japanese-language-se/799#799) Please always show\nyour current understanding of the sentence whenever you ask something like\nthis.)\n\n* * *\n\n> 本体の宿り木たる霊樹が、いわば本体と言えるのだ。 \n> The Spiritual Tree, which is (seemingly) her \"host tree\", is (actually) her\n> \"core\", so to speak.\n\nThe first 本体 basically refers to Traney herself (or her \"spiritual body\" which\nis covered with 魔素).\n\nThe sentence is saying Traney is not an independent being which happens to be\nliving with the tree. Or rather, she is the tree itself. In other words, her\n\"spiritual body\" appears to be her \"core\" (because it's covered with mana),\nbut her true \"core\" is the tree itself.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T00:59:30.987",
"id": "76573",
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76532
| null |
76573
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm reading a story about ancient Japan and I have a problem with what seems\nto be a title of some kind (?): 近侍の臣. Here's the context:\n\nこの年の春、樹々 の芽吹く ころから、クナ国の兵がしきりに国境を侵しはじめた。ここ数年、たえて無かったことである。\n辺境から報を受けたヒミコは、ただちに兵を派そうと考え、いつものように **年若い近侍の臣ヌナサキ**\nを通じて、群臣に諮った。すると、弟のクニヒコが、まず異を唱えた。 いま兵を動かすのは得策ではない、と言う。\n\nCould you please help me out?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T14:40:20.477",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76533",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T00:32:16.843",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38505",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"history",
"archaic-language",
"literature"
],
"title": "What does \"近侍の臣\" mean?",
"view_count": 101
}
|
[
{
"body": "近侍 is not a common word, but it refers to someone who works near or aside a\nmaster. Perhaps \"attendant\", \"valet\" or \"chamberlain\" in English. 臣 is just\n\"retainer\". The の between them is an apposition marker (\"近侍 who is also 臣\"\nrather than \"近侍's 臣\"). 臣 may seem redundant, but it may be saying Nunasaki is\nnot a servant but has some social status.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T00:32:16.843",
"id": "76572",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T00:32:16.843",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76533",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
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76533
| null |
76572
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76543",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "こんにちは、\n\n川上弘美著の「神様」の小説を読んでいます。 「河童玉」という章で、ある男河童が女河童についてこう言っています。\n\n> 三百年も **つきおうてござります**\n> から、些かのいさかいもありましたし気持ちが行き違うこともありました、つまりはまあ山も谷もあったということでございますが、三百年にしては波瀾は少なかったほうであるように思います。儂と女河童はなんといっても気持ちが寄り添ってござったし、それよりも何よりも、あちらの方が素晴らしく\n> **あいおうていた** のです。\n\n現在の日本語とは違った言葉がありますが、 以上の「つきおうて」や「あいおうて」はどういう意味でしょうか？\n\nよろしくお願いします。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T16:00:38.190",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76535",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T21:37:44.983",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26539",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"archaic-language",
"literature"
],
"title": "「つきおうて」や「あいおうて」はどういう意味でしょうか？",
"view_count": 392
}
|
[
{
"body": "> つきおうて＝つきおう＋て＝付き合う＋て\n>\n>\n> あいおうていた＝あいおう＋て＋いる＋た＝[相会う](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%86)＋て＋いる＋た\n\nThis is from\n[Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AE%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8)\nabout ワア行五段.\n\n>\n> ワア行五段活用で連用形が促音便化するものが、西日本方言や古風な文体ではウ音便化することがある。この場合「ワローテ（笑うて/わろうて）」「ユーテ（言うて/いうて）」「ソーテ（沿うて/そうて）」のように発音する。\n\nYou can still see this conjugation in forms like 問うて、問うた.\n\nおう is an old way to pronounce of\n[あう](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%90%88%E3%81%86). I wonder if it's\nrelated to 逢瀬{おうせ}, but I have no idea about that one.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T21:37:44.983",
"id": "76543",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T21:37:44.983",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10045",
"parent_id": "76535",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
76535
|
76543
|
76543
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I came across this one in a study book:\n\n本日、退社することになりました社長を初め皆様には本当にお世話になりました。\n\nThe translation reads 'Today I am leaving the company, and I would like to\nthank not only the President, but everybody.' However wouldn't a literal\nreading be 'I thanked everyone who is leaving the company, starting with the\npresident'? ie implying that the president and everyone is leaving the\ncompany? Would this be more accurate:\n\n本日、退社することになりました **私は** 社長を初め皆様には本当にお世話になりました。\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T17:13:20.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76536",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T17:13:20.330",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7760",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "Relative clause confusion: \"whose company I am leaving\" or \"who is leaving the company\"",
"view_count": 70
}
|
[] |
76536
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "彼女は頰を紅潮させ歯を食いしばる **という** 、駄々っ子のような表情を作りながら、肩をいからせるような姿勢でその場に立ち上がった。\n\nHi. What is the function of the bold part? Can we omit it? Thank you.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T17:17:37.760",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76537",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T17:17:37.760",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "36662",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the function of the という、 here?",
"view_count": 82
}
|
[] |
76537
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76542",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For example, are\n\n> 先週の金曜日に試験があります。\n>\n> 5月5日に難しい試験があります.\n>\n> 来週の木曜日に友達と約束があります。\n\ncorrect sentences? In the early chapters of the textbook I use, the pattern\n'Noun は (Time phrase) です' is used. But now this seems odd to me. Surely, this\nwould be saying 'The exam is Friday' as in the exam is not on Friday but\nliterally IS Friday. As if they are one in the same. Thank you for any help!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T19:48:04.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76539",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T14:58:55.283",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-12T19:52:44.570",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "36655",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "Can time phrases be used in sentences using あります to show possession?",
"view_count": 91
}
|
[
{
"body": "Your example sentences are understandable but not completely correct. You\ncould say 先週の金曜日に **は** 試験があります\n\nAnswer to [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/43887/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-ni-and-ni-wa-when-talking-about-a-person) has an example\nsentence \"彼女にはたくさんの経験があります\", and contains more in-depth analysis so I wouldnt\nrepeat here",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T20:18:04.000",
"id": "76541",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-12T20:18:04.000",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "17942",
"parent_id": "76539",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Yes, these are correct and perfectly natural. However, this is not to\n**possessive** sense of あります, but the **existential** sense. Refer to [aru\nKanji confusion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72093/78) for additional\nexplanation.\n\n> 先週の金曜日に試験がありました。 → Last (week on) Friday there was/existed a test.\n\nAnd contrary to @Zeyuan's answer, you do not _need_ to use ～には. You can use\neither of ～に or ～には. The former is simply neutral while the latter puts\nemphasis on the time.\n\nAs far as the ～は～です pattern, remember that the particles and copula are as\nflexible as they are in English. 試験は金曜日です is fine to say \"The exam is Friday\",\nand just as in English, it doesn't mean \"The test equals Friday\" or that it\nliterally is Friday as you say.\n\n> * [幸子]{さち・こ}： [雅人]{まさ・と}君どこ出身ですか？ → Masato, where is your hometown?\n> * 雅人： 名古屋です。幸子さんは？ → I'm from Nagoya. What about you, Sachiko?\n> * 幸子： 私は大阪です。 → ~~I am Osaka~~ (As for me) It's Osaka\n>\n\nYou wouldn't equate Sachiko to literally being the same thing as Osaka.\nRemember that は is \"simply\" the topic marker.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T20:23:01.843",
"id": "76542",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T14:58:55.283",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-13T14:58:55.283",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "76539",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] |
76539
|
76542
|
76542
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76550",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "If I wanted to say the cat is on the table, which one of these sentences is\ncorrect or what's the difference?\n\n> 「猫 は 机の上 に います」 or 「猫 は 机の上 です。」",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-12T22:02:22.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76544",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T10:38:17.657",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-13T09:00:08.140",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "38511",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "describing where things are",
"view_count": 145
}
|
[
{
"body": "Think about it this way: 「机の上」 is a location, so if you just use the\ndeclarative like in the second sentence, you are stating that the cat is that\nlocation. The first sentence states that the cat exists in that location.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T10:38:17.657",
"id": "76550",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T10:38:17.657",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38517",
"parent_id": "76544",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
] |
76544
|
76550
|
76550
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76551",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> よかった ご無事で！\n\nso is it for emphasis? and if yes mostly men use it or women? and when doing\nJapanese people usually use it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T07:47:45.377",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76546",
"last_activity_date": "2021-12-21T20:20:36.910",
"last_edit_date": "2021-12-21T20:20:36.910",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "37259",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"translation",
"particle-で",
"nouns"
],
"title": "What's the use of で at the end of this sentence?",
"view_count": 161
}
|
[
{
"body": "The sentence is supposed to be ご無事でよかった！ but for what ever reason (perhaps the\nfeeling of relief the speaker felt was particularly strong) よかった came out\nfirst, and ご無事で was added onto the end to make sure the listener knows what\nexactly what was よかった. This is perfectly natural, and we often do this in\nspeech and writing imitating speech, but in formal writing this is frowned\nupon.\n\nTo clarify, this is NOT a sentence-final particle and has nothing to do with\nthe gender or age of the speaker.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T10:45:42.683",
"id": "76551",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T10:45:42.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35632",
"parent_id": "76546",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] |
76546
|
76551
|
76551
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76549",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "長い時間働き続けるより、少し休んだほうがいい仕事ができますよ。 I'm not sure about translation of this. In my\nopinion, I think it is \" I got a job that I should rest a bit than to continue\nworking for a long time\" but I think mine is not correct and sounds a bit\nconfusing.\n\nActually I don't know how to translate\"長い時間働き続けるより、少し休んだほうがいい仕事\" properly. I\ncan only translate as \"A job that (I) should rest a bit than to continue\nworking for a long time.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T08:38:01.917",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76547",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T10:38:17.647",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38446",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "休んだほうがいい仕事ができます translation",
"view_count": 78
}
|
[
{
"body": "It's not [少し休んだほうがいい]仕事ができます, it's 少し休んだほうが、いい仕事ができます.\n\n> 長い時間働き続けるより、少し休んだほうがいい仕事ができます。 \n> Instead of working for a long time straight, resting for a bit will make\n> you work better.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T10:38:17.647",
"id": "76549",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T10:38:17.647",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "35632",
"parent_id": "76547",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
76547
|
76549
|
76549
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "According to my dictionary, 港湾{こうわん} and 港{みなと} both means _harbour_. What is\nthe difference between the usage of these two words ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T12:12:12.533",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76552",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T00:15:55.933",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-13T13:31:15.303",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "29500",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"word-usage",
"wago-and-kango"
],
"title": "What is the difference in usage between 港 and 港湾?",
"view_count": 158
}
|
[
{
"body": "港湾 is a kango (Sino-Japanese word) and 港 is a wago (native Japanese word).\nThus the former is used in formal documents and such, whereas 港 is preferred\nin casual conversations and lyrics. See similar questions tagged with [wago-\nand-kango](/questions/tagged/wago-and-kango \"show questions tagged 'wago-and-\nkango'\").",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T00:15:55.933",
"id": "76571",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T00:15:55.933",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76552",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76552
| null |
76571
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76570",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": ">\n> お客様が車内で快適にお過ごしいただけるよう、既存車両よりも広い座席、全席分の電源コンセント、無料公衆無線ＬＡＮ、落ち着いた暖色の照明、新宿駅停車中の車内ＢＧＭなど、さまざまなサービスを提供します。\n\nI understand from the text above about various features inside the train. But\nthis term \"落ち着いた暖色の照明\", I am not sure what to exactly make out of it. From\nkanji, I can get to calm and warm lighting or soothing warm lighting at the\nmost. Is there anything I miss?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T14:38:41.177",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76553",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T00:08:46.840",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-13T14:47:34.997",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "32678",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "understanding the term 落ち着いた暖色の照明",
"view_count": 53
}
|
[
{
"body": "落ち着いた is modifying 暖色の, and 暖色の is modifying 照明. (Or 落ち着いた may be modifying\n暖色の照明 as a whole, but the nuance is essentially the same.)\n\n * 落ち着いた: calm, subdued, soothing\n * 暖色: \"warm\" color (red, orange, yellow, etc) as opposed to white/blueish color. see [this](https://www.webcolordesign.net/color_basic/color_psychology/warm_cold_color.html)\n\nSo 落ち着いた暖色の照明 refers to something like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pINSGm.png)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T00:08:46.840",
"id": "76570",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T00:08:46.840",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76553",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76553
|
76570
|
76570
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I can't find anything in the dictionary.\n\nMy book gives the word in hiragana but the dictionary also shows katakana.\n\nA quick google revealed that it is a loanword from Russian so katakana seems\nmore appropriate.\n\nBut is there a Kanji for this word?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T14:49:42.483",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76554",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-16T12:12:03.420",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-13T15:14:37.380",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "29665",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"katakana",
"loanwords",
"food",
"ateji"
],
"title": "Is there a Kanji for the Japanese word イクラ as in salmon roe?",
"view_count": 812
}
|
[
{
"body": "People on the internet ([1](https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/292518.html),\n[2](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q102827560))\nsuggest that 鮭卵 may be used as\n[_jukujikun_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#jukujikun) for イクラ, but as\nyou already found out, イクラ itself derives from Russian икра (ikra) and is\nusually written in _kana_.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T15:13:11.140",
"id": "76556",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T02:09:38.903",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-14T02:09:38.903",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "76554",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "> My book gives the word in hiragana but the dictionary also shows katakana.\n\nGoogle has three times more results for いくら軍艦 than イクラ軍艦, and Bing has just\nover twice as many for the hiragana version, so it seems hiragana is more\ncommon.\n\n> A quick google revealed that it is a loanword from Russian so katakana seems\n> more appropriate.\n\nAs it happens らーめん is from Chinese 拉麺, but it is only written in hiragana or\nkatakana.\n\n> But is there a Kanji for this word?\n\nJapanese used to just copy the Chinese for kanji so 鲑魚子 would be the correct\none if you have to have kanji.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-16T10:13:33.413",
"id": "76625",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-16T12:12:03.420",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-16T12:12:03.420",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "76554",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76554
| null |
76556
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "When attaching か to a verb, for example: 食べるか, it can mean \"as if it can be\neaten\". Or 知るか to mean \"as if I know\". From what I know about か, it really\nonly a question mark, so how does it get translated to \"as if\"? Also, if I use\nか in this manner, will I be considered a ブレもの?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T16:42:51.450",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76557",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T16:42:51.450",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-か"
],
"title": "using か with a verb",
"view_count": 98
}
|
[] |
76557
| null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76574",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "_**NOTE** : The title of the post is regarding the most bugging part of the\nsentence to me (長い), but my problem is with the sentence as a whole._\n\nI came across a sentence in my grammar exercises book I can't quite\nunderstand. I get the general meaning of the sentence, but I am unable to\nidentify what grammar is used here. The original passage is as follows (the\ntroubling sentence is in **bold** ):\n\n> ［状況］リーは1っか月前に日本に来た。\n>\n> 日本人: リーさんは日本語が本当にお上手ですね。 **もう日本に来て長いんですか** 。\n\nI would translate it as:\n\n> Japanese person: Rii, you are really good at Japanese. Has it passed much\n> time since you came to Japan? (not sure about the second sentence)\n\nAssuming my translation is right, I would rather say something along the lines\nof:\n\n> 日本にきて **から** 長い **時間** が経ったんですか。\n\nI can't figure out the function of もう and 長い alone, not modifying any noun.\nAny thoughts on this?\n\nよろしくお願いします。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T20:11:47.143",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76558",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T01:01:10.810",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "32952",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"adjectives",
"sentence"
],
"title": "What is 「長い」 modifying in the sentence 「もう日本に来て長いんですか」?",
"view_count": 128
}
|
[
{
"body": "> 「日本にきてから長い時間が経ったんですか。」\n\nis almost as same as the original sentence :「 **もう** 日本に来て長いんですか。」.\n\nThis 「もう」 is \"explicitly\" intensifying 「長い(時間が経った)」 since the author is\nsurprised at proficiency of Rii's Japanese and they want to make sure how much\ntime has passed(estimating it should be/may be very long!).\n\nTechnically speaking, your sentence:「日本にきてから長い時間が経ったんですか。」may be implicitly\nintensifying 「長い時間が経った」, but it is difficult to be known without context.\n\nThe definition of 「もう」 from\n[大辞林](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%82%E3%81%86-644796)\n\n> ① 時間や程度が、ある基準や節目を超える意を表す。もはや。 「 －あれから一年たつ」 「 －これ以上食べられない」\n\n * **もう** あれから一年たつ : _\"It's been already one year passed since then.\"_\n\n * **もう** これ以上食べられない : _\"I can't eat any more.\"_\n\nWithout 「もう」 can be the same as my translation. However, with「もう」it emphasizes\nit has already been beyond some \"standard/capacity\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T01:01:10.810",
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76558
|
76574
|
76574
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76569",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Just the title basically.\n\n> 私の家族の中で私の母が料理が一番上手です。\n>\n> 私の家族の中で私が私の父が一番好きです。\n\nThank you for any, and all, help!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T20:40:46.200",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76560",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T01:13:34.993",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "36655",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Do the following, and similar sentences, work grammatically?",
"view_count": 194
}
|
[
{
"body": "Yes, both sentences are grammatically correct and perfectly understandable.\nOne thing that looks weird to me is 私の before 母/父, which is redundant and\n_should_ be omitted. In Japanese, you should use 私の only when it is necessary\nto avoid confusion. The 私の at the beginning of the sentence is usually\nunnecessary, too.\n\n * (私の)家族の中で母が料理が一番上手です。\n * (私の)家族の中で私が父が一番好きです。\n\nIn addition, in order to avoid two が's, people probably tend to say 家族の中で私が父\n**を** 一番好きです more often in the latter case. See: [Usage of ～を好き outside of\nembedded clauses](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26005/5010)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T23:48:26.110",
"id": "76569",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-04-14T01:13:34.993",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
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"parent_id": "76560",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
76560
|
76569
|
76569
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76564",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I always assumed that Japanese uses a minimum amount of hiragana until I\nopened this Life and Death Dictionary (Game of Go) and everything is in kanji.\nAre there kanji for the particles (は が で に も etc...)? If not, can one write\nJapanese without particles? In the image text, are the particles implied but\nnot written? [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zpV8s.jpg)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T20:58:01.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76561",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-04-13T21:11:05.543",
"last_editor_user_id": "30981",
"owner_user_id": "30981",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"particles",
"hiragana"
],
"title": "Can Japanese be written without any kana (kanji only)?",
"view_count": 6896
}
|
[
{
"body": "At the risk of sounding condescending, is the book definitely intended for a\nJapanese audience? As far as I'm aware standard, formal, modern Japanese\nbasically always contains hiragana. Is it possibly a Chinese language?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T21:11:47.157",
"id": "76562",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-13T21:11:47.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31273",
"parent_id": "76561",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "**Update** : to address the broader question in the headline, rather than just\nthe specifics of the sample text.\n\n> Can Japanese be written without any kana (kanji only)?\n\nThat question has been asked and answered before:\n\n * [Is it possible to write Japanese in pure Kanji?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/61767/is-it-possible-to-write-japanese-in-pure-kanji)\n\nPlease see that post for a fuller discussion of the general question.\n\n* * *\n\nAs noted by Jack Kendall, this looks a lot like a Chinese-language text.\n\nHints include the following:\n\n * Complete lack of kana \nOutside of newspaper headlines, modern Japanese generally cannot be written\nintelligibly without kana. Old Japanese was written _entirely_ in kanji, but\nthat's a different matter -- see the Wikipedia articles on\n[_man'yōgana_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana) and the\n[_Man'yōshū_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man'y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB) poetry\ncompilation of roughly 759 CE.\n\n * Non-Japanese variants of certain characters \n * Japanese kanji have specific shapes and forms, which may differ slightly from the Chinese forms. For 黒・黑 ( _\"black\"_ ), notice the difference in the box-like portion on top of each character (apologies for the abuse of headers, it's the only way to display the characters in a larger font size):\n * # 黒\n\n * The Japanese form\n * # 黑\n\n * The Chinese form, which we see in the text in your photograph\n * A high incidence of the character 是 \n * This is not a very common character in modern Japanese usage, appearing in a few set terms like 是非【ぜひ】 ( _\"absolutely\"_ ), 是正【ぜせい】 ( _\"a correction\"_ ). In Chinese, however, you'll find it all over the place, as [是]{shì} is the copula, the \"is\" verb. And, indeed, we see [是]{shì} all over the place in your sample text.\n * Non-Japanese punctuation \n * The Japanese comma looks like `、`, a small diagonal tick on the bottom of its text layout area. The Chinese comma looks like `，`, more similar to a Western comma, sometimes even more specifically so, like a dot with a curly tail. It's often more commonly laid out in the exact center of its layout area, which again is what we see in your sample text.\n\nEven without reading the text, the above factors all point to this being a\ntext in Chinese -- not Japanese.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T21:41:07.650",
"id": "76564",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-04-14T00:26:13.770",
"last_editor_user_id": "26510",
"owner_user_id": "5229",
"parent_id": "76561",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] |
76561
|
76564
|
76564
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have been researching on the internet but I can't find any source where they\nexplain how to use ~せずに (without doing) with the verb ある. I also tried several\nJapanese conjugators out there, but they do not include the conjugation ず, so\nit didn't help either.\n\nAccording to the rules of conjugation for ずに, my guess is it would conjugate:\n\n食べる → 食べない → 食べ ~~ない~~ → 食べずに\n\nある → ない → ~~ない~~ → ずに\n\nBut it seems really odd to just leave ずに without any root. For example:\n\n> I did my homework without any problem. → 問題が **ずに** 宿題をした。\n\nMoreover, since ある does not appear in the explanations of the grammar ~せずに\nI've found so far, my gut feeling is that ある and ~せずに can not be used\ntogether, but I really don't know. Can someone confirm this, please?\n\nThank you for your help!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T21:38:18.467",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76563",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T13:37:22.223",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "32952",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Can the verb ある be used with the grammar ~せずに?",
"view_count": 287
}
|
[
{
"body": "The form corresponding to the negative of ある as an adverb is simply なく, just\nas the negative of ある as a verb is ない.\n\nFor instance, you can say 問題なく解決しました to mean \"I resolved it without any\nissues.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T22:45:48.830",
"id": "76566",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T07:39:07.863",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-14T07:39:07.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "816",
"owner_user_id": "816",
"parent_id": "76563",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> ある and ~せずに can not be used together.\n\nYes. \nGrammatically ある + ずに is あらずに, but it's never used.\n\n* To make verb + ずに, conjugate the verb to 未然形 and add ずに. \n未然形 of ある is あら, so technically you can make up あらずに, but as I said above,\nactually never be used.\n\nRingil mentioned あらず, but I think it's not same as other verbs such as 食べず(に).\n\n* * *\n\nTo translate \"without\" into Japanese, なく and 名詞 + なし work in some cases.\n\n> I did my homework without any problem \n> 問題 **なく** 宿題を終わらせました。\n>\n> I couldn't have done it without you. \n> **あなたなし** では成し遂げられませんでした。\n\nThe answer below seems to explain why あらずに doesn't work while ない-like words\ndo.\n\n[「ある」と「ない」は動詞か形容詞か…](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30356/%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B-%E3%81%A8-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-%E3%81%AF%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%8B%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%8B)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T13:37:22.223",
"id": "76581",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T13:37:22.223",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "38428",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] |
76563
| null |
76581
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76567",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I noticed that 仰ぐ and 見上げる both mean \"to look up.\" What difference do these\ntwo have in terms of nuance and usage? I'd appreciate it if there would be\nsample sentences taken from corpus.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T22:12:56.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76565",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T09:00:00.487",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "29327",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 仰ぐ vs 見上げる?",
"view_count": 154
}
|
[
{
"body": "見上げる is a simple compound verb that means looking up at something that is\nlocated above you.\n\n仰ぐ is sometimes used in this sense, too, in which case it sounds more literary\nand/or poetic. 天を仰ぐ means looking up at the sky after being shocked, grieved,\netc. It's always used transitively; without を, あおぐ alone makes little sense.\nBasically this is not used in everyday conversations outside of a few fixed\nidioms.\n\nNote that 仰ぐ today mainly means \"to see someone (a teacher, senior, etc) as a\nrespectable person\" (e.g, 彼を師匠と仰ぐ) and \"to seek/take direction (from a boss,\netc)\" (e.g., 上司の指示を仰ぐ).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T23:40:40.383",
"id": "76567",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T09:00:00.487",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-14T09:00:00.487",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76565",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
] |
76565
|
76567
|
76567
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76580",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The question:\n\n> 映画が好きなので、時間とお金が ＿ 限り見に行っている。\n\nBoth \"許す\" and \"許せる\" are offered as choices, and the answer is \"許す\".\n\nIs it because \"時間とお金\" are impersonal, so the potential form \"許せる\" would not be\nappropriate here?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-13T23:47:53.417",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76568",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T09:12:40.600",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4959",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"words",
"verbs",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Why should one use the dictionary form instead of the potential form in this case?",
"view_count": 133
}
|
[
{
"body": "Do you have a reason for thinking the potential form should be correct?\n\nI think the answer is no deeper than, that's just what people say. The\npotential form would be grammatical but unnatural. Just like in English, you\nwould naturally say \"if time permits\" but saying \"if time is able to permit\"\nwould sound really weird.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T09:12:40.600",
"id": "76580",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T09:12:40.600",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"parent_id": "76568",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] |
76568
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76580
|
76580
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76586",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Like probably everbody I have a hard time with Keigo. I get the basic concept\nof in-group and out-group and neutral-group but I am really confused about\nswitching between 丁寧語 and 謙譲語 when talking about things that I would count to\nin-group matters because the concern me in some way.\n\nFor example I was told that if you introduce yourself in a job interview, you\nwouldn't use 謙譲語, so you would just say 来年卒業します instead of 来年卒業致します。Is that\nbecause you would lower your university with you? But if I google it, I find\nresults saying 卒業致します... x.x\n\nAlso when my boss asks me about where I went for holidays, to answer\nスペインに行って参りました。sounds \"good, but very polite\" according to a Japanese friend of\nmine and he meant that just スペインにいってきました。 would be better. But he couldn't\ntell me why... x.x Is it because, if my boss asks me a somewhat personal\nquestion or wants to have small talk with me, it's already a signal that he\nwants a more relaxed atmosphere and I am allowed and supposed to answer in\njust 丁寧語？\n\nAnd one last situation. When asked by my boss if I could finish something\nuntil noon, I was told it's fine to just answer はい、できます。or はい、間に合います。 instead\nof something like はい、お仕上げできます。 It's not considered belonging to the neutral\ngroup if someone asks me if **I** am capable of doing x, is it? But then why…\n\nI am so confused ... x.x",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T02:13:17.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76575",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T20:04:09.810",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "31652",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"keigo"
],
"title": "When to use 丁寧語 and when to use 謙譲語 when talking about myself",
"view_count": 184
}
|
[
{
"body": "I think that the first and second examples are too polite to be awkward from\nyour supervisor's perspective. I think that your boss would like you to be\ncloser to him. I assume that he might think that you are afraid of him? The\nlast sentence is just wrong. お+verb is not Kenzyougo but Sonkeigo.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T20:04:09.810",
"id": "76586",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-14T20:04:09.810",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "38538",
"parent_id": "76575",
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76575
|
76586
|
76586
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I’m having trouble breaking down sentences in Japanese. A lot of the sentences\nin my book (Tobira) are so long and complicated for me!\n\nCould someone please break down this sentence for me?\n\n> 今会社で大きい問題になっているco2の削減に効果があるハイブリッド車の技術や、自動車のリイサイクルシステムについてもっと勉強したいと思っている。\n\nI think I would like to study more about the big issues at my company such as\n(like), the technology of the hybrid car that has an effect on cutting co2 and\nAuto mobiles recycling systems.\n\nThis one is what I’ve translated it into but in order for it to take this\nshape, doesn’t など need to be in there? Or is it implied by the usage of や?\n\nIf the translation is wrong or needs changes please let me know and fee",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T02:26:24.983",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76577",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-16T10:12:36.937",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-14T03:17:41.037",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "38484",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"translation"
],
"title": "Breaking down long sentence",
"view_count": 205
}
|
[
{
"body": "今会社で = Yeah, I think this is 社会\n\n大きい問題になっているCO2 = \"CO2 which has become a big problem\"\n\nCO2の削減に効果があるハイブリッド車 = \"Hybrid car which is effective in reducing CO2\"\n\n車の技術や、 = \"car technology\"\n\n自動車のリイサイクルシステム = \"automobile recycling system\"\n\nについてもっと勉強したいと思っている。 = \"I would like to study more about...\"\n\nStringing these together, you can translate this to \"I would like to study\nmore about hybrid cars which are effective in reducing CO2--which has become a\nproblem in our present society--and automobile recycling systems (among other\nthings).\"\n\nIt does still look awkward, so feel free to revise it. I'd do it like this:\n\"I'd like to study more about automobile recycling systems and hybrid cars\nwhich are effective in reducing the big problem that is CO2 in our present\nsociety.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-16T01:05:14.210",
"id": "76615",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-16T10:12:36.937",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-16T10:12:36.937",
"last_editor_user_id": "29327",
"owner_user_id": "29327",
"parent_id": "76577",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] |
76577
| null |
76615
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "76630",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "クラスについてどう思いますか?\n\nShould this be translated as \"What are you thinking of during class?\" or \"What\ndo you think of class?\" I'm having trouble with figuring out how to go about\nfiguring out this sentence.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T04:28:33.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76578",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-16T17:59:39.637",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "32802",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "How to analyze sentence, クラスについてどう思いますか?",
"view_count": 192
}
|
[
{
"body": "With this expression I understand, \"What do you think of the class?\"\n\nBecause if it meant \"What are you thinking about the class?\" a diferent verb\ncould be used, like 考える \"kangaeru\" So it will be クラスについて何を考えてますか？ This\nexpresion is more \"..what are you thinking\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T10:57:02.573",
"id": "76607",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-15T10:57:02.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "38546",
"parent_id": "76578",
"post_type": "answer",
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},
{
"body": "I understand \"What do you think about class?\"\n\nクラスについてどう思いますか?\n\nsince Nについて means \"about N\" and どう meaning \"what\" and lastly 思う meaning \"to\nthink\", we come to the conclusion that Nについてどう思いますか means \"what do you think\nabout N\". In this case, N is クラス.\n\nIf you want to say what do you think during class I would say something along\nthe lines of:\n\nクラスの間に何を考えていますか。 (During class what do think?)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T23:30:27.700",
"id": "76613",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-15T23:30:27.700",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "18873",
"parent_id": "76578",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "First of all, in Japan, クラス usually means a unit of students who study\ntogether, not \"teaching\". So クラスについてどう思いますか? usually means \"What do you think\nof (your) class.\" For example, an answer would be \"私のクラスは、仲が良い(My class are on\ngood terms)\".\n\n\"Class\" in \"What are you thinking of during class?\" means 授業, so it is\ntranslated as \"授業中に何を考えていますか?\" For example, an answer would be\n\"早くこの授業が終わらないかなぁ、とばかり考えています。(I am thinking that this class will finish soon\".",
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76578
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76630
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76630
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"body": "Recently I bumped into two words「断り」and「惜しい」.\n\n * Accordingly to Jisho:「断り」can mean permission; consent but it also can mean rejection; refusal; nonacceptance; declination; declining... \n * As for「惜しい」 it can mean regrettable; disappointing; unfortunate or also precious; dear; valuable... \n\nOf course, in the case of 「惜しい」 these meanings are not exact opposite but\nstill one conveys a positive connotation and the other a negative. I'm aware\nthat any language has some words with polar meanings.\n\n> My question is, besides context, in Japanese is there a rule of thumb that\n> one could use to identify if the connotation is positive or negative?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T05:50:51.717",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"antonyms"
],
"title": "Polar connotations in the same word: 断り and 惜しい",
"view_count": 87
}
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76579
| null | null |
{
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"body": "> 1. そしてそのまま顔を **うつむかせ** 、「ぅえ……っ、ぇ……っ」と嗚咽を漏らし始める。\n> 2. そして、ウサギの耳付きフードをきゅっと握って顔を **うつむけ** 、目元を隠すようにしながらたどたどしく言ってくる。\n>\n\nHi. Can we use 俯かせる and 俯ける interchangeably in the above two example? Are 俯かせる\nand 俯ける the same? Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-14T17:13:12.387",
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"owner_user_id": "36662",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"causation"
],
"title": "Are 俯かせる and 俯ける the same?",
"view_count": 109
}
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[
{
"body": "Here, you are seeing two different verbs:\n\n * うつむく: godan, intransitive (連用形/masu-stem = うつむき)\n * うつむける: ichidan, transitive (連用形/masu-stem = うつむけ)\n\nIt's the same pattern found in 開く/開ける, 進む/進める, etc. うつむかせる is the causative\nform of うつむく. So yes, うつむかせる and うつむける are similar, and I see no big semantic\ndifference between them.\n\nHowever, I personally feel 顔をうつむかせる is unnecessarily wordy, and うつむける is\nsimply uncommon. You can say just うつむく without any object, and this is by far\nthe most common way of saying this in modern Japanese (e.g.,\nそのままうつむいて嗚咽を漏らし始める).\n\nI checked BCCWJ, and there was no example of をうつむかせ(る). There were several\nexamples of をうつむけ(る), but many of them were from old novelists born before\n1950.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3twh1.png)",
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"creation_date": "2020-04-15T01:43:13.270",
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76583
| null |
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"body": "# 日本語\n\nこんにちは。\n\n川上弘美著の「神様」という小説を読んでいます。 \n「河童玉」という章の以下のくだりに、男河童と女河童と人間のウテナさんの三人がいます。\n\n> 「ほれご挨拶を」と（ _男河童に_ ）うながされて、女河童はもじもじしながら頭を下げた。下げるなり、ウテナさんににじり寄って、「うちのひとが\n> **はあ** お世話に。河童玉やらなにやら、できることは全部してみたんですが、いまひとつ効果なしなんですよう、せつないやらつまらんやら **はあ**\n> 」と喋りはじめた。\n\n現在の日本語と違った言葉なのかなと思いますが、上の「はあ」はどういう意味でしょうか？\n\n悲しさやら感慨深さを強調して表す助詞だと思っています。\n\nよろしくお願いします。\n\n# English\n\n> 「ほれご挨拶を」と（ _男河童に_ ）うながされて、女河童はもじもじしながら頭を下げた。下げるなり、ウテナさんににじり寄って、「うちのひとが\n> **はあ** お世話に。河童玉やらなにやら、できることは全部してみたんですが、いまひとつ効果なしなんですよう、せつないやらつまらんやら **はあ**\n> 」と喋りはじめた。\n\nWhat is the meaning of `はあ` in the excerpt cited above? \nFrom the context I would guess it is an interjection that is supposed to\nemphasize emotions, maybe in particular ones like sadness.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-14T22:49:00.263",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"archaic-language",
"literature"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 「はあ」 in this excerpt?",
"view_count": 310
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[
{
"body": "もう少し文脈やあらすじなどどういった話かが分からないとあまりよく分からないのですが、おそらくこの「はあ」は主に当惑を表しているのではないでしょうか？ため息をついているのでしょうか。なので、助詞ではなく[間投詞](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E)だと思います。\n\n古来からあるかも知れませんが、特に古風な表現ではないと思います。友達に「また遊ぼうぜ。」って連絡しても、「はあ、頼みますわ。」って返信が来たりしますし。ただこの場合は単なる同調の「はい」なのか最近忙しいから「はあ」とため息をついているのかは分かりませんが。\n\nこの「はあ」も似た様な類だと思います。特に、「うちのひとが **はあ** お世話に。」とかそう言う感じがします。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-15T00:53:27.940",
"id": "76593",
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"body": "読点がないのが不親切ですが、感動詞（間投詞）の「はあ」だと思います。この文脈だと以下のいずれかの意味だと思います。\n\n * 肯定も否定もできない時、やや疑問に感じている時、不審に思いながらもとりあえず話を続ける時、あまり乗り気でない時などに使われる「はあ」。[こちら](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AF%E3%81%82/#jn-172841)の2番目の定義です。この場合、女河童はウテナのことをあまり歓迎しておらず不審に思っているが、とりあえず言われて挨拶をしている、ということになります。英語だと、\"well...\", \"um...\", \"oh, is that so...\" あたりに対応すると思います。こちらは現代語でもよく使われます。\n * 相手に対してへりくだる「はあ」。時代劇などで農民が領主に「はい」と言う代わりに「はあ」「はっ」「ははあー」と言うのを聞いたことがないでしょうか。その「はあ」です。英語だと \"(yes) sir\" とか \"aye\" が近いと思います。現代語では滅多に使われません。\n\n1990年代に書かれた普通の現代小説のようですし、女河童は特に堅苦しいしゃべり方ではなさそうなので、前者の可能性が高いとは思います。この女河童の態度や、他の場面でどのようなしゃべり方をしているかと比べてください。単なるこの女河童の口癖という可能性もあると思います。",
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76594
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"body": "From Google's definition of 格:\n\n> 1. きまり。法則。標準。 \n> 「格式・格言・合格・別格・破格・規格・本格・古格・適格・律令格式(りつりょうきゃくしき)」\n> 2. 《名・造》地位。身分。程度。 \n> 「格が違う」\n> 3. 方形に組みあわせた材。 \n> 「骨格・格子(こうし)・格天井(ごうてんじょう)」\n> 4. くる。いたる。とおる。きわめる。 \n> 「格物致知」\n> 5. ただす。ただしい。 \n> 「厳格」\n> 6. 《名・造》文法上、文中で語句が他の語句に対する意味的関係。 \n> 「格がかわる」\n> 7. 《名》論理学上、三段論法の形式。\n> 8. 手でうつ。うつ。「挌(かく)」に同じ。 \n> 「格闘・格技」\n>\n\nDefinition #2 appears to be the closest in meaning to the grammatical usage\n#6. I am curious: When was this term first translated? And whom should the\ncredit go to for coining it? How did a word denoting social status--namely\nsomething on a linear high/low spectrum--come to refer to grammatical\ncategorization of nouns, pronouns, and other words?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-14T23:33:11.660",
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"score": 6,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"terminology",
"linguistics"
],
"title": "Why is the Japanese term for grammatical case 「格」? How did this translation come to be?",
"view_count": 238
}
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[
{
"body": "This does not answer your question of how 格 came to be used, but only\n(roughly) when and by whom. In short, the term comes from translations of\nDutch grammar in late 18th centruy.\n\nFrom [this article](https://www.chs.nihon-u.ac.jp/wpchs/wp-\ncontent/uploads/2020/07/2020%E3%80%80%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%81%A8%E5%AE%9F%E8%B7%B5%E7%9F%A5%E3%80%80%E7%AC%AC5%E5%B7%BB%E3%80%803.pdf)\n\n> 日本人が格変化と出会ったのは実はドイツ語が 初めてではない。鎖国時代も貿易を続けたオラン ダの言語オランダ語も文語では格変化を形式的で\n> はあるが維持していた。よって江戸時代の蘭学者 たちも格変化の情報を知っていた筈である。彼ら の文法用語はどうなっているかといえば，蘭語学\n> で最も功績のある中野柳圃『三種諸格』（1781 年）における格の表記は以下の通りである。\n\n> 中野はこの本の種本として Wilhelm Sewel „Nederduytsche Spraakkonst“\n> というオランダ語の文法書を使っているが，この原書には番号をつけた 格表記はない。中野は主や生といった格の名称の\n> 横に番号を記している。ただし文法説明にこの番 号を用いて 1 格というような表現はしていない。\n\n[Another article](https://www.jacp.org/wp-\ncontent/uploads/2016/04/1996_23_hikaku_09_hatanaka.pdf) cites 和蘭語法解 by 藤林普山\n(1815) as the source of translation. The following article cited in this may\nanswer your question fully, but I don't have access to it.\n\n * [「格」という文法用語について--その由来と現状](https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I1863944-00?ar=4e1f)\n\n==\n\nAlso 角川古語大辞典's entry of 格 says its meaning as a grammatical term comes from\n蘭文典の研究.",
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89152
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"body": "So, I was just about to start to see a new anime, called\n\n> 「月がきれい」,\n\nwhich I immediately translated to\n\n> \"The Moon is beautiful\". (a)\n\nNow, to my surprise, in the intro, the title is translated as\n\n> \"As the Moon, so beautiful\". (b)\n\nWhat I want to know is the following:\n\n 1. Is translation (b) correct?\n\n 2. If so, why would one translate it has (b) instead of (a)?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2020-04-14T23:53:56.337",
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"tags": [
"translation",
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],
"title": "Translation of 月がきれい",
"view_count": 738
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[
{
"body": "「月がきれい」 was first used by famous Japanese writer 夏目漱石 (Natsume Soseki) as a\nmetaphor used between lovers when they want to convey their love for each\nother. Choosing this very interesting imaginary over a direct translation of\n\"I love you\", 漱石 was apparently coy about expressing affection in his work.\n\n> The phrase was translated by Meiji-era novelist and teacher Natsume Sōseki\n> since he believed that two people in love do not need direct words to convey\n> their feelings.\n> ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuki_ga_Kirei#cite_note-3))\n>\n> 小説家・夏目漱石が英語教師をしていたとき、生徒が \" I love you \"\n> の一文を「我君を愛す」と訳したのを聞き、「日本人はそんなことを言わない。月が綺麗ですね、とでもしておきなさい」と言ったとされる逸話から。\n> ([source](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E6%9C%88%E3%81%8C%E7%B6%BA%E9%BA%97%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%81%AD#:%7E:text=%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%BB%E5%A4%8F%E7%9B%AE%E6%BC%B1%E7%9F%B3%E3%81%8C,%E9%81%A0%E5%9B%9E%E3%81%97%E3%81%AA%E5%91%8A%E7%99%BD%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89%E3%80%82))\n\nHaving not seen the anime, I skimmed through its Japanese and English Wiki\npages. Apparently it is a teen romance story. Your (a) has \"the Moon\" as its\nsubject, and it is described as \"beautiful\". It is a simple statement of fact,\na declarative. In contrast, your (b) is not a complete sentence, missing the\nsubject, indicating that it is talking about something else. Something else is\nbeautiful. Therefore, the original translation, your version (b) is the more\napt option, as it keeps the subtlety of work: immature adolescent love, the\nhesitance and shyness in a first love (初恋), the beauty of high school romance,\nand so on and so forth. Without directly naming the subject, (b) invites you\nto search for its subject.",
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76591
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76592
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76592
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{
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"body": "若い人はウイルスがうつっても体の具合が変わらなかったり、病気が軽かったりするため、知らないうちにウイルスを広げていることがわかりました。\n\nMay someone explain to me what the function of も in 若い人はウイルスがうつっても is please?\nThe way I interpreted this sentence is as: \"Even if the virus spreads among\nyoung people, the conditions of their bodies are sometimes stable and\nsometimes slightly sick.\" Therefore, before we know it, we found out that the\nvirus has spread. Just for clarification, when たり....たりする is used with\nadjectives, would that indicate \"sometimes this, and sometimes that,\" or is it\nlike a verb, indicating, \"this and that?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T01:42:48.683",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2020-04-15T03:01:56.710",
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"owner_user_id": "35919",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "NHK Coronavirus Article Sentence Translation Help with たり and も",
"view_count": 111
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[
{
"body": "You have just slightly mistranslated several different parts of the sentence,\nbut they've added up to make something which is a little bit off the mark.\nLet's look at this clause by clause.\n\n> 若い人はウイルスがうつっても体の具合が変わらなかったり、病気が軽かったりする\n\nThis `うつる` is referring to\n[_catching_](https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%8C%E3%81%86%E3%81%A4%E3%82%8B)\nthe virus, not spreading it, and this whole clause is talking about what\nhappens to a hypothetical young person if they were to catch it. The `も` here\nis perhaps better addressed as `ても`, which here (and typically) means `even\nif`. You can see some simple examples of its usage\n[here](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82-temo-\nmeaning/). A translation of this whole clause might look something like this:\n\n> Even if young people catch the virus, there is often no change in their\n> physical condition or they have only minor symptoms.\n\nFinally, addressing `たり`, there is really no meaningful difference between its\nusage in adjectives or verbs. It still functions as a method of incomplete\nlisting; the aforementioned lack of change in physical condition or minor\nsymptoms are a subset of some possible range of phenomenon.\n\n> 知らないうちにウイルスを広げていることがわかりました\n\nThis is a little bit awkward to produce a direct translation for, but I would\ntranslate it as something like this:\n\n> (We) realized that (they) had been spreading the virus without knowing it\n\nLooking at a broader range of possible translations for `知らないうちに`\n[here](https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AB)\nmay help. It's important to note that in this case it is presumably the young\npeople in question who are the subject of this `知らない`, as evidenced by the\nfact that they are definitely the subject of the `広げる` that comes after it.\n\nSo, putting everything together:\n\n> (We) realized that because young people often exhibit no change in their\n> physical condition or have only minor symptoms even if they catch the virus,\n> they had been spreading the virus without knowing it.",
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"accepted_answer_id": "76600",
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"body": "I'm confusing about the meaning of 受注 and 発注 in some specific sentences. I\nunderstand the meaning of both words in case it stands alone:\n\n受注 means \"receive (an) order\"\n\n発注 means \"make (an) order\"\n\nBut in the following 2 sentences:\n\n> 取引先からの発注がある\n\nand\n\n> 取引先からの受注がある\n\nGoogle Translate translates both in to \"There is an order from the business\npartner\". But I think there is a difference between \"who make\" and \"who\nreceive\" the order in these two sentences. Actually I don't know between Our\ncompany and Our business partner, which one is making and which one is\nreceiving the order in each sentence.\n\nCan someone please help me with it? お願いいたします。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T03:14:23.807",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76598",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-15T05:48:56.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "26478",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "「受注」と「発注」meaning in specific sentences",
"view_count": 279
}
|
[
{
"body": "Those two sentences describe the same event. That is, \"they\" (取引先) made an\norder, and \"we\" received that order. 発注 is used when \"they made\" is important,\nwhile 受注 is used when \"we received\" is important. They are two aspects of the\nsame event. Both sentences clearly say 取引先 **から** , so there is no ambiguity\nregarding who made the order.\n\nAlthough not necessary, it's possible to translate them differently:\n\n * 取引先からの発注がある。 \nThere is an order the business partner made (to us).\n\n * 取引先からの受注がある。 \nThere is an order we received from the business partner.\n\nAdmittedly, the difference may seem subtle in your case, but compare the\nfollowing examples:\n\n * 取引先からの発注が遅れている。 \n→ The business partner has not made the order.\n\n * 取引先からの受注が遅れている。 \n→ The business partner has made the order, but we have not recognized or\nhandled it yet (due to a system failure, etc).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T03:48:18.030",
"id": "76600",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-15T05:48:56.963",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-15T05:48:56.963",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76598",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] |
76598
|
76600
|
76600
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": "76602",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have been trying to find the correct way to say 'follow up appointment' in\nJapanese. I have to go to the dermatologist for a follow up appointment and I\nam unsure what to say to the receptionist. I understand 予約 is 'appointment',\nwhat can I say for follow up appointment?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T04:21:37.763",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76601",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-15T08:18:35.053",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-15T08:18:35.053",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "34657",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"daily-life"
],
"title": "how to say \"follow up appointment\" in Japanese",
"view_count": 1260
}
|
[
{
"body": "You can say [再診](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%86%8D%E8%A8%BA)の予約. For example,\nyou can say 再診の予約をお願いします, 再診の予約をしたいのですが, 再診の予約が来週入っています, 初診ですか再診ですか,\n今日は再診で来ました, and so on. フォローアップ or simply フォロー would make sense, too, but it\nsounds like medical jargon.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T07:30:39.607",
"id": "76602",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-15T07:30:39.607",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "76601",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
] |
76601
|
76602
|
76602
|
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I heard in animes the term おら. I am assuming by context it is actually 俺. Why\nis it pronounced this way? Is the kanji for おら a different kanji and not 俺? Is\nおら a childish way to saying 俺?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T09:27:41.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "76603",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-17T13:04:55.457",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-15T16:29:16.873",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "31222",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"dialects"
],
"title": "Pronouncing 俺 as おら",
"view_count": 378
}
|
[
{
"body": "Version 1: おれは (ore wa) pronounced quickly or with exaggerated stress on お may\nsound like “oraa” (sometimes denoted in writing as 俺ぁ or similar).\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/RSrpp.jpg)\nSource: [うにゃ@Pixiv](https://www.pixiv.net/en/artworks/31919465)\n\nCould this be your situation?\n\nVersion 2: Hinted by comments, I could find some Crayon Shin-Chan (クレヨンしんちゃん)\nmanga samples and indeed he seems to be using オラ as a personal pronoun.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/VPvaL.png)\n\nI guess we can’t say for sure which one you have without listening to the\naudio or seeing closed captions (subtitles) for the show.\n\nVersion 3: there also exists an old pronoun おいら (can be both singular or\nplural), and a female [オラ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12806/7810) in\nsome dialects.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T13:30:54.617",
"id": "76610",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-16T21:16:48.213",
"last_edit_date": "2020-04-16T21:16:48.213",
"last_editor_user_id": "3295",
"owner_user_id": "3295",
"parent_id": "76603",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "> I heard in animes the term おら. I am assuming by context it is actually 俺.\n\nYes it is equivalent to おれ.\n\n> Why is it pronounced this way?\n\nDialect difference.\n\n> Is the kanji for おら a different kanji and not 俺?\n\nI don't know if おら even has a kanji version since it is a dialect difference.\n\n> Is おら a childish way to saying 俺?\n\nNo, it is a dialect difference. There is also at least おいら and probably lots\nmore variations. Also, although the textbook will tell you that おれ is strictly\nfor men, women may also use it depending on the dialect.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2020-04-15T23:10:35.960",
"id": "76612",
"last_activity_date": "2020-04-15T23:10:35.960",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "76603",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
] |
76603
| null |
76610
|
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