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๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ข…๊ต์ผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์œ ๊ต, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต, ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ต ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ถˆ๊ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์€ ๋ณดํŽธ ๋„๋• ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
This is because Buddhism is not only the main religion of Korea but also one of the major religions in the world, along with Confucianism, Christianity, and Islam. Thus, proper education about Buddhism is an important factor in establishing universal morality.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ œํ–‰๋ฌด์ƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐœ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ โ€˜์ผ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.โ€™์™€ โ€˜์ผ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ดด๋กœ์›€์ด๋‹ค.โ€™๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Therefore, the teachings of Anicca and Dukkha should be adjusted accordingly, as Dhammapada says, that the former is "every formed thing doesnโ€™t last," and the latter is "every formed thing is suffering." And their explanation should be modified accordingly.
๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ฒญ์ •ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์›์„ฑ์‹ค์ž์„ฑ, ๋ฌด๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ณ„์— ๋ฌผ๋“  ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์˜ํƒ€๊ธฐ์ž์„ฑ, ๋ฌด๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ฃผ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ธ์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ณ€๊ณ„์†Œ์ง‘์ž์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
In such a case, the original pure mind is called Won Seong Sil self-characteristic (ๅœ“ๆˆๅฏฆ่‡ชๆ€ง), the mind stained with ignorance and discernment is called Wi Ta Ki self-characteristic (ไพไป–่ตท่‡ชๆ€ง), and the agent and subject of our own perception generated as a result of ignorance and discernment is called Byeon Gye So Jib self-characteristic ( ้่จˆๆ‰€ๅŸท่‡ชๆ€ง).
๊ทธ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฒˆ๋‡Œ์— ๋ฎํ˜€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์—ฌ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ž ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์„œ ํ™˜ํฌ์‹ฌ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
In the same way, all sentient beings have Buddha-nature, but they do not know it because they are enveloped in affliction. When the Tathagata tells the truth that all sentient beings also have Buddha-nature, it is only when they know the truth that they will experience joy.
ํ•œํŽธ ์•„๋ขฐ์•ผ์‹์„ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ˜น์€ ์œคํšŒ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ธต ์˜์‹์ธ ์•„๋ขฐ์•ผ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์—…๊ณผ ๊ณผ๋ณด ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜„ํ˜„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค.
On the other hand, the Aroeyasik theory is a theory that explains karma, achievements, and the manifestation of the world through the Aroeyasik, a deep consciousness that does not stop working when we are asleep, blacked out, or even in reincarnation.
๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€๋ฐ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์†์—๋Š” ๋„๋•์ ์ด๊ณ  ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This textbook does not contain any scriptures of early Buddhism. The root of all Buddhism is early Buddhism, and it contains a wealth of moral and ethical content, so it is necessary to add it to the beginning of the textbook.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์–‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ์ฆ‰ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋„๋•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์–‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
However, even in this case, if there is a desirable code of conduct that both groups can accept together, that is, a universal morality, there will be no conflict between the two groups, with fewer conflicts.
์œ ์‹ํ•™ํŒŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ๋ฒ•์œ ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ด€ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๊ณต์„ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ , ์œคํšŒ์™€ ํ•ดํƒˆ, ์‹ค์ฒœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋“ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ์ • ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์Šน๋ถˆ๊ต๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The Mind-only school criticized the Beopyu theory of Bupa Buddhism and the Zhongguan School of Beopgong theory and explained the core concepts of Buddhism, such as reincarnation, liberation, and practical practice, according to their own experiences of zen. It arose to establish a new Mahayana Buddhism.
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋™๋ถ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ถˆ๊ต ํ•™ํŒŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์›ํšจ์˜ ์ผ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ต๊ด€๊ฒธ์ˆ˜, ์ง€๋ˆŒ์˜ ์ •ํ˜œ์Œ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Since most Buddhist schools in Northeast Asia are based on this Buddha-nature idea, it is necessary to understand Wonhyo's One-Mind thought, Uicheon's Gyogwan Gyeom-soo, and Jinulโ€™s eong-hye Sang Soo, all of which are based on this Buddha-nature thought.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์„ ์—…์„ ์ง€์€ ์ž๋Š” ์ฒœ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์—…์˜ ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์•…์—…์„ ์ง€์€ ์ž๋Š” ์ง์Šน์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์˜ฅ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๊ณ ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์•…์—…์˜ ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
For example, those who do good deeds are born as celestial gods or humans and receive the reward of good karma, which is a pleasure. While those who do bad deeds are born as beasts or fall into hell and receive the reward of bad karma, which is affliction.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ์ž ์„ ๋œ ์ž๊ณ , ๊ต๋งŒํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์‚ด์„ ๋นผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‹คํŒจํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ์ ๋‹ค.
However, as found above, ways to lose weight by eating less food, sleeping less, abandoning proud thoughts, and working are simple but less likely to fail.
์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋Š” ์ œํ–‰๋ฌด์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ โ€˜๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์˜์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œปโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” โ€˜๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒโ€™์ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
In this way, while this textbook explains Anicca, it says that โ€œeverything arises interdependently and cannot be eternal,โ€ but early Buddhism does not say that โ€œeverythingโ€ is co-dependently arising.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ์ž ์„ ๋œ ์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
Because the fact that actions such as eating less and getting less sleep are the causes of weight loss is a causal relationship that we already know well.
๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ช…, ์ฆ‰ โ€˜๋‹ค๋งŒ ์—ฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ์„ค๋œ ๋ช…์นญโ€™์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฌด์ž์„ฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์ž์„ฑ๋„ ์—†๊ณ , ๋น„์กด์žฌ์˜ ์ž์„ฑ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค.
Also, an object that is co-dependently arising is nothing more than a pseudonym, that is, "a name that has been established depending on a connection." The object which arose co-dependently has no self-characteristic. It doesnโ€™t have a self-characteristic of its existence nor a self-characteristic of non-existence.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต, ์ค‘๊ด€์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ณ  ์ œII์žฅ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
However, if you look at the contents, it is thought that there are some inaccuracies. Thus, it is necessary to revise and supplement early Buddhism, the Zhongguan ideology, and the Mind-only ideology as in Chapter two of this paper.
๋ณดํŽธ ๋„๋•์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„๋•์  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ณ  ์กฐํ™”๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌ์ธ์ฐจ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
If the number of moral human beings increases through the establishment of universal morality, they will serve as a driving force for alleviating various conflicts in modern society, building a peaceful and harmonious society.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ์„ ์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ „๋“ค์€ ์šฉ์ˆ˜ ์ดํ›„์— ํŽธ์ฐฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ „์€ 250๋…„๊ฒฝ์— ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ด๋‹ค.
However, the sutras that preach the Tathagata seem to have been compiled after Yongsu. The first sutra to claim its significance is the Tathagata Janggyeong, which is thought to have been established around 250 AD.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ด๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ด ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋ฝ์•„์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค.
However, the Nirvana Sutra is different from the idea of the mind-only in that it claims that this Buddha-nature has four characteristics: Sangrak Ajeong (ๅธธๆจ‚ๆˆ‘ๆทจ).
๊ทธ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ž˜ ๋А๊ปด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ์ผ๋กœ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ง๋‹คํˆผ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ง‘์„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์—„๋งˆ์™€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
You may not feel that well, but it is possible to remind yourself that you had when you argued with a friend over a trivial matter or had a row with your mom while leaving the house in the morning.
์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์„ โ€˜์ฐธ๋‚˜โ€™, ํ˜น์€ โ€˜์ง„์‹คํ•œ ์ž์•„โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, โ€˜์ฐธ๋‚˜โ€™, ํ˜น์€ โ€˜์ง„์‹คํ•œ ์ž์•„โ€™๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Accordingly, the Buddha-nature ideology speaks of Buddha-nature as the "self" or "true self." It is said that one can become a Buddha if one realizes the "self" or "true self.".
ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€๊ณผ ์ธ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Modern society has become a situation where societies and groups with different worldviews and outlooks on life meet more often due to the development of transportation and communication and more often cause conflicts.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€๊ณผ ์ธ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋„๋•์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
Therefore, modern society, where societies and groups with diverse and different worldviews and outlooks on life meet more and more frequently due to the development of transportation and communication, needs universal morality even more.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต, ์ค‘๊ด€์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
However, it is thought that there are some inaccuracies when looking at the contents, so it is thought that early Buddhism, The Junggwan Thought, and the Mind-only Thought need to be revised and supplemented as follows.
๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋Š” ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐœ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ โ€˜์ด ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ดด๋กœ์›€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œปโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Also, while this textbook explains Dukkha, it says that โ€œeverything in this world is suffering,โ€ but early Buddhism does not say that everything in this world is suffering.
์ฆ‰ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜์‹์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜์‹์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žก๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜์‹์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ๊ถ๊ทน ๋ชฉ์ ์ธ ํ•ดํƒˆ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
In other words, since everything in this world is a stream of consciousness, you need to properly grasp consciousness and know the root of consciousness to reach the ultimate goal, liberation.
์œ ์‹ํ•™ํŒŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ขฐ์•ผ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ˜น์€ ์œคํšŒ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ธต ์˜์‹์ด๋‹ค.
According to the Mind-only School, Aroeyasik is a deep consciousness that does not stop working when we are asleep, blacked out, or even in reincarnation.
์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒˆ๋‡Œ์— ๋ฌผ๋“  ์ค‘์ƒ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋”๋Ÿฝํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋ถˆํƒ€์™€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์—ฌ๋ž˜๋Š” ์˜์›๋ถˆ๋ณ€ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
According to Tathagata Jang Kyung, it is said that the inner world of a normal person imbued with defilement contains the Tathagata, which is not forever defiled and is exactly the same as the Buddha in real life, and that the Tathagata is eternal forever.
ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜„์‹ค๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋„๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Modern society places importance on the economy and operates around the economy, so if you look at the economic reality in front of you, your interest in morality may weaken.
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์ค‘๋„๋ž€ ์˜์›๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ ์˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜ ๋‘ ๊ทน๋‹จ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค.
In other words, the middle way means going beyond the extremes of the existence of eternity and the non-existence of eternity, which is disappearing, without any causal relationship.
์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ธ ์Šน๋งŒ๊ฒฝ์€ ์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Seung Man-kyung, another scripture in the Nyoraijang family, explains in detail what Nyoraijang is and what the relationship between Nyoraijang and Buddha is.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์˜ค์ง ์‹์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋งŒ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์‹ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ์œ ์‹๋ฌด๊ฒฝ์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
Among them, the theory of the Mind-only School, which recognizes only the existence of consciousness and denies the existence of external objects, is called Mind-only Mu Kyung seol.
ํ‘œ์ค€๊ตญ์–ด๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ „์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„๋•์€ โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์–‘์‹ฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฌ๋ก , ๊ด€์Šต ๋“ฑ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ํ–‰๋™์ค€์น™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ด์ฒดโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค.
According to the dictionary of Standard Korean, morality is defined as โ€œthe totality of rules of conduct or norms that should be observed in light of the conscience, social public opinion, and customs of members of society.โ€.
๋ณดํŽธ ๋„๋•์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋„“์€ ์ดํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋„“์€ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ป์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
Universal morality arises from a broad understanding of the world and man, which is obtained by learning and understanding various religions and philosophies.
๋ถˆ๊ต์—์„œ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์œคํšŒ๋ž€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ค‘์ƒ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Reincarnation, which is approved by Buddhism, means that a normal being that does not achieve enlightenment will be reborn in various ways according to his own actions after death.
์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ง€์‹์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ง€๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
Correct knowledge of causality like this increases the chances of success, but ignorance of causality increases the chances of failure.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฌด๋””์–ด ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Then, as time goes on, that kind of feeling may gradually become dull, but it does not subside easily, and the friendship may be broken.
์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ฒฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฒˆ๋‡Œ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ฆ์•„์„œ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ณ , ์ฒญ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง„์‹คํ•œ ์ž์•„์ธ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์“ด ์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค.
Based on the Budda-nature, the Cultivation of Mind is also a book that describes how to realize the Budda-nature, which is a joyful, clean, and true self by wiping the mind covered with defilement.
์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œค๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ด€์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ๋Œ€์Šน๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
Early Buddhism is the root of all types of Buddhism. It is included in ethics and thoughts since Junggwan and mind-only thoughts are the essence of Mahayana Buddhism. That is why they are included in this textbook.
๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
In addition, it is thought that correction and supplementation are necessary in the same form as in the main text. There are some insufficient points in terms of the cultivation of the mind.
์œ ์‹์ด๋ž€ ์˜ค์ง ์˜์‹ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์ƒ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜์‹์˜ ์žฅ๋‚œ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์‹์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์‹ค์žฌ๋ž€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค.
The Mind-only refers to only consciousness, and the central point is that the phenomenon world is nothing more than a consciousness-based joke, and there is no objective reality without consciousness.
์œ ์‹๋ฌด๊ฒฝ์ด๋ž€ โ€˜์˜ค์ง ์‹ ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์™ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ธ์‹๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œโ€™์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์œ ์‹ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.
Yu Sik Mu Gyeong means "only consciousness exists, and there is no object to be recognized by the outside world," which clearly shows the position of the Mind-only School.
์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ˆŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์ • ํ˜น์€ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
It is recommended to revise or supplement the explanation of Jinul found in the section dealing with the Cultivation of Mind as follows.
๋„๋•์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™œ๊ด€์Šต์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Morality arose from human beings organizing lifestyles and customs for their own coexistence, establishing order and norms and observing them.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ฒ ํ•™์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
This is because most religions and philosophies include various interpretations of the world and humans, and various systems of practice that follow them.
์ฆ‰ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ข…๊ต, ์ฒ ํ•™, ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ ๋„๋•์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
In other words, in a modern society where economics is important, it is more necessary to establish a universal morality that broadly accepts religion, philosophy, and ethics.
์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ด€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ๋Œ€์Šน๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
It is thought that early Buddhism was included in this textbook because it is the root of Buddhism, and Zhongguan Thought and Mind-only Thought were included in this textbook because it is the center of Mahayana Buddhism.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œคํšŒ์™€ ์—…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—…์˜ ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“  ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์‹ํ•™ํŒŒ๋Š” ์ œ7๋ง๋‚˜์‹๊ณผ ์ œ8์•„๋ขฐ์•ผ์‹์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
However, this alone is not enough to explain the achievements of reincarnation, karma (action), and the result of karma. Thus, the Mind-Only School insisted on the Seventh Malna Consciousness and the Eighth Arouya Consciousness.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์‹œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ช…์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„๋ณ„์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์ธ์‹ ์ฃผ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ธ์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฒˆ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์—…์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค.
However, since immemorial, a normal being generates discernment by obscurity, distinguishes between cognitive subjectivity and objects of perception, and causes defilement to build karma.
์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ๊ฒฝ์€ ์•„ํ™‰๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฒˆ๋‡Œ์— ๋ฌผ๋“  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์ƒ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The Janggyeong of the Tathagata, through nine parables, explains the existence of the Tathagata in the bodies of all sentient beings tainted with defilements.
์—ด๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
The Nirvana Sutra explains such truths through various metaphors, and one of them is as follows.
๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
In addition, it is thought that correction and supplementation are necessary because it is found that the content of the Cultivation of Mind is somewhat lacking.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ง€์–ด์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์œ„์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
Therefore, in this textbook, it is recommended to go into the above content after introducing the relationship between Buddha-nature and the Cultivation of Mind.
์ฆ‰ ์ฒœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์˜ฅ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์ƒ์€ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰ ์˜์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ณ , ์ฒญ์ • ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง„์‹คํ•œ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
In other words, all normal beings from heaven to hell have Buddha-nature, that is, an eternal, joyful, clean, and true self.
๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์—ฌ๋ž˜์žฅ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์ฒœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์˜ฅ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” โ€˜์ผ์ฒด ์ค‘์ƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€™๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The fundamental claim of Buddha-nature, or Tathagata Thought, is that โ€œall normal beings have fire,โ€ from heaven to hell.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๋„๋•์€ โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณต์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ค€์น™, ํ˜น์€ ํ–‰์œ„๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ด์ฒดโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In that regard, morality is โ€œthe sum of desirable rules of conduct or codes of conduct created by humans for their coexistence.โ€.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์Šน๋ถˆ๊ต ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ถˆ๊ต ๊ตํŒŒ๋Š” ์˜์›๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณต์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.
However, since each Buddhist denomination before Mahayana Buddhism claims to have an eternal and immutable nature, they claim that they do not know the true meaning of emptiness.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ˆŒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ €์ˆ ๋“ค ์†์—์„œ ์ •ํ˜œ์Œ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ˆ์˜ค์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ต์˜ ์–ด๋А ํ•œ์ชฝ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
However, Jinul sought the essence of enlightenment without being obsessed with either side of Zen or Doctrine, while claiming Jeong Hye Ssang Su and Don Oh Jum Su in various writings.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด โ‘ โ€˜์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค.โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ โ‘กโ€˜์–ด๋ฅธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ์ข…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€™๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค.
For example, the code of conduct that says โ‘  โ€œYou should not kill a lifeโ€ is accepted by more societies than the โ‘ก code of conduct that says โ€œYou must obey adults.โ€.
์—ฐ๊ธฐ์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ง€์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค.
According to the theory of co-dependent arising, since everything is related to each other, there is no immutable essence, and that is emptiness.
์œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์‹ฌ์ธต์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The important thing about mind-only thought is that it emphasizes deep consciousness, and its main interest is not the existence of an objective world but the mind.
์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถˆ๊ต์™€ ๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋ถˆ๊ต๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์‹, ์ด์‹, ๋น„์‹, ์„ค์‹, ์‹ ์‹, ์˜์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” 6์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Early Buddhism and Bupa Buddhism explained our mind into six types of perceptions, centered on the sensory organs: perceptions through the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and consciousness.
ํ•œํŽธ ์œ ์‹ํ•™ํŒŒ๋Š” ์›์„ฑ์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ํƒ€๊ธฐ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ด€ํ•™ํŒŒ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค.
On the other hand, the Mind-only school claims that the Won Seong Sil Sung and Wi Ta Ki Sung are not emptiness (็ฉบ), and this is where the differentiation from the Zhongguan school, which claims that everything is emptiness, is found.
์ค‘๊ด€์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ์ค‘๊ด€ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์™„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The explanation in this textbook on Zhongguan Thought should also be revised or supplemented based on the literature of the Zhongguan School.
Posner๊ฐ€ ใ€ŒAnalyzing the Curriculumใ€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
The curriculum analysis theory proposed by Posner (1994) in โ€œAnalyzing the Curriculumโ€ differentiates itself from other curriculum analysis theories by considering the status and process of curriculum development and specifically categorizing criticism that can be used to solve problems.
์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ธ์ • ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก๋ฒ• ์ œ40์กฐ์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œยท๋„๊ต์œก์ฒญ์ด ์„ค์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ •ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๋ ฅ ์ถฉ์กฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ์ดˆ๋“ฑ ์ค‘ํ•™ ํ•™๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ œ๋„์ด๋‹ค.
A literacy education system for adult learners is one that, under Article 40 of the Lifelong Education Act, when adult learners who are over 18 years old complete a literacy program designated or built by the municipal or provincial school districts and pass a test for satisfying education scores, he or she would earn an education diploma, equivalent to elementary or middle school diplomas.
2018 ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์€ โ€˜์ƒํ™œ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ๊ฐ•ํ™”โ€™๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌํšŒ.๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  โ€˜๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌโ€™์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The 2018 Literacy Curriculum focuses on "strengthening daily life literacy education" and is purported to revise the curriculum with the aim of cultivating core competencies required by society and culture in adulthood. It focused on the significance of life experiences for adults rather than the academic content, structure, or logic of the curriculum.
๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—… ์šด์˜์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Since the content and learning elements of the curriculum form the basis for textbook development and have a direct impact on the management of the curriculum, the development of a content system that reflects the specificity and life experience of literate learners should be considered first during curriculum development.
Posner์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฌธ์„œ ์™ธ์— ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ, ์ง€๋„์„œ ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฌธ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ๋น„ํ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Posner's theory of curriculum analysis can include related documents such as textbooks and instruction books in addition to curriculum documents. But in this study, there is a limitation that the management and criticism of the curriculum were analyzed by limiting the analysis subjects to national-level literacy curriculum documents.
2018 ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์šด์˜, ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ธ์ • ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก์ œ๋„์˜ ํ˜„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Analyzing how the 2018 revised literacy curriculum is developed, operated, and evaluated will not only provide an opportunity to understand the current status of the academic recognition literacy education system, but will also provide basic materials for revising the literacy curriculum in the future.
์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •, ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ต์œก, ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก, ์„ฑ์ธ๊ต์œก, ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ˜‘์—…๊ณผ ์ˆ™์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ „์ œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
To achieve this, development through collaboration and discussion among expert groups in various fields such as curriculum, curriculum education, literacy education, adult education, and lifelong education must be assumed. But it was found that the budget, time, and experts to completely revise the literacy curriculum were absent.
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ต๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Today, curriculum knowledge can be understood from many perspectives, but the main focus of curriculum development has been the selection and organization of curriculum content, centered on the concepts and principles of each subject.
๋ฌธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” โ€˜์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฐ›์€ ์•„์ดโ€™๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๋ฌธํ•ด์ž์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ์ธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฌธํ•ด์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธก์ • ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Literacy learners are adults on the surface, but there is an "injured child" living within them (Lee Ji-hye, 2011). Because the illiterate writer's hierarchical cognitive structure ability is significantly lower than that of the literate (Hyun Young-seop, 2019), an integrated evaluation rather than measurement is required.
ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ • ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ์ฆ‰ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ธ ์ผ, ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
There are two types of folios: course folios and portfolios. While course folios include the process of learning, that is, learning difficulties, hopeless work, reflection, etc., the portfolio focuses on recording learning results and achievements.
์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”ยท๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ยท๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋œ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์†์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ ๊ต๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Since the problems that adults living in the age of globalization, diversification, and digitalization face in their daily lives are much more complex and require a variety of skills, the literacy education process must be clearly different from the existing school-age curriculum centered curriculum.
๋น„๋ฌธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์–‘์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๊ทœ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ™œ๋™์— ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
Non-literate learners are not accustomed to the activity of learning a certain amount in a limited time (Jeong Jiwoong, Kim Ji-Ja, 2013). In the case of an elementary school that has never experienced a regular curriculum, simple and continuous learning is important, so the limited time acts as a constraint on teaching activities.
๋ฌธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ต์œก๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จํ‰๊ฐ€, ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™์Šต ์ง€๋„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ํ™˜๋ฅ˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜•์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€, ๊ต์œก๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๊ด„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค.
The evaluation of literate learners is divided into three parts: diagnostic evaluation for entering the first educational stage; formation evaluation to understand the learner's learning process and obtain and return the information necessary for learning guidance; and a general evaluation to synthesize the achievement of educational goals.
์ดˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žํ•ด๋“๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘ํ•™๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ง€์‹์— ์ผ์ƒ ์† ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ ์† ์ง€์‹์„ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The Elementary Literacy Curriculum consists of contents that focus on improving character comprehension skills based on the Korean language and mathematics, and the junior high school course forms a content system by adding core knowledge of essential subjects to daily life knowledge for solving problems in everyday life.
์ œ2์ฐจ ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก ์ง„ํฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš ์€ โ€˜๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์‹ค์งˆํ™”โ€™๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ถ”์ง„๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ด์ˆ˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑยท์ค‘ํ•™ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ธ์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The second basic plan for Lifelong Education Promotion (from 2008 to 2012) promoted a plan to recognize elementary and middle school education for those who completed literacy education programs as a major task for โ€œsystematization and practical implementation of education for improving basic adult abilities such as literacy education.โ€.
๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ Posner์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ํ‹€์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กฐ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ์‹คํ–‰, ๋น„ํ‰ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
In this study, eight key questions about curriculum development background, purpose and content, execution, and criticism areas were extracted and reconstructed based on four factors for a holistic view rather than applying the analysis framework of Posner (2004) as it is.
๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ, ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The learning content presented in the literacy education course was set as experience-oriented and problem-solving-centered in connection with the daily life experiences of adults, and the curriculum was designed with content that can increase the significance of education in the course of life.
2018 ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์•ผํ•  6๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์ง€์‹์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The 2018 Revised Literacy Curriculum presented six core competencies that adult literacy learners should focus on through the literacy curriculum: self-management competency, knowledge of information processing ability, creative thinking ability, aesthetic sensibility ability, communication ability, and community competency.
ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์˜ ์›์น™์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ธ ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The principle of democratization announced by the US military government after liberation was based on Western democracy. It stated that knowing how to read and write characters was of paramount importance for people to understand and participate in democracy.
๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ํ†ต๊ณ„์ธ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ฌธํ•ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌธํ•ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 3์ดํ•˜์ธ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฌธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
The target scope of literacy education is based on the definition of the level of the Adult Literacy Survey, which is an official statistic that measures the literacy of adults in Korea, and those who need to learn at the elementary and junior high school levels with a literacy level of three or less as literacy learners.
์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์ • ๊ต์œก๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, โ€˜์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด, ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ•จ์–‘โ€™์—์„œ โ€˜์ฝ๊ธฐ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ, ์…ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ง€์‹ ํ•จ์–‘โ€™์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
In the case of the elementary school education goal, the educational goal was revised from "cultivating basic language and mathematical skills necessary for daily life" to "cultivating basic knowledge necessary for everyday life, including reading, writing, and counting skills," to reflect the expanded concept of literacy education.
๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ณ ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ต์œก๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์‹œยท๋„ ๊ต์œก์ฒญ, ์ง€์—ญ ๊ต์œก์ง€์›์ฒญ, ํ•™๊ต ๋“ฑ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„์† ์กฐ์น˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์‹œ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ต๊ณผ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When the national curriculum is announced, the Ministry of Education, the municipal and provincial education bureaus, local education support agencies, and schools carry out various activities, from follow-up measures to create conditions for its implementation to implementing the announced national curriculum in curriculum classes.
๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ธ์ง€์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The development of a literacy curriculum requires consideration of the physical and cognitive characteristics of learners and should reflect experience-based learning that can be applied to immediate real life by utilizing adult life experiences as various teaching and learning resources.
๊ต๊ณผ ์š”์ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ ์ง€์‹๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ง€์›์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Curriculum factors should consist of content that reflects the experiences, cognitive, and physical characteristics of adult learners rather than curriculum knowledge. It needs to expand policy support so that literate learners can enjoy high-quality learning environments.
Posner์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ๊ธฐ์›, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ณ ์œ  ์˜์—ญ, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์šด์˜, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋น„ํ‰์˜ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Posner's curriculum analysis process consists of four elements: curriculum documentation and origins; curriculum proper; curriculum in use; and curriculum critique.
ํ•™๋ ฅ์ธ์ • ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก์ œ๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Since the academic recognition literacy education system is one of the lifelong education policies to deal with social issues, it is possible to understand the current economic and social situation at that time through background analysis of the curriculum development.
2018 ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ • ์ „ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ฌธ์ž ํ•ด๋“๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •, ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ฌธ์ž ํ•ด๋“๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
In order to analyze the literacy curriculum revised in 2018, we compared the curriculum of the Adult Learner Self-Understanding Education Program (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Notice No. 2009-21) and the Adult Learner Character Understanding Education Program Curriculum (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Notice No. 2013-22) before the revision.
๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ดˆยท์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The literacy curriculum was developed based on the national curriculum documents for elementary and middle schools. But since the life experiences of adults and those of school-age students are different, the organization and content of the curriculum have been restructured in consideration of the characteristics of adult learners.
์ด ์ค‘, ์ œ1์žฅ์€ ๋ฌธํ•ด ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๊ด„์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ์ด๋ก ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ2์žฅ์€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์ •, ์ œ3์žฅ์€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๊ต๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋ก ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.
Among these, Chapter One corresponds to the general discussion, which is the general part that introduces the direction and purpose of literacy education; Chapter Two is about the contents of the curriculum to be taught to adult learners in the elementary school course; and Chapter Three corresponds to the discussion on the contents of the curriculum to be taught to adult learners in the middle school course.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์ง€์›์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด, ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ยท์ง€์—ญํ™”ยท์ž์œจํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์›์ด ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์™„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
However, while in 2015 the revised curriculum emphasized school curriculum support for the decentralization of the curriculum and how the literacy curriculum does not specify support for diversification, localization, and autonomy of the curriculum, it is necessary to supplement this.
๊ฐ๋ก ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑยท์ค‘ํ•™ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ก ์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The content systems of the elementary and middle school literacy curricula, which are particularly important, were not linked to the 2015 revised curriculum, and the existing contents were kept intact. This led to a divergence between the general discussion and the discussion of the literacy curriculum.
์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆœ์„œ์™€ ๋น„์ค‘, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The arrangement of the contents of adult literacy textbooks does not necessarily mean the order of learning. It is stipulated that the order, proportion, and method can be adjusted and operated as needed.
์ƒํ˜ธ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ํญ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์—ฐ์†์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
The step-by-step contents of the mutually independent literacy curriculum are organized in a discontinuous structure that can be operated by adjusting the breadth and depth of the content according to the understanding and participation of the learners, so the role and competence of the literacy teacher play an important role.
2018 ๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ณ ์‹œ ์ดํ›„, ๊ต์œก๋ถ€๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ณผ์ • ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด ๊ต๊ณผ์šฉ ๋„์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์› ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ›„์† ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
After the announcement of the revised literacy curriculum in 2018, the Ministry of Education developed and distributed books for adult literacy courses for elementary and middle school courses and revised the literacy teacher training course to follow up the literacy curriculum, so that the literacy curriculum can settle in the field.
๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ž์กด๊ฐ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Literacy education institutions should focus on integrated evaluation so that adult learners can establish their individual identity through reflection on the learning process and further restore self-esteem in relationships as members of society.
์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€์‹์ •๋ณด์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €ํ•™๋ ฅ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ธ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
First, a literacy curriculum for adult learners was developed based on the National Curriculum Document to recognize the academic background of low-educated adults, as the importance of adults' functional literacy was highlighted for the development of national human resources in the knowledge-based society.
๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก์€ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ํ›„ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ €ํ•™๋ ฅ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žํ•ด๋“๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ดˆ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
In the meantime, adult literacy education in Korea has been operating as a text-learning education and elementary level basic education for low-educated women and elderly people who have not received education due to war, poverty, and insufficient school education after liberation.